Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Figure 1-1-2-3 Expected GIS effects

(Source) MIC "Survey Research on the Present State of Regional ICT Utilization" (2013)

Figure 1-1-2-4 Challenges for expanding GIS utilization

(Source) MIC "Survey Research on the Present State of Regional ICT Utilization" (2013)

## (3) Society pursued through utilization of G-space and ICT

In order to solve challenges facing Japan and realize a desirable society, we should visualize and share a specific future image of a G-spatial society and how to utilize G-space and ICT as the key to the society. In a future G-spatial society, humans, goods and information that have been isolated will be mutually connected through the thorough utilization of G-spatial information and ICT, allowing us to visualize and share humans, goods and information that have been invisible and promote co-creation, mutual assistance and coexistence among humans, goods and information. Then, what has so far been impossible or difficult to realize will be realized.

## (4) MIC initiative — G-space × ICT promotion council

The MIC established the G-space $ \times $ ICT promotion council in March 2013 to consider how to fuse space information with communications technology to bring about innovations to our lives at a time when ICT is dramatically changing and evolving in quality and volume.

The council has proposed “construction of a G-spatial open data platform,” “establishment of the world’s most advanced G-spatial disaster management system” and “realization of success models in ‘G-spatial City’ (as temporarily named)” to revitalize the economy through creating new industries and services, to build the world’s most advanced disaster management system and to realize regional invigoration with advanced and pace-setting approaches.

### 3. Smart revolution to produce changes in business operations

## (1) ICT evolution and spreading “kotozukuri”

### a. Definition of "kotozukuri"

Kotozukuri (creation of events) began to attract attention as a quasi-business approach in the marketing area for the distribution industry. The area has the concept of service-dominant logic (SDL). Unlike the goods-dominant logic (GDL) that focuses on values for exchange of goods, the SDL concept proposes that attention should be paid to values for customers' use of goods or services when new products are developed. The concept meets the trend where manufacturers have grown more service-oriented. The phenomenon where manufacturing enterprises produce values from continuous relations with customers through services may represent kotozu-
ate and fuse mutually with purchases by “offline” real shops (Figure 1-1-3-2). In the past, O2O had mainly indicated a business approach where enterprises manage real and Internet shops. As real and Internet shops have been gradually fused, the fusion itself has begun to be called O2O.

Meanwhile, O2O frequently indicates an “online to offline” approach (for guiding consumers from Internet shops to real shops) including the distribution of coupons through smartphones. As Internet and smartphone diffusion has allowed consumers to easily get connected to the Internet, the “offline to online” approach (for guiding consumers from real shops to Internet shops) and the “online to offline” approach have been fused to blur the border between the two sales channels. This is significant.

## (b) 020 trends in Japan

In Japan as well, both “online to offline” and “offline to online” guidance has diffused and is becoming settled.

Figure 1-1-3-3 Major retailers' sales in 2012 in Japan

(Note) Data for Amazon is its full-year domestic sales in 2012 at 1USD=94JPY (2012 full-year financial data), and data for Rakuten and Yahoo are their full-year goods sales in 2012 (2012 full-year financial data). Yahoo includes Yahoo! Shopping, Yahoo! Ticket, and Yahoo! Travel. The above figure also indicates the 2012 sales of Aeon, Seven & I Holdings, Yamada Denki, and Edion (2012 full-year financial data), as reference data to be compared with the scale of online sales.

Unit: 100 million yen

(Source) MIC "Survey Research on Business Operation Changes Caused by O2O" (2013)

Domestic goods sales through Internet sites in 2012 totaled about 1.4 trillion yen for Rakuten, about 730 billion yen for Amazon and about 300 billion yen for Yahoo, ranging from hundreds of billions of yen to more than 1 trillion yen per company. Their comparison with real shop sales indicates that Amazon sales have grown to the real shop sales level of electrical appliance shop chain Edion or supermarket chain Daiei. Rakuten sales rose close to real shop sales of Japan's largest electrical appliance shop chain Yamada Denki (Figure 1-1-3-3).

