Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
* The figure in parenthesis indicates the reduction rate against the final disposal volume result in fiscal 1990 (base year). Source: The Japan Business Federation - Results of the Follow-up Survey Fiscal 2009, Concerning the Voluntary Action Plan on the Environment [Building a recycling society series]

the previous fiscal year (about -2.23 million tons). This is equivalent to the level of decrease by about 89.1% compared to that in fiscal 1990 (about 58.91 million tons). That is, the industry goal (the second target) on the reduction of final disposal volume of industrial wastes was achieved two years ahead of schedule.

## (1) Iron and steel industry

In the iron and steel industry, about 99% of the by-products involved in the production of steel are recycled, for use as construction materials, cement raw materials, etc. Regarding products, the recycling rate of steel cans is 85%, the top-ranking in the world, and iron scraps have been reused as raw materials by using converter furnaces and electric furnaces.

The final disposal volume in the iron and steel industry in fiscal 2008 declined to 730 thousand tons, with a decrease of about 20 thousand tons compared to the preceding year. In the iron and steel industry, iron and steel slag which is the greater part of the by-products has been certified as products, e.g., the standardization is promoted by using JIS, iron and steel slag is designated as a procurement item under the Law on Promoting Green Purchasing, etc. In addition, new demands such as utilization for ocean have been created. The industry has also promoted efforts toward the establishment of a sound material-cycle society as well as preventing global warming by trying to recycle dust and sludge generated during the iron and steel production within steel factories and making effective use of waste plastics generated from other industries or societies as raw materials of iron and steel.

## (2) Cement manufacturing industry

The cement industry, by making the most use of cement manufacturing processes, has accepted various wastes and by-products from other businesses such as the iron and steel industry (various types of slag), the electric utility industry (desulfurization plaster), the tire industry (scrap tires), the metal casting industry (casting sand) and local municipalities (sewage sludge and incineration ash). In fiscal 2008, about 294.67 million tons of wastes and by-products were accepted. The industry contributes to the saving of natural resources as well as prolonging the life of final disposal sites. In addition, not only industrial wastes but also municipal solid waste incineration ash has been accepted. Furthermore, municipal solid wastes have also been accepted since fiscal 2002, i.e., the industry also contributes to the life prolongation of final disposal sites for municipal solid wastes.
Cement Manufacturing Industry

Source: Japan Cement Association

## (3) Construction industry

In the construction industry, industry approaches and systems have been promoted in a positive manner due to the high proportion of construction wastes accounting for the generation and the final disposal volume of industrial wastes.

Construction wastes have different characteristics from general wastes since construction work takes place in a temporary construction site and the type generated and the waste generation differs at each site. Therefore, the Construction Eight Groups By-Products Countermeasures Conference has uniquely prepared and used common agreements and manifests which are suitable for the characteristics of the construction industry.

Moreover, the recycling of asphalt/concrete mass has been considerably advanced for making effective use of resources toward the establishment of a sound material-cycle society, and the industry will further promote efforts on construction sludge, construction materials, mixed construction wastes, etc. in the future.

Source: Japan Federation of Construction Contractors, Japan Civil Engineering Contractors Association, Inc. and Building Contractors Society

## (4) Electric power industry

The electric power industry has promoted voluntary and active efforts for environment-related issues placing those efforts as the top priority, e.g., “Environmental Action Plan in the Electric Power Industry” was announced in November 1996.

The volume of waste generation of the electric power industry in fiscal 2008 was 10.71 million tons, an increase on the previous year. On the other hand, the volume of recycled wastes in the same year was 10.37 million tons. As a result, the recycling ratio was 97%, i.e., the high target ratio of 97% was achieved continuing from the previous year.

