## (1) Measures for forming $ CO_{2} $ -saving regional and urban structures and socioeconomic systems

Those measures include $ CO_{2} $ -saving urban design. Technologies that are considered to contribute to the promotion of such measures include the “co-generation” technology, which is designed to use waste heat (generated by heat engines) to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat (for air-conditioners, water heaters, etc.) to improve overall energy efficiency, BEMS (Building Energy Management System) and HEMS (Home Energy Management System), which use information technologies to monitor indoor conditions for ensuring energy-saving control and management.

## (2) Measures according to facility and by entity

Those measures can be roughly divided into “measures to be promoted by the demand sectors” and “measures to be promoted by the supply sectors.”

### a. Measures to be promoted by the energy-demand sectors such as the industrial sectors and the transport sector

All energy users should make efforts to reduce the total amount of their $ CO_{2} $ emissions in their activities. Here, technologies that are expected to make significant contributions to $ CO_{2} $ emission-reduction efforts include energy-saving process technologies, instruments and control technologies, etc. for the industrial sectors, eco-drive management systems, information systems to improve logistics efficiency, etc. for the transport sector, and insulating materials, solar power systems, etc. for the residential sector.

### b. Measures to be promoted by the energy-supply sectors such as nuclear power plants

Energy suppliers also need to make efforts to promote the use of low- $ CO_{2} $ emission factor sources. For example, the role of nuclear energy is particularly important in promoting global-warming mitigation measures since no carbon dioxide is generated in the process of nuclear-power generation. It is necessary to promote further utilization of nuclear energy, with an understanding that the first priority is to regain people’s trust in the safety of nuclear energy and secure nuclear safety. It is also important to promote cooperation between public and private sectors to facilitate steady promotion of nuclear energy as a key energy source. Also, technologies to commercialize or utilize new energies such as solar energy and technologies to promote the use of natural gases are expected to make further progress in the future.

## Column : $ CO_{2} $ Capture and Storage (CCS)

The CCS technology makes it possible to ensure long-term carbon sequestration by capturing $ CO_{2} $ from large point sources (e.g., power plants, mines of natural gases), isolating it from other gases, and subsequently storing it in underground geological formations or in the ocean, instead of releasing it into the atmosphere.

The forms of $ CO_{2} $ storage can be roughly divided into underground storage and ocean storage. The approach of underground storage tends to inject collected, separated $ CO_{2} $ into underground geological formations for the purpose of removing $ CO_{2} $ from the atmosphere. The approach of ocean storage tends to inject collected, separated $ CO_{2} $ into deep ocean basins for the purpose of isolating it from the atmosphere.

Researches are underway to improve understanding of underground storage and ocean storage respectively. Some underground storage projects have already been carried out on a commercial basis in Norway, including the North Sea project conducted by a petroleum/gas developer. In Japan, the Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) has been carrying out an experiment in Nagaoka City, Niigata Prefecture to verify the feasibility of injecting carbon dioxide into an aquifer system, as a subsidized public project managed by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. This experiment has injected carbon dioxide totaling about 10,000 tons (carbon equivalent) into the approx. 1,100-meter-deep aquifer for the period of eighteen months starting from July 2003. Currently, post-injection conditions are being monitored.

Also, technologies to isolate and collect carbon dioxide from other gases have been developed and researches are underway to study those technologies.