Japan’s “online to offline” services are focusing on coupon issuance through smartphones. Even those that had kept a distance from Internet marketing have started various “online to offline” services.

An analysis of a questionnaire survey of enterprises on “online to offline” services in Japan indicates that O2O services have diffused widely, producing specific effects including improvement of goods and services awareness (Figure 1-1-3-4).

Figure 1-1-3-4 Guidance from Internet sites to real shops and effects

(Source) MIC "Survey Research on Impacts of ICT Innovation on Japan's Social and Economic Systems" (2013)
# Section 2 “Innovation” and Global Expansion of ICT Industries

### 1. Overview of ICT industry innovation in Japan

## (1) Mobile terminal market trends

Global smartphone sales in 2012 expanded 1.44-fold from 2011. Among smartphone manufacturers, South Korea's Samsung and the United States' Apple accounted for almost half the global sales. Third and smaller smartphone producers including Japanese firms, Nokia, and RIM reduced their respective market shares (Figure 1-2-1-1).

Japan’s smartphone sales in 2012 increased 1.29-fold from 2011. Among smartphone manufacturers, Apple commanded the largest share of annual sales. In addition, Samsung expanded its share, while Japanese smartphone producers generally narrowed their shares (Figure 1-2-1-2).

Figure 1-2-1-1 Global smartphone market share changes

Source: Gartner (2/13/2013)

* HHl(Herfindahl-Hirschman Index): A measure of market concentration. It is calculated by squaring the market share of each firm competing in a market, and then summing the resulting numbers. A higher index indicates higher market concentration. Usually, the index is calculated in terms of sales value shares. Here, however, data constraints forced us to base the calculation on sales volume.

(Source) Prepared by MIC from Gartner data

Figure 1-2-1-2 Japanese smartphone market share changes

Source: Gartner (2/13/2013)

(Source) Prepared by MIC from Gartner data
## (2) Venture and ICT trends

### a. Venture startup trends

In Japan’s venture startup trends over recent years, the number of ventures subject to investment by venture capitals and their venture investment value plunged due to the FY2008 Lehman Shock and have continued a recovery since FY2010. Venture capitals have shifted to earlier-stage investment in more promising ventures (Figure 1-2-1-3).

### b. ICT area trends and venture launching environment evolution

ICT area developments, including the diffusion of cloud services and electronic commerce, might have been coupled with basic environment changes such as growth of first-generation ICT and other ventures and activities of large and successful entrepreneurs to contribute to the vitalization of venture launching in both ICT and non-ICT industries. The recent rapid diffusion of smartphones and tablet computers and the Big Data technology advancement have encouraged both the ICT industry and ICT-using industries to grow more interested in ICT ventures. The recent ICT area developments and venture launching environment changes are shown in Figure 1-2-1-4.

Figure 1-2-1-3 Number of venture capital investment targets, investment value and investment stages

(Source) Venture Enterprise Center "Annual Report on Venture Businesses"

Figure 1-2-1-4 ICT area developments and venture launching environment evolution

(Source) MIC "Survey Research on ICT Industry's Global Strategy" (2013)
### 2. Global expansion of ICT industries

## (1) Global market for ICT industry

Commercial characteristics of global players in their respective mainstay sectors indicate that IT service and other upper-layer players have higher growth potential and yieldability. But telecommunications equipment, electronics, electronics-related equipment and other lower-layer players have posted negative profit growth, indicating progress in the commoditization of their products. Among them, the communications layer, though continuing steady growth, sees a globally mature market (Figure 1-2-2-1).

In developed regions other than Japan, services for upper layers are projected to continue growing. Meanwhile, the environment in Japan is severe for devices and other lower layers. But lower layers are predicted to achieve high growth in emerging countries (Figure 1-2-2-2).

