Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## Column Figure 7 Automobile Manufacturing Industry

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturing Association, Inc.

## Column Figure 8 Paper Manufacturing Industry

(Final disposal amount of Industrial wastes)

Source: Japan Paper Association

more than 95% in fiscal 2010," besides decreasing the final disposal volume of industrial waste.

## (5) Automobile manufacturing industry

In the automotive manufacture industry, the amount of waste generation in fiscal 2007 was about 2.659 million tons, with an increase of 4.4% on the previous year. On the other hand, the recycling amount of waste was about 2.657 million tons, resulting in a 99.9% recycling ratio of waste.

The industry is mainly promoting recycling of waste plastics as an approach to Reductions in Final Disposal Amount, and is carrying out the generation control of waste such as reducing plastic containers. It is also promoting the reexamination of designs in order to eliminate waste generated in the manufacturing process of the products and the scrapping of cars, including the adoption of recyclable materials, indication of material parts and designs facilitating easy disassembly.

## (6) Paper manufacturing industry

In the paper manufacturing industry, in fiscal 2007 the waste generation amount has increased to 6.832 million tons, 217 thousand tons more than the previous year, as the generation of organic sludge has increased with the improvement of the waste paper utilization rate. On the other hand, the final disposal amount was reduced by 71 thousand tons from the previous year to 401 thousand tons, following the increase of the recycling amount by 226 thousand tons on the previous year giving a total of 2.816 million tons.

Because organic sludge is incinerated as a fuel and the collected thermal energy is reused in the factory, in order to monitor positive approaches to effective heat use a specific target has been set up starting from fiscal 2007; it uses the ratio of the amount of effectively used heat (recycling heat amount + used heat amount) against the generated heat amount. (The result of the effective use ratio as of fiscal 2007 was 94.1%).
Figure 2-3 The Flow of the Circulative Resources of Our Country in 2006

exhausted as by-products deriving from cattle production and agriculture, such as livestock excrement, rice straw, wheat straw and rice husk, and later returned to farmland as fertilizer.

### c. Recycling/reusing stage

The amount of circulative resources reused in fiscal 2006 was 3 million tons; this does not include resources sold as used commodities.

The reused articles referred to are made up of reused tires and returnable bottles such as beer bottles and milk bottles.

### d. Circulation and recycling stage

The total of circulative resources reused directly and resources reused after intermediate processing or recycling processing were carried out, amount to 225 million tons circulative resources being recycled. This means 39% of generated wastes were recycled: this figure includes waste oil and waste wood reused as fuel.

The most typical items are 58 million tons of debris that are reused as alternative material of nonmetal mineral resources (reclaimed broken stone or reclaimed asphalt mixture) and 50 million tons of slag that are similarly reused as alternative materials of nonmetal mineral resources (raw materials and fuels of cement and road bed materials).

### e. Heat recovery (energy recovery)

When considering the amount of wastes subject to heat recovery during incineration disposal, the major part of municipal waste is used for heat recovery in the form of electric power, steam or heated water, and the electric power generated by the recovered heat in the incineration facilities amounted to 7.2 billion kWh. (Refer to Chapter 3 Section 2, 4(2))

Figure 2-4 The Amount of Generation of Wastes, etc. in 2006

## (b) Characteristics of utilization of each circulative resource

It is important also to check the breakdown of circulative resources, for example, the increase or decrease of nonmetal mineral type resources such as soil and rocks may have a large impact on the total amount of natural resources input in the material flow, because such resources represent the major part, also the increase of biomass type resources is desirable when they are collected with careful consideration to the environment so that sustainable use is possible. The breakdown of the total amount of natural resources input by characterisation
Figure 2-6 Natural Resources: Breakdowns of Domestic Extraction and Imports

(1) Resources and products

(2) Breakdowns for four categories

Source: Ministry of the Environment

amount of fossil type resources in our country is 510 million tons; the amount of cyclical use is 5 million tons, therefore, the proportion of cyclical use against the total material input of fossil type resources is 1%.

When looking to increase the amount of fossil type circulative resources and decrease the amount of final disposal, factors to consider are to expand the collection of used products and to develop engineering to enable recycling, through the drafting of legislation, such as the “Law for the Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling of Containers and Packaging” (abbreviated to: Containers and Packaging Recycling Law) and the “Law for the Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances” (abbreviated to: Home Appliances Recycling Law).

### C. Target setting for the material flow index of our country

The Second Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society has set new targets for the three indices concerning the “Entrance”, “Exit” and “Circulation” of the material flow.

The target year of each index is assumed to be fiscal 2015. The latest achievements for each index is as follows.

