Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
### Section 2. Police Efforts for Eradicating Drunk Driving

## (1) Current Situation of Traffic Accidents Resulting from Drunk Driving

Triggered by an accident which occurred in Fukuoka Prefecture in August 2006, which killed three infants, the public’s awareness towards the eradication of drunk driving rose. The police responded by implementing the revised Road Traffic Law which contains tighter regulations and stricter penalties targeting drunk driving and environments encouraging drunk driving (enacted in September 2007). This led to a dramatic decline in the number of drunk driving related accidents during 2007. However, drunk driving still continues and the police are strengthening efforts for the eradication of drunk driving.

Diagram 3-7 Trends in Drunk Driving Accidents and Fatalities (1999-2008)

## (2) Activities to “Foster a Social Environment that does not Tolerate Drunk Driving”

The police developed “All Japan Campaign to Eradicate Drunken Driving” in October 2008. In addition to actively publicizing the reality of the dangers of drunk driving as well as of the accidents caused by drunk driving, the police promote traffic safety education holding participation and experience type workshops by using “drunk driving simulator goggles” and “driving simulators.”

Additionally, they are requesting cooperation from relevant industries, including alcohol liquor manufacturers, retailers, and establishments that serve alcohol to deter drunk driving. The police also take part in promoting activities to “Foster a Social Environment that does not tolerate Drunk Driving” in cooperation with the private sector, such as encouraging people to participate in the “Designated Driver Movement” (Handle Keeper Movement) $ ^{1} $ which is being promoted by the Japan Traffic Safety Association.

Note 1: A campaign to eradicate drunk driving in which a person within a group of customers at an establishment serving alcohol is chosen (designated driver) to refrain from drinking and take the responsibility to drive the others safely back home, on visiting alcohol service establishments. This is done with the cooperation of the establishment serving alcohol.

## (3) Strengthening Drunk Driving Regulations

In an effort to eradicate drunken driving, the police continue to promote strict regulations. In addition, when a person is arrested for drunk driving, accurate investigation is conducted not only to the driver, but also on all of the vehicle users, place of alcohol consumption, passengers, and those present at the time of alcohol consumption. In line with newly included provisions to the revised Road Traffic Law which promotes the application of the penal code to fellow passengers who provide alcohol or demand/request rides. Additionally the police are actively making arrests for violations such as soliciting and abetting violations.

Table 3-1 Number of Cases Cleared for Drunk Driving in 2008

Category	Drunk Driving	Driving while Intoxicated	Crime of Providing a Vehicle	Crime of Providing Alcohol	Crime of Demanding / Requesting a Ride
Number of Crackdowns	969	49,267	220	90	1,011
### Section 3. Promotion of the safe use of bicycles

## (1) Situation of Traffic Accidents Involving Bicycles

Bicycles are a beloved method of transportation for the people of Japan; they are used by a wide-range of people for a variety of purposes. In 2008, there were 162,525 cases of traffic accidents involving bicycles, 21.2% of all traffic accidents.

## (2) Preparing Environments to Handle Bicycle Traffic

The police are promoting the preparation of a traffic environment for bicycles by partnering with road administrators, establishing bicycle zones and modifying car roads to ensure that pedestrians and bicyclists can safely use and appropriately share roads. In particular, in January 2008, 98 locations across the country were designated as “Bicycle Environment Model Areas.” Moving forward, the police will work to expand the scale of these areas.

The police intend to finish this project by the end of 2009.

Diagram 3-8 Trends in the Number of Traffic Accidents and the Number of Accidents Involving Bicycles (1999-2008)

Category	Year	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Total Number of Traffic Accidents	850,363	931,934	947,169	936,721	947,993	952,191	933,828	886,864	832,454	766,147
Number of Accidents related to Bicycles	154,510	173,876	175,223	178,289	181,845	187,980	183,653	174,262	171,018	162,525

## (3) Promotion of Bicycle Safety Education

The police are partnering with local public entities, schools and bicycle-related organizations to promote “Rules relating to Traffic Routines” and “The Five Principles of Bicycle Safety.” $ ^{1} $ The police are working to spread knowledge of bicycle traffic rules among children/students, the elderly and married couples.

