Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Figure 5-1-8: Changing Rate in the size of World Forests per a year (2000-2005)

Note: The percentage represents the data on a net basis (offsetting forest shrinkage by forest growth)

Source: Compiled by the Ministry of the Environment based on the FAO, "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005."

About one-quarter of all land areas in the world and about 1 billion people, accounting for one-sixth of the world's population, are affected by desertification. As background of this problem, there are factors such as poverty and population growth in developing nations. Therefore, international efforts are being made under the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).

### 2. Conservation of the Atmospheric Environment

## (1) Photochemical oxidant

Photochemical oxidants are the cause of photochemical smog, which causes eye and throat irritation and respiratory distress. In almost all regions throughout Japan, photochemical oxidants still exceed the environmental quality standard (EQS) (a one-hour value of 0.06 ppm or less).

As one of the measures to combat photochemical oxidants, VOC-emitting firms have been required to submit notification of their VOC-emitting plants and comply with the emission criteria since April 2006. In accordance with the Air Pollution Control Law, Japan’s regulatory authority has put in place tighter restrictions on VOC emitted from automobiles.

Through the Atmospheric Environmental Regional Observation System (nickname: Soramame-kun), the government collects on a real-time basis the nationwide atmospheric environment data measured at a prefectural level as well as the photochemical oxidant warning data, and makes these data available on the Internet.

Figure 5-2-1: Changes in the Number of Monitoring Stations by Photochemical Oxidant Concentration Level (AAPMSs and RAPMSs) (FY2001–2005)

## (2) Nitrogen oxide

Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is generated mainly from stationary sources (such as factories) and mobile sources (such as motor vehicles). NOx contributes to photochemical oxidants, suspended particulate matter, and acid deposition. High concentrations of Nitrogen dioxide (NO $ _{2} $ ) may have a negative impact on health by causing irritation to the respiratory organs.
Figure 5-2-2: Changes in Achievement of NO₂-related EQS (FY2001-2005)

Source: Compiled from the Ministry of the Environment, FY2005 Report on the State of Air Pollution

Compared to the previous year, the achievement rates for the $ NO_{2} $ -related EQSs were slightly improved in the roadside air pollution monitoring stations (RAPMSs) in FY2005. The achievement rate of the ambient air pollution monitoring stations (AAPMSs) was 99.9%, and that of the roadside air pollution monitoring stations (RAPMSs) was 91.3%.

Source: Compiled from the Ministry of the Environment, FY2005 Report on the State of Air Pollution

## (3) Suspended particulate matter (SPM)

Suspended particulate matter (SPM), which floats in the air and has a diameter of $ 10\mu m $ or less, is classified into primary particles and secondary particles. Primary particles include soot and dust from factories, diesel exhaust particles (DEP) generated from diesel vehicles, and soil particles dispersed in the air. Secondary particles are formed in the atmosphere from gaseous substances such as nitrogen oxides (NOx). Because SPM is of a minute size, it stays in the air for a long time. An accumulation of SPM in high concentrations in the lungs or the trachea can have damaging effects on the respiratory system.

Regarding the current status of our efforts to satisfy the environmental quality standards (EQS) related to SPM, the achievement rate measured in the FY2005 was slightly lower than that of the previous year, both for ambient air-pollution monitoring stations (AAPMS) and roadside air-pollution monitoring stations (RAPMS).

Figure 5-2-3: Changes in Achievement of SPM-related EQS (FY2001-2005)

Source: Compiled from the Ministry of the Environment, FY2005 Report on the State of Air Pollution
In addition, experts are carrying out research on fine particulate matter with a diameter of $ 2.5\mu m $ or less and diesel exhaust particles because analysts recently pointed out that these substances can have an adverse effect on human health.

## (4) Hazardous air pollutants

Various hazardous air pollutants, though low in concentration, have been detected in the atmosphere, raising concerns about the health effects of long-term exposure.