1) Resource productivity (equals to GDP/divided by the input of natural resources and others)

The target for resource productivity in the Year 2015 has been set as 420 thousand yen per ton. (Double the index of Year 1990; 210 thousand yen per ton; a 60% improvement on Year 2000; 260 thousand yen per ton.) In Year 2006 it was about 348 thousand yen per ton. (Figure 2-8)

2) Cyclical use rate (equals the amount of recycling utili-
Figure 2-7 Cyclical Use and Disposal Status of Wastes, etc. (fiscal year 2006)

Source: Ministry of the Environment

Figure 2-8 Changes to Resource Productivity

Source: Ministry of the Environment

Figure 2-9 Changes to the Cyclical Use Rate

Source: Ministry of the Environment

zation/divided by the amount of circulative utilization + input amount of natural resources and others)

The target of the recycling utilization rate in the Year 2015 has been set as about 14 to 15 %. (An 80% percent improvement from the index for Year 1990; about 8% for that year; a 40 to 50% improvement on Year 2000; about 10 % for that year.) Year 2006 was about 12.5% . (Figure 2-9)

3) The amount of final disposal (equals the amount of land filling of waste)

The target for final disposal in the Year 2015 has been set at around 23 million tons. (An 80% decrease on Year 1990;

Figure 2-10 Changes to the Final Disposal Volume

Source: Ministry of the Environment

about 110 million tons for that year; a 60% decrease from Year 2000; about 56 million tons for that year.) Year 2006 was about 29 million tons. (Figure 2-10)

## (2) Amount of waste generated

### A. Classification of wastes

The “Waste Management and Public Cleaning Law” defines “wastes” as: unwanted materials or items which are no longer used personally or which are not delivered for value, and such materials or items can be described as, for example, garbage, bulky waste, burnt residue, polluted mud, feculence such as night soil and waste, either in solid or liquid form. Radioactive material and radioactive pollutants are not covered by the law, and are exempted from the terms of the law.

Wastes are divided into two broad classification; municipal wastes and industrial wastes. Industrial wastes refer to the twenty legally specified types of wastes derived from business activities and wastes imported from abroad.

Municipal wastes refers to wastes other than industrial wastes and consist mainly of night soil and domestic refuse or garbage, including business type wastes generated from offices and restaurants. (Figure 2-11).

### B. Status of municipal wastes (garbage)

The amount of total emission of wastes* $ ^{1} $ in fiscal 2006 was 52.04 million tons, or 1,116 grams daily per person; an overall decrease of 1.3% from the previous year.

$ ^{*} $ 1 “Amount of total emission of wastes”

=“Amount of collected wastes + amount of carried in wastes + amount of collected wastes by groups”

When considering the proportion of wastes generated by daily life-related wastes and business-related wastes, the former accounts for 36.22 million tons (about 70%) and the latter for 15.82 million tons (about 30%). (Figure 2-12)

Wastes can also be divided into three broad categories; wastes recycled to resources directly or by intermediate processing, wastes whose volumes are reduced by incineration or other methods, and wastes directly landfilled with no processing. (Figure 2-13)

Wastes subject to any intermediate processing account for 45.25 million tons, about 92% of the total amount of disposed wastes. Intermediate processing facilities include, incineration facilities, recycling facilities, high-speed compost-
Figure 2-13 Waste treatment flow in Japan (fiscal year 2006)

Unit: ten thousand ton

Note 1: Due to an error in planning or other factors, the volume of planned treatment does not equal the total volume of waste treated (= volume of intermediate treatment + volume of direct final disposal + volume of direct recycling).

Note 2: Figures in each item are rounded off; therefore, the total may not equal the breakdowns.

Note 3: Figures in the square brackets are figures for fiscal year 2005.

Note 4: “Direct recycling” refers to waste that is received directly by reclaiming operators and not through facilities for recycling; this item was newly established in the fiscal year 1998 survey, and until fiscal year 1997 it would seem to have been recorded in the “intermediate treatment, e.g. recycling” category.

Please note, sewage sludge, generated by sewage treatment plants in the process of sewage disposal is counted as an industrial waste.

### D. Status of industrial wastes disposal

The amount of total emission of industrial wastes across-the-country in fiscal 2006 was 418.5 million tons.

About 214.77 million tons (51% of the total amount) were reclaimed, about 181.93 million tons (43% of the total amount) were reduced by intermediate processing, and 21.8 million tons (5% of the total amount) were subject to final disposal. The amount of reclaiming refers to the total amount of directly reclaimed wastes plus recycled wastes generated from processed wastes produced by intermediate processing. The amount of final disposal refers to the total amount of wastes directly sent for final disposal plus wastes sent to final disposal after intermediate processing. (Figure 2-14)

When examining generated amounts of industrial wastes by business type, the major categories are in descending order, electric power generation, gas supply, heat supply, water
Figure 2-14 Industrial waste treatment flow (fiscal year 2006)

Figures in the square brackets are figures for fiscal year 2005.

Note 1: Figures in each item are rounded off; therefore, the total may not equal the breakdowns.

