Source: "Toward a Sustainable Cement Industry Substudy 8: CLIMATE CHANGE (March 2002)" (Battelle)

Table 3-3-1: International comparison of energy efficiency

## I ron and Steel

Integrated steelworks energy consumption intensity

Japan	South Korea	EU	China (large scale)	China (whole country)	United States	Russia
100	105	110	110	120	120	125

(Japan Iron and Steel Federation)

Source: Data from the Korea Iron and Steel Association and the China Iron and Steel Association, and individual interviews

## Chemicals

Electric power consumed in relation to production of electrolytic caustic soda

Japan	Taiwan	South Korea	China	United States	Western Europe	Eastern Europe
100	100	100	104	110	119	115

(Japan Chemical Industry Association)

Source: SRI Chemical Economic Handbook; Japanese Soda Industry Association, Soda Handbuku (Soda Handbook)

## Paper

Total energy consumption for paper and paperboard produced (before adjustments for imported and exported pulp)

Japan	United States	Canada	Sweden	Germany
100	144	134	123	52

(Japan Paper Association)

Source:

Data from Japan from Japan Paper Association follow-up report for 2003, for United States from the American Forest & Paper Association's annual statistics for 2002; for Canada from Forest Product Association of Canada, Environmental Reports 2000-2001; for Sweden and Germany from Confederation of European Paper Industries, Energy Profile 2001.

Since Germany relies largely on recycled pulp and imported pulp, its energy consumption related to pulp production is low. In addition, demand for quality such as whiteness of toilet paper is relatively low in Germany, which can also be considered a factor contributing to low energy consumption.

## Cement

Energy consumption per clinker ton (for 2000)

Japan	Western Europe	South Korea	Central and South America	China	United States	Russia
100	130	131	145	152	177	178

(Japan Cement Association)

Note: Energy intensity is a value that represents energy efficiency. The lower the energy intensity value, the better the energy efficiency.

Source: Nippon Keidanren “Results of the Fiscal 2006 Follow-up to the Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan on the Environment (Summary) - Section on Global Warming Measures - < Performance in Fiscal 2005 >”

### c. Technologies for motor vehicles to address exhaust-gas restrictions and to improve fuel economy

In Japan, motor vehicles came to be widely used by the public from the latter half of the 1960s. Accordingly, the problem of air pollution caused by vehicle exhaust emissions became conspicuous. Under such circumstances, the government introduced control over vehicle exhaust emissions and strengthened regulations from time to time. Today, Japan has the strictest vehicle exhaust-emission restrictions in the world (See Section 3, Chapter 2 of Part 2).

Japanese automakers have been promoting technology development to address the issue of aggravated air pollution caused by vehicle-exhaust gas. There are a wide variety of such development projects including improvement of engine-combustion control and heat efficiency, introduction of lightweight vehicles, and catalyst for exhaust-gas purification. Through the industrial efforts to promote those RD&D projects and commercialization, Japanese automakers have established its world-class status in terms of technological strengths in the field of exhaust-gas control.

Japanese automakers have also been promoting technological innovations aimed at improving fuel economy, and they have now established world-leading technology aimed at ensuring improved fuel economy.