# Introduction

Conventional socioeconomic activities based on mass production and mass consumption lead to the creation of mass-disposal societies and hamper environmental protection and the development of sound material cycles. In Japan, about 470 million tons of waste is generated annually. The increasingly diverse nature of wastes produced is making disposal more and more difficult and environmental burdens are increasing due to inappropriate disposal. This situation is further aggravated by the shortage of landfill capacity at final disposal sites, as demonstrated by the fact that the remaining useful life of final disposal sites for industrial wastes averages approximately 7.7 years, across the country, and only about 3.4 years in the metropolitan Tokyo area.

Such socioeconomic activities are also closely related to concerns about the exhaustion of natural resources (especially fossil resources), global warming caused by greenhouse gases, the destruction of nature through large-scale resource extraction, and the disturbance of natural material cycles in the natural world. These activities, along with the global warming crisis and the ecosystem crisis, feed on each other in a vicious circle and represent deteriorating global environmental problems. In particular, waste disposal problems are becoming increasingly serious in developing countries, especially in fast-growing Asian regions. Some estimate that the worldwide amount of waste generation in 2050 will be double the amount in 2000. Furthermore, recent increases in demand for resources, worldwide, and soaring resource prices have raised concerns over the stable supply of resources, adding tighter resource-related constraints not only to resource-scarce Japan but also to other countries in the world.

If human beings continue these socioeconomic activities, we will face constraints on both resource availability and the environmental capacity to accept further waste, which may hinder the sustainable development of society and the economy.

In light of the current situation, there is an urgent need to step up efforts towards a sustainable society and to integrate these activities with efforts towards a low-carbon society and a society in harmony with nature so that a sound material-cycle(SMC) society based on lower natural resource consumption and lower environmental burdens can be successfully established in Japan, as well as in the rest of the world.

With this in mind, we analyze the world as it is approaching a turning point in the establishment of a SMC Society.

It first describes how Japan has taken the initiative in creating a SMC Society and disseminating information on the 3Rs, and describes the kinds of 3R activities that are being carried out in the developed world, including the G8 and the OECD. This provides an overview of the world as it approaches an important turning point in the establishment of an international SMC Society. This chapter also provides as much information as possible on 3R activities discussed at the G8 Environmental Ministers Meetings and the G8 Summit. This year, the Fundamental Plan for Establishing a SMC Society was revised for the first time in five years (decided by the cabinet March 2008). In line with the revised Fundamental Plan, Japan will take measures to establish a SMC Society mainly through (i) the integrated promotion of efforts toward a low-carbon society, a society in harmony with nature and efforts toward a SMC Society, (ii) the construction of SMC