Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
### 3. Challenges for strengthening the competitiveness of the ICT industry

## (1) Degree of overseas presence of ICT companies and their profitability

Japanese companies tend to not go out into markets abroad unless they hold large domestic market shares. This is because the domestic market is highly competitive, which keeps the business size per company small, and they cannot enjoy economies of scale to start businesses abroad (Fig. 1-41).

On the other hand, North American companies tend to increase their shares abroad even if they do not hold large market shares in their own countries. It is suggested that they have in view global business operations from the start (Fig. 1-42).

Looking at business profits, ICT vendors in Japan are the world’s top-class performers in terms of sales, but strong sales do not result in large operating income (Figure 1-43).

ICT vendors in the United States are achieving sales and operating income in both domestic and overseas markets in a well-balanced manner, obtaining large operating income ratio. On the other hand, domestic business takes up about 80% of operating income for ICT vendors in Japan, and their operating income ratio of overseas business is generally low (Fig. 1-44 and 1-45).

## (2) Business environment surrounding ICT industry

Looking at the year when the major ICT vendors were established, the majority were firms of longstanding in Japan, established in the pre-War period or right after the War. However, in North America, new corporations are being established continuously, growing into big businesses. In Japan, it would seem to be important to develop an environment that will generate new companies continuously and also grow into big businesses (Figure 1-46).

Many of the founders of major newly emerging ICT companies in the U.S. have majored in engineering, such as computer science, etc. On the other hand, many of the founders of newly emerging ICT companies in Japan have majored in humanities, such as economic and business administration, etc. Since universities, etc. in the U.S. are providing human resource development programs in cooperation with outside companies and investors, it would seem to be crucial for Japan to develop human resources with knowledge of both business and technology (Figure 1-47).

Looking at the number of patent applications submitted to WIPO in the field of advanced ICT, Japan’s share is less than 10% in many sectors. Japan’s share of the number of patents in all fields including those other than ICT is 16.6%. When compared with this figure, the number of patent applications in the ICT field is generally at a low level. It would seem to be necessary to further enhance an intellectual property strategy (Figure 1-48).

Fig. 1-40 Export value share by region of ICT-related devices in the world (2007)

Based on the materials by World Trade Atlas
Fig. 1-41 Market shares of Japanese companies in their own region and outside

Based on the materials by Gartner

Fig. 1-42 Market shares of North American companies in their own region and outside

Based on the materials by Gartner
Fig. 1-43 World’s top ICT vendors in terms of sales and business profits

■ Companies with large sales

Rank	Corporate name	Country	Sales (100 million dollar)
1	Siemens	Germany	1059.2
2	Samsung Electronics	South Korea	918.6
3	Hitachi	Japan	917.3
4	HP	U.S.	916.6
5	IBM	U.S.	914.2
6	Matsushita Electric Industrial	Japan	815.3
7	Sony	Japan	742.6
8	Toshiba	Japan	637.0
9	Dell	U.S.	574.2
10	Nokia	Finland	542.2
11	Microsoft	U.S.	511.2
12	LG Electronics	South Korea	498.3
13	Fujitsu	Japan	456.5
14	Motorola	U.S.	428.8
15	NEC	Japan	416.5
16	Hon Hai	Taiwan	405.2
17	Philips	Germany	355.7
18	Intel	U.S.	353.8
19	Cisco	U.S.	349.2
20	Canon	Japan	348.9

■Companies with large operating income

Rank	Corporate name	Country	Operating income (100 million dollar)
1	Microsoft	U.S.	190.4
2	IBM	U.S.	122.1
3	Samsung Electronics	South Korea	96.9
4	Cisco	U.S.	87.0
5	Nokia	Finland	68.0
6	HP	U.S.	67.7
7	Siemens	Germany	67.6
8	Intel	U.S.	62.1
9	Oracle	U.S.	61.3
10	Canon	Japan	59.3
11	Apple	U.S.	44.1
12	Motorola	U.S.	41.6
13	Matsushita Electric Industrial	Japan	41.1
14	Ericsson	Sweden	39.9
15	Google	U.S.	35.9
16	Texas Instruments	U.S.	33.7
17	SAP	Germany	33.7
18	Dell	U.S.	31.7
19	Qualcomm	U.S.	28.4
20	Hon Hai	Taiwan	23.6

* Data are of ICT vendors with consolidated sales in FY2006 of 1 trillion yen for Japanese companies and 8 billion US dollars for overseas companies. Based on the materials by Thomson Reuters

Fig. 1-44 Regional comparison of sales and operating income for major ICT vendors of Japan and the U.S. (FY2006)

Fig. 1-45 Domestic operating income ratio and overseas operating income ratio of major ICT vendors of Japan and the U.S.

