Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## (4) Promotion of Information Provision from the Public

In order to arrest criminals and solve cases, the understanding and cooperation of the public toward criminal investigations are vital.

For this purpose, the police are calling on the public through Prefectural Police websites to provide information as well as using various media to reach out to a wide audience for the swift reporting of incidents, cooperation for door-to-door investigations, and provision of information relating to incidents. The police also disclose the name of suspects to the public and conduct open investigations when necessary in order to find and arrest suspects or to prevent reoccurrences of crimes.

Additionally, the NPA implemented a special rewards system for investigation (public rewards system) in 2007 for the purpose of encouraging the public to come forward with information as well as increase the number of clearances of serious crimes. Cases to which this system applies are publicized on the NPA website (http://www.npa.go.jp) and other places.

## (5) Enhancing Inquests

In 2008 the police dealt with approximately 160,000 dead bodies, a 1.4 fold increase in the past 10 years.

Diagram 1-28 Trends in the Number of Dead Bodies Handled (1999-2008)

In order to respond properly to the surge in the number of dead bodies handled, and to promote appropriate inquests, the police are working to expand the number of criminal investigators $ ^{1} $ and their assistants, enhance the training of police officers involved in inquests, and strengthen the inquest structure based on the maintenance of equipment. Maintaining a system of doctors who conduct autopsies is essential for accurately determining the cause of death and as such, the police asked the Japanese Society of Legal Medicine in January 2008 to enhance the system of coroners.

Additionally, the NPA is reviewing measures along with relevant organizations $ ^{2} $ to improve the structure to determine cause of death through improving training of coroners and facilities, promoting cooperation with forensic medicine courses at universities and other institutions, further utilization of medical inspector system.

Note 1: Criminal investigators are superintendents who have had over 10 years of experience investigating in the criminal department, or police officers who are ranked as police inspectors. They are inquest specialists appointed by those who have pursued a graduate course in forensic science. As of April 2009, 196 have been appointed nationwide.

2: The Cabinet Secretariat; NPA; Ministry of Justice: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; and the Japan Coast Guard.

### 2. Utilization of Science and Technology (1) DNA-Type Identification

DNA-type identification is a method of identification that focuses on and compares the differences between each person’s DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) to discern individuals $ ^{1} $ .

Currently the type of DNA-type identification used by the police is mainly STR DNA testing $ ^{2} $ . It is presently possible to identify individuals with a probability of 4.7 trillion to 1 in cases with the highest frequency rate of DNA combination amongst Japanese.

The number of cases in which DNA-type identification is conducted has been on the rise every year and they have been hugely effective in solving not only felonious crimes such as murder cases, but also crimes that occur close to home such as larceny. The police register records of DNA types taken from suspects' bodies and records of DNA types allegedly left by suspects at crime scenes in a database, utilizing in tracking down a criminal or recognition of further crimes. As of December 2008, the cases in which the suspects were recognized by using database reached 4,585 (3,407 persons).

Note 1: The DNA segments used in DNA-type identification conducted by the police do not contain information regarding physical characteristics or disease, nor can they be identified from the DNA-type identification results.

2: The number of repeat units of the repeated sequences of the four bases, adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) called STR are unique to each individual. The STR DNA testing method utilizes this difference.

Diagram 1-29 The Parts Used for DNA-type Identification (STR System)

## (2) Automated Fingerprints and Palm Prints Identification System

Fingerprints and palm prints play an important role in criminal investigations due to their uniqueness and permanence making them extremely useful materials for identifying individuals.

The police register fingerprints and palm prints of suspects and fingerprints and palm prints left behind at crime scenes in a database and use an automated fingerprint identification system to conduct automatic verification in order to identify criminals and track down further crimes.

## (3) Computer-Assisted Facial Image Identification System Using a 3D Physiognomic Range Finder

The computer-assisted facial image identification system verifies facial images taken from security cameras etc. against facial images of suspects obtained elsewhere to establish whether they are the same person. Generally, the faces of suspects captured by security cameras are taken at various angles, making it difficult to simply compare them to photographs of suspects. Thus, this system, which makes it possible to identify individuals by adjusting the angle and size of the facial image of the suspect to match those of the image obtained separately from a security camera etc.,
necessary information between the two organizations in order to prevent the reoccurrence of crimes by those with a prior history of violent sex crimes targeting children, those on parole whose whereabouts are unknown, and those who are on probation with a suspended sentence.

