Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## Section 3

# Enriching National Life and Resolving Social Problems

### 1. Advanced Use of the Internet

While broadband is rapidly diffusing in Japan, broadband users are found to be utilizing the Internet more than narrowband users in terms of purposes, frequency, and length of time. For example, broadband users mark higher utilization rates for all purposes of Internet use compared to narrowband users. In particular, their utilization rates are more than 10 points higher than those of narrowband users with respect to downloading and viewing/listening to online music, videos, and images (Figure 1-25).

Looking at the utilization rate of the Internet accessed from home PCs by purpose, the rate is high for e-mail (65.3%), information search (59.1%), and news/weather forecasts (46.5%), indicating that e-mail and information gathering are the most popular forms of usage. Although the utilization rates for other purposes remain at about 20% or below, the Internet is being used for extremely diverse purposes (Figure 1-26).

Figure 1-25: Internet Utilization Rate of Broadband Users and Narrowband Users by Purpose

Figure 1-26: Purposes of Internet Use from PCs (multiple answers)

Source: "Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002," MPHPT.
As for the purposes of Internet use from cell phones/PHS, use of “e-mail” (83.3%) was outstandingly high, followed by “downloading/listening to online music, such as ringer melodies” (45.8%) and “purchasing paid contents” (37.3%) (Figure 1-27).

### 2. Lifestyles Changing Through Use of the Internet

The fact that 59.1% of Internet users cite “information search” as the purpose of using the Internet shows that the Internet has undoubtedly become an important information gathering medium for users. When users were asked to name the two most frequently used information sources for gathering respective types of information, Internet Web pages were found to be a medium very frequently used in line with television and newspapers for acquiring various information. It can be said that the Internet has become established as one type of information source for people (Figure 1-28).

In the meantime, the utilization rate of online shopping by Internet users accessing from PCs is 19.5%. The top ranking items purchased through online shopping are books/CDs, PC-related products, and tickets, products of which content can be confirmed without looking at them first-hand, but many amusement products/sundries, fashion accessories, and jewelry are also frequently purchased (Figure 1-29).

### 3. Digital Divide and Its Resolution

(1) Current status of the gaps in use of the Internet/broadband

There are gaps in the Internet utilization rates according to generation, gender, city size, and householders' income of the users. Although the utilization rate has

Figure 1-27: Purposes of Internet Use from Cell Phones/PHS (multiple answers)

Source: "Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002," MPHPT.

Figure 1-28: Most Frequently Used Information Sources (up to two answers)

1st	2nd	3rd	4th
General news	TV (89.5%)	Newspapers (57.7%)	Web pages (40.5%)	Radio (5.4%)
Details on social events	Newspapers (58.7%)	TV (57.0%)	Web pages (45.4%)	Magazines (11.9%)
Emergency information	TV (82.4%)	Web pages (55.0%)	Radio (21.0%)	Newspapers (12.2%)
Amusement products information	Web pages (83.3%)	Magazines (44.7%)	Books (16.9%)	TV (16.2%)
Information on illnesses	Web pages (61.8%)	TV (30.1%)	Books (29.9%)	Newspapers (16.8%)

Source: “Survey on Utilization of IT in National Life”.

Figure 1-29: Items Purchased Through Online Shopping (multiple answers)

Source: "Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002," MPHPT.
increased over the previous year for all of the attributes as of the end of 2002, the gaps still remain (Figure 1-30).

Such gaps based on the attributes of generation, gender, city size, and householder’s income also exist in the broadband utilization rate (proportion of broadband users among all samples in the respective attributes). With regard to the proportion of broadband users among Internet users accessing from home PCs, the gap exists by gender, householder’s income, and city size. Among these, the gap by city size is the most notable; the utilization rate in towns and villages is less than half of that in the 23 wards of Tokyo/government-designated cities/prefectural capitals. However, the gap by generation, which was found to be the widest with respect to use/non-use of the Internet, was insignificant among Internet users accessing from home PCs (Figure 1-31).

