Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## Section 4: Fishery resource management supported by all citizens

## (1) Findings from an opinion/intention survey

☐ With regard to the status of fishery resources, 87.9% of fishers feel that "resources are decreasing."

○ Among consumers, 86.5% responded that "a balance should be achieved between fisheries and resource conservation, in order to ensure sustainable use of fishery resources as food."

☐ As for effective measures for deepening the consumer understanding of resource management, many of both fishers and consumers pointed to "enhancement of information provision by administrative organs" and "transmission of information by fishers."

With regard to marine eco-labels, 69.9% of the respondents intended to "choose products with the eco-labels if the prices and the freshness are the same," and 16.0% intended to "purchase products with the eco-labels even if the prices are slightly higher." The results suggest that dissemination of the marine eco-labels is likely to contribute to promoting consumer understanding of resource management and to selling the labeled products at an advantage. In order to increase the consumer recognition of marine eco-labels, it is important to promote the understanding of fishers, processors, and distributors about the significance and effects of the eco-labels, and to increase the occasions for sales of labeled products.

Status of fishery resources and the cause of decreasing resources (fishers' opinion)

Recognition of the resource status and ideas about the use of fishery resources (consumer opinion)

Source: MAFF, Opinion/Intention Survey Concerning Food, Agriculture, Farming Communities, and Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources (published in May 2011).

Effective measures for deepening consumer understanding of resource management (multiple answers allowed)

Source: MAFF, Opinion/Intention Survey Concerning Food, Agriculture, Farming Communities, and Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources (published in May 2011).

## What are marine eco-labels?

Marine eco-labels are marks attached to fishery products to indicate that they have been caught by a method that gives consideration to the sustainability of ecosystems and resources, with an aim to promote consumer understanding of resource management. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), headquartered in the United Kingdom, commenced certification in 1997. In Japan as well, the Marine Eco-Label Japan (MEL Japan) introduced the marine eco-label in 2007.

## ○ Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)

Kyoto Danish Seine Fishery Federation snow crab and flathead flounder, and

Tosakatsuo Suisan pole and line skipjack tuna are certified

(as of March 2011).

☐ Marine Eco-Label Japan (MEL Japan)

Six types of fisheries are certified, including the red snow crab fishery in the Sea of Japan, the sakura shrimp two-boat trawl fishery, the Jusanko freshwater clam fishery, and the sand lance seine fishery (as of March 2011).
## Chapter II Review of Japanese Fisheries since FY2009 (2009/2010)

## Section 1: Developments related to consumption/supply and demand of fishery products

## (1) Trend of consumption of fishery products

## (Japan's per-capita supply volume of fishery products ranks the highest among major countries)

☐ Japan's per-capita supply volume of fishery products ranks the highest among countries with a population of one million or more. The fish-rich diet has supported Japanese people's longevity.

Relation between per-capita supply volume of fishery products for human consumption and the average life expectancy in major countries (2007)

Per-capita supply volume of fishery products for human consumption (kg/capita/year)

Sources: Compiled by Fisheries Agency based on FAO, Food Balance Sheets (countries other than Japan); MAFF, Food Balance Sheet; and WHO, Statistical Information System (WHOSIS).

## (Consumption volume of fishery products has continued to decline)

☐ The per-capita daily intake of fishery products has continued to decline. The intake volume of meat products surpassed that of fishery products for the first time in 2006. The difference between the meat and fish intake volumes widened in 2009.

Changes in the per-capita daily intake volumes of fishery products and meat products

Sources: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, National Nutrition Survey (1995–2002), and National Health and Nutrition Survey (2003–2009).
## (Kinds of fish consumed at home have changed)

The three kinds of fresh fish most purchased by households in terms of quantity have changed from horse mackerel, squid, and mackerel in 1965 to salmon, squid, and tuna in 2010. These changes likely reflect the changes in the forms of fishery products purchased and the places where they are purchased.

Sources: Compiled by Fisheries Agency based on Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Family Income and Expenditure Survey (1965 and 1982: all households excluding agricultural, forestry, and fishery households; 2010: two-or-more-person households excluding agricultural, forestry, and fishery households).

## (Regional gaps in the purchase quantity of fresh fishery products have narrowed)

Due to the development of low-temperature transportation technology for fishery products and the establishment of fishery product distribution systems centering on mass retailers, the regional gaps in the purchase quantity of fresh fishery products have narrowed.

## Changes in per-capita purchase quantity of fresh fishery products by prefectural capital city

Source: Compiled by Fisheries Agency based on Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Family Income and Expenditure Survey.

(The younger the generation, the smaller the household purchase volume of fish)

☐ The household purchase volume of fresh fishery products is smaller for younger generations. The dissemination of a fish-rich diet particularly among children who will lead the future and among their parents’ generation poses a challenge.

