Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
2010 Progress Chart and other sources)

①	Target already met or very close to being met.	②	Target is expected to be met by 2015 if prevailing trends persist.	③	Target is not expected to be met by 2015.	④	No progress, or a deterioration or reversal.	Insufficient data.
Eastern Asia	South-Eastern Asia	Southern Asia	Western Asia	Oceania	Latin America & Caribbean	Commonwealth of Independent States in Europe	Commonwealth of Independent States in Asia
60.1	39.2	49.5	2.2	—	11.3	1.6	6.3
35.6	35.3	42.2	4.1	10.9	3.0	22.3
15.9	18.9	38.6	5.8	8.2	0.3	19.2
74.5	68.0	57.6	48.6	65.5	56.3	58.0	57.4
73.1	66.5	56.0	46.4	66.3	57.9	53.6	55.7
69.8	65.6	55.4	44.3	66.8	60.0	56.1	59.3
18	24	21	5	—	12	Less than 5	16
10	17	20	8	—	10	Less than 5	17
10	14	21	7	—	9	Less than 5	9
97.5	94.0	75.3	82.1	—	85.8	92.5	85.9
94.4	93.6	80.0	83.3	—	94.1	86.8	95.2
96.0	94.7	89.7	88.0	—	94.9	93.0	94.0
0.92	0.97	0.76	0.87	0.90	0.98	1.00	0.99
1.02	0.97	0.83	0.88	0.90	0.97	0.99	0.99
1.04	0.97	0.96	0.92	0.89	0.97	1.00	0.98
38.1	35.5	13.2	16.5	33.3	36.3	49.6	44.3
39.6	37.3	17.2	18.8	35.6	40.3	51.2	44.7
40.6	37.1	18.0	19.5	35.1	41.4	52.1	45.5
41.2	38.1	19.2	20.1	36.0	42.4	51.8	45.2
20.2	10.4	5.7	4.6	1.2	11.9	—	—
19.9	9.7	6.7	4.7	3.4	14.8	7.5	7.1
19.4	15.5	8.8	5.0	3.0	19.0	10.5	9.9
19.5	19.3	18.2	9.4	2.5	22.7	14.2	15.1
45	73	121	66	76	52	26	78
36	50	97	44	66	33	23	62
21	38	74	32	60	23	14	39
95	450	620	190	550	180	58
50	300	490	160	430	130	51
80	72	48	53	—	79	—	90
91	93	70	79	—	94	—	96
Less than 0.1	0.2	Less than 0.1	Less than 0.1	Less than 0.1	0.3	0.1	Less than 0.1
0.1	0.3	0.3	0.1	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.1
0.1	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.9	0.6	1.0	0.2
120	240	170	58	200	90	91	120
110	230	170	48	190	61	110	130
100	220	170	34	190	46	100	140
16.4	56.9	14.1	2.8	67.5	52.0	48.0	3.9
18.0	51.3	14.1	3.0	65.1	49.6	48.1	3.9
20.5	49.3	14.5	3.4	62.5	47.4	48.1	3.9
69	72	75	86	51	85	94	88
89	86	87	90	50	93	96	88
43	46	25	80	55	69	89	91
56	69	36	85	53	80	89	91
43.7	49.5	57.2	22.5	24.1	33.7	—	—
37.4	39.6	45.8	20.6	24.1	29.2	—	—
28.2	31.0	35.0	24.6	24.1	23.5	—	—
0.1	0.1	Less than 0.1	0.1	Less than 0.1	0.1	0.1	Less than 0.1
3.6	2.4	0.5	4.0	1.8	3.9	1.7	0.5
24.6	13.9	5.8	23.8	6.0	28.8	27.0	12.3
Chapter 2

# Concrete Steps for Achievement of MDGs

Five years from the MDGs deadline, Japan is taking concrete steps for the achievement of the MDGs.