## (2) Global expansion models for ICT industry

Based on the abovementioned trends, global expansion models for the ICT industry are illustrated in Figure 1-2-2-3. From the viewpoints of major global expansion promoters, customer segments, relations with ICT-using industries and mainstay businesses in ICT industry layers, global expansion models are divided into five categories – (1) communications services expansion, (2) ICT service expansion, (3) infrastructure export expansion, (4) equipment vendor service expansion and (5) platform expansion.

## (3) Global expansion for communications layer

The global communications market (covering mobile and fixed communications) is projected to grow 2.1% annually through 2017. A steady global shift is expected to mobile data communications services for such terminals as smartphones (Figure 1-2-2-4). Of the global mobile

Figure 1-2-2-1 Analysis of growth potential in global ICT market layers

(Sources) Prepared from MIC "Survey Research on ICT Industry's Global Strategy" (2013) and OECD (earnings of 250 largest enterprises in ICT industry)

Figure 1-2-2 Region-by-region distribution of global ICT market and growth

Source: Prepared by MIC from Gartner data
Figure 1-2-2-3 Global expansion models for ICT industry

Figure 1-2-2-4 Projected global communications market sizes

(Source) Prepared by MIC from Gartner data

communications market, Japan accounted for 7.9% in 2012. North America and the Asia-Pacific region respectively accounted for 22-23%, representing the largest markets in the world. Projected mobile communications market growth through 2017 in Japan is limited to 2.0%, against higher growth rates of 5.3% for North America and 6.7% for the Asia-Pacific region.

### a. Global expansion models for communications layer

Figure 1-2-2-5 shows the growth potential for regional communications markets in the global market and telecommunications carriers' global expansion. The figure indicates that these service providers in Europe where communications market growth has been capped are expanding into South America, the Middle East and Africa where the communications markets have high growth potential. America Movil in Mexico is expanding into South America and SingTel of Singapore is expanding operations within the Asia-Pacific region.

### b. Prospects for telecommunications carriers' global expansion

Telecommunications carriers in Japan and other countries have created two models for overseas expansion. (1) The first model represents global expansion based on historical reasons including colonial age relations between colonial powers and their colonies and the need for international expansion after an early introduction of competition in domestic communications markets. (2) The second model for overseas expansion takes advantage of relations with neighboring countries based on geographical factors including limited national land and market sizes.

North America, South America and the Asia-Pacific region subject to the Trans-Pacific Partnership free trade negotiations represent the world’s three fastest-growing markets. If Japan leads other TPP participants
Figure 1-2-2-5 Telecommunications carriers' global expansion and market growth potential

to repeal or relax regulations on foreign investment and ensure fair access to communications infrastructure, Japanese telecommunications carriers may expand into these regions more easily and offer better service terms and conditions. Japanese telecommunications carriers thus have potential to overcome constraints in the mature domestic market and benefit from the high growth potential of the Pacific Rim region by taking advantage of Japan's location in the high-growth region and its relations with neighboring countries based on geographical factors for their global expansion according to the above second overseas expansion model.

## (4) Global expansion for ICT service layer

### a. ICT service layer market trends

(Source) Prepared by MIC from Gartner data

The global ICT market is projected to post an average positive annual growth rate of 5.2% between 2012 and 2017 under the globalization of business operations and the diffusion and expansion of information and communications systems (Figure 1-2-2-6).

Among regions, North America, Japan and the Asia-Pacific region account for more than 60% of IT service, software and data center markets. The markets for the

Figure 1-2-2-6 ICT service market trends

(Source) Prepared by MIC from Gartner data

three service categories are projected to grow 8-11% in the Asia-Pacific region and 4-7% in North America. These regions are predicted to continue high ICT service industry growth (Figure 1-2-2-7).

