Figure 3-1-6 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 – 2020 (Aichi Biodiversity Targets)

Long-term targets (Vision) 2050
A world of “Living in Harmony with Nature”
A world that, “by 2050 biodiversity is valued conserved, restored, and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy plant and delivering benefits essential for all people”
Short-term targets (Mission) 2020
To take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity
This will ensure by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby securing the planet’s variety of life, and contributing to human well-being, and poverty eradication.

Target1: People become aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can take
Target2: Biodiversity values will be integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems.
Target3: Incentives, including subsidies, that are harmful to biodiversity will be eliminated, phased out or reformed, and positive incentives will be developed and applied.
Target4: Stakeholders at all levels will take steps to achieve or will implement plans for sustainable production and consumption.
Target5: The rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, will be at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation will be significantly reduced.
Target6: All fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants will be managed and harvested sustainably.
Target7: Areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry will be managed sustainably.
Target8: Pollution will be brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity.
Target9: Invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.
Target10: The multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification will be minimized.	Target11: 17 percent of terrestrial and inland water areas, and 10 percent of coastal and marine areas will be conserved.
Target12: The extinction and reduction of threatened species will be prevented.
Target13: The genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals will be maintained for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity.
Target14: Benefits from ecosystem services and biodiversity will be provided, restored, and safeguarded.
Target15: Contributions will be made to mitigation and adaptation of climate change through restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems.
Target16: The Nagoya Protocol on ABS will be put into effect and used.
Target17: Each Party will have develop, and commence implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan.
Target18: The traditional knowledge will be respected and made mainstream.
Target 19: Knowledge, and the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity will be improved.
Target20: The mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the strategic plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources, and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the strategy for Resource Mobilization should increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent to resource needs assessment to be developed and reported by Parties.

Source: Ministry of the Environment

### B. The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing

Although negotiations about an international framework (protocol) related to ABS had already been held in advance at preparatory meetings and so forth, a gap of opinions remained between the developing countries and developed countries, and adoption of the protocol was at risk until the final day.

An example of controversy is the time frames covered by the protocol. While developed countries argued that genetic resources obtained after the protocol enters into force should be subject to the protocol, developing countries were of the opinion that the protocol should be applied all the way back to when the Convention on Biological Diversity entered into force, and there were even some opinions that the protocol should cover periods even before the convention entered into force. Thus, the negotiations seemed not to come to an agreement with each other. In addition, various opinions of many of the parties to the convention were tangled over multiple issues, such as whether the “derivatives” of chemical substances, etc. that arise from the metabolism of genetic resources should be covered by the protocol, how define