In addition, the police creating a wealth of educational content by partnering with schools to promote bicycle safety education for children/students and carrying out “Education Model Projects for the Safe Use of Bicycles among Middle and High School Students,” a project which aims to create highly effective educational material. In 2008, approximately 3.46 million people participated in the 35,000 bicycle education courses targeted at children/students and the

elderly across the nation.

## (4) Strengthening of Guidance and Arrest Measures for Traffic Act Infringements by Bicyclists

Focusing on bicycle guidance/enlightenment priority areas/roads, $ ^{2} $ the police are strengthening guidance measures against bicyclists not equipped with lights, those riding two-to-one-bicycle, those who ignore traffic lights, and those who loiter. Additionally, the police are sternly handling those who cause real danger to vehicles and pedestrians by breaking the law and those who continue to break the law despite warnings by utilizing traffic tickets which threaten arrest.

Note 1: These principles were specified for promotion measures
and publicity as bicycle traffic rules by “Regarding the Promotion of the Safe Use of Bicycles,” which was established by the Head Office for Traffic Countermeasures of the Central Traffic Safety Countermeasures Committee in July 2007.

2: Building on local resident complaints and demand work on the state of traffic accidents involving pedestrians and bicycles, 1,827 locations (as of May 1, 2008) have been specified as bicycle guidance/enlightenment priority areas/roads. The police are promoting guidance and enlightenment regarding bicycle use in these areas.
### Section 4. Traffic Safety Education and Traffic Safety Activities

## (1) Traffic Safety Education

## 1 ) Guidelines to Traffic Safety Education

The National Public Safety Commission (NPSC) has drawn up and made public the Traffic Safety Education Guidelines to ensure that local public entities and private entities can carry out effective and appropriate traffic safety education, and to establish a common standard for the traffic safety education carried out by the Prefectural Public Safety Commissions. The Guidelines specify the basic attitude required of those engaged in traffic safety education, as well as the contents and methods of systematic traffic safety education that are suited to the mental and physical development and traffic attitudes of each age group.

## 2 ) Traffic Safety Education in Business Establishments and Other Places

Business establishments using more than a specified number of vehicles are obliged, under the stipulations of the Road Traffic Law, to carry out traffic safety education in accordance with the Guidelines by appointing a safe driving supervisor. The police provide the necessary instruction such as lessons for safe driving supervisors in order to ensure that traffic safety education is implemented appropriately.

## (2) Traffic Safety Activities

The police are trying to uplift the national traffic safety awareness in cooperation with concerned organizations/entities and local volunteers (traffic safety campaign promotion committees, traffic counselors and others) in various ways.

## 1 ) National Traffic Safety Campaign

The police conduct National Safety Campaigns in spring and fall every year aiming for the thorough prevention of traffic accidents by widely spreading and implementing the idea of traffic safety and to encourage people to comply with traffic rules and uphold good standards in traffic manners. During campaign periods, national and local public entities and private entities work together to carry out large-scale, nationwide campaigns.

## 2 ) Other Traffic Safety Activities

To uplift national traffic safety awareness, the police provide various assistances. These include cooperation in announcing public activities such as traffic safety campaigns that are conducted by local public entities and other entities, workshops for the leaders of local volunteers who take initiatives in traffic safety activities to ensure efficiency, and provision of information on the actual state of traffic accidents.

Other than above, the following entities shown in Diagram 3-10 are developing activities to aim at the traffic safety.
## Diagram 3-10 Activities of Various Institutions

## Japan Traffic Safety Association

(National Traffic Safety Activity Promotion Center under the Road Traffic

## Public announcement enlightenment activities

Training regarding operations of (Prefectural Traffic Safety Activity Promotion Center)

(Prefectural Traffic Safety Activity Promotion Center under the Road Traffic Act)

## Prefectural Traffic Safety Association

Consultation on traffic accidents

Central role of citizens about traffic safety activities

## Japan Safe Driving Center

(Legal person based on Japan Safe Driving Center Act)

Accumulated point notification

Driving career proof

Traffic accident proof

Research study, etc.