Note 2: Figures in the round brackets are figures for fiscal year 2004.

Source: Ministry of the Environment

supply, agriculture, and construction business. The top three businesses account for about 60% of the total generated amount. (Figure 2-15)

When examining the generated amounts of industrial wastes by waste type, the largest category is polluted sludge with 40% of the total, followed by livestock excrement and debris; together they account for about 80% of the total generated amount. (Figure 2-16)

## (3) Status of circulative use of wastes

### A. Container and packaging (glass bottles, PET bottles, plastics containers and packaging, paper containers and packaging)

The results of the sorted collection of wastes and material recycling into saleable products, based on the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law are shown in the Table 2-1. When examining the state of implementation in fiscal 2007, concerning the wastes targeted by the law, more than 90% percent of the municipalities are carrying out sorted collection, except for paper and plastics. The number of municipalities that have started the sorted collection of plastic containers and packaging, paper containers and packaging, and cardboard boxes added in the Law in fiscal 2000, is increasing steadily.

## (a) Glass bottles

The amount of glass bottle production in fiscal 2007 was 1.433 million tons; generally there is a decreasing manufacturing trend. It is reasonable to assume consumer preference shifted from glass bottles which are mostly heavy and breakable, to other containers such as PET bottles which come in a wide variety of shapes and designs, and are light and easy to carry.

Please note, a target has been set to increase the utilization

Figure 2-15 Industrial waste generation by industry (fiscal year 2006)

ratio of cullet in the manufacturing of glass containers to 90% before fiscal 2010, based on the “Law on Promotion of the Effective Utilization of Resources” (abbreviated: The Resources Effective Utilization Promotion Law.)

Glass bottles are categorized as one-way bottles for single use, and returnable bottles for repeated use after cleaning. The wasted one-way bottles are crushed to make cullet, which is recycled and used as materials for new bottles. Cullet is fragmented glass and the utilization ratio of cullet indicates the ratio of the amount of cullet compared with the amount of new materials in the manufacture of glass. (Figure 2-17)

In terms of the environment, returnable bottles are worthy of a mention, as when the entire life-cycle from manufacturing to collection and disposal is considered, and with the possibility of repeated use, they demonstrate a definite energy
Figure 2-17 Glass bottle production and volume of cullet used

Source: Glass Bottle Recycling Promoter Association

Figure 2-18 Changes to PET bottle production and volume of sorted collection

Source: Created by the Ministry of the Environment, based on materials published by the Council for PET Bottle Recycling

* Figures show production volume until fiscal year 2004, and the volume of sales for fiscal year 2005 and after.

Figure 2-19 Changes to recycled PET resin use by type

Source: Created by the Ministry of the Environment, based on materials published by the Japan Containers And Packaging Recycling Association

the recycling rate, because some paper such as toilet paper is impossible to collect and some paper such as for books will be kept for a long time, it is still necessary to continue the promotion of sorted collection and the use of recycled paper

Figure 2-20 Steel cans: consumption weight, recycled weight and recycling rate

Note: Steel can recycling rate (\%) = Weight of steel cans recycled (t) / Weight of steel cans consumed (t)

Source: Japan Steel Can Recycling Association

Figure 2-21 Aluminum cans: consumption weight, recycled weight and recycling rate

Note: Aluminum can recycling rate (\%) = Weight of aluminum cans reclaimed (t) / Weight of aluminum cans consumed (t)

Source: Created by the Ministry of the Environment, based on materials published by the Japan Aluminum Can Recycling Association

so that the recycling rate and reuse rate are improved.

A target has been set to raise the recycling rate of paper manufactured in our country to at least 62% by fiscal 2010, in accordance with the Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources.

### C. Plastics

Plastics, because they are easy to process and have a wide range of applications are used for many products.

According to the Plastics Processing Promotion Conference, the amount of plastics production was presumed to be 14.65 million tons in fiscal 2007, with an increase of domestic consumption and the amount of emissions compared to the previous year. Also the amount of disposal by recycling methods specified in the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law is increasing; the amount of effective utilization, along with the reclamation amount of industrial waste and the heat recovery amount are also increasing. The effective utilization rate, which is the ratio of amount of effective utilization compared with the amount of emission, has steadily improved to 73%. (Figure 2-33) In addition, it is presumed that the direct incineration rate is 15% and disposal by landfill rate is 13%.
Figure 2-23 Changes to plastic production, consumption, waste generation and reclamation

Note 1: Effective use rate = Volume of effective use / Volume of waste generation (Volume of effective use is a figure calculated by adding the volume of reclamation and the volume used for heat recovery, etc.)

Note 2: In fiscal year 1997, the calculation method was changed; unused resin, production loss, and processing loss were newly included in industrial waste.

