Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Figure Int.-2-13 Global Trends of Fishery Production (1950-2007)

Note: Excludes aquatic mammals and miscellaneous aquatic animals Source: Prepared by the Ministry of the Environment based on FAOSTAT Database

broadening markets for seafood associated with improved distribution infrastructures and enhanced processing and refrigeration technology, including revamped road and other transportation networks, upgraded processing techniques and the deployment of processing plants, freezing and refrigeration facilities, are also helping increase demand. In Asia as well, demand for seafood is projected to rise thanks to rising levels of income.

The quantity of production (supply) of seafood has risen in response to increased demand, mainly supported by increased aquaculture, while fish capture peaked out at around 90 million tons in the 1990s (Figure Int.-2-13). Cultured fishery accounted for 40% of the 2007 seafood production of 156.00 million tons. Comparison of fishery production between member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD countries indicates that while fishery production of OECD economies has declined, that of non-OECD countries increased, with their aquaculture sectors expanding production remarkably in recent years (Figure Int.-2-13). Looking at fishery production by country, China produced 60.63 million tons of seafood in 2005 to

Figure Int.-2-14 Utilization of Fishery Resources (2005)

Source: FAO "Review of the State of World Marine Fishery Resources"

become the world’s largest producer, accounting for 40% of global production for the year. And aquaculture accounts for as much as 70% of Chinese seafood production, with inland water fish culture involving the development and diversion of tidal flat expanding.

A FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) survey on the utilization of fishery resources shows that about half of marine fishery resources are fully utilized, while one-fourth is in the state of overfishing due to indiscriminate fishing (Figure Int.-2-14). As fish captures are likely to remain stagnant going forward, production increases are expected to depend on aquaculture.

With demand for seafood increasing globally, the supply and demand balance is tightening and some fish and shellfish prices are showing an upward trend. According to FAO, while seafood production, led by fish culturing, is likely to increase in response to expanding demand in association with the population growth and rising income, demand is expected to overtake production potentially amid limited fishery resources. Under these circumstances, the supply and demand of seafood are likely to be balanced ultimately through higher prices and the shift to other protein food. Demand for seafood is projected to increase 1.4 times from an average 130 million tons for 1999-2001 to 180 million tons by 2015, while prices are forecast to rise at an annual rate of 3.0% by 2010 and then at an annual rate of 3.2% through 2015.
## (4) Energy: an increase in energy demand and the accelerating utilization of renewable energy

Energy consumption, which is closely linked to the environmental load through carbon dioxide emissions, is believed to follow an upward trend in the long run. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that global energy consumption in 2009 almost certainly declined as a result of the financial and economic crisis, but if current energy policies are kept intact, energy consumption will get back on the long-term uptrend once the economy recovers.

Global primary energy consumption more than doubled in less than 40 years, from 5.5 billion tons of oil equivalent (TOE) in 1971 to 12.0 billion TOE in 2007 (Figure Int.-2-15). As the global economy is expected to grow going forward, led by emerging economies, energy consumption will likely remain on the increase. By energy source, petroleum accounts for about one-third of energy consumption. The IEA estimates that if governments around the world keep their existing energy policies and measures intact, fossil fuels still account for the bulk of primary energy sources and over three-fourths of the increase in energy consumption projected between 2007 and 2030 would come from fossil fuels (Figure Int.-2-15). Furthermore, the IEA expects demand for coal, among fossil fuels, to grow considerably in the future due to expanding demand for electric power generation. Given that the use of coal discharges more carbon dioxide than other energy sources (Figure Int.-2-16), there is concern that the environmental load would further increase unless active efforts are exerted toward more sophisticated use of fossil fuels.

Amid the expectation that global energy consumption will keep growing going forward, renewable energy, which emits less carbon dioxide than fossil fuels, is gaining in importance. Global demand for renewable energy is estimated to grow to 2.38 billion TOE in 2030 from 1.52 billion TOE in 2008 (Figure Int.-2-15). Countries in the world are moving to more proactively utilize renewable energy, setting goals of raising the ratio of renewable energy to total energy consumption and supply (Table Int.-2-1).

