Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
entire world.

☐ Present a long-term vision for developing innovative technologies and building a low carbon society.

Pillar 2: three principles for establishing an international framework to address global warming from 2013 onwards

○ proposition to the world “3 principles” in designing a concrete framework for addressing global warming beyond 2013.

1. All major emitters must participate, moving beyond the Kyoto Protocol, leading to the global reduction of emissions.

2. The framework must be flexible and diverse, taking into consideration the circumstances of each country.

3. The framework must achieve compatibility between environmental protection and economic growth by utilizing energy conservation and other technologies.

We will create under international cooperation a new financial mechanism to extend support to developing countries with high aspirations

☐ we will expand the endeavor for improving energy efficiency to the entire world. we will promote international efforts to expand the use of nuclear power, as well as providing assistance such as infrastructure development.

☐ we will study methods such as an integrated approach to fight pollution and global warming; emissions trading; and economic incentives.

## Pillar 3: Launching a national campaign for achieving the Kyoto Protocol target

☐ The Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan will be reviewed to ensure Japan achieves its Kyoto Protocol objective to reduce emissions by 6 percent.

○ The Government will promote its initiatives and urge municipalities and major business entities to accelerate their actions for reduction of emissions.

We will launch a national campaign and call for efforts and creative ideas with the motto of reducing greenhouse gases by “1 person, 1 day, 1 kg.”

We will solicit and adopt new proposals from the people for expanding the national campaign.

## [Conclusion]

“My vision of ‘a beautiful country’ is also about raising a question: should we not transform our civilization in order for humanity to continue its path of development while striking harmony with the global environment. So, let us join hands and work together to make “Cool Earth” a reality.”
### 1. The Global Problem of Waste and the Situation in Asia

Global growth in economies and populations, particularly in Asia, has been accompanied by an increase in the amount of waste produced worldwide. The nature of that waste is also proliferating into areas such as medical waste and discarded electrical and electronic products (“E-waste”). Moreover, prices of resources and energy have become inflated by expanding demand, a trend that has even extended to metal scrap, waste paper and other recyclable resources.

At a Ministerial Conference on the 3R Initiative held in Japan in April 2005, the participating countries stressed, as a common global task, that we are all confronted by an increasing generation of waste and non-sustainable waste management. According to future forecasts of global waste generation carried out by Okayama University, the world’s total volume of waste was about 12.7 billion tons in 2000, but this is predicted to rise to about 19.0 billion tons in 2025 and to about 27.0 billion tons in 2050 (Fig. 1-1). The predicted increase in the Asian region is particularly significant.

In China, where economic growth is notably conspicuous, the amount of all waste produced rose to 180% over the nine years from 1995 to 2004 (Fig. 1-2). To address this situation in China, the OECD, in a review of environmental policies carried out in 2006, recommended that the Chinese government strengthen its efforts aimed at a recycling economy while at the same time promoting the development of waste management facilities, the construction of waste collection, reuse and recycling systems, and so on.

Meanwhile, there have recently been some tragic accidents related to waste management. The Leuwigajah final disposal site in Indonesia, which used to receive waste from Bandung City and surrounding areas, was a landfill site created by damming a river valley. In February 2005, a major disaster occurred when the dam collapsed after three days of torrential rain. As a result, about 860,000 tons of waste flowed out over a length of one kilometer and a width of 200-250 meters, killing 147 people. To make matters worse, left without an

Fig. 1-2 Waste generation in China

Fig. 1-1 Future predictions of global waste generation levels

Source: Paper by professor Tanaka of Okayama University
outlet for waste management, people started to dump their waste at random in the streets.

In recent years, meanwhile, the volume of discarded television sets, personal computers, refrigerators and other electrical and electronic products has also increased, and exports or imports of these for recycling or disposal have risen sharply. These discarded electrical and electronic products sometimes include lead and other harmful substances. In some reported cases, these are being recycled under environmentally inappropriate practices in developing countries.

### 2. The Squeeze on Resources and Energy

Thriving demand for resources in China and elsewhere is reflected in inflated prices for natural resources. This, in turn, has had the effect of inflating prices for metal scrap, waste paper and other recyclable resources, and cross-border movements of these have become prominent recently. According to a survey by the Japan Iron and Steel Recycling Institute, the price of scrap iron in Japan was 20,000 yen per ton in December 2003 but had swollen beyond 30,000 yen in December 2006 (Fig. 1-3). Similarly, the Paper Recycling Promotion Center reports that waste paper prices have also been in a rising trend in recent years. The price of Corrugated cardboard, for example, was 6 yen per kilogram in 2002 but rose to about 10 yen in 2006.

