Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
acterized by a wide range of user participation. As a result, these demands are now expected to form a market which is comparable with other general markets.

## 4 Trend to openness and progress in collaboration

The origin of Web 2.0 can be discovered in software development through open source. The significance of open source is to link dispersed knowledge together through networks and collaborate in developing intellectual properties and overcoming challenges. One characteristic of open source in recent years has been that the field of collaboration has been rapidly expanded by the spread of networks including the Internet globally as well as to every field and the development into ubiquitous networks. The work of developing intellectual properties such as software heavily depends on human elements. Such progress in ubiquitous networks makes it possible to achieve collaboration which is based on much more diverse knowledge than in the past. It is thus expected that the power to develop software will increase drastically.

## Section 5

## Rise of Consumer-Generated Media

## 1 Consumer-generated media and value of networks

As new communication tools of the Internet, two things are getting much attention: blogs and SNSs. What is common between blogs and SNSs is the fact that any individual, with or without expert knowledge, can easily transmit information; they are called “consumer-generated media,” or CGM.

While Web browsers and portal sites have contributed to the increase in Internet users, blogs and SNSs are contributing to the dramatic increase in the amount of information provided on the Internet as they turn many users who had only browsed the Net before into information providers and transmitters. In other words, the expansion of the range of information providers through blogs and SNSs is drastically raising the value of the Internet as a database.

As of the end of March 2006, 8.68 million people were registered as bloggers, and 7.16 million were registered as SNS members (Figure 1-5-1).

## 2 Blogs

A blog is a journal-like web site operated by an individual or a small group of individuals, updated on a daily basis. Its contents vary widely from individual hobbies to just about anything. Some of the factors for the popularity of blogs are (1) it is possible to create one’s own homepage simply by entering text; (2) free service is provided; (3) updating and browsing are possible even from a mobile phone; and (4) tools are available to promote more active communication, such as track back and RSS distribution functions.

Figure 1-5-1 Transition of registered bloggers and SNS members

Based on “Numbers of Registered Bloggers and SNS Members,” MIC
Figure 1-6-1 Status of Internet use in gathering information

Method of identifying the product using the Internet

Method of identifying the product using a method other than the Internet

Information gathering on the product contents

Comparative research on the seller

Comparative research using only the Internet

Comparative research using the Internet and others

Comparative research without the Internet

(Source: “Survey on the Use of Networks by Consumers”)

Figure 1-6-2 Number of stores compared

(Source: "Survey on ICT and Buying Behavior")

Figure 1-6-3 Method of sharing information on product usage, evaluation with others

(Source: "Survey on the Use of Networks by Consumers")
# Section 7

## Advertisement Strategies of Businesses

## 1 Network use for advertisement

As consumer’s information activities by using networks become more active, companies are also trying to use networks more aggressively in the development of their business. They are providing information directly to the consumers by their active use of homepages, blogs, email messages, and other Internet tools; they are able to get information directly from the consumers and reflect the feedback for their own business development.

The status of the Internet use by companies shows that the use for “display and announcements on corporate summary of their own company and IR information” was the highest category at 86%, followed by “display and announcements on the company’s product and service information,” at 84% (Figure 1-7-1). In contrast, “procurement from and sales to other companies” and “sales to general consumers” were around 30 to 40%, and “community operation for gathering product evaluation and customer needs” was merely around 20%.

Most companies now have their own Web site, which suggests that the Internet is used as an inexpensive advertising tool by companies.

## 2 Internet advertising

In the Internet advertisement, it is possible to send advertisement information only to those consumers who have shown interest in particular products; this is called personal directivity. While the overall advertising costs go up and down, the Internet advertisement cost is consistently increasing; it exceeded radio advertising in 2004, and the amount spent on the Internet advertisement reached 280 billion yen in 2005 (Figure 1-7-2). In the Internet advertisement, bi-directional advertisement is also possible. If a consumer is interested in a product, he or she can place an order and even make a payment for the product on the Web site of the company which sells the product by using the mutual link in the advertisement.

Figure 1-7-1 Status of the Internet use in business activities
## 3 Portal sites

One crucial presence for the Internet advertisement business is portal site operator. The term “portal site” refers to a front entrance to the Internet, and as such, an Internet user visits a portal site first when connecting to the Internet. Portal sites come in a variety of types, depending on the purpose of the use, anything from information gathering to online shopping.