### 3. Information Sharing with the Ministry of Justice

The NPA and the Ministry of Justice (MOJ) have established a structure to cooperate and share

## (1) Information sharing regarding the release of offenders of violent sex crimes targeting children

Since June, 2005, the police have been receiving information from the MOJ on the release information of offenders of violent sex crimes targeting children who have been serving in penal institutions including their release date and scheduled residence after being released.

Since the start of this operation until the end of 2008,
Mobile terminals equipped with functions such as to transmit images are distributed to on-scene police officers in order to accurately grasp the situation of cases at communications command centers and police communications centers.

· Improvement of education and training on communications command

The police are working to improve communications command skills, especially the ability to make decisions regarding cases, through holding competitions and conducting specialized education.

· Strengthening of cooperation for police mobility and improvement of operation

In order to prevent differences in response for sudden cases, police stations and police headquarters are strengthening cooperation such as for the operation of police cars.

## (4) Patrol Car, Police Helicopter and Patrol Boat Activities

The patrol cars deployed to police headquarters and police stations nationwide are used in cooperation with the community police officers in kobans and chuzaishos to patrol districts and are the first to respond in the event of an incident or accident. In addition to patrol cars, there are approximately 80 police helicopters and around 190 police boats stationed nationwide cooperating with the communications command center and patrol cars. Taking advantage of their mobility, they patrol areas, collect information in the event of an incident or accident, collect traffic information, and conduct rescue activities in the case of disasters, including alpine accidents.

## (5) Railway Police Unit Activities

The railway police post their main and garrisoned units at railway stations to patrol and safeguard trains, stations, and other railway facilities including the surrounding area to prevent crimes such as pick pocketing, luggage theft, and sexual assault, and to arrest perpetrators. Furthermore, they take the necessary measures, such as escorting females on board trains and policing the cars, when they receive reports regarding sexual assaults at “female assault consultation place” etc..

### 5. Koban and Chuzaisho Activities

At kobans and chuzaishos, efforts are being made to gain an understanding of the conditions in the area
## (4) Management of Lost and Found Articles

In order to allow for smooth return of lost property to their rightful owner etc., community police officers run collection services. The number of reported articles including those kept by special facilities occupants $ ^{2} $ rose to approximately 17,340,000 in 2008. Of the retrieved items submitted to the police, approximately 9.7 billion yen and 6.17 million items were returned to their owners.

Note 1: Kobans that are increasingly left empty by community police officers

2: Some special facilities occupants who have been designated by the public transport or Prefectural Public Safety Commissions may keep items for themselves when they notify the police about lost and found items.

Table 1-10 Trends in the Situation of Handling the Reports of Lost and Found (2004-2008)

Year	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Category
Currency (billions of yen)	Lost and Found Items	132	139	139	145	142
Reports of Lost Property	409	414	409	404	373
Goods (in tens of thousands)	Lost and Found Items	1,070	1,158	1,222	1,272	1,734
Reports of Lost Property	742	743	761	796	1,065

Note: Lost and Found Items since 2007 includes those kept by special facilities occupants.
### Section 3. Measures for a Safe and Secure Living

### 1. Policies to Protect Women

## (1) Addressing Stalking Offenses

Taking into account the victims will, based on laws including those related to the regulation of stalking offenses (hereafter referred to as the “Stalking Control Act”), the police are working to prevent the spread of such crimes by taking administrative measures such as issuing warnings, restraining orders and teaching self-defense techniques.

Moreover, even in cases that do not interfere with these laws or ordinances, active responses to crime from the viewpoint of the victim are being conducted to victims, including prevention counseling, and teaching about related organizations, as well as giving warnings to perpetrators.