Toward the realization of a sound material-cycle society, the industry has made efforts for the achievement of the goal, “Trying to achieve a recycling ratio of more than 95% in fiscal 2010,” besides decreasing the final disposal volume of industrial wastes.
Source: The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan

## (5) Automobile manufacturing industry

In the automotive manufacture industry, the volume of waste generation in fiscal 2008 was about 2.079 million tons, with a decrease of 580 thousand tons compared to the previous year. On the other hand, the volume of recycled wastes was about 2.077 million tons, resulting in a 99.9% recycling ratio of wastes, i.e., wastes have been effectively used as resources.

As an effort toward the reduction in the final disposal volume, the industry has mainly promoted the generation control and recycling of waste plastics. The industry has also promoted 1) the reduction in wastes generated from the manufacturing process or when scrapping the car, 2) the increase in the adoption of recyclable materials, 3) the indication of parts' materials and 4) the consideration in the ease of disassembly from the planning stage.

## (6) Paper manufacturing industry

In the paper manufacturing industry, the waste generation in fiscal 2008 has decreased to 6.102 million tons, 730 thousand tons less than the previous year, due to the reduction in paper sludge, etc. associated with production dropping caused by stoppage and disposal of paper machines after Lehman's fall. On the other hand, the final disposal volume was 2.363 million tons, reduced by 453 thousand tons from the previous year.

Since organic sludge is incinerated as a fuel and the collected thermal energy is reused in the factory, the industry has set its own target, the proportion of effective heat use volume to generated heat (recycled heat volume + used heat volume) since fiscal 2007 and actively promoted the efforts toward the establishment of a sound material-cycle society (the effective heat use ratio in fiscal 2008 was 93.1%).

The industry has also contributed to the reduction in landfill volume of wastes by recycling used materials generated from other industries such as the construction industry and using waste materials and RPF (solid fuel) as fuels.
Figure 2-3 The Flow of the Circulative Resources of Our Country in 2007

Source: Ministry of the Environment

Figure 2-4 The Amount of Generation of Wastes, etc. in 2007

A personal facilities can contribute to counter global warming. We also chose and publicized an activity in a model area engaged in the utilization of Biomass derived from wastes, giving high marks for the value of the whole system.

Moreover, in the industrial waste disposal business segment, in November 2007, the National Federation of Industrial Waste Management Association drew up environmental voluntary action plans to reduce the Greenhouse Gas emitted along with the processing of industrial waste; the plans also gave the target to be attained and the measures for achievement of the target (revised in March 2008).

It is important to continue making advances both for the establishment of a Sound Material-Cycle Society and for a low carbon society.

### B. General view of circulative use in our country

Next, the current state of the circulative use of our country in fiscal 2007 is shown in the Figure 2-3. It shows that 590 million tons of waste are generated annually, 240 million tons are put to circulative use by reuse or recycling, 240 million tons are reduced by incineration or dehydration; this leaves only 30 million tons for final disposal.

Details are shown in the following.

## (a) Flow of the circulative resources of our country in fiscal 2007

### a. Generation stage

In fiscal 2007, the amount generated as waste was 590 million tons. Among these, municipal wastes accounted for 70 million tons (50 million tons of garbage and 20 million tons of night soil), industrial wastes were 420 million tons and other by-products, and other wastes were 100 million tons (Figure 2-4).

When examined according to characteristics, biomass chiefly consisting of organic sludge and human waste, livestock excrement, and animal or plant residue is by far the largest with 320 million tons, non-metal mineral type materials (soil and stone) consisting of nonorganic polluted sludge and slag accounts for 210 million tons, metal consisting of iron and non-ferrous metal is 40 million tons, and fossil type materials consisting of plastics and paraffin liquid is 20 million tons.