In terms of the four substances that have EQSs in place, benzene’s observed value improved in FY2005, with 3.9% of monitoring stations recording data exceeding the EQS. As for the other three substances, all monitoring stations recorded data better than the applicable EQSs.

In order to mitigate the health risk attributable to hazardous air pollutants, guideline values of chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,3-butadiene were newly established in FY2006 to join the four existing designated substances.

## (5) Measures against asbestos

The Air Pollution Control Law provides a work standard for demolition and other works of fireproof buildings of certain sizes using spray-applied asbestos. In March 2006, this Law was partially revised to expand the scope of restricted construction materials and also to abolish the building-size exemptions applied to small-sized buildings, with the aim of strengthening the measures to prevent asbestos dispersal into the atmosphere and expand applications of the measures. Also, starting from October 2006, regulations on demolition and other works of the said buildings have expanded to newly bind equipment, fixtures, etc. in addition to buildings.

## (6) Noise, vibration, and offensive odors

The number of complaints about noise and vibration has been gradually increasing over several years to 16,470 and 3,599 in FY2005. There were 19,114 complaints about offensive odors in FY2005, a decrease for the second consecutive year.

Out of the 2,914 thousand noise observation points (households) in residential areas nationwide, 456 thousand households (16%) exceeded the EQS either at day or night in FY2005. Out of the 1,240 thousand observation points (households) facing a main road, 317 thousand households (26%) exceeded the EQS either at day or night. With regard to aircraft noise, 73% of the observation points were within the EQSs satisfactory level in FY2005.

Figure 5-2-4: Changes in the Number of Complaints against Noise, Vibration, and Offensive Odors (FY1974–2005)

Compiled from the Ministry of the Environment, Survey on the Enforcement Status of the Noise Regulation Law, Survey on the Enforcement Status of the Vibration Regulation Law, and Survey on the Enforcement Status of the Offensive Odor Control Law

Figure 5-2-5: Attainment of the EQS for Road-Facing Areas

Notes:1. The figures in parenthesis represent the number of households surveyed.

2. The total households may not correspond to the number of households surveyed due to rounding. Source: Ministry of the Environment
## (7) Urban heat island phenomenon

“The heat island phenomenon” means that the air temperature at the city center is higher than that of the surrounding non-urban areas. This phenomenon results in an increase in the number of nights in which the minimum temperature is above 25°C degree centigrade in summer. The increase in temperature by waste heat from air conditioners causes more demand for air conditioning and energy use.

According to the “Outline of the Policy Framework to Reduce Urban Heat Island Effects,” the government has promoted four major pillars of countermeasures against the heat island phenomenon: reduction of anthropogenic heat emission, improvement of the urban surface, improvement of urban structures, and improvement of lifestyles.

The government has also promoted the research and observation of the heat island phenomenon and its impact on the environment.

### 3. Conservation of the Water, Soil, and Ground Environment

## (1) Water environment

According to the Results of FY2005 Measurement of Water Quality in Public Waters, the achievement level of the EQS for the protection of human health from substances, such as cadmium, was 99.1%. Standards set for protecting the living environment were achieved at slightly lower rates. The BOD (or COD) level is an EQS for the conservation of the living environment and is a typical

Figure 5-3-1: Trends in EQS Achievement Rate (BOD or COD)

Notes: 1. BOD used for rivers, while COD used for lakes/reservoirs, and sea/coastal areas.

2. Achievement rate (\%) = (no. of water areas achieving EQS/no. of designated water areas) $ \times $ 100

Source: Ministry of the Environment, Results of FY2005 Measurement of Water Quality in Public Waters

Figure 5-3-2: Trends in EQS Achievement Rate (COD) in Three Coastal Regions

Note: Ise Bay includes Mikawa Bay, and Seto Inland Sea excludes Osaka Bay Source: Ministry of the Environment, Results of FY2005 Measurement of Water Quality in Public Waters

Figure 5-3-3: Percentage of the Groundwater Monitored which Exceeded the EQS

Notes: 1. The survey teams monitor different sets of wells every year. (They do not necessarily collect data on the same wells every year.)

