## (3) Overview of the Results of COP10

The most significant results of COP10 were the adoption of the “Aichi Biodiversity Targets,” which are new global targets on biodiversity (post-2010 targets), and the “Nagoya Protocol,” on ABS. In particular, the Nagoya Protocol was the adoption of a legally binding international regime for achieving the third objective of the Convention, which has been debated ever since the Convention entered into force, and therefore, it is not too much to say that it opened the beginning of a new era for the Convention.

In addition to these major outcomes, a total of 47 decisions that are important for proceeding with conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity on a global scale, such as “protected areas,” and “sustainable use,” were adopted. We will now take a detailed look at the main decisions adopted at COP10 (Table 3-1-3: List of Decisions Adopted at COP10).

## (4) Main Outcomes of COP10

### A. Aichi Biodiversity Targets

At COP10, The Strategic Plan for the next ten years that included new global targets on biodiversity for 2011 and beyond (post-2010 Targets) was adopted, based on the results of assessment of the 2010 Target. Japan proposed that these global targets should be called the "Aichi Biodiversity Targets," and the proposal was agreed upon.

The Aichi Biodiversity Targets comprises a long-term target up to 2050 (Visions), a short-term target up to 2020 (Missions), and 5 strategic targets and 20 individual targets in order to achieve the short-term target (Figure 3-1-6: Strategic Plan for 2011 - 2020).

The long-term target is a “world living in harmony with nature.” In other words, the aim is to, by 2050, realize a world where biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people. As it is Japan that proposed this concept of “living in harmony with nature” to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity in January 2010, it can be said that the ways of thinking and knowledge about coexisting with nature that had been cultivated since long ago in Japan have gained the understanding and empathy from countries around the world.

As for the short-term target, positions were divided between the EU, which sought the ambitious target of “halting the loss of biodiversity by 2020,” and developing countries, which valued feasibility, taking into consideration future economic development. In the end, in light of opinions expressed at an unofficial Cabinet-level meeting, it was decided to “take effective and urgent actions to halt the loss of biodiversity.”

Concerning individual targets, for example, the positions were divided until the last day over the Target 11 on protected areas as for the figure of the quantitative target, but in the end the agreement were reached as "at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas, and 10% of coastal and marine areas will be conserved as protected areas." According to the Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat, approximately 13% of the world's terrestrial and inland water areas and approximately 5% of its coastal and marine areas are designated as protected areas, however in order to achieve the target it is necessary to strengthen efforts, particularly in marine areas.

In addition, Target 2, on integration of biodiversity into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies underlines that the value of biodiversity will be included in national accounting and reporting systems as appropriate. The agreement was reached at the end, despite the fact that several Parties were of the opinion that “it would be difficult to include the value of biodiversity in national accounts.” This was because the global attention was focused on the evaluation of the economic value of biodiversity, and furthermore, the importance of incorporating the results into the policy measures on biodiversity, based on the final report of “The Overview of the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)” reported at COP10. The results of TEEB are explained in details in the column.

The Aichi Biodiversity Targets are adopted as a flexible framework to advance the implementation of the Convention as a whole, and from now on it will be necessary for each Party to set its own national targets according to the status of biodiversity and priority issues, etc., and to incorporate them in its national strategies and action plans. In addition, the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity has provided examples of specific measures of implementing individual target, and milestones and indicators for evaluating the implementation of the targets, which will be continued to be reviewed at related meetings.

It has also been decided that each Party will regularly report the progress of implementation of the new strategic plan, by submitting national reports under the Convention on Biological Diversity and other means. Based on those results, the global assessment on the progress of achievement of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets will be conducted.

In order to carry out the new Strategic Plan and achieve the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, it is necessary for each of the parties to the Convention to promote various measures through development, revision, and implementation of national biodiversity strategies and action plans, with participation from all stakeholders. Meanwhile, at COP10 the needs for financial support, technology transfers, and capacity building required for implementing the new strategic plan were pointed out by many developing countries. For that reason, by revising and steadily implementing its own national biodiversity strategy, Japan as the COP10 Presidency will contribute to promote measures and policies related to biodiversity both nationally and internationally. Furthermore, through contributions to the Japan Biodiversity Fund, administered by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and other means, Japan will support capacity building activities in developing countries, aiming to achieve the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and actively contributing to realizing conservation of biodiversity and its sustainable use at global scale.