## (2) Factor analysis of the gaps in the use of the Internet/broadband

There are gaps in the use of the Internet by generation, gender, city size, and householder's income. In order to compare the effect these four factors have on the use/non-use of the Internet, analysis was conducted by using Quantification Theory II.

As a result, “generation” had the most impact on the use/non-use of the Internet with the older population tending to use the Internet less (Figure 1-32).

In addition, as a result of conducting a similar analysis to compare the effect of each attribute on the use of broadband among Internet users, the most influencing factor on the use of broadband was found to be city size. However, the generation factor, which had the most influence on the use/non-use of the Internet had little impact on the use/non-use of broadband among Internet users (Figure 1-33).

### 4. Information and Communications that Contribute to Resolving Social Problems

Today, Japan holds many social concerns and problems, such as concerns about the prolonged economic slump, the aging of the population, deterioration of the global environment, food and health, as well as public security. However, information and communications can be utilized to resolve or mitigate these social concerns and problems.

When a survey was conducted on the social, regional, and personal concerns and problems, which people saw as a particular need to be addressed, many people cited the increasing bankruptcy/unemployment, the battered social systems pertaining to the aging of the society, global environment issues, food safety, their own health conditions with respect to lifestyle-related diseases, and the increasing burden of nursing care due to the aging of the population (Figure 1-34).

Figure 1-30: Transitions in Internet Utilization Rate by Attribute

* The figure for the end of 2001 is for those with a householder's income between 10 million yen and 15 million yen.

Source: "Communications Usage Trend Survey," MPHPT.
Figure 1-31: Broadband Utilization Rate by Attribute

Broadband utilization rate	Proportion of broadband users among Internet users accessing from home PCs

Source: "Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002," MPHPT.

Figure 1-32: Effect of Each Attribute on Internet Use

Figure 1-33: Effect of Each Attribute on Broadband Use among Internet Users

Source: "Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002," MPHPT.
networks between the main ministries/agencies and field agencies, from the viewpoint of speeding up and improving the efficiency of information transmission and information sharing.

As for LANs within ministries, LANs have been established in 69.7% of the overall national administrative organizations by fiscal 2002. The installation is nearly complete for internal divisions (100%) and facilities (99.6%). The introduction is also steadily making progress in special organizations (67.6%) and local branch offices (58.7%) (Figure 1-36).

## (3) Promotion of e-local governments

Local governments promote IT projects in an organized and comprehensive manner by clarifying a basic policy on IT promotion in the local area, and formulating a digitization plan for the local area (Local IT Plan), which systematically and exhaustively lists concrete measures. By April 2002, 26.9% of local governments (a 3.6 point increase over the previous year) had formulated a Local IT Plan.

The number of PCs used in local governments in fiscal 2002 was 383,000 units in prefectural governments (a 19.7% increase over the previous year) and 744,000 units in municipalities (a 32.4% increase over the previous year). The installation rate of LANs within local governments was 100% for prefectural governments and 90.3% for municipalities, indicating rapid progress as in the case of PCs (Figure 1-37).

Figure 1-37: Transitions in the Installation Rate of LANs Within Local Governments

Source: Based on “Overview of Local Government Information Management.”
# Developing Digital Network Culture and Distributing Contents

### 1. Significance of Information and Communications in Cultural Activities and in Sending Out Information to the World

A digital archive is a system to digitize and store the resources kept in museums, art galleries, public records offices, and libraries as well as other tangible and intangible cultural resources. The digitization process also makes it easy to repair, disclose, and allow network access to the cultural resources. The digital archives are playing a central function as the accumulation/dissemination bases of digital network culture. By developing digital archiving, it will be possible to realize “an environment that enables acquisition and use of information on various cultural assets, works of art, local culture, theatrical art, and historical materials including important public documents without geographical restrictions, responding to the heightening and diversification of citizens’ lust for culture” (e-Japan Priority Policy Program-2002).

According to a survey by the Japan Digital Archives Association (JDAA), 108 of the major art galleries and museums nationwide have already started digital archiving as of the end of 2002, and the implementation rate has increased from 15.7% in 1997 to 25.5% (Figure 1-38).

