has been held to exchange ideas and opinion on the efficient and effective implementation of ODA among the staff of Japanese embassies, other assistance organizations and Japanese NGOs that work in developing countries. The meetings have been held in 28 countries, including Nepal and Sri Lanka. JICA also hosts the NGO-JICA Meeting in order to promote the realization of effective

## Grassroots partner type

Technical cooperation program implemented by JICA to contribute to the social and economic development of developing countries at the grass-roots level in collaboration with partners in Japan, such as NGOs, universities, local governments and public interest corporations.

There are three types of JPP based on the size and nature of the organizations, which are classified as follows:

-Partner Type (Project amount not exceeding ¥100 million and to be implemented within 5 years)

-Support Type (Project amount not exceeding ¥25 million and to be implemented within 3 years)

-Local Government Type (Project amount not exceeding ¥30 million and to be implemented within 3 years)

international cooperation and the understanding and participation of the civil society in international cooperation, based on an equal partnership with NGOs. In addition to supporting local NGO activities, Japan has also established an NGO-JICA Japan Desk in 22 countries to strengthen projects conducted jointly by NGOs and JICA.

## $ ^{*} $ Fair trade

A method of trade that aids producers and protects human rights in developing countries by purchasing products at a fair price that is intended to facilitate self-reliance, in order to encourage trade that is not disadvantageous to producers in developing countries.

## $ ^{*} $ Project cycle management (PCM)

The PCM method is a participatory development method of utilizing a project overview chart to manage operation of the cycle of analysis, planning, implementation, and evaluation of a development assistance project. It consists of participatory planning, monitoring, and evaluation. The technique is used by JICA and international organizations, etc., at the site of development assistance.

## • Partnership with Private Business

### a. Public-Private Partnership for boosting growth

Japanese private companies' activities in developing countries make significant contribution beyond ODA projects, by creating opportunities for local employment, augmenting tax revenue, expanding trade and investment, contributing to the acquisition of foreign currency, and transferring Japan's superior technology. In April 2008, Japan announced the "Public-Private Partnership for Growth in Developing Countries" a policy to strengthen partnership between ODA and private investment and to promote activities by private businesses in developing countries. Through this, the government receives consultation and proposals from private sectors related to their activities.

Collaborating with Terumo Corporation to implement public-private partnership training for the first time. Mexican physicians were given practical training related to sophisticated medical technology. (Photo: JICA)

which are conducive to economic growth and poverty reduction in developing countries, as well as public-private cooperation projects together with ODA. Up to this point, two public-private partnership projects have been authorized. The first was a project to utilize Grant Assistance for Japanese NGO Projects to mine clearance and unexploded ordnance disposal from farmland when Japanese businesses conduct herbal medicine cultivation in Laos (see page 29). The other was a project to utilize technical cooperation to invite a team of Mexican physicians to Japan for training of sophisticated medical technology (catheterization surgery) that had been developed by a Japanese company.

Japan utilize its scheme of Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security Projects and technical cooperation to implement projects by partnership with local NGOs or private corporations such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities, in which private businesses aim to contribute proactively to the local communities they enter, and BOP business, which aims to deploy support business for a low-income demographic and contribute to improvement of their lives and a resolution of social issues.

Moreover, JICA began the Preparatory Survey for PPP Infrastructure projects and BOP business, a scheme for formulating project plans based on the proposals submitted by the private companies to conduct a preparatory survey as a feasibility study $ ^{*} $ for project formulation. JICA has selected 19 PPP infrastructure