or consulate abroad, apply for landing to an immigration inspector at the port of entry $ ^{*} $ 4) and receive a landing permission stamp. Upon departure from Japan, the foreign national must receive confirmation of departure.

As a result of the landing examination, the immigration inspector will deny landing to the foreign national if any of the grounds for denial of landing (Article 5 of the Immigration Control Act) are recognized as applying to the foreign national. For example, the foreign national would be denied landing if he were to present a passport or visa that had been recognized as forged or altered, he were to make a false statement in his application concerning the activities he planned to be engaged in while in Japan, or had been convicted of a crime, including those related to drugs. Such grounds for denial of landing are stipulated to prevent the entry and residence of foreign nationals who may damage the interests or security of Japan.

Other than the ordinary immigration procedures for foreign nationals, the Immigration Control Act also stipulates a simplified landing permission system called “Special Cases of Landing” for certain types of entry of foreign nationals.

### b. Entry (Landing) Control of Foreign Nationals

A foreign national must, in principle, satisfy the following conditions for landing in Japan (Article 7, Paragraph 1 of the Immigration Control Act) before he is permitted to enter the country with the status of residence and period of stay authorized.

① The foreign national must hold a valid passport;

② A valid visa must be affixed to the passport, unless the foreign national is exempt;

③ The activities that the foreign national will be engaged in while in Japan as stated in the application must be true and must fall under one of the status of residence categories. (For some of the status of residence categories, the foreign national must, in addition, satisfy the landing permission requirements stipulated by the Ministerial Ordinance to Provide for Criteria pursuant to Article 7, Paragraph 1 (2) of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act.)

④ The period of stay as requested in the application must comply with the provisions of the Ministry of Justice Ordinance.

⑤ The foreign national must not fall under any of the grounds for denial of landing.

If, as a result of a landing examination by an immigration inspector at the port of entry, a foreign national is found not to conform to the conditions for landing, the case will be assigned to a special inquiry officer( $ ^{*} $ 5), who will hold a hearing (Article 9, Paragraph 4 and Article 10, Paragraph 1 of the Immigration Control Act).

If the special inquiry officer finds that the foreign national satisfies the conditions for landing as a result of the hearing, he will promptly be granted landing permission (Article 10, Paragraph 7 of the Immigration Control Act).

On the other hand, if a foreign national receives notice that he does not conform to the conditions for landing, the foreign national may either submit to the finding or file an objection. In the case of the former, the foreign national will be ordered to leave Japan. In the case of the latter, the foreign national may file an objection with the Minister of Justice within three days after receipt of the notice (Article 10, Paragraph 10 and Article 11, Paragraph 1 of the Immigration Control Act).