Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
to 2005. In total, 165,815 trainees took part in the program after finishing their training from establishment of the Technical Internship Program in 1993 up to the end of 2005, which indicates that this program is showing steady improvement.

According to the statistics by nationality (place of origin), the largest number of trainees who obtained permission for change of status of residence to take part in the Technical Internship Program was from China (26,606), followed by Indonesia (2,340), Viet Nam (1,791), the Philippines (1,219), and Thailand (277). Some of the most popular types of work were dress-making for females and children, plastic molding, and welding. (Table 17,18)

## (3) Permission for Acquisition of Status of Residence (Article 22-2 of the Immigration Control Act)

If a foreign national who was born in Japan, an individual who became a foreign national after renouncing Japanese nationality, or a United States of America military personnel member stipulated in Article 1 of the Status of Forces Agreement between Japan and the United States of America who lost the status wishes to continue living in Japan, he must acquire a status of residence.

The number of such foreign nationals who obtained permission for acquisition of status of residence was 7,215 in 2005.

Sticker-type

endorsement stamp for

acquisition permit

## (4) Re-entry Permission (Article 26 of the Immigration Control Act)

If a foreign national who resides in Japan wishes to temporarily depart and re-enter Japan, he may re-enter and land in Japan using his current status of residence and period of stay without re-applying for a visa by receiving re-entry permission in advance.

In 2005, the number of such foreign nationals who obtained re-entry permission was 516,881.

Sticker-type

endorsement stamp for

re-entry permit

## (5) Permission to Engage in an Activity Other Than Those Permitted by the Status of Residence Previously Granted (Article 19(2) of the Immigration Control Act)

A foreign national who is granted a status of residence according to the activities in which he is engaged in Japan must receive permission to engage in an activity other than those permitted by the status of residence previously granted if he wishes to become engaged in activities “related to the management of business involving income or activities for which he receives remuneration which are not included in those activities under his category of status
of residence". A typical example is that of a foreign national college student or pre-college student who wishes to have a part-time job. The Minister of Justice will give permission to the extent that the extra activity does not interfere with the activity that is the original purpose of residence.

The number of foreign nationals who obtained such permission in 2005 was 100,176. (Table 13)

Permission to Engage in an Activity Other than Those of Status Qualification

## (6) Permission for Permanent Residence (Article 22 of the Immigration Control Act)

The status of permanent residence is granted when certain conditions have been satisfied by foreign nationals who reside in Japan under another status of residence and who have applied for change of status of residence to permanent residence or by those who have applied to acquire status of residence due to birth or renouncement of Japanese nationality.

While the number of foreign nationals who were granted permission for permanent residence was 41,889 in 2001, it

Sticker-type

endorsement stamp for

permission for

permanent residence

remained at a high level of 39,256 in 2005 due to an increase in the number of newly entering foreign nationals and to the recent trend for foreign nationals to settle down and stay longer. (Table 19)

Table 19 Changes in permanent residence permits by nationality (place of origin)

Year	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
Nationality (Place of Origin)
Total	41,889	42,085	46,171	48,263	39,256
China	11,974	12,348	13,987	14,855	11,404
Brazil	10,116	11,672	10,894	10,789	10,026
Philippines	6,408	5,923	6,972	7,563	6,044
Korea	3,620	3,147	3,345	3,671	2,939
Peru	3,893	2,980	3,381	3,275	2,449
Others	5,878	6,015	7,592	8,110	6,394
## Chapter 2 Deportation Procedures for Foreign Nationals

The deportation procedures for foreign nationals are designed to keep order in Japanese society by excluding unwelcome foreign nationals from Japan.

Deportation procedures for foreign nationals are a powerful administrative action where the foreign national is deported even if deportation is against that person’s will. In order to ensure careful use of these procedures, the Immigration Control Act specifies the reasons for deportation and whether the foreign national should be deported is carefully decided, through a step-by-step decision-making process.

The procedures for deportation have been increasing in importance, as the number of problems caused by illegal residents such as crimes and other antisocial acts committed by illegal foreign residents in Japan has been increasing in recent years.

The factors leading to the deportation procedures are as follows.

