Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
private cooperation (Note 16). In January 2009, experts in Japan formulated recommendations for strengthening health systems (Note 17), on which Japan has been working together with domestic and foreign stakeholders.

Since 2002, Japan has been coordinating with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the USAID-Japan Partnership for Global Health. Based on the results of the G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit, Japan formulated a new action plan in June 2009, and has been working to promote more effective and efficient assistance.

## Clean Hospitals Program in 15 African Countries

The “5S” (Seiri meaning organize, Seiton meaning arrange, Seisou meaning clean up, Seiketsu meaning neat, and Shitsuke/Shukanka meaning discipline) is a quality control technique that was developed in Japan’s manufacturing industry and used in medical settings. Japan has begun to support representatives of health administra-

tion and hospitals in 15 African countries to acquire this technique through training, and to improve work environments through the participation of all staff members at hospitals that serve as models in each country. Initiatives through the “5S” are well received because they allow workers to improve the work environment around them through their own creative ingenuity, as well as the medical services provided to people. For example, in Tanzania this initially started at one hospital, but at present it has expanded to hospitals in ten locations.

Photo: JICA

## Project for Regional Health Planning to Improve Maternal and Child Health under Decentralization (Third Country Training in Indonesia)

The health of women during pregnancy had become a significant challenge in Indonesia. Trainees who had learned about the MCH Handbook activities and had returned home to Indonesia took the lead in developing an Indonesian language version of the MCH Handbook. A trial run was undertaken in 1994 with the cooperation of the Japanese government, and it was formally acknowledged as a national institution in 2004. At present, these have come to be used by many pregnant women and children in all 33 provinces around the country. Currently, Japan and Indonesia have begun an initiative to share its experiences in disseminating MCH Handbooks via training for the people of countries and regions which are considering introducing MCH Handbooks in the future. To date, trainees from places like Afghanistan and the Palestinian territories have taken part in this.

Photo: Kenshiro Imamura/JICA
### 3. Addressing Global Issues

## (1) Environment Issues

Environmental issues have been discussed at the international level since the 1970s. Through discussions at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, also called the Earth Summit) in 1992 and at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) of 2002, their importance has been increasingly recognized.

##

In the area of pollution control, Japan has accumulated a great amount of experience and technology and made use of such experience and technology for the pollution issues in developing countries. Particularly, Japan supports pollution control in urban areas and improving the living environment (air pollution, water contamination, waste management, etc.), mainly in the Asian countries achieving rapid economic growth.

In the area of conservation of the natural environment, Japan provides support to developing countries for nature reserve management, promotion of sustainable forest management, prevention of desertification, and natural resource management, while taking into account the poverty reduction of the residents. Through this support, Japan has contributed actively to the conservation of biodiversity in developing countries. Under the Convention on Biological Diversity, in which Japan participates, the 2010 Biodiversity Target has been set to significantly reduce the biodiversity.

For Environment and Climate Change Measures, see Part I, Chapter 3 on page 17.

Constructive discussion also took place on environment and climate change at the G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit held in July 2008 that took up it as one of the major themes. The international community as a whole must address environmental issues for the prosperity of humankind in future.

loss rate by 2010. Further efforts are being made towards the realization of this goal.

Progressing destruction of the environment such as illegal dumping in brackish water where mangroves are growing (Tonga) (Photo: JICA)

## Environment Development Plan (Philippines)

In the Philippines, the population is increasing and economic activities are expanding, centering on the capital city of Manila, but the deterioration of the living environment, including water shortages, water pollution, air pollution, and the increasing generation of waste, is a serious problem. The promotion of capital investments in order to improve the environment generally does not generate much revenue, and the medium to long-term provision of funds by private-sector financial institutions has been progressing very little. In response to this situation, Japan lends the medium to long-term funds needed for capital investments in order to conserve the environment through an ODA loan of approximately ¥24.8 billion to local private companies, local governments, and government-financed companies. The funds that were lent are appropriated to loans for, and the cost of consulting services regarding: (1) water supply and the conservation of water quality (the development of water supply and sewerage facilities), (2) renewable energy, (3) preventing industrial pollution, and (4) disposal of solid, medical, and hazardous waste.
# Science and Technology Cooperation on Global Issues

Box 3

With regards to urgent issues of a global scale, such as climate change and infectious diseases, it is not enough for Japan to take action alone. It is vital that Japan help developing countries improve their capacities for tackling these issues. Science and technology play a significant role in such capacity building. Furthermore, developing countries have high expectations for the advanced science and technology of Japan. From these points of view, Japan is implementing “Science and Technology Cooperation on Global Issues” as part of “science and technology diplomacy” utilizing them as diplomatic assets and tools.

