Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Exhibit 26. Internet Usage by Regional Differences

2. By Type of Municipality

Source: Survey of Internet Usage Differentials

answers given by respondents, would be opportunities to learn how to use the Internet in comfort, followed by the development of easier-to-use equipment (Exhibit 29). These responses would indicate (1) that expansion of existing Internet courses would be effective in narrowing differentials in Internet usage and (2) that the development of Internet-access
Exhibit 27. Internet Usage by Personal Characteristics

### 2. By Age

3. By Annual Household Income

Source: Survey of Internet Usage Differentials
Exhibit 28. Impact of Regional and Personal Characteristics on Internet Use

Source: Survey of Internet Usage Differentials
equipment other than PCs—such as special telephones and interactive TVs—could be one way of solving the problem of difficult-to-operate equipment.

## The digital divide between disabled users and others

The W3C, an international organization dedicated to promoting the standardization of web-related technology, has developed guidelines for making it easier for the disabled to access information on the Internet. The MPT and Ministry of Health and Welfare have formed a study group to map out their own guidelines based on those of the W3C. The MPHPT is currently developing a website support system based on the study group's guidelines.

## 5 Trends overseas

An international digital divide exists, with a country's Internet usage rate exhibiting a strong positive correlation with per-capita GNP. This indicates the need for developed countries to support the popularization of the Internet in developing nations.

Exhibit 29. What It Will Take to Get Nonusers to Begin Using the Internet

Source: Survey of Internet Usage Differentials
# Facilitating the Spread and Development of E-Commerce

## New rules for promoting e-commerce

In its efforts to remove impediments to the IT revolution, the Japanese government has revised components of the regulatory system to allow private-sector transactions to take place via e-mail as well as by the traditional exchange of paper documents, previously the only valid means of conducting such transactions. Beyond this, the government is currently working on a legal framework for generating basic rules required by the unique characteristics of e-commerce, such as rules for electronic contracts and information asset contracts and rules of responsibility for information brokerage businesses.

## Constructing a system for popularizing e-commerce

The Law on Electronic Signature and Authentication, which came into force of April 1, 2001, was enacted to give legal status to electronic signatures as a means of verifying that the other party in an e-commerce transaction is really who he or she says he is and to create a national approval system for electric certification operation. As a result, the electronic-signature and electronic-authentication market is expected to grow substantially. The government is also working on developing and popularizing safe and secure Internet settlement methods such as use of credit cards and e-money.

## Ensuring the safety of e-commerce transactions

The number of complaints from consumers over transactions conducted on the Internet has increased during the past several years. A survey of Internet users reveals that more than 40% of respondents will not engage in e-commerce because of concerns about funds settlement. Alleviating these concerns will require developing ways to ensure that products and services are of high quality and that personal information cannot be leaked.

Another common area of complaint is that traditional corporate alliances and practices are impediments to e-commerce. It will be important for the government and private sector to review this situation and reach a consensus.

## I nternet governance; remaining problems

In line with the growing economic significance of the Internet, it is projected that such activities as disputes over Internet domain names—specifically, the acquisition of domain names based on company or trade names by third parties, who then attempt to sell the domain names to the company in question for huge sums of money—are going
to increase in number. An appropriate system for resolving these disputes needs to be created. Furthermore, in light of the growing significance of Internet governance, it is important for Japan to continue participating actively in discussions at such venues as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
# Human Resources Development

## Current state of information literacy

People need the opportunity to learn to become “information-literate”—to acquire the ability to freely use information and communications equipment—if they are to benefit equally from the IT revolution. Our analysis of the current state of information literacy in Japan indicates a strong positive correlation between Internet use and level of information literacy.

Internet literacy varies inversely, and strongly, with age (Exhibit 30) and directly with annual household income. This would indicate that people in their 20s or with higher household income are well on their way to having a good command of Internet content, but that much more needs to be done for the elderly in this area. Consistent with this is the fact that many people have pointed out the need for setting up more locations at which less-than-literate potential users can try out equipment at no charge, take courses, or consult with those who are more experienced.

