Silviase/jgov_v1.4_full_ann huggingface dataset:
the ministries which have ODA budgets provide technical cooperation and because a need was felt for the government as a whole to implement projects effectively and efficiently. It had met 14 times as of March 2002, exchanging views and information to facilitate effective collaboration and prevent redundancy in the technical cooperation efforts implemented by Japan’s various ministries.

In order to further refine the ODA evaluation system, “the Inter-Ministerial Liaison Meeting on ODA Evaluation” was established in July 2001 with directors from various ODA-related ministries and agencies as members and

### TOPIC I3. TOKYO WORKSHOP ON ODA EVALUATION

Japan has made a variety of efforts to improve its system for conducting ODA evaluations over a period of 20 years. As part of these efforts, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs hosted the first “Tokyo Workshop on ODA Evaluation” on November 7 and 8, 2001.

Sixty people from outside Japan, including senior government officials from 15 Asian countries who deal with ODA and evaluation experts from the World Bank, the Development Assistance Committee, and other international organizations, took part in the workshop. There were also 60 participants from Japan, including officials from MOfA and other aid-related agencies, as well as NGO representatives, students, and members of the general public. The 120 participants held lively discussions and exchanged views on utilizing evaluations to make ODA implementation more effective and on the role of recipient nations in ODA evaluations.

Several major points were made:

(I) Recipient nations in Asia have an extremely important role to play in evaluating aid, and for this reason personnel must be trained in order to strengthen the evaluation capacities of recipient nations.

(2) It is essential to incorporate recipient nations' inputs in mechanisms for evaluation feedback so that the findings of evaluations are reflected in development assistance policies.

(3) Further discussion is necessary for the establishment of an evaluation system incorporating program- and policy-level evaluations in addition to project-level evaluations, as well as a consistent assessment process covering ex-ante evaluations through monitoring to ex-post evaluations.

Other recommendations included the creation of a common framework for ODA evaluations and the compilation of evaluation manuals.

This was the first workshop of its kind to be held in Japan on Japan’s initiative, and it was warmly welcomed by participants from Asian countries. They expressed strong expectations that a similar workshop would be held again in 2002 in Tokyo. The discussions were open to the general public in the light of the ongoing demand for transparency and disclosure regarding the provision of ODA. The next workshop is expected to feature participants demonstrating their efforts to improve ODA evaluations, based on the achievements of the inaugural meeting, and to attract even more participants.
being conducted with the aim of ascertaining recipient countries’ “soft” needs and strengthening Japan’s future assistance efforts.

The Final Report of the Second Consultative Committee on ODA Reform also touched on measures to find, foster, and make use of development personnel; in this connection it proposed such steps as the improvement of development education in compulsory schooling, the establishment of a “Human Resource Centre for International Cooperation” (tentative), and the employment by MOfA and ODA implementation bodies of personnel from outside sources. As noted at the beginning of this section, the finding and training of a broad range of personnel capable of meeting increasingly diverse development needs and of winning high international assessments is a major issue for Japan; this will be addressed based on a medium- to long-term perspective.
Part II

COUNTRY ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
# SUMMARIES OF COUNTRY ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS

The following are summaries of country assistance programs formulated and published since October 2000.

## CHINA $ ^{*} $

I. Changes in the Situation Surrounding Japan's ODA to China

- Severe economic and fiscal situation and criticism in Japan against ODA to China (compliance with the ODA Charter, China’s aid to third countries, lack of publicity efforts within China, etc.)

- Change in China’s development agenda as a result of Chinese economic development (narrowing the gap between the coastal areas and the inland regions, poverty reduction, preparation for accession to WTO, global issues, etc.)

→ Need for Review on Japan’s ODA to China

### 2. Japan’s Future ODA to China

(Towards making ODA to China effective and efficient based on Economic Cooperation Program for China)

Main Features of Future ODA to China

① Shift from multi-year pledging of yen loan to a single-year pledging system (selecting aid projects for each year)

② Ensuring that ODA can have understanding and support from Japanese nationals, and close examination for selection of each project based on national interest. (Priority areas: environmental protection and other global issues, transition to market economy, promoting mutual understanding, social development and welfare of inland regions, support for private-sector activities

③ China principally implementing economic infrastructure development in the coastal areas on its own

④ Aid total based on projects carefully selected as far as the annual level of ODA is concerned, without making the previous levels as a prerequisite. A long list of candidate projects, which enhances transparency, to be also introduced for future yen loans