The scheme of “Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development,” established in April 2008, is implemented among the universities and research institutes of Japan and those of developing countries as joint research to acquire new knowledge leading to the solution of global issues and advancement of science and technology. With regards to global issues, including the environment, energy, natural disaster prevention and infectious disease control, Japan and the research institutes of developing countries are conducting international joint research through assistance provided by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). The objective is to obtain results which will lead to solutions for these issues and to advance technological standards as well as to improve the technological standards and capacity of the research institutions of developing countries. In addition, Japan aspires to find a win-win situation where the joint research will become assets to both Japan and developing countries, instead of just being simple technical co-operation.

Since 2008, Japanese research teams, which include those from the University of Tokyo and the Department of Environment of Tuvalu and the University of the South Pacific (USP), have been engaged in efforts to increase the resilience of the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise by global warming in Funafuti atoll of Tuvalu. Tuvalu is a small island with low altitude which will be greatly affected by global warming. In this research, the objective is to evaluate the current situation of Tuvalu and to predict the situation the island will face after the rise in sea levels, as well as to aim for long-term maintenance of the island through encouraging the production and banking of sand made of coral reefs and microbes (foraminiferans) along the seashore, based on the mechanism of formation and sustainment of the atoll island.

Breakdown of the projects adopted in 2009 by area and region

Asia	Africa	Others	Total
Environment/Energy	5	4	3	12
Disaster Prevention	3	1	1	5
Infectious Diseases Control	2	1	1	4
Total	10	6	5	21

Note: "Environment/Energy" includes bioresources.
## AIDS Education Project through Mass Media (Ghana)

Ghana has an HIV infection rate of 1.9% (2007). However, as the rate for youth is on the rise at 2.6%, the prevention of HIV/AIDS became an important issue. Since 2005, Japan has carried out education and awareness raising concerning HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases in ten districts in two provinces in Ghana, has improved access to services such as the provision of condoms, and therefore has promoted behavioral changes for young persons. Through these activities, knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases has increased among young people, and the percentage of youth who would like to receive Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) in regard to HIV/AIDS has risen to close to 90%. Opportunities for the provision of services have increased, including the number of testing facilities increasing to 23, and a social environment is developing that is decreasing behaviors among young people that carry a risk of infection.

## National Tuberculosis Control Project (Cambodia)

Infectious diseases are a major cause of death in Cambodia, and tuberculosis infections are among the most prevalent. From 1999, Japan supported the spread of the Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course (DOTS) strategy, and DOTS is currently adopted at about 750 health centers around the country (Phase I). From 2004, Japan provided support such as incorporating DOTS through private-public center collaboration and communities, responding to issues such as superinfections of tuberculosis and AIDS, and improvement of DOTS service, which expanded rapidly (Phase II). As a result, the detection rate of tuberculosis patients reached 70% and the rate of treatment success reached 85%, and the international objectives were achieved.

(Photo: JICA)

(Photo: JICA)
## (3) Food

Accompanying rising food prices in 2008, the threat of starvation and poverty grew in many developing countries, and social unrest spread. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the number of undernourished people is estimated to reach about 1,020 million in 2009, and the goal of halving the proportion of people who suffer from hunger by 2015 set forth in the

##

Based on the current situation, Japan provides food assistance. In FY2008, Japan gave support totaling ¥16.34 billion in 24 bilateral food assistance projects. In terms of multilateral food assistance, Japan provides food mainly through the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) moved farther away. The need for food supplies is increasing due to factors such as conflicts, natural disasters, and the occurrence of the financial and economic crisis. Furthermore, there is a need for multifaceted policies, such as ensuring social safety nets, improving nutrition, and improving the supply and demand balance through increasing food production.

for emergency food assistance, the promotion of education opportunities, and supporting regional social independence. In FY2008, Japan contributed a total of approximately ¥26 billion to WFP projects.

For Japan’s efforts in regard to agriculture, see page 47.

