Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Figure 2-32 Changes to total waste generation and daily waste per person

Note: Total volume of waste generated = Designed collection volume + Volume of waste directly brought in + Volume of group collection of recyclable waste

Source: Ministry of the Environment

### B. Changes of the garbage processing methods

When considering the changes of garbage processing methods, the ratio of direct recycling and recycling after intermediate processing is steadily increasing, the ratio in fiscal 2006 was 19.9%. The amount of garbage directly sent for final disposal has been steadily decreasing, with a ratio 2.5% in fiscal 2006. (Figure 2-33).

### C. Changes of the operating expenses for garbage processing

The total amount of operating expenses for garbage processing in fiscal 2006 was 1,862.7 billion yen, this averages out to about 14,600 yen per person, a decrease of 300 yen on the previous year (Figure 2-34).

## (2) Municipal waste (night soil)

### A. Changes to the disposal of night soil

Concerning changes in the night soil disposal population, while the number of Johkasoh (a compact high-performance on-site waste water treatment tank facility with biofunction) users remains at the same level, due mainly to the increase of public sewage system users (83.74 million in fiscal 2006), the total population of flush toilet system users which includes the latter is increasing year by year (114.58 million in fiscal 2006) (Figure 2-35).

The number of individual waste water treatment facilities was 8,420,000 (8,620,000 in fiscal 2006) at the end of fiscal 2007 a decrease of 200,000 on the previous year. Johkasoh (treating both kitchen and toilet waste) and night soil a de-

## Figure 2-33 Changes to the garbage processing methods

crease from purification tanks (only treating toilet waste) accounted for 2,780,000 (2,660,000 in fiscal 2006) and 5,640,000 (5,970,000 in fiscal 2006) respectively, which resulted in the ratio of Johkasoh increasing to 33% (31% in fiscal 2006) of all individual waste water treatment facilities in 2007. These figures would seem to be influenced by a number of factors: the diffusion of Johkasoh by increased subsidy rates for municipal governments; the prohibition of new construction of night soil purification tanks set in the revision of the Johkaso Law in Year 2000; an increasing number of abolished the night soil purification tanks impacted by the shift to the Johkaso; and the progress of sewage systems.
Figure 2-36 Changes to the exhaust amount of industrial wastes

Note: From 1996 onward the method to estimate the volume of waste generated was partially amended.

$ ^{*1} $ : In accordance with the Basic Guidelines of Japan for the Promotion of Measures against Dioxins (decided by the Ministerial Conference on Dioxin Policy), in September 1999 the Government established waste reduction targets with an aim of attainment in fiscal year 2010; the volume of waste generated in fiscal year 1996 is given in relation to this target.

$ ^{*2} $ : The volume generated from 1997 onward is calculated based on the same precondition applied in $ *1 $ .

$ ^{*} $ 3: 19 types of industrial waste as stipulated by the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law are covered by this graph. Source: Ministry of the Environment

Figure 2-37 Changes to the number of intermediate processing facilities of industrial wastes

Note: Facilities to crush waste wood and debris were added to those facilities requiring approval in February 2001. Source: Ministry of the Environment

Figure 2-38 Changes to the number of newly approved incinerators (industrial waste)

Note: The number of new facilities was surveyed by the Ministry of the Environment, but this could change in the future.

Source: Ministry of the Environment

Figure 2-39 Changes to the number of newly approved final disposal sites (industrial waste)

Note: The number of new facilities was surveyed by the Ministry of the Environment, but this could change in the future.

Source: Ministry of the Environment
Figure 2-40 Status of wide-area movement of industrial waste generated in the Tokyo Metropolitan district (fiscal year 2006)

for intermediate processing in the neighboring prefectures, transported again to other prefectures for final disposal.

There is a deep concern about such movement of waste across wide areas; if waste is illegally dumped in the area accepting waste and causes environmental pollution, this may trigger many regional conflicts resulting in increased restrictions on the acceptance of waste. This is coupled with feelings of unease and unfairness about accepting waste.

