Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
### 2. South Asia

The South Asian region includes countries that have high rates of economic growth and gigantic economic potential, particularly India, the world's largest democracy. Accordingly, this region's position in the international community is becoming more prominent. South Asia is located on the marine transport route linking East Asia with the Middle East, and thus is strategically important to Japan. It is also an important region from the viewpoint of dealing with global environmental issues. In addition, the region is of great concern to the international community, including Japan, due to the issue of weapons of mass destruction possessed by India and Pakistan and of its role in international undertakings against terrorism and extremism.

However, the South Asian region still faces a large number of issues to be addressed, including a serious lack of basic infrastructure, such as roads, railroads, and ports; growing populations; low school enrollment ratios in primary education; undeveloped water and sanitation facilities along with inadequate healthcare and medical facilities; insufficient maternal and child healthcare; and a lack of countermeasures against infectious diseases and the rule of law. Poverty reduction is a particularly serious issue, where 500 million of the region's population of 1.5 billion are living in poverty, making it one of the world's poorest regions. South Asia is the second most important region behind Africa in aiming to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (Note 32). For harnessing the economic potential of South Asia and alleviating the widening disparities between the rich and poor, Japan provides assistance to South Asia centered on developing socioeconomic infrastructure.

Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs Makiko Kikuta visiting the Construction Technology Training Institute (CTTI) in Islamabad, Pakistan

##

In its relationship with India, a central presence in the region, Japan promotes cooperation in a wide range of fields based on the Strategic and Global Partnership. These include politics and security, the economy, economic cooperation such as the Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) project, the core of the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) project, and academic exchanges. India is the largest recipient country of Japanese ODA loans, and Japan advances the development of economic infrastructure, including power and transport, as well as the development of the social sector aimed at reducing poverty by improving the rural environment.

In May 2009 in Sri Lanka, the more than 25-year battle between government forces and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) came to an end. Japan provides aid to Sri Lanka while paying consideration to the regional and ethnic balance in order to assist with the promotion of the consolidation of peace and socioeconomic development.
Pakistan plays an important role in undertakings by the international community to eradicate terrorism. The Friends of Democratic Pakistan Ministerial Meeting and Pakistan Donors Conference were held in Tokyo in April 2009. Here Japan announced that it would provide up to US$1 billion in aid to Pakistan, and it has been steadily providing this aid, based on the New Strategy to Counter the Threat of Terrorism, issued in November 2009. Japan provided support to Pakistan, responding to flood damage which occurred in late July 2010 all throughout the country. The support included humanitarian assistance in the form of emergency grant aid, and the dispatch of the Japan Disaster Relief Team composed of a helicopter team of Japan’s Self-Defense Forces (SDF) and of medical teams. At the Pakistan Development Forum in November, Japan newly announced US$500

## ● India: Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project

Sikkim State in the northeastern part of India is an extremely important region from the standpoint of conserving biodiversity, as is evident from the fact that nearly one-fourth of all of the plant species found in India inhabit the region. Conversely, in the wake of factors like the sudden rise in the number of tourists in recent years the effects on the natural environment and ecosystems have risen to the forefront. In light of such circumstances, Japan provides assistance for a variety of measures through an ODA loan worth ¥5,384 million. These measures include strengthening

million of assistance. Japan supports the reconstruction of Pakistan from the flood damage.

>> See Part III. Chapter 2. Section 2. 4. Peacebuilding regarding Japan's aid to Pakistan.

In the South Asian region, efforts aimed at aid coordination in various countries are moving forward. With regard to Bangladesh, for instance, in June 2010 the Joint Cooperation Strategy (JCS) was formulated with the participation of 18 countries and organizations, including Japan, the World Bank, the ADB, and the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID). This was done to assist with the implementation of the Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP-II) (Note 33). Japan is actively working to address aid coordination for Bangladesh, such as by taking part in working committees for the formulation of the JCS.

the managerial capacity for national parks and protected wildlife preserves located in Sikkim, strengthening and improving the basis for activities of the Sikkim Forest Department, and activities to improve the livelihoods of residents who are dependent on forest resources to make a living. On the basis of the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP10) to the Convention on Biological Diversity that was held in Nagoya in October 2010, this assistance aims to contribute to environmental conservation and balanced socioeconomic development in India.
2009 (calendar year)

(Net disbursements, US$ million)

