## • Volunteers: 102,497

— Program support 15%, facility management 8%, instructor 6%, program management 6%, others 65%

• Programs total: 31,746

—Leisure/art 53%, Civil edu. 18%, Welfare 9%, Civil participation 7%, community development 6%, Others 7%

• Governance

- CCC council

• Budget

– Subsidy from local governments and fund-raising

## 11

• Symbolic event in Korean edu. history!

–Discussion about the merge of educational admin. and public admin., especially in the area of formal schooling. But no progress. Almost no cooperation between the two.

—As the regional and local governments participated in LLE, the ideal of the merge of the 2 admin. are initiated.

—Regional NILEs are being established by governors.

—Big controversy over Gyeonggi province’s establishment of Bureau of Lifelong Education in 2010.

## I ssue 1

## Local governments'

### .participation

• Strict division bt. edu. administration and public administration in Korea.

– Education by superintendents and public administration by governors and mayors.

• LLE act 2007 article 20, 21

— Governors may establish, or designate and operate regional NILE

— Mayors may establish or financially support LLC-kwan

• A chance to level up Korean LLE

– Superintendants’ negligence of LLE

– Mayors’ strong interest and support in LLE

– 50% of local governments operate LLC-centers and established municipal ordinance of LLL.

## I ssue 2

## Role confusion

• Who is responsible for local LLC-kwan?

– Superintendents or mayors? especially for type II.

• LLC-center has legal basis?

– LLC-center can use the term LLC-kwan of LLE act?

– LLC-centers has been established according to municipal ordinances.

– LLE act Article 21 can be interpreted as the legal basis of LLC-centers

• Prospects

– Type I LLC-kwans will decrease, type II will increase.

– LLC-centers increase and will take the leading CLC role.

CCCs perform their role as the basic unit of CLC.

## I ssue 3

## Civil participation and

## networking

– Local Autonomy stopped by mil. coup in 1961

– Local council election in 1991, governors and mayors in 1995

– LLL as a key to animate local autonomy: CCC, LLL City

• Top-down approach in Lifelong Learning

– The influence of 30 yrs. vacuum of local autonomy

– Government-driven LLL projects since LLE Act 2000

– Mayors’ strong ‘political’ interest in LLL

• How to facilitate civil participation?

– Village-building movement to rejuvenate a village through LLL.

– CCC councils by citizens, an resistance to the intervention of admin.

– Supporting study circle, Leadership training

• How to network local edu. resources?

– Cooperation among 3 CLCs

– Local universities, libraries, regional think-tanks, NGOs, businesses

– LLL city as a network to support community LLL

## I ssue 4

## Financial and human resource

• Financial support needed

– State and local government’s subsidies and support. LE act 2007, article 16.

– LLL budget is 0.1% of MEST budget in 2010

– Expanding LLL cities. LLL city project stopped in 2008

– Subsidy for LLL programs and study circles

• LLL professionals needed

- LLL institutes should employ Lifelong Educators. LE Act 2007. ex) 2 in each CLC with 20 staffs or more.

— No or few LL professionals in CCCs

— Staffs in LLC-centers are temporarily employed

— Staffs in LLC-kwans type I hold additional position.

— Instructors in CLCs in short-term contract. 50% in LLC-kwans hired less than 1 year