Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
### b. Environmental Changes Involving Parents’ Eating Habits

As the time for cooking has declined, people have tended to shift away from fish that are considered difficult to cook. The percentage of those who cannot clean a fish is higher for younger generations. Some people may complain that post-cooking cleanup for fish is a bother and that it is difficult to deal with fish food scraps. Parents tend to provide dishes meeting children's preference for meat rather than fish. These factors might have reduced the chances for parents to cook fish at home.

Dinner Cooking Time

Source: “Fact-finding Survey Report on Students’ Eating Habits” for FY1995 and FY2005, National Agency for the Advancement of Sports and Health

Who is Given Priority in the Selection of Dinner Dishes?

Source: “Survey on Consumption Including Fishery Products,” Japan Fisheries Association

## (3) Impact of Children's Shift Away from Fish

Recent findings say that functional factors DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), which are contained in fish fat and only minimally synthesized in human bodies, can play a key role in the developing brains of fetuses and children.

Fine motor skills are required for eating fish because bones have to be removed. Only a half of students studied were able to hold chopsticks in a way that has long been considered functional (see figure 5 below). Fish dominate New Years' dishes. The shift away from fish is feared to reduce the opportunity for parents to convey Japan's traditional eating habits to their children.

The frequency of children’s contact with the sea and fish has declined. Opportunities have decreased for children to know the good taste of very fresh fish, how to clean a fish and their relationship with fish and fishermen.

Over the long run, it is feared that children’s shift away from fish will affect the fishing industry’s pursuit of sustainable development.

How to Hold Chopsticks for Eating (elementary school students)

Source: “FY 2005 Fact-finding Survey Report on Students’ Eating Habits,” National Agency for the Advancement of Sports and Health
### Section 2. Sound Eating Habits Developed through Family, Enterprise, Local Community, and School Ingenuity and Efforts -- Fish for Children --

## (1) Information on New Value

O Fish are rich in DHA, EPA, taurine, calcium, and iron.

Information on nutritional characteristics should continuously be given to consumers.

Functional components	Major functions	Major seafood containing functional components
Taurine	Adjusting blood pressure, eliminating cholesterol, improving liver functions, maintaining eyesight	Squid, oyster, octopus, abalone, scallop, prawn, salmon
Calcium	Forming bone, adjusting blood pressure and nerve systems	Small fish
Iron	A main component of blood erythrocyte (hemoglobin), helping maintain human body functions	Laver, hizikia, lam

Source: Table of Standard Japanese Food Components (5th edition)

## (2) Diffusion Cooking Methods for Home Cooks and Reducing Their Burden

O More than 80% of mothers are “willing to increase the opportunities for children to eat fish.”

It is important to diffuse knowledge about dishes, eating habits, and cooking methods. Fish-handling methods, and semi-finished and finished fish dishes should be provided. Cooking information should be given through face-to-face sales and new fish dishes should be proposed.

Are You Willing to Get Your Child to Eat More Fish?

Source: “Survey on Consumption Including Fishery Products” (2008), Japan Fisheries Association

Food education seminars by fish experts
Fish landing areas are expected to add value to fish and undertake the primary processing of fish. It may be effective for fish landing areas to provide their traditional fish cooking and eating methods. These areas are also expected to develop new products using abundant and little-used fishes.

(4) Eating Together to Preserve the Fish-Eating Culture -- Techniques to Deepen Family Relationships

Eating together means that family members take their meals together. Families and local communities may have to increase their techniques and efforts to promote eating together in a manner to meet social changes including the increase in double-income households and cram school goers.
## (5) Domestic Fish for School Lunches

School lunches are designed to promote a proper understanding of meals and desirable eating habits and secure the healthy growth of students through nutritionally balanced meals. Recent school lunches cover local farm and fishery products and local dishes to promote food education for the conveyance of local farming, fishing, and eating cultures to children.

School lunches are believed to play a key role in increasing children’s fish intake. Landing areas and local communities are expected to enhance their cooperation and relationships to increase techniques and efforts to improve processing and cooking methods for relatively cheap and nutritionally rich seasonal fishery products and less used fish, and to develop fish dishes that children like.

## Daily Meat and Fish Intake (elementary school students)

Source: “FY2007 Survey Report on Eating Conditions for Students,” National Agency for the Advancement of Sports and Health

## (6) Fish-Eating Culture Learned through Various Experiences

Nonprofit organizations and fishermen have taken leadership roles in implementing programs to provide fishing experience, environmental learning, and other opportunities for children to have contact with the sea. These programs allow children to realize fishermen’s efforts and ingenuity, the joy of harvesting, and nature’s support for our meals, and to thank nature for such support.