### b. Natural reduction stage

The amount of wastes was 80 million tons, which were exhausted as by-products deriving from cattle production and agriculture, such as livestock excrement, rice straw, wheat straw and rice husk, and later returned to farmland as fertilizer.
Figure 2-6 Natural Resources: Breakdowns of Domestic Extraction and Imports

Source: Ministry of the Environment

As metal type circulative resources are stable in nature and contain almost no water and collection/recycling systems have been established for many years; a characteristic point is the rate of cyclical use is relatively high, with a cyclical use rate compared to generation of 98%, and the final disposal rate is 2%. Typical usages are electrical furnace iron manufacturing, and metal resources input for non-ferrous metal refining. The input amount of metal type resources in our country is 180 million tons; the amount of cyclical use is 40 million tons, therefore, the proportion of cyclical use against the total material input of metal type resources is 19%.

When looking to increase the amount of metal type circulative resources and decrease the amount of final disposal, factors to consider are the promotion of the collection and recycling of those metals in products which have not been used for cyclical use.

### d. Fossil type circulative resources

Fossil type circulative resources account for 3% of the entire amount of generation of wastes. They consist of waste oil from various manufacturing industries, plastics processing waste from plastic article manufacturing industries and machinery and appliance manufacturing industries, and used plastic articles from households and various industries.

As the characteristic point of fossil type circulative resources is a relatively high reduction rate in the incineration process, the cyclical use rate compared with generation is 37%, the reduction rate is 46% and the final disposal rate is 17%. Typical use of these circulative resources is as build-
Figure 2-13 Waste treatment flow in Japan (fiscal year 2008)

Note 1: Due to an error in planning or other factors, the volume of planned treatment does not equal the total volume of waste treated (= volume of intermediate treatment + volume of direct final disposal + volume of direct recycling).

Note 2: Figures in each item are rounded off; therefore, the total may not equal the breakdowns.

Note 3: Figures in the square brackets are figures for fiscal year 2007.

Note 4: “Direct recycling” refers to waste that is received directly by reclaiming operators and not through facilities for recycling; this item was newly established in the fiscal year 1998 survey, and until fiscal year 1997 it would seem to have been recorded in the “intermediate treatment, e.g. recycling” category.
### C. Status of municipal wastes disposal - night soil

The population using flush toilets in fiscal 2008 was 115.71 million, with 86.03 million connected to the public sewage systems, and 29.68 million using Johkasou (indibidual waste water treatment facilities) (14.27 million Johkasou users had a “Gappei-shori Johkasou” which treat domestic waste water such as kitchen and toilet wastewater). 11.82 million non-flush toilets of whom 11.3 million made use of planned collection systems and 520,000 used private processing.

The amount of night soil and individual wastewater treatment facility sludge (the planned collection system) generated by about 30 percent of the total population (the total of using non-flush toilets and Johkasou systems) accounts for 24.44 million kiloliters, and is decreasing yearly. The major content is water; however, the value is huge when simply compared to the amount of regular wastes. By counting one kiloliter as one ton 22.96 million kiloliters of night soil and individual wastewater treatment facility sludge are being processed at human-waste treatment plants, 40,000 kiloliters in composting facilities and methane recovery facilities, 1.35 million kiloliters by discharge into sewage systems, 40,000 kiloliters used on farmland and 50,000 kiloliters in other ways.

Please note, sewage sludge, generated by sewage treatment plants in the process of sewage disposal are counted as an industrial waste.

### D. Status of industrial wastes disposal

The amount of total emission of industrial wastes across-the-country in fiscal 2007 was 419.43 million tons.

About 218.81 million tons (52% of the total amount) were reclaimed, about 180.47 million tons (43% of the total amount) were reduced by intermediate processing, and 20.14 million tons (5% of the total amount) were subject to final disposal. The amount of reclaiming refers to the total

Figure 2-14 Industrial waste treatment flow (fiscal year 2007)

Note 1: Figures in each item are rounded off; therefore, the total may not equal the breakdowns. Note 2: Figures in the round brackets are figures for fiscal year 2006. Source: Ministry of the Environment
Figure 2-17 Results of sorted collection and recycling based on the Law for the Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling of Containers and Packaging
$ ^{*} $ Totals may not agree due to rounding.

