Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
Chart 33. Sectoral Distribution of Bilateral ODA (2000)

(Including aid to Eastern Europe and ODA graduates; commitment basis; $ million)
Sector of destination	Grant aid	Technical cooperation	Total grants	Loans	Total	(% of total bilateral ODA)
1. Social infrastructure and services	414.02	1,305.42	1,719.44	1,755.86	3,475.30	(24.8)
(1) Education	135.84	753.37	889.22	889.22	(6.4)
(2) Health	136.96	170.99	307.95	307.95	(2.2)
(3) Population and reproductive health	6.94	20.55	27.49	27.49	(0.2)
(4) Water supply and sanitation	100.63	81.71	182.34	1,700.29	1,882.62	(13.5)
(5) Public administration and civil society	3.06	128.27	131.33	55.58	186.91	(1.3)
(6) Other social infrastructure and services	30.58	150.52	181.10	181.10	(1.3)
2. Economic infrastructure and services	377.97	257.89	635.86	3,802.24	4,438.10	(31.7)
(1) Transport and storage	341.86	94.23	436.10	2,741.11	3,177.21	(22.7)
(2) Communications	14.42	26.27	40.68	278.91	319.60	(2.3)
(3) Energy	21.69	38.99	60.68	782.21	842.89	(6.0)
(4) Banking and financial services	15.68	15.68	15.68	(0.1)
(5) Commerce and other services	82.72	82.72	82.72	(0.6)
3. Production sectors	320.35	617.97	938.32	239.17	1,177.49	(8.4)
(1) Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries	320.35	339.65	660.00	208.65	868.65	(6.2)
a) Agriculture	220.84	220.84	170.80	391.64	(2.8)
b) Forestry	11.11	11.11	37.85	48.96	(0.3)
c) Fisheries	88.40	88.40	88.40	(0.6)
(2) Industry, mining, and construction	0.00	238.33	238.33	30.52	268.85	(1.9)
a) Industry	0.00	30.52	30.52	(0.2)
b) Mining	0.00	0.00	(0.0)
c) Construction	0.00	0.00	(0.0)
(3) Trade and tourism	0.00	39.99	39.99	0.00	39.99	(0.3)
a) Trade	0.00	0.00	(0.0)
b) Tourism	0.00	0.00	(0.0)
4. Multisector assistance	20.99	95.94	116.94	719.25	836.18	(6.0)
(1) General environmental protection	20.99	70.03	91.02	604.39	695.41	(5.0)
(2) Women in development	0.34	0.34	0.34	(0.0)
(3) Other multisector	25.57	25.57	114.86	140.43	(1.0)
Subtotal (1-4)	1,133.33	2,277.22	3,410.55	6,516.51	9,927.07	(70.9)
5. Commodity aid, general program assistance	50.93	0.00	50.93	716.86	767.79	(5.5)
(1) Structural adjustment assistance with World Bank/IMF	0.00	49.63	49.63	(0.4)
(2) Food aid designed to promote development	50.93	50.93	50.93	(0.4)
(3) Other general program assistance	0.00	667.24	667.24	(4.8)
6. Debt relief	371.88	371.88	1,075.54	1,447.42	(10.3)
7. Emergency assistance	70.83	6.98	77.80	77.80	(0.6)
8. Administrative and similar costs	247.08	1,513.76	1,760.84	11.99	1,772.83	(12.7)
(1) Administrative costs of donors	935.54	935.54	935.54	(6.7)
(2) Unspecified	247.08	578.22	825.29	11.99	837.29	(6.0)
Total	1,874.04	3,797.96	5,672.00	8,320.91	13,992.91	(100.0)
BHN (1 + 3 (1) + 5 (2) + 7)	856.12	1,652.04	2,508.16	1,964.51	4,472.67	(32.0)

