Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## 第9節 研究開発

## 1 情報通信産業の研究

## （1） 研究開発費

### ●平成23年度の情報通信産業の研究費は3兆9,875億円で、企業の研究費のうち32.5%を占める

「平成24年科学技術研究調査」によると、平成23年度の我が国の科学技術研究費（以下、「研究費」という。）の総額（企業、非営利団体・公的機関及び大学等の研究費の合計）は17兆3,791億円となっている。

研究費の総額の約7割を占める企業の研究費は、12兆2,718億円となっている。また、企業の研究費のうち、情報通信産業の研究費 $ ^{*1} $ は3兆9,875億円（32.5%）を占めており、そのうち、情報通信機械器具製造業の研究費が最

図表4-9-1-1 企業の研究費の割合（平成23年度）

も多い（図表4-9-1-1）。第3期科学技術基本計画（平成18年3月閣議決定）における重点推進4分野（情報通信、ライフサイエンス、環境及びナノテクノロジー・材料の各分野）の研究費をみると、情報通信分野は2兆5,557億円となっており、ライフサイエンス分野に次いで多くなっている（図表4-9-1-2）。

図表4-9-1-2 重点推進4分野別の研究費の推移

※研究内容が複数の分野にまたがる場合は、重複して計上されている

総務省「平成24年科学技術研究調査」により作成 http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kagaku/2012/index.htm

## (2) 情報通信分野の研究開発における産学連携

## ●平成23年度の共同研究及び受託研究数は、前年度と比べて増加している

情報通信分野における研究開発の産学連携について、国公私立大学等と民間企業等の共同研究 $ ^{*2} $ 数は平成23年度1,736件で、平成22年度の1,579件より157件の増加となった。また、平成23年度の受託研究 $ ^{*3} $ 数は1,463件で、平成22年度の1,395件より68件増加している（図表4-9-1-3）。

平成23年度の共同研究と受託研究の合計件数は、重点推進4分野の中では情報通信分野が最も少なくなっている（図表4-9-1-4）。
图表4-9-1-3 情報通信分野の共同研究及び受託研究数の推移

文部科学省「平成23年度大学等における産学連携等実施状況について」により作成 http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shinkou/sangaku/1327174.htm

図表4-9-1-4 重点推進4分野の共同研究及び受託研究の状況（平成23年度）

文部科学省「平成23年度 大学等における産学連携等実施状況について」により作成 http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shinkou/sangaku/1327174.htm

## 技術貿易

## ●平成23年度の情報通信産業の技術貿易額は、輸出超過傾向にある

平成23年度の我が国の技術貿易額 $ ^{*4} $ について、技術輸出による受取額（技術輸出額）が2兆3,852億円で、うち情報通信産業 $ ^{*5} $ は4,460億円となり、全体の18.7%を占めている。一方、技術輸入による支払額（技術輸入額）は、4,148億円で、うち情報通信産業は2,573億円となり、全体の62.0%を占めている。技術貿易額全体、うち情報通信産業ともに輸出超過の状態となっている。

なお、情報通信産業については、技術輸出額・技術輸入額ともに情報通信機械器具製造業が最も大きな割合を占めている（図表4-9-2-1）。

図表4-9-2-1 技術貿易額の産業別割合（平成23年度）

## 研究者数

### ●企業の研究者のうち、情報通信産業の研究者は19万5,117人で、39.8%を占める

平成24年3月31日現在の我が国の研究者（企業、非営利団体・公的機関及び大学等の研究者の合計）は、84万4,430人と過去最高で10年連続の増加となっている。そのうち約6割を占める企業の研究者49万920人のうち、情報通信産業の研究者 $ ^{*6} $ は19万5,117人となっており、企業の研究者の39.8%を占めている。なお、情報通信産業の研究者の中では、情報通信機械器具製造業の研究者が最も多い（図表4-9-3-1）。

## 図表4-9-3-1 企業の研究者数の産業別割合(平成24年3月31日現在)

(企業の研究者数：49万920人)

総務省「平成24年科学技術研究調査」により作成 http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kagaku/2012/index.htm
# Chapter Two

## Aiming at a Sustainable Society through Local Actions

## Summary of Chapter Two>

Local communities are closely intertwined with our day-to-day living. This is why we can see relatively easily the environmental load, its impact, and results that may be gained by taking actions. Therefore, the community is a place where we can obtain a comparatively good grasp of environmental issues and make voluntary efforts to conserve the environment. This chapter describes the conditions necessary to make our efforts in local communities effective, and how such endeavors help reinvigorate the area and become the driving force behind a shift toward a sustainable society.

