Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## Section 2 Promoting Public Understanding and Support

Public understanding and support for ODA, which is funded in part by taxpayer money, is crucial. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs promotes efforts to deepen public understanding of ODA, and furthermore, is developing ways by which people themselves will be able to address each of the issues.

In order to obtain public understanding and support which are essential to the implementation of development cooperation, as well as to improve development cooperation and communicate to people what its significance and situation are, Japan must make efforts to efficiently transmit information and promote public participation, in coordination with international organizations and NGOs.

As a result of the “ODA Review”, it was decided that in order to promote public understanding and support, measures to this end will be restructured primarily under the following pillars: public “participation” in development cooperation; and “increasing visibility” of ODA.

### 1. Broadening Public Participation and Sympathy

By providing as many people as possible with opportunities to experience the work of development cooperation and having them gain exposure to the actual situation of ODA, public participation will be promoted

### 2. Increasing the Visibility of ODA

“Increasing visibility” refers to the enhancement of information disclosure. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs will specify the effects of ODA which were a result of the shift to a results-based approach. The Ministry will set up a website to systematically show the status, outcomes, etc. of all cooperation projects funded by ODA in principle. It will prepare reader-friendly and sympathy heightened. Furthermore, a national campaign to raise awareness will be strengthened, so that a wider range of people can become familiar with development cooperation.

evaluation reports. Information will be disclosed in such ways, whether or not the projects were success stories or failures. This aims at enhancing the confidence of the public in ODA through increased transparency and easy-to-follow explanations of the objectives and situation of ODA.

### 3. Improving the Efficiency of Public Relations Activities

Public relations (PR) activities concerning ODA's field operations and specific projects will be concentrated in JICA in principle, while the Ministry will remain responsible for promoting public understanding of the importance and policy significance of development cooperation. This will increase the efficiency of PR activities. At the same time, by JICA becoming an information hub for the people, user convenience and friendliness will be improved. National public interest in ODA will also be generated through JICA's centers located around the country and other means.

At JICA, information disclosure to the public will always be part of the work flow when formulating and implementing ODA projects. At the same time, public awareness will be further promoted through the use of the JICA International Centers, etc.
relevant international cooperation efforts of NGOs and private corporations.

The popular singer, Ms. Ayaka Hirahara, who sings the theme song of the TV program exchanged opinions with Minister for Foreign Affairs Okada at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in June 2010, and expressed her intent to continue her involvement in international cooperation.

Ms. Ayaka Hirahara (right) and Minister for Foreign Affairs Katsuya Okada

## (4) Website for increasing the visibility of ODA

The Ministry and JICA launched a website called “Increasing the Visibility of ODA (tentative)” on October 1, 2010 to systematically as well as visually represent information such as ODA status and outcomes. The website will be further enhanced to provide people with easy-to-follow information on the objectives and situation of ODA and ensure that visibility is increased.

Homepage of Increasing the Visibility of ODA website

# Section 3 Policy-making Functions and Implementation Capacity (JICA)

In implementing the results of the “ODA Review”, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will concentrate on policy-making, while JICA will take responsibility for aid implementation.

### 1. Reinforcing the Policy-making Functions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

The Ministry reinforced its ODA policy-making functions by restructuring its International Cooperation Bureau in July 2009. Under the reform, the aid schemes divisions were abolished, the functions of the country assistance planning divisions were strengthened, and the Development Assistance Policy Coordination Division was newly established to promote the integrated implementation of the three types of aid schemes (grant aid, technical cooperation, and ODA loans). Through the expansion of the country assistance planning functions, the Ministry will strive to enhance its country assistance strategies.
### 2. Reform of JICA

With the establishment of the new JICA (Note 8) in October 2008, JICA became an aid implementing organization which ensures the integrated implementation of the three types of aid schemes. JICA will take advantage of its expertise and network in gauging and analyzing the development needs and situation in the field, developing a new aid scheme and areas of assistance, and strengthening the aid implementation functions. To this end, JICA will continue to reinforce its analytical and conceptual abilities, develop its implementation capacity, and ensure the efficient implementation of programs.

