Table 3-2-1 Changes in Ecosystem Services and Direct causes

Ecosystem services	Human use	Enhanced or degraded	Indicator and criteria	Urbanization	Loss of mosaic	Underuse	Over-exploitation	Global/Regional warming	Increase of invasive alien species	Pollution
Supply services	Food	Rice	→	→	Crop yield, cultivated area, yield per 10a	✓	✓	✓	✓
Livestock	NA	NA	—
Matsutake mushrooms	→	→	Yield	✓
Marine fishery	→	→	Catch	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Aquaculture	→	NA	Catch	✓	✓
Fiber	Timber	→	Forestry production index, standing tree store	✓	✓	✓
Firewood & charcoal	→	NA	Forestry production index	✓	✓
Sericulture	→	→	Cocoon harvest, mulberry grown area	✓
Regulating services	Air quality regulation	+/-	+/-	NOx/SOx concentration, amount of yellow dust and endocrine-disrupting chemicals	✓	✓	✓
Climate regulation	+/-	+/-	Changes or fluctuations of temperature and precipitation	✓	✓	✓
Water regulation, flood control	+/-	+/-	Area of paddy fields, number of reservoirs	✓	✓	✓
Water purification	+/-	+/-	Forest area, amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use, percentage of population with sewage systems	✓	✓	✓	✓
Soil erosion regulation	Cultivated land / Forest	+/-	+/-	Area of abandoned cultivated land, changes in forest type	✓	✓	✓	✓
Coast	+/-	+/-	Sediment supply	✓	✓
Pest regulation and pollination	→	→	Amount of pesticide use, area of abandoned cultivated land, changes in forest type	✓	✓	✓
Cultural services	Spiritual	Religion (shrines and temples, ceremonies)	NA	Number of temples and shrines, area of sacred groves	✓
Festivals	→	Variety (number) of festivals, use of plants for flower dedication	✓
Scenery	→	Number of applications for '100 best Satoyama selection'	✓
Recreation	Education (environmental education, outdoor observations, outdoor play)	→	Number of participants, number of NGOs working for satoyama conservation, area of activities, time children spend outdoors	✓
Game-hunting and fishing, Gathering clams and wild vegetables	→	Number of participants (described in leisure white paper), number of facilities	✓
Mountain climbing/ Travel/Green tourism	→	Number of participants (described in leisure white paper), number of facilities	✓
Art	Traditional art (music, dance, fine art, literature, craftwork)	→	Number of professionals, production, average age (in terms of education of successors)	✓
Contemporary art (music, dance, fine art, literature, craftwork)	NA	Number of professionals, production, average age (in terms of education of successors)
Basic services	Forest	Primary production	Double count (reference information)	Area	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Grassland	Primary production	✓	✓	✓
Wetland	Primary production	✓	✓
Farmland	Primary production	✓	✓	✓	✓
Rivers/Lakes	Primary production	✓	✓	✓	✓
Tideland	Primary production	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Sea	Primary production	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Backed by data	Without supporting data	KEY
A monotone increase (for human use column) or enhanced (for enhanced or degraded column) for the last 50 years	+/-	Mixed (trend increases and decreases) over the past 50 years, or some components/regions increase while others decrease
A monotone decrease (for human use column) or enhanced (for enhanced or degraded column) for the last 50 years	NA	Not assessed (insufficient data, not reviewed)
No change (for both columns) for the last 50 years	✓	The direct causes that have influenced ecosystem services

Source: United Nations University's "Japan Satoyama-Satoumi Assessment (JSSA)"