Rank	Country or region	Grants	Total	Loan aid	Total	Total
Grant aid	Technical cooperation	Amount disbursed	Amount recovered
Grants provided through multilateral institutions
1	India	4.50	2.19	27.97	32.47	1,191.72	707.18	484.54	517.01
2	Pakistan	116.15	38.40	15.62	131.77	38.68	39.02	-0.34	131.43
3	Sri Lanka	31.94	5.94	23.46	55.40	295.76	259.53	36.23	91.62
4	Nepal	34.37	1.93	20.46	54.82	0.10	9.64	-9.55	45.28
5	Bhutan	12.63	7.71	20.33	3.59	0.00	3.59	23.92
6	Maldives	9.87	2.38	12.25	5.73	0.00	5.73	17.99
7	Bangladesh	36.96	9.74	31.25	68.21	60.36	114.48	-54.12	14.09
Multiple countries in South Asia	1.84	1.84	1.84
South Asia region total	246.41	58.20	130.68	377.09	1,595.94	1,129.85	466.08	843.18

$ ^{*1} $ Region classifications are determined by MOFA.

$ ^{*} $ 2 Due to rounding, the total figure may not match the sum of each number.

$ ^{*3} $ Figures in parentheses do not include debt cancellation.

$ ^{*} $ 4 “Multiple countries” refers to assistance encompassing multiple countries such as dispatch of study teams and seminars.
### 3. Central Asia and the Caucasus

The Central Asia and the Caucasus regions are a geopolitically strategic area due to their proximity to Russia, China, South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The regions are also strategically important to Japan as they have a large abundance of natural resources including oil, natural gas, uranium, and rare metals. The stability and development of these regions have an impact on the Eurasian region as a whole, including Japan. From this perspective, Japan provides nation

##

In order to facilitate the transition from a planned economy to a market economy and realize economic development, Japan has carried out a diverse range of assistance activities. For social sector reconstruction these include the improvement of legal institutions and health and medical care, developing infrastructure for shifting to a market-based economy and economic development, and the development of human resources for institution building. For example, Japan Centers for Human Development (“Japan Centers”) have been established in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyz Republic as bases for human resource development assistance. At these centers, business courses and other activities are provided based on Japan’s experiences, through which they contribute to the cultivation of human resources that can accommodate the introduction of a market economy in the region. Also, dialogue and collaboration have been undertaken at various levels under the framework of the Central Asia plus Japan Dialogue, which was established in 2004 with the aim of promoting cooperation within the region.

There are many oil fields with world-class reserves on the coast of the Caspian Sea in Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, in which Japanese enterprises partially own building support to each country in order to establish long-term stability and sustainable development in the regions, and in consideration of a broader regional perspective including regions that border Central Asian nations such as Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is done in the hope of helping to radiate basic values such as human rights, democracy, market economies, and the rule of law.

their interests. The oil being exported from these fields runs through pipelines passing through Central Asia and the Caucasus. Therefore, stability and economic development in this region are important for stabilizing the international energy market as well as for securing access to energy resources. Japan provides assistance to this region such as improving public services, cultivating human resources, and developing infrastructure, including power plants.

Construction work for the floor slab of the Alamedin bridge under construction (Kyrgyzstan) (Photo: JICA)
## ● The Project for the Capacity Building of Road Maintenance in the Kyrgyz Republic

The landlocked country of Kyrgyzstan depends on road traffic for 95% of its transport and means of transportation. However, 60% of the public roads managed by the Ministry of Transport and Communications are unpaved. Not even main roadways are in good condition, and maintenance of the road network is inadequate. This has an enormous impact on both economic development in Kyrgyzstan and the lives of its citizens. Therefore, Japan began dispatching experts in 2008 to perform technical transfers via seminars, the creation of manuals, pilot projects, and other such activities. Through this technical cooperation project, Japan aims to improve the skills of personnel at the Ministry of Transport and Communications and staff at road maintenance offices with regard to the improvement and maintenance of the road network. What is more, by combining this with grant aid projects for improving equipment — such as the Project for Improvement of the Equipment of Road Maintenance in Issyk-Kul and Chui Oblasts that has been carried out since FY2009—the expectation is that this will improve the road network in Kyrgyzstan, and by extension vitalize the Kyrgyz economy and improve the lives of its residents.
2009 (calendar year)

(Net disbursements, US$ million)

Rank	Country or region	Grants	Loan aid	Total
Grant aid	Technical cooperation	Total	Amount disbursed	Amount recovered	Total
Grants provided through multilateral institutions
1	Armenia	1.30	1.64	2.94	98.53	2.76	95.76	98.70
2	Kazakhstan	0.57	4.94	5.51	57.87	26.25	31.62	37.13
3	Tajikistan	22.45	8.03	3.79	26.24	26.24
4	Uzbekistan	3.34	11.66	14.99	26.93	21.51	5.41	20.41
5	Kyrgyz Republic	5.54	10.14	15.68	2.39	0.32	2.07	17.75
6	Georgia	14.06	0.55	1.03	15.09	0.00	2.78	-2.78	12.31
7	Turkmenistan	1.15	1.15	2.34	-2.34	-1.19
8	Azerbaijan	7.82	0.58	8.40	0.04	10.48	-10.43	-2.03
Multiple countries in Central Asia and the Caucasus	3.24	3.24	3.24
Central Asia and the Caucasus region total	55.09	8.58	38.17	93.26	185.75	66.44	119.31	212.56

$ ^{*1} $ Region classifications are determined by MOFA.