From the perspective of the form of the information being provided, portal sites can be classified into two categories. One is a total portal site, providing a wide range of information including breaking news, horoscopes, weather, sports, travel, restaurants, business, and finance. The other category is a specialized portal site, providing specific information in a relatively specific field, such as restaurants, electronic products, cosmetics, health foods, jobs, and price comparison.

## 4 Search Engines

Internet search engines have become an indispensable tool to pick up the information that users are looking for from the almost infinite amount of information on the Internet.

A search system is evaluated according to the level of match between the user's input information (keywords) and the output information (link). In other words, a search system is considered efficient when the mismatch between the information looked for by the user and the search results decreases and the information that the user intended to find is displayed in the top column of the screen.

From this viewpoint, the way to output search results has been innovated and the level of match between input information and output information has been heightened: one system searches only through blogs and video images, another searches for particular news and related blogs at the same time, and another displays search results on a map when the user looks for restaurants, for example.

Along this line, Internet advertisement is also reflecting the advances in recent search systems in order to further enhance an advertisement effect. For instance, a search system itself can guess the contents of the Web sites and send advertisements related to the Web sites.

By analyzing the personal browsing history of the user, the system can also deliver advertisements that match the user’s preference. For example, if there is a user who frequently visits automobile-related Web sites, the system can display automobile-related advertisements even when the user visits a news site not related to cars. As such, the advertisement effect can be improved overall by providing advertisements consistent with the user’s preference, even if the volume of advertisements delivered is small.

Figure 1-7-2 Transition of Internet advertisement costs

Based on telecommunications data
Figure 1-8-2 Difference in average price between online stores and real stores

The figure shows the difference: average price in real stores — average price online

(Source) “Survey on ICT and Buying Behavior”

## Section 9

## New Movement in Content Distribution

## 1 Current situation in content distribution

Music and image contents can be delivered directly to the users as digitized data via network. These contents themselves are intangible properties such as knowledge and information, so they are more “friendly” to network transactions compared to physical, tangible properties. By progress in broadband and the establishment of fixed-charge systems, the Internet is positioning itself as the content-distribution medium. At present, various companies are working on a variety of content distribution businesses via the Internet.

revenue of 1.85 billion yen through pay music distribution services through the Internet in 2005.

One of the attractive features of the Internet music distribution services is that it is relatively easy to obtain songs that used to be difficult to find or purchase in the past including those had just been released and were not well-distributed. Such a long-tail market is considered to be supporting the rapid growth of the music distribution service market.

## 2 Music content distribution

Due to the popularity of portable digital audio players and the start of music distribution services to mobile phones, the music distribution service market through the Internet is growing rapidly. Record companies had
## 3 Image content distribution

The market size of digital image content distribution via the Internet was 103 billion yen (Figure 1-9-1). Out of this amount, 50.8 billion yen (1.5 times the amount of the previous year) was for the image content distribution market for mobile phones.

As far as video-image distribution services via the Internet (including both pay and free services) are concerned, the usage was as follows: 23.1% “had used such services since 2004 or before,” and 21.8% “had used such services since 2005.” A total of 44.9% were using such services, which implies that almost half the people had an experience in using such services (Figure 1-9-2). 23.4% said that “they have never used it but would like to.” These services are expected to grow in the future.

Figure 1-9-1 Transition of image content (Internet distribution) market size

Based on the “Survey on Media Content Production and Distribution,” Institute for Information and Communications Policy, MIC

Figure 1-9-2 Usage status of video-image distribution services

(Source: “Survey on State of Use of Ubiquitous Network-Related Goods”)
particular, ICT will be more advanced in all areas including individuals and households in a ubiquitous society, so it is possible that various working forms will be produced.

The term “telework” refers to a “way of working by which workers use ICT and are not restricted to a particular place or time.” It is expected that telework would make it possible not only to bring a flexible working environment but also to supply a wide variety of potential human resources to the labor market, and to improve the productivity of office work. Also, in an age when the number of children keeps declining, telework is expected to enable men and women with small children raised or older people to keep a balance between work and home; it is further expected to ease the concentration of jobs in giant metropolitan areas.

## 3 ICT literacy of employees

The average number of years that employees have used personal computers is 10.5 years, and most are able to use common types of software, such as word processors, presentation software, spreadsheets, email software, and the Internet. It has been pointed out that there is a positive correlation between the number of years of experience in using ICT and one’s income, which means that the more ICT-literate a person is, the higher his or her income may be.

## 4 Growth in ICT and shift in labor demand

As far as routine work is concerned, the amount of work does not seem to be reduced by the use of the Internet and personal computers. In fact, many respondents said that the workload increased (Figure 1-11-1).

