Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
(4) Active use of rural women's capabilities

[Direction of policy measures as indicated by the basic plan]
- Promoting rural women’s participation in farming management and women’s income-generating activities for processing and marketing of agricultural products
- Promoting working styles giving consideration to the rural work-life balance through the conclusion of family management agreements to secure women’s further participation in local society.
① Rural women’s income-generating activities have increased steadily. While group-managed businesses account for a majority of new businesses launched by rural women, independently managed businesses have increased year by year. Many businesses are for food processing and sales in the farm stand.
② In 2011, for the first time all agricultural committees in Tochigi and Yamaguchi Prefectures included women members through elections. The number of agricultural committees with women members increased from the previous elections in 33 prefectures.
③ In 2011, all agricultural cooperatives in Aichi, Shimane and Okayama Prefectures had female executives for the first time, joining Nara, Tottori, Kagawa, Kumamoto and Okinawa Prefectures that already had female executives at all such cooperatives.
④ The number of family management agreements to promote women’s participation in farm management has increased year by year, standing at 49,000 in 2011.
⑤ Opportunities for rural women to actively participate have increased, including the establishment of nationwide networks and attendance to international conferences.

(Changes in the number of income-generating activities by rural women and type of activities) (Trends of the number of income-generating activities by rural women) (Type of activities (multiple answers))

Source: MAFF

(Changes in family management agreements)

Source: MAFF
## (5) Securing fine farmland and promoting its effective use

[Direction of policy measures as indicated by the basic plan]
- Securing fine farmland and promoting its effective use steadily to improve Japan’s food self-sufficiency ratio
- Raising the utilization rate of cultivated land to 108% in 2020
- Supporting efforts to utilize abandoned farmland and promoting efforts to eliminate idle farmlands under the revised Agricultural Land Act
- Promoting farmland concentration for motivated, diversified farmers

① The utilization rate of cultivated land in 2010 rose slightly for the first time in eight years due to an increase in the planted area size for rice paddies as a decline in the total cultivated area size.

(Aggregate planted area size, cultivated area size and utilization rate of cultivated land trends)

2008	2009	2010
Aggregate planted area (①) (10,000 ha) Rate of change (%)	426.5 (-0.95)	424.4 (-0.49)	423.3 (-0.26)
Cultivated area (②) (10,000 ha) Rate of change (%)	462.8 (-0.47)	460.9 (-0.41)	459.3 (-0.35)
Utilization rate of cultivated land (①/②) (%)	92.2	92.1	92.2

Source: MAFF, “Statistics on Cultivated Area and Planted Area”

②The increase in abandoned cultivated land has slowed down over recent years.

(Changes in area of abandoned cultivated land)

1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010
Total	13.5	21.7	24.4	34.3	38.6	39.6
Commercial farm households	7.3	11.3	12.0	15.5	14.4	12.4
Non-commercial farm households	1.9	3.8	4.1	5.6	7.9	9.0
Non-farm households possessing cultivated land	4.2	6.6	8.3	13.3	16.2	18.2

Source: MAFF, “Census of Agriculture and Forestry”

③ Cultivated land under management per commercial farm household continued increasing in 2011.

(Changes in cultivated land under management per commercial farm household and per business farm household)

Sources: MAFF, “Census of Agriculture and Forestry” and “Survey on Agriculture Structure Dynamism”
④ Farms cultivating 20 hectares or more in 2010 accounted for 32% of cultivated land area being utilized for land-extensive crops including rice and wheat.

(Percentage share of land area cultivated for land-extensive crops by farms having 20 hectares or more in farmland)

Sources: Estimated based on MAFF’s “Census of Agriculture and Forestry” and “Statistics on Cultivated Area and Planted Area”

## (6) Maintaining, managing and developing agricultural production infrastructure

[Direction of policy measures as indicated by the basic plan]

- A drastic reform of improvement measures for the agricultural production infrastructure base to strengthen agricultural productivity, including enhancing infrastructure maintenance through strategic preservation and management of major irrigation facilities, and building a better agricultural production base regarding the improvement of the food self-sufficiency ratio.