## 2 Enhancing information literacy

Promoting information intensification in the Japanese educational system is indispensable to securing the personnel needed to support the advanced IT society of the 21st century. As of March 2000, computers for student use were installed in all public secondary and high schools, and the goal is to have Internet connections in all public schools nationwide by the end of fiscal 2001. In that high-speed connections are also becoming indispensable, the MPHPT and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology are jointly developing an R&D network connecting the nation's elementary, secondary, and high schools by high-speed fiber-optic and DSL circuits and are researching advanced network construction technology. It is projected that more than 4,000 of Japan's 40,000 public schools will be connected to the Internet via high-speed access circuits by the end of fiscal 2001.

To bolster information literacy in the population in general, the MPHPT has set up a special subsidy for IT study. This is to be used to support local governments in setting up courses that teach people such basic IT skills as accessing the Internet and sending and receiving e-mail. Thanks to this subsidy, some 110,000 people have taken basic IT skills courses offered in 45 of Japan's prefectures since January 2001. We forecast that 5.5 million people will have taken such courses by the end of fiscal 2001.

In addition to these courses, around the country there are a growing number of non-profit activities aimed at forming Internet-based communication networks among the elderly, who thus far have tended to use the Internet minimally. It is hoped that further
Exhibit 30. Information Literacy by Age

Source: Survey of Internet Usage Differentials

activities of this nature will be developed to provide willing seniors with more opportunities to participate in society at large, communicate with people of different generations via the Internet, and share their own experiences and expertise with others.

networks, the government is providing financial support to organizations that run training courses dedicated to enhancing the technical skills of IT specialists.

## I ncreasing the pool of IT technicians

In Japan there is a shortage of technicians able to construct and maintain information and communications networks within companies. Many listed corporations have indicated that they plan to counter this shortage by cross-training existing employees. In the IT industry itself, there is a shortage of UNIX and other technicians, and universities and other educational institutions are unable to supply sufficient graduates to meet the demand. In light of the pressing to enlarge the pool of technicians with the expertise to operate and maintain corporate information
## Ensuring Information Security

## 1 Illegal access; computer viruses

The more IT becomes an integral part of society and people's lives, the more likely a single breach in security could explode into a huge social and economic problem. There have already been incidents of stolen user IDs and passwords leading to illegal access to corporate and other networks and computers, and damage resulting from computer viruses is an increasingly common problem. Although governments and the private sector are devising countermeasures to prevent such incidents, breaches in security that lead to serious damage are only getting worse, with DoS attacks (denial-of-service attacks, in which a network is flooded with useless traffic to bring it to a halt) and e-mail virus intrusion are becoming more frequent and widespread. The threat of “cyber-terror”—attacks that could severely disrupt people’s lives and economic and social activity—is very real.

Exhibit 31. How Businesses Are Responding to Illegal Access (Fiscal 2000)

Source: Communications Usage Trend Survey (Business Section)
Exhibit 32. Virus Countermeasures Taken by Businesses

Source: Communications Usage Trend Survey (Business Section)

What are businesses and individuals doing on their own to counter this? One study indicates that 77.5% of businesses are taking measures against illegal access, with 67.5% having access controls that incorporate IDs and passwords but only 39.1% taking the more-effective approach of installing a firewall (Exhibit 31). The attitude toward viruses seems just as lukewarm, with 58.7% of companies having installed antivirus software on the computers connected to their networks, but only 8.3% constructing virus-walls when they connect to external networks (Exhibit 32). Clearly, effective firewalls and virus-walls need to be put to greater use.

Individuals are not doing any better. Results of a mail-in survey indicate that, while as many as 35.2% have loaded antivirus software onto their computers, only 15.3% say that they check e-mail attachments for viruses—notwithstanding the growing number of incidents of infection via this port of entry. As with businesses, individuals need to become more aware of how they should be countering computer viruses.

