Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
鉱工業指数／第3次産業活動指数／企業收益／企業統計

鉱工業指数	企業收益	企業
生産者製品在庫率指数	製造工業稼働率指数	第3次産業活動指数	经常利益	売上高経常利益率	銀行取引停止処分者件数
暦年	2000年=100	2000年=100	2000年=100	前年比	%	件
1955	-	-	-	32.5	2.8	-
1956	-	-	-	59.3	3.4	-
1957	-	-	-	9.6	3.1	-
1958	-	-	-	-22.7	2.4	-
1959	-	-	-	76.8	3.5	-
1960	-	-	-	40.7	3.8	-
1961	-	-	-	20.2	3.6	-
1962	-	-	-	-1.9	3.2	-
1963	-	-	-	25.5	3.3	-
1964	-	-	-	10.6	2.9	-
1965	-	-	-	-4.5	2.5	10,152
1966	-	-	-	42.2	3.0	11,058
1967	-	-	-	39.4	3.3	13,683
1968	-	-	-	19.5	3.4	13,240
1969	-	-	-	30.2	3.6	10,658
1970	-	-	-	13.7	3.4	11,589
1971	-	-	-	-17.4	2.6	11,489
1972	-	-	-	30.3	2.9	9,544
1973	-	-	-	78.9	3.8	10,862
1974	-	-	-	-27.3	2.2	13,605
1975	-	-	-	-32.6	1.4	14,477
1976	-	-	-	72.9	2.1	16,842
1977	-	-	-	8.0	2.1	18,741
1978	89.7	104.0	-	34.3	2.6	15,526
1979	86.0	110.2	-	31.9	3.0	14,926
1980	101.2	110.3	-	10.0	2.8	16,635
1981	95.6	105.3	-	-8.2	2.4	15,683
1982	98.6	102.1	-	-4.4	2.2	14,824
1983	90.7	103.5	-	12.3	2.4	15,848
1984	93.7	109.5	-	17.9	2.6	16,976
1985	97.6	109.6	-	3.9	2.6	15,337
1986	96.6	104.7	-	-1.6	2.5	13,578
1987	88.1	104.8	-	27.6	3.0	9,040
1988	86.5	110.8	78.2	25.6	3.4	7,819
1989	90.7	113.0	83.1	14.7	3.7	5,550
1990	86.8	114.1	87.5	-6.9	3.1	5,292
1991	101.4	111.8	90.7	-8.8	2.7	9,066
1992	107.7	102.6	91.3	-26.2	2.0	10,728
1993	107.2	97.4	91.9	-12.1	1.8	10,352
1994	97.1	97.0	93.3	11.9	1.9	10,246
1995	103.2	99.5	95.0	10.9	2.0	10,742
1996	100.6	100.5	97.5	21.9	2.4	10,722
1997	110.4	103.9	98.5	4.8	2.5	12,048
1998	109.6	96.1	98.1	-26.4	1.9	13,356
1999	98.9	95.8	98.2	17.7	2.3	10,249
2000	100.7	100.0	100.0	33.7	3.0	12,160
2001	112.9	92.4	101.1	-15.5	2.5	11,693
2002	99.4	93.5	101.0	-0.7	2.7	10,730
2003	93.9	97.3	101.9	12.6	3.0	8,189
2004	94.9	102.0	104.3	27.7	3.6	6,374
2005	101.4	103.6	106.6	11.8	3.9	5,489
2006	100.7	106.1	108.7	9.1	4.0	5,227
2007年 1～3月	101.0	106.2	109.6	7.4	3.9	1,327

（備考）1．鉱工業指数及び第3次産業活動指数は経済産業省「経済産業統計」による。

2．在庫率の指数は季調済年末値。在庫率の四半期の指数は季調済期末値。

3．稼働率指数及び第3次産業活動指数の四半期の指数は季節調整値。

4．企業収益は財務省「法人企業統計季報」による（全産業）。

5．2007年1～3月期の売上高経常利益率は季節調整値。

6．銀行取引停止処分者件数は全国銀行協会「全国法人取引停止処分者の負債状況」による。
## Chapter 1

Feature: Building a “New, Japan-Inspired IT Society”
## Section 1

# Development of the World's Highest-Level Network Infrastructure

### 1. Growth of Information and Communications

## (1) The world’s top-level broadband

## (i) Increase in the broadband user population

The development and use of broadband has rapidly grown in Japan, almost reaching the world’s highest level. The user population for broadband services (Fiber to the Home (FTTH), digital subscriber line (DSL), cable Internet, and wireless (fixed wireless access (FWA), etc.)) was estimated to be 19.55 million as of the end of 2002. Broadband users account for 28.2% of the 69.42 million Internet users, indicating that already one or more out of four Internet users are using broadband (Figure 1-1).