Notes: (I) Grants to aid structural adjustment efforts (nonproject grants), as well as grant assistance for grassroots projects and expenses for refugee assistance, are classified as “unspecified” grant aid. (2) Administrative costs of donors include costs for development awareness. (3) As the figures in the table are rounded off, they do not necessarily add up to the totals.
Chart 34. Trends in Japanese Bilateral ODA Shares by Sector

Notes: (I) Program aid includes debt relief, food aid, emergency assistance, and administrative costs. (2) Includes aid to Eastern Europe and ODA graduates.
Chart 35. Flows from Japan to Developing Countries (1999 and 2000)

(Net disbursement basis; $ million)
Category	1999	2000	Increase rate (%)
I. ODA	15,385	13,419	-12.8
(% of GNI)	(0.35)	(0.28)	-
I. Bilateral aid	10,498	9,640	-8.2
(I) Grants	5,539	5,813	5.0
a. Grant aid	2,340	2,109	-9.9
b. Technical cooperation	3,199	3,705	15.8
(2) Loans	4,959	3,827	-22.8
2. Contributions to multilateral institutions	4,888	3,779	-22.7
II. Other official flows	7,718	-4,855	-
I. Export credits (over 1 year)	-755	-1,552	-
2. Direct investment and others	7,242	-3,052	-
3. Contributions to multilateral institutions	1,231	-252	-
III. Private flows	-3,070	6,259	-
I. Export credits (over 1 year)	-2,292	-358	-
2. Direct investment	7,882	6,191	-21.5
3. Other bilateral securities and claims	-4,546	478	-
4. Contributions to multilateral institutions	-4,114	-52	-
IV. Grants by private voluntary agencies	261	231	-11.4
Total official and private flows	20,294	15,053	-25.8
(% of GNI)	(0.45)	(0.31)	-
Gross national income	45,559	48,076	5.5

Notes: (I) Grant aid includes the reduced or waived interest payments (trade insurance) of guaranteed commercial credits. (2) DAC exchange rates were ¥113.9 per $1 in 1999 and ¥107.8 per $1 in 2000. As the figures in the table are rounded off, they do not necessarily add up to the totals. (3) Shares are of gross national product through 1998 and of gross national income since 1999. (4) GNI figures are final for 1999, preliminary for 2000. (5) Includes flows to Eastern Europe and ODA graduates.

Disbursements when administrative costs, subsidies to NGOs, and costs for development awareness are excluded from technical cooperation are as follows:

(Excludes flows to Eastern Europe and ODA graduates; as reported to DAC; $ million)

1999	2000	Increase rate (%)
Grants	5,475.0	5,678.2	3.7
Of which technical cooperation	2,136.2	2,430.2	13.8
Chart 36. ODA Extended by DAC Countries (1999 and 2000)

(Net disbursement basis; $ million)
2000	1999
Country	Rank	Amount	Share (%)	Increase over previous year	Rank	Amount	Share (%)	Increase over previous year
Japan	1	13,508	25.2	−11.8	1	15,323	27.2	44.0
U.S.A.	2	9,581	17.9	4.8	2	9,145	16.2	4.1
Germany	3	5,034	9.4	−8.7	4	5,515	9.8	−1.2
U.K.	4	4,458	8.3	31.1	5	3,401	6.0	−12.0
France	5	4,221	7.9	−25.1	3	5,637	10.0	−1.8
Netherlands	6	3,075	5.7	−1.9	6	3,134	5.6	3.0
Sweden	7	1,813	3.4	11.2	10	1,630	2.9	3.6
Canada	8	1,722	3.2	1.4	9	1,699	3.0	−0.5
Denmark	9	1,664	3.1	−4.0	8	1,733	3.1	1.7
Italy	10	1,368	2.6	−24.3	7	1,806	3.2	−20.7
Spain	11	1,321	2.5	−3.1	12	1,363	2.4	−0.9
Norway	12	1,264	2.4	−7.7	11	1,370	2.4	3.7
Australia	13	995	1.9	1.3	13	982	1.7	2.3
Switzerland	14	888	1.7	−8.4	14	969	1.7	7.9
Belgium	15	812	1.5	6.8	15	760	1.3	−13.9
Austria	16	461	0.9	−12.5	16	527	0.9	15.6
Finland	17	371	0.7	−10.8	17	416	0.7	5.1
Portugal	18	261	0.5	−5.4	18	276	0.5	6.6
Ireland	19	239	0.4	−2.4	19	245	0.4	23.1
Greece	20	216	0.4	11.3	20	194	0.3	8.4
Luxembourg	21	116	0.2	−2.5	22	119	0.2	6.3
New Zealand	21	116	0.2	−13.4	21	134	0.2	3.1
DAC total	53,504	100.0	−5.1	56,378	100.0	8.2