2010 was a milestone year with five years remaining until the 2015 deadline for achieving the MDGs. On various occasions, beginning with the UN Summit on the MDGs held in New York from September 20–22 and the preceding G8 Muskoka Summit as well as the Special Ministerial Meeting for MDGs Review in Asia and the Pacific, the international community confirmed the importance of making enhanced efforts to meet the MDGs.

Japan’s assistance for the achievement of the MDGs by 2015 rests on the concept of “human security”. It focuses on each and every person and aims to realize the rich potential he or she possesses. It attaches importance to protecting people and communities from complexly intertwined threats and building capacity so that each individual can take the course of action he or she chooses.

At the UN Summit in September 2010, Japan announced new assistance policies in the areas of health and education — fields Japan attaches particular importance to. The new Global Health Policy 2011–2015 is a comprehensive set of policies regarding assistance for health. In the area of maternal and child health, Japan, in collaboration with international organizations and other development partners, will provide assistance that offers seamless care from prenatal to postnatal care and will save the lives of pregnant women and newborns. Also, in regards to assistance for the three major infectious diseases, Japan will strive to significantly reduce the number of deaths through a combination of both contributions to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and bilateral assistance. Under Japan’s Education Cooperation Policy 2011–2015 in the area of education, Japan, through contributions to international organizations and other means, will provide assistance for the development of basic education, based on the “School for All” assistance model aimed at providing education opportunities to all children.
# International Community’s Actions and Japan’s Efforts

With a view to achieving the MDGs, world leaders gathered for many meetings in 2010 to discuss development assistance, including the G8 Muskoka Summit (June) and the UN Summit on the MDGs (September).

### 1. G8 Muskoka Summit

The G8 Muskoka Summit was held in Muskoka, Canada from June 25 to 26, 2010, and Prime Minister Naoto Kan attended from Japan. Development has been one of the key G8 agenda items in recent years. At the Muskoka Summit, too, development was discussed at the meeting with the African Outreach leaders (Note 2), where all leaders shared the view that efforts must be strengthened to meet the MDGs.

The focus of the Summit was on “maternal and child health” — areas in which progress has been particularly slow. The G8 leaders launched the Muskoka Initiative for enhancing assistance for maternal and child health, and pledged to contribute an additional US$5 billion over the next five years under the Initiative. The leaders also called for the cooperation of other governments, international organizations, and developing countries themselves in order to build on the momentum of the G8’s assistance and translate it into larger global initiatives.

In light of the importance of improving maternal

Group photo at the G8 Summit outreach meeting; Prime Minister Naoto Kan, back row, second from right (Muskoka, Canada) (Photo: AFP=Jiji)

and child health also from the standpoint of “human security” on which Japan puts emphasis, Prime Minister Kan announced that Japan will provide additional assistance of up to ¥50 billion or approximately US$500 million over five years beginning in 2011 for maternal and child health under the Muskoka Initiative.

### 2. Special Ministerial Meeting for MDGs Review in Asia and the Pacific

In the lead-up to the UN Summit on the MDGs, a variety of preparatory meetings were held and Japan actively participated in the meetings. The Special Ministerial Meeting for MDGs Review in Asia and the Pacific was held in Jakarta, Indonesia from August 3 to 4, 2010, and State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Osamu Fujimura attended from Japan. The meeting was attended by ministers from many countries, and a declaration was adopted concerning the achievement of the MDGs in Asia and the Pacific region.

In his speech at the meeting, State Secretary Fujimura praised the relatively steady progress towards the achievement of the MDGs in the region, supported by its strong economic growth. At the same time, he pointed out that there are profound disparities in progress depending on the region, country, or group, and announced that Japan will continue to provide assistance towards the achievement of the MDGs in the Asia-Pacific region.
### 3. UN Summit on the MDGs

The UN Summit on the MDGs was held over three days from September 20 to 22, 2010, just before the general debate started at the 65th Session of the UN General Assembly. The Summit was attended by approximately 140 heads of state and government. Unlike the UN summit of a similar style held in 2005, where discussion took place on wide-ranging topics related to the UN Millennium Declaration as a whole, the focus was narrowed to the MDGs for the 2010 summit.