2. Until the EQSs for groundwater were established in 1997, the Assessment Standards had been used to evaluate groundwater quality. (The Assessment Standard for Arsenic was revised from “0.05 mg/L or less” to “0.01 mg/L or less” in 1993.)

3. The EQS for nitrate/nitrite nitrogen, fluorine, and boron were established items in 1999.

4. The data contained in the chart is limited to those of the substances with relatively high rate of the data which exceeded the EQS.

Source: Ministry of the Environment, Results of FY2005 Monitoring Survey of Groundwater Quality
water-quality indicator for organic contamination. Its EQS achievement level remained at 83.4%. By water area, the achievement levels were 87.2% for rivers, 53.4% for lakes and reservoirs, and 76.0% for sea areas. In particular, achievement rates for enclosed water areas, such as lakes, reservoirs, inner bays, and inland seas were still low. In terms of COD, the achievement rates were 63.2% for Tokyo Bay, 50.0% for Ise Bay, and 73.5% for the Seto Inland Sea.

Regarding measures for lakes and reservoirs, the revised Law concerning Special Measures for the Conservation of Lake Water Quality came into force in April 2006. Also, the measures for addressing the issue of pollutant loads attributable to non-point pollution sources in farmlands, urban areas, etc. have been deliberated and the deliberation results are reflected in the report, “The Basic Policy on Basin Areas for the Improvement of Water Quality of Lakes and Reservoirs.” In addition, the sixth Basic Policy for Area-wide Total Pollutant Load Control has been established to promote further improvement of the water environment of enclosed water areas, wherein targets are set to be attained by FY2009.

According to the FY2005 Monitoring Survey of Groundwater Quality, 6.3% of the wells monitored exceeded the EQS (of one or more substances). Specifically, 4.2% of the total did not meet the EQS for nitrate-nitrogen or nitrite-nitrogen. Most of the wells were supposed to be polluted by farmland fertilization, livestock excreta, or domestic wastewater. Appropriate measures to prevent the pollution are necessary for the conservation of groundwater.

The “Inter-Ministry/Agency Coordination Committee for Building Sound Water Cycle” is pushing ahead with policy actions to provide a healthy water cycle by holding information/opinion exchange sessions, encouraging research activities, and serving as a coordinator of policy actions.

## (2) Soil contamination

Once soil is contaminated, it accumulates hazardous substances, perpetuating the state of pollution.

A larger number of soil contamination cases have been identified in urban areas as a result of redevelopment projects at former factory sites. In FY2004, the regulatory authority acknowledged 454 cases that exceed the EQS for Soil Contamination or Soil Contamination Countermeasures Law.

In order to address such soil contamination, the Ministry of the Environment is pushing ahead with appropriate countermeasures on soil contamination in accordance with the Soil Contamination Countermeasures Law, and conducted a survey, with the intention of establishing more comprehensive EQS that would regulate extensively of pollutants and exposure paths.

Figure 5-3-4: Number of Soil Contamination Cases Identified by Fiscal Year

Source: Ministry of the Environment, Overview of the Survey Result on Survey and Measures and State of Responses for Soil Contamination in FY2004
## (3) Ground subsidence

Ground subsidence is caused by excessive pumping of groundwater, which lowers the level of the groundwater and shrinks the clay layer. As of FY2005, 61 areas in 37 prefectures suffered ground subsidence. Restrictions on the pumping of groundwater and other measures have mitigated ground subsidence in Tokyo’s 23 wards, Osaka City, and Nagoya City, where remarkable ground subsidence had occurred in the past.

However, ground subsidence still occurred in certain areas such as the South Uwonuma plain in Niigata Prefecture. Some areas that are lower than sea level due to ground subsidence may face the danger of huge damages caused by high tides or floods. For this reason, besides imposing restrictions on the pumping of groundwater, measures are being taken to deal with high tides and to build facilities to protect the coastline.

