Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## ● Zambia: Sustainable Operation & Maintenance Project for Rural Water Supply (SOMAP) Phase 2

Even in rural areas where there is access to safe drinking water from wells and hand pumps, a broken pump may be left unrepaired if repair parts cannot be obtained. Japan aims to establish a sustainable operation and management system spearheaded by residents and local authorities. To this end, Japan will build a sales network of repair parts, as well as implement awareness raising campaigns for pump-users and repairmen training $ ^{(Note\ 17)} $ .

### 2. Sustainable Growth

## (1) Socio-economic Infrastructure

For poverty reduction in developing countries, it is indispensable not only to implement measures to reduce poverty or to provide assistance in the areas of social development that could directly influence the poor,

##

On the basis of the development policies of developing countries, Japan supports infrastructure development and fosters the human resources to develop, manage, and operate this infrastructure. In terms of specific infrastructure development, development is carried out on roads, ports, airports, and information and communication technology (ICT). Such infrastructure contributes to expanding exchange between urban and but also to promote sustainable development through economic growth. For this reason, it is important to improve socio-economic infrastructure that provides the foundation for the improvement of developing countries.

rural areas, ensures security against disasters, and promotes trade and investment from overseas. Social infrastructure development which contributes to ensuring education, health, safe water and sanitation, housing, and better access to hospitals and schools is also carried out. So too is the development of agricultural and fishery markets and fishery ports in order to vitalize local economies.

## ● Burundi: Improvement of Public Transport and Rehabilitation of Public Transportation

In Burundi, civil war which continued more than a decade until it ended in 2006, has destroyed a large portion of its infrastructure. In terms of bus transportation — the only public transit system connecting rural areas and the capital, while over 100 buses were operating before the civil war, the operation ratio has been halved due to the civil war. In order to contribute to restoring and expanding the public transportation network that is critical to the reconstruction of Burundi, Japan provides necessary funds in the form of grant aid for new procurement of buses. At the same time, Japan implements technical cooperation for the rehabilitation of Burundi's public transportation system. The project is expected to restore human mobility back to pre-civil war levels and contribute to the country's sustainable reconstruction.
## (2) Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

The dissemination of ICT contributes to sustainable economic development through advancement of industries and improvement of productivity. It also contributes to improving medical care, education, energy, the environment, and natural disaster management. The active utilization of ICT is very

##

Japan provides active support to eliminate the disparities in ICT between regions and nations in order to enhance the quality of life for all people. More specifically, the main focus of support centers around the establishment of communication and broadcasting infrastructure in developing countries, introducing legislation and fostering human resources. In addition, Japan aims important as it facilitates information disclosures by the government and improvement of governance through improved broadcast media, which is a cornerstone of democratization, and strengthening civil society by improving the availability and the quality of services.

to provide comprehensive assistance including infrastructural, human resource, and institutional aspects, such as the promotion of the Japanese style of digital broadcasting system abroad. In this operation, Japan takes into consideration the realization of the rich potential of each and every human being in developing countries and economic development in Japan.

## ● Support for South American countries for the introduction of terrestrial digital TV broadcasting

Countries in South America which have adopted Japanese ISDB-T standards for terrestrial digital TV have experience only in analog broadcasting, and therefore, lack expertise and equipment for the startup of digital broadcasting, including the creation of a master plan, the selection and procurement of terrestrial digital broadcasting equipment, and its operation and management. For this reason, Japan dispatched an expert on supporting the introduction of terrestrial digital broadcasting to Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Venezuela in FY2009. Japan also invited government officials, private-sector technicians, and other stakeholders to Japan and implemented such programs as the South America Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting Seminar and Training on Support for Introduction of Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting. These programs have led to the implementation of Japanese standards by other South American countries and have bolstered ties between South American countries and Japan.

## (3) Cooperation between Trade, Investment, and Other Official Flows (OOF)

It is key that the private sector play a leading role for sustainable growth in developing countries, and therefore it is important to promote industry and vitalize private sector activities such as trade and investment. Yet

##

Japan utilizes ODA and Other Official Flows (OOF) to support efforts like promoting small and medium-in developing countries beset by numerous challenges it can sometimes be difficult to set in place an environment for attracting private investment, and so support from the international community is essential.

scale enterprises in developing countries, transferring industrial technology, and economic policies. Moreover,
it also supports the improvement of trade and investment environments and economic infrastructure in order to improve the export capabilities and competitiveness of developing countries. The WTO Doha Round Negotiations (The Doha Development Agenda) which started in 2001 emphasizes the promotion of development through participation in the multilateral trading system by developing countries. Japan has contributed to the trust fund set up within the WTO in aiming to improve the capacity of developing countries to participate in negotiations and for their implementation of the WTO agreements.

