Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## 国债整理基金特别会计 $ ^{①} $

【平成18年度歳入予算】

【平成18年度歳出予算】

その他

6,363(▲4,580)

$$ < 歲入歲出予算 > $$

特別會計·勘定名	平成17年度	平成18年度政府案	增減額
國債整理基金特別會計
歲入	2,217,021	2,497,399	+280,377
歲出	1,917,021	2,247,399	+330,377

<主な増減の内訳>

【歳入】
・債務償還費等財源の増加による他会計より受入の増加 290,717億円
・借換債発行による公債金収入の減少 ▲65,530億円
・前年度剰余金受入の増加 59,770億円
・NTT株式等資産の減少に伴う資産処分収入の減少 ▲3,441億円
【歳出】
・債務償還費の増加 335,961億円
・金利低下等に伴う利子及割引料の減少 ▲3,193億円
## 国債整理基金特別会計 $ ^{②} $

### 1. 平成18年度政府案における予算の見直し状況

<主な予算の増減の要因(純計(国債償還、社会保险給付等を除く)ベース)>

1. 平成18年度歳入予算額

2,497,399億円 (＋280,377億円)

2. 一般会計からの繰入額

187,616億円 (＋3,194億円)

(歳入に占める割合7.5%)

3. 平成18年度歳出予算額

2,247,399億円 (+330,377億円)

(うち純計額1,145,157億円)

4. 純計(国債償還、社会保险給付等を除く)額

21億円 (+2億円)

証書等製造費 +1.9億円 (交付国債発行件数の増)

庁費 ▲0.1億円 (経費節減による減)

### 2. 制度の見直しについて

＜行政改革の重要方針（平成17年12月24日閣議決定）（抄）＞

・国債整理基金特別会計については、業務運営の効率化と事務費の節減を強力に推進するものとする。また、国債業務の日本銀行への委託範囲については、今後検討し、19年度までに結論を得るものとする。

## く制度の見直し状況>

財審報告「特別会計見直しの議論の中において、徹底した無駄の排除を中心とした検討を行うことが必要である。」との提言を受け、引き続き市場ニーズ・動向等を踏まえた国債の発行に努めるとともに、国債の商品性・保有者層の多様化、適切な債務管理の実施を行い、その際、一層の業務運営の効率化と手数料等の事務費の節減に努める。
Japan's Official Development Assistance White Paper 2011

# Japan's International Cooperation

Ministry of Foreign Affairs
# Japan’s Official Development Assistance White Paper 2011

Japan’s International Cooperation

Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Cover Photographs

A staff member from the NGO Association for Aid and Relief, Japan distributes relief supplies to a mother and child who were affected by the large-scale drought in the Garissa District of eastern Kenya (Photo: NPO Association for Aid and Relief, Japan)

A medical team from Jordan gives aid to residents of the affected areas in Minamisoma City, Fukushima Prefecture, following the Great East Japan Earthquake

On the deck of a patrol vessel, a Japanese Coast Guard officer gives an explanation to maritime security organization and coast guard members from Asia and the Middle East as part of the training “Maritime Law Enforcement for Asia and Middle East” conducted in Japan (Photo: Riho Aihara/JICA)

This White Paper can also be viewed on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs website (http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda). In addition to information about official development assistance (ODA) disbursed by Japan, the website also provides a collection of reference materials regarding aid provided by other countries and the activities of international organizations, etc. All titles of individuals given in this White Paper are those current at the time of the applicable event, etc.
Japan's Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Official Development Assistance (ODA) refers to grants and loans with lightened conditions that are given to developing countries and regions that are included on the list of aid recipient countries and regions created by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), mainly for the purpose of contributing to the improvement of economic development and welfare.

