Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
##

Japan’s 2009 ODA net disbursements remained nearly unchanged compared to the previous year, and ranked fifth amongst the OECD-DAC (Note 2) member countries (Note 3), behind the United States, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, as in 2008. In gross disbursements, Japan was in second place as in the previous year.

A breakdown of 2009 ODA net disbursements shows that bilateral ODA accounted for roughly 63.4% of overall disbursements, while ODA through international organizations accounted for 36.6%. Bilateral ODA, which is implemented on the basis of consultations with developing countries, is aimed at strengthening Japan's relationship with recipient countries. Provision of ODA through international organizations takes advantage of their specialized knowledge and political neutrality, and enables the provision of support to the countries and territories that are difficult to reach on a bilateral level. Japan flexibly uses bilateral assistance and assistance through international organizations, while also implementing the two means in coordination with each other and ensuring that the manner of assistance is adequate.

A breakdown of net bilateral ODA by type indicates that disbursements calculated as grant aid totaled US$2,208.94 million (¥206.3 billion), amounting to roughly 23.3% of overall ODA disbursements. Of this amount, debt relief accounted for US$68.33 million (¥6.4 billion) at roughly 0.7%; grant aid through international organizations accounted for around 7.0% at US$660.49 million (¥61.7 billion); and funds for grant aid excluding other aforementioned categories accounted for about 15.6% of the total at US$1,480.12 million (¥138.2 billion). Additionally, technical cooperation accounted for around 32.9% at roughly US$3,118.40 million (¥291.3 billion); loan aid amounted to US$673.90 million (¥62.9 billion); and loan aid excluding debt relief amounted to US$739.38 million (¥69.1 billion) (Note 4).

Japan’s bilateral ODA by region is as follows (Note 5).

Asia: US$2,218.05 million (US$7,798.90 million)

▶ Africa: US$1,403.22 million (US$1,556.02 million)

Middle East: US$1,185.07 million (US$500.67 million)

▶ Latin America and the Caribbean: US$142.58 million (US$732.70 million)

▶ Oceania: US$111.90 million (US$129.83 million)

Europe: US$156.46 million (US$200.20 million)

Assistance covering multiple regions, etc.: US$1,548.12 million (US$1,548.12 million)
Chart III-2 Trends in Bilateral ODA by Region

$ ^{*1} $ ODA to the European region since 1990 includes aid to Eastern Europe.

$ ^{*} $ 2 If the amount of loan aid recovered exceeds disbursements, the figure can be negative (this only applies to net disbursements).

$ ^{*3} $ Assistance encompassing multiple regions includes the dispatch of survey groups, administrative costs and promotion of development awareness, all encompassing multiple regions.
## Chart III-3 Trends in the ODA of Major DAC Countries

Net Disbursements

Gross Disbursements

Source: 2009 DAC press release, 2008 DAC Development Co-operation Report

$ ^{*1} $ Excluding assistance to Eastern Europe and graduated countries.

$ ^{*} $ 2 US figures for 1990–1992 exclude military debt relief.

$ ^{*} $ 3 Figures for 2009 are provisional except for Japan.
Chart III-4 Per Capita ODA in DAC Countries

Source: Disbursements from 2009 DAC press release, population figures from 2008 DAC Development Co-operation Report

$ ^{*1} $ Excluding assistance to Eastern Europe and graduated countries.

$ ^{*} $ 2 Provisional figures except for Japan.

Chart III-5 Ratio of ODA to GNI in DAC Countries

Sources: 2009 DAC press release, 2008 DAC Development Co-operation Report

$ ^{*1} $ Countries are placed in descending order of their ratios of ODA to GNI.

$ ^{*} $ 2 Provisional figures except for Japan.
$ ^{*1} $ Up until 1998 the figures show ODA disbursements as a percent of GNP (Gross National Product), from 1999 onward they show ODA disbursements as a percent of GNI (Gross National Income).

$ ^{*2} $ Excluding assistance to Eastern Europe and graduated countries.
Chapter 2

# Specific Initiatives of Japan's Official Development Assistance

This chapter will discuss specific initiatives of Japan’s official development assistance (ODA), which will be examined from five perspectives.

Japan’s ODA policies promote each country assistance program in conformity with the ODA Charter. Section 1 will describe the ODA Charter, which forms the underpinning of Japan’s ODA for developing countries, as well as the policies pursuant to the Charter and the contents therein.