## (1) Enhancing program and project planning capacity

JICA will enhance its development needs analysis in which it has high expertise, and strengthen its program and project planning capacity. Specifically, JICA will analyze the needs and development policies of recipient countries and design five-year country and sectoral programs. Upon consultation with partner country governments and other donors and aid agencies, JICA will propose to reflect the programs in the CAPs of the Government of Japan. JICA will take advantage of the

## (2) Building flexible implementation capacity

The programs designed will steadily reflect past lessons learned and other considerations during the planning stage (to ensure the thorough implementation of the PDCA cycle) and will be implemented based on appropriate outcome indicators. In addition, in order to develop an effective aid implementation mechanism, JICA will encourage staff to work in the field. JICA will also lead development policy discussions among diverse stakeholders, including experts, volunteers, domestic At the same time, duplication of efforts between the Ministry and JICA, adjustment costs and other items which can be streamlined, and responsibilities which can be transferred from the Ministry to JICA will be identified and all operations will be streamlined. Through these measures, the Ministry and JICA will better fulfill their respective roles and generate greater synergies.

As discussed in the “ODA Review”, JICA will reinforce its aid implementation capacity around the following three pillars.

JICA Research Institute which was established when the new JICA was launched, and develop and raise awareness about new models of assistance bearing in mind Japan’s experience and technologies and changes in development needs. Current efforts include support to Africa for increasing rice production, an infrastructure development package, support to tackle climate change, and promotion of partnership with BOP businesses.

offices, and technical trainees, and strengthen NGO assistance and strengthen partnership with the private sector, including through the restructuring of overseas investment and loans. JICA will also take full-fledged steps to improve the implementation mechanism in the field, including enhancing the security management system in unstable developing countries and regions, such as areas undergoing peace-building.
## Part III

# Official Development Assistance in FY2009

Chapter 1 Japan’s Official Development Assistance in Terms of Disbursement ..... 38
Chapter 2 Specific Initiatives of Japan’s Official Development Assistance ..... 45
Section 1 Initiatives Relating to the Basic Policies of the ODA Charter ..... 46
Section 2 Measures for Each of the Priority Issues ..... 49
Section 3 Assistance for Each Region ..... 82
Section 4 Operational Status of the Principle of Assistance Implementation ..... 117
Section 5 Formulation and Implementation of ODA Policy ..... 120
Chart III-2 Trends in Bilateral ODA by Region

$ ^{*1} $ ODA to the European region since 1990 includes aid to Eastern Europe.

$ ^{*2} $ If the amount of loan aid recovered exceeds disbursements, the figure can be negative (this only applies to net disbursements).

$ ^{*3} $ Assistance encompassing multiple regions includes the dispatch of survey groups, administrative costs and promotion of development awareness, all encompassing multiple regions.
Chapter 2

# Specific Initiatives of Japan's Official Development Assistance

This chapter will discuss specific initiatives of Japan’s official development assistance (ODA), which will be examined from five perspectives.

Japan’s ODA policies promote each country assistance program in conformity with the ODA Charter. Section 1 will describe the ODA Charter, which forms the underpinning of Japan’s ODA for developing countries, as well as the policies pursuant to the Charter and the contents therein.

Section 2 will further break down the challenges of “poverty reduction”, “sustainable growth”, “addressing global issues”, and “peace-building” listed in the ODA Charter, and introduce Japan’s approach for each respective area.

The world is faced with largely different economic and social environments and cultures and confronts a different set of issues depending on the region and country. Section 3 will present specific examples of Japan's ODA by region. The eight regions are: East Asia; South Asia; Central Asia and the Caucasus; Africa; Middle East; Latin America and the Caribbean; Oceania; and Europe.

The Government of Japan provides development assistance in compliance with the assistance principles of the ODA Charter, in consideration of the principles of the United Nations Charter as well as other factors, and after taking into account the developing countries' needs for assistance, socioeconomic conditions, and bilateral relations with recipient countries. Section 4 will explain in detail the factors which are taken into consideration for the operation of Japan's ODA.

Finally, Section 5, the last section, will introduce the implementation system of Japan's ODA and a series of reform measures for providing more efficient and effective ODA, which are divided into the following three categories: "system for formulation and implementation of aid policy"; "increasing public participation"; and "matters essential to effective implementation".
### 3. Country Assistance Programs

Country Assistance Programs set forth Japan's country assistance policy for the next five years, which specify the current situations, major challenges and development plans of recipient countries, as well as the relevance of Japan's assistance to these countries, Japan's strategic directions, and priority areas. The selection of target countries is based on such factors as the volume of assistance, relevance to global developmental issues, regional balance, aid coordination, and strategic importance. These programs take into consideration the views of the country-based ODA Task Force comprised

### 4. Sector-Specific Development Policies

of the Japanese diplomatic missions and JICA overseas offices in target countries. Meanwhile, the Country Assistance Programs, too, are undergoing a review based on the ODA review. Ideas are being explored to redesign the Country Assistance Programs into a concise and more strategic form and to streamline the contents and the procedure to develop the Country Assistance Programs. Subsequently, the Country Assistance Programs will be drawn up for all of the ODA recipient countries in principle.

