those countries as well. Japan mainly utilizes Grant Assistance for Grass-Roots Human Security Projects to support socio-economic development projects implemented by aid-related personnel. This financial cooperation has also received high praise in developing countries as a detailed and rapid form of assistance that provides direct benefit at the grassroots level.

### e. Partnership with International Organizations and Other Countries

In recent years, from the perspective of improving the quality of aid and aid effectiveness, various aid groups have been working to coordinate their development assistance policies to achieve international development goals and agreements such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) based on the Paris Declaration and the Accra Agenda for Action (AAA). Currently, working groups have been formed according to each field such as health and education in many recipient countries, and program-type assistance is being implemented in accordance with the sector development strategy of the nation. Japan participates in many of these programs, such as agriculture project in Tanzania. Further, in 2005, Japan, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the UK's Department for International Development (DFID) have prepared a Joint-Strategy partners initiative for Bangladesh to support poverty reduction strategy (PRS). Subsequently, the Joint Cooperation Strategy (JCS) to Bangladesh was formulated in June 2010 with the participation of 18 development partners to work together in coordination and collaboration for more effective and efficient cross-sectors assistance.

Japan utilizes such opportunities as visits to Japan by top officials of international organizations like the World Bank to hold discussions for aid policy and other related issues. In 2007, Japan and ADB announced the Enhanced Sustainable Development for Asia (ESDA), and have worked to encourage investment promotion and energy efficiency. Recently, Japan has also been proactive in cooperation and collaboration with international organizations that have established headquarters in Japan. For example with the Asia Productivity Organization (APO), in addition to government-level cooperation private corporations contribute to the proposal of APO's policies through the Green Productivity Advisory Committee.

Moreover, Japan promotes initiatives that aim for an effective partnership of multilateral aid and bilateral aid. The object of this partnership is to reflect trends in international aid into the bilateral aid policies, which at the same time mainstreaming Japan’s bilateral aid methods which have comparative advantage, within the recipient countries and the international community (see page 40 for details regarding Multilateral and Bilateral Aid).

In the past, members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have been the main donor countries in the international community, but in recent years, non-DAC member countries such as China, India, Saudi Arabia, and Brazil that are referred to as emerging donors have begun to have a significant impact on the development of developing countries (see page 22 for details regarding Emerging Donors). Japan encourages emerging donors to participate in a variety of forums and holds discussions to enable those countries to provide aid in coordination with international efforts. For example, the Asia Development Forum was held in June 2011 to share the Asian experience in implementing development assistance. The Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness was held in Busan, South Korea in November 2011. The creation of a new framework for cooperation to solve global issues in collaboration among DAC member countries including Japan, emerging donors, the private sector, and other organizations can be viewed as a significant step forward.

The Director of the JICA Research Institute participates in a session addressing South-South cooperation and trilateral cooperation at the “The Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness” (Photo: JICA)