Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## (4) Efforts for the Creation of a Powerful Police Front Line

In recent years, the number of cases of obstruction of police duties has risen, and while the environment surrounding such work conditions worsens, the number of community police officers that will retire and be recruited in the near future will increase. The composition of human infrastructure in the police agency is changing immensely, and a subsequent loss of local enforcement capabilities is feared.

Therefore, to construct a powerful police front line centered around Prefectural Police departments, which will be most affected by these influences. Police forces have established a "Comprehensive Plan to Formulate a Prefectural Police Centered Powerful Police Front Line", which promotes various measures such as strengthening the commanding capabilities of executives, improving the competency of junior officers early on, renewing and strengthening and renovating and strengthening communications command as a keystone of initial investigation.

## (5) Education and Training

In order to properly execute their duties, police personnel require well-integrated common sense, good judgment, and a genuine ability to execute their duties. Police schools and workplaces, including police stations, are strengthening and enhancing their training in order to equip police personnel with both high moral values reinforced with pride and a sense of duty, and the ability to execute their duties.

## 1 ) Education and Training in Police Schools

The following types of education and training are being conducted in Prefectural Police Academies, Regional Police Schools, the National Police Academy, and other training institutes, tailored to each rank and occupational field.
## 2 ) Education and Training at Workplace

At workplaces including police stations, in addition to police personnel being offered personal guidance based on aptitude and duties, trainings and other meetings are held to enhance the ability of personnel to execute their duties. In addition, lectures of experienced police officers and retired police officers are being conducted to pass on their special knowledge and skills. Furthermore, besides ensuring appropriate execution of duties, instructors from other departments conduct workshops to foster strong moral values.

## 3 ) Strengthening and Enhancing Martial Arts Training

In order to ensure possession of the powerful execution capabilities required to properly handle felonious crimes, training such as judo, kendo, arrest techniques, and target practice are conducted. In particular, the police are working to enhance and strengthen training anticipating the situations most likely to occur through means including target practice using a digital firing simulator $ ^{1} $ in order to foster the ability to properly respond to changing situations.

## (6) Police Officers Killed or Injured in the Line of Duty

Police officers protect people’s lives, persons, and possessions. To maintain public safety and order, they carry out their duties without regard for personal safety, and as a result, there are cases where they are unfortunately killed or wounded in the line of duty. During 2008, there was a case where a police officer from traffic riot police unit fell off from police motorcade while chasing the vehicle violating the maximum speed limit and was killed.

The police are providing honorary monetary gifts to the families of police officers killed or injured in the line of duty, in addition to receiving compensation from the public disaster compensation system. In addition, for valor in conduct of duty, the officers are praised and honored under the name of the NPA’s Commissioner General.
## Section 5 Budget and Equipments of Police

## (1) NPA Budget

The police budgets are comprised of the NPA budget and the Prefectural Police budget. Among these, the NPA budget includes monies disbursed by the National Treasury for Prefectural Police expenses as well as subsidies for the Prefectural Police. In FY2008, the per capita police budget was approximately 28,000 yen.

## 1 ) NPA Budget

Initial budget of FY2008

• Total amount: 273.529 billion yen

• Rise of 13.022 billion yen (5.0%) from the previous fiscal year

• 0.6% of the national general account

Take prioritized measures on strengthening preventive measures against terrorism and response structure to emergency

Supplementary budget of FY2008

•No. 1 supplementary budge Total 10.12 billion yen

Take prioritized measures for analysis/identification of food safety-related offenses

Take prioritized measures for improving equipment

•No. 2 supplementary budge Total 1.095 billion yen

Take prioritized measures for improving equipment for Furikome fraud countermeasures

## 2 ) Prefectural Police

• Total amount: 3,372.33 billion yen

• Fall of 44.080 billion yen (1.3%) from the previous fiscal year

• 6.8% of the prefectural general account

* Each prefecture compiles taking crime situation and financial situation into consideration

## Diagram 5-7 NPA Budget (After the Final Correction for FY2008)

## Diagram 5-8 Prefectural Police Budget (After the Final Correction for FY2008)

## (2) Equipment of Police

## 1 ) Improvement of Vehicles

Throughout Japan, police are equipped with approximately 39,000 vehicles, which include patrol
cars and white police motorcycles. In 2008, the number of vehicles, including ones required for supporting victims of the crimes, organized crime countermeasures was increased to respond to drug offenses, organized crime, terrorism and crime victims, as well as to strengthen the mobile power of the Prefectural Police.

## 2 ) Development and Improvement of Equipments

In FY2008, in addition to lifesaving equipment for use during large-scale disasters, equipment for cyber crime, inter-prefectural intelligence crimes, organized crime, and other countermeasures was upgraded.

