Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## Section 1 Japan’s ICT Industry Facing problems

The global-scale economic downturn since 2008, which is said to be a once-in-a-century occurrence, is having a considerable negative impact on the ICT industry in Japan. However, this is a short-term factor (drastic decline in global demand) and could be seen as an opportunity for reform so as to overcome the medium-and long-term problems facing Japan’s ICT.

This section first assesses the impact of the global recession on Japan’s ICT industry, then analyzes the medium- and long-term problems, and finally focuses on the dynamic effect of ICT on future growth that can be seen in developments in the markets and corporations.

### 1. Problems facing Japan’s ICT industry

Using estimates taken from the information and communications statistics database that is annually prepared by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, this section examines the medium- and long-term challenges, including the gap between the real and nominal growth of the ICT industry $ ^{15} $ , price reductions mainly of ICT equipment, intensifying global competition with emerging economies, and improvements in the competitiveness of information services.

## (1) ICT industry with a difference between real and nominal growth

A comparison between the real (2000 price, hereinafter the same shall apply) and nominal GDP of the ICT industry shows a huge gap between them. Figure 2-1 compares the changes in the real and nominal GDP of the ICT industry. While the real GDP grew consistently at an annual growth rate of 6.6% between 1995 and 2007, the annual growth rate of nominal GDP since 1995 has remained at 2.3%. As in the case of the change in nominal production, it increased between 1995 and 2000, remained unchanged between 2001 and 2004, and has been increasing since 2005.

If we look at a breakdown of the ICT industry, we can see that there is a huge gap between the change in real and nominal GDP of ICT-related manufacturing and ICT-related services. While the real GDP annual average growth rate of ICT-related manufacturing registers a 15.9% increase, the nominal GDP growth rate registers a 4.9% decline, and that of ICT-related services shows a 7.7% and a 0.3% increase, respectively.

In addition to domestic output and GDP, let us also

Figure 2-1 Change in real and nominal GDP of the ICT industry

((Source) Survey on Economic Analysis of ICT (2009), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2009))
Figure 2-2 Change in the number of employees in the ICT industry

(Source) Survey on Economic Analysis of ICT (2009), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

look at the change in the number of employees in the ICT industry (figure 2-2). The number continued to rise between 1995 and 1999, declined between 2000 and 2003, and began to increase once again after 2003, reaching about 3.96 million employees in 2007.

As we have seen thus far, while the real GDP of the ICT industry has substantially grown through price reduction, the growth of nominal GDP has been slow and the increase in the number of employees also has been small. From a medium- and long-term perspective, Japan’s ICT industry is expected to follow a development process that will underpin Japan’s economy by constantly providing ICT services--the common infrastructure of all industries--at low prices and that will achieve growth of nominal GDP and an increase in employment, while innovation broadens the industry base, thus creating a series of new businesses.

## (2) Further price reduction of ICT-related hardware

Figure 2-3 shows changes in the GDP deflator for the ICT industry as a whole and the detailed deflators by industry. First, the deflator of the ICT industry as a whole has constantly been declining at an annual average rate of 5.1%. The breakdown by industry shows that the decline in ICT-related manufacturing (annual average decline of 20.0%) and in ICT-related

Figure 2-3 Changes in the GDP deflators for the ICT industry

Compiled from Survey on Economic Analysis of ICT (2009), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
services (annual average decline of 9.7%), including the production and lease of digital goods, is particularly notable.

A phenomenon called “commoditization” is often mentioned with regard to the price decline in digital goods. Commoditization is the process by which a product becomes so widespread that it can no longer be differentiated (in terms of function, quality, design, brand, etc.) from other competitive products and the only competitive element that remains is price, typically resulting in decreasing prices. For example, it is the process by which your pioneering company is initially able to gain profits by introducing a product that can only be produced with your company’s special technology. Then, with the dissemination of production technology, modularization of goods and improved function of the products of competitors, low priced products that cannot be differentiated in terms of function and quality are made available on the market, resulting in fierce price competition. In the ICT-related manufacturing sector, such phenomena are often seen in semi-conductors, memory chips, personal computers and, recently, flat-screen TV sets.