In Japan, exports of recyclable resources to China and other Asian countries are in a growing trend. Trade in recyclable resources that circulate for commercial gain (such as waste plastics) is now handled in the same way as other materials and products. With increased demand for resources associated with economic growth in China and other East Asian countries, the volume of exports to these countries in recent years has increased sharply (Fig. 1-4). For

Fig. 1-3 Trends in scrap iron prices

Note: Prices for scrap iron (steel scrap) are based on pre-H2 furnace cash prices in December each year.

Source: Japan Iron and Steel Recycling Institute

Fig. 1-4 Exports of recyclable resources

Source: Ministry of Finance Trade Statistics
Fig. 2-3 History of night soil treatment
## Column : Treatment of Domestic Wastewater by Japanese - Made “Johkasoh”

"Johkasoh" is "a Purification tank for treating night soil and miscellaneous domestic wastewater to discharge treated water in a channel other than public sewerage" (Clause 1, Article 2 of the Law for Combined Household Wastewater Treatment Facility). It is almost the same in mechanism as a sewage treatment plant, and is a wastewater treatment facility installed in individual houses. The "Johkasoh" has the advantages that treated water can be used for watering, etc., on the site, that sludge can easily be reused because of the little content of heavy metals, and that there is a double purification effect because treated water is naturally purified before flowing into a water body, such as a river.

Cross-section of purification tank (anaerobic filter contact aeration type)

## (2) Collection and transportation technologies

The collection of waste is important for keeping the living space of each house clean, thereby protecting the living environment. In each house, factory or business establishment, waste generated through biological means or mechanical operation is segregated into flammable and inflammable garbage, or according to different types of industrial waste. Thereafter, segregated waste is collected by the local authority or transported by the waste generator for appropriate treatment. Alternatively, its collection and transportation is consigned to a company that is qualified to collect and transport waste. These technologies are used for the efficient collection and transportation of waste without allowing it to become dispersed.

In Japan, in order to ensure safe and sanitary work and to collect waste quickly and efficiently, mechanical waste collection vehicles (packer cars) are predominantly used to collect domestic waste. The packer car is so structured as to press charged waste into a storage compartment, which is constructed in the vehicle, under mechanical

Mechanical waste collection vehicle (packer car)

Source: HP of the Resource & Waste Recycling Bureau, Yokohama City
surface of which is covered with refractory material, is rotated and waste is dried and burnt in it.

While batch fed incinerators are used in small-scale facilities, the capacity of which is generally approximately 50 tons per day, full continuous type incineration plants that are operable around the clock are installed in cities where 150 to 200 tons of waste must be treated every day. In addition, when waste is burnt continuously, it is possible to utilize waste heat stably. So, most of the 300 ton/day or greater facilities are equipped with a boiler for power generation.

As at the end of 2004, there were 1,374 domestic waste incineration plants in Japan. While the number of plants is decreasing due to the promoted amalgamated treatment of waste as a measure against dioxins, the number of full continuous type incineration plants is increasing. Classified by type, mechanical stoker type incinerators hold a 70% or greater share (Fig. 2-6).

Fig. 2-4 Example of stoker type waste incinerator

Source: Takuma Co., Ltd.

Fig. 2-5 Trend in the number of waste incinerators classified by type of furnace

Source: Ministry of the Environment

Fig. 2-6 Trend in the number of waste incinerators classified by type of treatment

Source: Ministry of the Environment
Waste incineration is closely related to the measures adopted against hazardous substances contained in waste gas, especially dioxins, and the recovery of heat (thermal recycling) from incineration plants. This matter will be explained in detail later (see Fig. 2-17 for the reduction of dioxins). Due to these social demands, a gasification and melting furnace has recently been actively introduced. A gasification and melting furnace (Fig. 2-7) is a facility that thermally decomposes waste into gas and carbide in a gasification furnace and burns these in a melting furnace to convert them into waste gas and slag. Gasification melting furnaces have the advantages of reducing the generation of dioxin with complete high-temperature combustion, that the amount of heat held in the waste is utilized to melt and solidify ash and therefore render the ash harmless and the molten slag utilized effectively, and that only a small amount of air is required for combustion so therefore high-efficiency heat recovery with a small amount of exhaust gas is possible. Gasification melting furnace technology has evolved in Japan by the addition of various devices after it was introduced from overseas. As at the end of 2004, gasification and melting furnaces and gasifying reforming furnaces are employed in 54 facilities in Japan and the number of these is increasing every year (Fig.2-10).