Regarding access to Japanese markets, Japan carries out the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), which adopts lower tariff rates than general rates for exports of products from developing countries. Duty-Free and Quota-Free measures (Note 18) are also taken for Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Japan also actively promotes Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), and supports economic growth in developing countries through the liberalization of trade and investment.

In recent years, discussions have intensified over Aid for Trade (AfT) at various international fora, including the WTO and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), as a means of further promoting support by developed countries, including Japan. On the occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong held in December 2005, Japan announced its unique contribution measure called the Development Initiative. Under one of its pillars, Japan will provide assistance totaling US$10 billion for trade-related projects, including technical cooperation projects for the dispatch of experts and acceptance of trainees totaling 10,000 people over a three-year period from 2006 to 2008.

Furthermore, based on the achievement of the Development Initiative, Japan announced the new Development Initiative for Trade 2009 at the WTO’s Second Global Review Meeting on Aid for Trade in July 2009. Under one of its pillars, Japan will provide assistance totaling approximately US$12 billion for trade-related projects, including technical cooperation projects for the dispatch of experts and acceptance of trainees totaling 40,000 people over a three-year period from 2009 to 2011. The initiative has garnered high praise from numerous countries, and is making steady progress. In terms of specific initiatives, Japan provides funds for the development of transport networks vital to trade, including ports, roads, and bridges, as well as for projects to construct power plants and power grids, among others. It also provides technical cooperation in trade-related areas, including education of customs officials (Note 19), while also offering support, which relates to the One Village, One Product Campaign. In addition, Japan supports developing countries to facilitate private sector investment by finding common challenges among developing countries and recommending several measures to promote investment.
## Development Initiative (Financial Assistance): Disbursements by Fiscal Year and Region (Commitment Base)

(US$ million)

Recipient Country (Region)	2006	2007	2008	2006-2008 Total
Africa	809.78	880.24	1,023.47	2,713.49
Latin America	413.88	143.01	81.06	637.95
Asia	3,241.06	3,126.54	5,450.38	11,817.98
Middle East	12.94	20.83	1,927.97	1,961.74
Europe	7.78	24.69	12.15	44.62
Oceania	39.95	105.58	185.19	330.72
Other (Multiple Regions)	48.80	46.77	61.44	157.01
Total	4,574.19	4,347.66	8,741.66	17,663.51

Development Initiative (Financial Assistance) Disbursements (Comparison of Target Figures)

2006 US$ 4,574.19 million	2007 US$ 4,347.66 million	2008 US$ 8,741.66 million	2006–2008 Total US$ 17,663.51 million
5,000	10,000	15,000	20,000 (US$ million)

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs' materials (Data drawn from OECD CRS).

## Development Initiative (Technical Assistance): Disbursements by Fiscal Year and Region (Commitment Base)

(People)

Recipient Country (Region)	2006	2007	2008	2006-2008 Total
Africa	1,237	1,372	1,515	4,124
Latin America	1,451	1,058	1,019	3,528
Asia	9,784	13,715	12,626	36,125
Middle East	519	607	730	1,856
Europe	187	320	253	760
Oceania	230	223	190	643
Other (Multiple Regions)	88	65	76	229
Total	13,496	17,360	16,409	47,265

Development Initiative (Technical Assistance) Disbursements (Comparison of Target Figures)

2006 13,496 people	2007 17,360 people	2008 16,409 people	2006–2008 Total 47,265 people

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs' materials.
## ● Project on Improving Official Statistics in Cambodia

Statistical data are critical for policymaking. However, the development of Cambodia's government statistics has suffered setbacks due to its prolonged civil war. In FY2005, JICA launched a project which was aimed at improving the skills of government statistics workers. As part of this initiative, technical cooperation has been provided primarily through the population census which was implemented in March 2008. The results of the census are being used to develop national and local policies, to monitor the MDGs, and for other purposes, and this project is expected to contribute to the further growth of Cambodia.

