been pointed out about the 2010 Target that the target itself is abstract and lacks clarity and that since there are no methods available to make an objective and numerical evaluation, it was difficult to obtain the understanding for taking emergency measures with a sense of crisis to achieve the target. Given these circumstances, measures taken to cope with development, climate change, deforestation and overfishing that lead to biodiversity loss were not sufficient. The decision at COP9 in 2008 called for the post-2010 targets to "include ambitious but realistic, and measurable short term targets" by 2020 and medium- and long-term targets by 2050, and also to be "short, focused and action-oriented." Given these developments, Japan in January 2010 submitted "Post-2010 targets (Proposal by Japan)" to the CBD Secretariat (Figure 3-4-6). The Japanese proposal put forward the mid/long-term target for enhancing the harmony between human being and nature and improve the state of biodiversity from the current level by 2050 (Vision) and the short-term targets for actions taken by 2020 to halt biodiversity loss (Mission). Japan proposes nine sub-targets under the short-term targets, and presents a total of 34 specific means for achievement under them, with many concrete examples and numerical indicators where possible. The CBD Secretariat will draft post-2010 targets on the basis of proposals from Japan and other countries for final discussions at COP10. Based on the Japanese proposal, the government will contribute to the forthcoming discussions so as to help improve post-2010 targets.

As discussed later in this paper, in relation to “sustainable use of biodiversity,” a topic to be addressed at COP10, Japan intends to propose the “Satoyama Initiative,” carrying the name satoyama, or Japan’s woodland near populated areas utilized in a sustainable manner for the promotion of sustainable utilization and management of natural resources.

## (2) Reflection of international developments in and acceleration of domestic measures

Based on the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Japanese government has so far formulated the three National Biodiversity Strategies in 1995, 2002 and 2007. Subsequently, the Basic Act on Biodiversity, domestic legislation enforced in June 2008, requires the government to formulate the national biodiversity strategy. Further in March 2010, the government formulated the National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan 2010, the first national strategy for biodiversity under the Basic Act on Biodiversity (Figures 3-4-7, 3-4-8).

This National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan 2010 added issues which should be achieved with government's view at COP10 including Japanese perspective of proposal for post-2010 targets to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity in January 2010.

The National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan 2010 broadly consists of two parts. Part 1 may be called the core body of the strategy, which, after ascertaining the perception of the current situation such as what biodiversity is and its importance, covers the challenges of four crises affecting biodiversity in Japan and depicts four basic strategies that broadly set the direction for prioritized policy measures that should be taken by around FY 2012. In the Third National Biodiversity Strategy formulated in 2007, as the long-term perspective of time required for the recovery of natural ecosystems in implementing these four basic strategies, the grand-design was included as a common vision from the perspective of biodiversity looking ahead 100 years from now. With the Japanese proposal for post-2010 targets included, Part 1 of the latest National Biodiversity has set the course for pressing forward with biodiversity strategies broadly in phases and over the long term by FY 2012, 2020, 2050 and 2110 (Figure 3-4-9).

Part 2 lists a variety of measures systematically as specific action plans for realizing the strategy. The number of specific measures with the names of responsible government ministries and agencies increased from about 660 in the Third National Biodiversity Strategy to about 720, while the number of numerical indicators rose from 34 to 35. Japan will promote domestic and international measures toward COP10 by steadily implementing these policy measures incorporated in the National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan 2010.