## Change in the purchase quantity of fresh fishery products per household member by age group of the householder

Source: Compiled by Fisheries Agency based on Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Family Income and Expenditure Survey.
## (2) Trend of supply and demand of fishery products

## (Expanding world trade of fishery products)

○ While demand for fishery products has been expanding worldwide, the world's trade of fishery products has been increasing both in terms of quantity and value. The world's total import value hit a record high in 2008.

○ The proportion exported is larger for fishery products than for grains and other product categories. The growth of such tendency can also be observed in the long term.

Changes in the world's import volume/value of fishery products

Source: FAO, Fishstat (Commodities Production and Trade (1976–2008)).

Changes in the proportion of world production volume that is exported by item

Source: Compiled by Fisheries Agency based on FAO, Food Balance Sheets.

(Japan's self-sufficiency rate of fishery products for human consumption)

Japan's self-sufficiency rate of fishery products for human consumption had been slightly increasing in recent years, but the rate was 62% for three consecutive years from FY2007 to FY2009 due to a decrease in both the domestic production and imports.

Changes in the self-sufficiency rate of fishery products for human consumption, etc.

Source: MAFF, Food Balance Sheet.
## Section 2: Developments regarding Japan's fisheries

## (1) Trend of fisheries and aquaculture (Production volume and value both dropped sharply in 2009)

○ In 2009, Japan's fishery and aquaculture production volume was 5.43 million tons, a 2.9% decrease from the previous year. The production value came to 1.473 trillion yen, a 9.5% drop from the previous year.

Changes in fishery and aquaculture production volume and value

2009 (1,000 tons)
Production volume	Total	5,432
Marine	5,349
Fisheries	4,147
Far seas fisheries	443
Offshore fisheries	2,411
Coastal fisheries	1,293
Aquaculture	1,202
Inland water	83
Fisheries	42
Aquaculture	41

2009 (100 million yen)
Production value	Total	14,730
Marine	13,840
Fisheries	9,745
Far seas fisheries	...
Offshore fisheries	...
Coastal fisheries	...
Aquaculture	4,095
Inland water	890
Fisheries	264
Aquaculture	626

## (Productivity of Japan's fisheries)

Source: MAFF, Annual Statistics of Fishery and Aquaculture Production.

☐ The per capita production volume and production value of fishers in Japan are about the same as the average levels of EU members.

International comparison of the productivity of fisheries (production volume/capita, production value/capita)

Sources: Compiled by Fisheries Agency based on OECD Report 2009 (other than Japan); MAFF, Annual Statistics on Fishery and Aquaculture Production (2007); and Report of Survey on the Trend of Fishery Employment (2007).
## (Trend of fishery workers and promotion of new recruits)

There were 212,000 fishery workers in 2009, a 4.6% decline from the previous year (see p. 12). Also, fishery workers are aging.

○ Meanwhile, the number of new recruits has been increasing amid the severe employment situations and the increased diversity in attitudes toward occupation and lifestyle.

## Changes in the number of newly recruited fishery workers

Sources: Compiled based on MAFF, Survey on Newcomers in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2002, 2003) and Fisheries Census (2008). Figures for 2004 and 2009 were estimated from surveys on new recruits conducted by prefectures. Figures for 2005 to 2007 are based on a questionnaire survey of fisheries cooperatives conducted by the Japan Fisheries Association.

## (Status of fishing vessel accidents at sea)

☐ In 2010, there were 707 fishing vessel accidents at sea in which a total of 57 people were killed or went missing.

☐ In 2010, 59 people were killed or went missing due to falling into the sea in cases other than fishing vessel accidents.

## Changes in the number of fishing vessel accidents at sea and the number of people killed or gone missing

Source: Japan Coast Guard.

## (Fishery damage by harmful organisms)

○ In recent years, harmful organisms, such as giant jellyfish, sea lions, longheaded eagle rays, and Ascidia zara have appeared in waters around Japan, and have caused such damage as the delaying of operations, a decrease in catch volume, and destroying of fishing gear.

☐ The national government has implemented measures, including a survey of the infestation status of harmful organisms, provision of related information to fishers, and extermination or driving away of such organisms.

Areas of infestation of harmful organisms and details of damage

Name of harmful organism	Area of infestation	Details of damage
Giant jellyfish	Along the Sea of Japan; Sanriku coast	Although no large-scale infestation was observed in 2010, giant jellyfish have appeared almost every year since 2002 and have caused such damage as the destroying of fishing nets and the deterioration of catches.
Longheaded eagle rays	Ariake Sea, Inland Sea of Japan	Feeding damage to Japanese littleneck clam and pen shells
Sea lions	Hokkaido Prefecture, Aomori Prefecture	Destroying fishing gear and feeding damage to catches
Ascidia zara	Hokkaido Prefecture, Aomori Prefecture	Damage to scallop aquaculture
## (2) Status of business management in the fishery industry

## (Status of fishery business management)

☐ The price of fuel oil for fishing has fluctuated widely in recent years due to the effect of the international supply and demand balance and the inflow of speculative funds. After marking a record high in August 2008, the price temporarily declined, but has been on an increase again since the beginning of 2011. Close attention needs to be paid to future developments.