Even in those areas that require creativity and innovation, such as event-planning and specialized work, more responses stated that the workload increased than before.

The progress in ICT does not necessarily reduce the amount of routine work; it may in fact increase the labor demand for non-routine work, which will further increase the value of such labor.

Figure 1-11-1 Changes in work caused by PCs and the Internet

(Source: “Survey on ICT Use by Workers”)
# Section 12

## Advance of Corporate Networks

## 1 Status of ICT in businesses

The total information-related spending by companies is growing on a real base. In particular, the amount spent on software is increasing drastically; the amount spent on software asset per company is now four times more than that on hardware asset.

The purpose and effects of companies’ investment in information technology are mainly to make their business more efficient and speedy. It is clear that ICT is expected to contribute to more efficient in-house management and governance, such as knowledge management, supply-chain management, and product life-cycle management.

## 2 Status of information systems use in businesses

About 90% of companies (with at least 100 employees) had already used an in-house ICT network, and about 70% of companies had network architecture for the entire company. Particularly, wide-range Ethernet (20.4%) and IP-VPN (20.4%) had high usage rates (Figure 1-12-1).

As for the installation of information system equipment (hardware), the smaller the company size is, the lower the percentages are of having mainframe computers, office computers, mini computers, workstations. Instead, they show higher percentages of having personal computers. Whereas large companies continue to use conventional systems centered on mainframe computers, it is thought that small companies often build new systems centered on personal computers because the upgrading of information systems is relatively easy. In the development of software-related information systems, software packages are more widely used for tasks which are relatively common to all types of businesses, such as finance, accounting, payroll, and human resources. On the other hand, order-made software is more often used for tasks which are different according to the business, such as distribution.

Concerning the use of ubiquitous tools, as of FY2005, 2.8% of companies used RFID tags and an additional 14.7% of companies planned to use them in the future. 10.9% of companies introduced contactless smart cards and an additional 14.8% of companies planned to use them in the future. RFID tags are expected to be applied in inventory management, product inspection, traceability, and other areas of production, distribution management, and settlement. From the viewpoint of the security enhancement, the use of contactless smart cards for entry management and other security measures is expected to grow.

Figure 1-12-1 Services used as main lines in corporate information networks

(Source: "2005 Communications Usage Trend Survey (Business Edition)," MIC)
## 3 Framework to promote ICT in businesses

As companies introduce more ICT, it becomes crucial to establish a framework such as establishing a department that handles information-related issues and appointing a CIO, Chief Information Officer, who oversees the information system. Currently, just less than 20% of companies have CIOs (Figure 1-12-2). However, even if a company may have a CIO, the person is often appointed concurrently with another position; typically the CIO is an executive director, managing director, or executive officer.

On the other hand, human resources who actually carry out information-related work are computer administrators and information-processing staff who build, design, and operate information systems. There were 6.4 computer administrators per company (about 1.3 per 100 workers) and about 23.6 information-processing staff members (programmers or systems engineers) per company (about 4.6 per 100 workers).

## 4 Business-to-business transactions on networks (E-commerce between businesses)

The market size of business-to-business e-commerce was estimated at about 102.699 trillion yen in 2004, with a 14.7% share taken by e-commerce. The market size was approximately 12 times more than that in 1998 (8.62 trillion yen) (Figure 1-12-3).

## 5 ICT progress in businesses and productivity

As ICT advances, people, organizations, and society must change to take advantage of it. As companies introduce more ICT, it is thought that effective results will be expected by being linked the information systems with the reform of organizational capitals, such as the organizational structure, work processes, corporate culture, and pay structure.

The following figures (Figures 1-12-4, 1-12-5) show the results of an analysis on the relationship between the use of ubiquitous networks (one area of ICT advancement in businesses) and corporate productivity, based on the results of questionnaires to companies. They show that the companies that use ubiquitous networks and have reformed the organizational and capital structures within the company are showing higher productivity than those companies that have taken only one of these two steps. This result suggests that ICT progress and ubiquitous technologies can yield even higher productivity if these are accompanied by the reform of organizational capitals such as corporate organization and pay structure.

