Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## Detailed Information 7 Measures to Prevent Industrial Accidents due to Chemical Substances

Chemical substances have significantly contributed to the development of Industry and the affluent life, so that they are indispensable in our daily lives. However, many of them are not only useful but also hazardous and toxic, and inappropriate handling of chemical substances can take harmful effects on our health. Therefore, when you use chemical substances, it is crucial to manage them properly.

The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has been promoting measures to prevent industrial accidents due to chemical substances such as examination of chemical toxicity (carcinogenicity test, etc. by animal experiment), dissemination and thorough implementation of a system requiring indication of toxicity of chemical substances (labeling, Issuance of Safety Data Sheet (SDS)), and promotion of voluntary management of chemical substances at workplaces.

Chemical substances at workplace Substances subject to the Investigation of Risks or Hazards, etc.: approx. 60,000

Substances subject to preparation and issuance of SDS: 640
Substances subject to special control: 117
Ordinance on Prevention of Hazards due to Specified Chemical Substances
(61 (7 of them are also subjected to manufacturing permits))
Chlorine, ethylene oxide, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen fluoride, benzene, mercury, ammonia, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, etc.
Ordinance on Prevention of Organic Solvent Poisoning (54)
Acetone, xylene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, toluene, n-hexane, methanol, gasoline, petroleum naphtha, etc.
Ordinance on Prevention of Lead Poisoning
Ordinance on Prevention of Tetraalkyl Lead Poisoning
Substances subject to manufacturing permits: 7
Beryllium, etc.
Substances covered by the Guideline for Prevention of Health Disturbance: 26 vinyl acetate, biphenyl, etc.

Substances subject to the prohibition of manufacturing: 8Benzidine, Asbestos, etc.
## Detailed Information 8 Investigation of Risks or Hazards, etc

### I nvestigation of Risks or Hazards, etc. at Workplaces and Measures Based on the Results

Investigating of Risks or Hazards, etc. (risk assessment) consists of identifying the danger or harm associated with work and evaluating the risk (combination of the severity of injury or disease and the possibility of its occurrence). Based on the results of such investigation, business operators are obliged to make efforts to take necessary measures to prevent danger or health impairment of workers.

* Business operators’ obligation to make efforts under the revised Industrial Safety and Health Act (Enforced in April 2006)

## Procedure of implementation

[1] Identification of hazards involved in work

[2] Estimation of risk for the identified hazards

[3] Setting the priority for reducing the estimated risk

[4] Examining risk reduction measures and its implementation

[5] Recording results of the risk assessment and risk reduction measures

## Examples of risk estimation/evaluation

Examples of risk estimation/evaluation

Severity of accidents

✗: Mortal/severe (industrial accidents causing death or workers to be absent from work for 1 month or longer)

△: Moderate (industrial accidents causing workers to be absent from work for less than 1 month)

O: Slight (slight injury, etc.)

Possibility of occurrence

×: High/relatively high (occurring every day/accidents can occur even with the greatest care)

△: Medium (often occurring in repairing, etc.)

O: Low (rarely occurring)

Risk is estimated by combining the severity of accidents and possibility of occurrence	Severity of accidents
Mortal/severe ×	Moderate △	Slight ○
Possibility of occurrence	High/relatively high ×	III	III	II
Medium △	III	II	I
Low ○	II	II	I

Risk levels III: There is risk that is serious or needs to be immediately solved.

II: There is risk that you should promptly take risk reduction measures.

I: There is risk that you should take risk reduction measures.
Detailed Data 1 Fatal industrial Accidents by Industry (FY2012)

Source: Labour Standards Bureau, MHLW

## Detailed Data 2 Annual Medical Examination Results

Source: Labour Standards Bureau, MHLW

(Note) 1. Items covered by the regular medical examination were revised in 1989.