Figure 5-3-5: Changes in Ground Subsidence in Selected Areas

### 4. Measures and Policies on the Material Circulation, including Waste and Recycling Measures

## (1) Material flow in our country

In order to build a Sound Material-Cycle Society, it is important to understand, first and foremost, the current status of how much we collect, consume and discard resources.

An overview of the Material flow in our country as of FY2004 shows that the Total material input this year was 1.94 billion tons, about half (or 830 million tons) of which was stored in the form of buildings or social infrastructure. It is also shown that 150 million tons were exported to other countries in the form of products, etc., 460 million tons were converted to energy, and 610 million tons became wastes, etc. Of those wastes, 250 million tons were recycled, which accounts for only 12.7% of the Total material input. This data indicates that the issues of waste treatment, recycling and global warming come from structural and

Figure 5-4-1: Material Flow in Japan (FY2004)

Note: The total output is greater than the total input due to water-intake, etc.

Source: Ministry of the Environment
fundamental problems of our society.

The Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society, adopted by the Cabinet in March 2003, sets numerical targets of “input,” “recycling” and “output,” which respectively represent major indicators of the Material flow, with the aim of visualizing an appropriate structure of the

Table5-4: Targets to be Achieved by FY2010

Indicators	Resource productivity	Recycle/ reuse rate	Final disposal volume
Targets	About 390,000 yen per ton	About 14%	About 28 million tons

policy measures necessary to be implemented for reducing, reusing, recycling and disposal, and ensuring appropriate waste disposal respectively so as to ensure the well-balanced implementation of those measures for the formation of a Sound Material-Cycle Society.

• Resource productivity (=GDP/Input of natural resources, etc.)

This indicator represents the performance of how resources efficiently produce benefits.

• Recycle/reuse rate (=Recycled and reused amount /(Recycled and reused amount + Input of natural resources, etc.)

This indicator represents the proportion of how much of input resources are recycled or reused.

• Final disposal volume

This indicator represents the volume of wastes that go to landfills, and needs to be closely watched due to the current situation of the impending shortage of final waste disposal site.

The results of the third assessment of the progress of the Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society show that “Resource productivity” was about 336,000 yen per ton during FY2004, up 60% from FY1990 from about 210,000 yen per ton and up 20% from FY2000 from about 280,000 yen per ton. The “recycling/reuse rate” during FY2004 was about 12.7%, up about 70% from FY1990 from about 8% and up about 30% from FY2000 from about 10%. The “Final disposal volume” during FY2004 was about 35 million tons, down about 69% from FY1990 from about 110 million tons and down about 38% from FY2000 from about 56 million tons.

Figure5-4-2: Flow of Resource Recycling in Japan (FY2004)

Source: Ministry of the Environment
In 2004, Japan successfully achieved its reduction target for emission of dioxins. The ministry also amended the reduction plan in 2005, with the aim of achieving a 15% reduction from the 2003 level in 2010 at the latest. It is estimated that the total emission of dioxins in 2005 was 13% less than that in 2003.

With regard to policy actions on poison gas bombs in Japan, the government ministries, in line with Cabinet approval on June 6, 2003 and the Cabinet decision on December 16, 2003, are working together to conduct an environment survey and treatment with the intention of preventing possible damage from defunct Imperial Japanese Army/Navy gas bombs. In addition, the Poison Gas Information Center, established by the Ministry of the Environment, collects relevant information on an ongoing basis and distributes such information and general guidance to citizens.

### 6. Conservation of the Natural Environment and Promoting Contact with Nature

The 4th review on implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan was conducted in FY2006, and the results of the review were reported to the Central Environment Council. Since the strategy is supposed to be revised after five years following its establishment, meetings of experts for the review have been held since August 2006 to clarify important points at issue for improving the Strategy.