Source: DAC press release, 2001.

Notes: (I) Countries are ranked according to their total ODA disbursements. (2) Excludes aid to Eastern Europe and ODA graduates. (3) Figures for 2000 are provisional except for Japan. Figures for 1999 are taken from the DAC Journal Development Cooperation 2000 Report. The report makes the following corrections for 1999: France 5,639, U.K. 3,426, Canada 1,706, and DAC total 56,428. (4) Greece joined DAC in December 1999.
Chart 37. Trends in Major DAC Countries' ODA (Net disbursement basis)

Source: DAC press release, 2001.

Notes: (I) Excludes aid to Eastern Europe and ODA graduates. (2) Figures for 2000 countries except Japan are provisional. (3) U.S. figures for 1991–1992 exclude military debt relief.

Chart 38. ODA/GNI Ratios of DAC Member Countries (2000)

Source: DAC press release, 2001.

Notes: (1) Figures for countries except Japan are provisional. (2) Spain and Portugal joined DAC in 1991, Luxembourg in 1992, and Greece in 1999. (3) Excludes aid to Eastern Europe and ODA graduates.
Chart 39. Per-Capita ODA Burden of DAC Countries

Source: DAC Journal Development Cooperation 2000 Report.

Notes: (I) Calculations were made using 1999 population figures. (2) Greece joined DAC in December 1999.
Chart 40. Per-Capita ODA of DAC Countries

Country	Rank	1999	Rank	1998
Denmark	1	325.8	1	321.5
Norway	2	307.2	2	298.2
Luxembourg	3	276.7	3	260.5
Netherlands	4	198.2	4	193.8
Sweden	5	184.0	5	177.7
Switzerland	6	135.7	6	126.3
Japan	7	120.9	9	84.1
France	8	95.4	7	97.6
Finland	9	80.5	10	76.9
Belgium	10	74.2	8	86.6
Germany	11	67.2	11	68.0
Ireland	12	65.3	15	53.6
Austria	13	65.1	13	56.4
U.K.	14	57.2	12	65.2
Canada	15	55.7	13	56.4
Australia	16	51.8	16	51.3
New Zealand	17	35.2	19	34.3
Spain	18	34.6	18	35.0
U.S.A.	19	33.5	20	32.5
Italy	20	31.6	17	39.9
Portugal	21	27.6	21	26.0
Greece	22	18.4	22	17.0
DAC average	67.1	62.3

Source: DAC Journal Development Cooperation 2000 Report.

Notes: (I) Countries are listed according to their 1999 ranking. (2) Greece joined DAC in December 1999.
Chart 41. Grant Share of ODA Provided by DAC Countries

(Commitment basis; two-year average; %)
Country	Rank	1998/99	Rank	1997/98
Australia	1	100.0	1	100.0
Ireland	1	100.0	1	100.0
Luxembourg	1	100.0	1	100.0
New Zealand	1	100.0	1	100.0
Netherlands	1	100.0	1	100.0
Denmark	1	100.0	1	100.0
Switzerland	1	100.0	9	99.6
Canada	8	99.9	7	99.9
Sweden	8	99.9	7	99.9
Norway	10	99.5	10	99.1
Greece	11	99.1	—	—
Finland	12	98.8	11	98.9
U.S.A.	13	98.5	12	98.2
Belgium	14	98.3	13	97.9
Italy	15	98.1	15	93.4
Portugal	16	95.2	17	87.2
U.K.	17	95.1	14	95.8
Germany	18	86.3	18	86.1
France	19	78.0	19	80.3
Spain	20	77.7	20	75.9
Austria	21	74.2	16	87.4
Japan	22	45.4	21	43.5
DAC average	80.6	79.0

Source: DAC Journal Development Cooperation 2000 Report.

