## (2) Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and malaria are a major problem not only to individuals, but also to the economic and social development of developing countries. In particular, maladies like super infections of HIV and tuberculosis and multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis are becoming increasingly severe. In April 2009, there was an outbreak of novel influenza A (H1N1), and there is still a threat of a novel influenza that could emerge from the highly-pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1); strengthening measures against

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Japan works to address the three major infectious diseases of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria through the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (the Global Fund), and thus far has contributed US$1.29 billion to the Global Fund. In addition, Japan carries out efforts to promote organic collaboration with its bilateral support in order to ensure that countermeasures for the three major infectious diseases are implemented effectively in developing countries that are supported by the Global Fund.

For tuberculosis, based on the Global Plan to Stop TB 2006–2015, Japan supports the implementation and promotion of a series of tuberculosis countermeasures, such as the prevention of infection, early detection, and diagnosis and continuous treatment. This is targeted at countries where the state of proliferation is severe, such as those that the World Health Organization (WHO) has designated as priority tuberculosis countries. In July 2008, five public and private entities announced the Stop TB Japan Action Plan. Based on this Action Plan, these five public and private entities collaborate in working to address tuberculosis countermeasures in developing countries by making use of the experience and technologies that Japan has accumulated through its national tuberculosis program.

For HIV/AIDS countermeasures, Japan raises awareness to prevent new infections and disseminates voluntary counseling and testing services (VCT). It also them is a global task. Furthermore, parasitic diseases such as Chagas' disease, Guinea Worm disease, filariasis, schistosomiasis, and other “neglected tropical diseases” have infected approximately 1 billion people worldwide, and these diseases are causing major social and economic losses in developing countries. Since infectious diseases have an impact that exceeds national borders in this manner, the international community must address them in unison. Japan closely cooperates with the relevant countries and international agencies in working on countermeasures.

provides support for the enhancement of distribution systems for AIDS drugs, among its other activities. Efforts like raising awareness on prevention and care and support for infected persons and patients in particular are being vigorously addressed by Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV) known as AIDS Control Teams, which focus mainly on Africa.

As for malaria, which is one of the major causes of infant mortality, Japan supports initiatives for malaria countermeasures through community enhancement and gives support through its cooperation with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). As for influenza, since 2005 Japan has announced international cooperation totaling approximately US$416 million (as of April 2010). Japan provided emergency grant aid of approximately ¥1.1 billion through the WHO in September 2009 in order to carry out immunizations in developing countries with the H1N1 influenza vaccine, which had spread worldwide after originating in North America. In addition, in order to prepare for pandemic influenza, Japan is stockpiling and providing antiviral medicines in cooperation with ASEAN and the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), promoting the raising of awareness and capacity building in collaboration with international agencies like the WHO and UNICEF, and strengthening outbreak surveillance systems through bilateral cooperation. Moreover, as it is important to contain avian influenza epidemics before they reach