There are three types of gasification and melting furnace: a kiln type, fluidized bed type and shaft furnace type. Kiln type gasification and melting furnaces are composed of an external heat kiln type cracking furnace and a combustion melting furnace. It heats waste for thermal decomposition indirectly while shutting out air. For efficient thermal decomposition, waste is shredded into 150 mm or smaller pieces, which are dried by circulating air directly through them in order to stabilize their quality before being supplied to the thermal decomposition kiln, in which they are slowly dried indirectly for 1 to 2 hours and pyrolytically decomposed. Because the interior of the kiln is in a reducing state, free of oxygen, iron and aluminum contained in unburned material can be recovered in a state suitable for recycling.

Fluidized bed type gasification and melting furnaces burn part of the waste, which is loaded in a fluidized bed type gasification furnace, together with fluid sand, to partially oxidize the waste and pyrolytically decompose it, utilizing combustion heat. In fluidized bed type gasification furnaces, waste is dried slowly, pyrolytically decomposed and gasified at a comparatively low temperature.

Fig. 2-7 Basic flow of gasification and melting furnace

Fig. 2-8 Fluidized bed type gasification and melting furnace

Source: Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd.
Fig. 2-9 Shaft furnace type gasification and melting furnace

temperature of 500 to 600°C and at a super-low air ratio (Fig. 2-8).

Shaft furnace type gasification and melting furnaces conduct both pyrolysis gasification and melting in a single furnace. The furnace is composed of a drying and pyrolysis gasification region and a combustion melting region, arranged vertically. In the gasification and melting furnace, waste is dried and pyrolytically gasified and remaining ash and unburned material are rendered as molten slug in the combustion melting region (Fig. 2-9).

There are also gasifying reforming furnaces, which are technologically similar to gasification and melting furnaces. In this type of furnace, gas refined by thermal decomposition is held at a high temperature of approximately $ 1200^{\circ} $ C for two seconds or more in order to decompose tar and thus to reform it into a high-calorie gas, which is quickly cooled to $ 70^{\circ} $ C to prevent the resynthesis of dioxins. The gas obtained is refined and used for power generation or other industrial applications.

Intermediate treatment technologies, other than incineration, include technology that shreds bulky waste and segregates it into

Fig. 2-10 Trend in the number of waste incinerators classified by type

combustible material, iron, aluminum, etc., utilizing a magnet, a sieve, etc., and dehydration technology for reducing the volume of sludge and stabilizing it.

## (4) Technologies for final disposal

Waste residue, after intermediate treatment, is disposed of at a final disposal site. For industrial waste, final disposal sites are classified into three types, i.e. strictly controlled landfill site, inert controlled landfill site and controlled landfill site, according to the type of waste to be disposed of. Various technologies are used for stable, high-technology construction, to treat leachate, etc.

In strictly controlled landfill sites, industrial waste that contains a hazardous substance, such as metal, which does not meet the criteria stipulated by the applicable law, is disposed of. In order to isolate hazardous substances from nature, strictly controlled
landfill sites are enclosed in 35 cm or thicker reinforced concrete to completely isolate the waste contained in it from the environment. Furthermore, in order to prevent the inflow of rainwater, it is fitted with a cover (roof, etc.) and rainwater drainage system (open channel) (Fig. 2-11).

Least controlled landfill sites receive industrial waste that cannot be decomposed, for example, waste plastic which has no hazardous substance, organic matter, etc. adhered to it, waste metal, waste glass, and rubble. Because industrial waste such as waste plastics contains no water and is not decomposable, it generates no water, no methane gas, etc. and therefore does not contaminate the surrounding environment. Therefore, this type of landfill site does not require seepage control work to isolate the site from the outside world or facilities for collecting, draining and treating seepage water (surface water that permeates into the site) (Fig. 2-12).

In controlled landfill sites, industrial waste that can be disposed of only in strictly controlled landfill sites, or industrial waste other than that which can be disposed of in inert controlled landfill sites, is disposed of. According to the decomposition of waste or the elution of metal, retained water (the water held in the waste disposed of or the surface water that permeates into the site) and gas are generated. In order to prevent retained water from contaminating groundwater, the landfill site is isolated from the outside by means of seepage control, such as a liner sheet. The retained water generated in the landfill site is collected in drain pipes to be treated in a treatment facility before being discharged.

For the landfill disposal of general waste, where the residue of incinerated waste is mostly disposed of, in general, landfill sites equivalent to controlled landfill sites are constructed (Fig. 2-13).

