such as environmental one" as the priority issues under the principle of "making environment and development compatible." Japan announced the Initiatives for Sustainable Development toward the 21st Century (ISD) at the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Environment and Development in 1997 and strengthened its policy response to ODA in the environmental sector. Then this initiative developed into the "Environmental Conservation Initiative for Sustainable Development (EcoISD)," formulated for the Johannesburg Summit in 2002 to indicate the philosophy, policy and action plan of environmental ODA. In line with this initiative, Japan started providing cooperation in the priority areas (global warming, pollution control, fresh "water" issues and conservation of natural environment), based on three philosophies; human security, ownership and partnership, and simultaneous pursuit of environment conservation and development.

In particular, regarding efforts to address global warming, Japan announced the "Kyoto Initiative" as measures to support developing countries in addressing global warming, at the Third Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP3) held in Kyoto in 1997. In the context of implementation, Japan also made efforts to strengthen actions by introducing and expanding "Grant Aid for Global Environment" $ ^{31} $ (fiscal year 2001) aimed at addressing environmental issues and Special Yen Loan Interest Rates for Environment Projects (fiscal year 1997). $ ^{32} $ Moreover, in terms of procedure, Japan formulated and released the "Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) Guidelines for Confirmation of Environmental and Social Considerations" (fully enforced in October 2003) in April 2002, for the purpose of environmental and social considerations. These guidelines were equipped with procedure for opposition from local residents. They spearheaded the enhancement of environmental and social considerations by the revision of the JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (March 2004) and the formulation of the Guideline of Project Assessment for Japan's Grant Aid (April 2004) thereafter (for the details of the JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations and the Guideline of Project Assessment for Japan's Grant Aid, see Part II, Chapter 2, Section 1).

With respect to the issues of population and AIDS, Japan announced the "Global Issues Initiative on Population and AIDS (GII)" $ ^{33} $ in 1994, ahead of the International Conference on Population and Development, and strengthened its policy response in this sector. In the GII, Japan decided to conduct support through comprehensive approach of direct cooperation for population and family planning and indirect one, such as primary health care, primary education, literacy education and vocational training of women. Moreover, Japan also provided cooperation in the HIV/AIDS sector, including education and information on the preventive measures and transfer of the testing technology.

Based on activities under the GII, which achieved results far exceeding the goals over a seven-year period, Japan took up the issues of infectious disease as one of the major agenda items as the Chair at the Kyushu-Okinawa G8 Summit in 2000, and announced the "Okinawa Infectious Diseases Initiative (IDI)," which commits to implementing support for measures to fight against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, parasites, polio and other infectious diseases with the target of allocating three billion dollars in total over the subsequent five years. Japan expressed the intention of strengthening support for measures to fight against infectious diseases from the experience in suppressing tuberculosis and parasites through dissemination of public health activities after World War II. Moreover, Japan introduced "Grant Aid for Child Health" $ ^{34} $ (fiscal year 1997) in order to procure vaccines and micronutrients and "Grant Aid for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Treatment" (fiscal year 2001) focusing on measures to fight against infectious diseases, thereby striving to strengthen implementation.

Incidentally, Japan's appeal for the importance of coping with issues of infectious disease ahead of other countries triggered a large international trend toward unified efforts to fight against infectious diseases. This trend resulted in the