Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
## Strengthening of Civil Society

Japan contributes to the strengthening of civil society and the development of human resources, which are the foundations of democracy, through support for voter education, the cultivation of leaders, and media development, as well as the hosting of training programs and other means.

Grant assistance for grassroots projects: Education about democracy and elections (contribution of ¥102.47 million for 18 projects)

Human resources development: NGO project subsidies (contribution of ¥80 million for 22 projects)

Media development: Invitation of television crews (approximately 25 teams a year) and other media representatives (approximately 120 persons a year)

## I ntellectual Support

Japan indirectly supports democratization through research on human rights and democratization, subsidies for cultural and educational facilities, and the dispatch and invitation of opinion and cultural leaders.

Personnel exchanges to support democratization and market opening in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (invitation of 19 persons)

Projects organized by the Japan Foundation Asia Center, including support for research on democratization and the convening of conferences (32 projects)

Cooperation with the Council of Europe (subsidies for various programs, dispatch of lecturers)

## Expanding Women’s Political Participation

Japan supports efforts to raise women’s status in society and to expand their participation in politics, paying particular attention to their role in development and the protection of their human rights.

NGO project subsidies and projects to promote women’s independence (contribution of ¥27.26 million for 8 projects)

Grant assistance for grassroots projects (contribution of approximately ¥1.98 billion for 399 projects)

Conference of senior East Asian government officials in charge of women's issues (II persons)

## Human Security

In March 1999, Japan established the Trust Fund for Human Security in the UN Secretariat to support projects seeking to secure human security that are implemented by international organizations.
# Chart 13. Japan’s Initiatives for Sustainable Development (ISD) Toward the 21st Century and Actions Taken in FY 2000

### I. PHILOSOPHY OF ISD

(I) Global Human Security

Environmental issues threaten human existence, and constitute a security issue under the broad meaning of the term.

(2) Ownership

It is vitally important that developing countries assume the primary responsibility and role in taking action on their own initiative, and that developed countries assist developing countries in undertaking these self-help efforts.

## (3) Sustainable Development

For developing countries to achieve sustainable development, environmental cooperation should be extended with attention being paid to the different economic and social conditions of each country.

### I I. PROGRAM OF ACTION (KEY POINTS) AND EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN FY 2000

I. Air Pollution (Acid Rain), Water Pollution, and Waste Disposal

(I) Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia

Monitoring of acid rain and development of technology (training course)

(2) Cooperation Through Environmental Centers

Cooperation with centers in Indonesia, China, Chile, Mexico, and Egypt (project-type technical cooperation)

(3) Financial and Technical Cooperation

Samoa: Waste management and compost program (grant assistance for grassroots projects)

China: Guiyang Environmental Model City Project (II) (yen loan)

China: Dalian Environmental Model City Project (II) (yen loan)

China: Chongqing Environmental Model City Project (II) (yen loan)

China: Technology for control of waste gases in the petrochemical industry (project-type technical cooperation)

Viet Nam: Study on environmental improvement project for Hanoi City (development study)

2. Global Warming (The Kyoto Initiative)

(I) Cooperation for Human Resources Development

Course on global warming (training course)

Indonesia: The forest fire prevention management project (project-type technical cooperation)

Professional energy conservation centers in Turkey, Argentina, and Bulgaria (project-type technical cooperation)

Mongolia: Electricity supply program using reusable energy sources (development study)
## (2) Most Concessional Yen Loans

Thailand: MRTA Initial System Project (Blue Line) (V) (yen loan)

Mongolia: Rehabilitation project of the fourth thermal power station in Ulaanbaatar (yen loan)

China: Hubei small-sized hydropower project (yen loan)

## (3) Other Projects

Maldives: Project for seawall construction on Male’s Island (IV) (grant aid)

Mongolia: Renovation project for village power generating facilities (IV) (grant aid)

### 3. Nature Conservation

(I) Biodiversity Conservation

Indonesia: Biodiversity conservation project II (project-type technical cooperation)

Latvia: Study on environmental management plan for Lubanas wetland complex (development study)

## (2) Coral Reef Conservation Network

Palau: Project for the establishment of the Palau Coral Reef Conservation Center (grant aid, technical cooperation)

Indonesia: Project to manage coral reefs in northern Sulawesi (development study)

(3) Promotion of Sustainable Forest Management and Strengthening of Cooperation Against Desertification

Senegal: Project for coastal afforestation (grant aid)