## I nstitute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (Traffic Accident Research and Analysis Center under the Road Traffic Act)

Macro statistical analysis

Multi-lateral analysis by integrating various data related to person, vehicle, road received from the police or traffic administration

## Safe driving training

Investigation of accident example in which detailed inspection about reason of accident is carried out by going to actual place of accident

## Micro survey
# Section 5. Traffic Safety Education and Traffic Safety Activities

## (1) Traffic Safety Education

Opportunities for driver education are systematically established at various stages in the license-obtaining process and after licenses are issued. The flow of this setup is as follows.

2: Persons who are 70 years old or over on the day of driver's license expiration are required to take lessons for senior citizens. In addition, for those who are 75 years old or over are required to take preliminary inspection training (Cognitive Impairment Screening Test for Senior Drivers, and lessons for elderly persons are held based on the result. 3: As part of driver's license education which has been approved by the Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC), persons who have completed the equivalent process of training as the lessons for elderly drivers and the lessons at the time of renewal are exempt from taking lessons.

## (2) Enhancement of Education for Those Who Wish to Acquire a Driver’s License

Individuals who wish to acquire a driver’s license must take the driver’s license examination given by Prefectural Public Safety Commissions. However, those who have graduated from designated driving schools $ ^{1} $ are exempt from the skills test. The police are striving to enhance the instruction given at driving schools through such means as improving the quality of instructors.

· Designated driving schools: 1,408 places nationwide (as of the end of 2008).

• Number of graduates who have passed the driver’s license examination during the same year: 1.62 million (95.7% of all passed persons).

Additionally, applicants for driver’s licenses are obligated to take lectures (lectures for license acquisition) in order to learn the necessary skills and knowledge for safe driving in accordance with the type of license sought. However, graduates of designated driving schools and specified driving schools $ ^{2} $ do not need to take these courses as they have received instruction on these contents.

Note 1: Driving schools designated by the Prefectural Public Safety Commissions as meeting set standards for staff, facilities, and teaching methods.

2: Specified driving schools that provide training courses specified by Prefectural Public Safety Commissions as meeting set standards for staff, facilities, training methods, and so forth.
## (3) Environmental Measures through Traffic Control

## 1 ) Traffic Control for Environmental Measures

The police execute measures such as the maximum speed restriction to reduce the engine sound and vibrations by reducing the speed of passing vehicles and the middle lane restriction to keep away the large-sized cars with large engine sounds and vibration from the roadside, according to the situation of the traffic noise and the vibration.

## 2 ) Promoting Eco-Driving

Since the “use of cars in which the reduction of the environmental burden is considered (eco-driving)” is effective for environmental preservation and is expected to contribute to a certain extent for traffic accident prevention, the police are trying to spread eco-driving based on the “10 tips for Eco-Driving” formulated in October 2006 by the Eco-Drive Spread Liaison Council which consists of four ministries/agencies including the NPA.

Diagram 3-15 Ten Tips for Eco-Driving
through infrared beacon devices to the car navigation devices installed in cars.

In addition, with the aid of concerned entities, the police are supporting private businesses that provide traffic information by means of mobile phones, the Internet, and car navigation systems through the construction of a system that provides real-time online traffic information. The police are also setting guidelines for the provision of traffic information so that these businesses can smoothly contribute to safe traffic.

Note 1: Vehicle Information and Communication System
### Section 9. Ensuring the Safe Passage of Pedestrians and Others by Improving the Road Traffic Environment

## (1) Ensuring the Safe Passage of Pedestrians

Compared to the US and various countries in Europe, the ratio of pedestrian and bicycle user deaths to overall traffic accident fatalities in Japan is remarkably high. Thus, creating measures to deter traffic accidents involving pedestrians and bicycle users has become a vital task.

