declines of ecosystem services because of reduced use of agricultural land and secondary forests. The total satochi-satoyama area accounts for about 40% of Japan's national land, and nearly half of the land where endangered species congregate is distributed in Satochi-satoyama areas, making them important for the conservation of biodiversity, but the effects of such factors are extending to the living beings around us. In the 2010 Tokyo Red List (mainland version) released by the Tokyo metropolitan government in July 2010, Cybister japonicus, which is an aquatic insect, was listed as an extinct species. Even though it was an insect that in the past could be seen everywhere, such as in rice paddies and ponds, it was deemed extinct in the mainland area of Tokyo. Living species that used to be around us are also continuing to disappear one after another, and even killifish are now listed as endangered species on the Red List of the Ministry of the Environment. We should be aware of the changes in our living environment that have, without us realizing it, caused changes in the habitats and growing locations of living beings around us, causing extinction of species. Meanwhile, in recent years in satochi-satoyama a reduction of human activities has caused expansion of the distribution of wild animals.

Figure 3-2-7 Changes of Sandfish Catches in Akita Prefecture

such as deer and wild boars, which causes damage to agricultural and forestry industries, as well as to ecosystems, because such animals eat up rare plants and the understory vegetation of forests. It can be said that the task for working toward the future coexistence of people and nature in these regions is the question of how to proceed with conservation and management in light of changes in social conditions, such as population decrease and socio-economic changes.

As for the “Third Crisis” due to alien species and chemical substances brought in by humans, measures such as pest control based on the Invasive Alien Species Act are proceeding, as well as efforts such as developing effective and efficient pest-control technology. However, it is expected that the trend of intentional and un-intentional invasion of alien species, and species already settled and spreading, will continue from now on. There are concerns about such effects particularly on inland water systems such as rivers and lakes, and island systems. As for alien species for which the scope of their habitats expands as the temperature rises, the risk seems to increase that they will become established and spread. An extremely large amount of costs and labor are required in order to contain or eradicate alien

$ ^{*} $ Amounts of catches are from the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Statistics Department's "Ocean Surface Fishing Production Statistics Survey." Amount of catches for 2009 is a preliminary figure. Source: Akita Prefecture

Figure 3-2-8 Relationship between Coral Bleaching in Sekisei Shoko and Temperature

Bleached coral (Sekisei Shoko)

Note 1: The temperature $ 30.0^{\circ} $ C is set as the coral bleaching subtraction temperature, and the total of values that exceed $ 30.0^{\circ} $ C is defined as the coral bleaching temperature indicator.

Note 2: Although 1988 is within the dangerous range, there was almost no affect by temperature on coral that year because of damage by being eaten by acanthaster. Source: "About the Temperature Environment at Time of Coral Bleaching in Sekisei Shoko" by Okamaoto et. al (2007). Photograph: Ministry of the Environment