Diagram 1-37 Framework of Countermeasures for Stalking Cases

Table 1-11 Trends in the Situation of Application of Stalking Control Act (2004-2008)

Year	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	Year-on-year comparison
Category
Warnings (cases)	1,221	1,133	1,375	1,384	1,335	$ \Delta $ 49 ( $ \Delta $ 3.5%)
Restraining Orders	24	22	19	17	26	9 (52.9%)
Provisional Orders	0	1	0	0	0	0 (0%)
Support	1,356	1,569	1,631	2,141	2,260	119 (5.6%)
Arrests (on charge of Stalking Acts)	200	198	178	240	243	3 (1.3%)
Arrests (violation of Restraining Order)	6	2	5	2	1	$ \Delta $ 1 ( $ \Delta $ 50.0%)
Diagram 1-38 Trends in the Number of Confirmed Stalking Cases (2004-2008)

Note: The confirmed number of cases include cases not infringing on Penal Codes but harassing behavior such as persistent followings and silent phone calls. Notwithstanding acts that violate Stalking Regulations.

## (2) Addressing Spousal Violence

In cases where spousal violence is recognized as punishable offense, the police are taking measures including investigations which will be held based on the victim’s will, and giving out warnings to the offender even in cases where it is hard to confirm as being an criminal case.

Moreover, based on the law to prevent spousal violence and protect victims (hereafter referred "Domestic Violence Prevention Act"), the police must get in touch with the victim immediately, give instructions about prompt emergency calls, and give warnings to the offenders to assure that the restraining order will be complied, for cases where the police receives a notification of a restraining order.

Diagram 1-39 Trends in the Number of Confirmed Spousal Violence Cases (2004-2008)

Note: The number of confirmed cases of spousal violence refers to cases where the spousal violence case was confirmed through consultation, request for aid and protection, acceptance of offence reports and letter of complaint, and arrests.

Diagram 1-40 Collaboration between Police and Relevant Institutions regarding Cases of Spousal Violence
Table 1-12 Trends in the Situation of Response to Domestic Violence Prevention Act (2004-2008)

Year	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	Year-on-year comparison
Court Request Submission of Documents 1 (cases)	1,541	2,025	2,172	2,162	2,618	456 (21.1%)
Court Order for Protection of Victim 2	1,774	2,178	2,247	2,239	2,534	295 (13.2%)
Restraining Order	1,176	1,657	1,722	1,680	506	$ \Delta $ 1,174 ( $ \Delta $ 69.9%)
Restraining Order for Child Protection 3	45	879	986	969	232	$ \Delta $ 737 ( $ \Delta $ 76.1%)
Restraining Order for Relative Protection 4	-	-	-	-	31	-
Restraining Order for Child and Relative Protection	-	-	-	-	34	-
Eviction Order	5	4	8	7	5	$ \Delta $ 2 ( $ \Delta $ 28.6%)
Restraining Order and Eviction Order	593	517	517	552	128	$ \Delta $ 424 ( $ \Delta $ 76.8%)
Restraining Order for Child Protection 3	18	329	350	357	55	$ \Delta $ 302 ( $ \Delta $ 84.6%)
Restraining Order for Relative Protection 4	-	-	-	-	4	-
Restraining Order for Child and Relative Protection	-	-	-	-	9	-
Stay-away Order, Restraining Order for Phone Calls 4	-	-	-	-	1,412	-
Restraining Order for Child Protection	-	-	-	-	574	-
Restraining Order for Relative Protection	-	-	-	-	157	-
Restraining Order for Child and Relative Protection	-	-	-	-	296	-
Stay-away Order, Restraining Order for Phone Calls, Expulsion Order	-	-	-	-	483	-
Restraining Order for Child Protection	-	-	-	-	257	-
Restraining Order for Relative Protection	-	-	-	-	34	-
Restraining Order for Child and Relative Protection	-	-	-	-	93	-
Report to the Domestic Violence Consultation Center 4	-	-	-	-	935	-
Violation of Victim Protection	57	73	53	85	76	$ \Delta $ 9 ( $ \Delta $ 10.6%)
Executive Order from Police Chief 3	254	3,519	4,260	5,208	7,225	2,017 ( $ \Delta $ 38.7%)