From Japan, Prime Minister Naoto Kan and Minister for Foreign Affairs Seiji Maehara attended. Prime Minister Kan delivered an address at the High-level Plenary Meeting and announced the "Kan Commitment", which sets out Japan's specific contributions towards the achievement of the MDGs. Japan pledged to provide a total of US$8.5 billion of assistance over five years beginning in 2011 for the areas of health and education where progress is particularly slow. In addition, Minister for Foreign Affairs Maehara attended a roundtable on the theme of "addressing the special needs of the most vulnerable". He demonstrated that the notion of human security is vital for responding to the diverse needs of the most vulnerable, including those living in slums and remote villages, minorities, and persons with disabilities, and introduced Japan's "School for All" education assistance model.

At the UN Summit on the MDGs, various events were held in parallel with the Summit comprised of the High-level Plenary Meeting and roundtable sessions, in which Japan actively participated. Minister for Foreign Affairs Maehara attended the Focus Group on MDGs in Asia spearheaded by Japan, and highlighted the importance of sharing Asia's experience of economic

Prime Minister Naoto Kan delivering an address at the UN Summit on the MDGs (Photo: AFP=Jiji)

growth and giving attention to the disparities originating from the growth. In addition, he attended the High-level Side Event on Innovative Financing hosted by the Leading Group on Innovative Financing for Development, and expressed Japan's wish to expand international discussions on innovative financing.

The UN Summit on the MDGs was attended not only by government delegations but also by representatives from the civil society, NGOs, and the private sector. From Japan’s private sector, Mr. Hiromasa Yonekura, Chairman of Nippon Keidanren (Japan Business Federation) and member of the UN’s MDG Advocacy Group (Note 3), participated in (the Summit and attended) the roundtable attended by Minister for Foreign Affairs Maehara and other events. From civil society and NGOs, two representatives participated as members of the government delegation.
Chapter 3

# Initiatives through the TICAD Process

Japan actively supports African countries, which hold the key to the achievement of the MDGs.

Japan actively promotes cooperation for Africa's own development programs based on the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) process, guided by the principles of African ownership and international partnership.

At the Fourth TICAD (TICAD IV) held in Yokohama in May 2008, lively discussions took place on the vision for Africa’s development under the basic theme of “Towards a vibrant Africa: A continent of hope and opportunity”. The discussions were intended to support the positive changes observed in Africa in recent years and mobilize the knowledge and resources of the international community. The conference focused on three priorities: “boosting economic growth”, including trade and investment promotion through the development of infrastructure and investment environment; “ensuring human security”, including “achievement of the MDGs” and “consolidation of peace and good governance”; and “addressing environmental issues/climate change”. As part of its assistance measures for Africa, Japan pledged to double ODA to Africa by 2012 $ ^{(Note\ 7)} $ , support the doubling of Japanese private investment, and provide ODA loans of up to US4 billion over five years. In addition, Japan announced a variety of assistance measures for the sectors of the Yokohama Action Plan, which was unveiled at the conference.
### 1. TICAD Follow-up Meetings

At the First TICAD Ministerial Follow-up Meeting held in the southern African country of Botswana in March 2009 amidst the worldwide financial and economic crises, Japan announced a crisis response package (Note 8), which was based on a firm resolve to not allow the financial and economic crises to set back African growth and the achievement of the MDGs. At the Second Ministerial Follow-up Meeting (Note 9) held in Tanzania in May 2010, Japan confirmed that it had faithfully executed the package and was commended for making progress on the commitments made at TICAD IV. Specifically, the amount of Japan's ODA to Africa between 2008 and 2009 has averaged US$1.7 billion annually, nearly reaching the pledged US$1.8 billion target. The provision of 45% of Japan's pledged US$4.0 billion ODA loan target has also been committed as of the end of March 2010. While the majority of assistance in every area of the Yokohama Action Plan are being steadily implemented on the one hand, on the other, it was noted that the challenge ahead will be to further promote Japan–Africa trade, investment, and tourism, which suffered the impact of the 2009 financial and economic crises. For its part, Japan announced that it intends to make use of ODA loans and execute infrastructure projects up to US$2 billion over the next two years (Note 10), that it will provide assistance of approximately US$1 billion beginning from 2010 until the next Follow-up Meeting in fields related to the MDGs such as maternal and child health, and that it will intensify its assistance to Africa on climate change initiatives and seek to strengthen its cooperative relationship with Africa towards the establishment of the