⑤ Making utmost efforts to ensure deeper understanding on the Chinese side of the principles of Japan's ODA Charter through any possible opportunity

⑥ Carrying out timely evaluations and expeditiously reflecting the results in future assistance
## CAMBODIA

I. Changes in the Situation Surrounding Japan’s ODA to Cambodia

(1) Significance of economic cooperation

- As the largest donor of assistance to Cambodia, Japan’s consistent support for its efforts at reconstruction

• Importance of political stability (need for peace and stability in Asia)

- Economic importance (Cambodia’s economic growth will not only contribute greatly to the long-term economic revitalization of ASEAN as a whole, it will also be advantageous to Japan’s economy.)

## (2) Development tasks

The greatest tasks are recovery and reconstruction.

• Measures to combat poverty

• Inadequate human resources

• Instituting reforms and providing social capital

• Removal of land mines and support for victims

### 2. Japan’s Future ODA to Cambodia

Main Features of Future ODA to Cambodia

(1) Intended direction of Japan’s economic co-operation

- Continued support for the recovery efforts of Cambodia, which is still confronting economic difficulties

• Maintaining the prospect of a transition from recovery to growth but preserving a balance between sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction

• Focus on grant assistance and technical co-operation

(2) Priority sectors and themes

• Achieving sustainable economic growth and social stability (supporting various reforms, providing basic economic infrastructure, and pursuing rural development and other measures to combat poverty)

• Supporting the most vulnerable members of society (education and healthcare sectors, etc.)

• Addressing global issues (environmental conservation, measures to combat illegal drugs, etc.)

- Rectifying imbalances with other ASEAN member states (including development in the Mekong basin)
## MALAYSIA

I. Changes in the Situation Surrounding Japan’s ODA to Malaysia

(1) Significance of economic cooperation

• Focal point of cooperation within the ASEAN region

• Geopolitical importance (coastal location along the Straits of Malacca, a vital sea lane)

- Economic importance (important base of overseas production for Japan and source of natural gas imports)

## (2) Development tasks

Improving the economy to ensure stable ex\-pansion.

• Raising the level of manufacturing

• Cultivating economic sectors by taking advantage of the presence of resources

• Developing higher-level human resources

• Addressing environmental concerns

• Rectifying imbalances

### 2. Japan’s Future ODA to Malaysia

## Main Features of Future ODA to Malaysia

(1) Intended direction of Japan’s economic co-operation

• Importance of focusing assistance on sectors and tasks that would be difficult for Malaysia to address on its own in view of its achievement of a certain level of economic development, Malaysia can entertain the prospect of becoming a donor nation itself in the future

• Focus on yen loans and technical cooperation

## (2) Priority sectors and themes

• Improving economic competitiveness (raising the level of manufacturing and improving efficiency, providing support for the IT sector, cultivating and strengthening economic sectors by taking advantage of the presence of resources)

• Cultivating human resources equipped with high-level knowledge and skills

• Preserving the environment

• Rectifying imbalances
Part III

DATA AND GRAPHS
Chart 6. Aid for Education

Grant aid	Loans	Technical cooperation
Trainees accepted	Experts dispatched	%	Volunteers dispatched	%
Fiscal year	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%
1996	19.33	9.9	18.36	1.4	274	2.5	157	5.1	234	22.3
1997	24.62	12.3	14.62	1.4	341	3.0	149	4.9	228	19.8
1998	18.26	15.1	35.15	3.2	396	2.0	193	5.6	205	17.5
1999	19.45	16.7	12.50	1.2	349	1.9	243	6.1	219	17.0
2000	13.45	12.3	6.35	0.7	458	2.6	283	8.4	343	20.8

Notes: (I) Percentages are of total grants (excluding debt relief, nonproject aid, and grant assistance for grassroots projects), loans (excluding rescheduling), and technical cooperation, respectively. (2) Grants and loans are on an exchange-of-notes basis; technical cooperation is on a JICA basis.
### Chart 7. Aid for Health and Medical Care