## Section 1: Environmental Conservation Efforts in Local Communities

### 1. Environmental Conservation Efforts Being Active in Local Communities

People are placing greater emphasis on spiritual richness and becoming increasingly interested in contributing to society. Against this backdrop, signs have pointed to a growing movement in the environmental arena to go beyond just practicing environmental conservation measures in one’s daily life to becoming more involved in environmental conservation efforts through volunteer activities and participation in NPO activities, neighborhood associations and community associations. Many such activities are characterized by their orientation toward community-level endeavors to improve the immediate surroundings or to be active in the neighborhood.

Likewise, businesses, their trade associations, consumers' cooperatives and agricultural cooperatives have begun to show a growing interest in local communities. Motivated by the idea that fulfilling social responsibilities helps earn higher public esteem, many of these businesses have begun voluntary

Preferred Volunteer Activities

1. The results are taken from the respondents that replied "Yes" or "If I have a chance" to the question "Do you want to participate in volunteer activities?" The percentage is the ratio of responses (multiple responses) in answer to the question "Of the following activities, which would you like to participate in? Please select all that apply."

In addition to the above choices, 1.5% answered “Other” and 1.2% did not answer.

2. There were 2,580 respondents.

Source: FY 2000 Survey on National Lifestyle Preferences (December 2000), Cabinet Office
depending on their position and conditions. Some actors impose burden on the environment, while others make use of the environment. Other actors are committed to the conservation or the creation of the environment and still others want to study the environment. These actors exchange environmental information.

Today, NPOs are becoming indispensable as an actor that pursues public interest. Because of their unique characteristics of being able to implement, in a timely manner at the local level, a variety of activities that may not be entrusted to governments or the business community, NPOs are expected to play an increasingly important role in the area of the environment.

Types of Non Profit Organization

Increase in the Number of Specified Non-profit Corporations

### 3. Environmental Conservation Efforts Based on Local Diversity

As explained above, environmental conservation efforts undertaken by individual communities entail dynamic collaborations between the natural and social infrastructures and actors unique to each community. Consequently, the direction and contents of actions undertaken to create a desired community, as well as approaches, should naturally vary from community to community. So, when various actors cooperate to make efficient use of the local characteristics distinctive to that community, it will open up new possibilities that are not possible through the effort of a single person.

## Section 3: Nurturing the Local Environmental Capacity through Acquiring an Accurate Picture of Local Resources and Partnership among Actors

### 1. Starting Point of Local Environmental Conservation Activities

Environmental conservation activities in the community may be initiated in two ways. One is the “local problem oriented” approach that focuses on overcoming problems that have manifested themselves in the area. The second is the “local characteristics utilization” approach that identifies distinct local characteristics and makes full use of them for betterment of the community. In either approach, the ability to recognize the opportunities in one’s familiar surroundings and how well one can translate such opportunities into specific actions will serve as the starting point for local efforts.

Eco Resort Akame-no-Mori (Nabari City, Mie Prefecture)

Home of Stars (Bisei-cho Town, Okayama Prefecture)
Source: Tachikawa-machi Town, Yamagata Prefecture

Necessity of Partnerships among Actors

where people can find purpose of life, feel a sense of fulfillment, and make a contribution to society. In the case of the environmental conservation effort of Mishima City, the local government, residents and children each fulfill their role. The effort is financially supported by funds contributed by participating citizens' groups, corporations and local government. There is also support in the form of donation of goods. Collaboration like this engenders rela-

Merits (Advantages) of Partnership among Actors

Note: Multiple answers about how useful exchanges, cooperation and partnerships with other organizations are. Respondents consisted of 213 citizens' groups registered in Setagaya Ward, Tokyo.

Source: White Paper on the National Lifestyle FY 2000, Cabinet Office

tionships built on mutual trust and results in noticeable reinvigoration of the community.