2. Items covered by the organic solvent and lead medical examination were revised in 1989.

3. Tabulation methods for the special medical examination were changed in 1995.

4. Items covered by regular medical examination were revised in January 1999.
Detailed Data 3 Annual Number of Person Having Industrial Diseases

Source: Labour Standards Bureau, MHLW

## Detailed Data 4 Reports Filed for Manufacturing and Importing New Chemical Substances

At present roughly 60,000 major chemical substances are being used or have been used in industries in Japan. With the diversity of demands, approximately 1,200 new chemical substances are produced every year. In particular, in recent years, types of new chemical substances whose consumption is very small are increasing.

Source: Labour Standards Bureau, MHLW
## Asbestos Health Damage Relief

## Overview

## Outline of the Act on Asbestos Health Damage Relief

Purpose:	The purpose of this Act is to provide prompt relief to persons who sustain health damage from asbestos, etc. in view of the special characteristics of asbestos health damage.
Effective date:	Establishment of funds Feb. 10, 2006
Provision of relief benefits and special survivor benefits Mar. 27, 2006
Collection of expenses from business operators Apr. 1, 2007
Extension of payment period of medical expenses, etc. Dec. 1, 2008
Addition of designated diseases (revision of Cabinet Order) July 1, 2010
Extension of the application due date for the special bereaved family condolence grants/special bereaved family benefits, etc. Aug. 30, 2011

• Relief benefit adjustment money

Relief measures for bereaved families of workers who died without receiving labour insurance compensation

Provision of special survivor benefits

(1) Subjects: The bereaved families of workers (including special affiliates) who die no later than March 26, 2016 because of designated diseases, etc. and that lost their right to receive the bereaved family compensation benefits under the Worker's Accident Insurance Act due to expiration of the prescription.

(2) Amount of benefits: Special survivor pension ¥2.4 million in principle per year

* Bereaved families that are not subjected to the provision of special survivor pension are provided with lump sum payment

(3) Application due date: March 27, 2022

(4) Resource: It is burdened by the Accident Account of Special Account for Labour Insurance
# Outline of the Act on Partial Revision of the Act on Asbestos Health Damage Relief

(Promulgated and enforced on August 30, 2011)

1. Extension of the application due date for special bereaved family benefits

Extended from “March 27, 2012 (6 years from the enforcement date)” to “March 27, 2022 (16 years from the enforcement date)”

10 year extension

### 2. Expansion of the subjects of special bereaved family benefits

10 year extension

The bereaved families of workers, etc. who were afflicted with designated diseases, etc. as a result of having been engaged in activities that exposed them to asbestos and die no later than March 26, 2016 (March 26, 2006 before the revision) because of such diseases and who lost their right to receive the bereaved family compensation benefits of Worker's Accident Insurance due to expiration of the prescription (5 years) can now be provided with the benefits.

Expansion of the subjects of benefits from the revision
[Date of death of workers, etc.]	(Mar. 26, 2006)	(Aug. 29, 2006)	(Mar. 26, 2016)
Special bereaved family benefits	Gap	Bereaved family compensation benefit based on the Worker's Accident Insurance Act	Before the revision
Filling the gap	Case of newly expired prescription	After the revision

* Payment of special survivor pensions for those who died between March 27, 2006 and August 29, 2006 is made from the month after the month in which the date of expiration of prescription for receiving the bereaved family compensation benefits of Worker's Accident Insurance belonged within.

### 3. Others

The application due date for special bereaved family condolence grants, etc. (within the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Environment) was similarly extended 10 years

☐ Provision for review within 5 years from enforcement of the revised Act
• Basic daily benefits are calculated, in principle, by dividing the total wages of three months immediately before the injury by calendar days of that period (the minimum guarantee amount is ¥3,950).

• As for the basic daily benefit for pension benefits and temporary disability benefits for employees receiving medical treatment for a long time (more than 18 months), the minimum and maximum amounts are set according to the age group.

• A merit system is available in which insurance rates (amounts of insurance premiums) are increased or decreased in accordance with a balance of an Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance of respective businesses (going business or business with definite term (including grouping of business with definite term), construction $ \pm40\% $ ; business with definite term (including grouping of business with definite term), logging $ \pm35\% $ ).