Section 2 will further break down the challenges of “poverty reduction”, “sustainable growth”, “addressing global issues”, and “peace-building” listed in the ODA Charter, and introduce Japan’s approach for each respective area.

The world is faced with largely different economic and social environments and cultures and confronts a different set of issues depending on the region and country. Section 3 will present specific examples of Japan's ODA by region. The eight regions are: East Asia; South Asia; Central Asia and the Caucasus; Africa; Middle East; Latin America and the Caribbean; Oceania; and Europe.

The Government of Japan provides development assistance in compliance with the assistance principles of the ODA Charter, in consideration of the principles of the United Nations Charter as well as other factors, and after taking into account the developing countries' needs for assistance, socioeconomic conditions, and bilateral relations with recipient countries. Section 4 will explain in detail the factors which are taken into consideration for the operation of Japan's ODA.

Finally, Section 5, the last section, will introduce the implementation system of Japan’s ODA and a series of reform measures for providing more efficient and effective ODA, which are divided into the following three categories: “system for formulation and implementation of aid policy”; “increasing public participation”; and “matters essential to effective implementation”.
### 3. Country Assistance Programs

Country Assistance Programs set forth Japan's country assistance policy for the next five years, which specify the current situations, major challenges and development plans of recipient countries, as well as the relevance of Japan's assistance to these countries, Japan's strategic directions, and priority areas. The selection of target countries is based on such factors as the volume of assistance, relevance to global developmental issues, regional balance, aid coordination, and strategic importance. These programs take into consideration the views of the country-based ODA Task Force comprised of the Japanese diplomatic missions and JICA overseas offices in target countries. Meanwhile, the Country Assistance Programs, too, are undergoing a review based on the ODA review. Ideas are being explored to redesign the Country Assistance Programs into a concise and more strategic form and to streamline the contents and the procedure to develop the Country Assistance Programs. Subsequently, the Country Assistance Programs will be drawn up for all of the ODA recipient countries in principle.

### 4. Sector-Specific Development Policies

Japan formulates Sector-Specific Development Policies in order to strategically implement assistance for specific sectors including health, education, water and sanitation, and environment, which is in line with discussions at international fora. More specifically, by introducing these policies into ODA projects through the formulation of sector-specific initiatives, Japan implements assistance genuinely favorable to the recipient countries in the medium to long-term. Sector-specific development policies also play an important role to promote discussions in the international arena. Formulating sector-specific development policies in addition to the ODA Charter, Medium-Term ODA Policy, and Country Assistance Programs, further clarifies the guiding principles of Japan's ODA and enhances its transparency.

### 5. Priority Policy Issues for International Cooperation

Priority policy issues for international cooperation have been formulated each fiscal year since FY2007. They aim at specifying and introducing priority matters in the formulation process of projects in order to promptly respond to the progress of Japan's foreign policy and newly emerging development issues. For FY2009, Japan set the following five items as priority issues: (1) Strengthening Asia's growth potential and supporting the expansion of its domestic demand in the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis; (2) Assistance to Afghanistan and Pakistan and support for peace-building and consolidation; (3) Supporting developing countries in regard to the environment and climate change issues; (4) Steady implementation of existing commitments, including doubling aid to Africa; and (5) Further promoting dialogue and partnerships with NGOs.
### 6. Rolling Plans

A “Rolling Plan” is compiled for each recipient country to outline an overall picture of Japan’s assistance to the country. In a Rolling Plan, basically all ongoing ODA projects are listed and classified according to country-specific priority areas, development issues, and programs. By utilizing this Rolling Plan, it is aimed to better employ different development assistance

## ☑ Addressing Gender Issues through ODA

Socially-accepted ideas and social systems in developing countries are often established around the perspectives of men, and women are given weak standpoints in a variety of aspects. In order to achieve sustainable development in developing countries, it is necessary to encourage both men and women to equally participate in and benefit from development.

Japan emphasizes gender perspectives in its ODA Charter and Medium-Term ODA Policy, and announced the Gender and Development (GAD) Initiative in 2005, as a concrete guideline to promote gender equality in development. The GAD Initiative clarifies Japan's basic ODA approach for mainstreaming gender (Note 6), and shows specific efforts with gender perspectives on the priority issues in the ODA Charter, namely, poverty reduction, sustainable growth, addressing global issues, and peace-building.

schemes (technical cooperation, grant aid, ODA loans, cooperation through international organizations, etc.) in an integrated manner when designing, planning, and implementing ODA projects. Japan shares Rolling Plans with ODA recipient countries with a view to further improving aid predictability.