## (3) Global competition involving emerging economies becoming fiercer

Figure 2-4 compares exports and imports by region in ICT-related manufacturing. While exports to North America and Europe have been exceeding imports consistently since 1995, imports from Asia have been consistently exceeding exports, with a characteristically marked increase in imports. Imports from Asia

Figure 2-4 Change in exports and imports by region in Japan’s ICT-related manufacturing sector

NB. Excluding computer terminals (excluding personal computers) and wireless telecommunication devices (excluding mobile phones)

Compiled from Trade Statistics of Japan, Ministry of Finance
rose at an annual average rate of about 8.7% between 1995 and 2007.

In the ICT industry, imports of ICT equipment from Asia are increasing and global competition is becoming fiercer involving emerging economies in addition to developed countries, such as the U.S. and Europe. Price reductions due to commoditization as mentioned earlier are largely attributed to the increasing impact of such global competition besides competition between domestic companies. Japan's ICT-related manufacturing will be required to take strategic action such as M&A by business unit and realignment of domestic and international production sites in order to address the challenge of global competition, including with emerging countries.

## (4) Expected growth for the information services sector

The ICT-related manufacturing sector, hit heavily by a sharp decline in exports due to the global recession, is struggling and is unlikely to be able to achieve high growth in nominal terms, at least for the foreseeable future. In order to pursue sustainable growth of the entire ICT industry in such circumstances, sectors focusing on domestic services need to serve as the driving force: specifically, communications, broadcasting, information services, ICT-related services and video/audio/text production.

Figure 2-5 shows changes in the breakdown of division-wise nominal domestic outcome of information services, which has given a particularly strong thrust to the growth of the ICT industry in nominal terms in recent years. Information services are divided into software services and information processing/provision services, which are then further divided into a total of seven divisions. As a result, even though information services continue to grow nominally, there is an increasing tendency for a lot of domestic outcome to come from orders for software development and system management on commission, resulting in a 2007 market share of 41% and 25%, respectively. These order-receiving/commission business divisions include the so-called legacy-style services together with solution-oriented services, and it is believed that these services are based on a close relationship with client corporations. On the other hand, the growth of the divisions leading to ASP $ ^{16} $ , SaaS $ ^{17} $ and cloud computing remains at a low level although these divisions, such as general-purpose applications (packages for business, etc.), information processing, such as computation operations, and information services, are said to be the world’s future mainstream.

Figure 2-5 Changes in nominal domestic outcome of information services

NB. The software business is divided into orders for software development, packages for business, other software and game software, and the information processing business is divided into information processing, such as computing operations, and system management on commission.

Compiled from Survey on Economic Analysis of ICT (2009), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
Figure 2-6 shows the status of exports and imports in the information services sector. Import values largely exceed export values in the information services sector. While exports have declined, imports that have been declining since 2000 drastically increased after 2004, with the export/import ratio reaching about 4.2 in 2008.

Order receiving/consignment information services, unlike package-type software, face a language barrier (Japanese) and it is believed that pressure from global competition has not been so strong thus far. However, there are challenges arising from the spread of open-source software, which provides source codes for free, the advancement of ASP/SaaS, which are the services available on the Internet for individuals and companies to use without the need for software, and the rise of cloud computing, which allows users easy access to information services, applications and data regardless of network structure. The information services sector needs to prepare for future global competition, not only with off-shoring services that take advantage of low labor costs in emerging economies, but also with low price services that take advantage of scale merit and free services by advertisement models by business entities in the U.S., etc. Japan’s information services sector is entering a phase of fierce global competition, following in the footsteps of the ICT-related manufacturing sector.

### 2. Signs of dynamism in ICT emerging from the industry slump

(1) Three structural changes for future growth

A. Spread of contents on the ICT market

The ICT market in Japan is considered to have a vertical layer structure comprising four layers: a contents/application layer $ ^{18} $ , platform layer $ ^{19} $ , network layer $ ^{20} $ and terminal layer $ ^{21} $ , and the estimates of the

Figure 2-6 Changes in export and import values of the information services sector

Compiled from Balance of Payments Statistics, Ministry of Finance/Bank of Japan
market size in 2007 by layer are shown in figure 2-7. In 2007, the contents/application market was the largest with about ¥33 trillion, platform, about ¥4 trillion, network, about ¥19 trillion and terminals, about ¥26 trillion. Application/contents, the largest layer, registers nearly 10% growth, and is expected to play a central role in the ICT industry in the future.