* Based on the “Act on Asbestos Health Damage Relief”
Detailed Data Financial Status of Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance

(Unit: ¥100 million)

Category	FY2006	FY2007	FY2008	FY2009	FY2010	FY2011
[1] Revenue	13,777	14,327	14,474	12,014	11,386	11,610
Insurance premiums (included)	10,319	10,853	10,898	8,419	7,841	8,095
Interest revenue (included)	1,054	1,085	1,208	1,272	1,314	1,329
[2] Expenditure	13,303	13,143	12,903	12,449	12,385	12,686
Insurance benefits (included)	7,806	7,761	7,707	7,496	7,445	7,508
Payment of special supplements (included)	1,205	1,175	1,149	1,118	1,078	1,117
Expenses for social rehabilitation promotion services (Note 1) (included)	1,044	957	959	919	800	918
Fiscal balance ([1]-[2])	475	1,184	1,571	$ \triangle $ 435	$ \triangle $ 999	$ \triangle $ 1,076
Total of reserve funds	78,229	79,413	80,985	81,532	80,533	79,457

(Note) 1. The figures up to FY2006 are “expenses for labour welfare services”.

2. Reserve funds of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance are used as the resource for the payment of pension benefits of Industrial Accident Compensation Pension in the future.

4. Accumulated reserve fund for FY2009 includes ¥98.3 billion that was transferred from the Seamen Insurance reserve fund due to being integrated with Seamen's Insurance in January 1, 2010.

3. The figures may not add up to the total number due to rounding.
## Labour Insurance Application and Contribution Collection Systems

## [Labour Insurance]

Industrial Accident

Compensation Insurance and

Employment Insurance are

collectively referred to as the Labour

Insurance. Insurance benefits of

these systems are paid individually

while the insurance premiums are

collected, in principal, as the unified

Labour Insurance premiums. The

amount of insurance premiums

collected is calculated by multiplying

the total amount of wages paid by

business operators by the sum of the

premium rate of Industrial Accident

Compensation Insurance and that of

Employment Insurance.

Business operators, excluding those in certain businesses in agriculture, forestry, or fisheries, that employ one or more worker must establish insurance relation and pay the premiums.

## Application of Labour Insurance and Obligation of Collection

### 1. Labour Insurance

o Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (Industrial Accident Insurance) and Employment Insurance are collectively referred to as the “Labour Insurance”.

o The Labour Insurance shell be applied to all businesses where one employee or more are employed in principal.

* Number of undertakings covered by the Labour Insurance is approx. 2.97 million (as of the end of FY2012)

### 2. Laboour Insurance premium

The insurance premiums are collected, in principal, as the unified Labour Insurance premiums which include Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (Industrial Accident Insurance) and Employment Insurance.

The amount of the insurance premiums are calculated by multiplying the total amount of wages paid by business operators by the premium rate.

Labour insurance premium = Total amount of wages in the entire business ×

Premium rate (Employment Insurance premium rate + Industrial Accident Insurance premium rate)

Industrial Accident Insurance premium rate: 2.5/1,000-89/1,000 depending on the business type

Employment Insurance premium rate: 13.5/1,000 (general business),

15.5/1,000 (agriculture, forestry, fishery, and sake brewing),

16.5/1,000 (construction)

○ Bearing of the Labour Insurance premiums is as follows.

Industrial Accident Insurance: Borne by business operators

Employment Insurance: Unemployment benefit portion is evenly shared by labour and management, two service portion is borne by business operators

○ Insurance premium revenue: approx. ¥2.9 trillion, collection rate: 97.72% (as of the end of FY2012)
Detailed Data 1 Coverage of Labour Insurance

(Unit: 10 thousand)

End of FY Category	2009	2010	2011	2012
Number of businesses covered by Labour Insurances	295	294	295	297
Number of businesses covered by Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance	262	262	263	265
Number of businesses covered by Employment Insurance	199	199	200	202

Source: Labour Standards Bureau, MHLW

Detailed Data 2 Collection of Labour Insurance Premiums

(Unit: ¥100 million)

End of FY	2009	2010	2011	2012
Category
Total amount	26,012	30,894	32,708	29,313
Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance	8,419	7,841	8,254	7,879
Employment insurance	17,593	23,052	24,454	21,433

Source: Surveyed by Labour Standards Bureau, MHLW
## Overview

## Outline of The Workers' Property Accumulation Promotion System

The Workers' Property Accumulation Promotion System was founded in accordance with The Workers' Property Accumulation Promotion Act enacted in 1971. It is the system that the government and employers provide support for and cooperate in the efforts of workers to make properties such as savings and acquisition of their own houses.