☐ As for the business management of corporate fishers engaged in fisheries using fishing vessels (powered fishing vessels of 10 tons or more) in FY2009, fishery sales dropped considerably in spite of a decline in fishery expenditure due to a decrease in the oil cost. The fishery losses have grown further, and the ordinary profits have fallen into the red.

Changes in the price of fuel oil for fishing

Source: Fisheries Agency survey.

Changes in the business management status of corporate fishers (fisheries using fishing vessels)

Source: Compiled by Fisheries Agency based on MAFF, Fishery Business Management Survey Report.

## (Status of aquaculture business management)

☐ The import price of fish meal, which is the main ingredient of compound feed for aquaculture, surged in the first half of FY2010 due to a demand increase in China and other parts of the world, and has remained high since then.

☐ The business management of aquaculture of yellowtail and sea bream, which involves high income and high expenditure, tends to be unstable due to large fluctuations in aquaculture income.

Changes in the import unit value of fish meal

Source: Compiled by Fisheries Agency based on Ministry of Finance, Trade Statistics.

Changes in the fishery income of marine aquaculture business operators

Aquaculture income
2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Average	571	626	611	508	538	366	388
Yellowtail	1,014	617	▲42	1,081	141	▲614	▲39
Sea bream	▲634	▲493	356	389	917	▲434	▲756
Pearls	450	403	24	▲14	708	▲97	▲107
Mother of pearl	226	226	332	...	...	...	...
Oysters	769	566	697	454	185	377	476
Scallops	670	1,020	894	597	608	417	525
Nori seaweed	692	763	748	574	682	575	562
Wakame seaweed	396	448	435	375	347	495	325

Source: Compiled by Fisheries Agency based on MAFF, Fishery Business Management Survey Report.
## (Promoting the strengthening of organization, business management, and operating bases of fisheries cooperatives)

About 70% of fisheries cooperatives suffer net operating losses due to the difficulty in reducing administrative expenses while their business size shrinks.

☐ Many fisheries cooperatives face difficulty in improving their business management, being unable to merge with other cooperatives due to large amounts of losses carried forward.

☐ In FY2008, the national government established the Fisheries Cooperatives Management Reform Support Fund for refinancing fisheries cooperatives' debts, in order to support fisheries cooperatives engaged in the development and implementation of a management improvement plan. In FY2010, the government launched the Project for Promoting Reinforcement of Fisheries Cooperatives Management Base, which provides financial replenishment for the interest on the Fisheries Cooperatives Management Reform Support Fund.

## Changes in fisheries cooperatives' gross operating profits, administrative expenses, and net operating profits

Source: Fisheries Agency, Statistics of Fisheries Cooperatives.

## (3) Status of fishery product distribution and processing

## (Status of fishery product distribution)

☐ Fishery product distribution has a multi-phase distribution system in which products are first sorted, divided into cargos, and shipped at the landing area markets, then collected again at the consumption area markets, and finally delivered to consumers through retailers.

○ Since many of the landing area markets of fishery products have small transaction sizes and little leeway for price-setting, they face the challenge of increasing fishers’ earnings through such measures as consolidating markets and facilities, and enhancing market functions.

Percentage distribution of costs among distribution phases (fishery products, fruit and vegetables)

Source: MAFF, Survey of Food Prices at Various Stages of Distribution (Survey on Fishery Product Costs) and Survey of Food Prices at Various Stages of Distribution (Survey on Fruit and Vegetable Costs) (June 2010).
## (Status of fishery processing industry)

☐ The shipment value of the fishery processing industry in 2008 was 3.3978 trillion yen, accounting for 13.6% of the total shipment value of the food manufacturing industry.

Indeed, 63% of Japan's fishery and aquaculture production for domestic human consumption was used by Japan's fishery processing industry as raw materials. The fishery processing industry plays an important role also as a key industry in fishing community regions.

☐ The production volume of processed fishery products has been declining, reflecting the sluggish consumption of fishery products, a decrease in the number of business establishments concerned, and the destabilization of raw material supplies.

Breakdown of supply for domestic consumption by product form

Changes in the number of fishery processing business establishments and the production volume

Sources: MAFF, Annual Statistics on Fishery and Aquaculture Production and Annual Fishery Product Distribution Statistics; Japan Canners Association, The Canners Journal; Japan Aquatic Oil Association, Yearbook of Aquatic Oil Statistics; and Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Census of Manufacturers.