Japan formulates Sector-Specific Development Policies in order to strategically implement assistance for specific sectors including health, education, water and sanitation, and environment, which is in line with discussions at international fora. More specifically, by introducing these policies into ODA projects through the formulation of sector-specific initiatives, Japan implements assistance genuinely favorable to the recipient countries in the medium to long-term. Sector-specific development policies also play an important role to promote discussions in the international arena. Formulating sector-specific development policies in addition to the ODA Charter, Medium-Term ODA Policy, and Country Assistance Programs, further clarifies the guiding principles of Japan's ODA and enhances its transparency.

### 5. Priority Policy Issues for International Cooperation

Priority policy issues for international cooperation have been formulated each fiscal year since FY2007. They aim at specifying and introducing priority matters in the formulation process of projects in order to promptly respond to the progress of Japan's foreign policy and newly emerging development issues. For FY2009, Japan set the following five items as priority issues: (1) Strengthening Asia's growth potential and supporting the expansion of its domestic demand in the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis; (2) Assistance to Afghanistan and Pakistan and support for peace-building and consolidation; (3) Supporting developing countries in regard to the environment and climate change issues; (4) Steady implementation of existing commitments, including doubling aid to Africa; and (5) Further promoting dialogue and partnerships with NGOs.
### 6. Rolling Plans

A “Rolling Plan” is compiled for each recipient country to outline an overall picture of Japan’s assistance to the country. In a Rolling Plan, basically all ongoing ODA projects are listed and classified according to country-specific priority areas, development issues, and programs. By utilizing this Rolling Plan, it is aimed to better employ different development assistance

## ☑ Addressing Gender Issues through ODA

Socially-accepted ideas and social systems in developing countries are often established around the perspectives of men, and women are given weak standpoints in a variety of aspects. In order to achieve sustainable development in developing countries, it is necessary to encourage both men and women to equally participate in and benefit from development.

Japan emphasizes gender perspectives in its ODA Charter and Medium-Term ODA Policy, and announced the Gender and Development (GAD) Initiative in 2005, as a concrete guideline to promote gender equality in development. The GAD Initiative clarifies Japan's basic ODA approach for mainstreaming gender (Note 6), and shows specific efforts with gender perspectives on the priority issues in the ODA Charter, namely, poverty reduction, sustainable growth, addressing global issues, and peace-building.

schemes (technical cooperation, grant aid, ODA loans, cooperation through international organizations, etc.) in an integrated manner when designing, planning, and implementing ODA projects. Japan shares Rolling Plans with ODA recipient countries with a view to further improving aid predictability.

Since 2009, Japan has been implementing the Project on Strengthening of Multi-Disciplinary Teams (MDTs) for Protection of Trafficked Persons in Thailand. Thailand is a country of origin, transit, and destination for victims of human trafficking, which has been spurred by Thailand’s rapid economic growth and sophistication of information flow and network. Under the MDT approach, the Government of Thailand aims to comprehensively protect and support victims of trafficking in partnership with relevant government agencies, NGOs, and other relevant organizations, and Japan’s support is directed at strengthening this approach. Furthermore, Japan supports gender equality in collaboration with international organizations, such as the Japan-UNDP Partnership Fund which was established by Japan within the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
various measures such as promoting the transnational networking of institutes of higher education and joint research projects among neighboring regions and countries. Japan also accepts international students to Japanese institutes of higher education based on the “Plan to Accept 300,000 International Students.” Japan implements International Cooperation Initiative projects, which are designed to use Japanese universities’ knowledge (their research achievements and strong capacity to train experts) to improve the quality of international cooperation. Major activities under the initiative include formulating and publicizing useful teaching materials and guidelines based on the expertise possessed by Japanese educational academies. Moreover, Japan encourages in-service teachers to go overseas as Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV) under the Special Participation System for In-Service Teachers (Note 9). The in-service teachers dispatched to developing countries contribute to the development of education and the society in the field, and make use of their experience in domestic educational activities. Furthermore, in 2010, Japan established its new Education Cooperation Policy for the 2011–2015 period —the deadline to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

## ● Kenya: Strengthening of Mathematics and Science Education (SMASE) Project

In order to promote the development of human resources necessary for Africa's industrial growth, Japan provides training to about 20,000 mathematics and science teachers at secondary schools in Kenya. By improving instruction methods, Japan contributes to increasing the scholastic performance of students. Furthermore, in response to requests to scale up the project to reach other African countries, Japan, through the SMASE-WECSA network $ ^{Note\ 10} $ in which Kenya has a core role, provides support for the mathematics and science education initiatives of Kenya for African countries in the region.