### B. Growth of the Internet as a media outlet

Figure 2-8 shows changes in advertisement expenditure. Internet ads have increased rapidly since around 2002, exceeding radio in 2004 and magazines in 2006, and almost catching up with newspapers. A drastic structural change is occurring in media outlets, which are responsible for information distribution to the public and corporations and play a critical role both economically and culturally, as Internet-based media is rapidly growing, substantially matching with existing media.

Figure 2-7 Market size by layer of ICT industry (2007)

NB. The sections in white letters are those with an annular growth rate over 10% (Source) Quantitative Analysis of the Socio-economic Impact of the Advance of ICT (2009), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Figure 2-8 Changes in expenditure on ads using four existing media and Internet ads

2008 Advertisement Expenditure in Japan, Dentsu (revised date used for figures after 2005)
### C. Diversification of Internet terminals

Typical terminals for the use of the Internet are personal computers and mobile phones/PHS. Figure 2-9 shows changes in the household dissemination rate of ICT equipment. It is 85.9% for personal computers as of end-2008 and mobile phones/PHS 95.6%. A rapid penetration of Internet accessible game machines, TV sets, household electric appliances (information appliances) is taking place, with household dissemination rates of 20.8%, 15.2% and 5.5% respectively. Diversification of terminals is steadily progressing to such an extent that an environment that allows Internet access from all terminals is imminent.

## (2) Companies turning crisis into change by taking advantage of ICT

### A. Internet shopping winning consumers' hearts

Online shopping, where consumers purchase a product via the Internet or mobile phone, is penetrating users' lives more and more each year. As for their reasons for buying goods online, people cite “there is no need to worry about opening hours” (55.9%), “there is no need to spend time and money on transportation” (50.1%), “various products can be compared easily” (49.3%), “products not frequently available at brick-and-mortar stores can be bought” (47.0%) and “prices can be compared” (45.0%), indicating that consumers value the convenience of the Internet, in addition to price superiority (figure 2-10). The use of the ICT in this form can be a very effective tool for consumers who are cutting down their expenses at a time of recession.

### B. Growing CGM services

Consumer-generated media (CGM) services $ ^{22} $ , which provide opportunities to exchange information sent by an individual, such as blogs, social networking services (SNS) $ ^{26} $ , Internet bulletin boards, and video-sharing sites, are also called social media and promote communication whereby a user not only becomes a receiver of information but also a sender. Figure 2-11

Figure 2-9 Changes in the household dissemination rate of ICT equipment

(Source) Communications Usage Trend Survey, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
shows changes in the number of users of major social media. The number of users of each media drastically increased around 2005. CGM services for mobile phone users are also dramatically growing in recent years. For instance, SNS for mobile phones has recorded more than 10 billion page-views per month $ ^{24} $ .

Figure 2-10 Reasons for buying goods online (individual)

NB. Respondents were 15 years and above/ Multiple answers accepted

Compiled from Communications Usage Trend Survey, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Figure 2-11 Change in the number of users of major social media

Household access April 2000-September 2008

Source: Materials prepared by NetRatings Japan
# Section 2 Japan’s ICT Lagging Behind in Overall Evaluation

The previous section evaluated the current situation and problems facing Japan’s ICT industry, and this section conducts two types of international comparisons in order to objectively analyze how advanced Japan’s ICT is. First, we will look at an outline of the overall international evaluation of Japan’s ICT based on the ICT competitiveness rankings by the World Economic Forum (WEF). Next, to understand the current status of Japan’s ICT more accurately, an independent international comparison will be conducted from three viewpoints: ICT infrastructure, utilization and security.

### 1. Evaluation by ICT competitiveness rankings

Figure 2-12 shows changes in the ratings of major economies in the ICT competitiveness rankings $ ^{25} $ developed by the WEF. Japan was ranked 8 $ ^{th} $ in 2004 but has remained low in recent years at around 20 $ ^{th} $ position: ranked 19 $ ^{th} $ in 2007 and 17 $ ^{th} $ in 2008. Denmark and Sweden occupied the first and second positions for three years in a row, and seven European countries, led by the Northern countries, have secured top 10 rankings. In North America, the United States has been placed third, and in Asia, Korea has been ranked 11 $ ^{th} $ , and Japan is behind all these countries.