I. Aid for Health and Medical Care

Grant aid	Loans	Technical cooperation
Trainees accepted	Experts dispatched	%	Volunteers dispatched	%
Fiscal year	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%
1996	19.54	10.0	19.79	1.5	1,214	11.1	464	15.4	172	14.4
1997	22.13	16.8	5.56	0.5	1,237	10.9	474	15.5	170	14.7
1998	25.40	20.5	42.10	3.9	2,428	12.3	487	14.2	185	15.8
1999	24.03	20.6	0.00	0.0	3,154	17.6	553	13.8	234	18.1
2000	27.25	25.1	1.51	1.7	2,184	12.5	558	16.5	243	17.7

Notes: (I) Percentages are of total grants (excluding debt relief, nonproject aid, grant assistance for grassroots projects, and the project for human resource development scholarship), loans (excluding rescheduling), and technical cooperation, respectively. (2) Grants and loans are on an exchange-of-notes basis; technical cooperation is on a JICA basis.

### 2. Global Issues Initiative (GII) on Population and AIDS

FY 1999	FY 2000	% increase
¥ billion	$ million	¥ billion	$ million	¥ basis	$ basis
77.60	646.7	73.97	704.4	-4.6	8.9

### 3. Breakdown of GII Disbursements

¥ billion	$ million	% of total
Direct assistance for population	14.81	141.0	20.0
Indirect assistance for population	55.80	531.4	75.4
HIV/AIDS	3.36	32.0	4.6
Total	73.97	704.4	100.0

Notes: (I) Direct assistance involves activities that relate directly to population and family planning, such as mother and child health care, family planning, information and communication on family planning, and statistics on population dynamics. (2) Indirect assistance includes primary health care, primary education, and vocational training and literacy education for women.
as expressed at the 1998 Birmingham Summit by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto and also at TICAD II. Japan has initiated project-type technical cooperation at the Faculty of Tropical Medicine of Mahidol University in Thailand, which will serve as the Asian center for the “Hashimoto Initiative for Global Parasite Control.” The workshop is the first step by the Japanese government to fulfill its global commitment on parasitic diseases control through human resources development.

### 4. POLIO ERADICATION

Kyoto Meeting on Polio Eradication in the Western Pacific Region

Japan successfully co-hosted with the WHO/WPRO the Kyoto Meeting on Poliomyelitis Eradication in the Western Pacific in October 2000, where the Western Pacific region was declared polio-free. Japan, as the largest donor to the region, has been collaborating with WHO/WPRO and UNICEF in supplying vaccines, cold-chain equipment, and related diagnostic equipment for surveillance, which amounted to approximately $30 million over the period from fiscal year 1993 to fiscal year 1999.

### 5. FUNDING THROUGH THE TRUST FUND FOR HUMAN SECURITY

Japan provided approximately $1.3 million to Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, and Senegal through the Trust Fund for Human Security to address HIV/AIDS-related issues in gender equality and promote human security.

### 6. OTHERS

Contributions to International Organizations

In fiscal year 2000, Japan contributed approximately $69 million to the UNFPA and IPPF, the highest respective totals among donors, $7.22 million to UNAIDS, and $1.78 million to the International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh.

Chart 9. Water-Related Aid

Grant aid	Loans	Technical cooperation
Trainees accepted	Experts dispatched	Expert- dispatched	Volunteers dispatched	Expert- dispatched	Expert- dispatched
Fiscal year	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%
1996	24.93	19.2	236.06	18.1	175	1.6	36	1.2	4	0.3
1997	27.85	21.1	85.30	7.7	169	1.5	26	0.9	7	0.6
1998	18.63	15.0	24.92	2.3	229	1.2	36	1.1	8	0.7
1999	24.13	20.7	226.74	21.9	175	1.0	67	1.7	2	0.2
2000	21.49	19.6	178.38	20.6	270	1.5	140	4.1	3	0.2

Notes: (I) Percentages are of total grants (excluding debt relief, nonproject aid, and grant assistance for grassroots projects), loans (excluding rescheduling), and technical cooperation, respectively. (2) Grants and loans are on an exchange-of-notes basis; technical cooperation is on a JICA basis. Technical cooperation figures are numbers of people involved in the provision of water supply and sewerage systems. The amount provided as grant aid and loans includes flood countermeasures.
### Chart 10. Japan’s Initiative on Women in Development (WID)

Japan’s ODA Charter clearly states that “full consideration will be given to the active participation of women in development, and to their obtaining benefits from development” as one means of ensuring effective aid implementation.

