Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
While human consumption of fishery products (per capita daily supply on a net food basis) increased on a population rise in the 1965-1974 period, Japan's self-sufficiency rate of fishery products for human consumption remained above 100% with domestic output expanding substantially on an increase in fish catches through far sea fishery operations.

Fish catches through far sea fishery operations declined considerably on a shift to the 200-mile economic zone system in the 1975-84 period. Japanese pilchard catches increased fast, but were used for other purposes than human consumption. The self-sufficiency rate continued declining, slipping below 100% in 1976.

☐ From around 1985, Japan's fishery product imports increased quickly in a manner to make up for domestic production shortages. The self-sufficiency rate fell as low as 59% in 1994.

○ Since 2001, human consumption of fishery products has decreased. Meanwhile, domestic output for human consumption slowed its decline. As a result, the self-sufficiency rate rose back to 57% in 2005 following the bottom of 53% for 2000-2002. But Japan still depends on imports for more than 40% of fishery product supply.

Changes in Supply/Demand for Fishery Products for Human Consumption

Sources: "Food Balance Sheets," Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; "Population Estimates," Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Note: As there are exports and inventory changes, supply for domestic human consumption does not match a combination of domestic output and imports.
Section 2 A fast-growing "shift away from fish" -- A change in a top fish-eating country -- (1) An unprecedented "shift away from fish" is going on

Per capita daily intake declined for fishery products while leveling off for meat for all age brackets in Japan from 1995 to 2004. An unprecedented "shift away from fish" has emerged.

Sources: "National Health and Nutrition Survey," Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare ("National Nutrition Survey" until 2002)

"The Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey" also indicates that fresh fishery product purchases declined sharply among younger people.

○ Aging effects are seen for people who were born between 1935 and 1955. But no such effects are seen for younger people.

Source: "Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey" (two-or-more-person households excluding agriculture, forestry and fishery households)
(2) Factors behind a "shift away from fish"

According to a survey by the Japan Fisheries Association, those who eat more meat than fish are 56% for main dishes, 62% for gaishoku eating-out meals and 65% for nakashoku ready to eat meal. Irrespective of meal types, people who eat more meat than fish are more than those who eat more fish than meat.

Reasons cited in the survey for preferring meat to fish:

Family members (children for 68%) do not like fishery products: 32%, Fish is more expensive than meat: 31%, Cooking fish is bothersome: 25%, Washing fish grills is troublesome: 20%

## Reasons for Preferring Meat to Fish

(For respondents who usually eat more meat than fish for main dishes or usually eat slightly more meat than fish) What are the reasons? Choose up to three reasons among the following.

Source: "Survey on Food Materials" (FY2005), Japan Fisheries Association

## (Children's "stay away from fish")

Family members who do not like fishery products are cited as child/children by about 70%, indicating children's preference has affected meal choices. Fish dishes are ranked top among school lunch dishes that elementary and junior high school students do not like. Children's stay away from fish is a big problem.

## (Fish is more expensive than meat)

Until 1976, the average 100-gram fresh fish price was 40-60% of the average 100-gram fresh meat price. While the meat price has remained stable since then, the fish price has soared. Since 1989, no gap has existed between the fish and meat prices. This change might have led people to feel fish is more expensive than meat.

Fishery products include components that are not available for eating. As far as components available for eating are concerned, fish may be more expensive than meat. The fact that fish dishes are not filling may also be a factor leading people to view fish as more expensive than meat.
(Cooking fish is bothersome)

Of housewives in their 30s, 70% do not cook fish. Reasons include the absence of knowledge about how to cook fish, bothersome post-cooking cleanup and bothersome cooking. They avoid from food materials that are difficult to cook.

Percentage for Housewives in Their 30s Who Do Not Cut Fish

Do you cut fish on your own? (Choose one alternative)
0	10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
I do so frequently	69.8%
4.8	I do so sometimes	25.4	I do so little	31.4	No.	38.4

Source: "Dinners of Housewives in their 30s -- How working or childcare affects eating practices (1st Consumer Trend Survey in FY2006)," Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Finance Corporation

## (3) Fishery product consumption may fall back to 1965-74 level

Per capita daily fishery product consumption can be expected to decline to 87 grams in 2017.