## Section 1 ◆ Foreign Nationals Violating the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act

## 1 The Total Number of Overstayers

Based on the computer statistics of the Immigration Bureau, the estimated number of overstayers (those who illegally stay in Japan beyond the permitted period of stay without obtaining permission for extension or change of status of residence) was 193,745 as of January 1, 2006. This number has been steadily decreasing, down by 13,554 (6.5%) from 207,299 on January 1, 2005, in other words, down by 104,901 (35.1%) from a record high of 298,646 on May 1, 1993.

This decrease was attributable partly to the economic and employment conditions that remain severe although showing a mild recovery, as well as to the comprehensive measures taken by the Immigration Bureau against illegal foreign residents, such as conducting strict immigration examinations, making concentrated efforts in close cooperation with other related agencies to detect violators of the Immigration Control Act and actively performing publicity activities to prevent illegal employment, and the fact that the year 2005 is the second year of the five-year plan to halve the number of illegal foreign residents implemented by the Immigration Bureau.

In addition to the above-mentioned number of overstayers, it is estimated that about
30,000 foreign nationals may have entered Japan illegally. If combined, the number of illegal foreign residents would be about 220,000.

## (1) The Number of Overstayers by Nationality (Place of Origin)

According to the statistics by nationality (place of origin), the largest number of overstayers was from R.O. Korea (40,203 accounting for 20.8% of the total) as of January 1, 2006. This was followed by China (31,074 accounting for 16.0%), the Philippines (30,777 accounting for 15.9%), Thailand (10,352 accounting for 5.3%), Indonesia (6,926 accounting for 3.6%), Malaysia (6,822 accounting for 3.5%), and Taiwan (6,696 accounting for 3.5%). (Chart 19, Table 20)

The changes in the number of overstayers by nationality (place of origin) were as follows. The number of overstayers from R.O. Korea has been consistently decreasing since January 1, 1999. The number of those from Thailand has steadily decreased since May 1, 1993.

Chart 19 Changes in the estimated number of overstayers by major nationality (place of origin)
Chart 20 Changes in the estimated number of overstayers by major status of residence

Table 21 Changes in the estimated number of overstayers by major status of residence

Date Status of Residence	January 1 2001	January 1 2002	January 1 2003	January 1 2004	January 1 2005	January 1 2006
Total	232,121	224,067	220,552	219,418	207,299	193,745
Temporary Visitor	173,051	163,271	155,498	150,326	139,417	134,374
Entertainer	11,029	11,154	11,770	11,974	11,319	10,052
College Student	4,401	4,442	5,450	6,672	8,173	7,628
Pre-college Student	10,025	9,953	9,779	9,511	8,506	7,307
Trainee	3,004	3,264	3,409	3,959	3,648	3,393
Others	30,611	31,983	34,646	36,976	36,236	30,991

but have been decreasing since January 2005. On the other hand, those who had the status of residence of “College Student” continued to increase from January 1, 2001, but turned downward in January 2006. (Chart 20, Table 21)

## 2 Foreign Nationals Illegally Entering and Landing in Japan

The Immigration Bureau has recently strengthened maritime and port security through cooperating with other related agencies both at home and abroad, as well as strengthening penal provisions through amendment of the Immigration Control Act. Consequently, the number of cases of large-scale collective stowaways by ship and that of cases of hiding in containers have decreased, while illegal immigrants detected at the border have been on the decline. However, illegal immigrants continue to come to Japan in smaller groups using cargo vessels. Japanese and foreign brokers specializing in sending illegal immigrants to Japan are considered to still be taking part in such activities and to be illegally gaining huge profits by helping and promoting such immigration.
In addition, there has been an increase in the number of cases where malicious and more elaborate techniques are being utilized by foreign nationals illegally entering or landing in Japan by air. For example, an increasing number of foreign nationals tried to enter or land in Japan using forged or altered passports or pretending to be the legitimate passport holders of genuine passports, including Japanese passports. These factors are considered to be attributable to the development of airplanes as the most common means for overseas travel, to the increasingly more sophisticated level of forged or altered passports and also to increased coastguard security, which has led to the widespread use of airplanes as a means of transportation to illegally enter or land in Japan.