ODA consists of bilateral aid, which is used to support developing countries directly, and multilateral aid, which is supported through international organizations. Bilateral aid can be divided into two categories: grants and government loans. Grants constitute cooperation that is provided to developing countries without compensation. There are two types: grant aid and technical aid. On the other hand, government loans are given on the assumption that the developing country will repay the loan in the future. This type of loan takes the form of loan aid (ODA loan). Multilateral aid includes contributions to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), contributions and investment for the World Bank, and other such activities.
## Part I Overcoming the Earthquake — ODA and Our Bond with the World —

● Section 1 Support Reaching Affected Areas from Countries Around the World.....

Section 2 Why Does the World Help Japan?.....6

Section 1 Faithful Execution of International Commitments.

Section 2 Giving Form to Our Responsibilities as a Member of

Chapter 3 Reconstruction Diplomacy and ODA

Section 1 Sharing Recovery of Affected Areas and

Disaster Prevention Measures with the World.

Section 2 Japanese Economic Recovery through Aid to

Developing Countries ___ 18
# Chapter 2 Japan Responds to Trust

A Japanese supervisor and a Vietnamese technician check the progress of work on the "Cai Mep-Thi Vai International Port Construction Project" in Vietnam (Photo: Koji Sato/JICA)

## Faithful Execution of International Commitments

Section 1

To respond to the trust shown toward Japan from countries around the world, Japan must overcome the recent earthquake, proactively and with unwavering determination fulfill its role in establishing peace and stability in the international community, and faithfully implement its international commitments.

It is the responsibility of the international community to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, and to create a world in which everyone can live with human dignity. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were established to strengthen those efforts, with concrete numerical goals and deadlines for achieving those goals. (See the figure on page 10 for details regarding MDGs.) They are the first development goals for the entire international community that the heads of state and Governments pledged to achieve. A higher level of effort is required for the international community to meet the 2015 MDGs deadline, and Japan itself is also actively contributing to such an effort. At the UN Summit on the MDGs in September 2010, Prime Minister Kan announced the “Kan Commitment” to provide $5.0 billion in assistance in the field of health and $3.5 billion in assistance in the field of education over five years beginning in 2011. Further, Japan hosted the MDGs Follow-up Meeting in Tokyo on June 2 and 3, 2011, where a variety of representatives from developing nations, civil society, and the private sector, and other related parties held lively discussions regarding genuinely effective approaches to achieve the MDGs. At the meeting, Prime
## Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

## Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

● Halve the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day.

● Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

## Achieve universal primary education

☑ Ensure that children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.

## Promote gender equality and empower women

Eliminate gender disparity in all levels of education.

## Reduce child mortality

● Reduce by two-thirds the under-five the mortality rate.

## I mprove maternal health

• Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio.

## Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

● Have halted and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.

## Ensure environmental sustainability

● Halve the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe driking water and basic sanitation.

## Develop a global partnership for development

In cooperation with the private sector, make available benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications.

Children snuggle up to their mother in Bolivia (Photo: Shinichi Kuno/JICA)

MDGs are shared goals in the international community, and the MDGs should be achieved by 2015. They consist of a single, shared framework that integrates the international development goals adopted at major international conferences and summits in the 1990s, in accordance with the United Nations Millennium Declaration adopted at the United Nations Millennium Summit in New York in September 2000. The eight MDGs break down into 21 quantifiable targets that are measured by 60 indicators. The deadline for achievement of the Goals is 2015, with 1990 as the benchmark year.

## I mproved items

Halving absolute poverty worldwide is in sight to a certain degree.

• Total number of out-of-school children has been reduced.

• Equality in the male-female school enrollment ratio is increasing.

• Child mortality is decreasing.

• The spread of HIV/AIDS has settled in most regions.

The disparities between urban and rural areas in the availability of safe drinking water have decreased.

## Remaining issues

• Hunger increased dramatically in 2009 due to the impact of food and financial crises.

One-fourth of children under the age of five in developing countries are underweight.

Achievement of universal primary education by 2015 is unlikely.

Hundreds of thousands of women die each year during pregnancy or childbirth.

Half of the population of developing countries (2.6 billion people) have no access to suitable sanitation.

