## (b) Collaboration with Private Sector Enterprises

## (i) Public-Private Cooperation for Accelerated Growth

The activities of private sector enterprises can engender development results in developing countries on a level beyond the reach of ODA alone, as they can promote employment, the transfer of technologies, and expand trade and investment. In April 2008, the “Public-Private Cooperation for Accelerated Growth” was announced along with other measures for promoting public-private collaborations in response to the Interim Report and final memorandum submitted by the Advisory Council on International Cooperation, as well as various recommendations provided by economic organizations. The objective of this measure is to construct a meaningful partnership for both the public and private sectors, share external policies through public-private cooperation, and work together to address development problems. Specifically, the framework is producing concrete results by committing to the three pillars of: 1) adopting and implementing projects proposed by the private sector regarding public-private cooperation (Public-Private Cooperation Offices have been established at MOfA, MOf, METI, and JICA), 2) holding regular policy dialogue between ministries and agencies related to ODA, as well as between

## (c) Collaboration with Academia and Local Governments

Japan utilizes the know-how accumulated by academia and local government to implement ODA more effectively. In order to make use of the intellectual assets of universities, JICA concludes contracts with universities to implement comprehensive technical cooperation and promote ODA loan projects. For universities, partnering with JICA allows the Japanese business community and JICA and other aid implementing agencies, and 3) promoting public-private cooperation in developing nations (establishing “Expanded Country-Based ODA Task Forces” in which local Japanese companies participate).

## (ii) Smooth Implementation of ODA Loans

Private-public cooperation is widely recognized as necessary for development assistance to developing countries, and it is important to smoothly produce development effects through effectively organized assistance composed of ODA loans and private-sector businesses. From the perspective of facilitating private-public cooperation as well, it is necessary to promote smooth implementation of ODA loans.

Japan announced Speed Up of ODA Loan Projects by Expediting Government-Industry Coordination in 2009 by taking into consideration ownership of indebted countries, prevention of fraud and corruption, environment and society-friendliness as an additional measure of to promote smooth implementation. The announcement included information sharing on schedules with private sector, and smooth implementation of JICA's designing assistance in Special Terms for Economic Partnership (STEP $ ^{\text{(Note 51)}} $ ).

them easier access to sites in developing nations and the benefit of being able to acquire practical experience. In addition, JICA also partners with local governments in various areas such as qualitative project improvement, development of human resources for aid, and vitalization of regional project deployment.

## (d) Collaboration with Local Governments and NGOs of Developing Countries

Working together with local governments and NGOs in developing countries is not only beneficial to the socioeconomic development of the developing nation, but also leads to strengthening civil society and NGOs in the country. Japan utilizes mainly Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security Projects to provide assistance for socioeconomic development projects implemented by these aid-related personnel. This financial cooperation is evaluated highly even in developing nations as a detailed and fast form of assistance that provides direct benefits on the grassroots level.