## 4 Wastes-related Information

## (1) State of Final Disposal Sites

### A. Municipal wastes

## (a) State of Final Disposal

Final disposal volume in 2006 (total of direct final disposal volume and final disposal volume after intermediate treatment) is 6.81 million tons, and final disposal volume per person daily is 146 g. This indicates that the final disposal volume continues to decrease (Figure 2-41).

## (b) Residual Number of Years and Residual Volume of Final Disposal Sites

As of the end of 2006, the number of final disposal sites is 1,853, and residual volume is 130.36 million m $ ^{3} $ . The national average residual number of years is 15.6. Because the transported from other generation areas.

In the areas around Tokyo, as is shown in the state of residual years of the sites, securing of final disposal sites, especially final disposal sites for industrial wastes is becoming more difficult, and this shortage is supposed to be the main cause of the wide-area movement of wastes to neighboring prefectures.

final disposal volume in 2006 is smaller than that of the previous year, the residual number of years is increasing although the residual volume is decreasing (Figure 2-42).

## (c) Municipalities Where There Is No Final Disposal Site

As of the end of 2006, among Japan’s 1,827 municipalities, 343 of them need to dispose of wastes but have no final disposal sites and entrust private final disposal sites with landfill (however, when they landfill wastes in the public disposal sites of municipalities targeted for the Osaka Bay Phoenix Plan, use other municipalities, public corporations, etc. although they have no final disposal sites, they are included in the number as having final disposal sites), and Figure 2-43 shows the distribution of the municipalities.
Figure 2-41 Changes to final disposal and daily final disposal per person

Figure 2-42 Changes to residual volume and remaining years of final disposal sites (municipal waste)

Figure 2-43 Municipalities with no final disposal site (as of the end of fiscal year 2006)

Note: “Municipalities with no final disposal site” refers to municipalities that as relevant municipalities do not have any final disposal site and outsource landfill disposal to private final disposal sites. However, even if they do not have any final disposal site, if they are located in the area covered by the Osaka Bay Phoenix Plan, or if they dispose of waste in public landfills in other municipalities or public corporations, such municipalities are included in municipalities with final disposal sites. Source: Ministry of the Environment

## (d) Future actions and initiatives

Because waste treatment facilities, such as final disposal sites, are public-nuisance facilities, it is difficult to find new locations to build them, and the municipalities all have difficulty in finding locations for final disposal sites in particular. Against this background, each municipality has been making efforts to find locations for final disposal sites across a broader area. However, they should not act based on the idea that they aim to secure locations in other areas because it is simply difficult to do so in their own areas,
Figure 2-46 Changes to the number of illegal dumping cases of industrial waste and volume dumped

Volume of illegal dumping (ten thousand tons) ☐ Number of illegal dumping cases

Note 1: Regarding the number of cases and volume of illegal dumping shown above, from among illegal dumping of industrial waste identified by prefectures and ordinance-designated cities, cases where the volume of dumping per case was 10 tons or more were totalized (however, cases including specially controlled industrial waste were all counted individually).

Note 2: As shown in the above graph, the cases of Gifu City and Numazu City were only discovered in 2003 and 2004 respectively; however, illegal dumping had already been carried out for several years previously and as a result, these cases were reported as a large-scale case in the relevant fiscal years. Concerning the Chiba City case in fiscal year 2006, the case was actually revealed in 1998, but the report was not made to the Ministry of the Environment at the time, and it was made in fiscal year 2006.

Note 3: Sulfate pitch cases and ferrosilt cases were excluded from the survey. Ferrosilt was used as refill materials, and its sales and use started in August 2001. Approx. 720,000 tons were sold and used, but later this was identified as illegal dumping cases. The illegal dumping was confirmed at 45 sites in four prefectures, and removal of ferrosilt had been completed at 39 sites (as of the end of November 2008).

Source: Ministry of the Environment

Figure 2-47 Types of illegally dumped industrial waste (fiscal year 2007)

Total of waste excluding construction 92 cases 24.1%

Total of construction waste 290 cases 75.9%

Total of waste excluding construction 21,375t 21.0%

Total of construction waste 80,343t 79.0%

Source: Ministry of the Environment
Figure 2-48 Perpetrators of illegally dumped industrial waste (fiscal year 2007)

Source: Ministry of the Environment

Figure 2-49 Status of clear-up removal and other measures taken concerning illegally dumped industrial waste (fiscal year 2007)

Source: Ministry of the Environment

etc. each year, the research covers cases where the dumped amount of each case is 10 tons or more; sulfate pitch- and ferrosilt-related cases are excluded. (However, the research covers all cases related to specially controlled industrial waste.)