A researcher interviewing the head of a sawmill (Photo: JICA)

### 3. Addressing Global Issues

## (1) Environment and Climate Change Issues

International discussions on environmental issues began in the 1970s. Through discussions at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, also called the Earth Summit) in 1992 and at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) of 2002, their importance has been increasingly recognized. Constructive discussion also took place on environment and climate change at the G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit held in July 2008 that took up the issues as one of the major themes. The international community as a whole must address environmental issues for the prosperity of humankind in the future.

##

In the area of pollution control, Japan has accumulated a great amount of experience and technology and made use of such experience and technology for the pollution issues in developing countries. Particularly, Japan supports pollution control in urban areas and

Minister for Foreign Affairs Maehara serving as co-chair at the Aichi-Nagoya Ministerial Meeting of the REDD+ Partnership

improving the living environment (air pollution, water contamination, waste management, etc.), mainly in the Asian countries achieving rapid economic growth.

Climate change is an urgent matter for mankind that threatens human security across the borders. As such, it
is essential for the international community, including both developed and developing countries, to work together to enhance measures on this issue. In September 2009, Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama announced at the United Nations (UN) Summit on Climate Change that Japan would aim to reduce its emissions by 25% by 2020, if compared to the 1990 level, premised on the establishment of a fair and effective international framework by all major economies and agreement on their ambitious targets.

At the 15th session of the Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP15) held in December 2009 in Copenhagen, Denmark, the Copenhagen Accord was formulated as a result of the discussions and negotiations which took place at the summit level and the COP agreed to take heed of the accord. Japan announced that it would provide assistance to developing countries which are taking active emissions reduction and other climate change measures or those which are vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change, on the scale

## I ndonesia: Second Climate Change Program Loan

If deforestation, destruction of peatlands, and other factors are included, Indonesia is the world's fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gases after China, the U.S., and Brazil (Note 24). Indonesia is also likely to face greater climate change risks as global warming worsens. In this context, Japan provided ODA loans of approximately ¥37.4 billion (including approximately ¥9.4 billion in emergency financial assistance) to support the climate of ¥1,750 billion (about US$15 billion), including public and private financing, over about a three-year period until the end of 2012 (Note 22). This announcement gave a boost to the COP15 negotiations.

Furthermore, regarding the discussions of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD+ $ ^{\text{(Note 23)}} $ ), taking into account the strides made at COP15, participants agreed in May 2010 to establish the REDD+ Partnership, with a view to strengthening partnership and coordination among the REDD+ actions of the international community. Japan, along with Papupa New Guinea, was selected to serve as co-chair of the Partnership until the end of 2010, and in October, hosted the Aichi-Nagoya Ministerial Meeting of the REDD+ Partnership. Japan has been actively supporting the efforts of REDD+. Japan has pledged US500 million in short-term assistance until 2012, and has already implemented approximately US200 million of this assistance (as of July 2010).

change efforts of the Government of Indonesia. This assistance is expected to: (1) contribute to mitigating global warming through the absorption and emissions reduction of greenhouse gases; (2) improve Indonesia's capacity to adapt to the negative impacts of climate change; and (3) promote responses to cross-cutting issues related to climate change.
## (3) Food

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the number of undernourished people is estimated to reach about 925 million by the end of 2010, and the goal of halving the proportion of people who suffer from hunger by 2015 set forth in the MDGs is in jeopardy. The need for food supplies is increasing due to factors such as conflicts,

##

Based on the current situation, Japan provides food assistance. In FY2009, Japan gave support totaling ¥14.21 billion of bilateral food assistance to 21 countries. In terms of multilateral food assistance, Japan provides food mainly through the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) for emergency food assistance, the promotion of education opportunities, and supporting regional social independence. In FY2009, Japan contributed a total of approximately ¥22.1 billion to WFP projects implemented all over the world.

Japan also has been supporting developing countries' own efforts to enhance food security. Japan reinforces countermeasures for animal infectious diseases that expand beyond national borders, such as foot-and-mouth disease, including the Global Framework for Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, by cooperating with the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the United Nations.

>> For Japan’s efforts in regard to agriculture, see Agricultural Sector Performance on page 61.

## Uganda: Purchase for Progress

Due to many years of fighting between the Ugandan National Army and antigovernment forces, agricultural production declined significantly in the northern part of Uganda. Here, JICA and the WFP are collaborating to disseminate the cultivation of New Rice for Africa (NERICA). JICA experts provide technical guidance related to rice cultivation to WFP staff and local farmers, while the WFP monitors the cultivation and development status of the NERICA rice. What is more, the WFP provided training to the natural disasters, and the occurrence of the financial and economic crisis. Furthermore, there is a need for international cooperation for enhancing food security and for multifaceted policies, such as ensuring social safety nets, improving nutrition, improving the supply and demand balance and measures against animal infectious diseases through increasing food production.