Minister for Foreign Affairs Seiji Maehara holding talks with Foreign Minister Ehouzou of Benin

next climate change framework. These commitments were welcomed by participating countries.

At the Meeting, a Communiqué (official statement) was adopted as an outcome document of the Meeting to convey Africa’s perspective to important international fora, including the G8 Summit, G20 Summit, and the UN MDG Summit. The Communiqué commended the Government of Japan for its efforts on TICAD, as well as reaffirmed the need for stepped up assistance by the international community for the achievement of the MDGs, underlined the importance of African countries to demonstrate political will in their efforts to achieve the MDGs, and recognized that the TICAD Follow-up Mechanism (Note 11) was functioning effectively and that it presented a model for enhancing accountability and transparency regarding the implementation of commitments made by development partners and African countries.
# A New Official Development Assistance (ODA) — Rethinking ODA

Chapter 1 Changes in the ODA Environment and New Aid Philosophy
—Why Does Japan Provide Assistance to Developing Countries? ..... 18
Section 1 Background and Process of ODA Review —Changes in the ODA Environment ..... 19
Section 2 Enhancing Enlightened National Interest
—A New Development Cooperation Philosophy ..... 20
Chapter 2 Concrete Measures for the Future —What's Changing? ..... 22
Section 1 More Strategic and Effective Aid Implementation ..... 23
Section 2 Promoting Public Understanding and Support ..... 30
Section 3 Policy-making Functions and Implementation Capacity (JICA) ..... 32
Section 4 Securing Financial Resources for Development ..... 35
Chapter 1

# Changes in the ODA Environment and New Aid Philosophy — Why Does Japan Provide Assistance to Developing Countries?

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with the aim of improving the strategic value and effectiveness of ODA and ensuring its alignment with the needs of the international community, undertook a review of Japan’s ODA policy.

In February 2010, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs started a review of Japan's ODA. From a recognition that Japan's ODA has not gained sufficient sympathy from the public, the review was undertaken with the aim of promoting public understanding and support and improving ODA's strategic value and effectiveness.

Task forces were established in the Ministry, and extensive discussions took place mainly on five issues: "the philosophy and basic policy of international cooperation"; "effective and efficient implementation of aid"; "cooperation with various stakeholders in development"; "promoting public understanding and support"; and "JICA". Throughout this process, the Ministry received inputs from the private sector, NGOs, representatives of international organizations in Japan, and other experts.

In June 2010, “Enhancing Enlightened National Interest—Living in Harmony with the World and Promoting Peace and Prosperity—ODA Review Final Report” was released.
### 3. Three Pillars of Development Cooperation

The “ODA Review” identified the following three pillars, or the priority areas of the development cooperation to be undertaken based on this philosophy.

## (1) Poverty reduction — Contributing to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Japan will reach out to the people of developing countries as fellow human beings and work with them to realize human security $ ^{(Note 1)} $ . With a view to achieving the MDGs, Japan will place priority on sustainable growth that leads to poverty reduction, health, and education.

## (2) Investing in peace

Peace and stability are the preconditions for achieving the MDGs. To prevent conflicts or their recurrence and to consolidate peace, Japan will extend seamless support, ranging from emergency humanitarian assistance and assistance for domestic security to reconstruction and development assistance (peace-building).