## 1 ) Development of Safe Pedestrian Areas

In cooperation with road administrators, the police designated the locations as “safe pedestrian areas” that require urgent measures for securing safe passage of pedestrians and bicycle riders. These include areas such as those used frequently by children who walk or take a bicycle to school; the areas surrounding facilities used by the elderly or persons with disabilities; and areas with shopping streets crowded with pedestrians. In these areas, the police have been undertaking safety measures focused on the special characteristics of the given area including carrying out traffic regulations which aim to lessen the volume of traffic and decrease traveling speeds; making traffic signals, road markers, and signs user-friendly for the elderly and persons with disabilities.

## 2 ) Installation of Barrier-Free Type Traffic Signals and Other Equipment

The police are promoting various measures to ensure safety for the elderly and disabled persons when crossing streets, in line with the law relating to ease mobility of the elderly and the disabled persons. These include measures for the installation of barrier-free traffic signals such as those that emit sound to indicate the state of the traffic signal and traffic signals which indicate how much time remains until the light changes color, measures to enlarge the display panels of road signs and markers, and using reflective material which is easily visible when illuminated by car headlights.
### Section 11. Traffic Guidance and Regulation

## (1) Strengthening Measures against Vicious, Dangerous, and Troublesome Driving

The police are advancing traffic guidance and control activities with mobility in the streets, working to prevent violations, and focusing their law enforcement activities on vicious, dangerous and troublesome driving such as driving without a license, driving while intoxicated, significant speeding and ignoring traffic lights, etc., which directly leads to traffic accidents and for which regulations is highly requested by residents for their annoyance.

In 2008, the police crackdowns accounted for 8,175,691 cases of violations of the Road Traffic Act.

Diagram 3-16 Situation of Crackdowns on the Road Traffic Law Violations (2008)

## (2) Pursuing Employer Responsibility

When enforcing regulations on driving under extreme fatigue, overloading, illegal parking, speeding, and other violations committed with vehicles used for a commercial purpose, as well as traffic accidents resulting from these violations, the police not only prosecute the driver, but also give the employer instructions or orders for the restricted use of the vehicle. Employers who have ordered or approved these violations $ ^{1} $ are arrested and their involvement and responsibility are pursued.

Moreover, violations of regulations such as the Road Traffic Law committed by the drivers of vehicles used for commercial purposes such as taxi and trucking services during the term of these operations are reported to the Transport Bureau and the necessary administrative sanctions are advocated, in order to prevent accidents involving commercial vehicles.

Furthermore, the police are also enforcing regulations on crimes by companies which threaten traffic safety such as illegal vehicle remodeling by automobile manufacturers.

Note 1: Includes users, safe driving supervisors and other persons who directly manage the operation/driving of the vehicles.
### Section 12. Comprehensive Measures against Motorcycle Gangs (Bosozoku)

## (1) Status and Trends in Bosozoku

Although both the number of Bosozoku members and the number of emergency calls to the police related to Bosozoku have decreased compared with the previous year, the public’s demand for the improvement of measures against Bosozoku remains as strong as ever.

There are two types of Bosozoku members: reckless group drivers (who recklessly drive through the streets in groups making loud noises) and illegal racers (whose members compete in illegal driving skills such as rolling and drifting). As shown in Diagram 3-17, the illegal racers account for about 13.3% of the total and the most of Bosozoku are categorized as enthusiasts. Moreover, up until now the majority of Bosozoku consisted of minors, however, the ratio of adults have increased in the past few years to the point that they have now become the majority.

In addition, the Kyushakai was also formed, mainly composed of former and current Bosozoku members who amass old two-wheel motor vehicles refurbished in Bosozoku style and travel in large groups. They have been spotted traveling towards scenic areas and in a number of other areas.

