training, and equipment) in line with the intended objectives.

Various steps have also been taken to improve coordination among the various ODA schemes. For example, a system of sector program development surveys was launched in fiscal year 2001 as a new style of assistance aimed at implementing the various types of technical and financial cooperation extended by Japan on the basis of more effective coordination. Under this system, particular sectors in a target country are selected, and concrete development policies are formulated. In this process, coordination and exchange of views are conducted with the recipient country's government and other donors. All the technical and financial assistance to the particular sectors from Japan, moreover, is coordinated on a comprehensive basis. During fiscal year 2001 development surveys were conducted using this system for Tanzania's regional development sector, Viet Nam's primary education sector, and Indonesia's agriculture and fisheries sector.

In addition, the following are examples of cases where coordination among the different schemes has produced notable successes in the recipient countries:

In the case of Morocco, Japan implemented a set of programs directed toward improvement of the road network, including the provision of grant aid under “the Project to Construct a Training Institute of Road Machinery and Maintenance Engineers” and yen loans under the “Road Sector Improvement Project” and the “Expressway Construction Project,” among others. In June 2001 an exchange of notes was also made concerning a yen loan for the “Mediterranean Road Construction Project.” In addition, project-type technical cooperation has been implemented with respect to the “Training Institute of Road Machinery and Maintenance Engineers.”

In Viet Nam’s transportation sector, Japan conducted “the Study on the National Transport Development Strategy in Viet Nam,” which drew up a nationwide master plan. Based on this, a master plan is now being formulated for Ho Chi Minh City through the “Urban Transport Master Plan and Feasibility Study in HCM/Metropolitan Area.” Under this study, it is assumed that all of Japan’s assistance—yen loans, grant aid, and technical cooperation—will be implemented on a comprehensive basis; it is expected that this will serve as a helpful precedent for future assistance projects organically combining different schemes.

### SECTION 4. FINDING, FOSTERING, AND USING DEVELOPMENT PERSONNEL

In order to respond to the increasingly diverse and complex issues of development assistance, it is essential to extend support not just in the form of hardware, such as the roads and bridges that serve as key elements of a region's infrastructure but also on the "software" and policy sides, including operating methods and coordination with the development of the region as a whole. Ample human resources must be secured and trained to provide assistance in infrastructure improvement, in the "soft" sectors and in the design and construction of economic and social systems coordinating with the international community. Such personnel must have a great deal of knowledge and experience in specialized fields and in the situation surrounding developing countries and must also be able to communicate in foreign languages. Finding and fostering assistance personnel, along with the improvement of implementation systems, is one of the keys to successful ODA reform, and it is an important element in achieving public participation in ODA.