statement or by other dishonest means regarding the activities to be undertaken while staying in Japan (Article 22-4, Paragraph 2).

(3) Other than the cases provided for in the preceding two items, the foreign national has received a stamp of permission for landing, by making a false statement or by other dishonest means (Article 22-4, Paragraph 3).

(4) Other than the cases provided for in the preceding three items, the foreign national has received a stamp of permission for landing, by submitting or presenting a document or a drawing that contains a false statement.

(5) Other than the cases provided for in any of the preceding items, the foreign national residing under a status of residence specified in the left-hand column of Annexed Table I has failed to continue to engage in the activities described in the right-hand column corresponding to that status for three months or more while residing in Japan.

## (4) Deportation Procedures for Foreign Nationals

In immigration control administration, it is necessary to promote smooth acceptance of foreign nationals on the one hand, and to maintain security and order in Japanese society by removing unwelcome foreign nationals from Japan on the other.

Deportation procedures for foreign nationals are a powerful administrative action where the foreign national is deported even if deportation is against his will. In international conventional law, deportation is left to national discretion. In Japan, this is practiced on the basis of the provisions for grounds for deportation and deportation procedures in the Immigration Control Act.

Deportation procedures begin with an immigration control officer conducting an investigation, and is composed of three steps, namely, examination by an immigration inspector, a hearing by a special inquiry officer, and the Minister's decision against the objection filed, to ensure that the foreign national who is undergoing the deportation procedures is given sufficient opportunity to assert his side and reasons for residence, and that the inspecting side can arrive at a decision after carefully examining the assertion.

### a. Investigation by Immigration Control Officers of Violations

Investigation by an immigration control officer of the violation is the first step of deportation procedures for foreign nationals. An immigration control officer conducts an investigation (investigation of violations as stipulated in Article 27 of the Immigration Control Act) of a foreign national who is believed to fall under one of the grounds for deportation as stipulated in Article 24 of the Act (hereinafter referred to as the “suspect”). If the immigration control officer determines that there is reasonable cause to believe that the suspect falls under one of the grounds, he may detain the suspect in accordance with a written detention order issued by the supervising immigration inspector $ ^{6} $ . After the detention, the suspect is handed over to an immigration inspector (Articles 39 and 44 of the Act).

6 The “supervising immigration inspector” refers to an immigration inspector of supervisory rank designated by the Minister of Justice, who has the authority to issue written detention orders and written deportation orders, grant foreign nationals provisional release and revoke provisional release.