$ ^{*2} $ Due to rounding, the total figure may not match the sum of each number.

$ ^{*3} $ Figures in parentheses do not include debt cancellation.

$ ^{*} $ 4 "Multiple countries" refers to assistance encompassing multiple countries such as dispatch of study teams and seminars.
### 4. Africa (Sub-Sahara)

Africa, in particular the Sub-Saharan African region located in the south of the Sahara Desert, continues to face serious poverty problems. The majority (33 of the 48 countries) of sub-Saharan countries in this region are considered least developed countries (LDCs), where nearly half of the population lives below the poverty line (approximately US$1 per day). In addition, many countries in the region have serious problems that hinder development, including civil war and conflicts, refugees, famine resulting from drought, and epidemics of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, requiring a significant amount of aid from the international community. Even when looking at discussions taking place in venues such as the United Nations Security Council and G8 Summits, it is apparent that these types of problems in Africa are of critical interest to the international community.

At the same time, Africa boasts copious natural resources and a beautiful natural environment, and thereby possesses great potential for economic growth through trade and investments as well as the promotion of tourism. Japan must continue to make appropriate contributions as a responsible member of the international community in order to assist Africa in achieving sustainable economic growth and to reduce poverty.

State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Takeaki Matsumoto holding a meeting with Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Phandu Tombola Chaka Skelemani of Botswana

##

Japan has proactively cooperated in undertakings led by African countries to address development issues through the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD), which bases itself on the fundamental principle of self-help efforts (ownership) conducted by African countries and cooperation by the international community (partnership). In May 2008, which marks 15 years since TICAD was launched in 1993, TICAD IV was held in Yokohama. In addition, in May 2010, the second TICAD ministerial-level follow-up meeting was held in Arusha, Tanzania. At this meeting, Japan once again indicated its resolve to uphold the promises it had announced at TICAD IV without fail, in response to which the other countries praised the degree to which the promises had been fulfilled. What is more, at the G8 Muskoka Summit in June, Japan continued to introduce the results of the follow-up meeting. At the same time, it also communicated that it would double ODA to Africa, which was one of its pledges, while also strengthening assistance for the achievement of MDGs that are important to Africa.

>> For Japan's support through TICAD Processes, see Section I, Chapter 3, Initiatives through the TICAD Process.

Japan also contributes to initiatives to achieve peace and stability in the African region. For example, assistance to Sudan was taken up as one of the priority areas in TICAD IV. Moreover, assistance for the “consolidation of peace” that Japan emphasizes as an important pillar of its African policy serves as an example of this (Note 34). At the Third Sudan Consortium
Conference held in Oslo in 2008, Japan announced assistance of US$200 million for the immediate future, which was to be added on top of its assistance up to that point. This assistance bears in mind: (1) the balance between Southern and Northern Sudan, (2) transitioning from humanitarian assistance to reconstruction and development assistance in its assistance for Southern Sudan, and (3) reducing regional disparities. As of August 2010, assistance of approximately US$220 million had been provided. In particular, the referendum inquiring issues like the independence of Southern Sudan scheduled for January 2011 represents the culmination

## ● Ethiopia: Project for Water Supply in Afar Region

Located about 250 km to the northeast of Ethiopia's capital city of Addis Ababa, the Afar Region is an area with scarce water resources that lies entirely within a desert zone. When Japan decided on the assistance project in 2007, the water supply rate for Ethiopia as a whole was roughly 31%, but in the Afar Region this was only 17%. In areas all over the region, women and children devoted a huge amount of effort to securing water, and there were outbreaks of health hazards due to the unsanitary water. Japan excavated and repaired wells in nine villages in the Afar Region, laid water transmission and distribution pipes, and installed a total of 28 public water faucets. This has reduced the burden of drawing water on women and children, and has made it possible for residents to have easy access to sanitary drinking water.

of the process of fulfilling the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Taking this into consideration, Japan provided about US$8 million in emergency grant aid for this referendum in support of the consolidation of peace in Sudan, ahead of the international community. Japan also proactively collaborates with international organizations and Japanese NGOs on measures like assistance for the return and reintegration of refugees, activities to clear landmines and unexploded ordnance and education for avoiding these explosives, medical assistance such as measures to combat infectious diseases in children, and food aid.