According to a prediction of the future broadband user population based on the transitions in the number of broadband subscribers and other data, the Internet user population is expected to become 88.92 million (penetration rate: 69.6%), among which 59.67 million (penetration rate: 46.7%) will be broadband users, in the next five years (by 2007). This would mean that 67.1% of the entire Internet user population will be using broadband, and the mainstream of Internet use will switch from narrowband to broadband (Figure 1-1).

## (ii) Economic effect of broadband

The diffusion of broadband has a large impact on the Japanese economy. As the broadband user population increases, the demand for broadband equipment and terminals will increase. In addition, due to an increase in the opportunity to conduct online shopping, broadband is expected to boost e-commerce transactions by individuals. Business operators will establish new systems and networks to deal with the increase in the broadband user population. Furthermore, broadband is expected to bring about new businesses that utilize the broadband quality that allows high-speed data communications.

Figure 1-1: Current Status and Prediction of the Broadband User Population

Source: “Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002,” MPHPT.

Figure 1-2: Current Status and Prediction of the Broadband Market Size

Source: “Survey on Utilization of IT in Business Management.”
Figure 1-4: International Comparison of Broadband Rates (rates per 100 kbps; end of fiscal 2002)

Note: Comparison was made by deriving the rates for 100 kbps based on the speeds and rates of DSL and cable Internet services provided in the respective countries.

Source: Based on “Strategic Planning Workshop on Promoting Broadband Background Paper,” ITU.

Figure 1-5: International Comparison of the Number of Broadband Subscribers (top 15 countries/regions; end of 2002)

Source: Based on “Strategic Planning Workshop on Promoting Broadband Background Paper,” ITU.

Figure 1-6: Current Status and Prediction of the Number of Subscribers to IP Telephones Using Broadband Circuits

Source: “Survey on Information and Communications Infrastructure.”
Figure 1-7: Transitions in the Internet User Population and Penetration Rate

Source: “Communications Usage Trend Survey,” MPHPT.

Figure 1-8: Transitions in the Number of Subscribers to Cell Phones and Mobile Internet

* The number of mobile Internet subscribers is the total number of subscribers to I-mode, EZweb (including former Ezaccess), and J-Sky services provided by cell phone carriers.

various countries, the proportion of mobile Internet subscribers among the total number of cell phone subscribers for major carriers in the county is the highest for Japan with 79.2%, followed by the Republic of Korea and China. Thus, Asian nations are leading the diffusion of the mobile Internet (Figure 1-9).

## (5) Spread of third-generation cell phones

The number of subscribers to third-generation telephones was 7.16 million at the end of fiscal 2002, showing a steady increase. The majority of these, specifically, 6.81 million subscribers are those for phones using the CDMA2000 technology adopted by the KDDI group

Figure 1-9: Cell Phone Internet Compatibility Rate in Major Countries (Proportion of mobile Internet subscribers among the total number of cell phone subscribers) (end of Sep. 2002)

* The figures show the proportion of mobile Internet subscribers among the total number of cell phone subscribers for major carriers in the respective countries.

Source: Based on “3G Mobile” materials.

(Figure 1-10).

In terms of the number of subscribers, Japan, which provides services in both W-CDMA and CDMA2000 centering on the world's common spectrum, the 2GHz band, and the Republic of Korea, which provides services only in CDMA2000 in the 800 MHz band, command about a 60% share of the world's total subscribers of approximately 44 million (Figure 1-11).

## (6) Digitization of broadcasting

On December 1, 2003, terrestrial digital television broadcasting will be launched in the Kanto, Chukyo, and Kinki regions from Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka. With this,
Figure 1-12: Basic Concept of Ubiquitous Networks

1. A network environment adaptable to any situation and circumstances (network accessible anywhere)2. A highly convenient and diverse terminal environment (network accessible from any terminal)3. An environment that enables the use of all kinds of services and applications (network for universal use)4. An ultra high-speed network environment allowing concurrent access by a large number of users (network for stress-free access)5. A secure information access environment (network with high level of security)

Source: "Report by the Study Group on Future Prospects of Ubiquitous Network Technology," MPHPT (June 2002).

ing industries that create new values.