Notes: (1) Countries are listed according to their 1998/99 ranking. (2) Figures do not include debt relief. (3) Greece joined DAC in December 1999.
Chart 42. Grant Totals of ODA Provided by DAC Countries

(Net disbursement of grant aid; two-year average; $ million)
Country	Rank	1998/99
U.S.A.	1	9,654
Japan	2	8,656
France	3	5,965
Germany	4	5,440
U.K.	5	3,640
Netherlands	6	3,282
Italy	7	2,056
Canada	8	1,727
Denmark	9	1,724
Sweden	10	1,602
Norway	11	1,336
Spain	12	1,196
Australia	13	972
Switzerland	14	933
Belgium	15	835
Austria	16	501
Finland	17	433
Portugal	18	290
Ireland	19	223
Greece	20	181
New Zealand	21	132
Luxembourg	22	116
Total	50,887

Source: DAC Journal Development Cooperation 2000 Report.

Notes: (I) Figures do not include debt relief. (2) Greece joined DAC in December 1999.
Chart 43. Tying Status of DAC Countries, Bilateral ODA

(Commitment basis; %)
Untied	Partially untied	Tied
Country	1999	1998	1999	1998	1999	1998
Norway	99.1	89.8	—	—	0.9	10.2
Switzerland	96.8	71.7	—	—	3.2	28.3
Portugal	96.6	82.6	—	—	3.4	17.4
Japan	96.4	93.6	2.9	6.4	0.7	—
Luxembourg	96.1	94.0	—	—	3.9	6.0
Netherlands	94.1	85.9	0.9	2.0	4.9	12.1
U.K. $ ^{a} $	91.8	79.6	—	—	8.2	20.4
Sweden	91.5	79.3	6.6	9.1	1.9	11.6
Australia	86.7	92.8	—	—	13.3	7.2
Germany	84.7	86.5	—	—	15.3	13.5
Finland	84.7	78.6	—	—	15.3	21.4
Denmark	70.8	81.4	—	—	29.2	18.6
France $ ^{b} $	66.8	65.1	23.4	13.5	9.8	21.4
Austria	39.8	68.6	—	—	60.2	31.4
Belgium $ ^{c} $	39.0	50.0	49.1	20.0	11.9	30.0
Canada	29.6	34.5	—	—	70.4	65.5
Spain $ ^{b} $	26.1	26.1	—	—	73.9	73.9
Italy	22.6	63.9	—	—	77.4	36.1
Greece	3.3	—	—	—	96.7	—
U.S.A.	28.4	—	71.6
Ireland
New Zealand
DAC (total average)	83.8	72.2	4.7	4.6	11.5	23.2

Source: DAC Journal Development Cooperation 2000 Report

Note: As the figures in the table are rounded off, they do not necessarily add up to the totals.

a. Gross disbursements.

b. 1998 data.

c. Excludes technical cooperation and administrative costs, except for Belgium.
Chart 44. Five Largest ODA Recipients of Major DAC Countries

