## 1 Global Economies Driven by Environmental Measures

## (1) Effects on the economy and employment by environmental measures

UNEP, International Labour Organization (ILO) and other international organizations cooperated and drafted a report in September 2008, called "Green Jobs: Towards decent work in a sustainable, low-carbon world" (hereinafter referred to as "Green Jobs"), which conducted analysis on the environment and the economy. The report defines "Green Jobs" as activities that contribute to preserving or restoring environmental quality. The pace of green job creation is likely to accelerate in the years ahead amidst the global transition to a low-carbon and sustainable economy. As an example, the report concludes that the global employment in the renewable energy in 2006 was 300,000 workers in wind power, 170,000 in solar photovoltaics (PV) and 1,174,000 in biomass (Table3-2-1).

In addition, UNEP reported in its “Global New Deal” in February 2009 that each high-income OECD country should invest at least 1% of GDP over the next two years on various actions to reduce carbon dependence. The report also compiled 10 items which the international society should approach. UNEP launched the “Green Economy Initiative” with global economists, beside this, and will make recommendations to each country based on various researches over the next two tears or so. Japan is also required to advance the consideration on greening of the economy, including economic assessment on environmental value and the relationship between environmental measures and employment.

## (2) Integrated promotion of each nation’s environmental and economic measures

In the United States, President Barack Obama has taken office and has taken a proactive stance on environmental measures. The policy related to the clean economy, incorporated in the Budget Message of the President, announced in February 2009 indicates the intention of investing 150 billion dollars in the clean energy field over the next decade and to increase the ratio of renewable energy derived electricity to 25% by 2025. The United States will also introduce nationwide cap-and-trade system by 14% compared to 2005 by 2020 and 83% compared to 2005 by 2050. These policies are embodied in the American Recovery

Table3-2-1 Global Estimated Employment in the Renewable Energy Sector

Renewable energy source	World	Selected Countries
Wind	300,000	Germany	82,100
United States	36,800
Spain	35,000
China	22,200
Denmark	21,000
India	10,000
Solar PV	170,000	China	55,000
Germany	35,000
Spain	26,449
United States	15,700
Solar thermal	624,000	China	600,000
Germany	13,300
Spain	9,142
United States	1,900
Biomass	1,174,000	Brazil	500,000
United States	312,200
China	266,600
Germany	95,400
Spain	10,349
Hydropower	39,000	Europe	20,000
-plus	United States	19,000
Geothermal	25,000	United States	21,000
Germany	4,200
Renewables, combined	2,332,000	-

*Countries for which information is available.

Source: UNEP, “Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable, Low-Carbon World (2008)”

and Reinvestment Act enacted on February 17, 2009. The act indicates policies to implement economic measures by also implementing environmental measures, aiming to create 3.5 million jobs over the next two years. South Korea has also unveiled its economic policy package for the future in January 2009, and will create 960 thousand jobs over four years by implementing public investment of about 50 trillion won (about 3.54 trillion yen, as of January 2009). Many countries, including these countries, are approaching to advance environmental and economic measures at the same time.

## 2 Japanese Economy Driven by Environmental Measures

## (1) “Innovation for Green Economy and Society”

with environmental issues we will face and overcoming the economic crisis by implementing drastic environmental measures.