Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
### C. Injury loss

Injury loss is calculated in two different ways depending on the conditions.

For relatively severe conditions, it is calculated on the basis of survey conducted by Standard Gamble method (Confirming the extent of the probability of success in regards to the gamble of special treatment, with the two selections of immediate cure or death, in the case where a patient involved in a traffic accident may require long-term hospitalization or may be left with a severe disability if they receive conventional treatment.).

For relatively mild conditions it is calculated on the basis of the survey conducted by the virtual market valuation method. (Ensuring willingness to pay $ ^{4} $ for the medical expenses to be paid if any special treatment for immediate cure is received) As a result, the injury loss was calculated to be 0.85 trillion yen in total.

### 3. Losses due to traffic accidents per person

When calculating the amount of loss per person for death, disability, injury, it was 244 million yen and 18.24 million yen, and 1.85 million yen accordingly. In addition, although the amount of loss in case of a permanent injury is value by the overall average grade of disability from mild to severe, some injury losses are now being calculated separately from injury indicators, such as the weight of the disability grade, when calculating the amount of injury loss per capita in each segment, ranges of up to 202 million yen from 10.96 million yen exist (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Losses due to traffic accidents per person (Unit: million yen)

Note) injury Q...Remaining injury corresponding to the first class residual disability grades specified in the appendix 1 or grade 1 specified in the appendix 2 of Order for Enforcement of the Automobile Liability Security Law

Note) injury O...Remaining injury corresponding to the grades from 10 to 14 specified in the appendix 2 of Order for Enforcement of the Automobile Liability Security Law
violation of criminal laws, and could commit crimes or become involved in the violation of criminal laws in the future (Article 3, Paragraph 1, Item 3 of the Juvenile Act)

(2) Juveniles guilty of misconduct: Juvenile under the age of 20 who does not correspond to the definition of juvenile delinquent but who is taken into custody by the police due to the drinking of alcohol, smoking, running away from home, etc.

3 (1) Traffic accident: An accident involving human death or injury (an accident resulting in death or injury), caused by the road or rail traffic, as prescribed in Article 2, Paragraph 1, Item 1 of the Road Traffic Act.

(2) Number of fatalities (resulting from traffic accidents): Number of persons dead within 24 hours after the traffic accident.

(3) Number of fatalities within 30 days (resulting from traffic accidents): Number of persons dead within 30 days after the traffic accident (the day of the accident being counted as day 1).

4 (1) Number of confirmed cases: Number of cases the occurrence of which is known to the police.

(2) Number of cases cleared: Number of cases arrested by the police regarding Penal Code offenses. Unless otherwise noted, the number of solved cases is included.

(3) Clearance rate: The number of cases cleared as a proportion of the number of confirmed cases by the police is calculated by using the method given below and is displayed in percentages.

(Number of cases cleared (including arrests of cases which were known before the reference year)) × 100

(Number of confirmed cases in the reference year)

(4) Attempted crimes and preparations for crimes are also included in accomplished crimes.

(5) The numeric values from Okinawa Prefecture before 14 May 1972 are not included in the various types of numeric values before 1972, unless otherwise noted.

(6) Unless otherwise noted, statistics, diagrams and other numeric data are based on surveys conducted by the National Police Agency.

(7) The “ $ \Delta $ ” symbol in the increase and decrease column of the diagram denotes a decrease.

(8) In the distribution ratio of statistical diagrams, since fractions over 1/2 are counted (figures are rounded up to the higher value after 0.5) as one, and the rest are excluded, the total may not be 100.0.

(9) The various numeric values in the year of 1989 (Heisei 1), unless otherwise noted, include the figures for the year of Showa 64 (1-7 January 1989).