Domestic	Abroad
Japan	6.4%	1.8%
U.S.	15.6%	13.7%

Based on the materials by Thomson Reuters

Based on the materials by Thomson Reuters

Fig. 1-46 Founded years of major ICT vendors in the world

Japan	North America	Europe	Asia
1990~	Google	1998	(Infineon)	1999	(AU Optronics)	2001
Asustek
1980~	(NTT Data)	1988	Qualcomm	1985	(STMicroelectronics)	1987	Quanta	1988
Dell	1984	Lenovo	1984
Cisco	1984	Compal	1984
Sun Microsystems	1982
1970~	Seagate	1979	SAP	1972	Acer	1976
EMC	1979	Hon Hai	1974
Oracle	1977
Apple	1976
Microsoft	1975
1960~	SAIC	1969	(Nokia)	1967	Samsung	1969
Intel	1968	CapGemini	1967
EDS	1962
1950~	Kyocera	1959	CSC	1959	LG	1958
Sanyo Electric	1950
1930~	Sony	1946	Tyoo Electronics	1941
Seiko Epson	1942	HP	1939
Canon	1937	Texas Instruments	1930
Ricoh	1936
Kenica Minolta	1936
Sharp Corporation	1935
Fujitsu	1935
tushita Electric Indust	1935
Fujifilm	1934
1900~	Mitsubishi Electric	1921	Motorola	1928
Hitachi	1920	IBM	1914
Olympus	1919	Xerox	1906
Toshiba	1904
~1900	NEC	1899	Nortel	1895	Alcatel-Lucent	1898
Eastman Kodak	1880	Philips	1891
Erisson	1876
Siemens	1847

* ( ) shows companies founded as a spin-off from an existing company or through business integration

Based on the materials released by each company
Fig. 1-47 Background of the founders of new ICT companies in the United States

Year founded	Name of founder	Academic background	Major	Humanities	Science and technology
1998	Sergey Brin	Stanford University	Master	Computer science	○
Larry Page	Stanford University	Master	Computer science	○
1995	David Filo	Stanford University	Master	Electrical engineering	○
Jerry Yang	Stanford University	Master	Electrical engineering	○
1995	Pierre Omidyar	Tufts University	Bachelor	Computer science	○
1985	Irwin Jacobs	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Doctor	Computer science, Electrical engineering	○
Andrew Viterbi	University of Southern California	Doctor	Communication engineering	○
1984	Len Bosack	Stanford University	Master	Computer science	○
Sandy Lerner	Stanford University	Master	Computer science	○
1982	Scott McNealy	Stanford University	Master	Business	○
Vinod Khosla	Indian Institute of Technology Delhi	Bachelor	Electrical engineering	○
Stanford University	Master	Business	○
Andy Bechtolsheim	Stanford University	Doctor	Computer science, Electrical engineering	○
1982	John Warnock	University of Utah	Doctor	Computer science	○
Charles Geschke	-	-	-
1979	Richard Egan	Northeastern University	Bachelor	Electrical engineering	○
Roger Marino	-	-	-
1975	Bill Gates	Harvard University	Bachelor	Computer science	○
Paul Allen	-	-	-

Based on the materials released by each company

Fig. 1-48 Share of the number of ICT-related patent applications to WIPO by region (2002-2007)

(Source) "Study on the Cross-Country Comparison on R&D in ICT Field"

### 4. Improvement of corporate productivity through the use of ICT

#### (1) Comparison of U.S.-Japanese investment for informatization

Real investment for informatization in 2006 in Japan was recorded at 19.2 trillion yen, or with an increase of 7.1% over the previous year and the percentage of investment for informatization among private investment is 22.2%. On the other hand, real investment for informatization in 2006 in the U.S. recorded 448.6 billion US dollars, up by 11.9% from the previous year, and the percentage of investment for informatization among private investment is 34.0%.