However, there are problems associated with the ICT competitiveness rankings: for example, many variables, such as tax systems, finance, education, law and politics, are not directly related to ICT and many of the variables are qualitative ones based on questionnaire surveys conducted on a small group of experts. In order to accurately evaluate the current status of Japan's ICT, it is necessary to devise a more appropriate evaluation method, based on the direction of ICT measures implemented thus far.

### 2. International comparison of ICT in terms of infrastructure, utilization and security

With regard to national strategies for Japan’s ICT, the development of a broadband infrastructure has been intensively promoted since the formulation of e-Japan Strategy 2001. After the formulation of e-Japan Strategy II in 2003, the policy priority has shifted from

Figure 2-12 Changes in ICT competitiveness rankings

Compiled from the Global Information Technology Report 2008-2009, WEF (2009)
infrastructure development to the utilization of ICT. The promotion of u-Japan policies was launched in 2005, taking another step away from the electronic world toward the ubiquitous world, and ICT is being promoted with three keywords: infrastructure, utilization and security, incorporating a pillar of security (development of utilization environment) into the policies.

In order to objectively evaluate Japan’s current status, including confirmation of the progress of ICT policies, we have performed an international comparison with countries considered advanced in ICT $ ^{26} $ (the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Denmark, Sweden and Singapore) from three main viewpoints: infrastructure, utilization and security.

### (1) International comparison of ICT infrastructure A. Evaluation method

Since there is abundant quantitative data allowing for an international comparison of ICT infrastructure, instead of, like the WEF survey, simply focusing on user charges and communication speed, a balanced evaluation should use comprehensive data, including data on new technologies. Thus, an evaluation was performed on the seven countries in terms of 12 indices in the following six areas $ ^{27} $ relating to ICT: (1) user charges (2) speed (3) security (4) mobility (5) dissemination (6) infrastructure element.

### B. Overall rankings

Each index was obtained in principle by calculating the deviation value of the latest raw data disclosed by international organizations in order to eliminate arbitrariness and ensure neutrality. The overall evaluation rankings were created by calculating the mean deviations for each index for each country. Figure 2-13 is the result. Japan was ranked top, followed by South Korea, Sweden, Denmark, U.S., Singapore and UK in descending order $ ^{28} $ .

### C. Evaluation by individual index

Figure 2-14 shows the deviation values of the 12 indices for each country. Japan took the first position in five criteria: broadband charge, optical fiber ratio, broadband speed, ratio of bot-infected PCs and ratio of third-generation mobile phones. Speed was particularly excellent and safety and mobility were also highly evaluated.

Figure 2-13 International rankings for ICT infrastructure

| Deviation value
Japan | 63.6
South Korea | 56.9
Sweden | 54.3
Denmark | 53.1
U.S. | 52.3
Singapore | 51.5
UK | 49.8

Compiled from the Survey on Global Comparison in Relation to Japan’s ICT Infrastructure (2009), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
tries. There are about 11 points separating the top four countries and the bottom three countries, identifying the top four countries as advanced ICT utilization countries and the bottom three as lagging behind in utilization.

### C. Evaluation by area

Figure 2-16 shows the deviation values of utilization in the 10 areas for each country. Japan’s deviation values are low at less than 40 in five areas: healthcare/welfare, education/personnel, employment/labor, administrative services, and corporate management. The low score for utilization is notable. On the other hand, Japan has the highest deviation value for transportation/distribution, and has some average values for culture/arts, e-commerce, safety/security and environment/energy.

When looking at Singapore, which scored the highest marks, its deviation values are highest for education/personnel, administrative services and corporate management, and other areas are also highly evaluated. Denmark was second and has the highest scores for employment/labor, environment/energy and e-commerce, and also has high scores for

Figure 2-15 International rankings relating to utilization of ICT

NB. Deviation value was calculated from the mean value of the sum of the rate of utilization for each area (Source) International Comparison of ICT-related Developments (2009), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Figure 16 Deviation values concerning ICT utilization

Source: International Comparison of ICT-related Developments (2009) by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
partly as a result of their cultural background and national character, even though an objectively safe social infrastructure has been developed. Figure 2-18 shows such an example. When assessing safety in terms of the bot infection rate of PCs, Japan scores the highest, but the overall index for sense of security is the lowest (See Figure 2-17).