Since 2009, Japan has been implementing the Project on Strengthening of Multi-Disciplinary Teams (MDTs) for Protection of Trafficked Persons in Thailand. Thailand is a country of origin, transit, and destination for victims of human trafficking, which has been spurred by Thailand's rapid economic growth and sophistication of information flow and network. Under the MDT approach, the Government of Thailand aims to comprehensively protect and support victims of trafficking in partnership with relevant government agencies, NGOs, and other relevant organizations, and Japan's support is directed at strengthening this approach. Furthermore, Japan supports gender equality in collaboration with international organizations, such as the Japan-UNDP Partnership Fund which was established by Japan within the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
various measures such as promoting the transnational networking of institutes of higher education and joint research projects among neighboring regions and countries. Japan also accepts international students to Japanese institutes of higher education based on the “Plan to Accept 300,000 International Students.” Japan implements International Cooperation Initiative projects, which are designed to use Japanese universities’ knowledge (their research achievements and strong capacity to train experts) to improve the quality of international cooperation. Major activities under the initiative include formulating and publicizing useful teaching materials and guidelines based on the expertise possessed by Japanese educational academies. Moreover, Japan encourages in-service teachers to go overseas as Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV) under the Special Participation System for In-Service Teachers (Note 9). The in-service teachers dispatched to developing countries contribute to the development of education and the society in the field, and make use of their experience in domestic educational activities. Furthermore, in 2010, Japan established its new Education Cooperation Policy for the 2011–2015 period — the deadline to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

## Kenya: Strengthening of Mathematics and Science Education (SMASE) Project

In order to promote the development of human resources necessary for Africa's industrial growth, Japan provides training to about 20,000 mathematics and science teachers at secondary schools in Kenya. By improving instruction methods, Japan contributes to increasing the scholastic performance of students. Furthermore, in response to requests to scale up the project to reach other African countries, Japan, through the SMASE-WECSA network $ ^{Note\ 10} $ in which Kenya has a core role, provides support for the mathematics and science education initiatives of Kenya for African countries in the region.

Kenyan children receiving mathematics and science education (Photo: JICA)
## ● ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-Net)

In ASEAN countries, there is growing awareness about sustainable and stable economic development and the human resources development of engineers who underpin that growth. In order to produce human resources who will contribute to the region's industries, Japan created a network of 19 universities from 10 ASEAN countries and 11 Japanese universities and carries out programs aimed at strengthening the education and research capacities of the core universities of each country and developing human resources in the engineering field. Drawing on Japan's expertise in the science and technology area, AUN/SEED-Net has improved the capacities of instructors and strengthened graduate school curriculums, such as through the Master's degree and Doctoral degree programs within ASEAN and Japan for young instructors, international joint research, the instructor dispatch program, and the regional conference program, as well as contributes to promoting Japan's science and technology diplomacy and the internationalization of universities.

SEED-Net earthquake damage assessment project team (Photo: JICA)

## (2) Health, Welfare, and Population

A large number of people living in developing countries do not have access to basic health services that are usually available in developed countries. As immunization and sanitation have not been set in place, more than 8.8 million children under five years old die annually due to causes such as infectious diseases, nutritional disorders, and diarrhea $ ^{\text{(Note 11)}} $ . Moreover, more than 360,000 pregnant women lose their lives every year due to the lack of emergency obstetric care by skilled birth attendants like midwives.

Conversely, in line with its continuing steady

##

At the G8 Kyushu Okinawa Summit in 2000, Japan took up the issue of infectious diseases as one of its main themes for the first time in the history of the summit meetings. In 2005 Japan formulated the Health and Development Initiative (HDI), which aims to contribute to the achievement of the health-related MDGs. Under HDI, Japan has taken a comprehensive approach that rises, the world's population is expected to reach 9.2 billion people by 2050 $ ^{(Note\ 12)} $ . In general, among the developing countries there continues to be a tendency for poor countries to have a higher population growth rate, which leads to poverty, unemployment, food shortages, underdeveloped education, and environmental deterioration. From this perspective, maternal, newborn and child health care, reproductive health $ ^{(Note\ 13)} $ including family planning, and HIV/AIDS control, which can have an enormous impact on population issues, have become pressing challenges.

includes fighting against infectious diseases, maternal, newborn and child health care, and strengthening health systems. It has also provided support that takes into consideration coordination with sectors that are closely related to health, such as water and sanitation and basic education. Moreover, Japan takes initiatives to tackle HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria through the Global
Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (the Global Fund). As of July 2010, Japan has contributed about US$1.29 billion to the Global Fund.