Japan’s domestic primary energy supply increased

Figure Int.-2-15 World Primary Energy Demand Outlook

Source: Prepared by the Ministry of the Environment based on IEA, "World Energy Outlook 2009" Energy Balance Table
of cereal crops and other agricultural products, raising concerns about greater burdens on the environment. For example, production of meat consumes more land, water and other resources than production of grains and other agricultural products. Looking at land area required for food production, in terms of per one kg of protein, land area needed for production of chicken is about 7 times, pork about 12 times and beef about 20 times larger than land area required for production of cereal crops (Figure Int.-2-19). Thus, higher income levels in developing countries and resultant changes in dietary habits may require the utilization of more land and resources on the earth than before in the future.

Desertification is also cited as a global environmental issue related to land degradation. Dryland vulnerable to desertification occupy 41% of Earth's land area, and are home to more than 2.0 billion people, at least 90% of who lives in developing

Figure Int.-2-18 Global Distribution of Remnant Original Forests

Source: UNEP-WCMC

countries (Figure Int.-2-20). Desertification is said to be caused by climatic variations such as climate change, drought and moisture loss on a global level as well as human activities including overgrazing, deforestation and removal of the natural vegetation cover (by taking too much fuel wood), agricultural activities in the vulnerable ecosystems of arid and semi-arid areas, which are thus strained beyond their capacity.

Desertification is also the source of concern over food insecurity, water scarcity and poverty. The further exacerbation of desertification through population growth, increase in urbanization and the impact of the market economy are feared to aggravate

Source: "The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity (TEEB)" (An Interim Report)

Figure Int.-2-20 Global Distribution of Arid Areas

Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)
Table Int.-2-2 Trends of the Distribution of Land Use in Japan

(Unit: 10,000 ha)

1965	1972	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2007	1965~2007 Increase/decrease in area
Agriculture	643	599	576	561	548	534	513	491	478	473	−170
Forestry	2516	2523	2529	2526	2530	2524	2514	2511	2510	2506	−10
Field	64	56	43	33	31	27	24	27	28	28	−36
Surface water, rivers, water channels	111	112	128	115	130	132	132	135	134	133	22
Roads	82	91	89	104	107	114	121	127	132	134	52
Urban	85	111	124	140	150	161	170	179	185	187	102
Other	270	282	286	298	282	285	302	309	312	316	46

Source: Prepared by the Ministry of the Environment based on the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, "Monitoring of national-land circumstances" and "White Paper on Land"

social uncertainties.

Looking at the trends of land use in Japan, the area of agricultural land has decreased, while areas of residential land and roads have increased. Comparison of land areas by use between 1965 and 2007 reveals that agricultural land decreased by 1.70 million hectares, or about 26%, while residential land and roads increased by 1.02 million hectares, or 120%, and 520,000 hectares, or 63%, respectively. As these figures show, in Japan since 1965, the shrinkage in the area of agricultural land and the expansion of areas of residential land and roads are obvious. While these trends continue in recent years, the areas of conversion from agroforestry land use (farmland, forestry and reclaimed land) to urban land use (residential land, public land and land for industrial use) have been on the decrease, indicating the slowing trend in the conversion of land use from agricultural land to residential land and roads that was so evident in the past.