Figure 1-38: Transitions in the Number and Rate of Facilities Implementing Digital Archiving

Figure 1-39: Market Size of Content Business (FY 2001)

Source: “Survey on Content and Security.”
### 2. Distribution of Attractive Contents on the Internet

## (1) Market size of content business

The content market can be categorized into: [1] the content market including printed publications and movies/broadcasting; [2] the digital content market that only includes contents that are digitized; [3] and the Internet content market that only includes digital contents that are distributed on the Internet.

The market size of content business in fiscal 2001 was approximately 10.84 trillion yen, in which the digital content business market was approximately 1.84 trillion yen, and the Internet content market was approximately 201.1 billion yen (Figure 1-39). The digital content market accounted for about 17% of the overall content market and the Internet content market only accounted for about 2%.

In 2002, the Internet content market expanded to 250.3 billion yen (a 24.5% increase over the previous year). This can further be broken down into the 167.5 billion yen market for PCs and the 82.8 billion yen market for cell phones. As for the types of contents, visual contents account for 19.5% of the total at 48.9 billion yen, music contents for 19.4% at 48.5 billion yen, and text contents for 61.1% at 152.9 billion yen. According to predictions by content providers, the size of the Internet content market is likely to become 597.5 billion yen in 2007, growing about 2.4 times in size in 2002. With regard to the types of contents, visual contents are estimated to grow by about 4.5 times to 217.8 billion yen, commanding a 36.5% share of overall contents (Figure 1-40).

## (2) Current status of use of paid contents (i) Status of use of paid contents

In 2002, the proportion of Internet users accessing from PCs who used paid Internet contents was only 9.9%, less than one-tenth (Figure 1-41). By type of circuit, the utilization rate by broadband users was 12.6%, while that by narrowband users was 8.7%, indicating that the utilization rate of paid contents is higher for broadband users (Figure 1-42). With regard to the types of contents used,

Figure 1-40: Transitions and Prediction of the Market Size of Internet Content Business

(billion yen)
2001	2002	2007
PC	Visuals	13.6	25.2	119.4
Music	3.9	5.6	25.8
Text	129.4	136.7	186.6
Total	146.9	137.5	331.8
Cell phone	Visuals	13.5	23.7	98.4
Music	28.7	42.9	118.3
Text	12.0	16.2	49.0
Total	54.2	82.8	265.7
Total	Visuals	27.1	48.9	217.8
Music	32.6	48.5	144.1
Text	141.4	152.9	235.6
Total	201.1	250.3	597.5

Source: “Survey on Content and Security.”

Figure 1-41: Status of Use of Paid Internet Contents by Terminal (for the past one year)

Figure 1-42: Status of Use of Paid Internet Contents by Circuit (for the past one year)

Source(Figures1-41&1-42): “Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002,”MPHPT.
software accounted for 30.0% and music/visuals accounted for 22.7% (Figure 1-43). Meanwhile, the proportion of mobile Internet users who used paid Internet contents from cell phones was 37.3%. As for the types of contents used, games accounted for 81.2% and ringer melodies accounted for 50.8% (Figures 1-41 and 1-44).

## (ii) Awareness of non-users of paid contents

For those who have never used paid contents from PCs, the top reason for non-use was “high fees” at 47.1%, followed by “lack of attractive contents” at 26.1%, and “unstable transmission” at 24.7% (Figure 1-45). Non-users of paid contents focus the most on the level of fees. Since only 17.8% of non-users gave “unwillingness to pay for Internet contents” as the reason, those who are determined to use free contents only are limited. Thus, a certain level of demand can be expected depending on the level of fees.

## (iii) Reactions of content providers

When an awareness survey was also conducted to Internet content providers, the top factor given by the providers as inhibiting expansion of the Internet content market was the “lack of users’ willingness to pay for contents” at 58.0%, followed by “lack of attractive contents” at 36.0% (Figure 1-46). Similar to non-users of Internet contents, providers also consider the fee level of the contents and the lack of attractive contents to be the principal factors. These factors were followed by the “trouble of acquiring copyright licenses” at 30.0%, “insufficient diffusion of broadband” at 26.0%, and “lack of established fee charging systems” at 22.0%.