As seen in the above case, partnerships among actors can be expected to produce synergistic effect that will yield greater positive results than if actors worked independently. Also, collaboration among actors has the advantages of increasing public recognition and social credibility of their activities and making them financially stable. Inter-actors collaboration is expected to provide an opportunity for obtaining support from community residents.

### 4. Information Dissemination and Sharing

Information about the state of the environment, community-implemented programs, and human resources is crucial
to get an accurate picture of the local community and make effective partnerships among actors. Such environment-related information is also a prerequisite for motivating the actors to engage in environmental conservation. It is important that those who possess environmental information and those who implement environmental measures disseminate and offer the information for sharing. Doing this raises the degree of specialization of the efforts and expands the range of possibilities for utilization of

local resources.

### 5. Efforts to Nurture “Local Environmental Capacity”

As described above, acquiring an accurate picture of local resources and forming an inter-actor partnership enables the entire community to share a common vision and thereby increase the so-called “local environmental capacity”—a commitment to improving the environment and community and the capacity to achieve the established goal. So, local environmental capacity allows us to obtain a picture of the

Environmental Conservation Activities Utilizing Local Environmental Capacity

Source: Ministry of the Environment

community from all perspectives, including environmental, social and economic, and this will ultimately lead to the effective implementation of area-wide efforts toward a truly sustainable community.

## Section 4: Scope and Effectiveness of the Effort that Utilizes the Local Environmental Capacity

### 1. Continuation of Environmental Conservation Activities

To make environmental efforts long-sustained, it is important, by creating a system to efficiently and effectively carry out the activities, to monitor the area continuously, set appropriate goals, and maintain the local environmental capacity (the commitment and ability to achieve the goals).

Recruiting leaders and participants is also important. Specifically, it is important to encourage people to coordinate the respective roles of actors while enhancing the awareness of participating actors through the activities they are involved. In addition to these leaders, a broad range of people is needed to support these efforts, people who work in the front line, members whose membership dues support the activity, and people who have the expertise to give advice or guidance. Recruiting such a diverse range of people creates a setting where participants can concentrate on bringing

Environmental Conservation Activities Based on PDCA Cycle

Source: Ministry of the Environment

Number of Staff in Environmental Conservation Organizations
their abilities to full play, which in turn enables the community efforts to be carried out in a responsible manner and with a sense of pride.

To ensure the continuance of local actions, funds and operation bases are required as a mechanism for linking local environmental capacity with local efforts. According to a poll of citizens' groups, 46% of the groups advocating environmental conservation have fiscal size of 1 million yen or less, and many of them have difficulty in expanding or maintaining their activities owing to a shortage of funds. When asked what areas they wish to receive support from governments, 49.7% of respondents cited “information exchange and securing and/or upgrading a place to serve as a base for activities.” Thus, challenge that lies ahead is finding ways to increase funding and upgrade operation bases for local actions.

### 2. Community Reinvigoration Effort through Local Environmental Capacity and its Effects

Today, there is public recognition of the importance of environmentally sound community development. The Law for the Promotion of Nature Restoration enacted in December 2002 provides a framework for nature restoration projects implemented through the participation of various local actors. The projects already underway in Kushiro-shitsugen wetlands

Skills Needed to Make Full Use of Local Environmental Capacity

Fiscal Size of Environmental Conservation Groups

and in Kunugiyama district of Saitama Prefecture can be considered as the efforts that aim to balance or consolidate the area’s economic development with environmental conservation.

Because local programs based on local environmental capacity require a grasp of the community’s distinctive characteristics and area-wide unified efforts, they not only protect the local environment but also bring about economic benefits and revitalization of the area, ultimately contributing to the creation of a society where development and environmental conservation are simultaneously achieved.

For example, the concept of “sustainable tourism”—as opposed to resort development-oriented tourism—has captured public attention. What characterizes this approach is the simultaneous attainment of environmental conservation, maintenance of local communities, and long-term economic benefits through the use of the area’s natural, cultural and historical heritages, and, sometimes, through the infusion of innovative ideas. Yufuin-cho Town in Oita Prefecture may be said to embody this concept. The

town successfully preserves its abundant natural environment while at the same time welcoming more than three million tourists annually.

