Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## (2) Situation of Each Type of Drug Offense

1) Each type of drug offense

Table 2-5 shows the number of arrests for offenses relating to each type of drug, including cannabis, $ MDMA^{1} $ and other synthetic drugs (but not including paint thinner offenses or other organic solvent offenses) and the amount seized of each drug in the past five years.

## Characteristics of cannabis offenses in 2008

The amount of marijuana seized has significantly increased

62.7% of those arrested were teenagers or those in their twenties

86.7% of those arrested were first-time offenders

Characteristics of MDMA and other synthetic drug offenses in 2008

The amount seized decreased.

62.6% of those arrested were teenagers or those in their twenties

89.7% of those arrested were first-time offenders

Note 1: An abbreviation for the drug’s scientific name, “3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine.” Originally a fine white powder, now commonly sold secretly in a variety of colors and featuring a variety of patterns and engravings.

Table 2-5 Trends in the Situation of each Type of Drug Offenses Cleared (2004-2008)

Category	Year	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Cannabis Offenses	Number of arrests	2,209	1,941	2,288	2,271	2,758
Amount seized (kg)	Marijuana	606.6	643.1	225.8	437.8
Hashish	294.5	230.5	96.7	20.1
Narcotic and Psychotropic arrests	MDMA and other synthetic drugs	Number of arrests	417	403	370	296	281
Amount seized (tablets)	469,126	571,522	186,226	1,233,883	217,172
Cocaine	Number of arrests	76	36	72	99	98
Amount seized (kg)	85.4	2.9	9.8	18.5	5.5
Heroin	Number of arrests	13	21	22	13	13
Amount seized (kg)	0.03	0.1	2.3	1.8	1.0
Psychotropic drugs ( depressants )	Number of arrests	24	11	19	17	20
Amount seized (tablets)	7,580	15,010	15,592	11,333	45,034
Psychotropic drugs ( stimulants )	Number of arrests	5	4	2	2	10
Amount seized (tablets)	3	4,277	1,719	1,739	2,997
Opium	Number of arrests	59	12	27	41	14
Amount seized (kg)	1.7	1.0	17.2	19.4	6.6

## 2 ) Paint Thinner and Other Organic Solvent Offenses

Table 2-6 shows the progression of arrests (and custody) concerning offenses related to paint thinner and other organic solvents in the last five years. There is a decreasing trend.

the intent to ingest or inhale) were juveniles

62.3% of those arrested (for willful sale $ ^{1} $ (sale of organic solvent with the knowledge that they will be used improperly)) were juveniles

## Characteristics in 2008

Note 1: Sales knowing purchase was made for drug abuse

33.5% of those arrested (for ingestion, inhalation or

Table 2-6 Situation of arrests related to organic solvent offenses (2004-2008)

Year	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Category
Ingestion, inhalation or the intent to ingest or inhale	4,057	2,783	2,142	1,802	1,428
Willful sale	396	269	196	184	106
## (3) Trends in Organized Drug Offenses

1) Contribution of Boryokudans to Drug Offenses

In 2008, 5,801 Boryokudan members were arrested for stimulant offenses. This is a decrease of 558 (8.8%) arrests from last year and accounts for over half (52.6%) of all arrests for stimulant offenses, indicating that Boryokudans are still contributing greatly to stimulant offenses.

856 Boryokudan members were arrested for cannabis offenses in 2008, 192 (28.9%) arrests more than the previous year and 31.0% of the total cannabis offense arrests. 84 Boryokudan members were arrested for MDMA or other synthetic drug offenses in 2008, 18 (17.6%) arrests less than the previous year and 29.9% of the total arrests for MDMA or other synthetic drugs. The ways in which Boryokudan members are contributing to drug offenses on a wider scale are being explored.

Diagram 2-7 Trends in the Situation of Arrests of Boryokudan Members for Stimulant Offenses (2004-2008)

Year	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Category
Number of Arrests	18,285	18,942	17,912	16,771	14,624	12,220	13,346	11,606	12,009	11,041
Number of Boryokudan Members Arrested	7,944	7,729	7,307	6,738	6,050	5,430	6,853	6,076	6,359	5,797
Component Ratio of Boryokudan Members	43.4	40.8	40.8	40.2	41.4	44.4	51.3	52.4	53.0	52.5

Note: Component Ratio = Number of Boryokudan Members Arrested ÷ Number of Arrests × 100

## 2 ) Illicit Drug Sales by Iranians

101 Iranian nationals were arrested for stimulant offenses in 2008, 16 (18.8%) more arrests than the previous year and 66.3% of all arrests for offenses with intent to profit (either the possession or distribution of drugs with the intent to profit). Among arrests of people from other countries or regions for stimulant offenses, this is a remarkably high rate, and it calls into question the involvement up till now of Iranian citizens in illicit stimulant sales. Recently, Iranian citizens involved in illicit stimulant sales have been using sophisticated and organized methods to sell their product, such as using mobile phones to contact customers and set contact points and dividing up roles by assigning negotiators and representatives to receive payments.