(10) Regarding the nationality of victims, “Chinese” denotes Chinese nationals, “Taiwanese” denotes a Chinese national who has a domicile in Taiwan or lives in Taiwan, and possesses a passport issued by the authorities of Taiwan with a visa issued by the Embassy of Japan in Thailand, and “Hong Kong, etc.” denotes a Chinese national who possesses a passport or other identification paper issued by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
### Section 1. The Current State of Crimes that Threaten Everyday Life

1. The current state of crimes that threaten the property of citizens

(1) The current state of Furikome frauds (extortion)

1) Worsening damages

### a. Status of confirmed crimes

Furikome fraud (extortion) is the collective term used to describe the following four types of fraud:

· So-called “Ore ore (It’s me)” fraud (extortion)

Fraud (or extortion) where someone pretending to be a relative calls a victim to ask for money for some concocted emergency like the need to cover the embezzled company money, leading the shook-up victim to transfer cash to the deposit account designated by the caller

## · Billing fraud (extortion)

Fraud (or extortion) where you get a billing statement charging money on pretense of some fictitious purchase of goods or services and urging you to transfer the money to a designated deposit account

· Loan guarantee money fraud

Fraud where you are urged to transfer cash to a designated deposit account on the pretext of guarantee money to receive a loan

· Refund fraud

Fraud using a computer (first confirmed in June 2006) where someone pretending to be an official from a social insurance office contacts you to complete necessary procedures to receive a refund for medical expenses, etc., directing you to an automated teller machine (ATM) to make money transfer from your account to a designated deposit account

The characteristics of all these frauds are:

· Defraud (or extort) a victim using a phone; and

· A perpetrator pretends to be another person informing a victim of a fictitious name, family relationship, position or affiliation.
Category	Year	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
The number of confirmed offenses	25,667	21,612	19,020	17,930	20,481
"It's me" fraud (extortion)	14,874	6,854	7,093	6,430	7,615
Billing fraud (extortion)	5,101	4,826	3,614	3,007	3,253
Loan guarantee fraud	5,692	9,932	7,831	5,922	5,074
Refund fraud	-	-	482	2,571	4,539
Total amount of damage	283.8	251.5	254.9	251.4	275.9
"It's me" fraud (extortion)	191.3	128.6	146.8	145.3	155.2
Billing fraud (extortion)	54.1	56.1	48.9	37.7	35.9
Loan guarantee fraud	38.4	66.8	54.2	38.6	37.5
Refund fraud	-	-	5.1	29.9	47.4

Damage from Furikome frauds (extortion) started to become conspicuous from around the summer of 2003, and the offenses peaked out in 2004, with the number of confirmed cases coming to around 25,700 and the total amount of damage at some ¥28.4 billion. While the number of confirmed cases then gradually declined, the total amount of damage stayed almost flat at over ¥25.0 billion each year.

In 2008, the number of confirmed cases and the total amount of damage turned higher to about 20,500 and ¥27.6 billion, respectively, both the second highest after 2004, with the situation still remaining serious. By type of fraud, the largest amount of damage came from “It’s me” frauds (extortion), followed by refund frauds, loan guarantee money frauds and billing frauds (extortion) in that order.

Looking at the damage by month, the total amount of damage declined sharply in January 2007, when the limit on cash transfers via ATMs was lowered to ¥100,000, but tended to increase from there through the first half of 2008. In June 2008, the National Police Agency established the Office against Furikome Frauds, and as a result of the efforts of both the public and private sectors toward the forceful implementation of a range of countermeasures, the damage turned down again in the second half of 2008.

As for the age bracket of victims by type of fraud during 2008, those aged 60 or over accounted for 84.5% and 73.7%, respectively, of the victims of Ore ore frauds (extortion) and refund frauds. While people below 40 accounted for 61.4% of the victims of billing frauds (extortion), those aged 30 to less than 60 accounted for 69.8% of the victims of loan guarantee money frauds.
### b. Status of offenses cleared