## Project to Support Strengthening the Development of Information on Food Security in Asia

Japan in the past has contributed to food security in the ASEAN region through the development of information networks among ASEAN countries and the improvement of statistical data on food and agriculture. Currently Japan holds regional training and regional workshops in regard to the development of production forecast information and so forth. Japan also promotes technical support for least developed countries by relatively advanced developing countries of the region in order to reduce disparities within the region. Japan has abundant experience and know-how in regard to the development of production forecast information and so on, and these efforts can be expected to lead to the faster and more accurate grasping and monitoring, and strengthening of food security in the ASEAN region.

Photo: WFP
## Human Resource Development for Peacebuilding

In light of the needs from the scene of peacebuilding becoming more diverse and complex, Japan launched the Program for Human Resource Development in Asia for Peacebuilding in FY2007 to foster experts needed at the site of peacebuilding. In FY2008, like the previous year, the initiative had approximately 30 program associates from Japan and other Asian countries and offered three pillars as follows: (1) Coursework in Japan; (2) Overseas attachment; and (3) Career development support. Many program associates who completed the programs are now actually working in the field of peacebuilding, in locations such as Sudan and Timor-Leste. A Senior Specialist Course was conducted in FY 2009 to enhance the program from the perspective of using the vitality of seniors in both the public and private sectors in peacebuilding. Senior experts with specialized knowledge that can be of use in places where peacebuilding is taking place are given the necessary training and are dispatched to actual fields.

Chart II-7. Conceptual Diagram of Peacebuilding
## Section 3 Assistance for Each Region

### Chart II-8. Bilateral ODA by Region (2008)

(Unit: US$ million))

Bilateral ODA
Type	Grants	Total	Loan aid	Total	Percent of total (%)
Region	Grant aid	Technical cooperation	Total
Grants provided through multilateral institutions
Asia	1,342.45	79.71	866.44	2,208.89	-1,135.21 (5,298.68)	1,073.68 (7,507.58)	15.5 (50.4)	-34.3 (23.3)
East Asia	287.17	27.43	695.12	982.29	-953.11 (3,536.52)	29.18 (4,518.81)	0.4 (30.3)	-97.4 (-0.7)
Northeast Asia	55.47	2.03	338.17	393.64	-40.98 (937.21)	352.66 (1,330.85)	5.1 (8.9)	-27.4 (2.3)
Southeast Asia	231.56	25.26	350.96	582.52	-912.13 (2,599.31)	-329.61 (3,181.83)	-4.8 (21.4)	-152.7 (-2.0)
South Asia	1,022.20	40.80	103.70	1,125.90	-289.38 (1,608.95)	836.52 (2,734.85)	12.1 (18.4)	219.7 (177.7)
Central Asia and the Caucasus	23.07	1.46	33.44	56.51	107.27 (153.21)	163.78 (209.72)	2.4 (1.4)	-28.2 (-17.8)
Others	10.02	10.02	34.18	44.20	0.00 (0.00)	44.20 (44.20)	0.6 (0.3)	48.4 (48.4)
Middle East	2,239.85	164.22	118.96	2,358.81	12.92 (795.52)	2,371.73 (3,154.33)	34.2 (21.2)	149.9 (86.2)
Africa	894.30	474.11	260.70	1,155.00	240.70 (340.61)	1,395.70 (1,495.61)	20.1 (10.0)	-17.9 (-24.2)
Latin America	185.89	8.91	182.69	368.58	-99.13 (399.89)	269.45 (768.47)	3.9 (5.2)	19.4 (19.1)
Oceania	42.72	0.82	45.65	88.38	-15.44 (78.56)	72.93 (166.94)	1.1 (1.1)	3.8 (79.9)
Europe	31.02	0.68	22.40	53.42	96.51 (137.54)	149.93 (190.96)	2.2 (1.3)	37.3 (46.1)
Eastern Europe	3.45	0.39	7.32	10.77	82.51 (117.37)	93.28 (128.14)	1.34 (0.9)	54.5 (65.1)
Assistance encompassing multiple regions	44.46	2.45	1,560.97	1,605.44	0.00 (0.00)	1,605.44 (1,605.44)	23.1 (10.8)	39.3 (37.7)
Total	4,780.69	730.90	3,057.82	7,838.51	-899.66 (7,050.81)	6,938.85 (14,889.32)	100.0 (100.0)	18.8 (26.3)

$ ^{*} $ 1 Includes debt relief.