Figure 1-12-2 Placement of a CIO

(Source: "2005 Communications Usage Trend Survey (Business Edition)," MIC)
Figure 1-12-3 Changes in the market size (narrowly defined) of business-to-business e-commerce and the percentage (narrowly defined) of e-commerce

(Source: "Reality and Market Size Research on E-Commerce, FY 2004," Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Next-Generation E-Commerce Promotion Council, and NTT Data Management Research Center)

Figure 1-12-4 “Ubiquitous trend,” “corporate re-structuring,” and productivity

Figure 1-12-5 “Ubiquitous Trend,” “Pay Structure,” and Productivity

TFP growth rate (index defining 100 to be the score for businesses neither incorporating ubiquitous networks nor setting an applicable pay structure)
## Section 13

## Challenges toward Ubiquitous Society

## 1 ICT usage from the viewpoint of safety and security

A recent major challenge in our society is to ensure security in using ICT. More and more individuals and companies are becoming victims of ID theft, phishing, false billing under a variety of normal circumstances in daily life or daily work (e.g. using an ATM or a credit card, online shopping).

Concerning information security crime, 54.7% of individuals had suffered some type of information security damage. The breakdown shows that the largest number of them (21.7% of the total respondents) “either discovered a virus or had been infected with one.” The second most common type was to “have received unsolicited emails” (20.6%), followed by those who “have been infected with a virus at least once” (7.0%) (Figure 1-13-1).

As far as companies are concerned, 68.1% of them had suffered some damage. The breakdown shows that the most common damage was to have “been infected with a computer virus at least once” (29.4%). They were followed by those “used as a relay network or a stepping stone for spam mails” (3.7%), and “unauthorized access” (2.8%) (Figure 1-13-2).

“Act on the Protection of Personal Information” which has been fully enforced since April 2005, stipulates that security control measures be taken to prevent leakage of personal information when operators who handle personal information do their business. Concerning the status of the implementation of measures

Figure 1-13-1 Experience of security-related damage, individuals (multiple answers)

Figure 1-13-2 Experience of security-related damage, businesses (multiple answers)

(Source: "2005 Communications Usage Trend Survey (Business Edition)," MIC)
to protect personal information handled by businesses, an increasing number of companies say that they are taking some measure to protect personal information, compared to the last fiscal year.

## 2 Status of the digital divide

Regarding the use of the Internet depending on age, gender, and household income (as of the end of 2005), there is still a large gap between those 60 years and older and other generations although the gap has lessened compared to the end of 2004. Even between those in their 50s (75.3%) and those in their 60s (55.2%), the difference is approximately 20 points.

Furthermore, the use of broadband among those who access the Internet from their home PCs shows a significant gap according to age (as of the end of 2005): the percentage of broadband users from the late teens to the 40s was about 50%; whereas, the percentage fell to around 10% of those in their late 60s; the gap was about 40 points.
# 平成23年度 政策別コスト情報・ 省庁別財務書類の概要

財務省
# 財務省の任務と組織

任務（財務省設置法第3条）

財務省は、健全な財政の確保、適正かつ公平な課税の実現、税関業務の適正な運営、国庫の適正な管理、通貨に対する信頼の維持及び外国為替の安定の確保を図ることを任務とする。

※（）内は平成23年度末の予算定員。なお、財務省全体の平成23年度末の予算定員は71,615人。
## 財務省の政策目標

## 健全な財政の確保

·重点的な予算配分を通じた財政の効率化・質的改善の推進

·必要な歳入の確保

·予算執行の透明性の向上・適正な予算執行の確保

·決算の作成を通じた国の財政状況の的確な開示

·地方の歳入・歳出、国・地方間の財政移転に関する事務の適切な遂行

·公正で効率的かつ透明な財政・会計に係る制度の構築及びその適正な運営

## 適正かつ公平な課税の実現

・我が国の経済・社会の構造変化に対応するとともに、喫緊の課題に応えるための税制の構築

・内国税の適正かつ公平な賦課及び徴収

・酒類業の健全な発達の促進

・税理士業務の適正な運営の確保

## 国の資産・負債の適正な管理

·国債の確実かつ円滑な発行及び中長期的な調達コストの抑制

·財政投融資の対象として必要な事業を実施する機関への資金供給の確保と重点化・効率化及びディスクロージャーの徹底

·国有財産の適正な管理及び有効活用等と情報提供の充実

·庁舎及び宿舎の最適化の推進

・国庫金の正確で効率的な管理

## 通貨及び信用秩序に対する信頼の維持

・日本銀行券・貨幣の円滑な供給及び偽造・変造の防止

・金融破綻処理制度の適切な整備・運用及び迅速・的確な金融危機管理

## 貿易の秩序維持と健全な発展

·内外経済情勢等を踏まえた適切な関税率の設定・関税制度の改善等

·多角的貿易体制の強化及び経済連携の推進、税関分野における貿易円滑化の推進

·関税等の適正な賦課及び徴収、社会悪物品等の密輸阻止並びに税関手続における利用者利便の向上

## 国際金融システムの安定的かつ健全な発展と開発途上国の経済社会の発展の促進

・外国為替市場の安定並びに国際金融システムの安定に向けた制度強化及びその適切な運用の確保・開発途上国における安定的な経済社会の発展に資するための資金協力・知的支援を含む多様な協力の推進