## (ii) Securing international competitiveness utilizing Japan’s strong fields

In order to realize ubiquitous networks, it is necessary to develop small, easily operable terminals that can be used for long hours, to change the modes of network services according to users, and to develop information and communications technologies for the networks.

When Japanese and overseas information communications researchers were surveyed on the superiority of Japan, the United States, and Europe in terms of information and communications technologies, an outstanding number of respondents answered that the United States was more advanced than the others in terms of software technology, Internet technology, content production support technology, computer system technology and security technology. On the other hand, many answered that Japan was more advanced than others in terms of intelligent home appliances technology, mobile terminal technology, optical communications technology, and mobile system technology (Figure 1-13).

In this manner, the United States is superior both in market share and technological development in the area of the conventional PC-centered Internet and technologies of content production and security that are in extension to it. However, the central technologies for ubiquitous networks will be the mobile communications technology for overcoming the spatial and geographical restrictions, the terminal technology for overcoming the restrictions of the receiving devices and of terminals, and the optical technology for overcoming the communication performance. Japan has been promoting farsighted R&D of these technologies under the joint cooperation of the public and private sectors, so Japan has the edge in these fields. If Japan realizes ubiquitous networks ahead of other countries by utilizing these strong aspects, and introduces the model to the world, it would also have the effect of securing international com-

Figure 1-13: International Comparison of Superiority in Information and Communications Technologies

$ ^{*} $ Japanese and overseas researchers were asked to state which country/region was superior in the respective information and communications technologies.

Source: "Survey on Information and Communications Infrastructure."
nals, such as intelligent home appliances and wireless tags, are expected to dramatically increase both in number and type. The Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) responds to such increase in the number of access terminals and greatly improves convenience for users, so early shift to IPv6 is anticipated.

Japan has conducted various demonstrative experiments toward practical application of IPv6 under the cooperation of industry, universities, and the government. While the number of Japanese Internet service providers (ISPs) and other organizations allocated IPv6 addresses were only five at the end of 1999, the number reached 53 as of the end of fiscal 2002, boasting the largest number of organizations allocated IPv6 addresses in the world. Japan also continues to be a frontrunner in the area of practical application of IPv6 (Figure 1-14).

Figure 1-14: International Comparison of the Organizations Allocated IPv6 Addresses
## Section 2

# Strengthening Competitiveness of Companies and Developing Industry

### 1. Trends in Macro-Economy and the Information and Communications Industry

The Japanese information and communications industry expanded from 79 trillion yen to 123 trillion yen from 1995 to 2001, towing and supporting the Japanese economy that has been slumping since the collapse of the bubble economy.

However, similar to Europe and the United States, the businesses of information and communications companies deteriorated from 2000 to 2001 due to the round of demand for information and communications equipment and services, such as PCs and cell phones, being satisfied, the impact of the stagnation of the European and U.S. information and communications industries, and structural changes surrounding the industry. In particular, information and communications equipment manufacturers that were highly dependent on the United States received a great blow from the depression of the U.S. information and communications industry. The businesses of major telecommunications carriers also declined due to the slowdown in the demand growth of cell phones that were towing the industry as well as the decreased demand for fixed-line telephones pertaining to the shift to IP telephones.

Part of the demand for information and communications equipment and services has begun to pick up in 2002 helped by the surge in the broadband demand and the increased demand for new equipment and services, such as camera-equipped cell phones. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2002, the domestic shipment volume of cell phones made the first positive growth over the previous year in six quarters, and there are signs that the fall in the domestic shipment volume of PCs is also coming to an end (Figure 1-15). Since information and communications companies are actively engaging in structural reforms including corporate downsizing, the businesses of the Japanese information and communications industry are showing signs of recovery.

Figure 1-15: Transitions in the Shipment Volume of Information and Communications Equipment in Japan

Source: Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association. (JEITA)
### 2. Trends in IT Investment and Companies' IT Utilization

As the Japanese economy has been slumping since the 1990s, companies have been limiting capital investment and conducting structural reforms. However, in order for companies to increase productivity and strengthen international competitiveness, accumulation of capital, which serves as the basis for production activities, is indispensable. Particularly, it is important to accumulate IT capital, which enables companies to conduct efficient production activities and provide high added-value services.