### b. Prospects for global expansion for ICT service layer

Major Japanese ICT service enterprises have traditionally expanded into the global market in a manner to follow their Japanese customers expanding into the

Figure 1-2-2-7 Region-by-region ICT service market sizes and growth rates (2012-2017)

(Source) Prepared by MIC from Gartner data
Figure 1-2-3-1 Major approaches for overseas expansion of broadcast content sales

Entrance/revenue channels

(Source) MIC "Research Survey on ICT Industry's Global Strategy" (2013)

ing but also for digital cinemas and digital signage and lead to exports of relevant equipment and content production know-how.

Japan, with its expertise in ultrahigh-definition technology, is expected to promptly commercialize and diffuse specific services to secure the broadcasting industry's technological capabilities and international competitiveness and to export relevant technologies, products and Japanese culture.

A report by the ICT Growth Strategy Meeting’s panel on the advancement of broadcasting services at the MIC has indicated a roadmap where Japan will launch test 4K broadcasting in 2014 (when Brazil will hold the World Cup soccer tournament) and test 8K broadcasting in 2016 (when Brazil will hold the Rio de Janeiro Olympics).

### b. Next-generation broadcasting expansion

The ultrahigh-definition technology may find application in a wide range of industrial purposes in addition to the abovementioned consumer goods and services. For example, 4K/8K ultrahigh-definition display and camera technologies may be used not only for broadcasting equipment but also for X-ray, mammography and other diagnostic images, tablet terminals for displaying electronic health records, ultrahigh-definition endoscopes for surgical operations and other medical purposes. They may also be available for ultrahigh-definition displays for computer-assisted design operations, ultrahigh-definition surveillance cameras for disaster prevention and social infrastructure maintenance, and digital signage systems (Figure 1-2-3-2).

Figure 1-2-3-2 Image of 4K/8K technology expansion

Source: MIC "Survey Research on Higher Resolution and Advancement of Pay Broadcasting" (2013)
Figure 1-3-2-3 Big Data accumulation volume (by industry, in 2012)

(Source) MIC "Survey Research on Consideration of Approach for Measuring Information Distribution/Accumulation Volumes" (2013)

Figure 1-3-2-4 Relations between growth rates for data distribution per employee and labor productivity

(Source) MIC "Survey Research on Consideration of Approach for Measuring Information Distribution/Accumulation Volumes" (2013)

Next, we built industry-by-industry panel data for 2005, 2008 and 2011, for which data distribution volume and labor productivity data are commonly available, and conducted a panel data analysis on the impact of data distribution volume growth on labor productivity improvement to statistically verify the impact. As a result, we found that data distribution volume growth and labor productivity improvement have a significantly positive relationship.

### 3. Big Data utilization cases and potential effects (micro survey)

## (1) Framework

### a. Survey scope

We collected information including Big Data utilization cases introduced in various literature since 2011. Therefore, we imposed no limits on information for the collection in regard to industrial categories or areas, enterprise sizes, data usages or categories of utilized data.

Subject to the information collection were cases for the utilization of massiveness, diversity or real-time availability representing the characteristics of Big Data.

### b. Analysis approach for this survey

In this analysis, we paid attention to industrial, business method and operational categories of specific cases for information collection. We thus analyzed cases after specifying industrial, business method and operational categories in which Big Data were utilized.

Based on collected information, we first specified mechanisms for Big Data utilization to produce effects for specific operational categories (effect-producing mechanisms).

Next, we estimated potential economic effects of Big
(d) Infrastructure (road traffic)

Preventive bridge maintenance to prolong service lives can reduce annual costs by about 270 billion yen, equivalent to 48% of bridge development costs (570 billion yen in 2009). The effect of annual fuel savings through the Probe traffic information service to reduce traffic congestion is estimated at 1.16 trillion yen, equivalent to fuel consumption by about 10.6 million vehicles in Japan.