### B. Unsolved Cases of Illegally Dumped Industrial Waste as of the End of Fiscal 2007

As of March 31, 2008, the number of unsolved cases of illegally dumped but inappropriately treated industrial waste found by the 47 prefectures, etc. all over the country was 2,753, and the residual amount of the waste was 16.337 million tons (Figure 2-50).

### C. Others

## (a) Number of Arrested Business Operators

The number of business operators arrested for illegal dumping of industrial waste according to the Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law reached a peak in 2003 but numbers remain high since then. In 2008, the number of operators arrested for illegal dumping of industrial waste by the police according to the Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law was 669 involving 501 cases (Figure 2-51).

## (b) Intensification of Elimination of Illegal Dumping Campaign

A wide-ranging campaign against illegal dumping has been carried out, based on tighter regulations according to the Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law and the “Illegal Dumping Elimination Action Plan.” In order to prevent illegal dumping and reinforce measures against the increase of illegal dumping, a “Nationwide Waste Illegal Dumping Monitoring Week” has been established from May 30 to June 5 each year since 2007, and, in this movement, the national government and the 47 prefectures, etc. have cooperated with one another to simultaneously take measures for eliminating illegal dumping, etc. through educational and awareness activities.

## (4) Specially Controlled Waste

### A. Overview

“Specially controlled waste” refer to those wastes specified by a Cabinet Order as wastes which are explosive, tox-
Figure 2-50 Remaining volume of illegally dumped industrial waste by prefecture (by prefecture and ordinance-designated city, as of the end of fiscal year 2007)

Note: The above data concerns cases of improper disposal of industrial waste, e.g. illegal dumping, identified by all prefectures and cities with a public health center as of 2005; from among these cases, the above data was created by counting those cases for which it was possible to ascertain the remaining volume of waste. Source: Ministry of the Environment

Figure 2-51 Changes to the number of arrests for illegal dumping of industrial waste

Source: Created by the Ministry of the Environment, based on materials published by the Metropolitan Police Department

ic, infections or of a nature otherwise harmful to human health and the living environment (specially controlled municipal waste or specially controlled industrial waste). These wastes are appropriately treated according to a special treatment criteria based on the types of specially controlled waste. A licensed business operator is entrusted with the treatment of the specially controlled waste.

### B. Wastes Included in Specially Controlled Waste

To date wastes shown in Table 2-4 have been designated as specially controlled waste.

## (5) Measures for Treating Asbestos

### A. Industrial Waste

The revised Air Pollution Control Law (Act No. 5 of 2006) that amended the Air Pollution Control Law, etc. was completely enforced in April 2007 in order to prevent dam-
## (8) Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes

According to the “Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal” (hereafter referred to as the “Basel Convention”) adopted to address the problems of environmental pollution, etc. resulting from the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, Japan enacted the “Law for the Control of Export, Import and Others of Specified Hazardous Wastes and Other Wastes” (Act No. 108 of 1992) (hereafter referred to as the “Basel Law”), and it has imposed the necessary regulations on export and import of wastes by revising the Waste Management and Public Cleaning Law. As of January 2009, 171 nations and the EC were parties to the Basel Convention, and the convention is improved or revised at a conference of these countries held about every two years. Table 2-8 shows the regulations on export and import based on the Basel Law.

In recent years, against the backdrop of the globalization of economic activities and increase in demand for resources due to rapid economic growth in Asian countries, an international movement of recyclable resources aiming at recycling has been activated. Under such circumstances, because there is a fear of inappropriate export and import of wastes, etc., the Ministry of the Environment has been cooperating with the relevant domestic authorities and the government agencies of each country to take measures for preventing them. (For information on cooperation with the government agencies of each country, refer to (2) in Section 5, Chapter 3.