① Rice paddy fields expanded through readjustment to 30 acres or more totaled 1.55 million hectares in FY2010, accounting for about 60% of total rice paddy fields in Japan.

② The functional diagnosis of the facility is conducted to extend in-service lives of major irrigation facilities including irrigation channels, drainage canals and pump stations.

③ Given the Great East Japan Earthquake, the Cabinet decided on a new Long-Term Plan of Land Improvement in March 2012 to enhance Japan’s agriculture and promote recovery from the disaster.

(Trends of the rice paddy field readjustment share and rice-farming hours)

Sources: MAFF, “Basic Survey on Agricultural Infrastructure Development,” “Rice and Wheat Production Costs”

(Implementation status of the functional diagnosis of the facility (major irrigation facilities))

Source: MAFF

Notes:

1) An accumulated total through FY2010

2) Assessment on a reconstruction cost basis for irrigation facilities
## (7) Sustainable agricultural production

- Promoting agriculture and food industries’ introduction of energy-saving facilities and machinery, the optimization of fertilization and other measures to address global warming, and networks of farmers who tackle farming operations contributing to conservation of the environment.

- Promoting the expansion of production and distribution of organic agricultural products

① Energy-saving farm machinery and facilities have increased steadily. In FY2010, greenhouse gases emission cuts for facility horticulture and farm machinery totaled 319,000 tons- $ CO_{2} $ .

② The number of eco-farmers certified as promoting sustainable agriculture giving consideration to the environment increased to 212,000 at the end of March 2011 against the backdrop of growth in consumer needs.

(Greenhouse gases emission cuts for facility horticulture and farm machinery)

Source: MAFF

(Trends of certified eco-farmers (by region))

Source: MAFF

Note: Numbers given for the end of March in each year

③ Agricultural products rated as organic under the organic JAS system in FY2010 totaled 56,000 tons including vegetables.

④ Direct payment for environmentally friendly agriculture started in FY2011 to support farmers’ activities which address global warming and enhance biodiversity.

(Trends of agricultural products rated as organic under the organic JAS system)

Total
Vegetables	Rice	Fruits	Others
FY2001	33,734	19,675	7,777	1,391	4,891
FY2002	43,759	24,545	12,338	1,939	4,937
FY2003	46,192	28,444	10,433	2,163	5,152
FY2004	47,428	29,674	10,400	2,029	5,325
FY2005	48,172	29,107	11,369	2,222	5,474
FY2006	48,596	29,949	10,811	1,766	6,070
FY2007	53,446	32,780	10,828	2,199	7,639
FY2008	56,164	36,164	11,278	2,050	6,672
FY2009	57,342	37,644	11,565	2,436	5,697
FY2010	56,415	36,854	10,976	2,506	6,079

Source: MAFF
Chapter 4: Promoting and revitalization of rural areas

(1) Creating new industries in rural areas through renewable energy promotion and other efforts
[Direction of policy measures as indicated by the basic plan]
- Expanding renewable energy production, promoting regional renewable energy utilization, developing new profit-making systems in rural areas
- A strategy for 'Revolution in Environmental Technology Preserving Water and Greenery' will be worked out to implement measures for creating new industries.
① Renewable energy accounts for some 10% of Japan's total electricity generation (in FY2010). The vast majority of this renewable energy is large-scale hydroelectric power generation. Other renewable energy sources including solar energy, wind power and biomass energy account for only about 1% of the total.
(Breakdown of Japan's electricity generation)
Electric source
Share (%)
New energy sources
1.2
Pumped-up water
0.9
Ordinary hydro energy
7.8
Crude oil
8.3
Coal
23.8
LNG
27.2
Nuclear energy
30.8
Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 'FY2010 Annual Report on Energy' Note: 'New energy sources' include solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy and biomass energy.
② Demonstration tests for cutting costs for small hydroelectric power generation, installation of solar panels on agricultural facilities and efforts to convert biomass energy into electricity will be promoted at various points in Japan to utilize renewable energy.
(Efforts to utilize renewable energy)