If the shift away from fish goes on at the present pace, per capita daily fishery product consumption may fall back to the level around 1970. This is feared to seriously affect the people's sound dietary pattern.

Trends of Fishery product Consumption

Source: "Food Balance Sheets," Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Note: Per capita daily supply on a net food basis is total annual supply of fishery products (net food) for human consumption as divided by total population (estimated on October 1 annually and the number of days in a relevant year).
Section 3 Global growth in fishery product demand and Japan's "Kaimake" (possible loss of purchases to others) -- Age for scramble for fishery products --

(1) Top fishery product importer Japan's "Kaimake"

In recent years, demand has grown globally for fishery products, leading to an unprecedented race to import fishery products. Rising international prices have forced Japanese importers to be defeated in a price-raising race, a phenomenon better known as "Kaimake".

(Case for Pacific Cod)

Demand for Pacific cod has grown mainly in Europe and the United States where consumers favor white fish. U.S. exports to Japan have declined fast, while those to China and Portugal have expanded rapidly. China processes imported Pacific cod for re-exporting to the EU. Behind growing demand, import prices have risen fast (from 300 yen per kilogram in 1999 to 533 yen in November 2006).

U.S. Pacific Cod Exports (frozen, refrigerated or fresh) and Export Destinations

Source: "U.S. Trade Statistics," U.S. Department of Commerce
(2) Global growth in fishery product demand behind "Kaimake"

Fishery product consumption, though slackening in Japan, has been growing globally.

Demand has shifted to fishery products in Europe and the United States due to growing consciousness about health and meat insecurity amid BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) and bird influenza incidents. In China, demand for fishery products has expanded among wealthy people on fast economic growth in coastal regions. Distribution infrastructure development has contributed to rising demand for freshwater fishery products and farming even in inland regions.

## Changes in Supply of Fishery Products for Human Consumption

Sources: "Food Balance Sheets," FAO; "Food Balance Sheets," Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Note: Supply is on a gross food basis.

Japan's share of fishery product trade in the world fell from 16% in 1995 to 12% in 2004.

O Bound-for-Japan exports' shares of total fishery product exports by major exporters to Japan have also declined

## (3) Age of scramble for fishery products may come in future

According to a report by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, 52% of marine fishery resources are subjected to full utilization, one quarter to overutilization or depletion, and another quarter to appropriate, low or no utilization.

The FAO predicts the world average per capita demand for all seafood to rise from 16.1 kg (1999-2001) to 19.1 kg (2015). As marine fishing slackens, the future increase in consumption may depend on farming. But supply shortages are expected to expand from 4 million tons in 1999/2001 to 11 million tons in 2015.

The supply-demand relationship for fishery products will grow even tighter, leading to price hikes. We could see an age of a scramble for fishery products.
Section 4 For the preservation of fish-eating culture and people's health

-- Fish landing area and distribution reforms to meet consumer needs --

(1) Do Japanese really dislike fish now?

More than 50% of people are willing to eat fish dishes more frequently. Two-thirds of mothers with children hope to have their children eat fish fillets more frequently. Japanese people are still oriented toward fish-eating culture.

Would you like to increase or reduce fish dishes?

Source: "A Survey on Fishery Product Consumption (FY2005)," Japan Fisheries Association

Would you like to have your children eat fish fillets more frequently?

Would you like to have your children eat fish fillets more frequently? (Choose one alternative)

Source: "A Survey on Fishery Product Consumption (FY2005)," Japan Fisheries Association

While an increase in obesity and lifestyle-related diseases has become a problem, young people are trying to introduce LOHAS (lifestyles of health and sustainability). Growing interest in health may be a factor to help expand fishery product consumption.

Some 90% of consumers are willing to select domestic products among fresh and processed fishery products. Major reasons for such willingness include "safety," "high quality" and "tastiness."