## (6) Biodiversity: progressive loss of biodiversity

According to an interim report of the Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity (TEEB), released at the high-level segment of the ninth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP9) in 2008, only about 73% of the original global natural biodiversity was left by the year 2000, and the strongest declines in biodiversity have occurred in the temperate and tropical grasslands and forests, where human civilizations first developed. The report also said, "A further 11% of land biodiversity is expected to be lost by 2050 … In some biomes and regions, projected losses are about 20%." The TEEB interim report cited the continued conversion of natural areas to agricultural land, the ongoing expansion of infrastructure and increasing effects of climate change as additional major contributors to biodiversity loss, and said: "For the

Figure Int.-2-21 Mean Species Abundance in the World (1970, 2000, 2010 and 2050)

Mean species abundance in 1970

Mean species abundance in 2000

Mean species abundance in 2010

Mean species abundance in 2050

Source: "The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity (TEEB)" (An Interim Report)
Figure Int.-2-23 Trends of Total Use of Resources

Source: National Institute for Materials Science press release "Sustainable Utilization of Resources Requires Reduction of Total Use of Resources to One-Eighth"

Table Int.-2-3 Uneven Distribution of Nonferrous Metal Resources

Major Producers of Resources (Mineral Ores) (2009)	Combined Share of the Top Three Producers
Resource	First	Second	Third
Rare earth metals	China	97%	India	2%	Brazil	1%	99%
Vanadium	China	37%	South Africa	35%	Russia	26%	98%
Platinum	South Africa	79%	Russia	11%	Zimbabwe	3%	93%
Tungsten	China	81%	Russia	4%	Canada	3%	89%
Molybdenum	China	39%	U.S.	25%	Chile	16%	80%
Lithium	Chile	41%	Australia	24%	China	13%	78%
Indium	China	50%	Korea	14%	Japan	10%	74%
Lead	China	43%	Australia	13%	U.S.	10%	67%
Cobalt	Congo	40%	Australia	10%	China/Russia	10%	60%
Manganese	China	25%	Australia	17%	South Africa	14%	55%
Zinc	China	25%	Peru	13%	Australia	12%	50%
Copper	Chile	34%	Peru	8%	U.S.	8%	49%
Nickel	Russia	19%	Indonesia	13%	Canada	13%	44%

Note 1: The share excludes production in U.S. (unknown).

2: The share is based on refinery production.

Source: Prepared by the Ministry of the Environment based on U.S. Geological Survey, "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010"

resultant hikes in prices of various commodities. Because Japan is heavily dependent on imported resources, it is necessary to promote a sound material-cycle society and strive to secure a stable supply of resources in order to reduce risks associated with resource price fluctuations and ensure the economic stability.

According to future projections of total global generation of wastes, total waste generation amount to about 27.0 billion tons in 2050, about 2.1 times of some 12.7 billion tons in 2000. Thus, wastes are likely to increase faster than the global population during the same period, which is projected to rise about 1.5 times (Figure Int.-2-26). Per-capita waste generation is also estimated to increase about 1.4 times to 2.9 tons in 2050 from some 2.1 tons in 2000. Since the continued increase in per-capita waste generation means inefficient utilization of limited resources and heavier burdens on the environment, it is necessary to push ahead with efforts on a global scale to build a sound material-cycle society by reducing wastes and utilizing resources more efficiently.
Figure Int.-2-24 Cumulative Aggregate Amount of Materials Involved

Source: National Institute for Materials Science press release “Sustainable Utilization of Resources Requires Reduction of Total Use of Resources to One-Eighth”

Figure Int.-2-25 Trends of Resources Prices

Source: Prepared by the Ministry of the Environment based on IMF, "Primary Commodity Prices"
Figure Int.-2-26 Future Projections of the World's Waste Emissions (2000-2050)

Source: Saeko Yoshizawa, Masaru Tanaka and Ashok V. Shekdar, "Research on Estimation of Global Waste Generation and Future Projections"

## (8) Trends of economic activities: instability of the existing economic system and the shift of economic center to Asia

The world economy is estimated to have incurred negative growth in 2009, in the aftermath of the subprime loan problem in the United States in 2007 and the subsequent collapse of a major U.S. investment bank in 2008. The fundamental causes of the financial crisis has been traced to the vulnerability of the financial system brought about by a combination of inadequate risk management practices, complex and opaque financial instruments and excessive leverage, on top of market participants' failure to appropriately assess risks involved and conduct adequate due diligence. In response to the global economic crisis, touched off by the financial crisis, countries around the world strove to tide over the severe situation by actively making environment-related investments, a move in the direction of the so-called Green New Deal.