Demonstration tests of a small hydroelectric power generator (Takeda City, Oita Prefecture)
Solar panels installed on a compost facility (Sanmu City, Chiba Prefecture)
Tokuai Wind Power Station (Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture)
Biomass conversion facilities (Yamaga City, Kumamoto Prefecture)
③ Technology verification and other studies are conducted at various points in Japan to build independent distributed energy systems including Smart Village systems to integrally control renewable energy on a regional basis.
④ Various measures to create new industries in rural areas are promoted under the 'Comprehensive Strategy for Revolution in Environmental Technology Preserving Water and Greenery', adopted in February 2011.

(Smart Village image)

Source: MAFF
(2) Preservation of community functions and conservation of local resources and environment

[Direction of policy measures as indicated by the basic plan]

- The “direct payment to farmers in the hilly and mountainous areas”, The “payment for conserving farm land and water”, maintaining and revitalizing rural communities, promoting measures to prevent damage from wild animals, etc.

① The “direct payment to farmers in the hilly and mountainous areas” has been revised to implement third-phase measures from FY2010. In FY2011, about 28,000 agreements under the program are expected to be signed for about 678,000 hectares of farmland.

② The “payment for conserving farm land and water” has been useful for maintaining agricultural irrigation canals, for conserving and improving rural environments and for invigorating and enhancing regional links. In FY2011, Its support was expanded to extend service lives of canals and other relevant facilities.

## (Effects of “payment for conserving farm land and water”)

Q: Has the payment system been useful for maintaining functions of agricultural irrigation canals, etc.?

Q: Has the payment system been useful for conserving and improving regional environments?

Q: Has the payment system been useful for invigorating and enhancing regional (community) links?

Source: MAFF, “Survey on Active Organizations” (conducted in March 2011)

③ The number of members of “Regional Cooperation Teams” and “Community Supporters” are increasing throughout Japan. Members of “Regional Cooperation Teams” are city residents who supply support service in rural areas. “Community Supporters” are agricultural experts, supporting residents in rural areas.

④ Crop damage by wild animals totaled 23.9 billion yen in FY2010. Comprehensive measures must be promoted to reduce crop damage by wild animals that greatly affect farming and rural livelihood.

Source: MAFF
Summary
Policy background, policy priorities, fiscal measures, legislative actions, tax measures, monetary measures, policy assessment
I	The Great East Japan Earthquake measures
Measures for full-scale reconstruction of agriculture and rural areas
Restoration and development of farmlands and other production infrastructure
Agricultural business continuation and realignment
Restoration of agricultural production means and distribution functions
Introduction of renewable energy in rural areas
Measures for rural area
Measures for the Accidents of Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Plant of Tokyo Electric Power Company
Reconstruction Grant in response to the Great East Japan Earthquake
II	Measures to increase the food self-sufficiency ratio
Efforts to increase the food self-sufficiency ratio
Measures to achieve the target volumes for individual primarily items
III	Measures to achieve stable supply of food
Ensuring food safety and consumer confidence
Enhancing links between food and agriculture based on home-grown farm products
Sustainable development of food industry
Establishing comprehensive food security
Tackling international negotiations based on the importance of stable food supply as a major food-importing nation
IV	Measures for sustainable development of agriculture
The Revitalization of Japan’s Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Implementing Income Support Direct Payment Program for Farmers and production/management measures
Promoting “The Sixth Industry” to expand income
Promoting farm management by motivated, diversified farmers
Securing fine farmland and promotion its effective use
Compensating for damage from agricultural disasters
Promoting farming safety measures
Maintaining, managing and developing agricultural production infrastructure to enhance agricultural production capacity
Promoting efforts to support sustainable agricultural production
V	Measures to support rural areas
Creating new industries in rural areas through renewable energy promotion and other efforts
Promoting intercommunication between urban and rural areas
Enhancement of agriculture in urban and surrounding areas
Conservation of rural community functions, local environments and resources
VI	Measures applying comprehensively to food, agriculture and rural areas
Comprehensive promotion of technology and environment policies
Making diverse networks in order to support agriculture
VII	Measures for the reorganization of relevant organizations
Measures for realigning and developing agricultural cooperative organizations
Measures for enhancing agricultural committee organizations
Measures for enhancing agricultural mutual relief associations
Measures for realigning and developing land improvement districts
VIII	Items necessary to comprehensively and methodically promote policies related to food, agriculture and rural areas
Comprehensive promotion of measures based on unity of government and private sectors
Realizing a policy achievement process from the viewpoint of the general public
Undertaking effective and focused management of financial practices
# [Definitions]