(Net disbursement basis)
Rank	Year	Recipient	Share (%)	2	3	4	5
Donor	Recipient	Share (%)	Recipient	Share (%)	Recipient	Share (%)	Recipient	Share (%)
Japan	1995	China	13.3	Indonesia	8.6	Thailand	6.4	India	4.9	Philippines	4.0
1996	Indonesia	11.8	China	10.5	Thailand	8.1	India	7.1	Philippines	5.1
1997	China	8.8	Indonesia	7.6	India	7.5	Thailand	7.2	Philippines	4.9
1998	China	13.5	Indonesia	9.7	Thailand	6.5	India	5.9	Pakistan	5.8
1999	Indonesia	15.3	China	11.7	Thailand	8.4	Viet Nam	6.5	India	6.1
U.S.A.	1995	Egypt	11.2	Haiti	6.8	Israel	5.8	Iraq	2.4	Palau	2.4
1996	Israel	32.6	Egypt	10.5	Bosnia-Herzegovina	2.0	Iraq	1.6	Micronesia	1.5
1997	Egypt	11.0	Bosnia-Herzegovina	3.7	Bolivia	3.3	Peru	2.4	South Africa	2.1
1998	Egypt	13.5	Bosnia-Herzegovina	3.6	Jordan	2.3	Peru	2.0	Bolivia	1.5
1999	Egypt	9.7	Bosnia-Herzegovina	3.2	Indonesia	3.0	Colombia	2.7	Jordan	2.5
U.K.	1995	India	8.5	Zambia	4.6	Bangladesh	4.6	Uganda	4.0	Indonesia	3.4
1996	India	8.6	Malawi	4.7	Bangladesh	4.0	Former Yugoslavia	3.9	Uganda	3.9
1997	India	7.8	Guyana	7.6	Zambia	4.7	Uganda	4.0	Mozambique	3.7
1998	India	8.8	Tanzania	7.4	Uganda	5.0	Bangladesh	4.6	Montserrat	3.1
1999	India	5.9	Bangladesh	5.1	Uganda	4.3	Ghana	4.1	Tanzania	3.9
France	1995	Côte d'Ivoire	8.0	Egypt	7.0	French Polynesia	6.9	New Caledonia	6.9	Tanzania	4.1
1996	New Caledonia	6.8	Egypt	5.2	Côte d'Ivoire	5.2	Morocco	5.1	Algeria	4.2
1997	French Polynesia	7.6	New Caledonia	7.0	Madagascar	6.5	Egypt	5.9	Republic of Congo	5.1
1998	French Polynesia	8.8	New Caledonia	8.0	Egypt	7.4	Morocco	4.8	Côte d'Ivoire	4.6
1999	French Polynesia	8.6	New Caledonia	7.6	Egypt	6.2	Senegal	5.5	Morocco	5.4
Germany	1995	China	14.2	Former Yugoslavia	8.3	Nicaragua	3.6	Egypt	3.5	India	3.5
1996	China	10.2	Egypt	9.8	Nicaragua	8.9	Philippines	2.4	Bolivia	2.3
1997	Egypt	10.9	China	10.5	Indonesia	3.2	Peru	2.3	Iraq	1.8
1998	China	9.2	Indonesia	6.1	Egypt	3.2	Tanzania	3.1	India	3.0
1999	China	9.3	Serbia-Montenegro	3.6	Egypt	3.2	Pakistan	2.6	Tanzania	2.0

Source: OECD, Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows, 2000. Notes: (I) Shares are of total bilateral aid. (2) Excludes aid to Eastern Europe and ODA graduates.
Chart 45. Shares of Aid of Major Donors by Region (1999)

(%)

Notes: (I) Regional groupings follow the classification used by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2) Dollar figures are actual disbursements by DAC countries. (3) Excludes aid to Eastern Europe and ODA graduates.
Chart 46. Comparison of ODA Provided by Major Donors

