Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
また、農産物の加工等を行う小規模事業者向けの金融制度についても、同じく適切な時期に貸付けを受けられない場合が多いことが指摘されている。また、特に事業者らが新たに事業を立ち上げる場合、ビジネスプランが提出されない限りは、銀行などの金融機関は当該事業を評価することができず、融資することに躊躇せざるを得ないという事情がある。しかしながら、必ずしもすべての事業者が詳細なビジネスプランを作成する能力を有しているわけではなく、融資を受けるための条件がなかなか整えられないという問題が存在する。

以上のような状況に対しては、USAIDが銀行などの金融機関と農民・農産物加工業者らを仲介し、より柔軟かつ適切な形式での貸付けができるようファシリテートすることを検討しているとのことである。今後農業投資を促進して、農民や小規模事業者らにも関与していく場合、このUSAIDの取組みなどとの連携を図ることが、有効であろう。また、今回の実証調査パートナーであるCSIR-FRIも、中小規模の事業者らに対するコンサルティング、事業立ち上げ支援を今後展開していく意向も見せているため、彼らのような組織を適宜活用して、事業者らの能力開発を実施していくことも効果的であると考えられる。

#### 4.3.3 衛生管理基準などの品質基準について

前述のように、ガーナ企業により製造された加工食品は、現地の中所得層以上に広く受け入れられるには至っていない状況である。ガーナの消費者は輸入品志向が高く、それらのニーズに対応してか、特に外資系を中心とするスーパーマーケットや大手食品卸売業者は、輸入食品、あるいは国内で外資系企業（たとえば、ネスレ、ユニリーバなど）によって製造された食品を好んで取扱う傾向にある。

現地での聴取情報によると、この原因のひとつとして、ガーナ国内において衛生管理基準などの品質基準がほぼ存在せず、安全性などの品質という点で都市部の中所得層以上を惹きつけるに十分ではないことが示唆されている。ガーナにおいては、Ghana Standards Authority（GSA）やFood and Drugs Board（FDB）などの公的機関があり、これらの機関が食品の衛生管理基準など品質基準の策定、普及を行っている。だが、その対象は主に中規模ないし大規模加工業者のみであり、ガーナ企業の多数を占める小規模業者に対しては、現時点では十分な影響を及ぼせていない模様である。このような状況において、一部の意欲ある食品加工業者、ケータリング業者などの民間事業者らが、独自に品質基準を策定しようと試みる事例もあるようである。

これらの状況に対し、上述の2機関をはじめとする衛生管理基準など品質基準の策定に係る政府機関、公的機関が、後述する国際規格の認証を行えるよう能力開発を実施する方策が考えられる。あるいは、上述した民間事業者らの自発的な取組みを何らかの形で支援し、かつ同様の基準が乱立しないよう適宜講習会等を開催して業者間の情報共有を図り、最終的にはガーナ国内での統一した規格・基準になるよう育て上げていく、といった方策も考えられる。具体的方法としては、JICAあるいは国際機関などの支援スキームを活用し
て、農産物バリューチェーンを改善して食料安全保障を頑健にするための一方策という位置づけにて、取組みを実施していくのが現実的であろう。

欧米諸国など先進国への輸出を念頭に置く場合、たとえば衛生管理については ISO 22000 などの国際規格の取得を推進することも一案ではあるが、現状を鑑みると、一部の大手加工業者を除いてその段階に達するにはハードルが高いと考えられる。そこで、継続的かつ大規模な輸出を狙える一部の中～大規模加工業者に対しては、上述の国際規格取得を勧める一方で、主に国内向けに出荷するであろう多くの中小規模事業者に対しては、まずは国際規格ほどハードルが高くないものの、国内消費者を満足させるに足る国内規格・基準を策定・普及することとし、今後の事業及び市場の成長・拡大に応じて、適宜国際規格の取得を勧める、という段階分けを行うのが現実的であろう。

### 4.4 今後の展望

サブサハラ・アフリカへの投資拡大、民間ビジネス支援、輸出促進の取組は、日本のみならず国際社会が共有している方向性であり、世界銀行 $ ^{12} $ 、アフリカ開発銀行 $ ^{13} $ 、その他多くの国際開発機関による支援が展開されている。ヤム、キャッサバなど、サブサハラ・アフリカで根付く作物の生産奨励や、これら作物を活用した産業振興は、同地域に対する国際社会としての支援という大きな流れの中に位置づけて推進することが有益であろう。