Moreover, the development and improvement of equipment is being promoted through the introduction of the most advanced science and technology for streamlining and upgrading operations. During the same fiscal year, the police strove to develop and improve equipment for preventing incidents resulting in injuries as well as for security measures.
### Section 6. Police Info-Communication Systems to Support Police Activities

Police info-communications are an essential foundation for police activities. In order for the police to immediately respond to crimes, accidents, and disasters of all types and in all locations, various types of info-communication systems have been developed independently and installed throughout Japan. Efforts are also being made to increase their sophistication.

## (1) Info-Communication Systems to Support Police Activities

## 1 ) Info-Communication Systems to Support Crisis Management

A national network links together various bodies including the NPA, RPBs, Prefectural Police Headquarters, police stations and kobans via media such as wireless multiplex lines, specialized lines for electronic transmissions, operations workers, and satellite transmission lines which the police independently install, maintain, and manage. This network also generates a variety of mobile communications systems that transmit information essential for the execution of police duties.

For matters such as the management and operation of the system, Info-communications departments are placed in each prefecture as national agencies supporting Prefectural Police activities. Also, info-communications departments are placed in each RPB to provide instruction and coordination regarding the operation of communication facilities in the event of a serious interprefectural incident.

## 2 ) Police Information Management System

The Police Information Management System has been established in order to immediately respond to the enquiry from front line police officers by registering information on stolen vehicles or missing persons in the computers of the NPA and to prohibit illegal acquisitions of driving licenses by unifying the driving license information nationwide.

Diagram 5-9 Police Info-Communication Systems to Support Police Activities
between Prefectural Police Headquarters and police officers on the scene when crimes, accidents, or disasters occur.

In security activities for Hokkaido Toyako Summit held in July and imperial escort, security guard, and crowd security at the various events, the Police secure communication measures including utilization of a helicopter television system and satellite communication system.

In addition, when cases such as robberies or purse snatching occur, the squads secure communication necessary for police activities through such means as setting up provisional telephone lines and wireless networks, or setting up TV camera equipment at the house of victims for stalking cases, thus further strengthening efforts for communication measures against crimes that occur around the people.

Note 1: Info-Communication Bureau, Regional Police Bureau, Tokyo Info-Communication Bureau, Hokkaido Info-Communication Bureau, Prefectural Info-Communication Bureau and Area Info-Communication Bureau
### Section 7. Proper Activities of the Police Force

## (1) Bold and Sustainable Implementation of Police Reform

The NPSC and the NPA are enforcing all measures prescribed in the “Guideline for Police Reform” and are working to bring peace back to communities under the spirit of the police reform in order to deal with the severe security situation. The number of confirmed cases for Penal Code offenses is still high. Besides, there are incidents that pose serious anxieties and threat to the citizens’ life. Thus, the crime situation remains to be as severe as before.

In 2008, a disciplinary action was taken against 252 people, the decrease of 51 from the previous year, reaching the least record since 2000 when “Guideline for Police Reform” was formulated. This is nearly 60% decrease compared to 2002 with the most number, but unusual cases that lose the trust of the people such as drunk driving by police officers are still occurring.

Reflecting the severe criticism of the Japanese people as a self-searching/lesson and returning to the starting point in order to promote the “Guideline for Police Reform” steadily, the NPSC and the NPA compiled the “Police Reform Continuous Action” guidelines with the following five points along with the publication of the assessment report in December 2005 to allow for a constant push toward police reform. The police are to continue to push for reforms based on these guidelines and to verify the status of their execution.

In order not to fade the spirit of police reform, implementing continuous consciousness reform of the executive officials and other personnel by taking all opportunities such as school education and on-the-job training.

In order to prevent misconducts, implementing activities such as maintaining transparency of the accounting and strengthening its audit, strengthening education of the personnel regarding accounting, strengthening the inspection mainly directed at preventing the breach of regulations, strict punishment against the breach of regulations and encouraging awareness of the responsibility of executive officials.

The Public Safety Commissions make effort to strengthen and enhance administrative functions more, and verify regarding the progress and problems of police reform continuously.
## (5) Completeness of Information Management

As the police are handling large amounts of personal information such as crime investigation and driving license information and many confidential information, the NPA has hitherto promoted the countermeasures for information outflow and falsification by establishing the Police Information Security Policy (standard system regarding police information security).

In addition, in accordance with continuous information outflows, emergency countermeasures were implemented including emergency checkup of all computers and external recording media in March and special audit and guidance regarding prevention of information outflow to all Prefectural Police in May of the same year.