Figure 5-6-1: Outline of Newly Implemented Policy Actions for Addressing Biodiversity Crisis (Fourth review on implementation of the strategy)
Table 5-6: Threatened Wildlife of Japan (Species Listed in the Red List)

(as of December 2006)

Taxonomical group	Species assessed	Extinct	Extinct in the wild	Threatened species	Near threatened	Data deficient	Threatened local population	Total number of species listed
Critically endangered + Endangered
Category 1A	Category 1B	Vulnerable
Animals	Mammals	approx. 200	4	0	48	16	9	12	89
32	16
Birds	approx. 700	13	1	92	18	17	2	143
53	39
Reptiles	98	0	0	31	17	5	3	56
13	18
3	10
Amphibians	62	0	0	21	14	1	0	36
10	11
Brackish water and freshwater fish	approx. 300	3	0	76	12	5	12	108
58	18
29	29
Insects	approx. 30,000	2	0	171	161	88	3	425
89	82
Land/freshwater mollusks	approx. 1,000	25	0	251	201	71	5	553
86	165
Spiders/ crustaceans	approx. 4,200	0	1	56	40	39	0	136
17	39
Subtotal for animals	47	2	746	479	234	38	1546
358	388

Plants	Vascular plants	approx. 7,000	20	5	1,665	145	52	—	1,887
1,044	621
564	480
Bryophytes	approx. 1,800	0	0	180	4	54	—	238
110	70
Algae	approx. 5,500	5	1	41	24	0	—	71
35	6
Lichen	approx. 1,000	3	0	45	17	17	—	82
22	23
Fungi	approx. 16,500	27	1	63	—	—	—	91
53	10
Subtotal of plants	55	7	1,994	190	123	—	2,369
1,264	730
Total	102	9	2,740	669	357	38	3,915

Notes:1. Data on the assessed animal species (including subspecies) were derived from the Environment Agency, Checklist of Japanese Species of Wildlife 1993, 1995, and 1998.

2. Data on the vascular plants (including subspecies) were gathered by the Japanese Society for Plants Systematics.

3. Data on the species of bryophytes, algae, lichen, and fungi (including subspecies) were derived from Ministry of the Environment surveys.

4. Bars (-) mean incomplete assessment.

The categories are considered as follows:

Extinct: Species that are extinct in Japan

Extinct in the wild: Species that are known only to survive in captivity or in cultivation

Critically endangered + Endangered: Species in danger of extinction

Vulnerable: Species facing increasing danger of extinction

Near threatened: Species with weak foundation for survival

Threatened local population: Population of a species that is isolated in an area and has high possibility of extinction.

Source: Ministry of the Environment
and about 1.026 million employees respectively. When other businesses that have the potential to spur consumers' environmentally conscious behaviors, which lead to demand (“environment-induced businesses”), are added to the above, the total market size is about 58.3 trillion yen and the employed population is about 1.372 million.

## (7) International policy measures

In an effort to address global environmental issues, the government has been promoting the following: (1) supporting programs for activities of international organizations, (2) involvement in multilateral negotiations for international treaties or protocols, (3) cooperation with other countries, and (4) assistance of developing countries and regions.
# Measures on Environmental Conservation to be Implemented in FY2007 Measures on Formation of a Sound Material-Cycle Society to be Implemented in FY2007

The Quality of the Environment in Japan 2006 (White Paper) reports the measures on environmental conservation and formation of a Sound Material-Cycle Society to be implemented in FY2007.

Chapter 1: Conservation of the Earth’s Environment

Chapter 2: Conservation of the Atmospheric Environment

Chapter 3: Conservation of the Water, Soil, and Ground Environments

Chapter 4: Measures and Policies Related to the Material Circulation, including Waste and Recycling Measures

Chapter 5: Measures and Policies on the Assessment and Control of Environmental Risk of Chemical Substances

Chapter 6: Conservation of the Natural Environment and Promoting Contact with Nature

Chapter 7: Basis of Various Measures, and Measures Facilitating the Participation of Various Actors and International Cooperation
## 平成23年度 医療費の地域差分析