## (3) Supporting sustainable economic growth

Economic growth in developing countries is indispensable for their self-sustaining development. Japan will support the sustainable growth of developing countries, while sharing with them its own experience with post-war reconstruction and growth as well as Japan's expertise, technologies, and systems. This will also contribute to revitalizing the Japanese economy. In particular, with respect to cooperation for upper-middle-income countries and emerging countries, Japan will coordinate with various stakeholders and utilize ODA and non-ODA means, bearing in mind ODA's role in Japan's growth strategy. Among the variety of issues, Japan will place priority on the environment (including climate change), infrastructure development, and improving the investment environment (including the development of legal and judicial systems).

Literacy class for women in District 4, Kabul City (Afghanistan) (Photo: JICA)

Vocational training in auto mechanics for ex-combatants (Sudan) (Photo: JICA)

People waiting for a train at Rajiv Chowk station in New Delhi (India) (Photo: Shinichi Kuno, JICA)
Second, the function of the Headquarters of International Cooperation Policy Planning (Note 2) will be actively utilized. In particular, the Headquarters meeting will be convened under the political leadership of the Foreign Ministry to discuss and set the aid direction.

Third, Country Assistance Programs (CAPs) (Note 3)

### 2. Effective Aid Implementation

Going forward, Japan will need to implement more strategic aid using its limited budget and ensure that the desired results are produced. Specifically, Japan will improve its aid strategy by providing a clear direction

## (1) Strengthening the program approach

The program approach is a process through which development programs are formulated, identifying issues based on policy consultations with developing countries and developing specific individual aid projects to solve the issues. The program will integrate a variety of aid schemes, such as ODA loans, grant aid, and technical cooperation, and the different aid schemes as a whole will tackle one development issue. It is expected that the program approach will increase the synergy effects between projects compared to the conventional

## (2) Shifting to a results-based approach

Japanese assistance from here on must focus on concrete outcomes. Concrete outcome targets will be defined when a project is adopted, and a completion report will be released upon finishing a project. Furthermore, the status of achievement of the expected outcomes will be examined approximately three years thereafter, and the results will be made public, including to what extent will be redesigned into a concise and more strategic form. Existing CAPs and Rolling Plans (Note 4) will be integrated, and the contents and the formulation process of the CAPs will be streamlined. In principle, CAPs will be drawn up for all of the ODA recipient countries.

on aid targets, strengthening the program approach, and other ways. Furthermore, Japan intends to improve aid effectiveness by, for example, shifting to a results-based approach and improving existing aid schemes.

approach, where the implementation of individual aid projects was studied based on each project request made by developing countries.

Initially, pilot programs will be selected and launched in a few recipient countries. The program approach will be further promoted by strengthening field capacities for more effective policy consultations and aid coordination with recipient countries and strengthening monitoring and analyses of development needs.

concrete outcomes were achieved. Japan considers this process of increasing visibility of its aid effectiveness as an essential component of shifting to a result-based approach.

For example, Japan will disclose not only the number of hospitals built and the number of health practitioners trained, but also quantitatively indicate to what extent the infant mortality rate, the maternal mortality rate, and
Strengthening the Program Approach

the proportion of births attended by midwives improved. In doing so, Japan will show not merely the amount of inputs that went into a project, but to what degree they contributed to improving the socioeconomic conditions of developing countries. Further methods for evaluating concrete outcomes will be explored.

## Strengthening the Program Approach

## Developing Country Government

## Now

Request

## Government of Japan JICA

Confirm alignment with:

(1) Aid priority area

(2) Development issue

(3) Cooperation program, etc.

of Japan's Country Assistance Program, Rolling Plan, etc.

## Developing Country Government

## Future

##

● A revised Country Assistance Program which closely corresponds with the Program Approach will be formulated for all countries in principle. This will ensure that the projects requested by governments of developing countries are systematic and consistent with the program.

- The significance of the implementation of individual projects will be clearly identified in the Country Assistance Program.