However, in spite of these efforts, even after entering in 2007, the information outflow cases through files sharing software from home by taking out external recording media within investigation documents were exposed at Yamanashi Prefectural Police in February, Hokkaido Prefectural Police in April and the Metropolitan Police Department in June. Especially, the case of the Metropolitan Police was large-scale which the number of files reached approximately 10,000. Strict instructions were given regarding the method of managing data after occurrence of such cases.

In order to eradicate such kinds of incidences, it is absolutely essential to thoroughly manage organizations with information and transform consciousness of each police personnel. In March and June of the same year, the NPA gave instructions to NPA personnel and Prefectural Police about the prohibition on making unnecessary duplications and taking out documents, and the disposal and deletion of unnecessary information, in order to make more explicit the duties of personnel involved in information management. At the same time, from September of the same year, audits of the leakage of information regarding all Prefectural Police forces were conducted. Furthermore, comprehensive measures were implemented at the end of FY2007 to improve information security including the strengthening of audits and maintenance of computers using public funds, as well as banning the usage of personal computers for official duties.

In particular, measures are being taken to prevent information leaking from external recording mediums. For example, the use of external recording medium has been limited. A file server that enables the sharing of information even without using external recording mediums $ ^{1} $ is also being maintained, as well as introducing a system that automatically encrypts information entered in external recording mediums.

Note 1: A file server that shares data saved on automatically encrypted recording mediums with other computers on the network.
# Section 8. Aiming for Police Activities Open to the People

## (1) Police Station Councils

The opinions and desires of the people must be sufficiently understood when the police are conducting a variety of crime and traffic accident prevention activities in the community. Also, the understanding and cooperation of residents is essential if police activities are to yield results.

For that reason, Police Station Councils exist as a basic rule in every police station in Japan. They are a place for the Chief of the Police Station to listen to residents' opinions regarding police operations, and are used as a means of seeking the understanding and cooperation of the people. The PPSC appoints residents under their police station's jurisdiction as well as employees from local public entities, schools, and others eligible to express opinions and desires on community safety issues as Police Station Council members. As of June 1, 199, Police Station Councils had been set up in 1,203 police stations, with a total of 10,733 members.

Diagram 5-11 Roles of the Police Station Councils

Diagram 5-12 Council Members Composition by Fields (As of 1 June 2009)

Diagram 5-13 Council Members Composition by Age (As of 1 June 2009)

## (2) Information Disclosure

Based on NPA Instructions Announcement Standards, as a basic rule the NPA makes its commands and policies known to the public and posts them on the NPA website. A reading room has also been established where Police White Papers and statistics, as well as press releases and other written materials, are available for general perusal.

The number of requests for the information and decision of disclosure based on the Act on the Disclosure of Information Possessed by Administrative Organs against the National Public Safety Commission and the National Police Agency in FY2008 is shown in Table 5-2.
### Section 9. Police Assistance for Victims

## (1) Basic Measures

Victims including their bereaved families do not only suffer direct, physical, mental, or economic losses. Hence, the police are attempting to enhance measures for victims from various aspects. The Prefectural Police employ the System to Support Victims by Designated Personnel $ ^{1} $ , in which police personnel other than the investigators of a crime provide the victim with support including escorts and explanation of investigative procedures immediately after the crime occurs. As of December 2005 a total of 23,753 personnel were in place throughout Japan for that purpose.

Note 1: Total number of personnel is 26,019 as of December 2008.

Note 1: Brochures provide information on criminal procedures and legal remedy systems as well as the Benefit System for Crime Victims and other 2: Police maintain contact with a certain scope of crime victims to provide information on the progress of investigations and final actions against suspected 3: These activities by community police officers are designed to prevent crime victims from suffering another similar damage and help mitigate their feelings of insecurity.

## (2) Activities of Victim Support Contact Councils

Victims have a wide range of needs, including livelihood assistance, medical bills, and legal fees. For this reason, victim support contact councils composed of the police, the Public Prosecutors Office, bar associations, physician associations, clinical psychiatrists associations, relevant bureaus of the local public entities, consulting organizations, and others have been placed in all prefectures. Furthermore, association frameworks for victim support at the police station and community levels are established throughout each prefecture, providing more finely-tuned victim support.

## (3) Cooperation with Private Victim Support Groups

Private victim support groups have continued to be established in various regions. The number of groups that have joined the National Network for Victim Support (NNVS) had reached 46 as of April 2009. These support groups conduct activities including accepting of consultations via telephone, interviews, training and fostering of consultants, provide support for self-help groups (such as bereaved family associations) and help increase public awareness. The police support the establishment and operations of these groups. In addition, based upon the Act on Payment of Crime Victim Benefit, the PPSC operate a public authentication system that designates nonprofit organizations and can properly and certainly contribute to early alleviation of losses resulting from crime. As
of April 2009, 23 organizations had been designated as early assistance organizations for crime victims.