## Further efforts by the international community are needed

* The eight MDGs logos were created by NPO Global Call to Action against Poverty

Girls attending an elementary school in rural Syria (Photo: Katsuaki Takahashi)
pillars of (1) fair political process and government, (2) human resource development, and (3) job creation/fostering of industries, as well as (4) economic diplomacy including the promotion of trade and investment, and (5) forging people-to-people relations and dialogue. As a major member of the international community, Japan must steadily fulfill such promises to the international community in the future as well, and quickly give form to the aid and support described above.

As one of its efforts related to emergency humanitarian aid, Japan has proactively worked toward “human security” (the concept of integrating and enhancing people-centered efforts to protect people from a wide range of serious threats to human life, livelihood, and

Parliamentary Senior Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs Ryuji Yamane inspects the site of “The Project for Management Capacity Enhancement of Southern Sudan Urban Water Corporation” that Japan is conducting in South Sudan

dignity, and to achieve the abundant potential of individuals) as one of the pillars of its foreign policy. In particular, prompt and effective humanitarian aid that meets the needs of the victims is of the utmost importance when a natural disaster occurs. To accomplish this, Japan expeditiously dispatches the Japan Disaster Relief Team (JDR) for lifesaving efforts, provide emergency relief goods, and give effective emergency aid in combination with support through international organizations.

For example, the earthquake that occurred in Christchurch, New Zealand in February 2011 caused enormous damage, and resulted in a large number of victims, including Japanese. Immediately following the earthquake, Japan also dispatched the JDR Search and

A Japanese relief team member and a girl smiling after receiving treatment following the Haitian earthquake (Photo: JICA)

Rescue Team and provided other assistance to conduct diligent search and rescue efforts.

In addition, dispatch of the JDR Medical Team and Self-Defense Force unit to assist after the earthquake in Haiti and flood in Pakistan, and other contributions that Japan has made in the past, have garnered high praise in each country.

Further, for refugees and internally displaced people resulting from conflict and other problems in vulnerable countries in Africa and other regions, children who have lost their parents and are hurt, and people who are facing serious food shortages, etc., Japan strives not only to provide emergency aid but also to seamlessly implement support for quick recovery and provide development assistance toward establishing medium and long-term stability and development in society, and to prevent the

Japan provided emergency relief goods through UNHCR to aid the victims of drought in the Horn of Africa region. Here, the Chief Representative of JICA Kenya office delivers polyethylene tanks to UNHCR. (Photo: JICA)
recurrence of circumstances that require humanitarian aid.

Moreover, international cooperation to prevent disasters is vital to the reduction of damage due to the disasters that occur frequently around the world. Japan will strengthen international cooperation in this area by hosting international conferences and seminars, etc., to share the lessons that have been learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake with the international community, and further advance efforts to prevent disasters.

Japan will renew its awareness that humanitarian aid is not a one-way street, but is conducted through mutual assistance, and while using Japan’s capabilities, engage proactively in emergency humanitarian aid in the future as

# ODA Establishes Bonds!

JAPAN

Official Development Assistance

To change from an inward focus to the promotion of substantive diplomacy

## For our friends in the international community

There are still many people all over the world who suffer from hunger and poverty. We Japanese will continue to be true friends who lend a hand to others. For example, Japan provides food to people in Africa who are suffering from hunger.

## To protect Japan and the world

Problems that threaten all mankind such as global warming, terrorism, HIV/AIDS, and avian flu are not someone else's affairs, but are our own problems.

For example, Japan builds wind power stations in developing countries in an effort to reduce $ CO_{2} $ .

## To expand business opportunities

We Japanese rely on foreign countries for many things, including oil and food. In addition, we are able to earn our salaries because Japanese products sell overseas. Japan builds good relationships with each country so that the entire world will do business with us. For example, when Japanese companies build factories in developing countries, they teach technology to the local people who will work in those factories.

When the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred, Japan received offers of assistance from 163 countries and regions.

Emergency aid teams even rushed to Japan from India. It was the first time that India had dispatched such teams overseas.

