Figure3-2-2 Ratio of Changes in Suitable Habitats for Beech Forests and Pine Distribution Areas at Risk of Pine Wilt Due to Global Warming

—■ — : 450s scenario: 450 ppm CO₂ equivalent GHG concentration; equilibrium temperature increase of about 2.1°C (compared with prior to the industrial revolution)

—● — : 550s scenario: 550 ppm CO₂ equivalent GHG concentration; equilibrium temperature increase of about 2.9°C (compared with prior to the industrial revolution)

—▲ — : BaU scenario: Temperature increase of about 3.8°C in 2100 (compared with prior to the industrial revolution)

Source: Project Team for Comprehensive Projection of Climate Change Impacts, 2009

## 2 Conservation of biodiversity and global warming measures are inseparable

As seen above, biodiversity and global warming are closely connected and thus measures to deal with them should be more effective if they are mutually contributory. The “Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change,” which analyzes the economic impact of climate change, notes that “Curbing deforestation is a highly cost-effective way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions,” and also leads to the conservation of biodiversity, etc.

About 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions are said to stem from the decrease and degradation of forests in developing countries. Under these circumstances, a mechanism to provide incentives to efforts to halt the decrease and degradation of forests in developing countries, called “REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries)” is being considered under the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC). Further, in recent years, the “REDD-plus” mechanism, which adds to REDD the ideas of forest conservation and sustainable forest management contributory to the conservation of biodiversity, is also being discussed. The Copenhagen Accord, adopted at the 15th session of the Conference of the Parties to the FCCC, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in December 2009, incorporates the establishment of a mechanism for securing necessary financial resources for these efforts, including REDD Plus. In order to promote REDD effectively from both aspects of biodiversity conservation and global warming countermeasures, the World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the U.N. Environment Program (UNEP) has developed national maps for six tropical countries showing where areas of high carbon storage coincide with areas of biodiversity importance. Figure 3-2-3 illustrates the national map for Panama, where it is estimated that 20% of Panama’s carbon emissions is stored in high carbon, high biodiversity areas. These efforts are believed to contribute to the objective identification of prioritized areas for REDD.

Furthermore, for example, the “Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES),” a method for maintaining ecosystem services, such as the cultivation of water source forests to secure water sources, can be expected to function as carbon sinks, if forests are adequately protected as a consequence. The following maps have been developed for Madagascar as an example. Colored areas in the left panel depicts the overlap between multiple ecosystem services in forest and wetlands, while red areas in the right panel indicate where payments would be suitable, after considering ecosystem services and payment costs (Figure 3-2-4).

As seen above, since the conservation of biodiversity and global warming countermeasures mutually bring about synergetic effects and added value to the other, it can be considered more effective if efforts are made by linking both measures.