Source: Created by the Ministry of the Environment, based on materials published by the Plastic Waste Management Institute

Figure 2-24 Status of waste home appliance treatment

Source: Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Figure 2-25 Results of recycling rate of waste home appliances: four items (fiscal year 2007)

Items	Air conditioner	TV	Refrigerator & freezer	Washing machine
Number of appliances collected from designated sites	[thousand units]	1,890	4,613	2,725	2,884
Number of appliances recycled or processed	[thousand units]	1,872	4,542	2,724	2,879
Weight of appliances recycled or processed	[tons]	78,715	134,283	159,763	94,101
Weight of appliances recycled	[tons]	68,861	115,563	116,683	77,231
Recycling rate	[%]	87%	86%	73%	82%

Note 1: The number of appliances recycled or processed, and the weight of appliances recycled or processed refers to the total number and gross weight of waste home appliances to which recycling processing and the like was applied.

Note 2: All decimal figures are discarded.

Note 3: Regarding the number of appliances collected at designated sites and the number of appliances recycled or processed, if manufacturers or other operators carrying out recycling have not been assigned, due to an error in recording a control sheet or the like, such waste appliances are not included.

## ♦ Recycling status of parts and materials

○ Total weight of parts and materials when they are processed into a condition that allows them to be transferred, with or without cost, to manufacturers who will use them as materials for or parts of a product

Air conditioner components

TV components

Refrigerator & freezer components

Washing machine components

Note: “Other valuables” refers to plastics.

Source: Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

in the “Construction Material Recycling Promotion Program 2002” for fiscal 2005. Various approaches are being developed to promote the reuse of construction generated soil in other constructions, based on the “Construction Material Recycling Promotion Program 2002” prepared by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in April 2008.

### G. Food waste

Food wastes are animal or vegetable remains from each stage of manufacturing, distribution, and consumption of food, and more concretely, they are unsalable food produced in the process of manufacturing and distribution of fabricated food, left-over food in consumption and cooking waste.

These food wastes are classified as industrial wastes when derived from food manufacturing processes and as municipal wastes when derived from domestic households, food distribution businesses and restaurants. The generated amounts are 3.01 million tons for industrial wastes, and 15.87 million tons for municipal wastes of which 10.45 million tons came from domestic households), giving a total of 18.88 million tons in fiscal 2006 (Table 2-27).

Food wastes derived from food manufacturing industries are relatively easy to be reclaimed, because it is easy to meet the required volume and their composition is stable, therefore
Figure 2-26 Construction waste generation by year and type

Source: Ministry of Construction

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Note: Due to rounding off, the breakdowns may not equal the total.

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Figure 2-27 Construction waste: recycling status by type

* Figures in italics include reduction by incineration and dehydration.

* The results of soil produced during construction (underlined figures) give an effective use rate that does not include soil completely used within sites.

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Table 2-2 Generation and treatment status of food waste (fiscal year 2006)

Waste generation	Disposal
Disposal by incineration or landfill	Recycled
Composting	Livestock feed	Others	Total
Municipal waste:	1,587	1,324	—	—	—	263
Domestic	1,045	994	—	—	—	52
Business	542	331	79	47	84	211
Industrial waste	301	42	103	116	39	259
Total	1,888	1,366	—	—	—	522

Note 1: Above figures are rounded off; therefore, the total may not equal the breakdowns.

Note 2: The volume of food waste generated was provisionally calculated by the Ministry of the Environment, based on the generation and treatment status of municipal waste (results of fiscal year 2006), and the generation and treatment status of industrial waste (results of fiscal year 2006).

Note 3: The volume of recycled domestic waste was also provisionally calculated by the Ministry of the Environment in the same manner as Note 2.

Note 4: The volume of recycled business waste and industrial waste (including details) was provisionally calculated, based on the results of the Fiscal Year 2007 Status Survey on Recycling of Circulating Food Resources reported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of the Environment.
Figure 2-30 Basic collection scheme of home-use personal computer

Source: Ministry of the Environment

dry weight, was reclaimed as cement material (800,000 tons), building material (510,000 tons) such as bricks or blocks, and green farming (330,000 tons) such as fertilizer.

Additionally, as an approach to the energy use of sewage sludge, gas power generation by digesters, using gases such as methane which is generated in an anaerobic digestion process, was carried out at twenty-eight facilities around Japan in fiscal 2006, and the use of waste sludge as a fuel and the waste heat derived from the incineration of sewage sludge is also carried out.

## (1) Municipal wastes (garbage)

## 2 Municipal wastes

### A. Changes of the generated amount of garbage

Figure 2-31 Changes to sewage sludge by year

The total amount of garbage generated and the daily amount of garbage generated per person dropped slightly after 1979, the year of the second oil crisis, but from around 1985 there has been a sharp increase which leveled off in 1990; from 2001 until the present there has been a decreasing trend. (Figure 2-32)