Providing marine harvests from Hachijojima Island to many children [Tokyo]

The women’s division of the Hachijojima fishery cooperative federation has taken a leadership role in producing minced fish for school lunches using nonstandard Japanese horse mackerel and flying fish that had been little used. The minced fish are delivered to elementary schools in Tokyo. The division has devised fish hamburgers that have been popular among children. Pictures of the island and samples of fish for mincing are sent to schools to promote students’ understanding about fishing.

Nurturing children’s understanding about eating in a “Food Country” [Obama, Fukui Prefecture]

The city of Obama has enacted a “food town building ordinance” to position food education as a key policy, and opened the “Kids’ Kitchen” cooking course using local food materials. Children are being led to clean locally harvested jack mackerel and bigfin reef squid by themselves.

## (7) Conclusion – The Future of Fish-Eating Habits that Nurture Children

We are responsible for ensuring children’s sound eating habits, understanding Japan’s rich “fish-eating culture,” and conveying the culture to children, supporting the next generation.

Families should cooperate with efforts to nurture children’s eating habits, while enterprises, local communities, and schools should support a new environment for what children eat. These efforts are expected to help build the future of fish-eating habits that nurture children.
## Chapter 2 Review of Japanese Fisheries since FY2007 Section 1 Fishery resources and the marine environment

(1) Management of fishery resources in the waters surrounding Japan

(Resource management in the waters surrounding Japan)

As of March 2009, 49 resource recovery plans for 74 fish species, as well as 19 comprehensive resource recovery plans that focus on the fishery type, are being implemented or worked out.

○ Improvement efforts were proposed regarding the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) system, including improvements in transparency, efforts not to exceed the Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) as much as possible taking into consideration business conditions, and efforts to make interim revisions a rule. While the introduction of individual quota and individual transferable quota systems is not appropriate at present, future utilization of the individual quota system will be studied in line with actual fishery conditions. For fisheries that have introduced this system, the appropriateness of quota transfers and other issues will be considered.

## (Crackdown on illegally operating foreign fishing vessels)

The nature of offenses has become increasingly sophisticated in recent years. Japan has been enhancing its monitoring of and crackdowns on foreign fishing vessels, in collaboration with the relevant agencies and countries.

Fisheries Agency's Boarding Inspections and Other Actions

Source: Fisheries Agency

## (2) International fishery resource conditions

In recent years, marine fishery production volume growth has stagnated. Since the 1990s, aquaculture has supported the increase in overall production volume.

Changes in World Fishery and Aquaculture Production Volume

Country name	2007
World total	156,485
Fishery	91,290
Aquaculture	65,195
China	56,161
Fishery	14,988
Aquaculture	41,173
Indonesia	8,063
Fishery	4,942
Aquaculture	3,121
India	7,308
Fishery	3,953
Aquaculture	3,355
Peru	7,261
Fishery	7,221
Aquaculture	40
Japan	5,720
Fishery	4,436
Aquaculture	1,284

Source: “Fishstat” (Capture Production 1950-2007) (Aquaculture Production 1950-2007), U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (countries other than Japan), “Annual Statistics of Fishery and Aquaculture Production,” Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan only)
## (1) Fishery and aquaculture production volume

In 2007, fishery and aquaculture production volume in Japan (including fish and seaweed) was 5.72 million tons, almost the same level as that of the previous year. The production volume for marine fishery dropped by 73,000 tons, while that for marine aquaculture increased by 60,000 tons. The production value stood at 1.6539 trillion yen.

Change in Fishery and Aquaculture Production Volume and Value

2007 (1,000 tons)
Production volume	Total	5,720
Marine	5,639
Fishery	4,396
Far sea fishery	506
Offshore fishery	2,603
Coastal fishery	1,287
Aquaculture	1,242
Inland water	81
Fishery	39
Aquaculture	42

2007 (100 million yen)
Production value	Total	16,539
Marine	15,757
Fishery	11,268
Far sea fishery	$ \cdots $
Offshore fishery	$ \cdots $
Coastal fishery	$ \cdots $
Aquaculture	4,490
Inland water	782
Fishery	229
Aquaculture	553

Source: "Annual Statistics of Fishery and Aquaculture Production," Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

## (2) Developments surrounding Japan’s fishery

(Creating a dynamic employment structure)

Amid the global economic downturn, Japan’s employment conditions have also deteriorated. In order to secure and nurture new fishery workers, means such as the FY2008 supplementary budget were utilized to provide job information, conduct practical, on-site training, and bring in new workers from fields other than the fisheries industry.

Launch of “The Ryoshi’s” (The Fishermen)

“The Ryoshi’s” (The Fishermen), made up of members who made the move to being fishermen from other industries, was formed to increase the number of potential candidates to become future fishermen and to communicate the joys of the fisheries industry and fishing village lifestyle.