Ethiopia: Afforestation project at Entoto National Park (grant assistance for grassroots projects)

China: Shanxi loess plateau afforestation project (yen loan)

Kenya: The social forestry extension model development project for semiarid areas (project-type technical cooperation)

Niger: Cooperative project to promote greenery (technical cooperation)

Malawi: Master plan study on watershed rehabilitation in Middle Shire (development study)

Nepal, the Philippines, China, and Ecuador: Environmental conservation (afforestation) projects (NGO project subsidy)

### 4. "Water" Issues

Morocco: Supply of drinking water in southern areas (grant aid)

Morocco: Supply of drinking water for the village of El Faid (grant assistance for grassroots projects)

Peru: Lima marginal area sanitary improvement project (yen loan)

Egypt: The water supply technology training improvement project in Egypt (project-type technical cooperation)

India, Indonesia, East Timor: Life environment (improvement of water-supply and sewerage systems) (NGO project subsidy)

### 5. Raising Environmental Awareness

Active promotion of dialogue on policies regarding environmental cooperation

Support for local conservation activities through the provision of grant assistance for grassroots projects
### I. Aid by Type

Grant aid	Loans	Technical cooperation	Contributions to multilateral institutions	Total
Fiscal year	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%
1996	36.07	27.8	386.47	29.7	25.34	16.9	15.38	11.3	463.2	27.0
1997	36.46	27.7	162.34	15.3	30.07	19.2	15.81	4.6	244.7	14.5
1998	28.99	25.9	328.09	30.2	30.42	19.6	26.31	10.2	413.8	25.7
1999	29.37	25.2	464.45	44.9	28.25	19.0	13.60	4.5	535.7	33.5
2000	24.42	22.5	386.06	44.5	28.43	18.2	13.61	4.7	452.5	31.8

Notes: (I) Grants and loans are on an exchange-of-notes basis; technical cooperation is on the basis of JICA expenditures; contributions to multilateral institutions are on a budget-appropriation basis. (2) Percentages for each type of ODA are of the totals for each respective type. Grants refer to grant aid and exclude debt relief, nonproject aid like support for economic structural reform, and grant assistance for grassroots projects. Loans include both project- and nonproject-type loans (commodity loans and financing for structural adjustments) but exclude loans for debt relief. (3) The percentages for “Total” are of total ODA.

### 2. Bilateral Technical Cooperation

A.

Project-type technical cooperation

Fiscal year	Number	Trainees accepted	Experts dispatched	Development studies	Equipment only
1996	74	160	545	98	10
1997	80	156	562	115	31
1998	81	170	593	120	19
1999	73	168	610	115	14
2000	47	132	449	110	8

Notes: (I) Includes aid to Eastern Europe. (2) Figures are on a JICA basis. (3) Includes both new and ongoing projects. Figures for project-type technical cooperation include the provision of follow-up assistance. (4) Project-type technical cooperation refers to the combination of the dispatch of experts, acceptance of trainees, and provision of equipment.

Fiscal year	Acceptance of trainees	Dispatch of experts	Dispatch of volunteers
Persons	%	Persons	%	Persons	%
1996	1,559	14.5	284	9.4	116	3.4
1997	1,572	13.8	309	17.0	85	2.4
1998	1,758	8.9	279	13.6	102	2.9
1999	1,880	10.5	435	17.3	116	3.2
2000	2,277	13.0	505	14.9	132	8.0

Notes: (I) Includes aid to Eastern Europe. (2) Figures are on a JICA basis. (3) Trainees include only those who were newly accepted. Experts and volunteers include both those who were newly dispatched and those remaining in the field. (4) Percentages are of the respective totals of those accepted and dispatched under Japan's ODA.
3. Bilateral Aid by Sector

Residential environment	Forest conservation	Antipollution measures	Disaster prevention	Others
Fiscal year	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%
1996	280.3	62.6	37.2	8.3	60.9	13.6	42.9	9.6	26.6	5.9
1997	99.3	43.4	22.3	9.8	34.5	15.1	38.4	16.8	34.1	14.9
1998	53.8	13.9	8.2	2.1	235.3	60.7	22.6	5.8	67.6	17.4
1999	130.3	25.0	8.9	1.7	209.0	40.0	65.6	12.6	108.3	20.7
2000	102.5	23.4	16.8	3.8	60.8	13.9	42.1	9.6	216.7	49.5

Notes: (I) Includes aid to Eastern Europe. (2) Figures are totals of loans, grant aid, and technical cooperation and do not include contributions to multilateral institutions. (3) Percentages are of environment-related ODA for each respective year. (4) “Others” include the natural environment, environmental administration, water pollution, and global warming.