Regarding maternal and child health, Japan supports the fostering of healthcare professionals working on the front lines, improves and provides equipment for obstetrics facilities, and carries out initiatives related to improving the quality of emergency obstetric care in order to improve the health of women during pregnancy or parturency. It also works to improve access to medical institutions by developing infrastructure, disseminate Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Handbooks which incorporate the perspective of continuum of care, disseminate medical checkups for women during pregnancy and parturency, and reduce child mortality and morbidity through providing health management support for pregnant women. Regarding family planning, Japan provides support for efforts like educational activities and the distribution of contraceptives for preventing unwanted pregnancies and premature births, focusing on education for adolescents in particular.

At the G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit in July 2008, Japan raised the importance of this comprehensive approach and forged consensus among the G8. It also announced the Toyako Framework for Action on Global Health (Note 14) by the G8 health experts. At the G8 Muskoka Summit in June 2010, under the Muskoka Initiative for strengthening assistance for maternal and child health in which progress has been slow among the MDGs, Japan announced that it will provide an additional assistance of up to ¥50 billion, equivalent to approximately US$500 million, over five years beginning in 2011.

The HDI ended in March 2009, and in 2010, Japan established the new Global Health Policy for the 2011–2015 period — the deadline to achieve the MDGs.

## Bangladesh: Safe Motherhood Promotion Project

In Bangladesh, many pregnant women still die during pregnancy and childbirth. Reasons include: a low percentage of women receive prenatal checkups and few childbirths take place in the presence of skilled midwives. To improve the health of pregnant women, this project gives advice to central and local health authorities, aims to improve the services provided by medical facilities, and strives to create a community support structure for women and children. In the district where the project was implemented, the percentage of pregnant women with obstetric complications who received emergency obstetric care improved from 17.8% in 2006 to 55.6% in 2009. The activities supported by this project became widely known as the "Narsingdi" model — the name taken from the name of the district— and was incorporated into the national policy as a means to revitalize community clinics.

A baby born by Caesarean section and the baby's mother at a hospital participating in the project (Photo: JICA)
## (3) Water and Sanitation

Water and sanitation are serious issues that concern all people’s lives. Approximately 884 million people worldwide in 2008 had no access to safe drinking water, including piped water or wells, and approximately 2.6 billion people around the world have no access to basic sanitation facilities such as sewage systems (Note 15). Lack of safe water and basic sanitation facilities cause diarrhea, and more than 1.5 million children under five years old lose their lives annually (Note 16).

##

At the Fourth World Water Forum in 2006, Japan announced the Water and Sanitation Broad Partnership Initiative (WASABI). Japan has the largest aid disbursements in the water and sanitation sector in the world, and provides comprehensive support for both “soft” and “hard” aspects by utilizing its wealth of experience, knowledge, and technology concerning this sector. Such support includes promotion of integrated water resource management, provision of safe drinking water and sanitation support, water use for promotion of increasing food production, water pollution prevention and ecosystem conservation, and mitigating damage from water-related disasters. At the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV) in May 2008, Japan announced support measures such as the fostering of human resources related to the development of water supply and sanitation facilities and water resource management. It also announced the dispatch of the Water Security Action Team (W-SAT). Moreover, Japan took up the water and sanitation issue for the first time in about five years at the G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit in July 2008. It affirms the importance of circulatory water cycle management, and facilitates the sustainable use of water resources by promoting it.

Development of rope pump water supply technology in Ethiopia (Photo: JICA)

## ● Papua New Guinea: Port Moresby Sewerage System Upgrading Project

The coastal area of Port Moresby, the capital of Papua New Guinea, has no sewage treatment plant. For this reason, collected sewage is discharged to the coast without appropriate treatment, and is causing water contamination in the coastal area as well as the deterioration of the hygienic environment of the local residents. Through ODA loans of approximately ¥8.3 billion, Japan provides support to develop the sewerage system in order to improve the provision of sewerage services to the area and prevent the discharge of contaminated water to the coastal waters. This project is expected to contribute to improving the living environment of the residents, as well as promoting the conservation of the marine environment and the economic development of the area. In response to a request from the Government of Papua New Guinea, the project will utilize Japan's advanced energy-saving technologies and know-how to operate the sewage treatment plant.