Ishikawa Prefecture)

Reviving the local community and its people (Nanao City,

The Ishikawa Prefecture fisheries cooperative’s Sazanami branch has made various efforts aimed at forming fishermen’s characters and improving their skills. These have included providing training programs in which people from other professions, such as models, were invited as instructors. The “Freshness Plaza: Sazanami Market” and fixed netting excursions have also been organized.
(State of fishery business management)

In 2007, fishing income per coastal fishing household (coastal fishing households with fishing vessels, marine aquaculture households, and households with small-scale stationary nets) was 3.27 million yen.

Changes in Fishery Household Income

2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
Average fishery income per coastal fishery household	299.5	287.1	271.1	282.3	280.1	296.9	326.6
Coastal fishery household with fishing vessel	225.7	226.7	215.6	215.3	214.3	246.6	274.2
Marine aquaculture household	686.9	602.3	570.8	626.2	611.4	507.6	538.4

Source: Prepared by Fisheries Agency based on “Fishery Business Management Survey Report” by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Corporate fishery operators using 10-ton or larger powered fishing vessels saw reduced losses on fishery operations. However, they still depended on borrowings for most of their capital spending and suffered problems with short-term cash flow.

Projects under the new Fishery Business Management Stabilization Measures began in FY2008. Structural reform measures for fisheries using fishing vessels were implemented.

Changes in business conditions of corporate fishery operators (those using fishing vessels)

Source: “Fishery Business Management Survey Report,” Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

(Strengthening the organizational structure of fisheries cooperatives)

O Efforts were made to merge fisheries cooperatives in order to enhance their organizational and business infrastructures. The “Fisheries Cooperatives Management Reform Support Fund” was established to support the reconstruction of struggling fisheries cooperatives.

Changes in fisheries cooperatives’ total gross profits, administrative expenses and net profits

Source: “Statistics of Fishing Industry Cooperatives,” Fisheries Agency
## (3) Developments surrounding aquaculture

The fishing income of marine aquaculture households in 2007 increased from the previous year to 5.38 million yen, thanks to improved management in red sea bream and pearl aquaculture.

The production of bluefin tuna through aquaculture is growing each year. New efforts are being made, including onshore aquaculture and expansion of overseas markets. Job creation and economic ripple effects are expected following financial and other assistance from enterprises.

Changes in marine aquaculture household income

(unit: 10,000 yen)

Fishery Household Income
FY2001	FY2002	FY2003	FY2004	FY2005	FY2006	FY2007
Average	687	602	571	626	611	508	538
Amberjack	-404	280	1,014	617	-42	1,081	141
Red sea bream	1,198	177	-634	-493	356	389	917
Pearl	117	473	450	403	24	-14	708
Mother-of-pearl	149	79	226	226	332	••	••
Oyster	832	774	769	566	697	454	185
Scallop	942	687	670	1,020	894	597	608
Laver	889	765	692	763	748	574	682
Seaweed	294	384	396	448	435	375	347

Source: Prepared by Fisheries Agency based on “Fishery Business Management Survey Report” by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

## (4) Processing and distribution of fishery products

○ Production of processed fishery products decreased, reflecting a decline in the consumption of fishery products and a drop in the number of fishery operators. Efforts were made to strengthen business infrastructures and develop domestically-processed products that precisely meet consumers’ needs.

Changes in the production of processed fishery products and the number of manufacturing businesses

Source: Prepared by Fisheries Agency based on “Fishery Business Management Survey Report” by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

☐ In order to enhance the competitiveness of domestic fishery products, it is necessary to develop diverse distribution channels that connect the fish-landing areas and consumers, as well as to streamline distribution bases.

A “Fresh Fish Train” that links the fish-landing area and consumption area

The Federation of Ise-Shima Fish Peddlers’ Associations’ group reserved train has been running since 1963 for peddlers delivering fishery products landed in Mie Prefecture to Nara and Osaka Prefectures.

Promoting consumption of local fishery products and reducing $ CO_{2} $ emissions through Fish Mileage

(Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi Prefecture)

In December 2008, five restaurants in Shimonoseki City launched the Fish Mileage Campaign by incorporating the concept of food mileage. Seafood dishes with a shorter distance between the fish-landing area and the restaurant were given greater “fish miles.” Customers collecting a certain amount of miles could take part in a drawing for a meal voucher. The campaign was aimed at expanding consumption of local products as well as preserving the environment.
## Section 3 Supply and demand and consumption of fishery products

(1) Supply and demand of fishery products in Japan

In FY2007, fishery products supplied for domestic human consumption decreased by 170,000 metric tonnes from the previous year to 7.25 million metric tonnes (on the basis of the original weight). The per capita annual fishery product supply for human consumption came to 56.7 kg on a gross food basis and 31.9 kg on a net food basis.