### 1. Basic statistical terminology

(1) Classification of farm households (definitions used since the 1990 World Census of Agriculture and Forestry)

Terminology	Definition
Farm household	Household engaged in farming and managing cultivated land of 10 acres or more, or earning more than 150,000 yen per year from sales of agricultural products.
Commercial farm household	Farm household managing cultivated land of 30 acres or more, or earning more than 500,000 yen per year from sales of agricultural products.
Non-commercial farm household	A farm household managing cultivated land of less than 30 acres, and earning less than 500,000 yen per year from sales of agricultural products.
Agricultural holding other than farm household	A holding other than farm household managing cultivated land of 10 acres or more, or earning 150,000 yen or more per year from sales of agricultural products.
Agricultural service enterprise	An enterprise conducting farm work on contract (including enterprise other than agricultural holding, specializing in production and sale of seedlings).
Non-farm household possessing cultivated land	A household other than a farm household possessing 5 acres or more in cultivated land and abandoned cultivated land.

(2) Classification of farms (definitions used since the 2005 Census of Agriculture and Forestry)

Terminology	Definition
Farm	An establishment that either performs agricultural production directly or on contract and fulfills one of the following conditions: (1) manages 30 acres or more cultivated land, (2) possesses a planted area or cultivated area or a number of livestock being raised or delivered that is equal to or greater than a predetermined standard (e.g. 15 acres for outdoor grown vegetables, 350 square meters for vegetables grown in facilities, one cow), (3) accepts farm work on contract. (Censuses from 1990 to 2000 regard farms as the combination of commercial farm households, agricultural holdings other than a farm household, and agricultural service enterprises.)
Family farm	An independent farm (farm household) or a single-household corporation (a farm household that is incorporated).
Independent farm	An agricultural establishment that operates as a household. This category excludes single-household corporations.
Incorporated farm	An agricultural establishment that has been incorporated This category includes single-household corporations.
(3) Farm household economics

Terminology	Definition
Total income	Agricultural income + Income from agriculture-related production + Nonagricultural income + Income from pensions, etc.
Agriculture income	Gross agricultural income (total income from farming) - Agricultural expenditures (all expenses necessary for farming)
Income from agriculture-related production	Earnings from agriculture-related production (earnings from businesses such as agricultural processing, country inns, restaurants and tourist farms, which are related to agriculture and managed by individuals engaged in farming) - Expenditures from agriculture-related production (expenditures such as labor and material costs required for the aforementioned businesses)
Non-agriculture income	Non-agriculture earnings (e.g. earnings from independent part-time nonagricultural businesses, salaries and wages) - Non-agriculture expenses (e.g. expenses for independent part-time non-agricultural businesses, transportation expenses for commuting)
Production cost	The production cost is the total cost (combining property and labor costs) for production of farm products minus by-product values
material cost	The material cost combines liquid goods costs (seeding, fertilizers, agricultural chemicals, heating, lighting, power and other materials costs) and depreciation costs for fixed goods (depreciable assets including buildings, automobiles, agricultural machines and production management equipment).
Land rent	The land rent for a crop subject to the survey is calculated by multiplying the actually paid farm rent by the contribution rate for the relevant crop.
Interest payment	Interest payments are classified by use of underlying loans and multiplied by a contribution rate for a crop subject to the survey to calculate the borrowed capital interest to be shouldered by the crop.
Family labor cost	The family labor cost is calculated by multiplying family working hours by an average hourly wage for men and women (paid actually irrespective of sex in a relevant region) as computed based on wage data for business establishments with five to 29 workers in construction, manufacturing and transportation/postal industries (construction, manufacturing and transportation industries for 2009 under the former industry classification) in the Monthly Labor Survey Report (by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare).
Employed labor cost	The employed labor cost represents wages paid to workers employed on an annual, seasonal or daily basis for producing farm products. Boarding and material compensations are assessed based on market prices. The cost includes rewards paid separately from wages.
Equity capital interest	The equity capital interest is calculated by multiplying equity capital - gross capital minus debt capital - by an annual interest rate of 4%.
Rent for owned land	The rent for owned land is based on a rent for similar farmlands (having capabilities similar to the farmland for a crop subject to the survey) within the same region.
Note: Actually, by-product values are deducted from “production cost,” “production cost counted in payment interest /land rent” and “production cost counted in capital interest/land rent.”