Japan	U.S.A.	U.K.	France	Germany	Italy	Canada	DAC total
Quantitative comparison (Net disbursement basis)
Total nominal disbursements ($ billion)
1999	15.32	9.15	3.40	5.64	5.52	1.81	1.70	56.38
2000	13.51	9.58	4.46	4.22	5.03	1.37	1.72	53.50
% of gross national income
1999	0.34	0.10	0.24	0.39	0.26	0.15	0.28	0.24
2000	0.28	0.10	0.31	0.33	0.27	0.13	0.25	0.22
% of DAC total (2000)	25.2	17.9	8.3	7.9	9.4	2.6	3.2	100.0
% increase from previous year (2000)	-11.8	4.8	31.1	-25.1	-8.7	-24.3	1.4	-5.1
Amount committed in 1999 ($ billion)	16.32	12.46	3.41	6.89	7.28	1.96	1.90	65.46
% of multilateral aid (1998-99 average)	26.7	28.4	39.7	27.0	39.0	71.9	29.7	32.6
% provided to LLDCs	18.9	28.2	39.1	23.8	30.7	46.8	36.0	29.3
% provided to LICs	43.3	28.4	34.1	24.4	34.5	36.7	39.9	33.6
Qualitative comparison (Commitment basis, %)
Grant element of total ODA	83.6	99.4	100.0	93.3	96.0	99.6	100.0	94.2
(1998-99 average, excluding debt relief)
Grant element of bilateral loans	69.7	57.6	-	57.4	70.7	74.8	89.4	68.5
(1998-99 average, excluding debt relief)
Grant element of bilateral ODA to LLDCs	98.0	99.7	100.0	99.2	100.0	100.0	100.0	99.3
(1998-99 average, excluding debt relief)
Grant share of total ODA	45.4	98.5	95.1	78.0	86.3	98.1	99.9	80.6
(1998-99 average, excluding debt relief)
Grant share of bilateral ODA	36.3	98.1	91.7	76.4	76.6	92.2	99.8	73.4
(1998-99 average, excluding debt relief)
Tying status of bilateral ODA (1999)
Untied	96.4	-	91.8	66.8	84.7	22.6	29.6	(83.8)
Partially tied	2.9	-	-	23.4	-	-	-	(4.7)
Tied	0.7	-	8.2	9.8	15.3	77.4	70.4	(11.5)

Sources: DAC Journal Development Cooperation 2000 Report and DAC press releases, 2001.

Notes: (I) According to UN standards, there were 49 least developed countries (LLDC) in 2001. (2) Figures for tying status exclude technical cooperation and administrative costs. DAC totals are estimates. (3) Figures for all countries except Japan are provisional.
Chart 47. Flow of Funds from DAC Countries and International Institutions to Developing Countries

Source: DAC Journal Development Cooperation 2000 Report.

Note: Figures for 1992 exclude non-ODA debt relief.

Chart 48. Flow of Funds from the World to Developing Countries

(Net disbursement basis; nominal figures; $ billion)
Type	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
I. Official development finance (ODF)	78.3	82.4	84.5	87.6	73.5	75.3	88.4	84.9
I. Official development assistance (ODA)	58.3	55.5	59.6	59.1	55.8	47.7	49.7	51.3
A. Bilateral disbursements	41.4	39.4	41.3	40.6	39.1	32.4	35.2	37.9
B. Multilateral disbursements	17.0	16.1	18.3	18.4	16.7	15.3	14.5	13.4
2. Other ODF	20.0	26.9	24.9	28.5	17.7	27.6	38.7	33.6
II. Total export credits	1.0	-3.0	6.3	5.6	4.0	4.8	8.3	4.0
III. Private flows (PF)	80.1	86.3	134.7	172.0	276.2	241.3	134.0	159.2
Total net resource flows (I+II+III)	159.4	165.7	225.5	265.1	353.7	321.4	230.8	248.0

Source: DAC Journal Development Cooperation 2000 Report.

Notes: (I) Non-ODA debt relief is excluded in 1992. (2) Includes flows from non-OECD and non-DAC countries. (3) Preliminary figures for 1999.
Part IV

REFERENCE
# JAPAN'S OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE CHARTER

June 30, 1992

In order to garner broader support for Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) through better understanding both at home and abroad and to implement it more effectively and efficiently, the government of Japan has established the following Charter for its ODA.