Note 1: The number of cases that police was requested from the court to submit the document with descriptions of the pleader during consultation

2: The number of cases that police was notified with restraining order from court

3: The order was enforced from 2 December 2004

4: The order was enforced from 11 January 2008

### 2. Measures for Child Safety

## (1) Efforts to Protect Children from Crime

## 1 ) Crimes where children become the victim

In 2008, the number of cases where children aged under 13 became the victim to Penal Code offences (hereafter referred to as “the number of cases where children were victimized”) was 33,328 cases, which having decreased since 2002, showed a decrease of 1,130 (3.3%) cases from the previous year.

Of the total number of penal Code offences in 2008, abduction 40.6% (63 cases), indecent assault 13.2% (936 cases), indecent exposure 8.3% (76 cases), murder 8.8% (115 cases) rank especially high among cases in which children were victimized.

Diagram 1-41 Trends in the Number of Cases where Children aged under 13 Became the Victim to Penal Code Offences (1999-2008)
Diagram 1-42 Trends in the Situation of Crime Category of Cases where Children aged under 13 are Victimized (1999-2008)

Year	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Category
Murder	87	100	103	94	93	111	105	110	82	115
Robberies	18	10	11	16	21	11	16	8	7	8
Rape	65	72	60	90	93	74	72	67	81	71
Violence	221	477	630	724	945	1,115	1,136	1,055	933	867
Battery	206	338	450	467	536	615	546	553	529	472
Indecent Assault	1,391	1,668	2,037	1,815	2,087	1,679	1,384	1,015	907	936
Indecent Exposure	32	27	50	48	79	120	132	98	73	76
Arrests/ Confinement	6	8	8	6	12	8	4	8	3	2
Abductions/Kidnappings	100	115	91	108	133	141	104	86	82	63

## 2 ) Measures to Protect Children from Crime

### a. Safety Measures around Schools and Commute routes

In order to prevent in advance the cases where children are victimized and enable a safe commute to and from school, the Police have cooperated with schools to promote the security of children at schools and commute routes by strengthening the patrol during commute times for routes to and from school, as well as actively commissioning retired police officers as school supporters (refer to page 85) at schools.

### b. Promoting Education to Prevent Victimization

To improve the ability to foresee and avoid the danger of children being caught up in crime, kindergartens, child care centers, and elementary schools are enabling children to participate and experience crime prevention classes with the cooperation of schools and the education board. These classes consist of programs such as picture-story shows, plays, and role-play. In addition, instructions are given to school staff on how to handle the situation in case suspicious individuals break in to school property.

### c. Promoting Information Transmission Activities

For information concerning cases where children were victimized or when foreshadowing of crime such as being pestered or followed are apparent, police stations, elementary schools, and the education board have maintained an information sharing structure to enable quick information provision to children and their parents. Moreover, these information are disclosed on the website of the Prefectural Police forces and information transmission using the information provision supply system are taking place to actively supply the local residents with information.

### d. Support for Volunteers

In order to prevent children from victimization, besides promoting the efforts made by the Police, education board, and schools, the entire community surrounding children must focus on protecting them. Therefore, Police are providing support by giving out stickers and manuals to those who volunteered to notify the police and provide temporal protection to victimized children as the “Home of Children Emergency Call 110”. Moreover, voluntary crime prevention are being actively supported by providing maintenance of activity base and provision of materials and equipment for volunteer groups with its main activity to protect and guide children at commute routes, as well as carrying out joint patrols with crime prevention volunteer groups.
## (2) Crimes Detrimental to Youth Welfare

The police are cracking down on offenses detrimental to juvenile welfare that have harmful effects on their physical or psychological well-being (referred to as the Welfare Act) $ ^{1} $ , such as forcing children to perform sexual acts, and are working to identify and protect the juvenile victims of such offenses. The police are especially reinforcing their crackdown child prostitution and child pornography offenses through an active application of the Child Prostitution/Pornography Act.