・アジア経済戦略の推進(新成長戦略)

## 財務省が所管する法人及び事業等の適正な管理、運営の確保

・政府関係金融機関等の適正かつ効率的な運営の確保

・地震再保険事業の健全な運営

・安定的で効率的な国家公務員共済制度等の構築及び管理

・日本銀行の業務及び組織の適正な運営の確保

・たばこ・塩事業の健全な発展の促進と適切な運営の確保

※1 平成23年度政策評価実施計画で定めた各政策分野の目標を記載しています。

※2 財務省の「政策評価」に関する情報は、財務省ホームページに掲載しています。詳しくはこちらをご覧ください。(http://www.mof.go.jp/about_mof/policy_evaluation/index.htm)
政策と組織の関係

政策	本省	地方局
外局	(参考)
特别会计
大臣官房	主計局	主税局	関税局	理財局	国際局	財務局	税関	国税厅
健全な財政の確保	●	●
適正かつ公平な課税
の実現	●	●
国の資産・負債の適正
な管理	●	●	国債整理基金、
財政投融資
通貨及び信用秩序に
対する信頼の維持	●	●
貿易の秩序維持と健
全な発展	●	●
国際金融システムの
安定的かつ健全な発
展と開発途上国の経
济社会の発展の促進	●	外国為替資金
財務省が所管する法
人及び事業等の適正
な管理、運営の確保	●	●	●	地震再保険

※ 各政策を主に担当している組織に「●」を記載しています。
# 政策別コスト情報とは

○ 政策別コスト情報とは、より一層の財務情報の充実を図るため、省庁別財務書類の業務費用計算書において人件費などの形態別に表示されている費用を、各省庁の政策評価項目毎に配分して表示したセグメント情報として、平成21年度決算分より作成・公表しているものです。

※省庁別財務書類については、P10をご参照下さい。

○ 政策別コスト情報は、予算書・決算書では共通経費として一括計上されている人件費、物件費等を各政策へ一定の算定方法により配分し、事業費と合わせて各政策の費用の全体像を表します。

（注1）各政策へ配分した人件費、物件費等は、「人にかかるコスト」、「物にかかるコスト」として表示しています。

（注2）官房部局にかかる経費など、各政策へ配分されない経費については、「官房経費等」として表示しています。

(注3) 対応する予算額・決算額のある政策へのみ配分しています。

○ また、フローの情報だけではなく、政策によっては保有する資産を活用して事務事業を行っているもののほか、政策にかかるコストとして算入された減価償却費についても基となる資産があることから、政策に関連する主な資産(負債)をストック情報として表示しています。

※政策別のストック情報については、P9をご参照下さい。
# 政策別コスト情報の概要

平成23年度の財務省政策別コストの総額は、11兆6,967億円となっています。

このうち、主に国債の利子を計上している「国の資産・負債の適正な管理」にかかるコストは9兆5,687億円であり、全体の約8割を占めています。

また、人件費（人にかかるコスト）の総額は6,766億円であり、主に国税庁職員を計上している「適正かつ公平な課税の実現」が、約8割を占めています。

(单位: 億円)

政策	コスト合計	人にかかるコスト	物にかかるコスト	事業コスト
1.健全な財政の確保	224	58	39	127
2.適正かつ公平な課税の実現	6,811	5,397	419	995
3.国の資産・負債の適正な管理	95,687	223	125	95,339
4.通貨及び信用秩序に対する信頼の維持	150	3	2	144
5.貿易の秩序維持と健全な発展	1,158	737	154	267
6.国際金融システムの安定的かつ健全な発展と開発途上国の経済社会の発展の促進	2,599	17	10	2,572
7.政府関係金融機関等の適正かつ効率的な運営の確保	8,211	1	1	8,209
8.地震再保険事業の健全な運営	843	0	0	843
9.安定的で効率的な国家公務員共済制度等の構築及び管理	754	2	2	750
官房経費等	531	327	181	23
合計	116,967	6,766	933	109,268