#### 4.4.1 TICAD V を活用した展開策の検討

2013 年 6 月、横浜にて開催される TICAD V では、アフリカ開発のための課題、支援の方向性を、特に日本国内の潜在的ステークホルダーの関心をひくための良い契機となる。ヤム、キャッサバを活用した製品の開発、同作物の生産を通じた産業振興等を検討している日本の企業、NPO、その他組織を特定するためにも、本検討調査の内容を含めた投資促進施策の検討を幅広く広報することが有益であろう。

さらには、アフリカの他地域における類似の取組との情報交流を進めることにより $ ^{14} $ 、これらの類似の取組の他地域への展開も期待できる。

#### 4.4.2 国際社会の産業振興・輸出促進施策の文脈に沿った支援の検討

前述のように、国際貿易センター（ITC）がガーナにおいてヤム国家戦略策定を支援しているが、同支援では農産物加工技術の比較的発達しているトルコ、ブラジル及び日本におけるイモ類（特にヤム）の加工産業事例をモデルとするため、日本の関連ステークホルダ
一の参画も検討している様子が確認できている。ITCは既にトルコの民間企業等の専門家をガーナに派遣させるなど、具体的な行動を開始しており、ITCとしてはトルコのみならず日本の民間企業等の専門家の参画を歓迎し、そのための費用負担も可能としているとのことであった。

日本としてもこの文脈に沿った支援等を検討し、国際社会の流れに合流させる形でヤム、キャッサバのバリューチェーン振興の取組みで得られた知見、ノウハウを積極的に活用することが望まれる。その結果、援助協調が実現するのみならず、日本の農産物加工技術の対外的な発信にも結びつくという効果も期待できよう。
## 地域ケア会議について