## (4) Benefit System for Crime Victims

The Japanese Benefit System for Crime Victims pays a regular benefit on behalf of people who are unable to receive either public aid or damage compensation despite being victims of premeditated criminal acts leading to major harm such as sudden death or serious injury, disease, or impairment. Since its establishment in January 1981, this system has played an important role in reducing the losses suffered by victims.

Table 5-5 Situation of Operations of the Benefit System for Crime Victims

Year	Before 2005	2006	2007	2008	Total
Category
Number of Victims who Applied (persons)	5,568	491	448	462	6,969
(Number of Applicants (persons))	(8,346)	(649)	(574)	(565)	(10,134)
Number of Victims Involved in Rulings (persons)	5,240	458	445	407	6,550
Number of Rulings (cases)	(8,019)	(610)	(588)	(532)	(9,749)
Number of Victims Awarded a Payment (persons)	4,948	435	407	388	6,178
Number of Rulings (cases)	(583)	(546)	(510)	(9,258)
Number of Victims Denied a Payment (persons)	292	23	38	19	372
Number of Rulings (cases)	(400)	(27)	(42)	(22)	(491)
Amount Awarded (million yen)	16,934	1,272	932	907	20,045
## (5) Measures to Accommodate Victims' Special Needs

The police promote measures to accommodate the characteristics of the victims as follows.

## Diagram 5-16 Measures to Accommodate Victims' Special Needs

## V ictims of Juvenile Crimes

## V ictims of Boryokudan

## V ictims of Traffic Accidents

Providing Information Regarding the Systems

• Instructions in cooperation with the Traffic Safety Activity Promotion Centers nationwide regarding insurance demands and loss compensation systems, victim support and relief systems, the basic systems of settlements, arbitration, and litigation procedures in response to the request of victims

Providing Information Regarding the Assailants

• Providing information in response to inquiries regarding the appointed dates for taking opinions related to the administrative handling of the offending party and its results

Promoting Understanding of Driver’s License Holders of to the Mentality of the Victims

• Utilizing videos featuring traffic accident victims and testimonials written by victims in the training of drivers who have had their licenses suspended

• Implementation of lectures given by victims in the training of drivers who have had their licenses suspended
# Section 10. Japanese Police Activities in the International Community

## (1) Promoting International Cooperation

In September 2005, the NPA instituted and publicly announced the Guideline for Promotion of International Cooperation, which laid out the basic policies of international cooperation through the Japanese police, its direction, and the measures which needed to be taken. The police are proactively and effectively promoting international cooperation based on the guideline.

1) Transfers of Knowledge and Technology

The NPA is promoting international cooperation through transfers of the Japanese police’s knowledge and technology, drawing upon its special abilities as a police force, in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Such cooperation is implemented by the combination of sending specialists to foreign countries, accepting the trainees from foreign countries, provision of materials to foreign countries and grant aid.

### a. Program on Assistance for the Reform of Indonesian National Police

Since 2001, the NPA has been carrying out the Program on Assistance for the Reform of Indonesian National Police with the cooperation of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

The Civilian Police Activities Promotion Project, which is the core of the program, began a new five-year period of cooperation (Phase 2) in August 2007. Its focus is to spread nationwide the achievements of the cooperation in the areas of koban system, criminal identification, and communications command system etc.

### b. Activities Supporting the Philippines National Police

With cooperation by JICA, the NPA has hitherto been dispatching specialists to the areas of crime investigation and initial investigation and implementing a project to strengthen the operation of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) since summer of 2006. Furthermore in fall of 2008, the NPA set up a capability enhancement program for criminal countermeasures including those for firearms in the Philippines National Police.

### c. Dispatching Specialists

Other than the cases described above, the police are striving to transfer the knowledge and technology by dispatching specialists to the countries such as Thailand and Brazil. Guidance fields are diverse including koban system, criminal identification and drug measures. In 2008, including the cases described above, 21 specialists were dispatched and the total number of the dispatched specialist came to 34 including those who are continuously being dispatched.

### d. Acceptance of Trainees

Various foreign countries show high interests regarding Japanese police management, koban system and crime identification. In order to promote positive transfer of knowledge and technology in such fields, the police are striving to accept trainees by organizing seminars as well as examples mentioned above. Total of 248 trainees has accepted in 29 sessions of the conducted trainings in 2008.