The world economy is expected to get back on the path of positive growth from 2010 onward. According to projections by the World Bank, the global economy, in terms of real gross domestic product (GDP), is estimated to have posted negative growth in 2009 in the wake of the worst recession since the end of World War II, but is likely to go into a period of positive growth in 2010 and onward (Figure Int.-2-27). Looking at the trends of economic growth by the two categories of high-income and low/middle-income countries, low/middle-income countries have had registered economic growth higher than high-income countries since 2000. This trend is expected to continue at least until 2011.

Following the high growth of low/middle-income countries, the GDP shares by each region and group in the global economy have undergone major changes. The group of developing countries in Asia, including China, has seen its share in the global economy increase remarkably and this trend is seen likely to persist going forward. On the other hand, the shares of the Group of Seven (G7) countries, developed countries as a whole and the EU have dwindled sharply (Figure Int.-2-28). All these developments, without doubt, indicate that the economic gravity is shifting to Asia. Considering that economic development in the past has been achieved by imposing burdens on the environment, the importance of environmental measures in Asia will increase more than ever going forward.

Source: Prepared by the Ministry of the Environment based on the World Bank, "World Development Indicators" and "Prospects for Developing Economies"
Figure Int.-2-28 Trends of Global GDP Shares of Region/Group

Note: "Advanced economies," "Major advanced economies(G7)," "EU" and "Developing Asia" are based on the definitions of the IMF Source: Prepared by the Ministry of the Environment based on IMF, "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2009"

Figure Int.-2-29 Proportion of People Living on less than $1.25 a Day (\%, 1990, 1999 and 2005)

* Includes all developing regions, the Commonwealth of Independent States and transition countries of South-Eastern Europe

Source: United Nations, "The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009"

## (9) Trends of poverty and economic gaps: the importance of economic growth differs depending on the development stage

According to a U.N. report on the poverty situation in the world, people in developing countries living in

Table Int.-2-4 Comparison of Income Disparity in the Mid-2000s

Gini coefficient	Gini coefficient
Denmark	0.23	Australia	0.30
Sweden	0.23	Korea	0.31
Luxembourg	0.26	Canada	0.32
Austria	0.27	Spain	0.32
Czech Republic	0.27	Japan	0.32
Slovakia	0.27	Greece	0.32
Finland	0.27	Ireland	0.33
Netherlands	0.27	New Zealand	0.34
Belgium	0.27	United Kingdom	0.34
Switzerland	0.28	Italy	0.35
Norway	0.28	Poland	0.37
Iceland	0.28	United States	0.38
France	0.28	Portugal	0.42
Hungary	0.29	Turkey	0.43
Germany	0.30	Mexico	0.47
OECD average	0.31

Source: Prepared by the Ministry of the Environment based on OECD, "OECD Factbook 2009"

Figure Int.-2-30 Changes in Gini Coefficient of OECD Member States from the Mid-1980s to the mid-2000s

Source: Prepared by the Ministry of the Environment based on OECD, "OECD Factbook 2009"

dire poverty under $1.25 a day (2005 price levels) decreased to 1.4 billion in 2005 from 1.8 billion in 1990. As a result, the percentage of people in dire poverty has declined to about one-fourth of the total population of developing countries in 2005 from about half in 1990(Figure Int.-2-29).

In terms of trends of the poverty rate and the population in poverty by region, the poverty rate in Eastern Asia has shown a dramatic decline between 1990 and 2005, mainly thanks to the rapid economic growth in China, and this is believed to have lifted 475 million people out of dire poverty. In sub-Saharan Africa, on the other hand, the population in dire poverty has been increasing.
Figure 1-2-3 Changes in Past Year Atmospheric Concentrations of HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, and HFC-134a in Hokkaido

Source: Ministry of the Environment FY2008 Annual Survey of Observations of Fluorine and other Low-Volume Gasses that Impact the Ozone Layer

Figure 1-2-4 Changes in Cumulative Annual Amounts of Sunburn-causing UV Radiation

Note: Changes are from annual cumulative amounts of sunburn-causing UV radiation from the start of measurement until 2009.

