consumption of quality seeds by improving the production process of seeds from the production phase to the distribution phase in Amhara Region, Oromia Region and Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's region. With the aim of reinforcing the processing of value-added primary products and developing new agricultural products, "One Village One Product Promotion" involves federal and state governments in establishing the One Village One Product Promotion System and assists farmer groups in developing and marketing agricultural products. Meanwhile, "Project for Enhancing Development and Dissemination of Agricultural Innovations through Farmer Research Groups (FRGs)" introduced an "FRG approach" to develop techniques highly operable to farmers through their participation for the purpose of officially establishing a participatory study program based on farmers' needs.

In addition, a forest coffee distribution and production promotion project is to start during fiscal 2014 through public-private coordination, as the successor to the Belete-Gera Participatory Forest Management Project, which ended in 2012. Under this project, the forest coffee certification program was introduced with the aim of preserving forests and increasing income of local residents. This project gave Japanese firms an opportunity to improve the quality of produced coffee and sell such coffee products in Japanese and European markets.

As seen from above, JICA has focused on increasing income of small-scale Ethiopian farmers, by helping improve productivity and providing them with marketing assistance. JICA's efforts are expected to enable local farmers to diversify their means of livelihood and revitalize the local community through business utilizing local resources.

In addition to these current and future projects and activities, the Japanese government is expected to contribute to Ethiopia by (a) providing technical assistance with respect to customs procedures and other matters in order to facilitate exports from Ethiopia, (b) developing infrastructures to be used for distribution after production and processing (e.g. roads and railways leading to airports and Djiboutian ports), and (c) continuing efforts to reorganize farmers and production systems.

## (3) Seeds for Japanese companies

In our interviews, some Japanese companies pointed out that, while Ethiopia has high potential for producing high value-added primary products, such as coffee and flowers, exports to Japan have not been increasing due to problems with production technology and traceability. Also, some interviewees indicated that coffee imports have been recovering from a sharp drop since the solution of problems of residual agrochemicals found in 2008 in Ethiopia and that demand is growing for roses and other fresh flowers from Ethiopia in line with decreasing domestic production.

Judging from the abovementioned standpoints, private Japanese companies expect to increase imports of primary products and provide support to the country in production and quality management for the purpose of increasing exports to Japan. The Ethiopian government has a keen interest in expanding exports to acquire foreign currencies. In addition to exports, the engagement of private Japanese companies in assisting Ethiopia in production and quality management through cooperation with JICA will contribute greatly to the country in reinforcing production of value-added primary products. At the same time, Japanese companies will have the merit of improving product quality and traceability.

## (4) Roadmap for a food value chain policy

In this model roadmap, we propose to construct a food value chain that will lead the way from production to processing, distribution and consumption, by investment and support to expand export