People from the Afar Region using one of the installed public water faucets
Chart III-14 Japan’s Assistance in the African Region
2009 (calendar year)

(Net disbursements, US$ million)

Rank	Country or region	Grants	Total	Loan aid	Total
Grant aid	Technical cooperation	Amount disbursed	Amount recovered	Total
Grants provided through multilateral institutions
1	Tanzania	48.68	4.11	23.22	71.91	48.56	0.00	48.56	120.46
2	Sudan	125.09	81.87	13.57	138.65	27.63	-27.63	111.03
3	Ethiopia	80.79	34.34	16.98	97.76	97.76
4	Democratic Republic of the Congo	54.62	35.77	13.08	65.70	0.00	0.00	65.70
5	Ghana	44.93	0.45	19.87	64.80	64.80
6	Mozambique	50.19	8.26	10.49	60.67	0.00	0.00	60.67
7	Uganda	23.16	11.75	24.24	47.40	6.64	0.00	6.64	54.05
8	Burkina Faso	37.84	1.00	11.93	49.77	49.77
9	Senegal	25.32	17.58	42.91	3.83	0.00	3.83	46.74
10	Namibia	0.14	3.54	3.68	36.14	0.00	36.14	39.82
11	Sierra Leone	31.95	6.15	5.50	37.44	0.00	0.00	37.44
12	Zambia	16.21	3.11	20.43	36.64	0.00	0.00	0.00	36.64
13	Malawi	18.98	6.00	16.82	35.80	35.80
14	Mali	32.80	2.71	35.51	0.00	0.00	35.51
15	Niger	23.91	4.00	11.15	35.06	35.06
16	Togo	20.96	4.90	0.24	21.21	14.85	1.96	12.89	34.09
17	Kenya	59.53	24.85	24.81	84.34	22.31	72.99	-50.68	33.66
18	Nigeria	24.56	8.81	4.33	28.88	28.88
19	Djibouti	26.52	2.14	2.30	28.82	28.82
20	Benin	19.34	2.00	6.51	25.84	25.84
21	Somalia	22.60	22.60	0.04	22.64	0.00	0.00	22.64
22	Rwanda	12.70	9.17	8.64	21.34	21.34
23	Burundi	52.36	9.21	3.95	56.31	35.89	-35.89	20.42
24	Madagascar	7.39	1.00	11.90	19.29	0.00	0.26	-0.26	19.03
25	Guinea	16.35	2.02	1.85	18.20	0.00	0.00	18.20
26	Cape Verde	14.63	1.75	16.38	1.49	0.00	1.49	17.87
27	Liberia	11.06	6.90	3.66	14.71	0.00	0.00	14.71
28	Chad	13.85	13.85	0.13	13.98	13.98
29	Zimbabwe	11.24	10.68	1.14	12.38	0.00	0.00	12.38
30	Gambia	10.48	0.91	11.39	11.39
31	Côte d'Ivoire	9.38	3.00	1.01	10.39	0.00	0.00	10.39
32	Mauritania	6.70	3.00	2.92	9.63	9.63
33	Guinea-Bissau	8.69	4.21	0.74	9.43	9.43
34	Seychelles	7.79	1.28	9.06	9.06
35	Eritrea	7.22	1.50	1.56	8.78	8.78
36	Cameroon	4.30	0.53	3.81	8.11	0.00	0.00	0.00	8.11
37	Angola	3.37	1.00	3.39	6.76	6.76
38	Central African Republic	4.70	4.50	0.16	4.87	1.21	0.00	1.21	6.08
39	Comoros	5.11	0.20	5.30	5.30
40	South Africa Republic	0.43	5.24	5.68	1.01	-1.01	4.67
41	Lesotho	2.33	2.03	0.24	2.56	2.56
42	Swaziland	0.19	0.99	1.19	0.00	0.00	1.19
43	São Tomé and Príncipe	0.21	0.21	0.42	0.42
44	Republic of Congo	0.38	0.38	0.38
45	Equatorial Guinea	0.10	0.10	0.10
46	Gabon	0.13	4.85	4.97	4.89	-4.89	0.08
47	Mauritius	0.21	1.06	1.27	3.34	-3.34	-2.07
48	Botswana	0.22	1.99	2.22	4.83	-4.83	-2.61
Multiple countries in Africa	14.94	14.94	17.74	32.67	77.75	0.00	77.75	110.42
African region total	1,012.13	349.65	331.11	1,343.24	212.78	152.79	59.98	1,403.22

$ ^{*1} $ Region classifications are determined by MOFA.