## (4) Big Data utilization to create new values

Big Data reportedly features “almost comprehensive massiveness,” “inclusion of unstructured data” and “inclusion of real-time data.” Advanced computer networks including distributed cloud computing systems for high-speed processing of massive, diverse data have been developed to analyze Big Data.

As a result, enterprises can now figure out customer tendencies and trends that they had failed to fully understand. They can also obtain analysis results faster due to the reduction of analysis time consumption. Nearly comprehensively, massive data can be analyzed along with qualitative information to improve the accuracy of mathematical models indicating real phenomena. This has made it easier to find abnormal readings and improved the accuracy of future projections. In another major achievement, the real-time data acquisition and high-speed data processing have allowed us to figure out conditions on a real-time basis.

Big Data analyses can be used to improve the quality and speed of decision-making and daily business decisions at enterprises. Big Data has visualized invisible tendencies and trends, allowing enterprises to bring buried needs to the surface for developing and launching new products and services. In this way, Big Data has produced various positive effects allowing enterprises and society to improve efficiency and explore new markets.

Given the above, Big Data utilization is expected to exert various positive impacts on business operations and the society and economy, contributing to the revitalization of the Japanese economy.
# 第2部

## 主な厚生労働行政の動き (平成20年度厚生労働行政年次報告)

※第2部は、2008（平成20）年度における厚生労働行政の動きに加え、おおむね2009（平成21）年7月までの動きについても記述している。
# 第1章

# 健康な生活と安心で質の高い医療の確保等のための施策の推進

## 第1節 医師確保や救急医療の整備など、安全・安心で質の高い医療提供体制の充実

## 1 医師確保対策を始めとする地域医療の確保について

医療の現場を見ると、産科、小児科などの診療科やへき地等で医師不足問題が深刻であり、地域で必要な医師の確保に効果的な手を打ち、国民の医療に対する安心・安全を確保することが喫緊の課題である。

医師確保対策については2005（平成17）年8月に「医師確保総合対策」、2006（平成18）年8月に「新医師確保総合対策」を、厚生労働省、総務省、文部科学省の3省において取りまとめたが、さらに、政府・与党においても2007（平成19）年5月31日に「緊急医師確保対策について」が取りまとめられた。

## （1） 「緊急医師確保対策」において取りまとめられた取組み

2007 年に政府・与党において取りまとめられた「緊急医師確保対策について」では、緊急臨時的医師派遣、病院勤務医の過重労働の改善、医療リスクに対する支援体制の整備など、短期的な取組みから中長期的な取組みまで、これまでの医師確保対策に加えて更なる取組みが取りまとめられるとともに、平成20年度予算においては医師確保対策予算を161億円、平成21年度予算においては272億円に拡充し、これらの各般の対策が反映された。

## 1 ）医師不足地域に対する医師派遣システムの円滑な実施

限られた医療資源の下で、地域で必要となる医療を地域全体で提供するためには、地域の拠点病院から医師が不足している病院等に医師を派遣するシステムを構築することが重要である。

このため、都道府県において、地域の公的医療機関、大学病院、住民代表等が参画する都道府県医療対策協議会を設置し、地域の中核病院から医師が不足している病院等への医師派遣を含めた医師確保等に関する協議を行い、地域の中核病院から医師が不足している病院等に医師を派遣するシステムを構築している。また、国レベルでは、都道府県医療対策協議会で協議をしてもなお医師確保が困難で地域の医療を維持できない場合に、都道府県からの要請を踏まえ、緊急臨時的に医師を派遣するシステムを構築している。その上で、これらの医師派遣システムが円滑に実施されるよう、平成21年度予算において、医師を派遣する医療機関、派遣先の医療機関、派遣される医師に対する支援を強化したところである。
## 2 ）病院勤務医の過重労働の改善や女性医師等の勤務環境の整備等

病院勤務医の過重労働は深刻な状況にあり、特に若年・中堅層を中心に極めて厳しい勤務環境に置かれている病院勤務医について、その勤務環境を改善することは喫緊の課題である。