When the change in real investment for informatization is compared between Japan and the U.S., while the investment for informatization in Japan in 2006 grew by 1.88, that in U.S. grew by 3.73. The growth rate of the U.S. is about twice that of Japan (Figure 1-49).
### (2) Comparison of ICT capital stock between Japan and the U.S

Japan’s ICT capital stock in 2006 increased by 6.6% from the previous year to 42.2 trillion yen and the ratio of ICT capital stock to private capital stock is 3.6%. ICT capital stock for the U.S. in 2006 grew by 9.9% from the previous year to 976.9 billion US dollars, and the ratio of ICT capital stock to private capital stock was 8.3%. When a change in ICT stock is compared between Japan and the U.S., while Japan’s ICT capital stock grew by 1.99, that of the U.S. grew by 3.77 from 1995 to 2006. The growth rate of the U.S. is nearly twice that of Japan (Figure 1-50).

Fig. 1-49 Comparison of Japan-U.S. change in real investment for informatization

## (3) TFP growth and improvement of labor productivity

Labor productivity in the U.S. has been improving consistently since 1990, with a growth rate of 2.7% from 2000 to 2006. On the other hand, labor productivity in Japan has remained virtually unchanged, and the growth rate from the same period is lower than that of the U.S. at 2.1%. When factors contributing to labor productivity growth are compared, it is observed that the growth of labor productivity in the U.S. is largely attributed to TFP growth, whereas labor productivity growth in Japan is largely dependent on capital deepening (Figure 1-51).

Fig. 1-50 Comparison of Japan-U.S. change in ICT capital stock

(Source) “Survey on Economic Analysis of ICT”

Fig.1-51 Contribution of TFP growth to the growth of labor productivity

(Source) “Survey on Economic Analysis of ICT”
# Section 3 New Lifestyles by Ubiquitous Networks

1. Current state of ICT usage in people’s lives

## (1) Internet use

The Internet population at the end of 2007 is estimated to be 88.11 million people (up by 0.7% from the previous year), with a penetration rate estimated to be 69.0% (up by 0.5 points) (Figure 1-52).

When personal Internet use is compared by generation between 2007 and 2004 (three years earlier), use is expanding across all generations; particularly, use by the generations between 50 and 79 years of age, which increased by about 10 points from three years earlier (Figure 1-53).

## (2) Broadband use

The proportion of Internet users on home computers who use broadband circuits is 40.6% of the entire population above age 6 as of the end of 2007, which accounts for 79.6% of home Internet users (Figure 1-54).

## (3) Web use

When the characteristics of use by function/services by generation $ ^{5} $ are examined, use of Internet shopping, Internet auctions and financial transactions

Fig. 1-52 Trends in the number of Internet users and penetration rate

(Source) “Communication Usage Trend Survey,” MIC

Fig. 1-53 Internet use by generation (comparison between end of 2004 and end of 2007)

$ ^{5} $ Students, persons not in employment employed and part-time workers aged 20-29 are classified as the young generation, full-time employees and those engaged in family businesses are classified as the working group, housewives aged between 20-

(Source) “Communication Usage Trend Survey,” MIC

64 and persons not in employment and part-time workers aged between 30-64 are classified as the homemaker group, and those over 65 years of age are classified as senior citizens (excluding those in employment).
show only a small difference in the usage rate among generations. On the other hand, there is a gap between the young generation and other generations in terms of use for viewing videos and listening to music, looking up/writing in SNS, and online games. The former use is to use the website as a “tool”, and this is already established in every generation. The latter use is to use the website as a “media” source, and although this usage is yet to be established, it is assumed that it will expand as the young generation grows up (Figure 1-55).

