process of formulating one. That assessment report found that due to formulation of national biodiversity strategies, in many countries progress was being made for measures to designate protected zones and protect threatened species and in measures aimed at making biodiversity mainstream, but that reduction of the main factors of biodiversity loss had not been achieved. It also found that there were many national biodiversity strategies that had never been revised since formulation, and strategies for which a long time had passed since they were last formulated or revised, and that there were some that did not function as mechanisms to implement the decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity. National biodiversity strategies play roles as roadmaps for achieving the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity and, under the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, revision of such strategies by 2015 is set as one of the individual targets. From now on each of the parties to the convention will proceed with measures including revision of national strategies for biodiversity in order to achieve the Aichi Targets. As for the Nagoya Protocol as well, it is necessary for each country to conclude it as soon as possible, put it into effect, and appropriately implement it.

### 2. The Current State and Direction of Measures in Japan

Japan concluded the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1993 and the government is developing various policies such as measures for a national biodiversity strategy. Meanwhile, main constituents such as local and regional governments, businesses, private organizations, and citizens are also working on measures aimed at conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use (Figure 3-3-3: Outline of the National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan 2010). On the other hand, the JBO that was released in May 2010 found that, "Loss of biodiversity as a result of human activities in Japan affected all ecosystems, and the loss is continuing on the whole." From now on, in order to achieve targets such as "conservation of 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10% of coastal and marine areas by 2020 (Target 11)" and "contribution to climate change mitigation and adaptation through restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems (Target 15)," it is necessary to further promote efforts aimed at conservation and restoration of ecosystems, such as expansion of quality and quantity of protected areas and rejuvenation of nature. For that reason, we have to move forward with designation and reconsideration of protected areas based on scientific data, so that important ecosystems and habitats of living beings from the national level to the regional level keep their functions as the core of the ecosystem network of national land. In addition, we have to work to enhance protection and management of regions designated as protected areas in accordance with the type of ecosystem. Further, in March 2011 the "Strategy for Conservation of Marine Biodiversity," which outlines the perspectives and the direction for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity, was launched, and a target was set to increase the area of Marine Park Areas in national parks to double the area of 2009 by 2012.

A characteristic crisis in Japan is the “Second Crisis” caused by reduced management in satochi-satoyama, and in September 2010 an “Action Plan for Conservation and Sustainable use of Satochi-Satoyama” was launched. Under that plan, citizens as a whole support satochi-satoyama as shared resources (new commons), and efforts are being made to continue this into the future through participation and cooperation of not only people involved in agriculture and forestry and regional communities, but also people from all kinds of positions, such as citizens, NPOs, corporations, experts, and the government. In addition to responding to the decrease in human activities, in order to proceed with conservation of endangered species and deal with alien species, it is necessary to make efforts adjusted to characteristics of regions. For that reason, in December 2010 the “Act on the Promotion of Activities for Biodiversity Conservation through the Cooperation among Regional Diversified Actors” was enforced (Figure 3-3-4: Overview of the Act on the Promotion of Activities for Biodiversity Conservation through the Cooperation among Regional Diversified Actors), and it is anticipated that from now on conservation activities will be promoted through collaboration of various regional main constituents. As further efforts to contribute to measures against the declining use of satochi-satoyama, there are examples of “Payment for Ecosystem Service (PES)” and other similar systems, under which the people who are provided ecosystem services such as the watershed protection of forests and purification of water quality pay management costs to the manager in order to maintain such services.

At COP10 the final report of “The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)” was published, and in light of the results of this TEEB, the World Bank developed tools necessary for including the economic values of ecosystems such as forests and wetlands, and coral reefs, and announced establishment of a new global partnership to be offered to developing countries. “Integrating biodiversity values into national and local development plans, etc., and incorporating it into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems (Individual Target 2)” was also included in the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, and from now on assessing the value of ecosystem services that cannot be directly converted into money, and then including that value in the socio-economic mechanism will be important in dealing with biodiversity crises such as the Second Crisis.

For the “Third Crisis” caused by alien species and chemical materials brought in by humans and the “Climate Change Crisis” as well, we must further promote measures such as strengthening systems to monitor alien species and methodically and adaptively eradicate them, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and take measures to adapt to global warming.

Meanwhile, it is also necessary to take measures at the same time against indirect causes such as changes in society and the economy. Although it is believed that the level of awareness about biodiversity increased dramatically as a result of COP10, from now on it will