地域ケア会議は、高齢者個人に対する支援の充実と、それを支える社会基盤の整備とを同時に進めていく、地域包括ケアシステムの実現に向けた手法。

具体的には、地域包括支援センター等が主催し、

○ 医療、介護等の多職種が協働して高齢者の個別課題の解決を図るとともに、介護支援専門員の自立支援に資するケアマネジメントの実践力を高める。

○ 個別ケースの課題分析等を積み重ねることにより、地域に共通した課題を明確化する。

○ 共有された地域課題の解決に必要な資源開発や地域づくり、さらには介護保険事業計画への反映などの政策形成につなげる。

## 地域包括支援センターでの開催（高齢者の個別課題の解決）

○多職種の協働による個別ケース（困難事例等）の支援を通じた

①地域支援ネットワークの構築

②高齢者の自立支援に資するケアマネジメント支援

③地域課題の把握などを行う。

## 《主な構成員》

自治体職員、包括職員、ケアマネジャー、介護事業者、民生委員、OT、PT、ST、医師、歯科医師、薬剤師、看護師、管理栄養士、歯科衛生士その他必要に応じて参加

※直接サービス提供に当たらない専門職種も参加

地域課題の把握

地域づくり・資源開発

政策形成

介護保険事業計画等への位置づけなど

市町村での開催

(地域課題を解決するための社会基盤の整備)
規模·範囲·構造

具体的内容

機能

## 「地域ケア会議」の5つの機能

個別ケースの検討

個別課題解決機能

ネットワーク

構築機能

←実務者レベル

■地域包括支援ネットワークの構築

■自立支援に資するケアマネジメントの普及と関係者の共通認識

■住民との情報共有

■課題の優先度の判断

■連携・協働の準備と調整

地域課題

発見機能

地域課題の検討

個別事例の課題解決を

蓄積することにより、

地域課題が明らかになり、

普遍化に役立つ

個別事例ごとに開催

地域づくり・資源開発機能

■潜在ニーズの顕在化

・サービス資源に関する課題

・ケア提供者の質に関する課題

・利用者、住民等の課題 等

■顕在ニーズ相互の関連づけ

政策形成機能

代表者レベル→

■自立支援に資するケアマネジメントの支援

■支援困難事例等に関する相談・助言

※自立支援に資するケアマネジメントとサービス提供

の最適な手法を蓄積

※参加者の資質向上と関係職種の連携促進

→サービス担当者会議の充実

■需要に見合ったサービスの基盤整備

■事業化、施策化

■介護保険事業計画等への位置づけ

■国・都道府県への提案

地域包括

ケアシステムの

実現による

地域住民の

安心・安全と

QOL向上

■有効な課題解決方法の確立と普遍化

■関係機関の役割分担

■社会資源の調整

■新たな資源開発の検討、地域づくり

自助・互助・共助・公助を組み合わせた地域のケア体制を整備

検討結果が個別支援に

フィードバックされる

日常生活圈域ごとに開催

市町村レベルの検討が円滑に進むよう、圏域内の課題を整理する

市町村・地域全体で開催

地域の関係者の連携を強化するとともに、住民ニーズとケア資源の現状を共有し、市町村レベルの対策を協議する
## 「地域ケア会議」を活用した個別課題解決から地域包括ケアシステム実現までのイメージ

○地域包括支援センター(又は市町村)は、多職種協働による個別ケースのケアマネジメント支援のための実務者レベルの地域ケア会議を開催するとともに、必要に応じて、そこで蓄積された最適な手法や地域課題を関係者と共有するための地域ケア会議を開催する。

○市町村は、地域包括支援センター等で把握された有効な支援方法を普遍化し、地域課題を解決していくために、代表者レベルの地域ケア会議を開催する。ここでは、需要に見合ったサービス資源の開発を行うとともに、保健・医療・福祉等の専門機関や住民組織・民間企業等によるネットワークを連結させて、地域包括ケアの社会基盤整備を行う。

○市町村は、これらを社会資源として介護保険事業計画に位置づけ、PDCAサイクルによって地域包括ケアシステムの実現へとつなげる。
# Annual Report on the Developments in Japan's Fisheries in FY2002

### Part I. Outline of the Developments in Japan’s Fisheries

Table of Contents

Introduction

Topics: Major developments in Japan’s Fisheries in the Previous Year

1. Implementation of resource restoration plans

2. Mergers of fisheries cooperative associations

3. New round of trade negotiations at the World Trade Organization

4. Sustainable use of living marine resources including whales

5. Development of artificial seed production technology for aquatic creatures

6. Simultaneous renewal of licenses for designated fisheries

7. Establishment of the Basic Law on Food Safety and the Food Safety Commission

I. Special Feature: In Pursuit of Safety and Reliability of Fishery Products

1. Importance of ensuring the safety and reliability of fishery products

2. Basic framework and reinforced measures to ensure the safety of fishery products

(1) Basic framework to ensure safety

(2) Measures to ensure safety

(3) New food safety administration based on risk analysis

3. Active information provisions to dispel anxiety of consumers

(1) Change in consumption of fishery products and information on the products

(2) Measures to ensure the reliability of labels

II. Developments in Japan's Fisheries since FY2001

1. Supply and demand for fishery products in Japan

(1) Domestic fishery production

(2) International trade of fishery products

(3) Processing and marketing of fishery products

(4) Consumption of fishery products and self-sufficiency rate

2. International developments surrounding the Japanese fisheries Industry

(1) Bilateral fishery relations
(2) Multilateral fishery relations

3. Fishery business management

(1) Trends concerning fishery operators

(2) State of fishery business management

(3) State of fishery workers

(4) Fisheries cooperative associations

4. Current state of fishing villages and efforts for revitalization

(1) Measures to improve the living conditions of fishing villages and to revitalize them

(2) Coexistence and exchanges between cities and fishing villages

5. Diverse functions of fisheries and fishing villages

Conclusion
## I ntroduction

This annual report (White Paper) concerning the developments in Japan’s fisheries in the 2002 fiscal year is the second White Paper issued under the Basic Law, on Fisheries Policy which was established in June 2001.

The basic principle of the law, “stable supply of fishery products,” would not be realized without the understanding and cooperation of not only the people engaging in the fisheries administration and industry but also of ordinary Japanese people as a whole. The White Paper is expected to play an increasingly important role of establishing an introductory connection between consumers and the fisheries administration.