Acting on this basic policy, Japan announced its WID Initiative in 1995 at the fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. The initiative expresses Japan’s intention to devote attention to the task of closing gender disparity and empowerment of women in society. Japan will endeavor to increase WID-related development assistance, with priority placed on women’s education, health, and participation in economic and social activities in cooperation with developing countries, other donor countries, international organizations, and NGOs.

Japan’s Medium-Term Policy on ODA, issued in August 1999, identified WID and gender issues as priority areas and outlined Japan’s intention to employ cross-sectoral approaches and to emphasize community-oriented and participatory approaches to assistance.

To achieve these goals, Japan has engaged actively in projects in which women will reap the primary benefits. In addition, it now strives to place more emphasis on the empowerment of women at the project-formulation and implementation stages by having experts in gender and WID issues participate in survey teams, or by conducting hearings with local people, especially women, to build their views and opinions into aid projects.

The following are examples of Japan’s major WID initiatives in fiscal year 2000.

### I. BILATERAL AID

### A. Technical Cooperation

## (I) Acceptance of Trainees (new)

Course name	Participants
Seminar on family planning administration for senior officers II	13
Empowerment of rural women	30
Maternal and child health nursing	9
Seminar on promotion of gender equality	9
Seminar for officers of women's education	8
Capacity building of local NGOs/NPOs for health development	14
Seminar on improvement of the status of women for government officers	8
Total (includes participants in other courses)	922

## (2) Dispatch of Experts

Country	Project name	Experts
Indonesia	Women in Development	I
Philippines	Raising women's social status	I
Thailand	Promotion of women's participation in development	I
Bangladesh	Advisor for participatory agricultural village development	I
Kenya	Improvement of community living standards	I
Total (includes experts in other projects)	46
(3) Project-Type Technical Cooperation

Country	Project name
Indonesia	Technical cooperation project for ensuring the quality of MCH services through the MCH handbook
Cambodia	Phase 2 of the maternal and child health project
Mongolia	Maternal and child health project in Mongolia
Sri Lanka	Quality improvement of textile and clothing products
Honduras	The reproductive health project in health region seven in the Republic of Honduras
Mexico	Reproductive health—prevention of uterine cervical cancer
Jordan	The project for family planning and Women in Development
Tanzania	The Kilimanjaro agricultural training center project in the United Republic of Tanzania
Total projects	48

## (4) Support for Development Welfare

Country	Project name
Cambodia	Project for the improvement of women's reproductive health towards poverty reduction
Laos	Income-enhancing project for Oudomxai Province
Peru	Lifestyle-enhancement project for poor women
Zambia	Participatory water supply project in Lusaka
Total projects	29

## (5) Development Studies

Country	Project name
Myanmar	Study on the implementation of quality and access of basic education
India	Study on reproductive health in the state of Madhya Pradesh
Total projects	87

## (6) Dispatch of JOCVs

Country	Main tasks	JOCVs
Bangladesh	Rural development, nurse, midwife	19
Nepal	Rural development, midwife	21
Niger	Rural development, dietician	26
Senegal	Rural development, nurse, dietician	44
Total (includes JOCVs in other countries)	521
### B. Grants

(I) General Project-Type Grant Aid

Country	Main tasks
Indonesia	Family planning program
Kenya	Mother and child healthcare center in western districts
Mali	Improvement of mother and child healthcare
Ghana	Improvement of basic medical care in outlying regions
Morocco	Supply of drinking water to southern regions
Total projects	28

## (2) Grant Assistance for Grassroots Projects

Country	Main tasks	Recipient organization
Cambodia	Support for a mother and child regional center in Batdambang Province	Caring for Young Khmer
Thailand	Enhancement of the functions of a project to build a bright future for Thai women	Thai Woman of Tomorrow Project
Myanmar	Extension of maternity clinic	Myanmar Nursing Association
Pakistan	Establishment of Kato Women's Centre in Bagh, AJK	Family Planning Association Pakistan
Cameroon	The project for the extension and equipment of the Solidarité Féminine 2000 training center	Solidarité Féminine 2000
Senegal	Improvement of equipment at a vocational training facility for children and women	Franciscaines Missionnaires de Marie
Zambia	Support for hygienic education and vocational training for poor, city-dwelling women	Sustainable Community Development Programme (SCDP)
Ethiopia	Akaki water supply and sanitation project	Women Aid
Morocco	Vocational training for urban, disadvantaged women	Association Al Ikram
Tunisia	Construction of a vocational training center for women in the Zarzis district	Le Comité Local de Solidarité Sociale-Zarzis
Guatemala	Project to educate young women for the 21st century (phase 2); reading and writing project for young women using school books	Derección Departamental de Educación, Departamento de Jutiapa, Ministerio de Educación
Mexico	Construction of a needlework center for women in Rio Lagartos	Ayuntamiento de Rio Lagartos, Yucatán
Total projects	399