Based on Japan’s conclusion of the Migrant Smuggling Protocol, the Law for Partial Amendment of the Penal Code and Relevant Laws (Act No. 66 of 2005), promulgated on June 22, 2005, established penal provisions against illegal receipt and issuance of passports and other travel documents for the purpose of helping others illegally enter Japan. It also expanded the grounds for deportation, thereby making it possible to deport foreign nationals, who were sentenced due to the offense of illegal receipt or issuance of passports or other travel documents, from Japan.

## Section 2 ☐ Cases of Violation of the Immigration Control Act for Which Deportation Procedures Were Carried Out

## The Number of Cases of Violation of the Immigration Control Act by Grounds for Deportation

In 2005, the number of foreign nationals for whom deportation procedures were carried out on account of violating the Immigration Control Act was 57,172, an increase of 1,821 (up 3.3%) from a year earlier. Of these, 12,239 were handed over to immigration inspectors as those subject to the departure order system, which was started according to the amended Immigration Control Act enforced in December 2004. The number of foreign nationals violating the Immigration Control Act against whom deportation procedures were carried out had hovered around 40,000 for a time due to those violating the Act spreading out to more remote regions and a decrease in the number of illegal workers in one place (smaller groups). However, the Immigration Bureau has been making efforts to realize efficient and effective deportation procedures since 2004, which marked the first year of the five-year plan to halve the number of illegal foreign residents. For example, the bureau further strengthened cooperating with other related agencies and strongly promoted detection activities. As a result, the number of deportees significantly increased to over 50,000.

According to the statistics of the number of foreign nationals by grounds for deportation in
2005, the largest number of foreign nationals was for overstaying (42,254 accounting for 73.9%), followed by illegal entry (11,586 accounting for 20.3%), and then activities other than those permitted by the status of residence previously granted (1,890 accounting for 3.3%). Overstayers continued to occupy a predominant percentage.

Among the foreign nationals violating the Act against whom deportation procedures were carried out in 2005, the number of those who illegally worked in Japan was 45,935, accounting for 80.3% of the total. (Table 22)

According to the statistics of the number of cases of violation of the Immigration Control Act classified by nationality (place of origin) in 2005, the largest number of such foreign nationals was from China for three consecutive years (17,252 accounting for 30.2%), followed by the Philippines (9,627 accounting for 16.8%), and R.O. Korea (8,050 accounting for 14.1%).

Table 22 Changes in the number of cases of violation of the Immigration Control Act by grounds for deportation (People)

Year	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
Total	40,764	41,935	45,910	55,351	57,172
Illegal entry	8,952	8,388	9,251	11,217	11,586
Illegal landing	826	789	777	992	690
Activity other than those permitted	594	850	1,199	1,399	1,890
Overstay	30,063	31,520	34,266	41,175	42,254
Criminal offenses etc.	329	388	417	568	752

Illegal work	33,508	32,364	34,325	43,059	45,935

Table 23 Changes in the number of cases of violation of the Immigration Control Act by nationality (place of origin)

YearNationality(Place of Origin)	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
Total	40,764	41,935	45,910	55,351	57,172
China	8,731	9,287	12,382	15,702	17,252
Philippines	5,104	4,997	5,698	8,558	9,627
R.O. Korea	9,952	9,656	7,877	7,782	8,050
Thailand	3,466	3,172	2,993	3,572	3,388
Indonesia	1,343	1,366	1,567	2,103	2,000
Malaysia	1,255	1,393	1,711	1,575	1,559
Bangladesh	1,204	929	946	1,312	1,529
Myanmar	571	568	837	1,466	1,334
Sri Lanka	769	796	806	1,086	1,204
Peru	1,196	1,196	1,103	1,292	1,194
Others	7,173	8,575	9,990	10,903	10,035

$ ^{*} $ “China” does not include Taiwan, Hong Kong or others.
These top three countries made up over 60% of the total. (Table 23)

The characteristics of cases are seen below with respect to each ground for deportation.

## (1) Illegal Entry

Among the foreign nationals against whom deportation procedures were carried out for violating the Act in 2005, the number of foreign nationals who illegally entered Japan without valid passports or visas, was 11,586, an increase of 369 (up 3.3%) from 2004.

