of the actions to control waste generation were conducted at a higher ratio at the end of the campaign. Actions that particularly increased were holding paperless meetings (14.0%), n-up printing (10.5%), and double-sided printing (7.1%).

After the campaign, a questionnaire was also distributed concerning effective methods for motivating people to make efforts to control waste generation in that office. The answer the most people gave was to make such actions the company regulations, followed by their colleagues' actions. It is believed that factors such as making office rules and creating a positive atmosphere at the office are effective for encouraging actions to control waste generation.

## (2) The Material Flow of our Country

The first step to establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society is to know the amount of resources we are collecting, consuming and dumping.

In the material flow overview for Japan (in FY 2008) (Figure 3-5), the total material input was 1.74 billion tons. 660 million tons were accumulated as buildings and society's infrastructure. 180 million tons were exported as products, 490 million tons were used in the energy consumption, and 580 million tons of wastes were generated. Out of these items, the amount cyclical recycled was 250 million tons, equivalent to 14.1% of the total material input.

In the Second Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society (cabinet decision in March 2008, hereafter called the “Fundamental Plan for a Sound Material-Cycle Society”, specific goals have been set for indexes concerning “entrance,” “exit” and “circulation” of the material flow, that is, three different aspects of the material flow (or substance flow), in order to facilitate the well-balanced development of measures such as reduction, reuse, recycling and disposal, and to promote the formation of a well-balanced and advanced sound material-cycle society.

The target year of each index is FY 2015.

Indexes	Resource productivity	Cyclical use rate	The amount of final disposal
Goals	about 420 thousand yen per ton	about 14-15%	about 23 million tons

Recent achievements of each index are as below:

1) Resource productivity (= GDP / Input of natural resources etc) (Figure 3-6)

FY 2008: About 361,000 yen per ton (about 38% increase from FY 2000 of 260,000 yen per ton).

2) Cyclical use rate (= amount of recycling utilization / (amount of circulative utilization + Input of natural resources etc)) (Figure 3-7)

FY 2008: About 14.1% (about 4.1 point increase from FY 2000 of about 10%).

Figure 3 Determinants for Environmental Behaviors

3) Final disposal volume of waste (= Volume of waste landfill) (Figure 3-8).

FY 2008: About 22 million tons (about 60% decrease from FY 2000 of about 56 million tons).

## (3) Amount of waste generated

### A. Status of municipal solid wastes (garbage)

The total volume of waste $ *1 $ in FY 2009 was 46.25 million tons (3.9% decrease from the previous year), or 994 grams daily per person (3.8% decrease from the previous year) (Figure 3-9).

$ ^{*} $ 1: “Total volume of waste” = “designed collection volume + volume of waste directly brought in + group-based recyclable resource collection”.

Looking at the shifts of human waste treatment populations, it can be seen that the number of combined household wastewater treatment facilities is increasing, conversion of household wastewater treatment facilities leads to removal and connection to public sewage systems, and the overall population for water-purifier tanks remains at an almost steady level. In contrast, due to an increase in the population for public sewage systems (87.82 million people as of FY 2009), the population combined for flush toilet users (116.62 million people as of FY 2009) is increasing each year.

### B. Status of industrial waste treatment

The total volume of industrial wastes generated across the country in FY 2008 was 403.66 million tons. About 216.51 million tons (54% of the total volume) were reclaimed, about 170.45 million tons (42% of the total volume) were reduced by intermediate processing, and 16.70 million tons (4% of the total volume) were subject to final disposal. The volume of reclamation refers to the total volume of the directly reclaimed volume plus the volume reclaimed from the treatment residue produced by intermediate treatment. The volume of final disposal