The interest rate is as of July 1, 2013.

The saving balance and outstanding balance of loan are as of March 31, 2013.
## The Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises' Retirement Allowance Mutual Aid System

The Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises' Retirement Allowance Mutual Aid System provides small- and medium-sized enterprises that cannot establish their own retirement allowance systems, creating a common retirement allowance system based on mutual aid among such enterprises with the government aid. This system aims to improve welfare of workers of small- and medium-sized enterprises and contribute to the growth of small- and medium-sized enterprise businesses.

Structure of The Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprise Retirement Allowance Mutual Aid System for general industries

Number of Participants and Amount of Payment (FY2012)

The Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises' Retirement Allowance Mutual Aid System for general industries	Retirement Allowance Mutual Aid System for specified industries
Construction	Sake maker	Forestry
Target	Mainly for regular workers	For workers employed during a specific period in each industry (fixed-term worker)
Mutual aid contractors Number of employers (case)	363,569	173,439	2,387	3,285
Mutual aid members Number of workers (person)	3,238,587	2,950,347	15,909	40,012
Retirement allowance, etc. Number of payments (case)	286,707	55,795	231	1,968
Retirement allowance, etc. Amount of payment (¥1,000)	379,086,867	54,004,379	227,448	1,849,033

(Note) The number of mutual aid contractors and the number of mutual aid members are as of the end of FY2012.
Detailed Data 1 Current State of Labour Unions

Source: “Basic Survey on Labour Unions”, Statistics and Information Department, Minister's Secretariat, MHLW

“Labour Force Survey”, Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

(Note) 1. The number of employees indicates the figures for June in the respective years of the Labour Force Survey.

2. “Estimated unionization rate” was calculated by dividing the number of labour union members by the number of employees.

3. The number of employees and estimated unionization rate in 2011 were calculated using estimated figures of June 2011 from the “Complementary Estimate of the Great East Japan Earthquake for the Labour Force Survey” published in April 2012 by the Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Care should therefore be taken with time-series comparison.

Detailed Data 2 Changes in Number of Disputes, etc.

Source: “Survey on Labour Disputes”, Statistics and Information Department, Minister's Secretariat, MHLW

(Note) 1. “Total disputes” indicates the total of the number of disputes that had acts of dispute, and disputes that had no acts of dispute but had an involvement of a third party such as Labour Relations Commissions, etc.

2. "Total number of persons participated" indicates the maximum number of members of unions or dispute parties during the duration of the labour dispute regardless of whether the person participated in an act of dispute or not.

3. “Acts of dispute” indicates the act or counteract hampering the normal business operation performed by the parties concerned with labour relations with the purpose of attaining their respective claims (strike for half a day or more, lock-out, strike for less than half a day, slowdown, or operation management, etc.).

4. “Number of persons participated in the acts” indicates the number of persons that actually performed the acts of dispute.
Number of labour disputes

(Case)

Country/region	1995	2000	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Japan 1)	209	118	47	51	50	46	54	52	48
U.S.A. 2)	31	39	14	17	22	20	21	15	5
Canada 3)	328	378	266	297	260	151	206	188	158
U.K. 4)	235	226	138	135	116	158	142	144	116
Germany 5)	361	67	118	115	270	545	542	881	-
France 6)	1,070	1,427	785	699	736	-	-	-	-
Italy 7)	545	966	710	745	654	586	667	621	-
Sweden 8)	36	2	11	9	14	9	14	5	5
Russia 9)	8,856	817	67	5,933	2,575	6	7	4	-
Hong Kong 10)	9	5	1	2	1	3	3	4	-
Korea 11)	88	250	320	462	287	138	115	108	121
Malaysia 12)	13	11	2	-	-	-	-	-	-
Thailand	39	13	5	2	9	2	5	-	-
Indonesia	276	273	161	-	96	282	150	-	-
Philippines 13)	94	60	38	25	26	12	6	5	-
India 14)	1,066	771	552	477	456	430	389	423	-
Australia 15)	643	700	643	692	472	202	135	177	-
New Zealand 16)	69	21	28	34	60	42	31	23	31
Brazil 17)	1,056	525	340	302	299	320	316	411	-

