improper way in many cases. Suppressing waste generation and strengthening resource recycling and proper disposal have become more important.

Amidst such a situation, Japan has been advancing its cooperation on waste management through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) since November 2006 with a plan for three years in Hanoi City, where the volume of waste collected is increasing along with its rapidly increasing urbanization in recent years. Some model areas introduced sorted collection and recycling (composting), since raw garbage accounts for about half of municipal solid waste. As a result of outreach activities and environmental education on 3Rs in the model areas, the volume of raw garbage brought in to waste disposal sites was reduced by 59% on wet weight basis.

Japan’s challenges while deploying projects on waste treatment and recycling in developing countries include institutional issues, such as shortages of human resources and supplies - necessary for maintaining management of funds and facilities - to introduce advanced technologies, lack of awareness of the significance and benefits on proper waste disposal and the establishment of a sound material-cycle society and lack of effective regulations. Other institutional issues are lack of information on waste flow and inadequate protection of intellectual property.

In order to effectively deploy Japan’s experiences and technologies, it is important to have people understand the significance and benefits of proper waste disposal and the establishment of a sound material-cycle society, and to provide incentives to change the actions of waste generators.

## (6) Development of Policy towards Training of Environmental Personnel

Personnel who can cope with the environmental issues that arise from rapid economic growth and industrialization of Asia, and are capable of building a sustainable society with a long-term view are strongly required. The decade of 2005-2014 has been designated as the “United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD),” based on

Figure3-2-7 FSC Certified Forest Area Growth

Source: Forest Stewardship Council

Japan’s proposal, and human resource development for building sustainable society is being promoted all over the world. The Ministry of the Environment had reviewed necessary measures for the development of environmental leaders “those who look at the importance and urgency of environmental problems in light of their own experience and moral values, are committed to leveraging their area of expertise to realize sustainable development in their professional and private lives and to make actions in Asia including Japan,” and formulated the “Vision for Environmental Leadership Initiatives for Asian Sustainability in Higher Education (ELIAS)” in March 2008. Japan has been implementing the “Project to Develop Higher Education Environmental Leadership Training Programs”— working with Japanese universities, companies, government and non-profit organizations, as well as institutions of higher education – since FY2008, entitled the “Environmental Leadership Vision for Asian Sustainability,” in order to achieve this.

## Figure3-2-8 Concept of Co-Benefit Approaches

Co-benefit-type measures means approaches that can achieve the development needs and the environmental pollution measures of the developing countries, while implementing climate mitigation measures at the same time. Especially the promotions of the environmental pollution measures, which are highly needed by the developing countries, are highly likely to contribute the climate change measures.

Possible target areas of co-benefits

target areas of co-benefits	Remedial activities	Environmental conservation benefits	Climate mitigation benefits
Air pollution	Improvement of combustion	Air pollutant reduction (SOx, NOx and soot and dust)	GHG emissions reduction
Fuel conversion
Transportation measures
Water pollution	Prevention of GHG emissions from sludge, etc.	Water quality improvement
Wastes	Proper waste reclamation	Proper waste disposal
Utilization of biomass wastes	Waste reduction

Source: Ministry of the Environment

Photo3-2-1 Waste Pickers Living on Disposal Sites

Source: Japan Industrial Waste Technology Center