Figure 1-43: Types of Internet Contents Accessed from PCs (multiple answers)

Figure 1-44: Types of Contents Accessed from Cell Phones (multiple answers)

Source (Figures 1-43 & 1-44): "Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002," MPHPT.

Figure 1-45: Reasons Given by Non-users of Paid Internet Contents for Non-use (up to three options)
Figure 1-46: Factors Considered by Internet Content Providers to be Obstructing Expansion of the Internet Content Market (up to three options)

Source: “Survey on Content and Security.”
## Section 5

# Ensuring Information Security and Building a Securer IT Society

### 1. Necessity of Ensuring Information Security

The diffusion of information and communications, such as the Internet and e-commerce, and advancement of information and communications, such as broadband and mobile work, not only enhance convenience, but also increase information security risks. Accordingly, security measures are now the top priority issue in using information and communications networks. Among individuals' concerns/dissatisfactions in using the Internet, the most cited concern was “privacy protection” (54.1%), followed by “virus infection” (41.4%) (Figure 1-47). Of the problems companies face in using information and communications networks, the most mentioned problem was the “difficulty of setting up security measures” (69.7%), followed by “concerns about virus infection” (63.6%) (Figure 1-48).

With further progress of information and communications, the damages inflicted by information security infringements may become even greater. As the OECD recommends, there is a strong need to promptly establish “a Culture of Security” under which all people involved in information and communications recognize the need and measures for ensuring information security, assuming every possible risk.

### 2. Trends in Information Security Infringements, etc

Combining the reported number of virus incidents released by two companies aggregating such reports, the number has almost doubled from 37,622 cases in 2001 to

Figure 1-47: Individuals' Concerns/Dissatisfactions Related to Internet Use (multiple answers)

Figure 1-48: Problems Companies Face in Using Information and Communications Networks (multiple answers)

Source (Figures 1-47&1-48): "Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002," MPHPT.
74,001 cases in 2002.

Also, according to the announcement by the National Public Safety Commission, the Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications (MPHPT), and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), the number of unauthorized accesses recognized in 2002 totaled 329, making a dramatic decrease of 924 cases from 1,253 cases in 2001. Although attacks on security holes using Web page rewriting programs were observed in large numbers in 2001, the number is considered to have decreased in 2002 due to the recent publicity activities by public and private sectors and diffusion of security patches.

“Spam,” which is e-mail sent to a user without the user’s consent for the purpose of advertising, sales promotion, and solicitation, suddenly increased around June 2001, and the number of complaints and inquiries to cell phone carriers increased accordingly. In a survey conducted at the end of 2002, 58.0% of mobile Internet users and 15.5% of Internet users accessing from PCs received spam in the past one year; the occurrence of spam incidents is particularly high for the mobile Internet.

### 3. Status of Internet Security Incidents

## (1) Status of security incidents suffered by individuals

The proportion of those who suffered information security incidents during 2002 was 29.8%, almost 30%, of all Internet users accessing from PCs. The most reported incident was “virus discovery/infection,” suffered by 20.7% of the Internet users accessing from PCs. This was followed by “spam” suffered by 15.5% and “unauthorized access” suffered by 2.1%. “Abuse/leakage of personal information” was experienced by 0.8% (Figure 1-49). Those who not only discovered, but were actually infected by viruses accounted for 10.4%.

## (2) Status of security incidents suffered by companies

During 2002, 76.2%, approximately three-quarters, of companies suffered some kind of information security incident in using information and communications networks (the Internet and corporate communication networks). The top-ranking incident was “virus

Figure 1-49: Situation and Types of Security Incidents Suffered by Internet Users Accessing from PCs (multiple answers; for the past one year)

Source: "Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002," MPHPT.

Figure 1-50: Situation and Types of Security Incidents on Information and Communications Networks Suffered by Companies in 2002 (multiple answers)

Source: "Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002," MPHPT.
discovery/infection” suffered by 75.0% of all companies. This was followed by “unauthorized access” experienced by 5.2% and “servers exploited for relaying spam” suffered by 4.0% (Figure 1-50).