Diagram 2-8 Share of Arrests of Foreign Nationals for Stimulant Offenses with Intent to Profit (2008)

## (4) Illicit Drug Sales via the Internet

In 2008 there were 11 arrests for illicit drug sales via the internet, 6 (35.3%) less arrests than the previous year. Of those, 2 cases warranted the enactment of the advertising restriction clause of the Stimulants Control Act.
## (1) Occurrence of Incidents in which Guns were Fired

There were 42 incidents in 2008 in which guns were fired, leading to the death or injury for 19 people. There were 23 (35.4%) less incidents and 20 (51.3%) less deaths and injuries than the previous year. Of these, 32 cases were thought to be related to Boryokudan, which account for 76.2% of all gun shooting incidents. Looking at the amount of incidents by region, Kyushu saw the highest incident rate at 31.0%. Other areas which saw 4 incidents or more were Fukuoka prefecture (13) Tokyo (4) and Ibaraki (4).

Diagram 2-9 Trends in the Situation of Occurrence and the Number of Death and Injuries Due to Incidents of Gun Violence (2007, 2008)

Category	Year	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Total Shootings (cases)	162	134	215	158	139	104	76	53	65	42
Gang Members	133	92	178	112	104	85	51	36	41	32
Gang Conflicts	42	16	71	21	32	19	11	0	12	3
Others and Unknown	29	42	37	46	35	19	25	17	24	10
Casualty	52(17)	58(27)	69(34)	58(23)	67(25)	38(17)	22(13)	19(11)	39(23)	19(7)
Deaths	28(10)	23(9)	39(20)	24(5)	35(11)	17(5)	10(4)	2(1)	21(10)	10(2)
Injuries	24(7)	35(18)	30(14)	34(18)	32(14)	21(12)	12(9)	17(10)	18(13)	9(5)

Note 1: "By Boryokudans" means any incidents though to be caused by Boryokudan and includes incidents caused

by Boryokudan members as well as incidents resulting from the supply of guns by Boryokudans to others.

2: "Rival conflict" means any incident resulting from rival conflict.

3: "Other reason/reason unclear" means any incident caused by anyone not involved with Boryokudan.

4: The number inside the parenthesis represents the number of people killed who were not Bory okudan members.

## (2) Situation Regarding Offenses Committed with the Use of Handguns Confirmed with Police

The trends in handgun offenses confirmed to police are as shown in Diagram 2-11 has been in the decreasing trend since 2005.

Diagram 2-10 Occurrence of Incidents in which Guns were Fired by Prefecture (2008)
Diagram 2-11 Trends in the Number of Confirmed Incidents in which Guns were Used (1999-2008)

### 4. Comprehensive Measures against Small Arms

## (1) Exposure of Firearms

The police are carrying out comprehensive anti-firearm measures by placing a heavy importance on exposing the weapon caches and smuggling/illicit trade of weapons of criminal organizations. Recently, the number of handguns seized is in the decreasing trend. This is thought to be because criminal organizations are becoming more sophisticated and secretive about the concealment, import and illicit sale of firearms.

Diagram 2-12 shows trends in the number of handguns seized. Seizures from Boryokudan accounted for 33.7% of all incidents in 2008, and of which, 50.6% (of handguns seized in those incidents) were from Yamaguchi-gumi.

## 1 ) Situation of Handgun Seizure

Diagram 2-12 Trends in the Number of Incidents in which Handguns were Seized (1999-2008)

Diagram 2-13 Breakdown by Organization of Handguns Seized from Boryokudan Members (2008)

## 2 ) Situation of Weapon Cache Exposure

Table 2-10 shows the situation of weapon cache exposure cases $ ^{1} $ . In 2008 there were 5 cases, resulting in the collection of 22 handguns. This was 7 (58.3%) cases and 62 (73.8%) firearms less than the previous year. All exposed weapons cache were being organizationally managed by Boryokudan using ever more sophisticated methods such as concealing handguns at the houses of friends of Boryokudan members or rental storages.

Note 1: Cases where more than three handguns related to organizational management were seized.