## 2 Illegal and harmful information

The National Police Agency reports that 26% of the inquiries that the agency received on high-tech crime during 2000 concerned illegal and harmful information, such as obscene pictures and offers to sell illegal drugs appearing on the Internet. Although it is imperative that this problem be dealt with effectively, most existing countermeasures are those being taken voluntarily by ISPs themselves. Additionally, users may also avail themselves of filtering software and technology to block out harmful material from their computers.
## 3 Protecting personal information

Until recently the issue of protecting personal information has been handled voluntarily by telecommunications carriers. In October 2000, however, the Expert Committee on Legislation for Protecting Personal Data of the government’s IT Strategy Headquarters compiled an Outline of Basic Legislation for Protecting Personal Information, on the basis of which a Bill to Protect Personal Information was presented to the 151st ordinary session of the Diet. For its part, the MPHPT, based on the final report of its Study Group to Recommend Legislation for the Protection of Personal Information in Telecommunications, plans to undertake further study toward the preparation of specific laws for the telecommunications field.
# Mapping Out the National IT Strategy

## Building a strategic system that will usher in an IT society

In July 2000 the Japanese Cabinet created an IT Strategy Headquarters, chaired by the prime minister, to coordinate ways to ensure that the entire population enjoys the benefits of the IT revolution and that Japan becomes an internationally competitive force in the IT sector. Additionally, an IT Strategy Council comprising 20 experts in the field was formed to bring together the public and private sectors to conduct strategic, focused investigations in the IT field.

The two groups have held six joint meetings since their formation. As a result of their efforts, the Basic Law on Formation of an Advanced Information and Telecommunications Network Society (IT Basic Law) was passed in November 2000 (and came into effect in January 2001); 50 laws that formerly made it obligatory for paper documents to be exchanged in private sector transactions were revised en masse (passed in November 2000; came into effect in April 2001); and, at the direction of the cabinet minister responsible for IT, two bills were prepared, one promoting electronic government (for example, shortening the period during which government ministries and agencies are supposed to have their procedures available online) and e-commerce and one for developing a high-speed Internet. At the sixth joint meeting of the two groups, in November 2000, a Basic IT Strategy calling for Japan to become the world's leading IT nation within five years was mapped out.

The work of the IT Strategy Headquarters and IT Strategy Council having been completed, in January 2001 a second IT Strategy Headquarters was created in the Cabinet, which at its first meeting mapped out a strategy, called the “e-Japan Strategy,” for making Japan an IT nation. At its third meeting, in March, the headquarters filled out the details of the e-Japan Strategy with an e-Japan Priority Policy Program. Finally, the headquarters plans to work out by the end of June an e-Japan 2002 Program that reflects all government ministries’ measures to be taken under the e-Japan Strategy and the e-Japan Priority Policy Program in fiscal 2002.

## Basic policies for promoting the IT society

In November 2000 the IT Strategy Council created a Basic IT Strategy, and in January 2001, based on the Basic Law on Forming the Advanced Info-communications Network Society (IT Basic Law), the Strategic Headquarters for Promoting the Advanced Information and Communications Society (IT Strategy Headquarters) mapped out an e-Japan Strategy as a national strategy for carrying out the IT revolution. The e-Japan Strategy
aims to develop an environment based on market principles in which the private sector can use its energies to maximum effect and calls for Japan to become the world's leading IT nation within five years.

At its third meeting, at the end of March 2001, the IT Strategy Headquarters filled out the details of the e-Japan Strategy with an e-Japan Priority Policy Program, which delineates policies to which the government should give priority to ensure the timely creation of an advanced information communications network society. Finally, the headquarters plans to work out by the end of June an e-Japan 2002 Program that reflects all government ministries' measures to be taken under the e-Japan Strategy and the e-Japan Priority Policy Program in fiscal 2002.

## The MPHPT’s comprehensive role in promoting the IT society

Governments in Response to the IT Revolution, which lists specific areas in which local governments need to take immediate action. Finally, in December the group developed an action plan that, based on these guidelines, delineates the activities that the MPHPT should undertake in each of the fiscal years.

