## 2 Growth of ICT industry and Strengthening of Its International Competitiveness (3) Challenges for Strengthening the Competitiveness of the ICT Industry (Business Environment Surrounding the ICT Industry (ii))

OIn ICT companies in the United States, people who major in science and technology are achieving success for excellence in management. Universities in the United States provide training programs through cooperation with external corporations and investors. The development of human resources with skills for both technology and management is important in Japan as well (Fig. 2-18, Fig. 2-19). OJapan holds 16.6% share of all international patent applications, in the field of technology. However, in the advanced ICT field, the share tends to be lower than the total, and there is also a wide gap between Japan and the United States. In order to reinforce competitiveness in the future, further upgrading of research and development capabilities and reinforcement of intellectual property strategy will be important (Fig. 2-20).

Fig. 2-18 Background of the founders of new ICT companies in the United States

Year founded	Name of founder	Academic background	Major	Humanities	Science and technology
1998	Sergey Brin	Stanford University	Master	Computer science	○
Larry Page	Stanford University	Master	Computer science	○
1995	David Filo	Stanford University	Master	Electrical engineering	○
Jerry Yang	Stanford University	Master	Electrical engineering	○
1995	Pierre Omidyar	Tufts University	Bachelor	Computer science	○
1985	Irwin Jacobs	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Doctor	Computer science, Electrical engineering	○
Andrew Viterbi	University of Southern California	Doctor	Communication engineering	○
1984	Len Bosack	Stanford University	Master	Computer science	○
Sandy Lerner	Stanford University	Master	Computer science	○
1982	Scott McNealy	Stanford University	Master	Business	○
Vinod Khosla	Indian Institute of Technology Delhi	Bachelor	Electrical engineering	○
Stanford University	Master	Business	○
Andy Bechtolsheim	Stanford University	Doctor	Computer science, Electrical engineering	○
1982	John Warmock	University of Utah	Doctor	Computer science	○
Charles Gesche	-	-	-
1979	Richard Egan	Northeastern University	Bachelor	Electrical engineering	○
Roger Marino	-	-	-
1975	Bill Gates	Harvard University	Bachelor	Computer science	○
Paul Allen	-	-	-

Fig. 2-19 Examples of management education programs provided to human resources in science and technology field in the United States

Measures	Outline
Stanford Technology Ventures Program	This is an entrepreneur education program established within the School of Engineering in Stanford University and supports the initiation of high-tech businesses. It uniformly provides an education and incubation environment through collaboration with a network of students/alumni and funds. External corporations and investors also sponsor the program.
CONNECT USCD	This is an NPO established as one of the institutes in the University of California at San Diego, which became independent in 2005. It provides coaching by experts, holds workshops, offers opportunities for presentation to “business angels” and venture capitals, provides information on subsidy systems, etc. It mainly targets entrepreneurs in the high-tech and life science fields.
NFIB Education Foundation	This is an education foundation providing scholarship and an internship system to would-be entrepreneurs.

Fig. 2-18 Based on various materials released

Fig. 2-19 (Source): Cross-National Study on Business Environment Surrounding the ICT Industry and System Fig. 2-20 (Source): Study on the Cross-Country Comparison on R&D in ICT Field

Fig. 2-20 Share of the number of international patent applications in the ICT field by countries and regions (2002-2007)