Table 2-10 Trends in the Situation of Weapon Cache Cases (1999-2008)

Year	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Category
Number of cases (cases)	18	12	19	8	10	11	11	7	12	5
Number of weapons seized (weapons)	92	45	105	68	60	49	56	36	84	22
Number of firearms concealed per cache	5.1	3.8	5.5	8.5	6.0	4.5	5.1	5.1	7.0	4.4

### 3 ) Situation of Exposure of Handgun, etc., Smuggling

Table 2-11 shows the situation of handgun smuggling cases including preliminary crimes. There were three cases of handgun smuggling, two cases of handgun part smuggling and one case of cartridge smuggling in 2008. In each case, smuggling was
Note 1: One protocol of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, it not only declared the manufacturing and trade of small arms, there parts and ammunition as illegal but also established a system for the management of engraving seals on small arms, registering small arms and monitoring their import. The convention was intended to establish cooperative relations between law enforcement organizations. (As of the end of May 2009, 52 countries have signed the Convention and 79 countries have ratified it.)

2: International Criminal Police Organization-Interpol

3: A meeting held every fiscal year by the National Police Agency and Prefectural Small Arms Control Headquarters. The first meeting was held in October 1995 in Tokyo. The 14th meeting was held in Aichi in October 2008.

4: A volunteer organizations made up of researchers who have a deep interest in the small arms problem and the families and relations of deceased victims of small arms crime. Established in April 1997. Through meetings, events and a website, the organization is working to heighten the awareness of the public over the tragedy that is small arms crime and promoting the eradication of illegal small arms.
### Section 3. Measures against Crimes Committed by Foreign Nationals Visiting Japan

### 1. Trends in Crimes Committed by Foreign Nationals to Japan

Against the background of the globalization of society and the economy and the worsening of the illegal residence issue, the situation surrounding crimes committed by foreign nationals visiting Japan remains severe. In this situation, trends can be seen where foreign nationals visiting Japan form crime organizations which is consisted by illegal residents, and commit various crimes with the aim of gaining illegal profit, or operate in cooperation with Boryokudans and foreign-based crime syndicates $ ^{1} $ , presenting an enormous threat to public safety.

## (1) Overall Trends

The situation of the arrests of foreign nationals visiting Japan is shown in Diagram 2-15. The total number of cases cleared and the total number of persons arrested in 2008 decreased from the previous year, however, they still remain at a high level $ ^{2} $ .

Note 1: A crime syndicate whose base is in foreign countries and an aggregate of large number of people who belong to criminal organizations of foreign nationals visiting Japan or commit other international crimes (crimes related to foreign nationals, or crimes by Japanese in foreign countries, and other crimes related to foreign countries)

2: The total number of cases cleared in 1990, when the number of crimes committed by foreign nationals visiting Japan started increasing, was 6,345 and the total number of persons arrested was 4,770.

By looking at the type of offense, the number of larceny offenses and felonious offenses $ ^{1} $ cleared has decreased from the previous year, but the number of serious larceny offenses $ ^{2} $ cleared was increased 1.6 times during the last 10 years; of these, the number of cases cleared in major break-in offenses rose 1.8 times during the last 10 years.

Note 1: Homicide, robbery, arson, and rape

2: Break-in crimes, vehicle theft, purse-snatching, and pickpocketing
Table 2-12 Situation of Cleared Larceny Offenses Committed by Foreign Nationals Visiting Japan (1999-2008)

Year	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Category
Larceny	Offenses	Case	22,404	19,952	14,823	20,604	22,830	27,521	28,525	23,137	21,327	19,266
Persons	3,404	3,803	4,135	4,395	4,555	4,717	4,344	4,205	3,755	3,674
Serious	Case	6,378	7,516	7,654	8,449	10,062	10,206	11,577	11,067	10,496	9,993
Larceny	Offenses	Persons	711	916	946	921	992	790	753	705	621
Break-in	Case	4,744	6,396	6,147	6,754	8,482	8,396	9,160	8,692	7,874	8,554
Offenses	Persons	438	674	688	658	704	565	524	441	408	342

Table 2-13 Situation of Cleared Felonious Offenses Committed by Foreign Nationals Visiting Japan (1999-2008)

Year	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Category
Cases	267	242	308	323	336	345	315	270	234	177
Persons	347	318	403	353	477	421	396	297	259	213

## (2) Situation of Cleared Offenses by Region of Occurrence

By looking at the number of cleared for Penal Code violation committed by foreign nationals visiting Japan by region of occurrence in 2008, the crimes committed by foreign nationals in the Chugoku and Kyushu areas doubled from the previous year.