Number of workers involved

(1,000 persons)

Country/region	1995	2000	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Japan 1)	38	15	4.4	7.0	4.1	5.8	21	8.3	3.6
U.S.A. 2)	192	394	129	171	100	70	189	72	13
Canada 3)	149	143	79	259	199	42	66	41	67
U.K. 4)	174	183	151	293	93	713	745	511	335
Germany 5)	183	7.4	40	101	17	169	106	154	-
France 6)	108	211	63	60	1,114	1,103	1,088	-	-
Italy 7)	445	687	2,561	709	961	467	906	669	-
Sweden 8)	125	0.2	81	2.4	0.6	1.8	3.6	13	1.1
Russia 9)	489	31	5.7	196	85	0.5	2.9	1.9	-
Hong Kong 10)	1.3	0.4	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.8	1.3	-
Korea 11)	50	178	137	185	118	131	93	114	-
Malaysia 12)	1.7	3.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Thailand	17	6.0	3.6	0.2	2.6	0.9	0.6	-	-
Indonesia	127	126	68	-	56	587	135	-	-
Philippines 13)	54	21	10	11	8.5	1.4	0.9	1.1	-
India 14)	990	1,418	1,816	2,072	2,914	1,810	725	1,484	-
Australia 15)	344	325	276	194	241	123	36	173	-
New Zealand 16)	32	2.6	5.1	6.1	18	10	4.1	-	9
Brazil 17)	3,806	3,834	1,943	1,291	2,023	1,360	1,438	2,043	-
DOHA 2012

UN CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE

COP18·CMP8

気候変動枠組条約第18回締約国会議(COP18)の模様(カタール)

提供:IISD/Earth Negotiations Bulletin

第Ⅲ章

# 地球温暖化对策と森林

地球温暖化は、人間活動に伴って大気中の温室効果ガス濃度が上昇することにより、地表と大気の温度が上昇する問題である。森林は、二酸化炭素の吸収や炭素の貯蔵、木材の利用による化石燃料の使用削減を通じて、地球温暖化防止に大きく貢献している。

我が国は、「京都議定書」の第1約束期間（平成20(2008)年～平成24(2012)年）において、温室効果ガス6％の削減目標のうち、3.8％を森林による二酸化炭素の吸収で確保することとして、森林吸収源対策や関連する取組を進めてきた。また、平成25(2013)年以降においても、新たに森林吸収量の国際的算入上限が3.5%（平成25(2013)年～平成32(2020)年平均）とされたことを踏まえ、引き続き、「気候変動枠組条約」の締約国として、森林吸収源対策に取り組むこととしている。

本章では、地球温暖化対策の現状、「京都議定書」第1約束期間における取組、2013年以降の地球温暖化対策の国際的枠組み等について、森林との関連を中心に記述する。
### 1. 地球温暖化対策の現状

地球温暖化の原因と影響は地球規模に及ぶことから、「気候変動枠組条約」等に基づく国際的な対策が進められている。

以下では、地球温暖化防止のための国際的な枠組みや我が国の温室効果ガスの削減目標等について記述する。

## (世界の気候は温暖化傾向)

2007年に公表された「気候変動に関する政府間パネル(IPCC)*」第4次評価報告書は、世界の気つであり、その原因と影響は地球規模に及ぶため、1980年代後半以降、様々な国際的対策が行われてきた。