## (Securing the safety of and consumer confidence in fishery products)

○ In order to supply safe and reliable fishery products to consumers, it is important to secure safety by appropriately managing the production and processing steps and to provide information on such efforts in an easy-to-understand manner.

☐ For aquaculture fishery products, various efforts have been made including introducing Good Aquaculture Practice (GAP), which is aimed at reducing risk factors in each process of production, shipping, and processing, and disclosing product record information.

To increase the added value of products and to expand export markets, 1,102 fishery processing facilities nationwide have introduced HACCP.

Points that consumers find important when purchasing fishery products (multiple answers allowed)

Source: MAFF, Fishery Opinion/Intention Survey Concerning Food, Agriculture, Farming Communities, and Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources (published in May 2011).
## Section 3: International situation of fishery industry

## (1) Status of the world’s fisheries and aquaculture

☐ The world's fishery production volume in 2009 was 90.12 million tons. By country, China was the largest producer, accounting for 17% of the world's production volume. By species, herring/sardine accounted for the largest catch volume, constituting 22% of the total catch volume (19.90 million tons).

☐ The world's aquaculture production volume in 2009 was 73.04 million tons. By country, China was the largest producer, accounting for 62% of the world's production volume. By species, carps accounted for the largest production volume, constituting 30% of the total production volume (22.23 million tons).

Changes in the world's fishery production volume by country/by species

Sources: FAO, Fishstat (Capture Production 1950–2009) and MAFF, Annual Statistics on Fishery and Aquaculture Production.

Changes in the world's aquaculture production volume by country/by species

Source: FAO, Fishstat (Aquaculture Production 1950–2009).
## (2) Developing fisheries and fishing communities into a sixth industry

○ In order to enhance the vitality of fishing communities and to secure the earnings and employment of fishers, efforts to develop fisheries and fishing communities into a sixth industry need to be promoted further, while making use of the rich, local fishery resources.

## I llustration of development of a sixth industry in a fishing community

It is important to form new economic circulations within the community through such efforts as local production for local consumption.

Promotion of interchanges between urban areas and fishing communities

## Case examples

## Direct sales business

The Kurobe Fisheries Cooperative (Toyama Prefecture) secures a large proportion of its income through a direct sales business, selling the landed fish at direct sales stores.

## Extension of the market in cooperation with processors

The Yaeyama Fisheries Cooperative (Okinawa Prefecture) extended the market for fresh fish to the Tokyo metropolitan area in cooperation with fishery processors within the prefecture.

## Commercialization and branding

The Wakkanai Kisen Fisheries Cooperative (Hokkaido) raised new demand for sand lance, which had not been popular for human consumption, by developing processed products, such as deep-fried sand lance and sand lance broiled in sweet soy sauce.
## Awarded the Emperor's Cup (fishery section)

Fukuura Sawara-no-kai (Fukuura Spanish mackerel group), Fisheries Cooperative JF Shimane (Representative: Toshihiro Sakurai) Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture

Like-minded fishers formed the Fukuura Sawara-no-kai. The group surveyed and analyzed the cause for a fall in the unit price of Spanish mackerel and created and put into practice a Spanish mackerel handling manual. As a result, it succeeded in raising the fish price to double the former. In addition, it achieved a substantial income increase by developing the market through market research.

## Awarded the Prime Minister's Prize

Maruu Tashiro Co., Ltd. (Representative: Isao Tashiro) Odawara City, Kanagawa Prefecture

Maruu Tashiro commercialized small grunt fish, which had been traded at a low price as a material for feeds and fertilizers, as an ingredient of kamaboko (steamed fish paste). The product became a popular item that represents the company. Due to this effort, the price of small grunt fish rose and led to an increase in fishers' earnings.

## Awarded the President's Prize of the Japan Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Promotion Association

Kawajiri Isomono Butai (Kawajiri inshore seafood team) (Representative: Ryoichi Sakamoto) Hitachi City,

Ibaraki Prefecture

Since the number of abalone fishers has decreased due to aging, abalone fishers allowed seiner fishers to take abalone. This measure supports fishers using fishing vessels whose business management had been unstable in recent years. By developing a collaborative system, forming fishing grounds through the release of seedlings, and implementing resource management-type fisheries, sustainable fisheries are achieved without resource depletion.

## Awarded the President's Prize of the Japan Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Promotion Association (community development section)

Research Society of Kamae Blue Tourism, Specified Nonprofit Organization (Representative: Masae Hashimoto) Saiki City, Oita Prefecture

The research society opened Amabe Tosei College (Amabe livelihood college) where visitors can learn about diet, the fishery industry, and oceans through direct interchanges with local residents. Its activities have contributed to revitalizing the local community, such as by giving rise to efforts to create a sixth industry in which fisheries and tourist businesses cooperate with each other.