Diagram2-16 Trends in the Number of Clearances of Penal Code Violation Committed by Foreign Nationals Visiting Japan by Region of Occurrence (1999-2008)

Category	Year	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
Total (cases)	25,135	22,947	18,199	24,258	27,258	32,087	33,037	27,453	25,730	23,202
Hokkaido	209	145	213	166	195	163	210	254	142	63
Tohoku Region	778	430	587	517	710	666	317	415	404	207
Tokyo	4,407	4,656	3,932	4,025	5,030	4,930	4,544	3,802	4,464	3,399
Kanto Region	9,501	7,050	5,928	5,793	7,456	14,317	11,939	11,288	12,773	10,775
Chubu Region	5,853	3,908	3,540	10,265	9,682	7,194	11,027	7,709	4,878	4,293
Kinki Region	2,510	2,659	2,119	2,377	2,304	2,869	3,603	2,636	2,100	2,668
Chugoku Region	640	1,472	435	461	648	863	505	509	363	745
Shikoku Region	633	996	478	151	542	408	304	279	200	154
Kyushu Region	604	1,631	967	503	691	677	588	561	406	898

## (3) Situation of Arrests by Nationality and Region

When looking at the situation regarding clearances for crimes committed by foreign nationals visiting Japan in 2008 by nationality/region, China (excluding Taiwan and Hong Kong) occupies the highest ratio in total. By crime category, China for burglary offenses and Pakistan and Brazil for automobile theft offenses occupy the highest ratio respectively.
Diagram 2-17 Situation of Clearances of the Crimes Committed by Foreign Nationals by Nationality and Region (2008)

### 2. Illegal Entry and Illegal Residence Countermeasures

## (1) Situation of Foreign Nationals Staying in Japan, Entering and Disembarking Japan

In the past five years, the number of foreign nationals staying in Japan illegally decreased 48.5% due to the comprehensive measures taken by relevant organizations including the police. However, the number of foreign nationals coming to Japan for work remains high and there are more than a few illegal foreign workers. Additionally, many engage in criminal activity as a more efficient way of earning money than working illegally. To deal with this, the police are advancing the handing over of suspects to the immigration control officers based on the regulations $ ^{1} $ of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (Immigration Act) as well as actively conducting joint crackdowns with the Immigration Bureau and strengthening regulations.

Note 1: Article 65 of Immigration Act. As per this article, as an exception to Code of Criminal Procedure, it is prescribed that the concerned suspect is able to handed over to the immigration control officers along with documents and evidences within 48 hours from arresting the suspect, only if the suspect is arrested for the crime under Article 70 of Immigration Act (illegal entry, illegal stay, illegal residence, activities other than their visa status), the written detention orders are issued and there is no suspicion that the suspect is involved in other crime.

Table 2-14 Handover of Suspects to Immigration Control Officers based on the Immigration Act Regulations (2004-2008)

Year	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Category
No. of cases	4,077	5,706	6,647	6,199	4,834

Diagram 2-18 Situation of Clearances of Immigration Act Violation (2004-2008)

Year Category	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Number of Cleared Cases	12,903	12,624	10,561	7,751	6,049
Number of Arrests	11,504	11,143	9,191	6,770	5,230
Illegal Entrance/ Disembarkation	3,807	3,704	2,661	1,804	1,315
Illegal Stay	6,445	6,146	5,283	3,769	2,894
Diagram 2-19 Trends in the Number of Illegal Residents by Country Region (2004-2009)

Year Category	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Korea	46,425	43,151	40,203	36,321	31,758	24,198
China	33,522	32,683	31,074	27,698	25,057	18,385
Philippines	31,428	30,619	30,777	28,491	24,741	17,287
Thailand	14,334	12,787	10,352	8,460	7,314	6,023
China (Taiwan)	7,611	6,760	6,696	6,347	6,031	4,950
Peru	7,230	6,624	5,997	5,283	4,481	3,396
Indonesia	7,246	7,169	6,926	6,354	5,096	3,126
Malaysia	8,476	7,431	6,822	6,397	4,804	2,986
Sri Lanka	4,242	4,209	4,590	4,042	3,615	2,796
Vietnam	3,582	3,916	4,071	3,959	3,362	2,527
Other	55,322	51,950	46,237	37,487	33,526	27,398
Total	219,418	207,299	193,745	170,839	149,785	113,072

Note: Figures are announced by the Ministry of Justice (As of 1 January each year)

## (2) Crimes Committed by Foreign nationals Illegally Staying in Japan

In 2008, the percentage of foreign nationals illegally staying in Japan $ ^{1} $ among foreign nationals arrested under Penal Code has remained at 8.6%, but looking at the type of crime, it is 45.0% in burglaries, and 26.7% in break-in robberies; in other words, the involvement of foreign nationals illegally staying in Japan is in offenses bring a strong feeling of unease to the people.