### I. BASIC PHILOSOPHY

Many people are still suffering from famine and poverty in the developing countries, which constitute a great majority among countries in the world. From a humanitarian viewpoint, the international community can ill afford to ignore this fact.

The world is now striving to build a society where freedom, human rights, democracy and other values are ensured in peace and prosperity. We must recognise the fact of interdependence among nations of the international community that stability and the further development of the developing world is indispensable to the peace and prosperity of the entire world.

Environmental conservation is also a task for all humankind, which all countries, developed and developing alike, must work together to tackle.

It is an important mission for Japan, as a peace-loving nation, to play a role commensurate with its position in the world to maintain world peace and ensure global prosperity.

Bearing these points in mind, Japan attaches central importance to the support for the self-help efforts of developing countries towards economic take-off. It will therefore implement its ODA to help ensure the efficient and fair distribution of resources and “good governance” in developing countries through developing a wide range of human resources and socioeconomic infrastructure, including domestic systems, and through meeting the basic human needs (BHN), thereby promoting the sound economic development of the recipient countries. In so doing, Japan will work for globally sustainable development while meeting the requirements of environmental conservation.

Such assistance is expected to further promote the existing friendly relations between Japan and all other countries, especially those in the developing world.

### 2. PRINCIPLES

Taking into account comprehensively each recipient country’s request, its socioeconomic conditions, and Japan’s bilateral relations with the recipient country, Japan’s ODA will be provided in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter (especially those of sovereign equality and non-intervention in domestic matters), as well as the following four principles. (1) Environmental conservation and development should be pursued in tandem.

(2) Any use of ODA for military purposes or
for aggravation of international conflicts should be avoided.

(3) Full attention should be paid to trends in recipient countries' military expenditures, their development and production of mass destruction weapons and missiles, their export and import of arms, etc., so as to maintain and strengthen international peace and stability, and from the viewpoint that developing countries should place appropriate priorities in the allocation of their resources in their own economic and social development.

(4) Full attention should be paid to efforts for promoting democratization and introduction of a market-oriented economy, and the situation regarding the securing of basic human rights and freedoms in the recipient country.

### 3. Priority

## (1) Regions

Historically, geographically, politically and economically, Asia is a region close to Japan. East Asian countries, especially member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), constitute one of the most economically dynamic regions in the world, and it is important for the world economy as a whole to sustain and promote the economic development of these countries. There are, however, some Asian countries where large segments of the population still suffer from poverty. Asia, therefore, will continue to be a priority region for Japan’s ODA.

It is also necessary to be mindful of the poverty and the economic difficulties in the world as a whole. Japan will therefore extend cooperation, befitting its position in the world, to Africa, the Middle East, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Oceania. Due consideration will be paid in particular to Least among Less Developed Countries (LLDCs).

## (2) Issues

## (a) Approach to Global Problems

Recognizing that it is important for developed and developing countries to cooperate in tackling global problems such as the environment and population, Japan will support efforts being made by developing countries to overcome these problems.

## (b) Basic Human Needs

To help people suffering from famine and poverty, refugees, and others, Japan will provide assistance to the BHN sector and emergency humanitarian aid.

## (c) Human Resources Development, Research and Other Cooperation for Improvement and Dissemination of Technologies

A priority of Japan’s ODA will be placed on assistance to human resources development which, in the long-term, is the most significant element of self-help efforts towards socioeconomic development and is a basic factor for the nation-building of developing countries. Japan will also promote cooperation for the improvement and dissemination of technologies, such as research cooperation that will add to research and development as well as adaptive capabilities of developing countries.

## (d) Infrastructure Improvement

Priority will be placed on assisting infrastructure improvement, which is a prerequisite to socioeconomic development.

## (e) Structural Adjustment

Japan will provide support to structural adjustment, so that the entrepreneurship and the vitality of the private sector in recipient coun-