Companies that did not only discover, but were actually infected by viruses accounted for 43.5%.

## (3) Estimated amount of damages suffered by individuals and companies

## (i) Estimated amount of damages suffered by individuals

According to a sample survey on the rates and amounts of damages suffered, the amount of damages suffered by individuals from virus incidents and unauthorized accesses in 2002 is estimated to be approximately 41.7 billion yen in total. Of this amount, damages from “virus incidents” accounted for about 38.4 billion yen and damages from “unauthorized accesses” accounted for about 3.3 billion yen (Figure 1-51).

This amount only totals the estimated amount of damages from virus incidents and unauthorized accesses related to PCs, and does not include such damages suffered from aspersions cast on the Web and spam sent to cell phones. This amount is solely the actual amount paid for repairing or replacing broken PCs, etc.

## (ii) Estimated amount of damages suffered by companies

According to a sample survey on the rates and amounts of damages suffered, the amount of damages suffered by companies from information security incidents in 2002 is estimated to be approximately 346.5 billion yen. The largest damages were inflicted by “virus infection” at about 302.7 billion yen, followed by “system crashes, server failures” at about 40.8 billion yen, “alteration to Web site content” at about 1.9 billion yen, “aspersions cast on the Web” at about 700 million yen, and “stealing/leakage of customer information” at about 500 million yen (Figure 1-52).

This amount only totals the estimated amount of investigation/restoration costs and lost earnings, and does not include such damages as collapse of credit resulting from harmful rumors.

### 4. Information Security Measures and Future Tasks

## (1) Measures and future tasks of individuals

The top measure against viruses and unauthorized accesses taken by Internet users was “installation of

Figure 1-51: Estimated Amount of Damages from Information Security Incidents Suffered by Individuals in 2002

Figure 1-52: Estimated Amount of Damages from Information Security Incidents Suffered by Companies in 2002

Source (Figures 1-51&1-52): “Survey on Content and Security.”

Figure 1-53: Status of Information Security Measures Taken by Internet Users (multiple answers)
virus-checking software" at 31.4%, followed by "use of virus-checking services" at 14.2%, and "saving back-ups of files, etc." at 11.6%. However, those who answered "no measures taken" accounted for 33.6%, approximately one-third of the total (Figure 1-53).

In this manner, there are a certain number of people who have not taken any information security measures. When they were asked the reason for not taking such measures, 86.5% of them answered that they had not taken any measures despite being aware of the need. Since 65.3% of those who had not taken any information security measures gave “lack of know-how of concrete security measures” as the reason, the future task in promoting information security measures among individuals would be to increase people’s knowledge of information security (Figure 1-54).

## (2) Measures and future tasks of companies (i) Status of information security measures

With regard to the status of information security measures taken by companies in 2002, the most taken measure was “installation of virus-checking software on PCs and other terminals” implemented by 83.8% of all companies. “Use of firewalls” was implemented by 52.0%, about half of all companies. Companies that were “taking no measure in particular” were only 2.2%, indicating that most companies implemented some kind of measures (Figure 1-55).

## (ii) Information security management

In order for companies to fully bring out the effect of information security measures, companies need to repeat the “PDCA cycle” consisting of $ [1] $ planning of security policies, etc. (PLAN), $ [2] $ implementation of measures (DO), $ [3] $ verification of the effects and efficacy of the measures (CHECK), and $ [4] $ review of the measures (ACTION), as information security management.

According to a survey on self-evaluation of the status of engagement in the respective phases of the cycle, the proportion of companies that answered “largely implemented” was relatively high for DO (41.4%) and PLAN (31.7%). However, the proportion was low for CHECK (19.3%) and ACTION (13.9%). The future task for enhancing information security measures in companies would be to make more efforts in verifying the effect of the measures and reviewing the measures.

Figure 1-54: Reasons for Not Taking Information Security Measures (multiple answers)

Source: "Survey on Content and Security."

Figure 1-55: Status of Information Security Measures Taken by Companies (multiple answers)

Source: "Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002," MPHPT.