There is also a move to foster community-led efforts to develop the social economy by promoting environmentally friendly community businesses. The Nanohana Project (Oilseed Rape Blossoms Project) in the Lake Biwa area of Shiga Prefecture represents a community business program that encompasses the cultivation of oilseed

Government’s Support Needed by Citizens’ Groups

Note: Include citizens' groups other than environmental conservation groups. Source: Citizens' Group Basic Survey, Cabinet Office (April 2001)
rape, extraction and utilization of rapeseed oil, and utilization of waste oil and oil cake. The project enables balancing environmental conservation and resource recycling activities with commercial activities.

Thus, not only can the efforts based on local environmental capacity provide local residents with a purpose, an opportunity for self-fulfillment and spiritual richness, but they can also promote intra-community exchanges thereby fostering a sense of community and producing synergistic effect to encourage people to participate in community-building initiatives. When the positive aspects of the local community are communicated both inside and outside of the area, interaction with people outside will be stimulated and will lead to an increase in residents, companies, and business establishments in the community.

### 3. Enhancing the Local Environmental Capacity through Partnerships with Other Communities

Initiatives based on the local environmental capacity may sometimes be undertaken beyond the boundaries of the areas.

For instance, when effective use of local resources is not easily carried out by a single community, implementing a joint program with other communities might produce the desired results. Tokyo’s Kita Ward and Kanra-machi Town in Gunma Prefecture joined forces to solve problems that each has experienced in the past through a complementary partnership. School lunch leftovers at elementary and junior-high schools in Kita Ward are composted for use for organic farming in Kanra-machi Town, and harvested crops are used to prepare school lunch in Kita Ward. This program has also helped reduce the amount of leftovers at elementary and junior-high schools in Kita Ward.

In a case where a problem cannot be addressed effectively without involving the entire region where socio-economic activities and the workings of nature take place, it is imperative to increase local environmental capacity through region-wide partnerships. Yabe-machi Town (Kumamoto Prefecture), located on the upper reaches of Yabegawa River, and Kumamoto City, situated on the lower reaches of the river, directed their attention to the forest’s water recharging function and, to take advantage of this function in groundwater conservation, have concluded a forest improvement agreement. There is every indication that residents’ participation of the two cities in forest

Sustainable Tourism of Yufuin-cho Town, Oita Prefecture

Source: Compiled by the Ministry of the Environment based on materials of Yufuin-cho Town, Oita Prefecture

Nanohana Project (Oilseed Rape Blossoms Project of Environment Co-operative Union Shiga)

Source: Environment Co-operative Union Shiga

Effects of Local Environmental Capacity Utilization
Immigration Control

2009

JAPAN

Immigration Bureau, Ministry of Justice
# Introduction

# Publication of the “2009 Immigration Control”

This year's report is the 15th issue of the “Immigration Control”, first published in 1959. Although the previous issues of the “Immigration Control”, including the 2003 issue, described the five-year trends of immigration control administration, owing to the accelerated pace of the changes in conditions which affect immigration control, a summary of the one-year trend of immigration control administration has been given since 2004 annually.

Looking at recent developments, the environment affecting immigration control administration has been changing in many ways. For example, Japan has been taking measures to achieve the following objectives: establishment of Japan as a country built on tourism by encouraging more foreign travelers to visit Japan; more open acceptance of skilled foreign workers including highly-skilled workers in professional or technical fields; responding to a population-decreasing society; halving the number of illegal foreign residents; and strictly preventing terrorists from entering Japan.

In order to achieve such objectives, it is necessary for the immigration control administration to simultaneously accomplish both smooth acceptance of foreign nationals, who will contribute to the development of international exchange and the Japanese economy, and strict measures against suspect foreign nationals such as terrorists or criminals, who may pose a threat to Japan's safety and security.

In this context, as the first step, we would like to explain to as many people as possible under what conditions the immigration control administration is operating and the specific measures being taken. Therefore, the “2009 Immigration Control” is being published for this purpose. This report shows the trends of immigration control administration during the past five years from FY 2004 to FY 2008 while outlining, in particular, the recent conditions affecting immigration control administration and measures taken in FY 2008.