$ ^{*} $ 2 Technical cooperation assistance encompassing multiple regions includes technical cooperation regions for which is not possible to classify the region, such as the dispatch of survey teams to more than one region, subsidies for foreign student support organizations, administrative costs, promotion of development awareness, etc.

$ ^{*} $ 3 Due to rounding, the total figure may not match the sum of the individual parts.

$ ^{*} $ 4 Including assistance to Eastern Europe and graduated countries.

$ ^{*5} $ Grants provided through multilateral institutions have conventionally been reported as “Contributions and subscriptions to multilateral institutions, etc.” However, since 2006, expenditures clearly addressing a country at the point of disbursement are considered as bilateral ODA and therefore newly reported as “Grant aid.”

$ ^{*} $ 6 Numbers in parenthesis indicate values when calculated on a net disbursement basis.
(2) areas conducive to promoting mutual understanding and increasing exchanges between Japan and China. Also, in terms of technical cooperation, Japan is particularly focusing on projects aiming for the transition to a market economy, observance of international rules, promotion of good governance, and energy conservation. Exchanges of people can serve as an important means for transmitting Japanese values and culture to China. Based on the conditions surrounding bilateral relations, the cooperation will be conducted with appropriate deliberation from a comprehensive and strategic viewpoint.

Chart II-9. Japan's Assistance in the East Asia Region

2008 (calendar year)

(Net disbursement basis, unit: US$ Million)

Rank	Country or region	Grants	Loan aid	Total
Grant aid	Technical cooperation	Total	Amount disbursement	Amount received	Total
Grants provided through multilateral institutions
1	Viet Nam	26.29	0.22	74.59	100.89	693.82	175.67	518.15	619.04
2	China	18.21	2.03	265.22	283.43	917.05	922.23	−5.18	278.25
3	Malaysia	3.98	—	21.28	25.26	194.97	102.69	92.27	117.53
4	Cambodia	70.21	0.39	39.73	109.95	4.82	—	4.82	114.77
5	Laos	32.56	3.03	23.83	56.38	11.75	1.84	9.91	66.29
6	Mongolia	37.26	—	17.44	54.70	20.17	14.17	6.00	60.70
7	Myanmar	23.77	14.74	18.71	42.48	—	—	—	42.48
8	Timor-Leste	21.20	4.72	5.24	26.45	—	—	—	26.45
9	Philippines	13.93	0.30	47.56	61.49	409.19	755.10	−345.91	−284.42
10	Indonesia	37.06	0.65	74.21	111.26	1,212.50	1,608.68	−396.18	−284.92
11	Thailand	2.56	1.21	44.16	46.72	72.25	867.46	−795.20	−748.48
Multiple countries in East Asia	0.14	0.14	5.99	6.13	—	—	—	6.13
East Asia region total	287.17	27.43	695.12	982.29	3,536.52	4,489.63	−953.11	29.18
(ASEAN total)	210.35	20.54	345.72	556.07	2,599.31	3,511.44	−912.13	−356.06

$ ^{*} $ 1 Region classifications are determined by MOFA.

$ ^{*} $ 2 Including graduated countries in total.

$ ^{*} $ 3 Due to rounding, the total figure may not match the sum of the individual parts.

$ ^{*} $ 4 “Multiple countries” refers to assistance encompassing multiple countries such as dispatch of study teams and seminars.
to assist in the promotion of the consolidation of peace and socioeconomic development.

In the South Asian Region, efforts aimed at aid coordination in the various countries are moving forward. In 2005, for instance, Japan started the “Joint Strategy for Bangladesh along with the World Bank, ADB and the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID), all of which are working toward collaboration in assistance under this strategy. In addition, the major traditional donor countries and agencies are forming a “Joint Assistance Strategy” in order to promote coordination and collaboration for the assistance of the poverty reduction strategy paper enacted

Education support and mental care project in Bangladesh (Photo: Kokkyo naki Kodomotachi NGO)

by the government of Bangladesh effectively.