Kenyan children receiving mathematics and science education (Photo: JICA)
# ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-Net)

In ASEAN countries, there is growing awareness about sustainable and stable economic development and the human resources development of engineers who underpin that growth. In order to produce human resources who will contribute to the region's industries, Japan created a network of 19 universities from 10 ASEAN countries and 11 Japanese universities and carries out programs aimed at strengthening the education and research capacities of the core universities of each country and developing human resources in the engineering field. Drawing on Japan's expertise in the science and technology area, AUN/SEED-Net has improved the capacities of instructors and strengthened graduate school curriculums, such as through the Master's degree and Doctoral degree programs within ASEAN and Japan for young instructors, international joint research, the instructor dispatch program, and the regional conference program, as well as contributes to promoting Japan's science and technology diplomacy and the internationalization of universities.

SEED-Net earthquake damage assessment project team (Photo: JICA)

## (2) Health, Welfare, and Population

A large number of people living in developing countries do not have access to basic health services that are usually available in developed countries. As immunization and sanitation have not been set in place, more than 8.8 million children under five years old die annually due to causes such as infectious diseases, nutritional disorders, and diarrhea $ ^{\text{(Note 11)}} $ . Moreover, more than 360,000 pregnant women lose their lives every year due to the lack of emergency obstetric care by skilled birth attendants like midwives.

Conversely, in line with its continuing steady

##

At the G8 Kyushu Okinawa Summit in 2000, Japan took up the issue of infectious diseases as one of its main themes for the first time in the history of the summit meetings. In 2005 Japan formulated the Health and Development Initiative (HDI), which aims to contribute to the achievement of the health-related MDGs. Under HDI, Japan has taken a comprehensive approach that rises, the world's population is expected to reach 9.2 billion people by 2050 $ ^{(Note\ 12)} $ . In general, among the developing countries there continues to be a tendency for poor countries to have a higher population growth rate, which leads to poverty, unemployment, food shortages, underdeveloped education, and environmental deterioration. From this perspective, maternal, newborn and child health care, reproductive health $ ^{(Note\ 13)} $ including family planning, and HIV/AIDS control, which can have an enormous impact on population issues, have become pressing challenges.

includes fighting against infectious diseases, maternal, newborn and child health care, and strengthening health systems. It has also provided support that takes into consideration coordination with sectors that are closely related to health, such as water and sanitation and basic education. Moreover, Japan takes initiatives to tackle HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria through the Global
## Development Initiative (Financial Assistance): Disbursements by Fiscal Year and Region (Commitment Base)

(US$ million)

Recipient Country (Region)	2006	2007	2008	2006-2008 Total
Africa	809.78	880.24	1,023.47	2,713.49
Latin America	413.88	143.01	81.06	637.95
Asia	3,241.06	3,126.54	5,450.38	11,817.98
Middle East	12.94	20.83	1,927.97	1,961.74
Europe	7.78	24.69	12.15	44.62
Oceania	39.95	105.58	185.19	330.72
Other (Multiple Regions)	48.80	46.77	61.44	157.01
Total	4,574.19	4,347.66	8,741.66	17,663.51

Development Initiative (Financial Assistance) Disbursements (Comparison of Target Figures)

2006 US$ 4,574.19 million	2007 US$ 4,347.66 million	2008 US$ 8,741.66 million	2006–2008 Total US$ 17,663.51 million
5,000	10,000	15,000	20,000 (US$ million)

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs' materials (Data drawn from OECD CRS).

## Development Initiative (Technical Assistance): Disbursements by Fiscal Year and Region (Commitment Base)

Recipient Country (Region)	2006	2007	2008	2006-2008 Total
Africa	1,237	1,372	1,515	4,124
Latin America	1,451	1,058	1,019	3,528
Asia	9,784	13,715	12,626	36,125
Middle East	519	607	730	1,856
Europe	187	320	253	760
Oceania	230	223	190	643
Other (Multiple Regions)	88	65	76	229
Total	13,496	17,360	16,409	47,265

Development Initiative (Technical Assistance) Disbursements (Comparison of Target Figures)

2006 13,496 people	2007 17,360 people	2008 16,409 people	2006–2008 Total 47,265 people

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs' materials.