Feelings and Hopes Regarding Consumption of Domestic Fishery Products

Source: "Survey on Feelings and Hopes Regarding Consumption of Domestic Fishery Products" (as released on October 30, 2006): Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
(2) Protecting fish-eating culture with stable fishery product supply meeting consumer needs

(Positive efforts to diffuse fish-eating culture and implement fish education to stop a shift away from fish)

In order to protect fish-eating culture and people's sound dietary pattern, we should expand information on attractions of seasonal fish, nutritional features of fish and how to make tasty dishes using fish and train experts in these areas to enlighten consumers about fishery products.

We should positively promote food education through utilization of local fishery products for school lunches and provision of opportunities to experience fishery-related operations.

(Landing area and distribution reforms meeting consumer needs)

While a shift away from fish is feared, rotating sushi bars are popular among children. Fisheries industry and other people should develop and provide fishery products meeting consumer needs that widely vary depending on age group and lifestyle.

O Consolidation of fish-landing area markets, releasing of rights to bid in market auctions and diversification of distribution channels through development of direct deals with consumers should be implemented to increase the efficiency of fishery product distribution and enhance fish-landing areas' sales capacity.

Fishery product producers should provide information on nutritional features and safety of their products and develop friendly relations with consumers through close exchanges.

(Stable supply of fishery products to support fish-eating culture)

As demand for fishery products has grown globally, Japanese importers occasionally lose fishery product purchases to other countries. Japan can no longer easily depend on imports for fishery product supply.

○ Utilization of fishery resources that could be used permanently under appropriate management, as well as consumers' requests and moves for protecting sound and affluent dietary patterns and eating culture, is required to efficiently exploit limited resources and protect and develop Japan's fisheries.

In line with the new basic fisheries plan, the Government should steadily implement fisheries policy reforms including promotion of restoration and management of fishery resources and development of internationally competitive fishery operators.

(Case example: A local community united for gyoshoku (fish-eating) education -- Combine fisheries with a local community through food education -- Ainan Town, Ehime Prefecture)

An Ainan Town gyoshoku diffusion promotion council has implemented "gyoshoku (fish-eating) education" including school classes on local fisheries and cooking workshops using local fishery products, and won an outstanding performance award in the "2006 community-based food education contest." The council has also developed a card game for people to understand the importance of gyoshoku.

A card game developed for gyoshoku education
## Chapter II Review of Japanese Fisheries since FY2005

Section 1 Supply and demand of fishery products in Japan

(1) Domestic fishery production

a. Fishery and aquaculture production volume and value

In 2005, Japan's fishery production volume (including fish and seaweed) leveled off from the previous year to 5.76 million tons. The fishery production value (including fish and seaweed) also leveled off to 1,600.7 billion yen.

Fishery and Aquaculture Production Volume

2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	Increase rate (%) from 2004 to 2005
Production	Total	6,126	5,880	6,083	5,776	5,765	- 0.2
Marine fishery	6,009	5,767	5,973	5,670	5,669	- 0.0
Fishery	4,753	4,434	4,722	4,455	4,457	0.0
Far sea fishery	749	686	602	535	548	2.3
Offshore fishery	2,459	2,258	2,543	2,406	2,444	1.6
Coastal fishery	1,545	1,489	1,577	1,514	1,465	- 3.2
Aquaculture	1,256	1,333	1,251	1,215	1,212	- 0.2
Inland water fishery	117	113	110	106	96	- 9.3
Fishery	62	61	60	60	54	- 10.1
Aquaculture	56	51	50	46	42	- 8.3

Source: "Annual Statistics of Fishery and Aquaculture Production," Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Notes: 1) Due to fractional rounding, component figures may not add up to the exact totals shown.

2) Inland water fishery and aquaculture production covers trout, Ayu (sweetfish), carp and eel at 148 major rivers and 28 lakes between 2001 and 2003 and at 106 major rivers and 24 lakes in and after 2004.

### b. Conditions of fishery resources in Japan's surrounding waters

According to the results of a resource assessment conducted in 2006, the levels of fishery resources are low for more than half of the fish species or stocks.

Fifty-one resource recovery plans for 76 fishes have been being implemented or are being worked out. In 2006, a multi-species resource recovery plan was developed.

The resource recovery plan was developed for Kitaura of Kasumigaura and Lake Biwa, becoming the first such programs for inland waters in Japan.