Note 1: Defined as illegal immigrants who have violated Article 3 of the Immigration Act, persons who illegally enter Japan without permission from immigration inspectors to do so, persons who legally entered the country but remained passed the length of their visa, and other persons illegal staying in Japan.

Diagram 2-20 Proportion of People Illegally Staying among the Number of Arrests for Penal Code Offenses by Foreign Nationals in Japan (2008)
Diagram 2-21 Trends in Proportion of Accomplice Cases among the Number of Arrests for Penal Code Offenses (1999-2008)

Category Year	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Cleared Penal Code Offences	25,135	22,947	18,199	24,258	27,258	32,087	33,037	27,453	25,730	23,229
Solitary Cases	13,476	11,584	8,022	9,339	10,438	9,936	9,048	8,816	9,436
Accomplice Cases	11,659	11,363	10,177	14,919	16,820	22,151	23,989	18,637	16,294
Compositional Rate (\%)	46.4\%	49.5\%	55.9\%	61.5\%	61.7\%	69.0\%	72.6\%	67.9\%	63.3\%

Note: Compositional Rate = Accomplice Cases ÷ Cleared Penal Code Offenses × 100

Diagram 2-22 Differences in the Ratio of Joint Violations of the Penal Code by Foreign Nationals Visiting Japan and Japanese Nationals (2008)

Foreign Nationals

## (2) Characteristics of International Crime Syndicates

Cases of persons such as illegal residents in Japan, who enter Japan with false passports or stay on after legally entering Japan, organizing themselves into groups by nationality or place of origin for purposes such as more efficient gain of profits by committing vicious crimes in cooperation with Japanese Boryokudans and international crime syndicates based on foreign countries have been prominent in recent years. Examples include criminal groups from China committing series of robberies targeting restaurants and binding the victims up together with Boryokudan, Bangladeshi and Pakistani nationals operating second-hand vehicle businesses buying stolen vehicles from Boryokudan and illegally exporting them as legally exportable vehicles. Furthermore, there have been cases of stealing from parked cars and automobile thefts committed by organized groups of Brazilians of Japanese ancestry who cannot adapt to Japanese society because of linguistic, social, and cultural differences that prevent them from finding
employment.

What makes these organized crimes easy to commit is the people or organizations that offer means for illegal entry or illegal stay in Japan, disposal of illegally obtained property, or transferring money on behalf of someone else. These types of organizations maybe underground bank organizations, which transfer the profits to the person in question instead for a cheap administration fee without checking the person. The illegal profits are obtained by supplying false passports and false alien registration cards to foreign nationals seeking these items, and domestic and foreign groups producing false contracts and broker groups who obtain illegal profits through crimes and illegal labor.

Diagram 2-23 Characteristics of International Crime Syndicates Seen in Cleared Cases
conference established in order to promote international cooperation relating to countermeasures against money laundering and terrorist financing. As of 1 June 2009, 32 countries/regions including Japan and 2 international agencies participate. The FATF provided “40 Recommendations” and “9 Special Recommendations” as countermeasures against money laundering and terrorist financing to be adopted by each country, in the fields of law enforcement, criminal justice, and financial regulation. Moreover, the FATF dispatch a panel of reviewers to each member country to conduct mutual reviews in order to ensure they thoroughly abide by the recommendations in the member countries. Japan had its third review in 2008.

The NPA has always been proactively participating in FATF activities, and in 2008, dispatched personnel to discussions about creating a new framework on measures against money laundering and financing of terrorism, and as well as to be reviewers for mutual reviews.

## (2) APG Activities and the NPA Participation

The Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG) is a framework for international cooperation to combat money laundering for countries/regions not participating in FATF in the Asia/Pacific region centered on countries/regions in the Asia/Pacific region. As of 1 June, 2009, 39 countries/regions including Japan participate. The NPA has been proactively participating in the activities of APG, as in FATF, and in 2008 dispatched personnel to the conferences on the study of money laundering and provision of financing terrorism.

## (3) Information Exchanges with Foreign FIUs

In order to detect money laundering or financing terrorism, it is necessary to exchange retained information under close cooperation with foreign FIUs. The NPSC and the NPA participated anew as a Japanese FIU in the Egmont Group, an international organization, which was formed for the purpose of exchanging information between FIUs of various countries. Furthermore, during 2008 the NPSC and the NPA newly established a framework for sharing information with 5 FIUs. With this, the NPSC and the NPA established a framework for sharing information with 17 countries and regions as of December 2008.