In order to make the White Paper more accessible and interesting to the public, we have reviewed the conventional style of the White Paper. Last year, we dedicated the opening pages of the White Paper to an article titled “Topics: Major Developments in Japan’s Fisheries in the Previous Year” and also started Chapter I with a special feature. We have applied this same structure to the White Paper for the 2002 fiscal year and have done our best to write in clear and simple language to make the paper more understandable.

The opening article about topics describes seven major developments related to the fisheries in the past year, including the resource restoration plans implemented since the 2002 fiscal year.

Chapter I is started with a special feature titled “In Pursuit of Safety and Reliability of Fishery Products,” reflecting the importance of fishery products for the Japanese diet and rising concern among Japanese people about food safety driven from the outbreak of food-related problems including Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in 2001. The special feature summarizes the basic framework to ensure the safety of fishery products, efforts made at production sites for food safety, and measures to dispel consumer anxiety.

Chapter II describes the supply and demand for fishery products in Japan, the international developments surrounding the Japanese fisheries industry, fishery business management, and other trends in the Japanese fisheries in and after FY2001.

Topics: Major developments in the Fisheries in the Previous Year

### 1. Implementation of resource restoration plans

Since the 2002 fiscal year, resource restoration plans have been carried out for fisheries resources around Japan.
Many species of fisheries resources have decreased in number in coastal waters, which used to be abundant. The resource restoration plans are designed to help recover the status of fisheries resources through cooperation among the national government, local governments, and a wide range of people engaging in fishery activities by taking necessary measures in a systematic and comprehensive way.

Many activities have started toward the development of the plans in many parts of Japan. Four plans were established and implemented in FY2002 by people concerned, which were the plans for Spanish mackerel in the Seto Inland Sea, for resources subject to small trawl fishery in the Ise Bay and Mikawa Bay, for flathead flounders in the west part of the Japan Sea, and for offshore flatfish in the Northern Pacific Ocean. These species have been subject to the system of total allowable effort (TAE) in order to make sure they are protected.

Resource restoration plans sometimes require fishery operators to suspend fishing or reduce the number of fishing vessels. As these requirements directly damage their financial earnings, the parties concerned need to make thorough discussion about the details of the plans in order to establish feasible and sufficient pre-arranged plans. More resource restoration plans should be established and carried out in the future in order to recover other declining fishery resources as well.

Implementation of resource restoration plans

Resource Restoration Plan for Flathead Flounder ,(and Snow Crab)

(Targeted) resources: Flathead flounder, (Snow crab)

Types of fisheries : Offshore trawl fishery, and small – scale trawl fishery

Measures: expansion of the protected zones,

Introduction of improved fishing equipment, etc., etc.

A

Resource Restoration Plan for Offshore Flatfish in the Northern Pacific Ocean (Targeted) resources: Roughscale flounder, willowy flounder, bighand thornyhead, and yellow goosefish

Types of fisheries: Offshore trawl fishery, and small – scale trawl fishery

Measures: Designation of protected zones, etc.

Resource Restoration Plan for Spanish Mackerel in the Seto Inland Sea

(Targeted) resources: Spanish mackerel

Types of fisheries : Drift net fishery, etc.

Measures: Designation of fishing suspension period, use of fishnet with larger mesh, limitations on the amount of catches, and release of seeds, etc.

Resource Restoration Plan for Resources Subject to Small Trawl Fishery in the Ise Bay and Mikawa Bay

(Targeted) resources: Ocellate puffer, mantis shrimp, and conger myriaster Types of fisheries: Small – scale trawl fishery

Measures: restriction on the catches of small-size fish, designation of fishing suspension period, and release of seeds, etc.
### 2. Mergers of fisheries cooperative associations

In the 2002 fiscal year, a record-high 132 fisheries cooperative associations merged (as of March 1, 2003) and 23 new ones were established. Fisheries cooperative associations are expected to play an important role as central organizations of fisheries operations and fishing villages to achieve such goals as the stable supply of fishery products and the revitalization of fishing communities. Although fisheries cooperative associations have been voluntarily trying to reinforce the effectiveness of associations through mergers and other means, they are far from attaining their target set five years ago (FY1998) that the number of associations should be reduced to about 700 by the end of 2002. There are still about 1,600 associations as of March 2003 because mergers have been hindered by emotional conflicts over fishing rights management and also by disparities in financial situation among neighboring associations.

