Figure2-3-1 Emissions Reduction Targets of Major Economies

Country	Emissions reduction in 2020	Base year
Japan	Reduce 25%, premised on the establishment of a fair and effective international framework in which all major economies participate and on agreement by those economies on ambitious targets	1990
U.S.	Reduce in the range of 17%, in conformity with anticipated U.S. energy and climate legislation, recognizing that the final target will be reported to the Secretariat in light of enacted legislation (Note 1)	2005
Canada	Reduce 17%, to be aligned with the final economy-wide emissions target of the United States in enacted legislation	2005
Russia	Reduce 15-20% (Prerequisite: appropriate accounting of the potential of Russia's forestry in frame of contribution in meeting the obligations of the anthropogenic emissions reduction, and undertaking by all major emitters the legally binding obligations to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions)	1990
Australia	Reduce 5% up to 15% or 25% (Note 2)	2000
EU	Reduce 20%/30% (Note 3)	1990

Note 1: U.S.) The pathway set forth in pending legislation would entail a 30% reduction in 2025 and a 42% reduction in 2030, in line with the goal to reduce emissions 83% by 2050

Note 2: Australia) Will reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 25% on 2000 levels by 2020 if the world agrees to an ambitious global deal capable of stabilizing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at 450 ppm CO2-eq or lower. It will unconditionally reduce emissions by 5% below 2000 levels by 2020, and by up to 15% by 2020 if there is a global agreement under which major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia's.

Note 3: EU) EU reiterates its conditional offer to move to a 30% reduction by 2020 compared to 1990 levels, provided that other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions and that developing countries contribute adequately according to their responsibilities and respective capabilities

Figure2-3-2 CO2 Emissions from Energy Sources (2007) Shares of Countries with Reduction Targets under the Kyoto Protocol

(ii) Annex I Parties (developed countries) submit emission reduction targets for 2020 and non-Annex I Parties (developing countries) submit mitigation actions, in the formats given in Appendix I and Appendix II, respectively, to the Secretariat by 31 January 2010;

(iii) Actions taken by Annex I Parties will be subject to measurement, reporting and verification (MRV). Mitigation actions taken by Non-Annex I Parties will be subject to international consultations and analysis after domestic MRV and mitigation actions taken with international support will be subject to international MRV.

(iv) Developed countries will collectively commit to provide new and additional resources approaching $30 billion for the period of 2010-2012, and also commit to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion a year by 2020. The Parties decide that the “Copenhagen Green Climate Fund” shall be established as an operating

Country	Emission targets/Mitigation actions
China	China will endeavor to lower its carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 40-45% by 2020 compared to the 2005 level, increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 15% by 2020 and increase forest coverage by 40 million hectares from the 2005 level. These are autonomous actions.
India	Endeavor to reduce the emissions 1 intensity of its GDP by 20-25% by 2020 compared with the 2005 level (excluding the agricultural sector). Mitigation actions are voluntary, and thus not legally binding
Brazil	Expects to reduce emissions by 36.1-38.9% compared with BAU. Specific actions include reduction in rain forests degradation; reduction in “Cerrado” (a type of vegetation in savanna regions) degradation; restoration of grain-growing land; improvement in energy efficiency; increased use of biofuels; increase in hydraulic power generation; alternative energy sources; and enhancement of the steelmaking industry, etc.
South Africa	Take mitigation action to reduce emissions 34% by 2020 compared with BAU, and 42% by 2025 compared with BAU. These actions require support from developed countries as well as the finalization of an ambitious, fair, effective and binding multilateral agreement at the meeting in Mexico under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. With international support, South Africa’s emissions are likely to peak between 2020 and 2025, plateau for about a decade, and then decline
Korea	Reduce greenhouse emissions by 30% by 2020 from the level of BAU emissions

Shares of countries endorsing the Copenhagen Accord

entity of the financial mechanism of the Framework Convention on Climate Change.

(v) The Parties call for an assessment of the implementation of the Copenhagen Accord to be completed by 2015.

Over 110 countries which have already associated with the Copenhagen Accord account for over 80% of global emissions. Thus, it is important to position the Copenhagen Accord as an important basis for negotiations going forward (Figure 2-3-1, 2-3-2).

Under the Copenhagen Accord, Japan in January 2010 submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat as the emission reduction in 2020 “25% reduction compared with the 1990 level, which is premised on the establishment of a fair and effective framework with the participation of all the major emitting countries and their agreement on