▶ Middle East: Approximately US$2,371.73 million (approximately US$3,154.33 million)

▶ Latin America: Approximately US$269.45 million (approximately US$768.47 million)

Oceania: Approximately US$72.93 million (approximately US$166.94 million)

Europe: Approximately US$149.93 million (approximately US$190.96 million)

Assistants covering multiple regions, etc.: Approximately US$1,605.44 million (approximately US$1,605.44 million)

▶ See Chart II-2 for the ratios of disbursement by region.

### Chart II-1. ODA by Type

(Net disbursement basis)
ODA disbursements in 2008 (calendar year)	Dollar basis (US$1 million)	Yen basis (¥100 million)	Percentage of total (%)
Type	Current year	Previous year	Change from the previous year (%)	Current year	Previous year	Change from the previous year (%)	ODA total
Grant aid	4780.69	3416.10	39.9	4948.02	4024.16	23.0	49.3
debt relief	2801.18	1941.35	44.3	2899.22	2286.91	26.8	28.9
grants provided through multilateral institutions	730.90	395.45	84.8	756.48	465.84	62.4	7.5
grant aid excluding the above	1248.61	1079.30	15.7	1292.31	1271.42	1.6	12.9
Grant aid (excluding disbursements for Eastern Europe and graduated countries)	4776.56	3413.91	39.9	4943.74	4021.59	22.9	49.9
debt relief	2801.18	1941.35	44.3	2899.22	2286.91	26.8	29.2
grants provided through multilateral institutions	730.06	395.03	84.8	755.61	465.35	62.4	7.6
grant aid excluding the above	1245.32	1077.53	15.6	1288.91	1269.33	1.5	13.0
Technical cooperation	3057.82	2630.01	16.3	3164.84	3098.15	2.2	31.5
Technical cooperation (excluding disbursements for Eastern Europe and graduated countries)	2987.07	2568.91	16.3	3091.61	3026.17	2.2	31.2
Total grants	7838.51	6046.10	29.6	8112.86	7122.31	13.9	80.8
Total grants (excluding disbursements for Eastern Europe and graduated countries)	7763.62	5982.82	29.8	8035.35	7047.76	14.0	81.0
Loan aid	-899.66	(206.06)	-931.15	-242.74	-9.3
(loan aid, excluding debt relief)	163.87	159.46	2.8	169.60	187.84	-9.7
(amount disbursed)	7050.81	5747.36	22.7	7297.59	6770.39	7.8
(amount received)	7950.47	5953.43	33.5	8228.74	7013.14	17.3
(amount received excluding debt relief)	6886.94	5587.90	23.3	7127.99	6582.55	8.3
Loan aid (excluding disbursements for Eastern Europe and graduated countries)	-940.38	(204.67)	-973.29	-241.10	-9.8
(loan aid, excluding debt relief)	123.15	160.85	-23.4	127.46	189.48	-32.7
(amount disbursed)	6933.44	5682.67	22.0	7176.11	6694.19	7.2
(amount received)	7873.82	5887.34	33.7	8149.40	6935.29	17.5
(amount received excluding debt relief)	6810.28	5521.82	23.3	7048.64	6504.71	8.4
Total bilateral ODA	6938.85	5840.04	18.8	7181.71	6879.56	4.4	71.5
Total bilateral ODA (excluding disbursements for Eastern Europe and graduated countries)	6823.25	5778.15	18.1	7062.06	6806.66	3.8	71.2
Contributions and subscriptions to multilateral institutions	2759.75	1907.35	44.7	2856.34	2246.86	27.1	28.5
Contributions and subscriptions to multilateral institutions (excluding contributions to the EBRD)	2755.86	1900.80	45.0	2852.31	2239.14	27.4	28.8
Total ODA (net disbursement)	9698.60	7747.39	25.2	10038.05	9126.42	10.0	100.0
Total ODA (net disbursement) (excluding disbursements for Eastern Europe, graduated countries and the EBRD)	9579.10	7678.95	24.7	9914.37	9045.80	9.6	100.0
Total ODA (gross disbursement)	17649.07	13700.81	28.8	18266.79	16139.56	13.2
Total ODA (gross disbursement) (excluding disbursements for Eastern Europe, graduated countries and the EBRD)	17452.92	13566.29	28.6	18063.77	15981.09	13.0
Preliminary estimate of nominal Gross National Income (GNI) (US$1 billion, ¥1 billion)	5063.82	4524.08	11.9	524105.80	532936.30	-1.7
% of GNI	0.19	0.17	0.19	0.17
% of GNI (excluding disbursements for Eastern Europe, graduated countries and the EBRD)	0.19	0.17	0.19	0.17

$ ^{*} $ 1 Japan has a record of disbursements to the following 15 graduated countries and regions: Brunei, Singapore, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, Hong Kong, Cyprus, the Republic of Korea (ROK), Macao, New Caledonia, Malta, Slovenia, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia

$ ^{*} $ 2 The 2008 exchange rate designated by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC): US1 = ¥103.5 (¥14.3 appreciation compared to 2007).

$ ^{*} $ 3 Due to rounding the total may not equal the sum of each type of assistance.

$ ^{*} $ 4 EBRD = European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

$ ^{*} $ 5 Debt relief includes debt cancellation of yen loans and debt reduction of insured commercial claims. It does not include debt rescheduling.

*6 Grants provided through multilateral institutions have conventionally been reported as “Contributions and subscriptions to international organizations, etc.” However, since 2006, expenditures clearly addressing a country at the point of disbursement are considered as bilateral ODA and therefore newly reported as “Grant aid.”