平成4（1992）年には、地球温暖化防止のための国際的な枠組みとして「気候変動に関する国際連合枠組条約(気候変動枠組条約)*5」が採択された。同条約では、気候システムに危険な影響をもたらさない水準で、大気中の温室効果ガス濃度を安定化することを目的として、国際的な取組を進めることとされた。

平成9（1997）年には、京都市で、「気候変動枠

温は2005年までの100年間で0.74℃上昇しており、気候システムの温暖化には疑う余地がないとしている。その上で、20世紀半ば以降に観測された世界平均気温の上昇のほとんどは、人為起源の温室効果ガス $ ^{*2} $ 濃度の増加によってもたらされた可能性が非常に高いと結論付けている $ ^{*3} $ 。

また、世界気象機関 (WMO) によると、主要な温室効果ガスである二酸化炭素、メタン、一酸化二窒素の世界平均濃度は2011年に過去最高となった $ ^{*4} $ 。

日本の年平均気温は、長期的には100年当たり約1.15℃の割合で上昇しており、特に1990年代以降、気温の高い年が頻出している(資料Ⅲ－1)。

## （国際的枠組みの下で地球温暖化対策に取り組み）

地球温暖化は、人類の生存基盤に関わる最も重要な環境問題の一

資料Ⅲ－1 我が国における年平均気温の平年差

注：気温平年差は、各年の平均気温の基準値（1981～2010年の30年平均値）からの差。資料：気象庁ホームページ「日本の年平均気温」（平成25（2013）年1月4日更新）より林野庁作成。

資料Ⅲ－2 「京都議定書」第1約束期間の概要

概要	先進国の温室効果ガス排出量について、法的拘束力のある数値目標を各国ごとに設定
対象ガス	二酸化炭素（ $ CO_{2} $ ）、メタン（ $ CH_{4} $ ）、一酸化二窒素（ $ N_{2}O $ ）、代替フロン等3ガス（HFC、PFC、SF₆）
基準年	1990年（代替フロン等については1995年とすることも可能）
約束期間	2008年から2012年の5年間
数値目標	各国の目標→日本△6%、米国△7%、E U△8%。先進国全体で少なくとも5％削減を目指す。
吸収源	森林等による二酸化炭素の吸収量を削減目標の達成手段として算入可能
組条約第3回締約国会議(COP3)」が開催され、先進国の温室効果ガスの排出削減目標を定める「京都議定書」が採択された。「京都議定書」では、平成20(2008)年から平成24(2012)年までの5年間(「第1約束期間」)の温室効果ガスの排出量を、基準年(原則として平成2(1990)年)と比較して、先進国全体で少なくとも5%、我が国については6%削減することが、法的拘束力のある約束として定められた(資料Ⅲ－2)。

森林による二酸化炭素の吸収については、「京都議定書」第3条3項及び4項により、第1約束期間の温室効果ガス排出量に、平成2（1990）年以降の「新規植林」、「再植林」及び「森林減少」による二酸化炭素の吸収・排出量を計上することが義務付けられるとともに、「森林経営」による吸収量を算入することが可能とされた $ ^{*6} $ 。このうち、「森林経営」による吸収量については、平成13（2001）年に開催された「気候変動枠組条約第7回締約国会議（COP7）」の「マラケシュ合意」により、国ごとの算入上限が定められ、我が国の年当たりの上限は、平成20（2008）年に改定された「京都議定書目標達成計画 $ ^{*7} $ 」では、「京都議定書」に基づく温室効果ガス6％削減約束のうち、温室効果ガスの排出削減により0.6%、森林吸収源対策により3.8%、「京都メカニズム $ ^{*8} $ 」により1.6%を確保することしている。

平成23(2011)年度の我が国の温室効果ガスの総排出量は、火力発電の増加で化石燃料の消費量が増加したことなどにより、前年度比4.0%増の13億800万 $ CO_{2} $ トンとなっている。これは、基準年総排出量を3.7%(4,640万 $ CO_{2} $ トン)上回る水準である。これに森林吸収量の目標、政府取得の京都メカニズムクレジット及び民間事業者等が「自主行動計画 $ ^{*9} $ 」達成のために取得した京都メカニズムクレジットを加味した場合には、基準年からの削減割合は4.0%になる $ ^{*10} $ 。