The MPHPT formed an Advisory Group for Promotion of IT Policies of MPHPT in January 2001 to solicit views from various fields, including information and communications and local-government administration, on the measures that the ministry should take to ensure the realization of an intelligent, creative society in which all people can use and benefit from IT to the fullest. Additionally, in July 2000 the MPHPT created a Headquarters for Promoting Information Intensification in Local Governments in Response to the IT Revolution, headed by the minister of public management, home affairs, posts and telecommunications. In August this group compiled Guidelines for Promoting Information Intensification Measures in Local
# Policies for Creating an Environment That Will Bring About the IT Society

## Formation of the world’s most advanced information and communications network

The e-Japan Priority Policy Program targets the development of the world's top network with ultra-high-speed access within five years. To that end, and to ensure the realization of network infrastructure usable at low cost by the general population, the program calls for (1) the creation of conditions ensuring fair competition in telecommunications and (2) measures to facilitate the laying of fiber-optic lines and other components of the network infrastructure.

Also to this end, the MPHPT is promoting numerous measures and activities, including: implementation of asymmetric regulations; measures to promote incentive-based competition policy; creation of a telecommunications conflict resolution committee; establishment of a system for the use of existing fiber-optic lines and connection rules of regional IP networks; establishment of a system to facilitate the use of utility poles; expansion of the number of frequencies available for high-speed wireless access; increase in transmission speeds; measures to enhance basic Internet technology; R&D to advance mobile communications technology; and digitization of broadcasting.

## Promoting education and nurturing human resources

To raise the level of people’s information literacy and ensure a sufficient pool of experts—technicians and researchers—who will serve as the leading edge of IT, the e-Japan Priority Policy Program calls for creating an IT environment in schools, promoting citizens’ movements to popularize IT, aggressively promoting reform in the nation’s universities, and bringing in foreign personnel.

In cooperation with the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the MPHPT is promoting a number of relevant measures, including: Internet access in the schools, more education-oriented content, the creation of education portal sites, and other measures to ensure that basic IT skills are learned; training for workers involved in such specialty technology as telecommunications systems design and broadcast program production; and nurturing content creators.

## 3 Promoting e-commerce

To ensure that a convenient, easy-to-use e-commerce market is in place by 2003, the e-Japan Priority Policy Program calls for amending regulations that impede e-commerce and creating new rules, reviewing the Commercial Law and other relevant laws, and
developing measures to protect and ensure the appropriate use of intellectual property.

The MPHPT is promoting the following measures and activities: implementation of “procedures for the advance verification of administrative agencies’ application of regulations,” establishment of a legal framework that will allow for the writing of rules of responsibility for ISPs, rationalization of domain name usage, establishment of a legal framework for protecting personal data in the telecommunications field, and creating an international environment.

## Promoting information intensification in the national government and local governments

The e-Japan Priority Policy Program calls for the following measures to be in place by fiscal 2003: (1) measures to promote information intensification among the general population, the business world, and the bureaucracy and in bureaucratic administrative tasks, to ensure that electronic information is treated the same way as written documentation, and (2) measures to promote information technology in the public sector, such as Intelligent Transfer Systems (ITS).

The MPHPT will coordinate a government-wide effort to provide administrative information on websites, allow applications and notifications to be handled online, allow for the placement and opening of bids online, and encourage government operations to go online. The ministry is also promoting the development of an action plan for individual procedures, the use of networks rather than paper for tasks common to each of the national-government ministries, nationwide development of a Vehicle Information and Communication System (VICS), and the construction of an Internet-mediated distribution framework containing geographic and other information and a next-generation 3D geographic information system (GIS).

## Ensuring the safety and reliability of advanced networks

The e-Japan Priority Policy Program calls for the following measures to ensure highly safe and reliable network security by 2003: establishment of a system to form the basis for information security; security countermeasures to be used by government entities and the private sector; measures against cyber-terror directed at key infrastructure; R&D relative to information security; personnel development; and the forging of stronger international ties.