In 2008, the number of Furikome frauds (extortion) cleared came to 4,400 cases and the number of suspects arrested stood at 699. The clearance rate was low at 5.1% in 2004, but improved to 21.5% in 2008 as a result of stronger policing activities with the cooperation of related institutions and organizations. Because of difficulties involved in investigations into Furikome frauds (extortion) as described below, however, it still remains low compared with the clearance rate of 31.5% for all Penal Code offenses.
Category	Year	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Number of Offenses Cleared	1,305	2,539	2,974	3,079	4,400
Number of Suspects Arrested	548	819	761	454	699
Clearance Rate	5.1	11.7	15.6	17.2	21.5
Clearance Rate for all Penal Code Offenses	26.1	28.6	31.2	31.7	31.5

### c. Difficulties involved in investigations

There are the following difficulties involved in investigations into Furikome frauds (extortion):

The first difficulty involved is anonymity. It is difficult to identify perpetrators because they use highly anonymous tools such as cell phones and deposit accounts in fictitious or other people’s names and commit crimes without seeing victims in person.

The second difficulty has to do with wide areas involved in crimes. As the places of residence of victims, locations of branches of financial institutions with deposit accounts designated for money transfers, locations of shops where cell phones used in crimes were contracted and locations of ATMs used to withdraw fraudulently transferred money are all different, investigations have to extend to multiple prefectures in most cases and require wide-area coverage and long periods of time.

The third difficulty involves the growing sophistication and diversification of crime tactics. Criminal groups are constantly sophisticated and diversifying their ways of committing crimes by slipping through police investigations and various countermeasures taken by related institutions and organizations and sharing information on highly successful tactics among them (see page 8).

The fourth difficulty concerns the well-organized nature of criminal groups. Criminal groups that carry out Furikome frauds (extortion) are crime organizations that consist of ringleaders, those who make fraudulent phone calls, those who take out wangled funds from deposit accounts (so-called money withdrawers) $ ^{1} $ , and those who procure crime-perpetrating tools $ ^{2} $ . It is often very difficult to shed light on how these criminal groups operate as they repeat the process of gathering and parting quite often in a short period of time, change their bases of operations and take other thorough steps to escape police investigations.

Note 1: Group members assigned the role of withdrawing money defrauded out of victims from deposit accounts

2: Group members assigned the role of procuring cell phones and deposit accounts under fictitious or other people's names to be used in frauds
## 2 ) Growing sophistication and diversification of crime tactics

Criminal groups perpetrating Furikome frauds (extortion) are sophisticated and diversifying their crime tactics in response to changes in social conditions.

### a. Changes in “It’s me” Ore ore fraud

In cheating upset victims out of money in Furikome frauds (extortion), sophisticated and diverse pretexts are employed to have them believe that people close to them are in a bind and need money urgently. These pretexts for money go through a transition. In 2004, compensation for out-of-court settlements of traffic accidents was the most frequently used pretext. In 2008, however, widely used pretexts were compensation for embezzlement and other troubles with employer companies, like “They found out that I embezzled company funds; I need to repay them quickly,” and repayments of consumer loans or other debts, such as “I am under intense pressure to pay back consumer loans; I need the money quickly.”

Tactics employed are becoming increasingly sophisticated. An example involves a perpetrator pretending to be a relative calling a victim to tell of a change in the phone number and calling the victim again at a later date to defraud him/her out of money. In this case, as the perpetrator uses the purportedly changed phone number to make the second phone call, the victim can be easily led to believe the call is from the relative. Since the return call from the victim to check circumstances is taken by the perpetrator, it is difficult for the victim to become aware of the fraud and avoid the damage.

### b. Increase in refund frauds

The main characteristic of refund fraud is that a victim is not aware that he/she is actually transferring his/her own money to a perpetrator’s account. The victim is led to believe that he/she is getting the refund for medical expenses by operating an ATM as instructed by the perpetrator, but actually, the victim unwittingly transfers money from his/her deposit account to a deposit account controlled by the perpetrator.