According to the statistics classified by nationality (place of origin), the largest number was from China (4,960 accounting for 42.8% of the total), followed by the Philippines (2,074 accounting for 17.9%), and Thailand (1,139 accounting for 9.8%). (Table 24)

Table 24 Changes in the number of cases of illegal entry by nationality (place of origin) (People)

YearNationality(Place of Origin)	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
Total	8,952	8,388	9,251	11,217	11,586
China	3,032	3,041	4,077	4,588	4,960
Philippines	1,383	1,261	1,385	1,955	2,074
Thailand	1,283	1,173	992	1,219	1,139
Bangladesh	644	448	433	626	646
R.O. Korea	440	484	443	587	617
Iran	566	575	449	425	402
Myanmar	108	96	149	295	323
Pakistan	418	366	317	334	300
Peru	265	262	247	331	255
Indonesia	138	99	127	148	172
Others	675	583	632	709	698

$ ^{*} $ “China” does not include Taiwan, Hong Kong or others.

### A. Illegal Entry by Airplane

In 2005, the number of foreign nationals against whom deportation procedures were carried out for illegal entry by airplane was 8,065, an increase of 217 (up 2.8%) from 2004.

According to the statistics of the numbers by nationality (place of origin), the largest number came from China (2,570 accounting for 31.9% of the total), followed by the Philippines (1,927 accounting for 23.9%), and then Thailand (1,065 accounting for 13.2%). (Chart 21, Table 25)

### B. Illegal Entry by Ship

The number of foreign nationals against whom deportation procedures were carried out for illegal entry by ship increased by 152 (up 4.5%) from 2004 to 3,521 in 2005.
Chart 21 Changes in the number of cases of illegal entry by airplane classified by nationality (place of origin)

Table 25 Changes in the number of cases of illegal entry by airplane classified by nationality (place of origin)

Year	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
Nationality (Place of Origin)
Total	6,299	6,201	6,694	7,848	8,065
China	1,405	1,636	2,317	2,295	2,570
Philippines	1,301	1,183	1,275	1,825	1,927
Thailand	1,247	1,140	948	1,165	1,065
R.O. Korea	325	373	330	412	388
Iran	426	437	359	343	340
Others	1,595	1,432	1,465	1,808	1,775

$ ^{*} $ “China” does not include Taiwan, Hong Kong or others.

Chart 22 Changes in the number of cases of illegal entry by ship classified by nationality (place of origin)
Table 26 Changes in the number of cases of illegal entry by ship classified by nationality (place of origin) (People)

Year	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
Nationality (Place of Origin)
Total	2,653	2,187	2,557	3,369	3,521
China	1,627	1,405	1,760	2,293	2,390
Bangladesh	381	232	232	352	348
R.O. Korea	115	111	113	175	229
Philippines	82	78	110	130	147
Myanmar	34	20	54	122	119
Others	414	341	288	297	288

$ ^{*} $ “China” does not include Taiwan, Hong Kong or others.

Table 27 Changes in the number of cases of illegal landing by nationality (place of origin) (People)

YearNationality(Place of Origin)	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
Total	826	789	777	992	690
China	489	408	390	432	374
Myanmar	18	36	33	77	43
Sri Lanka	8	5	17	64	38
Russia	36	46	42	56	33
Thailand	58	41	29	49	32
Philippines	20	41	23	54	29
R.O. Korea	26	30	45	40	23
Pakistan	45	26	20	28	17
Netherlands	1	3	4	6	11
Brazil	6	15	26	15	8
United Statesof America	7	8	5	10	8
Bangladesh	8	8	4	7	8
Others	104	122	139	154	66

$ ^{*} $ “China” does not include Taiwan, Hong Kong or others.

According to the statistics of the numbers by nationality (place of origin), the largest number came from China (2,390 accounting for 67.9% of the total), followed by Bangladesh (348 accounting for 9.9%), R.O. Korea (229 accounting for 6.5%), the Philippines (147 accounting for 4.2%), and Myanmar (119 accounting for 3.4%). There has been no change in the order of China (1st) and Bangladesh (2nd) since 2001. In particular, China occupies over 60% of the total. (Chart 22, Table 26)

## (2) Illegal Landing

Among the foreign nationals against whom deportation procedures were carried out for violating the Act in 2005, the number of those who illegally landed in Japan without obtaining permission for landing and so forth from an immigration inspector was 690, decreased by 302 (down 30.4%) from 2004.