Recently, however, the movement toward mergers have rapidly activated among associations that have seen operating revenue decrease because of catch decrease, etc. and anxiety about post-merger fishing right management disappear thanks to the amendment of the Fisheries Law and other laws in 2001.

In recent years, fisheries cooperative associations that cover larger areas have been established one after another such as the Akita fisheries cooperative association and Oita fisheries cooperative association, which cover the whole of the respective prefectures, and Kumano-nada fisheries cooperative association, Shimano-kuni fisheries cooperative association, and Toba-isobe fisheries cooperative association. At a national conference of the representatives of fisheries cooperative associations held in November 2002, participants adopted the resolution that stated that the associations would never give up on carrying out reform to make associations self-sustainable as soon as possible and also to make their financial situations healthier. Taking account of these movements, the expiration date of the Law to Promote Mergers between Fisheries Cooperative Associations was postponed for a period of five years commencing from the end of March 2003 with the hope of further promoting mergers.

### 3. New round of trade negotiations at the World Trade Organization

At the WTO Ministerial Conference held in Doha, Qatar in November 2001, a decision was made to hold a new round of negations for the next three years to establish a set of new rules for world trade. The negotiations are scheduled to handle such problems as fisheries subsidies and hindrances limiting market accessibility such as customs duties on fishery products.
In this context, Japan submitted to the WTO its “Proposal on Sustainable Development and the Trade of Forest and Fishery Products” in an effort to establish trade rules that promote sustainable development, the importance of which was acknowledged in Doha as well.

Fishery resources are limited natural resources which will be exhausted without proper management. A decrease in fishery resources has been particularly noticeable in recent years. Under such circumstance, unrestricted liberalization of fisheries trade would promote overexploitation and prevent sustainable development of the fisheries industry. Japan therefore stated in its proposal that the WTO should study ideal systems of fisheries trade that contribute to sustainable use of fishery resources in consideration of diverse roles of fisheries and fishing villages.

The proposal also stated that the WTO should decide how to respond to a call for a reduction or elimination of fisheries subsidies in consideration of a more positive roles of fisheries subsidies that contribute to the sustainable use of resources, taking due account of the results of the discussions held at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and other specialized agencies.

Despite the disadvantaged position of Japan in the world where many countries are exporters of fishery products and eager to see fisheries trade more liberalized, Japan plans to engage in WTO negotiations based on the concept of sustainable use of fishery resources.

### 4. Sustainable use of living marine resources including whales

An annual conference of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) was held in May 2002 under a convention designed to promote proper conservation and effective use of whale stocks and development of the whaling industry. In addition, a conference by signatory countries of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was held in November 2002 under the convention designed to restrict international trade of endangered or threatened species.

The issue of whale stock management tends to be handled based on factors other than scientific facts. Such unscientific approach is reflected in IWC's introduction of a moratorium on commercial whaling and CITES's listing of large whales in an appendix, which even bans commercial whaling of species that are currently so abundant in number that resumption of whaling under certain conditions would pose no threat of extinction, according to a report by the IWC Scientific Committee.

As living marine resources have the ability to reproduce themselves, they will not be
exhausted as long as they are managed based on scientific evidence.

The fisheries industry could not exist without benefiting from living marine resources. Human beings have consumed living marine resources over the ages and have developed dietary customs and cultures depending on their respective living habitats and environments.

In order to advocate the sustainable use of marine resources based on scientific evidence, Japan plans to make further efforts to voluntarily and actively engage in international resource management and to promote deeper understanding of the international community on the importance of the sustainable use.

5. Development of artificial seed production technology for aquatic creatures

In June 2002, the Fisheries Laboratory at Kinki University became the first in the world to succeed in completing the lifecycle of blue-fin tuna under artificial rearing conditions.