平成25年(2013年)9月

厚生労働省保険局調査課
## 目次

I 地域差指数について 2
II 結果の概要 4
III 医療費の地域差分析 6
1. 市町村国民健康保険 6
(1) 都道府県別、診療種別、1人当たり実績医療費 6
(2) 都道府県別、診療種別、地域差指数 7
(3) 医療費マップ(都道府県別) 8
(4) 都道府県別地域差指数に対する各種寄与度 11
2. 後期高齢者医療制度 11
(1) 都道府県別、診療種別、1人当たり実績医療費 11
(2) 都道府県別、診療種別、地域差指数 11
(3) 医療費マップ(都道府県別) 12
(4) 都道府県別地域差指数に対する各種寄与度 13
3. 市町村国民健康保険十後期高齢者医療制度 16
(1) 都道府県別、診療種別、1人当たり実績医療費 16
(2) 都道府県別、診療種別、地域差指数 16
(3) 医療費マップ(都道府県別) 17
(4) 都道府県別地域差指数に対する各種寄与度 18
(参考1)
市町村国民健康保険における2次医療圏別及び 21
市町村別医療費マップと市町村別(保険者別)実績医療費及び地域差指数 25
(参考2)
医療費に関するレーダーチャート(市町村国民健康保険＋後期高齢者医療制度) 25
(参考3)
地域差指数の三要素分解について 39
【基礎データ(厚生労働省ホームページに掲載)】
・各図表のデータを掲載。
ただし、参考1については、診療種別の1人当たり実績医療費及び地域差指数、地域差指数の診療種別を 2
## I 地域差指数について

○ 医療費の地域差の要因としては(1)人口の年齢構成、(2)病床数等医療供給体制、(3)健康活動の状況、健康に対する意識、(4)受診行動、(5)住民の生活習慣、(6)医療機関側の診療パターンなど様々である。

○ 「地域差指数」とは、地域の１人当たり医療費について(1)の人口の年齢構成の相違による分を補正し、指数化（全国を１）したものである。

## ・地域差指数の具体的な計算式

$$ \begin{aligned}P_{i}:& 全国の年齢階級 i の加入者数 \\P:& 全国の加入者数 \\a_{ij}:& 当該地域の年齢階級 i、診療種別 j の 1 人当たり医療費 \\A_{ij}:& 全国の年齢階級 i、診療種別 j の 1 人当たり医療費 \\& とすると、当該地域の地域差指数は以下のとおり。\\& 当該地域の地域差指数 =\frac{\sum_{i,j}P_{i}\cdot a_{ij}}{\sum_{i,j}P_{i}\cdot A_{ij}}=\frac{(\sum_{i,j}P_{i}\cdot a_{ij})/P}{(\sum_{i,j}P_{i}\cdot A_{ij})/P}\\&\quad=\frac{ 仮に当該地域の加入者の年齢構成が全国平均と同じだったとした場合の 1 人当たり医療費 }{ 全国平均の 1 人当たり医療費 }\\& また、地域差指数の全国平均からの乖離（地域差指数 -1）に対する年齢階級 i、診療種別 j の寄与度（地域差指数の内訳）は以下のとおり。\\& 当該地域の年齢階級 i、診療種別 j の寄与度 =\frac{(a_{ij}/A_{ij}-1)\cdot P_{i}\cdot A_{ij}}{\sum_{i,j}P_{i}\cdot A_{ij}}\end{aligned} $$

※ 「平成20年度医療費マップ」（平成22年12月）では参考1「市町村国民健康保険における2次医療圈別及び市町村別医療費マップと市町村別（保険者別）の実績医療費及び地域差指数」で使用する計算式（地域の年齢階級別1人当たり医療費を直接算出しないで計算する方法。間接法という。）により計算しているが、平成21年度以降は地域間の格差を比較する際により有効（年齢階級別1人当たり医療費が同じならば地域差指数も同じとなり、要因分解も容易。）と考えられる本式（地域の年齢階級別1人当たり医療費を算出して計算する方法。直接法という。）を用いて計算している。