The damage from Ore ore frauds declined sharply immediately after the limit on cash transfers using ATMs was lowered to ¥100,000 in January 2007 to make the transfer of large amounts of money via ATMs impossible in response to international calls for measures against money laundering and terrorist financing. However, we then witnessed a sharp rise in frauds employing money transfers between deposit accounts, instead of cash transfers, as seen in refund frauds as a way to go around the upper ceiling imposed on ATM cash transfers.

Perpetrators are sensitive to issues of high social concern. In the early stage of the spread of refund frauds, they often posed as tax office officials and used the pretext of tax refunds to defraud victims. After 2007, however, they changed tactics and frequently used the pretext of refunds for medical expenses, pretending to be officials from the social insurance office.
### c. Increase in frauds without use of ATMs

Given that the bulk of defrauded money being transferred through financial institutions, such as the use of ATM, police reinforced countermeasures including requests for the freezing of suspected bank accounts (see page 18) and community police officers' visits at ATM locations (see page 21). This prompted an increase in fraud tactics that do not use ATM cash transfers:

· Tactics where perpetrators have victims send cash to designated private mail boxes using EXPACK $ ^{1} $ parcel delivery service, and they get the money after letting it go through several more private mail boxes

· Tactics where perpetrators visit victims already being cheated at their homes posing as policemen, financial institution employees or carrier workers and directly defraud the victims out of cash or cash cards

Note 1: The service of Japan Post Service Co., Ltd. to carry parcels in dedicated envelopes that can be dropped into mail boxes at a uniform rate to any part of Japan, but cash cannot be enclosed in the envelopes.

### d. Abuse of call transfer service

Perpetrators pose as officials from public institutions or representatives of genuine businesses when making calls to victims or may abuse call transfer services when having victims call them back. Victims are prone to be deceived when perpetrators use toll-free phone numbers starting with "0120" showing fixed-line phones. As call transfer service firms do not always verify the identities of service subscribers, even when investigations lead to call transfer service operators used in crimes, it is often extremely difficult to identify perpetrators.

## 3 ) The picture of criminal groups

### a. Composition of criminal groups

Criminal groups committing Furikome frauds (extortion) are crime organizations for which former black-market financiers, former motorcycle gang (Bosozoku) members, juvenile delinquents, "Boryokudan" organized crime group members form the core with the clear division of roles for those who make fraudulent phone calls, those who take out wangled funds from deposit accounts and those who procure crime-perpetrating tools.

These criminal groups mainly comprise young people in their 20s and early 30s. A person who has acquired fraud know how in a criminal group may depart that group to form his/her own group. Thus, these criminal groups can gather and part every several months, and have very mobile and flexible organizations with a seemingly unending stream of new recruits joining them.

Criminal groups often procure cell phones and bank deposit accounts in fictitious or other people’s names essential in the perpetration of Furikome frauds (extortion) from tool dealers $ ^{1} $ .

Note 1: Tool dealers are those who repetitively and continuously provide cell phones and deposit accounts under fictitious or other people’s names and other perpetrating tools.

Diagram 5 Composition of Criminal Groups
communications networks as an essential means of perpetrating them.

2. Current Status of Crimes That Threaten People’s Lives and Bodies

(1) Current Status of Offenses That Threaten Safety and Security Concerning Food and Products

1) Current status of offenses that threaten the safety and security of food

In recent years, there have emerged cases where the intake of food contaminated by chemical substances has caused serious damage to people’s lives and bodies, giving rise to major concerns among citizens.

Also, offenses weighing on the safety of food have increased in recent years, such as food sanitation-related offenses (violations of the Food Sanitation Act) and offenses involving false labeling of origins for food products (violations of the Unfair Competition Prevention Act). The number of such offenses cleared in 2008 came to 37 cases, and the number of suspects arrested 91 people. As for false food origin labeling offenses, the number of offenses cleared stood at 16 cases and the number of suspects arrested 57 people, both increasing substantially to the highest since the tabulation of data started in 2002.