Blue-fin tuna and eel are two species artificial seed production technology of which have long been desired to be established. Although the development of such technology was difficult and time-consuming, the laboratory has been farming and studying blue-fin tuna since 1970 and has succeeded in raising young blue-fin tuna to the adult stage of their lifecycle and having them spawn, and then raising fry from the eggs to the adult stage. The laboratory has recently succeeded in having adult fish spawn, finally completing the lifecycle of blue-fin tuna starting from spawning, followed by hatching, larvae, fry, young fish, adult fish, and through to spawning once again.

As well, artificial seed production technology for eels has been developed to such an extent that wild-caught have been successfully raised to the stage of adults producing spawn, and then the spawns have hatched and been raised to pre-leptocephali stage and to leptocephali stage. Further research is underway for the next step of raising the leptocephali to become elvers.

The Japanese sea farming and aquaculture industries have developed with the advancement of artificial seed production technology, which has been developed for about 80 fish species including sea bream and left-eyed flounder. The aquaculture production of some of those species, such as sea bream, has increased several times in volume.

It would be desirable to further develop artificial seed production technology so that it can be applied to many fish species in order to not only stabilize aquaculture production and expand fish species produced by aquaculture but also to maintain and increase natural fishery resources.
### 6. Simultaneous renewal of licenses for designated fisheries

In August 2002, licenses for designated fisheries were simultaneously granted to 2,489 fishing vessels engaging in 8 types of fishery operations including offshore trawl fishery, large/medium-scale purse seine fishery, and deep sea tuna fishery.

Such simultaneous grant of licenses is carried out every five years under the Fisheries Law by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Prior to the grant of licenses, the minister must decide, from the viewpoint of national policy, the maximum number of vessels to be approved for each major type of fishery of the operating areas and resource levels and then publicize it. Simultaneous grant of licenses within these limits is very important in establishing a fishery production system suitable for the respective resource levels and also in ensuring sustainable use of fishery resources.

In consideration of changes in the Japanese fisheries industry in recent years, the system of simultaneous grant of licenses has been reviewed and amended including being made applicable to additional fisheries, number of vessels of which should be centrally managed by the national government because of their large effects on the fishery resources concerned and also on other types of fisheries.

The publicized number of fishing vessels (Maximum number of vessels to be approved) of types of fisheries which have been designated conventionally was reduced by about 20% from the level five years ago. The reduction reflected the need for continuous restraint on fishing efforts due to the low levels of fishery resources as a whole. At the same time, various rules for these designated fisheries were partially deregulated through abolition of the specification of vessel structure and simplification of classifications of vessels by gross tonnage. Such deregulation was made with due consideration of its effects on resource management and coordination of fisheries in order to enable fishery operators to manage their business more freely.

The above-mentioned changes are, in combination with the already-made reform of the license succession system, expected to contribute to promoting effective and stable fisheries management and also to revitalize the designated fisheries.
# Review of Designated Fisheries (April 2002) and Simultaneous Renewal (August 2002)

## Remaining designated fisheries

Number of ships subject to simultaneous renewal (excluding the fisheries marked with $ ^{*} $ ):

1,534 (2002), 1,927 (1997)

- Offshore trawl fishery

- West water trawl fishery

- Deep sea trawl fishery $ ^{*} $

- Large/medium-scale purse seine fishery

Large- scale whaling $ ^{*} $

- Small- scale whaling $ ^{*} $

- Mother ship-type whaling $ ^{*} $

- Medium- scale salmon drift net

- Deep sea tuna fishery

- Offshore tuna fishery

(20 tons or heavier)

## Excluded fisheries

- North sea long line and/or gill net fishery

- Mother ship-type trawl fishery

- Mother ship-type tuna fishery

- Mother ship-type salmon fishery

- Mother ship-type crab fishery

- Goldlip fishery

## Added fisheries

## Number of ships subject to

## simultaneous renewal: 955 (2002)

- North Pacific saury fishery

Japan Sea red snow crab fishery

- Squid jigging fishery

Offshore skipjack and tuna fishery

(at least 10 tons but less than 20 tons)

: Designated fisheries before

## renewal

□ : Designated fisheries after

renewal

## (Note)

The fisheries marked with * are not subject to simultaneous renewal. The licenses for those fisheries are reviewed annually because the fisheries are under international negotiation or otherwise affected by external factors (the number of approved ships was 166 in 2002).