Chart 15. Aid for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries

Grant aid	Loans	Technical cooperation
Trainees accepted	Experts dispatched	%	Volunteers dispatched	%
Fiscal year	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%
1996	48.49	24.8	139.77	10.8	1,745	16.0	856	28.0	172	16.4
1997	44.87	22.4	117.63	11.1	1,706	15.0	799	26.2	204	17.7
1998	42.07	21.8	81.16	7.5	1,881	19.5	722	22.6	217	18.5
1999	36.67	24.5	80.01	7.7	2,389	13.3	853	21.3	228	17.7
2000	33.55	20.0	44.01	5.1	2,277	13.0	704	20.8	258	15.7

Notes: (I) Grants and loans are on an exchange-of-notes basis; technical cooperation is on a JICA basis. (2) Percentages are of total grants (excluding debt relief, nonproject aid, and grant assistance for grassroots projects), loans (excluding rescheduling and commodity loans), and technical cooperation, respectively. Grant aid in the fields of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries includes grant aid for increase of food production and grant aid for fisheries but excludes food aid.

Chart 16. Energy-Related Aid

Grant aid	Loans	Technical cooperation
Trainees accepted	Experts dispatched	%	Volunteers dispatched	%
Fiscal year	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%
1996	5.66	2.9	296.52	22.8	284	2.6	52	1.7	-	-
1997	4.77	2.4	281.61	26.6	282	2.5	52	1.7	-	-
1998	8.09	6.7	212.93	19.6	285	1.4	55	1.6	-	-
1999	4.55	3.9	112.69	10.9	318	1.8	72	1.8	-	-
2000	4.13	3.8	92.21	10.6	387	2.2	69	2.0	2	0.1

Notes: (I) Percentages are of total grants (excluding debt relief, nonproject aid, and grant assistance for grassroots projects), loans (excluding rescheduling), and technical cooperation, respectively. (2) Grants and loans are on an exchange-of-notes basis; technical cooperation is on a JICA basis.
Chart 17. Countermeasures Against Drug Abuse

FY	Country	Project Name
1992	Thailand	Project for the establishment of the Chang Khaim Highland agricultural development and training center
1994	Myanmar	Grant aid for increase of food production
1998	Myanmar	Grant aid for increase of food production
1998	Peru	Nonproject grant; grant aid for increase of food production
1999	Peru	Grant aid for increase of food production
2000	Myanmar	Drinking water project near border regions in Shan State
Grant Assistance for Grassroots Projects
1990	India	Improvement of propagation plan against drug use through brochures, posters, hearings, and billboards
1992	Thailand	Project for support of hill-tribe development
1994	Myanmar	AIDS intervention program on drug addicts
1995	Peru	Project for the cultivation of alternative crops
1996	Lebanon	Drinking water project for the village of Howsh el Sayed Ali
Laos	Project for the detoxification of drug addicts in Luangprabang Province
Dominican Republic	Project for the provision of printing equipment for activities against drugs and AIDS
1997	Laos	Project for construction of Nam Pung Noi primary school
Project for construction of Nam Pung Gnai primary school
Project for construction of Phone Kham primary school
Project for construction of Nam Yuak primary school
Project for construction of Sob Yuak primary school
(These projects in Laos are all in high priority drug prevention areas.)
Myanmar	Project for the provision of material and technical assistance to the education and health sectors of Tar Shwe Tan
Project for the provision of water supply and preparations for agricultural income generating activities in Tar Shwe Tan
Thailand	Antidrug project for slum-dwelling children
Project to build a friendship house for people with drug addiction and HIV/AIDS
Project for the prevention of AIDS and the creation of a care-providing network
Nepal	Project for support for rehabilitation and occupational therapy for drug-dependent youth
Philippines	Information and education program on HIV/AIDS and community outreach campaign on prohibited drugs
Belize	Vocational skills training for the reintegration of drug addicts into society
Peru	Project to support the organization of a forum on the global initiative to reduce drug demand and promote dialogue between the Americas and Asia
1998	Laos	Project for the construction of irrigation facilities in Nahan
Mexico	Project for the construction of irrigation facilities in Muang Bo
Project for the construction of irrigation facilities in Vang Nhom (The above three project sites are in high priority drug prevention areas.)
Peru	Project for the distribution of educational materials for the prevention of drug abuse
Integrated project for the cultivation of cacao in the Apurimac river valley
Laos	Project for the construction of irrigation facilities in Samphanthong Village
Project for the construction of irrigation facilities in Natouan Village
Project for the construction of mountain roads in Moksala
Project for the reorganization of Ait District Hospital
Project for the improvement of Sopbao District Hospital
Project for the construction of mountain roads in Naxiendy
Indonesia	Provision of rehabilitation equipment for juvenile delinquents and drug addicts
Panama	Provision of rehabilitation equipment for juvenile delinquents and drug addicts
Myanmar	Hydroelectric power generating project in the Bhamo district
Symbiosis project in the Wa district
Mongolia	Project to promote the eradication of harmful drugs
Peru	Project to establish a center for the publication of educational materials to prevent the consumption of drugs
Indonesia	Project for the prevention of drug abuse in Indonesia
Viet Nam	Project to provide education outside the school framework to prevent drug abuse
Myanmar	Project to promote the growth of buckwheat as a substitute for poppy cultivation
Project for the construction of a hospital and drug rehabilitation center in the Mong Park district
Laos	Project for the improvement of mountain roads in Samsoum
Project to repair mountain roads in Nam You
Project for the improvement of mountain roads in Pakha Tai
Project for the improvement of mountain roads in Muang Orh
Project for the improvement of mountain roads in Muang Kao
Project for the improvement of mountain roads in Muang Peu
Dominican Republic	Project for the training and support of antidrug technicians
Peru	Project to promote and reinforce the cultivation of cacao in the Apurimac river valley
Colombia	Project to promote the cultivation of cacao in the Aguaytia river valley
Project to prevent the consumption of stimulant drugs
Project to promote Frijol cultivation as a substitute for growing drugs
Project to promote dairy farming in Guaviare
Project to introduce natural rubber plant in Caqueta
TECHNICAL COOPERATION (JICA'S IMPLEMENTATION OF DRUG-RELATED PROGRAMS)