### C. Evaluation by area

Bearing in mind that users in Japan and South Korea tend to feel insecure concerns even though the ICT infrastructure is safe, as described above, let us now look at the deviation values for sense of security for each country in the 10 areas (figure 2-19).

The sense of security felt by Japanese and South Korean users is particularly low in every area, and other countries have deviation values exceeding 50, showing a bipolar tendency. The deviation values for Japan are less than 40 in every area, with particularly low values for information literacy.

Figure 2-18 Relationship between rate of PC bot infections and overall index for sense of security

Bot infection rate of PCs: Compiled from International Comparison of ICT-related Developments (2009), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Overall index for sense of security: Compiled from International Comparison of ICT-related Developments (2009), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Figure 2-19 Area-specific deviation values concerning sense of security of ICT

Source: International Comparison of ICT-related Developments (2009), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
医政菌発 0723 第 1 号

平 成 24 年 7 月 23 日

各 { 都 道 府 県

保健所を設置する市

特 別 区 } 衛生主管部（局）長 殿

# 厚生労働省医政局歯科保健課長

「歯科口腔保健の推進に関する基本的事項」に関する参考資料の送付について

「歯科口腔保健の推進に関する基本的事項」の制定について、今般、別途通知したところですが、この円滑な実施に向け、厚生労働科学研究費補助金厚生労働科学特別研究事業「歯科口腔保健の推進に関する総合的な研究」（研究代表者 三浦 宏子 国立保健医療科学院 統括研究官）において、別添の「歯科口腔保健の推進に関する基本的事項に関する目標等について」が取りまとめられました。

歯科口腔保健の更なる推進を図るため、本資料もご活用頂くとともに、関係自治体、関係機関・団体の周知方よろしくお願いいたします。
## 118 番緊急通報に係る位置情報通知の活用

海上保安庁では，携帯電話等からの118番緊急通報の発信位置を迅速に把握することができる「位置情報通知システム」を導入し，平成19年4月1日から運用を開始している。

このシステムは，全国の各管区海上保安本部運用司令センターにおいて，携帯電話等から118番緊急通報があった場合に音声通話と併せて位置情報通知を受信し，司令台の電子海図上に表示することができる。

対象となる電話は，携帯電話（第三世代と呼ばれる機種）及びIP電話（モバイル型を除く。）で，携帯電話からの通報の場合，GPS対応機種ではGPS測位情報が通知され，それ以外の機種では基地局の場所から算出される位置情報が通知される。

■ 位置情報通知システムの概要

平成18年に海上保安庁が118番緊急通報により第一報を入手した海難及び人身事故のうち，携帯電話からの通報によるものは，海難船舶956隻中723隻（75.6％），人身事故543人中292人（53.8％）と全体の過半数以上を占めている。

携帯電話からの通報の場合，目印となる物標が少ない海上では，通報者が現在位置を正確に伝えられないため，通報位置を特定するのに時間を要することがあった。このシステムの導入により，通報位置を瞬時に把握し，迅速かつ的確な海難救助等を実施することが可能となり，第8次交通安全基本計画（平成18年3月14日中央交通安全対策会議決定）に掲げた「平成22年までに年間の海難及び船舶からの海中転落による死者・行方不明者数を220人以下とする」という目標達成に大きく寄与するものと考えられる。
## 臓器移植及び造血幹細胞移植

## 概要

## 臟器移植体制

## [藏器移植体制]

従前の腎臓移植体制を見直し、平成7年度から新たに全国を一元化した腎臓移植体制（ネットワーク）が発足した。さらに、平成9年10月に施行された「臓器の移植に関する法律」により多臓器移植が可能となり、それに対応したネットワークへと拡大を図った。現在、臓器移植については社団法人日本臓器移植ネットワークが中心となり、統一的な基準に基づき移植を受ける患者を選択するなど、公平かつ適正な臓器のあっせんを行っている。また、普及啓発については全国の腎バンクも行っており、眼球（角膜等）の移植については別途全国54カ所のアイバンクが普及啓発を含むあっせん業務を行っている。

※平成21年度末現在（補助金については平成22年度予算ベース）