The MPHPT will likewise engage in or promote relevant activities: assessment of encryption technology; assessment and review of information security policy; support for the installation of equipment that enhances the reliability of telecommunications systems; establishment of a license system for information security; development of technology for preventing and detecting incidents of illegal access and cyber-terror; development of encryption technology, electronic signature authentication technology, and other technologies needed for ensuring the safety and reliability of information and communications networks.
## Comprehensive problems

There exist problems common to all five categories noted above that will require focused efforts to ensure the realization of an advanced information and communications network society. The e-Japan Priority Policy Program classifies these into four categories—promotion of R&D, closing the digital divide, handling new problems that will arise from changes in social and economic structures, and promotion of international coordination and contributions to international efforts. The program calls for aggressive efforts to resolve all issues. The MPHPT is also making every effort to deal with these problems.
## 第2節 罪名別による動向

## 1 殺人

## （1） 総数

昭和55年以降の殺人による女性の入所受刑者の人員及び女性比の推移を見たのが，6－2－1図である。

6－2－1図 殺人 女性入所受刑者の人員・女性比の推移（初入・再入別）

注1 矯正統計年報による。

2 「女性比」は，全体，初入者及び再入者の人員それぞれに占める女性の比率である。

殺人による入所受刑者全体の人員は，昭和60年の774人を第1のピークとして，その後減少傾向にあったが，平成4年の405人を底に増加に転じ，17年に665人と第2のピークとなったが，18年以降は再び減少を続け，22年は349人（前年比15.9％減）であった。

女性の人員については，一番多い年（平成17年及び18年）においても94人と二桁台にとどまり，その後は減少傾向にあり，22年は56人と前年に比べて24人（30.0%）減少した。一方，男性については，全体と類似した増減傾向を示している。

女性比は，昭和55年以降，上昇，低下を繰り返しながらおおむね上昇傾向を続け，平成21年は19.3％と2割に迫ったが，22年は人員が大きく減少したこともあり，16.0％と前年から3.2pt低下した（CD-ROM資料19参照）。
## （2） 年齢層別

昭和63年以降の殺人による入所受刑者について，年齢層別の人員の推移を見ると，女性では，人員が少ないため明確な傾向は見られないが，同年以降，65歳以上の人員は，おおむね増加傾向にある。一方，男性では，平成17年頃から，20歳未満及び65歳以上を除き，減少傾向となっているが，65歳以上は，昭和63年から平成12年まで上昇傾向を続けた後，13年からは横ばいを継続している。

平成22年における最も人員が多い年齢層は，女性では65歳以上（14人，25.0%），男性では50～64歳（82人，28.0%）であった。なお，男女ともに，20歳未満を除き，各年齢層間の人員の差は僅かである。

殺人の年齢層別の女性比は，入所受刑者全体と比べておおむね高い。また，平成22年では，65歳以上の女性比が20.9%と他の年齢層と比べ最も高かった（CD-ROM資料24参照）。

## （3） 初入者・再入者別

昭和55年以降の殺人による女性の入所受刑者について，初入者・再入者別の人員及び女性比の推移を見たのが，（1）で掲げた6－2－1図である。

殺人による女性の入所受刑者は，ほとんどが初入者である。女性比は，初入者においては入所受刑者全体と比べて高い水準で推移している。平成22年は，初入者が54人（女性比19.9%），再入者が2人（同2.6%）であった（CD-ROM資料19参照）。

## （４）初入者の保護処分歴

昭和55年以降の殺人による初入の入所受刑者について，男女別に，保護処分歴別人員の推移を見ると，女性では，保護処分歴を有する者はほとんどおらず，平成22年は0人であった。一方，男性では，「少年院送致」及び「保護観察」の保護処分歴を有する者が少数ではあるが見られ，同年は，「少年院送致」が9人（4.1%），「保護観察」が6人（2.8%）であった（CD-ROM資料20参照）。

## （5） 就劳状况

昭和55年以降の殺人による入所受刑者について，男女別に，犯行時の就労状況別人員及び有職者率の推移を見ると，有職者率は，男女ともにおおむね低下傾向にあったが，平成16年頃からはおおむね横ばいである。22年の有職者率は，女性が21.4%（有職者12人，無職者44人），男性が29.4%（有職者86人，無職者207人）であった（CD-ROM資料21参照）。

## （6） 刑期

昭和55年以降の殺人による入所受刑者について，男女別に，刑期別人員の推移を見ると，殺人は，もともと短期刑（2年以下の刑期をいう。以下この節において同じ。）の者は少