FY 1995	FY 1996	FY 1997	FY 1998	FY 1999	FY 2000
Acceptance of Trainees (drug-crackdown seminars, drug abuse prevention activities, etc.)	27	31	29	32	37	25
Third Country Training Courses (prevention of drug-related crime) $ ^{*} $
Thailand	15	17	20	18	20	18
Costa Rica	20	18	31	-	-	-

* From fiscal year 1999 the course has been known by a new name: Drug eradication and crackdown on crime.

Dispatch of Individual Experts

Fiscal year	Country	Number of participants	Project Name
1992	Thailand	1	Drug and narcotic analysis
1993	Poland	1	Drug analysis
1998	Cambodia	1	Crackdown on drugs
1999	Thailand	1	Countermeasures against drugs
1999	Thailand	2	Drug eradication and crackdown on crime (through third country training courses)
1999	Myanmar	4	Countermeasures against stimulants
2000	Thailand	4	Countermeasures against drugs
2000	Myanmar	8	Seminar on countermeasures against stimulants

1997	Myanmar	1 trainee, 1 expert for buckwheat cultivation
1998	Myanmar	4 special trainees, 4 experts (short-term) for buckwheat cultivation; 2 experts (long-term) for poverty countermeasures and adjustment of operations as well as of buckwheat cultivation
1999	Myanmar	2 experts (long-term) for buckwheat cultivation and stockbreeding
2000	Myanmar	1 expert (long-term) for poverty countermeasures and adjustment of operations; 2 experts (short-term) for planting and irrigation

Development Cooperation Projects (Development Investment and Loan Program)

2000	Myanmar	Experimental production of chrysanthemum seedlings (as a substitute crop)
## NGO PROJECT SUBSIDIES

Contributions to International Organizations

($)

FY 1995	FY 1996	FY 1997	FY 1998	FY 1999	FY 2000
DAP (Colombo Plan)	155,000	155,000	140,000	70,000	70,000	70,000
UNDCP	6,000,000	6,700,000	5,000,000	3,817,000	3,754,000	3,379,000
CICAD*	250,000	250,000	220,000	155,000	155,000	155,000
Total	6,405,000	7,105,000	5,360,000	4,112,000	3,979,000	3,604,000

$ ^{*} $ CICAD: Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission

Japan Policy and Human Resources Development (PHRD) Fund at the World Bank

FY 1998	Colombia	Partnership for agricultural production, a peace project to encourage the cultivation of substitute crops