## (1) Trends in IT investment

The value of IT investment in private companies was 25.0 trillion yen (a 10.9% increase over the previous year) in 2001, indicating that the level of IT investment value rose by about 1.7 times over five years. The proportion of IT investment value to total private capital investment has also continued to increase since 1997, reaching 29.4% (a 3.9 point increase over the previous year)—about 30% of the total private capital investment—in 2001 (Figure 1-16).

## (2) Contribution of IT capital to the economic growth

The extent of the contribution of three production factors—IT capital stock, general capital stock (excluding IT), labor—to the Japanese economic growth was analyzed by using production function. From 1985 to 1990, 2.92% of the 4.91% economic growth rate was achieved by IT capital, and from 1990 to 1995, IT capital contributed 0.51% of the 1.45% economic growth rate, showing that IT capital has played a significant role in the development of the economy.

From 1995 to 2001, IT capital contributed 1.73% for an overall economic growth rate of 1.21%, supporting the economic growth while labor and other factors were making negative contributions (Figure 1-17).

#### (3) IT introduction and the effect of IT investment in Japan and U.S. companies

While the IT investment value in Japan was 25.0 trillion yen in 2001, that in the United States was about 2.7 times larger, at 549.9 billion dollars (approx. 66.6 trillion yen). In addition, while the proportion of IT investment value to the total private capital investment was 29.4% in Japan in 2001, that in the United States

Figure 1-16: Transitions in IT Investment in Japan

Figure 1-17: Transitions in Contribution Ratios of Various Production Factors to the Japanese Economic Growth

Source: “Survey on Economic Analysis of IT.”
was 42.9% (Figure 1-18). Compared to the 2.5-times increase in Japanese IT investment from 1990 to 2001, that in the United States was 6.1 times, more than twice the increase rate in Japan (Figure 1-19). In this manner, the United States surpasses Japan both in the proportion of IT investment to total private capital investment and the increase rate in IT investment.

However, while the IT investment value in Japan for 2001 increased by 10.9% over the previous year, continuing to make positive growth, that in the United States turned to negative with minus 5.4%.

Although IT investment value is increasing both in Japan and the United States, IT investment is only meaningful when effects that are worth the investment are produced in companies. Therefore, the effects of IT investment in Japanese and U.S. companies were compared separately for the effects of reducing costs/increasing efficiency of operations and the effects of increasing sales/developing high added value.

With regard to the former, more Japanese companies answered that the IT investment was effective for “reduction in indirect costs” and “increase in efficiency of operations,” while more U.S. companies answered it was effective for “reduction in direct costs,” “decrease in parts inventory,” and “reduction in the unit cost of supplies.” This suggests that IT investment is generally having the same level of effects for Japanese and U.S. companies in the area of cost reduction and increasing efficiency of operations. However, regarding the latter type of effects including “increase in sales” and “winning new customers,” more U.S. companies answered that the IT investment was effective for all of the items compared to Japanese companies, and the gap is found to be quite large (Figure 1-20).

As a result, U.S. companies are considered to greatly exceed Japanese companies with respect to the effect of IT investment, particularly in increasing sales and developing high added value, which is likely to be the cause of

Figure 1-18: Amount of IT Investment in Japan and the United States

Figure 1-19: Transitions in IT Investment in Japan and the United States

Source (Figures 1-18&1-19): “Survey on Economic Analysis of IT.”

Figure 1-20: Proportions of Japanese and U.S. Companies That Found Their IT Investment Effective

[Effects of Reducing Costs/Increasing Efficiency of Operations]

Source: "Survey on Utilization of IT in Business Management."
the strong competitiveness of U.S. companies.

#### (4) Causes for the difference in the effects of IT investment between Japanese and U.S. companies

IT investment in Japanese companies has limited effects compared to that in U.S. companies. Possible causes for this are the differences in three aspects: the awareness of objectives for the IT investment, the internal and external operational coordination of IT systems, and measures for enhancing the effectiveness.