Fish Resources Levels (summary)

Resource level	2005	2006	Main species or stocks
High	13 stocks	16 stocks	Saury (Northwestern Pacific stock), Japanese common squid (autumn stock), Southern mackerel (Pacific and East China Sea stocks), etc.
Medium	30 stocks	29 stocks	Jack mackerel (Pacific and Tsushima warm current stocks), Snow crab (Northern Pacific and Sea of Japan stocks), Japanese common squid (winter stock), etc.
Low	50 stocks	48 stocks	Pacific mackerel (Pacific and Tsushima warm current stocks), Alaska pollack (Northern Sea of Japan and Pacific stocks), Japanese pilchard (Pacific and Tsushima warm current stocks), etc.

Source: "Marine Fisheries Stock Assessment Japanese Waters," Fisheries Agency and Fisheries Research Agency.

Estimated Red Snow Crab Resources (Sea of Japan stock)

Source: Fisheries Agency and Fisheries Research Agency.

Note: Region A waters: West from Toyama Prefecture
### c. Japan's surrounding marine environment

Large jellyfish emerged in waters close to Sea of Japan and Sanriku coasts in 2006, as seen in the previous year, affecting fishery operations. The Government took advantage of relevant funds authorized under a FY2005 supplementary budget to support surveys on conditions for large jellyfish's emergence, provision of relevant information, removal of these jellyfish in waters, introduction of improved fishing gear and disposal of landed jellyfish.

Removal of Large Jellyfish in Offshore and Coastal Waters

Improved Fishing Gear for Stationary Net

In order to prevent a great number of large jellyfish from entering the stationary net, the fence net has rough screens that large jellyfish go through. In this case, conventional fish go along the fence net. It has been found that rough screens do not work to sharply reduce fish catches.

Measures were implemented to prevent or ease damage being caused by longheaded eagle ray, steller sea lions and cucumaria echinata (a kind of sea cucumber) to fisheries.

Research was conducted into causes of red tide and dysoxic waters developed in coastal waters. Efforts were made to develop technologies to prevent or eliminate red tide and dysoxic waters.

For development and conservation of underwater plant beds and tidelands, installation of seaweed substrates and cultivation was implemented.

A panel of relevant government agencies on drifting trash considered how to deal with trash sources and dispose such trash.

### e. Inland water conditions

○ Thirteen fish species, including largemouth bass, and four genera of six species of invertebrates were designated as invasive alien species for prevention or elimination.

☐ In order to prevent and ease damage to fisheries caused by river cormorants, measures were taken to frighten them away on a large scale to prevent them from coming to fishing grounds and eliminate them.

Change in Number of Prefectures with Alien Fish Species

Source: National Federation of Inland Fisheries Cooperative Associations

Number of River Cormorant Colonies and Number of Prefectures with Such Colonies

Sources: Wild Bird Society of Japan, Ministry of Environment
(2) Fishery product trade

(Fishery product imports)

Japan's fishery product imports in 2005 decreased by 4% over the previous year in volume to 3.34 million tons and increased by 2% in value to 1,669.1 billion yen.

Changes in Fishery Product Import Volume and Valueby Major Item

2001	2002	2003	20047	2005	Increase rate (%) from 2004 to 2005
Percentage share (%)
Total import volume of fishery products	3,824	3,821	3,325	3,485	3,343	- 4.1
Total import value of fishery products	17,237	17,622	15,692	16,371	16,691	100.0	2.0
Shrimp	3,022	2,974	2,481	2,380	2,352	14.1	- 1.2
Tuna/marlin	2,268	2,434	2,229	2,337	2,190	13.1	- 6.3
Salmon/trout	1,101	1,046	1,016	1,036	1,095	6.6	5.7
Crab	816	898	854	807	694	4.2	- 14.0
Cod roe	720	511	523	598	629	3.8	5.2

Source: "Trade Statistics," Ministry of Finance

Note: Volume indicates the weight in the product form upon customs clearance.

Japan remained the world's largest fishery product importer both in volume and value, accounting for 19% of the world's total fishery product import value and 12% of total import volume (as of 2004). But the nation's fishery product imports have been declining in recent years.