なお、「京都議定書」第1約束期間のうち、平成20(2008)年度から平成23(2011)年度までの4か年でみると、全体として6％の削減目標を上回る削減量となっている(資料Ⅲ－3)。

基準年の総排出量(12億6,100万CO₂トン)の3.8%に相当する1,300万炭素トン(約4,770万CO₂トン)とされた。(我が国の温室効果ガスの削減目標)

我が国は、「京都議定書」の約束を履行するため、「地球温暖化対策推進法」に基づき「京都議定書目標達成計画」を策定して、温室効果ガスの排出抑制・吸収量の目標を定め、目標達成のための施策を推進している。

資料Ⅲ－3 第1約束期間における我が国の温室効果ガス排出量
# 人口減少時代の地域再生

NPO法人地域産業おこしに燃える人の会

理事長 関 幸子
## 参考资料1 わが国の総人口の長期的推移

（出典）総務省「国勢調査報告」、同「人口推計年報」、国立社会保障・人口問題研究所「日本の将来推計人口（平成14年1月推計）」、国土庁「日本列島における人口分布変動の長期時系列分析」（1974年）をもとに国土交通省国土計画局作成。
首都圏の将来人口予測図
## 時代の根底がひっくり返った

日本の人口(47都道府県の居住者数)
## 減り続ける首都圏のモノ消費

東京都市圏の小売商業の動向

大型店から中小零細店までの全合計
# 高齢化は都市の問題である

## 愛媛県内子町（1万9千人）

高齡化率:20 10年 34.78%→20 30年 44.5%

65歳以上：2010年 6376人→2030年 6012人 ▲ 364人減

15-64歳:2010年10,642人→2030年6694人 37%減

## 松山市（51万人）

高齡化率:2010年 21.8%→2030年 31.2% 10.7%增

65歲以上：2010年 11.2万人 → 2030年 14.8万人 32%增

15-64歲:2010年 33.5万人→2030年 27.9万 17%減

## 東京首都圈（1都3県 3300万人）

高龄化率:2010年 21.0%→2030年 29.6% 8.6%增

65歳以上：2010年 734万人→2030年 1,001万人 36%增

15-64歲:2010年 2,341万人→2030年 2,088万人 10%減
### 全国市町村の人口規模(2010.1)

人口規模	自治体数	割合	人口(万人)	割合
1-9999	480	27%	251	2%
1万人-5万人未満	757	42%	1,917	15%
5万人-10万人未満	278	15%	1,935	15%
10万人-20万人未満	154	9%	2,143	17%
20万人-50万人未満	95	5%	3,011	24%
50万人-100万人未満	23	1%	1,548	12%
100万人以上	11	1%	1,939	15%
1,798	100%	12,744	100%
# 少子高齢化社会とはどんな社会なのか

1 生産労働人口の減少 GDP／GNPが減少？・生産性向上でカバー可能か

1 女性の雇用促進 → 雇用制度改革、保育支援サービス（保育園、フォミサポなど全て）

2 高齢者の雇用促進 → 定年延長、60歳創業の進め、医療・年金の制度改革

3 移民、外国人労働者の受入 → 多言語化、国際結婚の増加

## 2 消費動向の変化(売れるものが動いていく)

1 子育て特需(6ポケット) 安全へのコスト(防犯)

2 高齢者マーケットの拡大 クルージング、健康ブーム 長期滞在・移住

3 本物志向へ ファーストフードからスローフードへ 高額商品への回帰 ニッチでのヒット

4 環境重視型へ 地球温暖化による待ったなし

## 3 社会制度の変革が不可欠

1 税金が減少する。→ 公共サービスの取捨選択(あれもこれもから あれかこれか)

2 住宅、ビル等、箱物が余剰→コンパクトシティ化、減築

3 公共事業 拡大から縮小へ→就労・医療・年金・福祉・教育・住宅・戸籍等全般の制度改革

4 民間企業もビジネスモデルの変更 国内型 OR 国際型