The self-sufficiency rate of fishery products for human consumption in FY2007 rose by two percentage points from the previous year to 62% (as estimated). The self-sufficiency rate of seaweed came to 71% (as estimated).

Source: “Food Balance Sheets,” Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Changes in the Self-Sufficiency Rate, etc., of Fishery Products for Human Consumption

Source: “Food Balance Sheets,” Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

A national campaign aimed at improving Japan’s food self-sufficiency rate, “FOOD ACTION NIPPON,” was launched in October 2008.
The world fishery product supply for human consumption nearly quadrupled in the 40 years from 1963 to 2003. However, Japan’s share of the world’s total supply decreased from 16.9% in 1961 to 8.0% in 2003.

World Supply of Fishery Products for Human Consumption by Country

Source: Prepared by Fishery Agency based on “Food Balance Sheets” by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan), and “FAOSTAT” by U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (countries other than Japan)

The average self-sufficiency rate of fishery products for human consumption (2001-2003 average) was 77% for developed countries.

Self-Sufficiency Rate of Fishery Products for Human Consumption in Foreign Countries (2001-2003 Average)

Source: “Food Balance Sheets,” Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan), “Yearbook of Fishery Statistics—Commodities,” U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (countries other than Japan)

## (3) Japan’s fishery product trade

Japan’s fishery product imports in 2008 decreased by 4% from the previous year to 2.77 million metric tonnes in volume and by 4% to 1.5644 trillion yen in value. Imports of tuna and marlin, shrimp, and salmon and trout saw declines.

Changes in Japan’s Fishery Product Imports and Import Value Breakdown

Source: “Trade Statistics,” Ministry of Finance
In recent years, Japan’s fishery product exports have increased on the back of growing global demand. However, in 2008, exports decreased for the first time in six years due to a drop in domestic production of salmon and other fishery products, the global economic downturn and the yen’s appreciation. Japan’s 2008 fishery product exports decreased by a 15% volume from the previous year to 520,000 metric tonnes and by 12% in value to 208.6 billion yen.

Aiming to attain an annual export level of one trillion yen for agricultural, forestry and fishery products by 2013 as a national goal, the government enhanced sanitary control by introducing the EU-HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system and made preparations for a system to issue export certificates.

Changes in Japan’s Fishery Product Exports and Export Value Breakdown

Source: “Trade Statistics,” Ministry of Finance

## (4) Ensuring the safety of fishery products and the trust of consumers

O Efforts are made to ensure the proper use of fisheries medicine for aquaculture. The JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standard) production information disclosure system was introduced in aquacultured fish.

☐ In order to ensure the safety of fishery products and the trust of consumers, efforts are made to utilize and spread the HACCP system and enhance traceability.

## Labeling Methods for Aquacultured Fish under the Production Information Disclosure System

## The first JAS certification for aquacultured fish (Kushimoto Town, Wakayama Prefecture)

Marine product company O, which engages in aquaculture of red sea bream and longtooth grouper in Wakayama Prefecture, received the first JAS production information disclosure certification for aquacultured fish in June 2008. The company had accumulated detailed information on feed and fisheries medicine used.

## Farm inspections and exchanging views on aquacultured fish (Shizuoka Prefecture)

The Shizuoka Prefecture Marine Aquaculture Association and Uchiura fisheries cooperative invited 45 consumers from Tokyo for a tour of red sea bream farms. They exchanged views on aquaculture methods and the safety of aquacultured fish.
## Section 4 Development of Attractive Fishing Villages with the Use of Local Resources

## (1) Improvement of living environment and enhancement of anti-disaster capacity for fishing villages

○ In view of delays in the development of an infrastructure for daily living as well as the rapid progress of the aging society in fishing villages compared with urban areas, the Government promotes measures to establish sewage facilities and other community facilities. Efforts are being made by fishing regions to cooperate to enhance anti-disaster capacity under the “Guideline to develop disaster-resistant fishing regions.”

## Transition in the Coverage of Sewage Systems in Fishing Villages

Source: Fisheries Agency, “Survey on Villages in Hinterland of Fishing Ports”

## (2) Multiple functions of fisheries industry and fishing villages

The fisheries industry and fishing villages have multiple functions in addition to their primary function to supply fishery products. These functions include conservation of natural environments, protection of people's lives and properties, provision of places for people to live and exchange, and formation and preservation of local communities.

Multiple Functions of Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries Industries

To raise awareness of the importance of seaweed beds and tidelands, where fry are reared [Miyako, Miyagi Prefecture]

Under the initiative of fishery operators and local administrative bodies, activities were launched to protect fry and fish eggs. In 2006, with the aim of raising the public awareness about the importance of seaweed beds and tidelands, they held gatherings to observe creatures living on seaweed beds and tidelands and workshops to experience fixed net fishing.