Rice planting training conducted by experts and researchers at the Sishanbak Agricultural Experiment Lab (Photo: JICA)

farmers concerning harvesting, the handling of the rice following the harvest, and storage methods. Through this collaboration with JICA, NERICA rice was cultivated by roughly 2,400 farmers on 2,410 acres of land in 2009. This technical guidance by JICA ties in with Purchase for Progress (P4P), in which the WFP purchases rice produced by small-scale farmers in Uganda and uses it for food support projects like school lunch projects.
## (4) Resources and Energy

In developing countries, there are approximately 1.5 billion people who have no access to electric power, which is equivalent to 22% of the world’s population (Note 26). The lack of energy services leads to problems including a lack of industrial development, the loss of employment opportunities, poverty, and limited chances to receive

##

In order to secure sustainable development and energy for developing countries, Japan works for the stable supply of electric power in order to provide modern energy services and to nurture industry. Japan provides support for environmentally-friendly infrastructure development, such as boosting the efficiency of energy usage and power generation facilities that utilize renewable energy.

When it comes to resource abundant countries, Japan assists with the independent development of the country by obtaining foreign currency through resource development. Japan also works to establish medical services and education. It is expected that the world's energy demand will increase centering on newly emerging countries and developing countries in Asia and other regions in the future, and the steady supply of energy and appropriate consideration for the environment is essential.

and strengthen comprehensive and strategic relations by providing them with assistance including infrastructural supports centering on mines according to their needs. It is important to use ODA in addition to assistance from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI), and Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC), in order to secure the supplies of resources, energy, and metal resources through smooth resource development, production, and transport by private enterprises.

## ● Nepal: Project for Introduction of Clean Energy by Solar Electricity Generation System

Almost 100% of the electric power in Nepal is generated by hydroelectric power, but there is a substantial shortfall in hydroelectric power generation relative to the demand. Because of this, blackouts are carried out for 16 to 18 hours a day during the dry season. The introduction of diesel power generation has been considered in order to increase the amount of electric power supplied, but Nepal is dependent on imports for all of its petroleum fuel, and so an increase in the consumption of such fuels could potentially pose a major stumbling block to economic growth. In addition, it would also pose problems from the perspective of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide. For this reason, promoting the construction of new hydroelectric power stations and promoting the use of solar power and other renewable energies are important challenges. Japan is moving forward with introducing the first interconnected solar power generation system in Nepal through a grant aid worth ¥660 million. This is designed to disseminate and promote solar power generation systems in Nepal, build up a track record of operating such systems, foster technicians, and more.
through the dispatch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces pursuant to the Anti-Piracy Measures Law that was enacted in June 2009.

In order to solve the issue of piracy off the coast of Somalia, in addition to anti-piracy activities, multilayered initiatives that include strengthening the maritime policing capacity of coastal states and stabilizing the unstable situation in Somalia are essential. Japan provides various forms of support in order to achieve this. For example, Japan has taken the lead in supporting the establishment of an anti-piracy training center and an information sharing center for the region surrounding Somalia, and has contributed about ¥1.4 billion to a fund set up in the IMO. Japan also continues to invite personnel from maritime security agencies in the countries surrounding Somalia to Japan and provide them with training in order to improve their maritime policing capacity. What is more, since 2007 Japan has been strengthening public order within Somalia and providing support worth approximately US$124.4 million that consists of the two pillars of humanitarian assistance and infrastructure development for the realization of peace in Somalia.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Towards a Terrorism-Resistant World pamphlet

## ● Project for the Installation of X-ray Scanning Equipment at the Check Points of Uzbekistan Borders with the Neighboring Countries

Located in the center of central Asia, Uzbekistan serves as a transport route for narcotics, weapons, and other illegal goods sent from neighboring Afghanistan. Currently, inspections of cargo are carried out by manual labor at customs on the Uzbekistan border. But as distribution increases in the wake of the development of road transport networks in the Central Asian region, there are demands that clearance through customs be expedited at national borders. In light of such circumstances, Japan has provided one large unit of x-ray scanning equipment each to the customs checkpoints in Uzbekistan along the borders with Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It also supports the prevention of inflows and outflows of illegal goods in Uzbekistan, as well as the setting in place of fast and safe customs clearance procedures.