The cumulative annual amount of sunburn-causing UV radiation was found by measuring the cumulative amount every day, finding the daily average for each month, then finding the daily average for the year, then multiplying by the number of days in a year.

Source: 2008 Ozone Layer Observations Report, Japan Meteorological Agency

Figure 1-2-5 Number of days yellow dust was observed for individual years

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency website

Figure1-2-6 Changes in Number of Stations Reporting Each Level of Photochemical Oxidant Concentrations (Total of Ambient Stations and Roadside Stations) (FY2004 to 2008)

Source: "FY2008 Air Pollutants Status Report" Ministry of the Environment

In addition to global warming, the problems of ozone layer depletion, acid deposition, dust and sandstorms, ocean pollution, deforestation, desertification and the Antarctic are examples of global environmental problems. Changes in the size of the ozone hole in the Antarctic upper atmosphere indicate the degree of ozone layer depletion. Though the total volume of ozone-depleting substances is gradually declining in the stratosphere, thanks to government regulation, there is no current

Figure 1-2-7 Number Of Days on Which Warnings Were Issued and Number of People for Whom Injuries/Illnesses were Reported (From 2000 to 2009)

Source: "2009 Photochemical Air Pollutant Related Documents," Ministry of the Environment

evidence of the ozone hole shrinking (Figure 1-2-1). Ozone-depleting substances are monitored in Japan. The results indicate that CFCs and other substances are either declining or holding steady, however, concentrations of HCFCs and HFCs are increasing rapidly (Figures 1-2-2, 1-2-3).

Ozone layer depletion is a concern because it can lead to an increase in harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the surface. However, at present there are no reports of a pronounced increase in the amounts of UV radiation,
Figure 1-4-1 Release Amounts into the Air of Substances for which EQS or Guideline Values were Set, from among Substances Subject to the Law for PRTR

Source: Produced by the Ministry of the Environment from PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Register) Data Overview

Table1-4-2 FY2007 Environmental Conditions Survey of Chemical Substances related to PCBs (Table of Detection Status)

Water (ng/L)	Sediments (ng/L)	Living organisms (ng/L)	Atmosphere (ng/L)
0.18 [0.0029]	6.1 [0.0015]	8.47 [0.018]	0.16 [0.00013]

Figure 1-4-3 Changes in Per Capita Daily Intake of Dioxins in Japan

lives convenient. However, because some chemical substances are harmful to human health or ecosystems, the environmental risk (possible interference with environmental conservation) of chemical substances must be associated and appropriate measures must be taken.

The FY2008 Hazardous Air Pollutants Monitoring Research results are listed in Table 1-4-1. The table shows the annual average value, the numbers of monitoring points exceeding Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) values, for four substances whose EQS values are set. With regard to Benzene, the results of monitoring at only 1 monitoring point exceeded EQS values (in FY2007 the number of monitoring points at which the results exceeded EQS values were 3). Regarding other three substances, monitoring results at all monitoring points met the EQS in 2007 and 2008.

As for the release amounts of chemical substances, a total of around 22,700 tons of specific substances were released into the air in FY2008, which represents a declining trend (Figure 1-4-1). These substances are those for which environmental quality standards or guideline values were set, from among the substances subject to the law for PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Register) (Act No.86 of 1999). The same year, release amounts of such substances into the public water bodies totaled about 7,500 tons, continuing the previous downward trend (Figure 1-4-2).

The manufacture, import, and use of high environmental risk substances are banned. PCBs are one example among them. It has an environmental concentration of the equivalent of 0.18 ng/L in water (Table 1-4-2). From the