## V igor and good cheer to affected areas

For the future of mankind, Japan teaches the wisdom and experience it has gained from the Great East Japan Earthquake and displays its recovery to the people of the world. For example, Japan invites many people from developing countries to the affected areas to teach the knowledge and experience of disaster prevention and recovery.

(Photo: Top left: Koji Sato/JICA, top right: Kenshiro Imamura/JICA, bottom left: JICA)
Overall image of Japan’s support for ASEAN Connectivity (equipment and facilities infrastructure)

The arrows pointing toward Japan and India indicate the aim to strengthen connectivity not only within ASEAN, but also with Japan, India, and other countries outside the region.

## Land corridors

Land corridors Under construction

East-West Economic Corridor Connects Da Nang and Mawlamyaing.

Southern Economic Corridor Connects Ho Chi Minh and Dawei.

Improvement of highways, international bridges, motorways, ports, etc.

The site of “Sihanoukville Port Special Economic Zone Development Project” to construct Cambodia’s only deep-water port facing the open sea

Ocean corridors

Ocean corridors Improvement required

Connects the major cities of Malaysia, Singapore,

Indonesia, Brunei, and the Philippines.

Improvement of ports, industrial development around ports, energy, ICT improvement, etc.

At a tollbooth for the Saigon River Tunnel that is part of the “Saigon East-West Highway Construction Project” in Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City)

(Photo: Koji Sato/JICA)

## $ ^{*} $ Economic Corridor

Refers to the group of projects that include not only the aspects of the equipment and facilities infrastructure such as development of roads, bridges, but also the aspects of the knowledge and expertise infrastructure such as simplification of customs clearance procedures, and that are intended to extend the benefits of development to the growth of industry along the corridor and the improvement of the lives of the people. The aim is to revitalize the economy through the overall improvement of the distribution infrastructure in this manner to increase the amount of transportation between regions. Specific examples include the East-West Economic Corridor that connects the regions of the Mekong, from Myanmar through Thailand, then to Laos and Vietnam, and the Southern Economic Corridor, that extends from Bangkok, Thailand through Cambodia, and to Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
## Part II A New Viewpoint on Aid

Section 5 Cooperation Related to the Environment/Climate Change and the Utilization of Japan's Technology in Developing Countries

● Section 6 Utilization of ODA to Achieve Fundamental Solutions to Conflict and Terrorism ..... 46
# Increasingly Important New Actors in Development

Section 3

The development needs of developing countries are considerably large and diverse. ODA and other governmental assistance alone are insufficient to respond to those needs. It is therefore necessary to encourage the participation of NGOs, private businesses, private foundations and other new actors in development, and mobilize those "people," "funds," and "knowledge," etc. For example, the observation that 60% to 70% of the funds flowing into developing countries are from the private sector also indicates that the role of non-governmental players in the development of developing countries is becoming significant.

Encouraging the activities of such new actors in development makes it possible to move ahead with effective and efficient development. To accomplish this, it is important to utilize ODA to remove barriers to the activities of new actors, and establish a link between ODA assistance and the activities of the new actors, and to build complementary relationships. It is effective to build a mutually beneficial relationship with other actors, making it possible to share governmental aid policy that promotes strategizing through the program approach (See the figure on page 39), etc., and exchange useful knowledge and experience in the field of development. While strengthening dialogue with a variety of actors on the one hand, the Japanese Government is also proactively advancing those new partnerships through the formation of concrete collaborative projects, etc.

For example, Japan is using ODA loans and partnering with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in an innovative manner to support the eradication of polio in Pakistan. This project utilizes ODA loan to finance the costs of vaccines and a vaccination campaign to eradicate polio in Pakistan. Unlike ordinary loans, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation will repay the loan debt in place of the Pakistani Government, on the condition that the Government achieves certain results. Japan anticipates that the knowledge that Japan has accumulated over many years of support for efforts to eradicate polio in Pakistan, as well as funds from ODA loans, will prime the pump, making it possible to obtain new funds from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for Pakistan, further accelerating the efforts to eradicate polio, an international challenge. (See "Partnering with Private-sector Funding" on the next page.)

