including urban and regional structures and public transport systems." Figure 3-2-2 shows the overview of those policy measures for reducing energy-originated carbon dioxide.

Figure 3-2-1: Gist of the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan

Target
· Ensure 6% reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol
· Steady implementation of a continuous as well as long-term GHG emissions reduction on a global scale
Basis Idea
· Integration of the environment and the economy
· Promotion of technological innovation
· Promotion of participation and collaboration by all the stakeholders
· Utilization of various policy measures
· Prioritization of the evaluation and review process
· Ensuring international collaboration
1-1. Policies and measures on GHGs emissions reduction and sinks
(1) Policies and measures on GHGs emissions reduction
1) Energy related CO2
· Promote measures on energy related apparatus as well as on individual facility/stakeholder
· Take measures to shift socio-economy including urban/regional structure and public transportation infrastructure into low carbon one
2) CO2 from Non-energy sources
· Promote the use of blended cement and promotion of reduction of reduction measures on CO2generated by waste incineration
3) Methane
· Reduction of final disposal volume
4) N2O
· Improvement of incineration process in incineration facility for sewage sludge and municipal solid waste
5) Other GHGs (HFC,PFC,SF6)
· Promote systematic actions by industries and development and use of alternatives
· Collect HFC filled in apparatus as refrigerant complying with regulation
(2) Policies and measures on GHGs sinks
a. Securing absorption
· Comprehensively and steadily promote measures to achieve the goals of the Basic Plan for Forest and Forestry
b. Promote urban greening
1-2. Cross-sectoral measures
· GHG accounting, reporting and announcement
· Public awareness raising campaign
· Policy mix (The idea of introducing an environment tax will be discussed.)
1-3. Basic measures
· Domestic system to account GHG emissions and absorption
· Promotion of technology development and R&D
· Promotion of overseas projects for emission reduction, etc.
· Efforts to obtain GHG Credits
Organizational arrangements
· Annual review and quantitative assessment of the Plan in FY2007
· The Headquarters will take the lead in steadily implementing the Plan
· HGHs
(1) Energy related CO2
· Emissions in FY2010 (million tons- CO2)
Compared to FY1990 (Total emission over the base year)
Projected reduction in FY2010 under existing measures (+12%)
* Total reduction with projected increase caused by economic growth and reduction by existing measures over actual achievement in FY2002 (+13.6%)
(2) CO2 from Non-energy source
· 1,056
+0.6%
▲0.3%
▲0.4%
▲0.5%
(3) Methane
· 20
▲0.4%
(4) N2O
· 34
▲0.5%
(5) Other GHGs
· 51
+0.1%
▲1.3%
(6) Sink including forests
▲48
▲3.9%(*)
▲3.9%(*)
(7) Kyoto Mechanism
▲20
▲1.6%*
▲1.6%*
Total
1,163
▲6.0%
▲12%
* Difference between reduction target(minus 6%) and domestic measures.
( ) It is necessary to conduct a detailed review and adjustments as to numerical estimates based on the inventory of GHG emissions and removals since the estimated amount of emissions as of the base year (1990 in principle), which was figured out at the time of the establishment of the Target Achievement Plan, is not consistent with the estimates today.
· Promotion of environment-conscious attitudes in business activities
· The daylight saving time
· Promotion of technology development and R&D
· Efforts to obtain GHG Credits
Policy measures to accomplish the target
Policy measures to accomplish the target
1-1. Policies and measures on GHGs emissions reduction and sinks
(1) Policies and measures on GHGs emissions reduction
1) Energy related CO2
· Promote measures on energy related apparatus as well as on individual facility/stakeholder
· Take measures to shift socio-economy including urban/regional structure and public transportation infrastructure into low carbon one
2) CO2 from Non-energy sources
· Promote the use of blended cement and promotion of reduction of reduction measures on CO2generated by waste incineration
3) Methane
· Reduction of final disposal volume
4) N2O
· Improvement of incineration process in incineration facility for sewage sludge and municipal solid waste
5) Other GHGs (HFC,PFC,SF6)
· Promote systematic actions by industries and development and use of alternatives
· Collect HFC filled in apparatus as refrigerant complying with regulation
(2) Policies and measures on GHGs sinks
a. Securing absorption
· Comprehensively and steadily promote measures to achieve the goals of the Basic Plan for Forest and Forestry
b. Promote urban greening

Source: Ministry of the Environment

## Column : Measures to Ensure our “Aadaptability”

It is expected that accelerating global warming will have local and global impacts such as a rising sea level and changes in agricultural production, water sources, ecosystems and their core factor, biodiversity. Even our best efforts to mitigate GHG emissions would probably not arrest global warming completely. Facing this reality, we need to not only promote conventional GHG reduction measures but also think about how we should “adapt” ourselves and our socioeconomic systems to climate change.

Measures to ensure our “adaptability” include the promotion of the efficient use of water in preparation for increasing dry weather along with accelerating global warming, improving disaster-prevention facilities in preparation for heavy rains, constructing breakwaters to prevent or mitigate any damage that can be expected from a rising sea level, constructing seashore barriers through tree planting, etc. in preparation for coastal flooding, and introducing alternative cropping patterns, crop replacement or selective breeding in preparation for any defective growth of farm produces as a result of any extreme climate event.