### C. Yen Loans

Country	Project name
Peru	Sierra natural resources management and poverty alleviation project (III)
Bangladesh	Rural electrification project (V-B)
Sri Lanka	Southern highway construction project
Total projects	6
D. NGO Project Subsidies

Country	Project name	Recipient organization
China	Assistance for self-support of women	Care Japan
Yugoslavia	Assistance for self-support of women	JEN
Nepal	Comprehensive regional development	AMDA
Ecuador	Comprehensive regional development	Action for Mangrove Reforestation
Total projects	14

### 2. CONTRIBUTIONS TO MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS

UNDP Japanese WID Fund $2.0 million

IFAD Japanese WID Fund $0.5 million

Chart II. Aid for Transport

Grant aid	Loans	Technical cooperation
Trainees accepted	%	Experts dispatched	%	Volunteers dispatched	%
Fiscal year	¥ billion	%	¥ billion	%
1996	25.74	13.2	415.66	32.0	691	6.3	233	7.6	6	0.6
1997	32.04	16.0	392.93	37.1	720	6.3	225	7.4	2	0.2
1998	34.85	28.8	338.69	31.2	711	3.6	206	6.0	5	0.4
1999	30.08	25.8	338.34	32.7	615	3.4	295	7.4	9	0.7
2000	33.60	30.7	456.84	52.7	530	3.0	220	6.5	9	0.5

Notes: (I) Percentages are of total grants (excluding debt relief, nonproject aid, and grant assistance for grassroots projects), loans (excluding rescheduling), and technical cooperation, respectively. (2) Grants and loans are on an exchange-of-notes basis; technical cooperation is on a JICA basis.
### Chart 12. Partnership for Democratic Development (PDD) Projects in FY 2000

## Support for Institution Building

Japan supports system building in developing countries through the dispatch of experts, the acceptance of trainees, the invitation of leaders of government, and the hosting of seminars on legal, administrative, public-service, and police systems, including descriptions of the Japanese system. Japan also provides financial support for system building.

Support for Democratization

Mongolia (invitation of 6 persons, dispatch of 3 persons)

Seminar on Democracy and Good Governance

Tajikistan (acceptance of 9 persons); African countries (acceptance of 27 persons)

Support for Legal and Judicial Systems

Legal and Judicial Cooperation in Cambodia (acceptance of 17 persons)

Legal and Judicial Cooperation in Viet Nam (acceptance of 39 persons)

Promotion of Legal System in Laos (acceptance of 10 persons)

Course on Corruption Control in Criminal Justice (acceptance of 13 persons)

Training Programs in Crime Prevention and Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI) (acceptance of 62 persons, dispatch of 5 persons)

## Support for Administrative Systems

Seminar for Top Managers in Developing Countries on Local Government Administration (invitation of 20 persons)

Seminar on Immigration Control Administration for Asian Countries (invitation of 14 persons)

Training Courses for Palestinians on Governance and Institution Building (acceptance of 110 persons)

## Support for Police Systems

Latin America: Seminar for Senior Police and Law Enforcement Officers (invitation of 9 persons)

Viet Nam: Seminar for Senior Police Administrators (invitation of 5 persons)

Central Asia: Seminar for Criminal Investigators (invitation of 4 persons)

South Africa: Seminar on Traffic Police Administration (acceptance of 6 persons)

Indonesia: Support for National Police (dispatch of 4 persons)

## Support for Democratic Elections

Japan supports democratic elections through the dispatch of personnel, financial assistance, and the provision of training and equipment.

Peru: Presidential and Congressional elections (contribution of $200,000 to the OAS, dispatch of 8 persons)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Regional assembly elections (contribution of approximately $1.04 million to the OSCE, dispatch of 11 persons)

Ghana: Presidential and Parliamentary elections (dispatch of 3 persons)

Zimbabwe: House of Assembly election (dispatch of 6 election monitors)

Tanzania: Presidential and National Assembly elections (contribution of $66,000, dispatch of 5 persons)

Haiti: General election (contribution of $95,000)