Table 4-2-1 Major Asian Countries' Waste and Recycling Policies, and Volumes of Waste (Cont.)

Item	India	Bangladesh
Basic laws, policies, etc. for the overall environment	Environment Protection Act (1986) Ratified the Basel Convention (1992)	The Environmental Pollution Control Ordinance (1977) The Bangladesh Environment Protection Act (1989) Environment Policy & Implementation Plan (MoEF, 1992) Joined the Basel Convention (1993) National Environment Management Action Plan (1995) The Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act (1995) The Environment Court Act (2000)
Basic laws for policies on waste and recycling	Hazardous wastes (Management and Handling) Rules (formulated in 1989, revised in 2000, 2003, 2008, and 2009) Bio-medical waste (Management and Handling) rules (1998) Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules (1999, revised in 2003) Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules (2000) Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules (2001) Proposed regulations on management of waste electric devices (2010)	There are no specific laws on managing solid waste. Draft National Solid Waste Management Handing Rule (2005) Lead Acid Battery Recycling and Management Rules (2006) Medical Waste Management Rules (2008) Formulation of a national fundamental plan for the 3Rs (2010)
Volume of municipal solid waste generated	1.052 million tons / year (0.2-0.5 kg / person per day), 2002	4.867 million tons / year (0.41 (in cities) kg / person per day), 2005
Item	South Korea	Philippines	Cambodia
Basic laws, policies, etc. for the overall environment	Waste Management Act (1986, final revisions made in 2007) Act on the Promotion of Saving and Recycling of Resources (1992, final revisions in 2007) Joined the Basel Convention (1994) The Act for International Transfer and Treatment of Waste (1992) (1994, final revisions in 2001) Promotion of Installation of Waste Disposal Facilities and Assistance, etc. to Adjacent Areas Act (1995, final revisions in 2007) Sudokwon Landfill Site Management Corporation Act (2000) Act on the Promotion of Construction Waste Recycling (2003, final revisions made in 2006) Korea Environment and Resource Corporation Act (1993, final revisions made in 2003) Law on Management and Use of Livestock Manure (2006, final revisions made in 2007)	Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act (RA6969) (1990) Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA9003) (promulgated in 2001) Ratified the Basel Convention (1993) National Solid Waste Management Committee handles national-level policies on waste and recycling. Permission system exists for imports of waste electrical and electronic equipment.	Natural Resources and Environmental Law (Annex4) (1996) Joined the Basel Convention (2001) In principle, imports of waste electrical and electronic equipment are prohibited. A national fundamental plan for the 3Rs is being formulated.
Basic laws for policies on waste and recycling	Volume-based Waste Fee (VBWF) System (1995) Extended Producer Responsibility System (2003) Resource Recycling Law (2008)	Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA9003) (promulgated in 2001)	Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management (1999)
Volume of municipal solid waste generated	18.376 million tons / year (household waste) (1.02kg per person / day), 2007	1.095 million tons / year (0.34kg per person / day), 2008	324 thousand tons (0.44kg per person / day), 2006
Sources: "FY2009 Report on Investigative Research on Environmental Management in Global Project Deployment," The Japan Machinery Federation (Mitsubishi Research Institute), 2010 "Report on Information Provision Projects: Concerning Industrial Waste and Recycling in Asian Countries, Institute of Developing Economies" - Japan External Trade Organization, 2007 "Asia Environment White Paper 2010/2011," Toyo Keizai, Inc., 2010 "Recycling in Asia," compiled by Michikazu Kojima, Institute of Developing Economies, 2008 "Research on Management of Valuables and Hazardous Materials in Products Aiming for Environmentally Sound International Resource Circulation (K2016)," Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2009 "2010 Environmental Statistics," Ministry of the Environment, 2010 3R Policies for Southeast and East Asia, ERIA Research Project Report 2008 No. 6-1, ERIA, 2009 National 3R Strategy Development: A progress report on seven countries in Asia from 2005 to 2009, UNCRD, AIT / UNEP RRC.AP, and IGES, 2009 Current Status of Waste Generation, Ministry of Environment, Rep. of Korea Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Policy in East Asia - in Consideration of International Resource Circulation -, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2009 Import Control on Second-hand Electric and Electronic Commodities, Asian Network for Prevention of Illegal Trans-boundary Movement of Wastes, Workshop 2010 of the Asian Network for Convention of Illegal Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes (Japan) information, 2010 Status Quo and Issues in Southeast and East Asian Countries, UNEP RRCAP, 2010 1) China's municipal solid waste is the volume collected and transported, not the volume generated. The volume generated per person is the volume collected and transported divided by the municipal population (570 million people in 2005). 2) The composition of Singapore's municipal solid waste includes industrial waste. The volume generated per person is the volume of household waste generated (1.41 million tons in 2005) divided by the population. 3) India's volume of generated municipal waste is the total of 23 cities. 4) South Korea's volume of generated municipal solid waste is household waste. 5) The volume of Cambodia's municipal solid waste is taken from data for Phnom Penh. It is the volume collected and transported, not the volume generated.

## (3) Initiatives by Developed Countries

In countries that are referred to as developed countries, such as European countries and the United States, initiatives for waste and recycling have been made since the beginning of the 20th century.

Developed countries that went through the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century saw an increase in their volumes of waste along with rapid industrialization. In the 19th century the problem of municipal solid waste came to the fore. As a result, the United Kingdom soon formulated the world's first law on public sanitation in 1848, and advanced incinerators for waste treatment were also built.

However, in the 20th century the waste problems of developed countries became even more serious. The 1970s, in particular, experienced remarkable economic growth, giving rise to an era of mass-production and mass-consumption. Waste further increased in cities, factories emitted large volumes of hazardous materials,