When comparing the awareness of objectives for introducing IT systems between Japanese and U.S. companies, Japanese companies' main objective for IT investment is "reducing costs/improving efficiency of operations," while U.S. companies make that as well as "increasing sales/developing high added value" their objectives for IT investment. In other words, Japanese companies only view IT investment as a tool for improving efficiency of operations. On the other hand, U.S. companies consider IT investment not only as a means for improving efficiency of operations, but also as the source of stronger competitiveness and corporate growth. This difference in the awareness of objectives is likely to be affecting the gap in the effects achieved by IT investment.

Moreover, in order to maximize the effect of investment, it is essential to look out over the respective fields of operations and introduce a cross-operational IT system rather than introducing an independent IT system for individual fields of operations. Also, considering that corporate activities are conducted in link with other companies in such processes as purchasing, production, distribution, and sales, it is important to introduce IT systems that allow coordination between companies. In short, whether or not a company has introduced an open IT system for overall optimization, allowing internal and external coordination, rather than closed IT systems for only optimizing one division or company is considered to be the key to achieving the effect of IT investment.

Installation rate of in-house networks (LANs, etc.) in Japanese companies is 97.9%, not so different from the

Figure 1-21: Status of Introduction of Information and Communications Networks in Japanese and U.S. Companies

[Penetration Rate of In-House Communications Networks]

[Use of IT Systems for Operational Coordination within a Company]

Sources: “Survey on Utilization of IT in Business Management”; “Communications Usage Trend Survey in 2002,” MPHPT.
97.1% for U.S. companies, but the rate of coordination of IT systems between operations within a company is low compared to U.S. companies (Figure 1-21). At the same time, the installation rate of inter-corporate networks (WANs, etc.) among Japanese companies is 68.1%, which is lower than the 88.4% for U.S. companies. The Japan-U.S. gap with respect to coordination of IT systems between companies by type of operation is even larger than the rate of coordination within companies, with U.S. companies achieving double the coordination rate than Japanese companies in the areas of manufacturing, finance/accounting, payroll accounting/human resource management, and customer service. Such gap in the coordination of IT systems is also likely to be affecting the difference in the effect of IT investment between Japanese and U.S. companies.

Furthermore, in order for companies to bring out higher effects of IT investment, companies must not merely introduce IT systems, but take measures to enhance the effects of IT investment. An analysis of the correlation between measures for enhancing effects of IT investment and the actual effects of IT investment in companies shows that effects of IT investment are correlated with the following measures: [1] reutilization of the reduced cost/personnel in new fields of business; [2] regular quantitative verification of the cost-effectiveness of the investment before and after the introduction; [3] top management's strong involvement in the formulation of IT strategy, etc.; [4] review of operations, organization/systems, and selection/concentration measures. These measures also generally indicate high correlation with the effects of IT investment in U.S. companies and greatly contribute to enhancing the effects of IT investment.

The proportion of Japanese companies that have implemented these measures is lower than that of such U.S. companies. The implementation rate for Japanese companies is particularly low for the measure to conduct “regular quantitative verification of the cost-effectiveness of the investment.” The rate is lower than one-fourth of U.S. companies with regard to “regular quantitative verification of the effect after the introduction.” There are also gaps of 20% or more between Japanese and U.S. companies in the areas of “reutilization of generated effects (e.g., reduced cost)” and “reform of organization and systems to comply with IT system operations” (Figure 1-22).

Figure 1-22: Measures by Japanese and U.S. Companies Toward Optimizing the Effectiveness of IT Investment

*The figure shows the percentages of companies that answered either “fully implemented” or “somewhat implemented” for the respective measures.
### 3. Trends in Internet Business

More companies have come to use e-commerce for procurement and sales since transactions can be made more efficiently by receiving and placing orders electronically instead of using paper. At the same time, online shopping by individuals is increasing due to the easiness of buying products at home via the Internet and the increased usability pertaining to the diffusion of broadband.

With regard to the market size of the Japanese e-commerce market in 2002, the B2C (business to consumer) market in which individuals purchase home appliances and daily supplies via the Internet was 1.587 trillion yen (a 90.1% increase over the previous year), showing a dramatic increase (Figure 1-23). Meanwhile, the B2B (business to business) market in which companies purchase raw materials, PCs, and books from other companies via the Internet was 60.0 trillion yen (a 10.5% increase over the previous year) (Figure 1-24).

Figure 1-23: Transitions in the B2C E-Commerce Market

Figure 1-24: Transitions in the B2B E-Commerce Market

Source (Figures 1-23&1-24): “Survey on Economic Analysis of IT.”