Since 1996, Japan has utilized grant aid to provide the funds necessary to obtain polio vaccines and conduct immunizations, with the aim of supporting the eradication of polio in Pakistan. Here, a Japanese expert in measures against infectious diseases administers an oral vaccine to a child. (Photo: JICA)
## Chapter 2 Toward Achievement of Equitable Development

A Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteer conducts model teaching of arithmetic at an elementary school in Nepal. Local teachers are provided with guidance in the nature of student-centered teaching. (Photo: Koji Sato/JICA)

## The Viewpoint of Equity and Human Security

Section 1

While the movement of people, goods, capital, and information, etc., easily crosses national borders on a global scale, threats to people, such as the internationalization of internal conflict, terrorism, spread of infectious diseases, human trafficking and the refugee problem due to increase in the movement of people, economic crises, expansion of the poverty problem, global climate change, environmental problems, disasters, are also becoming more diverse and more severe. To respond to such global issues, the concepts of human security (See the figure on page 32), equity, mutual assistance, and sustainability are becoming increasingly important.

In particular, the concept of “human security,” which aims to focus on each person living in fear and to create a society in which people are free from fear and want and live in dignity, in addition, the concept of “equity,” which aims to ensure that no one is excluded from the hand of assistance, will be the keys for Japan's cooperation.
Terminology

## Ensuring Equity

Currently, the international community is continuing its efforts to achieve the shared Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, because the indicator used to measure the results are mostly national averages, the gaps between wealthy and poor, urban and rural areas, men and women, and different ethnic groups, etc., within the country are hidden, and there is a problem in that aid does not necessarily reach the people who are in weak positions and require assistance. To avoid such circumstances as well, there will be more necessity to apply the concept of equity that considers the gap between wealthy and poor and the circumstances of the socially vulnerable in developing countries.

In 2010, Japan provided support for the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in Ghana by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The survey was used to gather statistics on health, education, child protection, and HIV/AIDS from the standpoint of equity, throughout the entire nation of Ghana. It has been used not only by UNICEF, but also by Ghanaian government and other donors in the determination of policy, planning of operation and projects and other activities.

At the UN World Summit held in September 2010, Japan announced its global health policy. The approach is to set numerical goals for success and implement high-quality monitoring and evaluation in cooperation with the international community to determine how many lives have been saved, and to submit reports of the specific results. MICS has the same orientation as these measures.

Aid that aims to ensure human security that is focused on individual humans is aid that ensures that equity is within reach of the weak, and at the same time, that aid that ensures equity is crucial to ensuring human security in that community. The two concepts are in close cohesion.

To maximize efforts toward achievement of the MDGs, with their quickly approaching deadline in 2015, Japan hosted the MDGs Follow-up Meeting in Tokyo in June, 2011, and held in-depth discussions on the importance of the viewpoints of equity and ensuring human security, toward achievement of the MDGs. In addition to continuing to emphasize the importance of the concepts of equity and ensuring human security to the international community, Japan will steadily implement aid based on these concepts.

## $ ^{*} $ Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)

MICS are household surveys implemented on a nationwide scale, normally once every three years, to monitor progress towards the achievement of major international goals such as the MDGs and the goals that were set at the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS. Areas targeted by MICS include health, education, child protection and HIV/AIDS.

The concept of ensuring human security
## Part III Official Development Assistance in FY2010

Chapter 1 Japan's Official Development Assistance in Terms of Disbursement ..... 48
Chapter 2 Specific Initiatives of Japan's Official Development Assistance ..... 54
- Section 1 Initiatives Relating to the Basic Policies of the ODA Charter ..... 55
- Section 2 Measures for Each Priority Issue ..... 57
- Section 3 Assistance for Each Region ..... 103
- Section 4 Operational Status of the Principle of Assistance Implementation ..... 135
- Section 5 Formulation and Implementation of ODA Policy ..... 137