Part 1, titled “Immigration Control in Recent Years” describes Foreign Nationals Entering and Residing in Japan (Chapter 1), Deportation Procedures for Foreign Nationals (Chapter 2), Recognition of Refugee Status (Chapter 3), Promotion of Measures against Trafficking in Persons
and Proper Protection of Foreigners DV Victims (Chapter 4) and Alien Registration Process (Chapter 5). Part 1 gives numerical information on the state of immigration control administration focusing on 2008, together with data covering the past five years.

Part 2, titled “Primary Measures Related to Immigration Control Administration in FY 2008” describes the Outline of the New System of Residence Management (Chapter 1), Measures on

Chubu Central Japan International Airport

(March.2005:Photo Credit,Central Japan International Airport Co.,Ltd.)

the Training and Technical Internship Programs (Chapter 2), Measures on Acceptance of Foreign College Students and Pre-college Students (Chapter 3), Efforts Toward the Creation of a Society that Prevents Foreign Nationals from becoming Illegal Residents, and that Realizes Multicultural Co-existence (Chapter 4), Implementation of Smoother yet Stricter Immigration Examination (Chapter 5), Addressing the Global Community (Chapter 6), Introduction of Resettlement to a Third Country (Chapter 7), Improvement Public Relations and Administrative Services (Chapter 8). Part 2 presents qualitative information on immigration control administration in FY 2008.

Further, the Data Section includes descriptions of major developments concerning immigration control administration in FY 2008.

We hope this report will help you to discover how closely immigration control administration is related to everyday life and to understand how immigration control administration functions.

November, 2009
Registration Act	Alien Registration Act
Registration Card	Alien Registration Card
Registration Certificate	Alien Registration Certificate
Convention	Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
Protocol	Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
Japan-us Status of Forces Agreement	Agreement under Article VI of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and the United States of America, Regarding Facilities and Areas and the Status of United States Armed Forces in Japan
Immigration Control Act	Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act
APIS	Advance Passenger Information System
ASEM	Asia-Europe Meeting
ED Card	Embarkation Card and Disembarkation Card
EPA	Economic Partnership Agreement
IATA·CAWG	International Air Transport Association · Control Authorities Working Group
ICAO	International Civil Aviation Organization
ICPO	International Criminal Police Organization
IOM	International Organization for Migration
JICA	Japan International Cooperation Agency
ODA	Official Development Assistance
UNHCR	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees or United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
## 2009 Immigration Control

Chapter 1 Foreign Nationals Entering and Residing in Japan
Section 1 ♦ Foreign Nationals Entering and Leaving Japan ♦ 2
1 Changes in the Number of Foreign Nationals Entering and Leaving Japan ♦ 2
(1) Foreign Nationals Entering Japan ♦ 2
A. The Number of Foreign Nationals Entering Japan ♦ 2
B. The Number of Foreign Nationals Entering Japan by Nationality (Place of Origin) ♦ 3
C. The Number of Foreign Nationals Entering Japan by Gender and Age ♦ 4
D. The Number of Foreign Nationals Entering Japan by Purpose of Entry (Status of Residence) ♦ 5
(A) Temporary Visitors ♦ 5
(B) Foreign Nationals Entering Japan for the Purpose of Employment ♦ 8
(C) Foreign Nationals Entering Japan for the Purpose of Study ♦ 11
(D) Foreign Nationals Entering Japan with the Status of Residence of Resident Activities Based on Civil Status or Position ♦ 13
(2) Special Cases of Landing (except for Landing Permission for Temporary Refuge) ♦ 14
(3) Foreign Nationals Leaving Japan ♦ 16
2 Judgment for Landing ♦ 16
(1) Receipt and Findings of Hearings for Landing and Filing of Objections ♦ 16
(2) Foreign Nationals Who Fall under Any of the Reasons for Denial of Landing ♦ 18
(3) Special Permission for Landing ♦ 19
3 Pre-entry Examination ♦ 20
(1) Advance Consultation for Issuance of Visas ♦ 20
(2) Certificate of Eligibility ♦ 20
Section 2 ♦ Foreign Nationals Residing in Japan ♦ 21