このため、平成20年度予算においては、交代勤務制、短時間正規雇用制等を導入する医療機関に対する支援事業を実施したところであり、平成21年度予算においても、これらの事業を引き続き実施するとともに、病院勤務医の勤務環境の改善に取り組む医療機関に対する支援事業を盛り込み、実施している。

また、病院勤務医の厳しい勤務環境の要因の一つとして、医師でなくても対応可能な業務を行っている現状があるとの指摘があり、2007年12月に厚生労働省医政局長による通知「医師及び医療関係職と事務職員等との間等での役割分担の推進について」を発出し、役割分担の推進による医師の勤務環境の改善のため、医師等でなくても対応可能な業務例を示すとともに、更なる役割分担の見直しを2009（平成21）年度中にまとめることとしている。

さらに、特に勤務環境の厳しい産科医師の業務負担の軽減を図る観点からも、産科医師と助産師とが適切な役割分担・連携の下で、助産師が正常産を扱うことができる体制の整備に取り組んでおり、平成20年度予算において産科を有する病院・診療における院内助産所、助産師外来の設置を支援する事業を創設し、平成21年度予算においても引き続き実施している。

このほか、診療報酬上の取組みとしては、2008（平成20）年度診療報酬改定において病院勤務医対策に1,500億円を充て、産科・小児科の重点的な評価に加えて、医師事務作業補助者の配置等を評価し、病院勤務医の勤務環境の改善に努めている。

また、近年、医師国家試験に占める女性の割合は約3分の1になるなど、若年層における女性医師の増加が著しく、将来を見据えた医師確保対策として、出産や育児による医師等の離職を防止し、復職を促すことが重要である。

平成20年度予算においては、女性医師の再就業を支援する女性医師バンクの体制の充実や復職のための研修等を実施する病院等の支援、病院内保育所の整備事業を実施したところであるが、平成21年度予算においては、これらの事業を引き続き拡充するとともに、女性医師、看護師等の乳幼児の保育に対する相談等に関する事業を実施している。

## 3 ）医療リスクに対する支援体制の整備

## ①產科医療補償制度

安心して産科医療を受けられる環境整備の一環として、産科医療補償制度の創設に向けた検討が行われ、2008年1月に財団法人日本医療機能評価機構に設置された産科医療補償制度運営組織準備委員会において制度の骨格が取りまとめられた。これを受け、2009年1月から産科医療補償制度が創設されている。

産科医療補償制度は、分娩に係る医療事故（過誤を伴う事故及び過誤を伴わない事故の両方を含む。）により脳性麻痺となった児及びその家族の経済的負担を速やかに補償するとともに、事故原因の分析を行い、将来の同種事故の防止に資する情報を提供すること等により、紛争の防止・早期解決及び産科医療の質の向上を図ることを目的としている。

本制度は民間の損害保険を活用した制度であるが、産科医師不足対策や再発防止を通じた産科医療の質の向上につながるという側面から、厚生労働省としても、本制度が各分娩機関において導入され、円滑に運営されるよう支援を行っている。

## ②医療事故による死亡の原因究明・再発防止等の在り方

医療の安全を向上させていくためには、医療事故（過誤を伴う事故及び過誤を伴わない事故の両方を含む。）による死亡が発生した際に、解剖や診療経過の評価を通じて事故の原因を究明し、再発防止に役立てていく仕組みが必要である。また、遺族にはまず真相を明らかにしてほしいとの願い、そして同様の事態の再発防止を図ってほしいとの願いがある。このため、医療の安全の確保の観点から、医療死亡事故について、分析・評価を専門的に行う機関を設ける必要がある。

厚生労働省では、2008年4月にこのような新しい仕組みについての厚生労働省第三次試案を公表し、各方面からの意見を集約するとともに、同年6月には「医療安全調査委員会設置法案（仮称）大綱案」を公表し、検討を進めている。