Tactics for disguise are becoming more malignant sophisticated, and in some cases, fictitious transactions are made in the names of fictitious companies.

Table 4 Status of Clearances of Offenses Involving Food Safety (2004-2008)

YearCategory	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Number of cases cleared (cases)	25	26	25	52	37
Offenses related to food sanitation	14	18	20	48	21
Offenses with false labeling of origins of food	11	8	5	4	16
Number of suspects arrested (persons)	42	37	35	90	91
Offenses related to food sanitation	21	21	23	69	34
Offenses with false labeling of origins of food	21	16	12	21	57
Number of legal persons arrested (legal persons)	11	7	4	5	24
Offenses related to food sanitation	3	1	1	3	5
Offenses with false labeling of origins of food	8	6	3	2	19

In recent years, there have emerged cases where the use of manufactured products and facilities familiar in everyday life has caused serious damage to people’s lives and bodies, such as carbon monoxide poisoning by the use of household water heaters and accidents involving elevators installed in high-rise housing, giving rise to major concerns among citizens.

## (2) Current Status of Health-Related Offenses

In recent years, there have emerged offenses to sell health food for exorbitant prices by taking advantage of people’s strong health-consciousness and desire for beauty, underscoring the efficacy with unexplained medical grounds or advertising them as if effective to heal particular diseases or particular parts of the body on the basis of false narratives of purported current users, as well as offenses to sell copied pharmaceutical products in violation of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act and offenses to offer medical practices without proper qualifications in violation of the Medical Practitioners Act, giving rise to major concerns among citizens.
Table 5 Status of Clearances of Health-Related Offenses (2004-2008)

YearCases/PersonsCategory	16	17	18	19	20
cases	persons	cases	persons	cases	persons	cases	persons	cases	persons
Total	505	500	507	554	482	461	560	572	551	493
Pharmaceutical affairs-related offenses	279	297	251	320	201	197	196	225	207	211
Medical profession-related offenses	61	78	73	100	65	93	63	110	66	84
Public health-related offenses	165	125	183	134	216	171	301	237	278	198

Note 1: Pharmaceutical affairs-related offenses are offenses involving violations of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act and the Pharmacists Act, etc.

2: Medical profession-related offenses are offenses involving violations of the Medical Practitioners Act and the Dental Practitioners Act, etc.

3: Public health-related offenses are offenses involving violations of the Food Sanitation Act and the Rabies Prevention Act, etc.
### Section 2. Measures to Cope with Crimes that Threaten Everyday Life

1. Measures to cope with crimes that threaten citizens’ property in everyday life

## (1) Measures to eradicate Furikome fraud (extortion)

Criminal groups perceive Furikome frauds (extortion) as their business and repetitively and continuously carrying out offenses with strong consciousness of the relationship among costs, risks and returns. Therefore, in order to eradicate Furikome frauds (extortion), it is necessary to create an environment that forces criminal groups to abandon Furikome fraud (extortion) attempts by jacking up costs of procuring perpetrating tools and risks of being arrested by police while reducing returns by taking various measures to prevent wangled funds from being delivered to criminal groups.

Diagram 8 Measures to Eradicate Furikome Fraud (Extortion)

## 1 ) Existing measures

### a. Establishment of the dedicated investigation team deployed in the metropolitan region

While victims of Furikome frauds (extortion) are spread all over the country, defrauded funds are quite often withdrawn in the metropolitan region. Thus, in order to conduct investigations in an efficient manner, police have established the dedicated investigation team deployed in the metropolitan region, which comprises investigators dispatched from Prefectural Police and makes the metropolitan region as the base of its operations. The dedicated investigation team is engaged in investigations into cell phones and deposit accounts used in offenses in the metropolitan region at the request for investigation assistance from Prefectural Police, making possible efficient investigations into Furikome frauds (extortion) with extensive damage over wide areas.

### b. Construction of database on Furikome frauds (extortion)

To cope with Furikome frauds (extortion) that are causing damage across the nation, police have