$ ^{*} $ Plastic containers and packaging mean entire plastic containers and packaging including white trays.

$ ^{*} $ The number of municipalities conducting sorted collection for white tray indicates the number of those conducting sorted collection for white tray only.

$ ^{*} $ Japan's population as of the end of March 2009 was 127.86 million people.

$ ^{*} $ The number of municipalities as of the end of March 2009 was 1,800 including Tokyo's 23 wards.

"Expected annual volume of sorted collection by fiscal year", "Annual volume of sorted collection by fiscal year" and "Annual volume of recycling by fiscal year" include the volume disposed of by municipalities.

Source: Ministry of the Environment

sumption weight) is 87.3% in fiscal 2008, according to the Aluminum Can Recycling Society. (Figure 2-22). In the same year, the recycling rate of collected aluminum cans to manufacture new cans (commonly known as “can to can”) was 66.8%.

The background to this high figure is possibly the acceptance framework of aluminum cans has been firmly established, in the same way as steel cans.
### C. Plastics

Plastics, because they are easy to process and have a wide range of applications are used for many products.

According to the Plastics Processing Promotion Conference, the amount of plastics production was presumed to be 13.45 million tons in fiscal 2008, with an increase of domestic consumption and the amount of emissions compared to the previous year. Also the amount of disposal by recycling methods specified in the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law is increasing; the amount of effective utilization, along with the reclamation amount of industrial waste and the heat recovery amount are also increasing. The effective utilization rate, which is the ratio of amount of effective utilization compared with the amount of emission, has steadily improved to 76% (Figure 2-24). In addition, it is presumed that the direct incineration rate is 12% and disposal by landfill rate is 12%.

### D. Home electric appliances

In general, disposed household electric appliances had been collected and processed by municipalities, but even though the necessity of recycling was especially high for the following four appliances, household air-conditioners, CRT-based televisions, refrigerators/freezers, and clothes washing machines, it was not easy for the municipalities to recycle these items. In consequence, such articles have been defined as specific household appliance wastes by the Home Appliance Recycling Law, which was enforced in

Figure 2-23 Collection Rate and Reuse Rate of Paper

Note: Due to a change in classification types, the calculation method of waste paper collection rate was changed in fiscal year 2000; concerning the export and import of paper and cardboard, some types that had been formerly classified as paper secondary products were reclassified as printing paper in the paper category.

Source: Paper Recycling Promotion Center

Figure 2-24 Changes to plastic production, consumption, waste generation and reclamation

Note 1: Effective use rate = Volume of effective use / Volume of waste generation (Volume of effective use is a figure calculated by adding the volume of reclamation and the volume used for heat recovery, etc.)

Note 2: In fiscal year 1995, the calculation method was changed; unused resin, production loss, and processing loss were newly included in industrial waste. Source: Created by the Ministry of the Environment, based on materials published by the Plastic Waste Management Institute
Source: Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

April 2001 and manufacturing industries are now obliged to recycle such wastes into saleable products.

With the enforcement of the Home Appliance Recycling Law, manufacturing industries are now obliged to recycle the wastes from these four appliances into saleable products, and have promoted recycling. The recycling to salable products rate (except for the thermal recycling) is as follows: 60% or more for household air-conditioners, 55% or more for CRT-based televisions, 50% or more for refrigerators/freezers (freezers being added in April 2004) and 50% or more for clothes washing machines. The total number of these four appliances accepted at the specified collection sites was 12.90 million appliances in fiscal 2008, about a 6.5% increase on the previous year.

The recycling to salable products rates achieved by the manufacturing industries in fiscal 2008 were 89% for household air-conditioners, 89% for CRT-based televisions, 74% for refrigerators/freezers and 84% for clothes washing machines, all items exceeded the regulatory standards (Figure 2-25), (Figure 2-26).