Chart II-10. Japan's Assistance in the South Asia Region

2008 (calendar year)

(Net disbursement basis, unit: US$ Million)

Rank	Country or region	Grants	Loan aid	Total
Grant aid	Technical cooperation	Total	Amount disbursement	Amount received	Total
Grants provided through multilateral institutions
1	India	3.53	2.06	19.80	23.33	1,231.70	655.22	576.48	599.81
2	Sri Lanka	48.53	19.73	20.72	69.25	261.04	233.61	27.44	96.69
3	Bangladesh	785.54	9.43	23.15	808.69	78.26	845.82	−767.56	41.13
(36.27)	(9.43)	(23.15)	(59.42)	(78.26)	(101.40)	(−23.13)	(36.28)
4	Pakistan	26.88	7.34	13.66	40.54	36.32	42.62	−6.30	34.24
5	Nepal	138.49	2.24	16.47	154.96	0.01	121.05	−121.03	33.93
(25.53)	(2.24)	(16.47)	(42.00)	(0.01)	(8.70)	(−8.69)	(33.31)
6	Bhutan	12.63	—	7.56	20.19	0.15	—	0.15	20.34
7	Maldives	6.60	—	1.26	7.86	1.46	—	1.46	9.32
Multiple countries in South Asia	—	—	1.07	1.07	—	—	—	1.07
South Asia region total	1,022.20	27.43	103.70	1,125.90	1,608.95	1,898.33	−289.38	836.52
(159.97)	20.54	(103.70)	(263.67)	(1,608.95)	(1,041.55)	(567.40)	(831.06)

$ ^{*} $ 1 Region classifications are determined by MOFA.

$ ^{*} $ 2 Due to rounding, the total figure may not match the sum of the individual parts.

$ ^{*} $ 3 Figures in parentheses do not include debt cancellation.

$ ^{*} $ 4 “Multiple countries” refers to assistance encompassing multiple countries such as dispatch of study teams and seminars.
## Yerevan Combined Cycle Co-Generation Power Plant Project (Armenia)

Many power plants in Armenia were constructed during the days of the former Soviet Union, and thus have been in operation for nearly 30 years. The facilities are aging and have suffered marked decline in power supply capacity and reliability. Therefore, there are concerns about the potential occurrence of serious power shortages in the future. Japan provides aid for new construction of a combined cycle co-generation (Note 41) power plant in an adjacent area to a thermal power plant in the suburbs of Armenia's capital of Yerevan, thereby assisting in the expansion of power supply capacity, mitigating power shortages, and contributing to stable and sustained socioeconomic growth. Provision of the ODA loan commenced in 2005, and, in FY 2008, an additional ODA loan was provided in order to respond to increased project costs resulting from skyrocketing steel and turbine prices.

Complete view of the old power plant (Photo: JICA)

Chart II-11. Japan's Assistance in the Central Asia and the Caucasus Region

2008 (calendar year)

(Net disbursement basis, unit: US$ Million)

Rank	Country or region	Grants	Loan aid	Total
Grant aid	Technical cooperation	Total	Amount disbursement	Amount received	Total
Grants provided through multilateral institutions
1	Armenia	2.03	—	1.76	3.79	53.91	—	53.91	57.70
2	Uzbekistan	10.00	0.37	9.08	19.08	45.45	15.90	29.55	48.63
3	Kazakhstan	0.43	—	6.20	6.63	50.00	18.72	31.28	37.90
4	Kyrgyz Republic	2.24	—	7.94	10.18	2.31	0.14	2.17	12.35
5	Tajikistan	3.39	—	4.66	8.06	—	—	—	8.06
6	Georgia	2.19	1.09	1.24	3.43	1.51	2.51	−1.01	2.42
7	Turkmenistan	—	—	0.57	0.57	—	2.11	−2.11	−1.54
8	Azerbaijan	2.78	—	0.93	3.71	0.04	6.55	−6.51	−2.80
Multiple countries in Central Asia and the Caucasus	—	—	1.06	1.06	—	—	—	1.06
Central Asia and the Caucasus region total	23.07	1.46	33.44	56.51	153.21	45.94	107.27	163.78

$ ^{*} $ 1 Region classifications are determined by MOfA.

$ ^{*} $ 2 Due to rounding, the total figure may not match the sum of the individual parts.

$ ^{*} $ 3 “Multiple countries” refers to assistance encompassing multiple countries such as dispatch of study teams and seminars.

Notes: (41) An energy supply system that utilizes exhaust heat simultaneously generated from electrical power generation for thermal demand.
Chart II-12. Japan's Assistance in the African Region

Project for the improvement of water sanitation at schools in Sudan (Photo: JEN)