### 2. Media and information in the ubiquitous society

## (1) Media use in today’s society

Questionnaire surveys were conducted about the frequency of use in the past two to three years of the following six media that have been picked as those likely to be being used in daily life, namely: TV, newspaper, magazines/books, radio, website/e-mail on PCs (hereinafter referred to as “PCs”), and “website/e-mail on mobile phones (hereinafter referred to as “mobile phones”) (Figure 1-56). The response “no change” tends to be the most cited on a whole. When looking at the respondents who chose either “increased” or “decreased”, more young people responded that their use of newspapers has decreased than those who responded that their use had increased; a difference of 4.1 points, indicating that the young generation is reading fewer newspapers. With respect to PCs, the response of “increased” exceeded that of “decreased” by 53.1 points among the young-generation, whereas the figure is only 23 points among senior citizens. As for mobile phones, the response of “increased” exceeded that of “decreased” by 38.8 points among the young generation, whereas the percentage of the response of “increased” and that of “decreased” is nearly the same among senior citizens.

## (2) Evaluation of media

Figure 1-57 is the summary of the results of a questionnaire survey as to how the media is evaluated by users.

Fig. 1-54 Broadband use by generation (comparison between end of 2004 and end of 2007)

(Source) “Communication Usage Trend Survey,” MIC

Fig. 1-55 Function/services used on the website (PCs/mobile phones) (Multiple answers)

(Source) “Investigative Study on Access to Information and Consumer Behavior in the Ubiquitous Network Society”
The results by generation show that PCs are evaluated “high” among the young-generation on the whole, whereas senior citizens tend to appreciate newspapers more. When looking at the results by media, the “entertainment” aspect of TV media, “accuracy” and “familiarity (dealing with familiar topics)” aspects of newspapers, “large volume (of information)” aspect of PCs are highly appreciated by

Fig. 1-56 Change in the frequency of media use over the past 2-3 years (the figures are obtained by subtracting the percentage of “reduced” responses from the percentage of “increased” responses)

(Source) “Investigative Study on Access to Information and Consumer Behavior in the Ubiquitous Network Society”

Fig. 1-57 Evaluation on media (The proportion of respondents who answered “there is a relevant characteristic” has been converted to deviation score)

(Source) “Investigative Study on Access to Information and Consumer Behavior in the Ubiquitous Network Society”
The majority of internet use is with Internet use and there are other products that do not have familiarity depending on the characteristics of the product and evaluation axes set by consumers. Nonetheless, if more information is made available on the Internet, Internet use for evaluating options can possibly be expanded.

## (3) Purchase/Sharing

### A. Purchase

The most frequently used channels for the purchase of products in the last 12 months were examined, and it was found that the products with the most cited answer of “storefront” were automobiles (92.9%), foods/beverages (91.2%) and home appliances (84.6%). The products with the most cited response of “PCs/mobile phones” were travel/tickets (53.4%), music/videos (32.5%) and PCs and peripheral devices (25.1%) (Figure 1-61). The results show that the products cited as “using manufacturers’ sites” in section (2)-C Evaluation of Options, correspond with the products cited as “using PCs/mobile phones for purchase”, which supports the hypothesis that the process from information collection to purchase decision is short for these products. When compared with five years ago, the ratio of those who purchase products via the Internet is increasing rapidly. This trend is particularly notable for products of consistent quality and for which the entire process from information gathering to purchase decision can be done via the Internet, such as travel/tickets or music/videos. For example, the proportion of those who make travel/ticket purchases via the Internet has already exceeded that of those who make in-store purchases. The Internet has been widely established as a purchase channel and online shopping is coming to threaten the position of storefront purchasing.

Fig. 1-60 How people evaluated the functions of products and stores beforehand in the last 12 months (multiple answers allowed)

(Source) “Investigative Study on Access to Information and Consumer Behavior in the Ubiquitous Network Society”

Fig. 1-61 The most frequently used channel to purchase products in the last 12 months

| 79.9% | 2.5% | 17.6%
Books and magazines | 79.9% | 2.5% | 17.6%
Music and videos | 64.2% | 3.3% | 32.5%
PCs and peripheral devices | 72.1% | 2.7% | 25.1%
Home appliances | 84.6% | 2.2% | 13.2%
Travel, tickets | 37.9% | 8.7% | 53.4%
Clothing, accessories | 75.9% | 8.6% | 15.5%
Foods and beverages | 91.2% | 2.7% | 6.1%
Automobiles | 92.9% | 3.6% | 3.6%

☐ Storefront ☐ Other (mail-order catalogues, home-shopping TV, etc.) ☐ Website accessed from PC or mobile phone

$ ^{*} $ Since those who purchased automobiles via websites of PCs/mobile phones in the last 12 months are negligibly low, the figures here are listed as reference.
mails.