Recently, in order to prevent the waste disposed of in landfill sites from contaminating the surrounding environment and thus to

Fig. 2-11 Strictly controlled landfill site

* Drawn based on the Ministry of the Environment ordinance for the final disposal of waste

Source: Japan Environmental Sanitation Center

Fig. 2-12 Inert controlled landfill site

* Drawn based on the Ministry of the Environment ordinance for the final disposal of waste

Source: Japan Environmental Sanitation Center
Table 2-1 Progress of subscription and registration to the electronic manifest system

FY	The number of Subscribers	Breakdown of subscribers	Cases annually registered to manifest
Waste-generating business	Collecting and transporting business	Waste management business
2003	2,001	487	785	729	812,140
2004	2,978	1,019	1,009	950	1,137,785
2005	3,834	1,291	1,327	1,216	1,621,975
2006	7,784	4,083	1,921	1,780	2,388,069

Source: Japan Industrial Waste Technology Center

Fig. 2-14 Electronic manifest system

2007. Thus, the use of electronic manifests is still low compared to paper manifests, so it is necessary to promote the use thereof.

As the target value for spreading the electronic manifest system, 50% was determined in the government’s New IT Reform Strategy (in January 2006, by the IT Strategy Headquarters). According to this determination, various activities are being conducted to enlighten waste-generating businesses, waste management businesses and administrative authorities and spread the system (Table 2-1, Fig. 2-14).

In order to prevent illegal dumping of medical waste, a traceability verification test of medical waste is performed by the Tokyo metropolitan government, the Tokyo Medical Association, pharmaceutical industry and industrial waste management businesses, where IC tags are affixed to medical waste containers to check in real time where individual consigned medical waste is and whether or not it has been disposed of. This system records necessary data in an IC tag, reads the data with a card reader and processes it on a personal computer. By interfacing with GPS and the electronic manifest system to effectively process data, it will be possible to ascertain the state of waste within several days, which requires 1 to 2 months with paper manifests.

### 2. Measures against Hazardous Substances

If waste contains a hazardous substance, or if a hazardous substance is unintentionally generated in the course of waste management, secondary pollution may result. Therefore, it is necessary to remove hazardous substances contained in waste during disposal and to prevent secondary pollution from occurring in the treatment process. Such measures against hazardous substances require various technologies, adapted to individual hazardous substances.

In Japan, as measures against hazardous substances contained in waste, the Waste Management Law was revised in 1991 to
high-voltage capacitors, which have been installed to the west of Okayama. For these facilities, sufficient safety measures are taken, such as measures for environmental preservation during operation, appropriate responses to abnormalities and the monitoring of the surrounding environment (Fig. 2-19, Table 2-4, Fig. 2-20).

Recently it was found that a large amount of electric equipment is being used in transformers, which were said to contain no PCBs, and so insulating oil is contaminated with a small amount of PCB. So, it has become important to establish a system for safely disposing of these substances. In these circumstances, incineration verification tests have been performed since March 2006, in existing industrial waste management facilities that are capable of high-temperature incineration, in order to prove that such equipment can safely and securely be disposed of.

Fig. 2-19 Treatment process diagram of Kitakyushu PCB waste management facility of the Japan Environmental Safety Corporation

Source: Japan Environmental Safety Corporation

Table 2-4 PCB waste management plan

Office name	Kitakyushu	Osaka	Toyota	Tokyo	Hokkaido
Location of office	Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi	Konohana-ku, Osaka-shi	Toyota-shi, Aichi-ken	Koto-ku, Tokyo	Muroran-shi, Hokkaido
Districts covered	Okinawa, Kyushu, Chugoku, Shikoku (17 prefectures)	Kinki (6 prefectures)	Tokai (4 prefectures)	Minami-Kanto (1 metropolis and 3 prefectures)	Hokkaido, Tohoku, Koshinetsu, Kita-Kanto, Hokuriku (Hokkaido and 15 prefectures)
Target of disposal	High-voltage transformer, waste PCB, etc.	High-voltage transformer, waste PCB, etc.	High-voltage transformer, waste PCB, etc.	Waste transformer, waste capacitor, waste ballast, waste PCB	High-voltage transformer, waste PCB, etc.
Amount of PCB decomposed	0.5 t/d (1st phase)
About 1.3 t/d (2nd phase)	2.0 t/d	1.6 t/d	2.0 t/d	1.8 t/d
Treatment method	Chemical treatment (dechlorination decomposition)	Chemical treatment (dechlorination decomposition)	Chemical treatment (dechlorination decomposition)	Chemical treatment (hydrothermal oxidation decomposition)	Chemical treatment (dechlorination decomposition)
Contractor	Nippon Steel Corp., etc.	Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., etc.	Kubota Corp., etc.	Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., etc.	Nippon Steel Corp., etc.
Disposal commencement	December 2004 (1st phase)	October 2006	September 2005	November 2005	October 2007
Project completion	March 2016	March 2016	March 2016	March 2016	March 2016

Source: Ministry of the Environment