Regarding reduction of emission of carbon dioxide, new energies such as solar power generation, wind power generation, and biomass account for only 1% of the total supply of primary energy and the proportion of the number of low-emission vehicles such as hybrid vehicles to the total number of vehicles is still low (about 1%). For these reasons, various additional measures are expected to be introduced.

For resource utilization, consumption control of natural resources and reduction of environmental load require efforts for reduction, reusing, recycling, heat recovery, and proper treatment in that order. For recycling, the amount of material produced by subtracting the amount recycled from the emission amount for each resource or container package shows further implementation possibility of resource recycling.

Amount produced by subtracting the recycled amount from the emission amount among the main nonferrous metals

Emission amount (ton) (A)	Recycling rate (%) (B)	A×(1-B/100) (ton)
Aluminum	1,662,000	54	766,000
Copper	598,000	66	202,000
Zinc	364,000	20	291,000
Lead	277,000	66	93,000
Cadmium	1,080	28	780

Source: Prepared by Ministry of the Environment based on the "Examination and research relating to 'Recycling economy system in nonferrous metal materials [March 1999]" by Clean Japan Center

Amount produced by subtracting the recycled amount from the emission amount among major container packages

(2000)

Emission amount (ton) (A)	Recycling rate (%) (B)	A×(1-b/100) (ton)
Steel can	1,215,357	84.2	192,026
Aluminum can	167.5	80.6	32
PET bottle	362,000	34.5	237,110

*1 100 million cans for aluminum cans only

$ ^{*} $ 2: Recovery rate for PET bottles

Source: Prepared by Ministry of the Environment based on the data provided by the Clean Japan Center

### 2. Economical Effects Achieved by Environmental Measures

## 1 ) Environmental measures and technical innovation

To avoid environmental constraints discussed in Section 1, it is necessary and vital to start the new measures in such an economic recession age as this for planning of sufficient handing before the occurrence of any adverse influence of the environment. Such measures can give a positive effect to the economy when taken property through various effects such as avoidance of future damage in addition to technical innovation, employment creation, and ripple effects.

For technical innovation, proper measures of automobile and solar energy generation as discussed in Section 2 Chapter 1 have stimulated domestic technology development, and Japanese enterprises are now proud of their top-level technical power in the world, while Denmark has started development and sales of wind-driven power generation to be first in the world and currently holds 40% share of the world market. Fuel cell batteries are also one of the major projects that are to be tackled by the giant world enterprises as

jects that are to be tackled by the giant world enterprises as a joint development and in Japan also, a trillion-yen market is expected to be born in 2010.

Production share of solar power generation panels and wind-driven power generators by country

Presentation: PV Energy Systems, Inc. "PV NEWS", BTM Consult APS "International Wind Energy Development" (2002)

Fuel cell battery introduction target and market scale

2010	2020
Market scale	1 trillion yen	8 trillion yen

(Reference)	1995
Market scale	Agriculture	8.4 trillion yen
Beverage	8.5 trillion yen
Petrochemical product	7.5 trillion yen
Railway transport	6 trillion yen
Accommodation	7 trillion yen

Presentation: Prepared by Ministry of the Environment based on the data supplied by Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry: research committee for fuel cell battery practical use in the strategy (2001) and inter-industry relations table (1995).