### Section 3. State of Implementation of Legal Systems for Establishment of a Sound Material-Cycle Society

## (1) Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society

The “Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society” was promulgated in July 2000 and enforced in January 2001, with the aim of securing a material cycle in society by revising the present state of our mass-production, mass-consumption, and mass-disposal society and the lifestyles of people, to thereby establish “a sound material-cycle society” where consumption of natural resources is curbed and the environmental load is decreased.

This law provides the following: (1) objects subject to this law should be understood as “wastes, etc.” in an integrated manner regardless of whether they are valuable or of no value and products should be prevented from becoming wastes, etc., (2) the usefulness of generated wastes, etc. should be paid attention to and wastes, etc. should be re-recognized as “recyclable resources” for them to thereby be subject to cyclical use (reuse, recycling, and heat recovery), (3) wastes that are not capable of cyclical use should be appropriately disposed. With these processes, this law aims to realize “a sound material-cycle society”, that is “a society where the consumption of natural resources can be reduced and as much of the environmental load as possible can be decreased.” (Figure 3-1)

The Sound Material-Cycle Society Fundamental Law pro-

Figure 3-1 Flowchart for a sound material-cycle society

Source: Ministry of the Environment
Society Fundamental Plan, the Central Environment Council is required to check how the policies based on the Sound Material-Cycle Society Fundamental Plan have been implemented every year and as necessary report the direction of future policies to the national government. In fiscal 2008, for the first time, the council checked how the second Sound Material-Cycle Society Fundamental Plan had been implemented.

Specifically, the council had seven intensive deliberations, based on the actions taken by the industrial world, business operators, and local public bodies and four public hearings with relevant government ministries and agencies, and compiled the results of the audit in February 2009. The report of these results highlighted, as future issues to tackle, further promotion of actions for achievement of the set numerical targets, quicker reporting of statistics, cooperation among policies for a low-carbon society and a society in harmony with nature, development of the system and reinforcement of cooperation for strategic use of useful resources, such as rare metals, further promotion of reduction and reuse of resources, promotion of actions by local public bodies based on regional resource recycling zones seen also from the viewpoint of local revitalization, exercise of leadership for the establishment of a sound material-cycle society in Asia (Figure 3-2).

Figure 3-2 A system of policy measures to promote establishing a sound material-cycle society
Table 3-2 Sorted collection plan and recycling plan

(1) Number of municipalities with sorted collection

FY 2008	FY 2009	FY 2010	FY 2011	FY 2012
Glass containers: colorless	1,779	1,780	1,781	1,784	1,788
97.4%	97.4%	97.5%	97.6%	97.9%
Glass containers: brown	1,782	1,783	1,783	1,786	1,790
97.5%	97.6%	97.6%	97.8%	98.0%
Glass containers: other colors	1,782	1,784	1,786	1,790	1,794
97.5%	97.6%	97.8%	98.0%	98.2%
Paper containers and packages	896	915	942	965	974
49.0%	50.1%	51.6%	52.8%	53.3%
PET bottles	1,791	1,792	1,802	1,804	1,806
98.0%	98.1%	98.6%	98.7%	98.9%
Plastic containers and packages	1,429	1,465	1,489	1,504	1,517
78.2%	80.2%	81.5%	82.3%	83.0%
Steel cans	1,819	1,819"	1,819	1,819	1,821
99.6%	99.6%	99.6%	99.6%	99.7%
Aluminum cans	1,820	1,820	1,820	1,820	1,822
99.6%	99.6%	99.6%	99.6%	99.7%
Cardboard boxes	1,744	1,749	1,753	1,756	1,759
95.5%	95.7%	95.9%	96.1%	96.3%
Drink cartons	1,568	1,575	1,585	1,587	1,591
85.8%	86.2%	86.8%	86.9%	87.1%

[Upper row: number of municipalities, lower row: percentage of all municipalities]

Total number of municipalities: 1,827 (as of April 1, 2007)

(2) Estimated sorted collection

(Unit: thousand tons)