$ ^{*} $ 2 Due to rounding, the total figure may not match the sum of each number.

$ ^{*3} $ Figures in parentheses do not include debt cancellation.

$ ^{*} $ 4 "Multiple countries" refers to assistance encompassing multiple countries such as dispatch of study teams and seminars.
2009 (calendar year)

(Net disbursements, US$ million)

Rank	Country or region	Grants	Loan aid	Total
Grant aid	Technical cooperation	Total	Amount disbursed	Amount recovered	Total
Grants provided through multilateral institutions
1	Turkey	1.80	8.29	10.10	388.24	187.59	200.65	210.75
2	Afghanistan	141.65	114.45	28.90	170.54	170.54
3	Morocco	4.77	8.12	12.88	125.79	40.75	85.05	97.93
4	[Palestinian Authority]	62.61	31.17	14.08	76.69	76.69
5	Yemen	33.92	5.98	5.06	38.98	1.77	-1.77	37.21
6	Iraq	3.11	0.05	8.22	11.33	16.79	0.00	16.79	28.12
7	Tunisia	0.19	5.97	6.15	76.41	68.15	8.26	14.41
8	Lebanon	0.54	0.21	0.75	10.24	7.54	2.71	3.46
9	Algeria	1.39	1.39	0.47	0.00	0.47	1.86
10	Oman	0.70	0.70	0.70
11	Libya	0.08	0.08	0.08
12	Iran	2.79	2.66	6.37	9.15	26.56	-26.56	-17.41
13	Egypt	23.55	22.75	46.30	107.42	172.53	-65.11	-18.81
14	Syria	10.28	4.16	12.23	22.50	76.96	-76.96	-54.45
15	Jordan	30.29	10.84	41.13	4.05	102.56	-98.51	-57.37
Multiple countries in Middle East	0.06	0.06	1.51	1.58	1.58
Middle East region total	315.92	158.59	139.73	455.65	729.42	684.40	45.02	500.67

$ ^{*1} $ Region classifications are determined by MOFA. Brackets indicate names of regions.

$ ^{*} $ 2 Including graduated countries in total.

$ ^{*3} $ Due to rounding, the total figure may not match the sum of each number.

$ ^{*} $ 4 Figures in parentheses do not include debt cancellation.

$ ^{*5} $ “Multiple countries” refers to assistance encompassing multiple countries such as dispatch of study teams and seminars.
improve regional broadcasting media, and the diffusion of Japanese standards can also help Japanese enterprises enter overseas markets. Japan supports these countries through technology transfer and human resource development.

Moreover, Haiti suffered massive damage from an earthquake that occurred in January 2010. In response to this, Japan dispatched Japan Disaster Relief Teams and Self-Defense Force units immediately after the earthquake hit; provided assistance in the health and medical sectors through international organizations; supplied food, water, and shelter; and provided assistance to the victims through Japanese NGOs. Moreover, with a view to medium to long-term reconstruction assistance, Japan utilizes its experience and knowledge as a country that has been the victim of earthquake disasters. For the national reconstruction of Haiti, Japan provides assistance that focuses mainly on the areas of education and human resource development, health and medical care, and food and agriculture.

Japan's emergency Assistance to Haiti, see page 73.

## ● Nicaragua: Project for Construction of the Santa Fe Bridge

Nicaragua is located roughly in the center of the Central American region, which seeks to enhance regional economic integration, and constitutes a critical passageway for the migration of people and goods within the region. But the development of the road network within the country is still inadequate, and its major throughway connecting it to its southern neighbor of Costa Rica is overly dependent on the route on the Pacific Ocean side. Therefore, Japan is moving forward with the construction of the Santa Fe Bridge near the border with Costa Rica in order to

In addition, Japan supplied emergency relief goods such as generators and tents to Chile, which suffered damage from an earthquake that struck in February 2010. It also supplied emergency grant aid, such as medical equipment and temporary hospital facilities.

Medical technician examining the heart functions using an echocardiogram (Photo: JICA)

promote the development of a route on the Caribbean Ocean side through grant aid that is limited to ¥2,753 million. To date, Japan has supported the construction of bridges in Nicaragua, and has played a major role in stimulating the economy of Central America as a whole and improving the lives of the residents. Not only that, such bridges have received widespread high praise from the residents, such as for their high level of safety in terms of not sustaining any injuries from Hurricane Mitch, which brought about massive damage in 1998.