Save the Children Japan
FY 1996, 1997	Thailand	Improvement of local industries (through vocational training for young people)
Sotoshu Volunteer Association
FY 1996, 1997, 1998	Thailand	Assistance for self-support of women (training to enhance self-reliance)
FY 1996, 1997	Thailand	Improvement of local industries (through vocational training for young people)
International Social Service Japan
FY 1996	Viet Nam	Assistance for self-support of women (training to enhance self-reliance)
Save the Children Japan
FY 1999, 2000	Thailand	Fostering of human resources (through study programs in poor districts)
Abdullah Japan
FY 2000	Thailand	Health and hygiene (through healthcare and education)
Karamosia International
FY 2000	Myanmar	Farming/fishing village development (through dispatch of experts)
Shanti Volunteer Association
FY 2000	Thailand	Fostering of human resources (through study programs in poor districts)
FY 2000	Laos	Fostering of human resources (through study programs in poor districts)
Chart 18. Aid for Telecommunications

Grant aid	Loans	Technical Cooperation
Trainees accepted	Experts dispatched	Expert- dispatched	Volunteers dispatched	Expert- dispatched	Expert- dispatched
Fiscal year	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%
1996	8.70	4.5	49.38	3.8	462	4.2	77	2.5	8	0.8
1997	6.92	3.5	31.09	2.9	534	4.7	84	2.8	9	0.8
1998	1.93	1.6	13.37	1.2	578	2.9	78	2.3	9	0.8
1999	2.33	2.0	42.76	4.1	698	3.9	111	2.8	4	0.3
2000	2.01	1.8	3.21	0.4	722	4.1	68	2.0	12	0.7

Notes: (I) Percentages are of total grants (excluding debt relief, nonproject aid, and grant assistance for grassroots projects), loans (excluding rescheduling), and technical cooperation, respectively. (2) Grants and loans are on an exchange-of-notes basis; technical cooperation is on a JICA basis.
# Chart 19. Japan's Comprehensive Cooperation Package to Address the International Digital Divide

### I. BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE COOPERATION PACKAGE

(I) To provide flexible cooperation systematically combining all forms of policy instruments in a manner which complements the active efforts of the private sector.

(2) To ensure that efforts in target areas are coherent, encompassing the whole realm of IT-related policy in developing countries.

(3) To give special consideration in implementing action to the importance of cooperative relations with the Asia-Pacific region, while basing cooperation at a global level. Furthermore, duly acknowledging that “networking” is a vital key in disseminating IT worldwide, to endeavor to enhance interregional cooperative alliances.

(4) To focus due attention on collaboration with relevant international organizations and other donors with a view to global cooperation and the promotion of network development.

### 2. EXAMPLES OF IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS

(I) Contributing Expertise in Policymaking and Institution Building

Paraguay: Dispatch of telecommunication policy advisors

Indonesia: Dispatch of telecommunication policy advisors

Laos: Study on future development of telecommunication network

Mongolia: Master plan study on development of telecommunication capabilities in outlying areas

## (2) Developing Human Resources

Thailand: Project-type technical cooperation for the Research Center for Communication and Information Technology (ReCCIT), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology, Ladkrabang (KMITL)

Ethiopia: Grant aid for equipment to enable distance education

Kenya: Grant aid for the enhancement of human resources development in Africa

Indonesia: Grant aid for the expansion of Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya

(3) Building an IT Infrastructure and Providing Assistance for the Establishment of Networks

China: Yen loan for a Liaoning television and radio infrastructure improvement project

Angola: Grant aid for the second phase of a project to improve the telephone network in Luanda

Indonesia: Grant aid for the improvement of broadcasting equipment for TVRI Jakarta news division

## (4) Promoting the Use of IT in Development Assistance

A system utilizing up-to-date information technology to overcome the constraints of time and distance is considered highly effective and efficient in implementing technical cooperation that requires the dispatch of experts or the acceptance of trainees. From this viewpoint, Japan is preparing to construct JICA-NET, a distance technical cooperation network.

This system aims to extend timely and flexible technical cooperation and policy advice to developing countries by linking the core centers in Tokyo and Okinawa with satellite offices to be set up at human resources development centers in developing countries through satellite links and other technologies. Satellite offices were established in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines during fiscal year 2001, and operations will begin in fiscal year 2002.
Notes: (1) As the figures in the table are rounded off, they do not necessarily add up to the totals. (2) Figures in parentheses are percent increases from previous-year figures.

Chart 20. Trends in the ODA Budget