Starting from April 1, 2009, liquid crystal/plasma-panel televisions and clothes driers were added as subject appliances and middle-to-high quality plastics were added to the calculation criteria for the calculation of those recycling to salable products manufacturing industries are obliged to process; consequently, recycling to salable products rates were revised to 70% or more for household air-conditioners, 55% or more for CRT-based televisions, 50% or more for liquid crystal/plasma-panel televisions, 60% or more for refrigerators/freezers and 65% or more for clothes washing machines/clothes driers.

### E. Construction waste

Construction waste accounts for about 20 percent of the industrial waste generated and for about 80 percent of illegal dumping. In the future, especially wastes from building debris are expected to increase, as the buildings built in the boom after 1965 face refurbishment.

The amount generated, consists of concrete lumps, asphalt concrete lumps and construction site wood, and accounts for about 90% of construction wastes, such generated materials must be recycled if the construction project exceeds a specified scale as stipulated in the “Law Concerning Recycling of Materials for Construction Works” (Law No. 104, Year 2000) (Abbreviated: “Construction Materials Recycling Act”). It is inevitable that these three items will be recycled first (Figure 2-27).

The recycling rate of concrete mass and asphalt concrete mass is greatly improved following the “Rules on the Present Operations Concerning the Use of Recycling Resources Involved in Public Works” prepared in March 1991 (which was revised to as the “Rules on the Obligation of Recycling” in June 2006) and measures taken by each Regional Development Bureau. The actual recycling rate of these articles in fiscal 2008 has already achieved the target of 95%, which was regulated for fiscal 2010 by the Construction Material Recycling Act.

Concerning construction generated wood, the recycling
Figure 2-27 Construction waste generation by year and type

Source: Ministry of Construction

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Note: Due to rounding off, the breakdowns may not equal the total.

Figure 2-28 Construction waste: recycling status by type

* Figures in italics include reduction by incineration and dehydration.

* The results of soil produced during construction give an effective use rate that does not include soil completely used within sites for FY1995.

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

(Unit: tons)

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

### G. Food waste

Food wastes are animal or vegetable remains from each stage of manufacturing, distribution, and consumption of food, and more concretely, they are unsalable food produced in the process of manufacturing and distribution of fabricated food, left-over food in consumption and cooking waste.

These food wastes are classified as industrial wastes when derived from food manufacturing processes and as municipal wastes when derived from domestic households, food distribution businesses and restaurants. The generated amounts are 3.07 million tons for industrial wastes, and 16.42 million tons for municipal wastes of which 11.19 million tons came from domestic households), giving a total of 19.48 million tons in fiscal 2007 (Table 2-4).

Food wastes derived from food manufacturing industries
ed, using the deposit money for specified recycling materials, for the municipalities on the isolated islands where there are problems in the delivery of used automobiles. In 89 municipalities deposit money disbursement was applied to 23,000 used automobiles, in Year 2008.

## (b) Tires

According to the Recycling Business Division of the Japan Automobile Tire Manufacturing Association, out of 1,056,000 tons of waste tires generated in Year 2008, (Year 2007: 1,064,000 tons) 314,000 tons (Year 2007: 345,000 tons) were used in the original form or fabricated form for export, and used as the base for retreads or rubber powder, 624,000 tons (Year 2007: 607,000 tons) were used for smelting/cement burning or electric power generation, Concerning used waste tires, as it is not easy to distinguish a good tire from a waste one, there are cases where waste tires were falsely described as good ones and improperly stored in a field have caught fire and caused problems. The Ministry of Environment have already sent notices to the prefectural and city governments, instructing them to handle such cases strictly, as well as to take administrative actions and discipline, if there is a fear of disturbing the maintenance of the environment.

### I. Personal computers and peripheral devices

The manufacturers of business model personal comput-

Figure 2-30 Collection and recycling system for office computers (example)

Source: Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

Figure 2-31 Basic collection scheme of home-use personal computer

Source: Ministry of the Environment