Since FY2002, Japan has been dispatching experts to Indonesia and also accepting trainees from the country. These exchanges aim at transferring the attitude of the Japanese police trusted by the people, the method of investigating criminal cases, and the technologies used by their crime laboratory. In addition, Japan provides equipment as grant aid for wireless communication systems, Koban, and equipment for criminal investigation activities. These moves contributed to the safety of citizens, as the improved wireless network has enabled the authorities to respond rapidly to calls from citizens and the technology has been improved in the inspection of drugs based on physical evidence.

In FY2007, with a view to establishing social foundations for the rule of law, Japan supported countries in transition to market economies, such as Viet Nam, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Mongolia, as well as other countries in the development of legal systems. Concretely, the offered assistance included drafting and revising bills, enacting laws, and taking legislative measures to cultivate legal professionals. For Cambodia, Japan supported drafting a civil code and civil procedure code. The code of civil procedure formulated and officially announced in July 2006 has been applied since July 2007, and the civil code was enacted and promulgated in December 2007. In order to develop human resources to implement the formulated laws, Japan supported revision of curriculums and teaching materials for Cambodia's Royal School for Judges and Prosecutors. Graduates who studied using new curriculums are expected to play an active role around Cambodia.

In Viet Nam, Japan’s support puts priority on improvements in trial procedures so that the civil code and the civil procedure code developed through the past assistance can be

(Source: JICA)

executed more suitably. In Uzbekistan, with Japanese assistance, a commentary to the Bankruptcy Law to standardize the interpretations and applications of the Bankruptcy Law was published in March 2007 in Russian. It is now being translated into Uzbek, English, and Japanese. In China, Japan assists revising laws, such as the antitrust law, the market distribution law, and the civil procedure code. Between October and November 2007, the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI) organized an international training course on corruption control in criminal justice. With the participation of 13 trainees from 11 developing countries primarily from Asia, the course offered opportunities to consider issues and countermeasures regarding the current situation on corruption and measures taken in criminal justice.

As well, the thirteenth meeting of the Overseas Economic Cooperation Council was held in January 2008. Under the subject of the assistance for legal and judicial system development, it was agreed that Japan would designate the assistance as one of the priority fields of its overseas economic cooperation and strategically promote the assistance, which has significant meanings in consolidating the rule of law, creating a favorable environment for sustainable growth, and strengthening Japan’s economic partnership with developing countries. The meeting agreed with establishing basic plans with inter-ministerial cooperation, subsequent to priorities. In order to do so, Japan is to conduct surveys for local needs, target countries, duration and timing of implementation, and areas and modalities of assistance. The government of Japan conducted these surveys in China, East-Timor, and Mongolia.

## (3) Human Resource Development

Japan’s record in FY2007 is as follows:

Technical cooperation $ ^{3} $

31,015 trainees accepted $ ^{4} $

6,422 experts dispatched $ ^{5} $

4,199 members of the Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV) dispatched 1,295 other volunteers dispatched