According to the statistics classified by nationality (place of origin), the largest number of such illegal foreign nationals was from China (374 accounting for 54.2% of the total), followed
by Myanmar (43 accounting for 6.2%), Sri Lanka (38 accounting for 5.5%), Russia (33 accounting for 4.8%), and Thailand (32 accounting for 4.6%). China has registered the largest number since 2001. (Table 27)

## (3) Overstay

Among the foreign nationals against whom deportation procedures were carried out for violating the Act in 2005, the number of those who had stayed beyond the authorized period of stay increased by 1,079 (up 2.6%) from 2004 to 42,254.

According to the statistics classified by nationality (place of origin), the largest number of such foreign nationals was from China (11,301 accounting for 26.7%), followed by R.O. Korea

Table 28 Changes in the number of cases of overstay by nationality (place of origin)

YearNationality(Place of Origin)	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
Total	30,063	31,520	34,266	41,175	42,254
China	5,019	5,600	7,429	10,197	11,301
R.O. Korea	9,326	8,911	7,099	6,837	6,959
Philippines	3,504	3,373	3,879	5,949	6,583
Thailand	2,090	1,935	1,947	2,267	2,166
Indonesia	1,190	1,243	1,419	1,896	1,779
Malaysia	1,176	1,320	1,639	1,509	1,490
Sri Lanka	667	688	670	875	1,028
Viet Nam	319	420	528	897	1,021
Myanmar	444	436	653	1,093	968
Peru	914	908	816	917	919
Others	5,414	6,686	8,187	8,738	8,040

$ ^{*} $ “China” does not include Taiwan, Hong Kong or others.

Table 29 Changes in the number of cases of activities other than those permitted by the status of residence previously granted classified by nationality (place of origin) (People)

YearNationality(Place of Origin)	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
Total	594	850	1,199	1,399	1,890
Philippines	132	267	372	541	862
R.O. Korea	140	211	274	294	396
China	148	171	367	304	357
Indonesia	12	13	17	48	45
Romania	1	28	14	33	34
China (Taiwan)	25	36	52	15	22
Ukraine	1	18	31	8	20
Viet Nam	4	2	8	15	19
Russia	20	31	5	24	17
Thailand	10	5	1	4	15
Others	101	68	58	113	103

$ ^{*} $ “China” does not include Taiwan, Hong Kong or others.
(6,959 accounting for 16.5%), the Philippines (6,583 accounting for 15.6%), Thailand (2,166 accounting for 5.1%), and Indonesia (1,779 accounting for 4.2%). R.O. Korea has been on the decline since 2001, while China, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam have showed a large increase. (Table 28)

## (4) Activities Other Than Those Permitted by the Status of Residence Previously Granted

If a foreign national residing in Japan exclusively engages in work or engages in activities other than those permitted for his status of residence previously granted without obtaining the required permission, the foreign national will be deported from Japan for the reason of engaging in activities other than those permitted by the status of residence previously granted. The number of such foreign nationals had increased by 491 (up 35.1%) from 2004 to 1,890.

Many illegal foreign workers were those who entered Japan with the status of residence of “Temporary Visitor” and engaged in activities which were not permitted under this status thereafter. However, if they stay beyond their authorized period of stay, they will be treated as overstayers. As a result, the number of overstayers was much larger than the number of foreign nationals against whom deportation procedures were carried out for activities other than those permitted by the status of residence previously granted without obtaining the required permission. (Table 29)

## 2 Illegal Workers

## (1) Summary

Among the foreign nationals against whom deportation procedures were carried out for violating the Act in 2005, the number of those who were considered to have been illegally working was 45,935, accounting for 80.3% of the total number of foreign nationals violating the Act. This indicates that most illegal foreign residents work illegally. (Table 22)

It has been pointed out that such a situation has been causing adverse effects. For example, illegal foreign workers, working for substandard wages, take away employment opportunities from Japanese workers in an employment climate that has gradually improved but is still severe, and fair economic competition is hindered because the employers who hire them as cheap labor have an economic advantage over those who hire workers legally.

Furthermore, there have been problems in terms of the human rights of illegal foreign workers. For example, brokers who arrange for illegal workers to come to Japan gain a huge unfair profit while wages that foreign workers should originally receive are exploited. In addition, in the case of an industrial accident, such foreign workers are unable to receive sufficient compensation.