Bosozoku commits a wide range of crimes, from violating road traffic related regulations to Penal Code violations and drug abuse. There have been a number of murder cases within Bosozoku groups and cases of bodily injury to regular citizens. Furthermore, some of these groups have been confirmed to be potential Boryokudan (yakuza syndicates) members.

Table 3-8 Trends in the Number of Bosozoku Members and Emergency Calls to the Police Related to Bosozoku (2004-2008)

Year	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Category
Number of Motorcycle Gang Members (Note) (persons)	18,811	15,086	13,677	12,584	11,516
Number of Emergency Calls to the Police	87,448	73,364	65,520	64,057	57,593

Note: Number of persons who are counted by police at the end of every year.

Table 3-9 Situation of Clearances by Law (2008)

Category	Number of Arrests (persons)
Road Traffic Act	32,963
Joint Dangerous Act	2,833
Penal Code	2,229
Murder/burglary/arson, etc.	100
Obstruction of performance of official duties	89
Violence/battery	351
Unlawful Assembly with Dangerous Weapons	15
Larceny	1,212
Other	462
Road Trucking Vehicle Act	280
Other	282
Total	35,754
Arrests	3,336

Diagram 3-17 Makeup of Bosozoku Members by Type (Enthusiasts/Illegal Racers) (2008)

## (2) Regulations on and Other Measures against Bosozoku in Cooperation with Relevant Organizations

The traffic, juvenile and community police affairs divisions of the police are cooperating to dismantle Bosozoku groups and encouraging members to withdraw by advancing regulations by applying various laws, including arresting those involved in group risk activities at site.

Moreover, the police cooperate for the establishment
and application of the Bosozoku Eradication (Ejection) Ordinance $ ^{1} $ in local public entities. The police are also implementing comprehensive measures against Bosozoku, such as sponsoring lectures to discourage memberships in Bosozoku in junior high schools and high schools and encouraging withdrawal from these groups with the cooperation of families, schools and guardians.

Note 1: As of the end of 2008, regulations were enacted in 24 prefectures and 154 cities and towns
(1) Situation Regarding Traffic Accident Investigations

The number of cases cleared concerning traffic accidents in 2008 is as follows.

## Table 3-10 Situation of Clearance of Cases of Charges of Dangerous Driving Resulting in Death or Injuries

Category	Driving negligence resulting in injury	Driving negligence resulting in death	Gross negligence and injury by negligence	Gross negligence resulting in death and death by negligence	Total
Cases	705,800	4,371	4,773	33	714,977

Note 1: Driving negligence resulting in injury indicates driving negligence resulting in injury or occupational negligence resulting in injury.

2: Driving negligence resulting in death indicates driving negligence resulting in death or occupational negligence resulting in death.

## (2) Promotion of Appropriate Investigations of Traffic Accidents

Traffic Accident Investigation Instructors assigned in Traffic Investigation Divisions at Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Prefectural Police Headquarters are providing on-the-spot guidance in cases including hit-and-run cases, or cases in which it is deemed a charge of dangerous driving resulting in death and injuries applicable, or it is difficult to acquire evidence other than the statements of the party involved one-sidedly among traffic accidents resulting in death and injuries. They are thus promoting systematic and focused investigation.

Furthermore, the police are working to ensure prompt initial investigation of hit-and-run cases and to make prompt arrests of suspects by effectively employing traffic identification devices such as computer search systems for traces of evidence $ ^{1} $ . In 2008, the clearance rate for fatal hit-and-run accidents was 93.2%.

Note 1: A system which filters and identifies the model and other information of a vehicle from pieces of a lens or from tire marks left behind at the scene of the hit-and-run.

Diagram 3-18 Trends in the Number of Applied Dangerous Driving Resulting in Death or Injuries (2002-2008)

## (3) Scientific and Rational Traffic Accident Investigations

Taking up the opinions of citizens seeking precise, scientific investigations of traffic accidents, the police are offering specialized courses on the appraisal of traffic accidents that make use of crash experiment accident analysis in order to cultivate traffic investigators with sophisticated knowledge and skills.

Additionally in order to lessen the burden of the