FY 2008	FY 2009	FY 2010	FY 2011	FY 2012
Glass containers: colorless	359	359	358	357	356
Glass containers: brown	309	309	308	308	307
Glass containers: other colors	183	184	184	184	184
Paper containers and packages	146	153	161	168	171
PET bottles	303	312	324	332	340
Plastic containers and packages	804	858	945	978	1,004
Steel cans	314	312	311	309	307
Aluminum cans	149	150	151	152	152
Cardboard boxes	752	763	770	776	781
Drink cartons	25	26	27	28	28

(3) Estimated recycling

(Unit: thousand tons)

FY 2008	FY 2009	FY 2010	FY 2011	FY 2012
Glass containers: colorless	180	180	180	180	180
Glass containers: brown	160	170	170	170	170
Glass containers: other colors	130	130	130	130	130
Paper containers and packages	356	356	356	356	356
PET bottles	370	384	384	385	386
Plastic containers and packages	1271	1291	1291	1293	1,293

Source: Ministry of the Environment

cling Law was enforced completely, and a system was implemented in which business operators provided money to municipalities that contributed to rational recycling of containers and packages. With this system, the quality of sorted collection was improved and, therefore, the efficiency of the whole social system was improved.

In addition, in July 2008, the Ministry of the Environment set up the “Study Committee for the Further Transparency in the Container and Package Recycling Flow” in order to discuss issues and measures for the improvement of transparency in the flow of recycling containers and packages including plastic ones and to draw a certain conclusion. Furthermore, the ministry conducted the following in order to promote the 3Rs of waste containers and packages: (1) educational and awareness activities toward consumers were conducted by promoters for controlling the generation of waste containers and packages.
Figure 3-4 Changes to the unconfirmed volume of PET bottles ( $ ^{*} $ difference between production/volume of sales and volume of sorted collection)

Volume unconfirmed (only the volume of sorted collection by municipalities)

Source: Ministry of the Environment

Figure 3-5 Changes to recycling outsourcing charges paid by specified businesses to designated corporations (hundred million yen)

Source: Created by the Ministry of the Environment, based on materials published by

Table 3-3 Collection by designated corporations of waste conforming to sorted collection criteria

FY 2007	Plastic containers and packages	Paper containers and packages	PET bottles	Glass bottles
Colorless	Brown	Other colors
Number of municipalities conducting sorted collection	1,304	696	1,765	1,736	1,741	1,731
Number of municipalities transferring waste to designated corporations	988	154	1,082	913	969	1,195

Source: Created by the Ministry of the Environment, based on materials published by the Japan Container and Package Recycling Association

(nickname: 3Rs promoting meister) who were commissioned according to the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law, (2) Minister of the Environment Awards were granted to outstanding products or activities useful for the 3Rs of waste containers and packages and to "My bag" (grocery bag) that consumers made by themselves, (3) model projects were carried out for promoting the introduction of supermarkets charging a fee for plastic grocery bags, and (4) "Container and Package 3Rs Promotion National Convention – Efforts for the Reduction of Plastic Grocery Bags across the Country –" was held in Tokyo in January 2009 and the convention transmitted information on various activities with regional characteristics for reduction used throughout the country.
Figure 3-6 Development status of major home appliance recycling plants

Designated sites are divided into two groups: Group A and Group B.

Group A: Led by Panasonic Corporation and Toshiba Corporation, and located in 190 sites nationwide.

Source: Ministry of the Environment

## (6) Law for the Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances (Home Appliance Recycling Law)

### A. Enforcement Status

The Home Appliance Recycling Law was enforced completely in April 2001. Currently, there are 380 designated collection sites where manufacturers of four types of waste home appliances (household air-conditioners, CRT-based televisions, refrigerators and freezers, and washing machines) subject to the law collect them, and recycling plants for the four types of collected waste home appliances are operating in 48 locations across the country (Figure 3-6). In these recycling plants, iron, aluminum, copper, glass, and rare metals used for printed-circuit boards are collected as well as fluorocarbons used as a refrigerant in household air-conditioners, refrigerators, and freezers, and fluorocarbons contained in heat insulating materials used for refrigerators and freezers.

The number of these four types of home appliances collected in designated collection sites and their recycling ratio in recycling plants are shown in 1-(3)-D., Section 2, Chapter 3, and each ratio of recycling by manufacturers of the four types of home appliances exceeds the legal standard.