Companies using ICT networks were then questioned in the same manner, and frequently cited answers were “detected computer virus but not infected” at 37.7% and “infected by computer virus” at 16.7% (Figure 1-65).

## (2) Internet use by young people

Rapid penetration of the Internet brings about great convenience to users, or the general public, but at the same time, the importance of safe and secure use of the Internet by young people is increasingly pronounced; for example, it has been pointed out that young people are involved in crime through access to harmful sites and that the so-called “underground school website” has been a hotbed for bullying.

We asked households with children under age 18 whether they were aware of filtering software services, and 77.7% of households (up by 5.7 points from the previous year) answered either “know well” or “have heard of” filtering software used on PCs and 63.3% of households (up by 21.6 points from the previous year) responded either “know well” or “have heard of” filtering software used on mobile phones (Figure 1-66).

As to the question of whether a filtering software service is actually used, 12.9% of households (up by 1.8 points from the previous year) use filtering software on a PC and 21.6% of households (up by 14.2 points from the previous year) use filtering software on a mobile phone, depicting the spread of use compared with the end of 2006 (Figure 1-67). As a background to the penetration of the use of filtering software services lie public-private efforts for developing an environment where young people can be connected to the Internet safely and securely; for example, the

Fig. 1-64 Bad experiences accompanying the use of ICT networks in households (multiple answers allowed)

(Source) “Communication Usage Trend Survey,” MIC
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications requested mobile phone operators, etc., to enhance their voluntary efforts for the spread and promotion of filtering services, in addition to an improvement in awareness.

Fig. 1-65 Bad experiences accompanying the use of ICT networks in companies (multiple answers allowed)

(Source) “Communication Usage Trend Survey,” MIC

Fig. 1-66 Awareness of filtering services

* Asked of households with children age 18 or younger.

(Source) “Communication Usage Trend Survey,” MIC

Fig. 1-67 Filtering services use

* Asked of households with children age 18 or younger that access the Internet via PC or mobile phone.

(Source) “Communication Usage Trend Survey,” MIC
## 第6章 公認会計士の魅力向上に向けた取組

### 1. 概説

公認会計士については、監査業界のみならず経済界等の幅広い分野で活躍することが期待されているとの考えに基づき、受験者層の多様化と受験者数の増加を図ることで質の高い人材を多数確保することを目的に、平成15年に法改正され、平成18年から新しい試験制度が導入されたところである。しかしながら、公認会計士試験の合格者数は、新試験制度への移行後、一旦増加したものの、平成20年以降、経済情勢の悪化等を背景として監査業界の採用数が大きく減少し、試験に合格しても就職ができない、いわゆる待機合格者が多数生じた。

その後、監査法人への就職状況が改善し、待機合格者問題については足元沈静化してきている状況にあるが、他方で、公認会計士試験の願書提出者数が減少傾向にあるほか、監査報酬が全体として減少傾向にあるといった新たな課題が生じてきている。

会計・監査は金融・資本市場における重要なインフラであり、会計・監査の専門家である公認会計士については、金融・資本市場における「公共財」として、経済社会の幅広い分野で重要な役割を担うことが求められている。

こうした中、審査会においては、公認会計士の資格の魅力向上を図っていくため、平成25年夏以降、金融庁、協会等の関係者と意見交換を行い、制度改正に限定されない幅広い観点から、実効性ある施策を検討している。