China has raised its position as a fishery product exporter in recent years. It became the world's top exporter both in value and volume in 2004.

(Fishery product exports)

Japan's fishery product exports in 2005 expanded by 10% from the previous year in volume to 470,000 tons and by 18% in value to 174.8 billion yen. Salmon and prepared scallop ligament exports increased substantially. Efforts are going on to further boost fishery product exports (see Topic 3).

Changes in Fishery Product Export Volume and Value by Major Item

(volume: 1,000 tons, value: 100 million yen)

2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	Increase rate (%) from 2004 to 2005
Percentage share (%)
Total export volume of fishery products	313	307	370	424	468	10.5
Total export value of fishery products	1,352	1,365	1,354	1,482	1,748	100.0	17.9
Pearl	375	332	243	275	302	17.3	9.6
Salmon/trout	39	37	74	91	147	8.4	62.5
Prepared scallop ligament	92	95	77	65	116	6.6	78.7
Scallop	55	91	121	62	109	6.2	75.1
Tuna/marlin	108	86	78	126	89	5.1	- 29.1

Source: "Trade Statistics," Ministry of Finance

Note: Volume indicates the weight in the product form upon customs clearance.
## (3) Processing and distribution of fishery products

Production of major processed fishery products in 2005 decreased slightly from the previous year in volume.

In 2005, the volume of products landed at major Japanese fishing ports leveled off from the previous year to 289 tons. Their average price was 182 yen per kg, down 5%. Consolidation of local fish markets, releasing of rights to make bids in auctions, and other regionally devised measures are being taken to enhance market functions.

Trade in fishery products at markets in consumption areas is on a decline in volume. Their average price turned up in 2005 after hitting bottom in 2004.

Changes in Volume of Fishery Products Landed at Major Japanese Fishing Ports

Source: "Annual Fishery Product Distribution Statistics," Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Japanese pilchard	Mackerel species
7 major species
Bonito	Saury
Jack mackerel	Anchovy
Japanese common squid	Alaska Pollack
Atka mackerel
Other fishes and aquatic animals

Changes in Fishery Product Trading Volume and Prices at Central Wholesale Markets

(Right scale)

Frozen product price

Processed fishery product price

Fresh fishery product price

(Left scale)

Trade in frozen products

Trade in processed products

Trade in fresh products

Source: "Annual Fishery Product Distribution Statistics," Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Through their exchange, Otake of Hiroshima Prefecture and the JA Tottori Chuou agriculture cooperative (formerly JA Tohaku) in Kotoura of Tottori Prefecture have combined Otake's kaki oyster and Kotoura's kaki persimmon into a product called "Kaki Kaki (oyster-persimmon) Club." This is a case for a tie-up between fishery and agricultural products to expand sales.

A leaflet for a special plan to combine production areas (right)
## (5) Consumption of fishery products and self-sufficiency rate

In 2005, fishery products supplied for domestic consumption decreased by 2% from the previous year to 10.27 million tons (on an original weight basis). Fishery products for human consumption declined 2% to 7.82 million tons, accounting for some 80% of the total supply for domestic consumption. Per capita annual fishery product supply for human consumption came to 61.2 kg on a gross food basis and to 34.4 kg on a net food basis.

The self-sufficiency rate of fishery products for human consumption in 2005 rose by 2 percentage points from the previous year to 57% (as estimated).

Fishery Product Supply/Demand Situation

Unit: 10,000 tons

2005 (estimated)

2004 (finalized)

Source: "Food Balance Sheets," Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Changes in Self-sufficiency Rate of Fishery Products for Human Consumption

Source: "Food Balance Sheets," Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

○ In some cases, local fishery products are used for school lunches to promote citizens' understanding about local eating culture.

## (Kai, Yamanashi Prefecture)>

The prefecture's fish-farming cooperative ships rainbow trout for school lunches to elementary and junior high schools within the prefecture. The prefecture is divided into three districts for local supply and storage to secure stable supply. Children are taught on the nutrients of rainbow trout. The rainbow trout school lunch program contributes to food education and local production for local consumption.

Photo: A school lunch exhibition