(4) Agricultural labor by farm household members

Labor status	Household memberAs a rule, people who live and earn a living together1) Core persons engaged mainly in farmingAmong household members involved in self-employed farming (population engaged mainly in farming), those who are working mainly in agriculture during regular hours.2) Population engaged in farmingPersons engaged only in self-employed farming, or persons who are also engaged in work other than farming but spend more time engaged in farming on a yearly basis.3) Persons engaged mainly in farmingHousehold members 15 years old and over who are engaged in self-employed farming for more than one day per year.- Full-time farmersAmong persons engaged mainly in farming, those who are engaged in self-employed farming for more than 150 days per year.
Engaged mainly in self-employed farming	Engaged in both self-employed farming and other work	Engaged in other work only	Not engaged in any work
Status during regular hours	Engaged mainly in housework and child rearing	Core person engaged mainly in farming(1)Population engaged mainly in farming	(2)Person engaged mainly in farming	(3)
Other
(5) New farmers (definition used in the survey on new farmers)

Type of involvement in farming	New farmers
Self-employed farming	Employed fulltime by corporations, etc.	Just entering farming	Defined as individuals who fulfill one of the following conditions:
Status before farming	Student	(1) Self-employed farmers	(2) Employed farmers	(3) New participants	1) Self-employed farmers
Members of farm households whose living status has changed anytime within a year of the survey date from “student” or “employed in other work” to “new graduate who has become a farmer” or “a new farmer who changed occupations”.
2) Employed farmers
Persons engaged in farming who have been hired by corporations anytime within a year of the survey date and work for their employers for 7 months a year or more.
3) New participants
Persons who have started farming anytime within a year of the survey date by securing land and funds on their own.
- New graduates who have become farmers
Self-employed farmers who have changed their status from “student” to “engaged mainly in farming”, as well as employed farmers who were recently students.
- New farmers who have changed occupations
New farmers whose status has changed from “mainly employed in another industry” to “engaged mainly in self-employed farming” anytime within a year of the survey (including at-home workers and U-turn workers).
Employed in other work	New farmers who changed occupation

(6) Agricultural regions nationwide

Agricultural region	Prefecture	Agricultural region	Prefecture
Hokkaido	Hokkaido	Kinki	Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, Wakayama
Tohoku	Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, Fukushima	Chugoku Sanin Sanyo	(Sanin, Sanyo) Tottori, Shimane Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi
Hokuriku	Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui	Shikoku	Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi
Kanto/Tosan	(Northern Kanto, Southern Kanto, Tosan)	Kyushu Northern Kyushu	(Northern Kyushu, Southern Kyushu) Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita
Northern Kanto	Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma
Southern Kanto	Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa	Southern Kyushu	Miyazaki, Kagoshima
Tosan	Yamanashi, Nagano
Tokai	Gifu, Shizuoka, Aichi, Mie	Okinawa	Okinawa