### 2. 今後の課題

「金融・資本市場活性化有識者会合」が平成25年12月13日に取りまとめた「金融・資本市場活性化に向けての提言」において、「監査の質を向上し、我が国の監査制度に対する国際的な信用を維持・確保する必要がある。そのためには、公認会計士資格の魅力の向上を図ることも肝要である」との提言が盛り込まれたところであり、金融・資本市場における「公共財」である公認会計士の魅力を高め、優秀な人材を確保していくため、金融庁、協会、経済界や市場関係者等と緊密に連携しながら、公認会計士資格の魅力の向上に向けた取組を進めていく必要がある。

（参考）「金融・資本市場活性化に向けての提言」の具体的な提言内容については金融庁ウェブサイト（http://www.fsa.go.jp/singi/kasseika/20131213.html）参照。
## About this Report

The report on government measures for persons with disabilities is submitted to the Diet every year based on Article 11 of the Basic Law for Persons with Disabilities (Act No. 84, put into effect on May 21, 1970).

The current report, the 19 $ ^{th} $ of its kind, lists measures that were taken by the government, mainly in fiscal 2011, in line with the basic directions of sector-by-sector measures called for in the Basic Program for Persons with Disabilities. The implemented measures are classified according to their purpose into four categories –“promoting mutual understanding and exchange,” “building the foundations for independence and participation in society,” “building the foundations for daily life” and “building the foundations for comfortable living environment.”
## 19 メキシコ

United Mexican States

<2005年>
人口	1億310万人(日本の約5/6)	財政会計年度為替制度通貨	1月～12月変動相場制ペソ1米ドル=10.8ペソ面積196.4万km²(日本の約5倍)
一人当たりGDP	7,459ドル
産業構造(GDP構成比)	1次産業	4.0%
2次産業	26.0%
3次産業	70.0%

〈メキシコ経済のこれまで〉

メキシコの主要経済指標

95～04年	2005年	2006年	2007年	民間機関
政府	OECD	IMF	政府	OECD	IMF
実質GDP	前年比%	2.7	3.0	3.6	4.1	4.0	3.6	3.7	3.5	実質GDP
鉱工業生産	同上	2.9	1.5	-	-	-	-	-	-	2006年
消費者物価	同上	15.3	4.0	3.0	3.7	3.5	3.0	3.0	3.3	平均 4.2
失業率	%	3.7	3.6	-	-	-	-	-	-	最大 4.7
経常収支	億米ドル	▲ 46	-	-	-	-	-	-	最小 4.0
(GDP比)	%	(▲0.6)	(2.2)	(▲0.7)	(▲0.1)	(2.5)	(▲1.1)	(▲0.2)	2007年
財政収支	億米ドル	▲ 9.4	-	-	-	-	-	-	平均 3.4
(GDP比,年度)	%	(▲0.1)	-	-	-	-	-	-	最大 3.9
政府債務残高	億米ドル	1,717	-	-	-	-	-	-	最小 3.4
(GDP比,年度末)	%	(22.3)	-	-	-	-	-	-	(23社)

（備考）1. メキシコ銀行、メキシコ地理情報統計院、IMF “International Financial Statistics” による。

見通しの政府はメキシコ財務省“Economic Policy Guidelines for 2006”（2005年9月）等、

ＯＥＣＤは“Economic Outlook”（2006年5月）、ＩＭＦは“World Economic Outlook”（2006年9月）による。

2．财政收支は、一般政府。

3. 政府見通しの消費者物価は、12月の前年同月比。

## ＜2006～2007年の経済＞

2006年前半の経済成長率は、1～3月期に前年同期比5.5％増、4～6月期は同4.7％増となり、05年から加速した。自動車を中心とした輸出が拡大していることに加え、内需も消費、設備投資がともに堅調であることから、06年全体の成長率は4％程度と予想されている。また、内政面では、司法の判断に委ねられていた大統領選（7月）の結果、前フォックス政権の改革路線の継承を唱えるカルデロン氏の当選が9月に確定し、国内経済界、国際金融界ともに歓迎を示している。

2007年のメキシコ経済は、経済面で結びつきが強いアメリカ経済の成長が緩やかになることに伴い、成長率が鈍化するものとみられ、3％台半ばの成長が見込まれている（IMF見通し3.5%（06年9月）、民間機関23社の平均3.4%（06年10月））。