In addition, since 2002, the NPA have invited investigative authorities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from Southeast Asian countries to exchange opinions on Child Prostitution/Commercial Sexual Exploitation Japanese nationals committed abroad. In October 2007, they held the 7th Seminar and Investigators Conference on Child Prostitution/Commercial Sexual Exploitation in Southeast Asia.

Note 1: Violating the Child Prostitution/Pornography Act (such as child prostitution), and the Labor Standards Act (such as dangerous work and night work by juveniles)

Diagram 1-43 The Number of Persons Arrested for Table 1-13 Juvenile Victims of Welfare Offenses by Educational Backgrounds (2007, 2008)

Year Category	Total	Preschool	Students/Pupils	Employed	Unemployed
Elementary School	Junior High	High School	Other
2008 ( persons )	7,014	6	4,845	66	1,909	2,806	64	694	1,469
Composition Rate (%)	100.0	0.1	69.1	0.9	27.2	40.0	0.9	9.9	20.9
2007 ( persons )	7,375	6	4,942	53	1,868	2,960	61	749	1,678
Composition Rate (%)	100.0	0.1	67.0	0.7	25.3	40.1	0.8	10.2	22.8
Increase and Decrease Number (Persons)	$ \Delta $ 361	0	$ \Delta $ 97	13	41	$ \Delta $ 154	3	$ \Delta $ 55	$ \Delta $ 209
Increase and Decrease Rate (%)	$ \Delta $ 4.9	0.0	$ \Delta $ 2.0	24.5	2.2	$ \Delta $ 5.2	4.9	$ \Delta $ 7.3	$ \Delta $ 12.5

Table 1-14 Trends in the Number of Cleared Cases, Arrested Persons, and Damaged Children regarding Child Pornography Offenses (2004-2008)

Year	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Category	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Number of Cleared Cases (cases)	177	470	616	567	676
Of which is related to Internet	85	136	251	192	254
Number of Arrested Persons (persons)	137	312	350	377	412
Of which is related to Internet	76	110	174	172	213
Number of Damaged Children (persons)	82	246	253	275	338

## (3) Measures against Child Abuse

The number of clearances concerning child abuse was 307 in 2008 (10% increase compared with the previous year). The numbers increased 1.3 times in the past five years.

Detection of child abuse and the protection of
victimized child at an early stage is an obligation of the police for child’s life and body protection. Therefore, the police department is actively giving guidance and lectures on child’s life and protection, and maintaining intimate cooperation with related organizations such as Child Counseling Centers, schools, and medical institutions.

Besides giving prompt notification to the Child Counseling Centers, in case an abused child is found, the police giving their best effort by putting the activities to ensure and confirm the child's safety as their top priority, such as giving support to the strict investigation and the victimized child. Moreover, strengthening the cooperation with related organizations such as the Child Counseling Center is aimed to enable information sharing and review of response from an early stage when the information on individual cases are acquired for child protection.

Diagram 1-44 Trends in the Situation of Child Abuse by Type (2004-2008)

Year	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Category
Total (cases)	229	222	297	300	307
Physical Abuse	176	156	199	211
Sexual Abuse	39	55	75	69
Negligence/Refusal	14	11	23	20

## (4) Dealing with Youth Crime Victims

In 2008, there were 289,035 cases of Penal Code offenses confirmed by the police to which juveniles were victimized. Of these, 1,231 were felonious offenses and 14,443 were violent offenses.

The police provide continued counseling and other assistance to juvenile crime victims mainly through juvenile guidance officials $ ^{1} $ . The police are also commissioning external experts such as university researchers, psychiatrists, and clinical psychologists as juvenile crime victim counseling advisors to enable persons responsible for providing support to receive expert advice at any time.

Additionally, the police are promoting the use of filtering software and services for computers and mobile phones as well as awareness activities to prevent juveniles from getting involved in crimes by using online dating sites or accessing illegal or harmful information on the internet.

Note 1: For activities that require specialized knowledge and skills, a Police personnel (excludes police officers) with the appropriate knowledge and skills is assigned from the Chief of Police Headquarters to commit to these activities which plays an important role in supporting the provision of juvenile delinquencies and recovery. As of 1 April 2009, 1,100 juvenile guidance staff are assigned nationwide.