Siam0703/SQuAD-EN-Passage-to-Question huggingface dataset:
The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by specialized enzymes known as DNA polymerases, which "read" one strand of the double-helical DNA, known as the template strand, and synthesize a new complementary strand. Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing, the sequence of one strand completely specifies the sequence of its complement; hence only one strand needs to be read by the enzyme to produce a faithful copy. The process of DNA replication is semiconservative; that is, the copy of the genome inherited by each daughter cell contains one original and one newly synthesized strand of DNA.:5.2

Questions:
What does the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms rely on?
In cell division, what two cells are created?
What specialized enzyme is responsible DNA replication?
Why does the sequence of one strand completely specify the sequence of its complement?
What one word characterizes the process of DNA replication?
During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but results in reassortment of otherwise linked alleles if they are different.:5.5 The Mendelian principle of independent assortment asserts that each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes; which allele an organism inherits for one trait is unrelated to which allele it inherits for another trait. This is in fact only true for genes that do not reside on the same chromosome, or are located very far from one another on the same chromosome. The closer two genes lie on the same chromosome, the more closely they will be associated in gametes and the more often they will appear together; genes that are very close are essentially never separated because it is extremely unlikely that a crossover point will occur between them. This is known as genetic linkage.

Questions:
When can an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over sometimes occur?
If the alleles on the chromatids are the same, what effect arises from genetic recombination?
If the alleles on the chromatids are different, what effect arises from genetic recombination?
Each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes according to what Mendelian principle?
In genetic linkage, what sort of point is extremely unlikely to occur?
Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (although approved symbols sometimes change). Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species, particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism.

Questions:
What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene?
How can the gene nomenclature be accessed?
How many symbols does each gene have?
With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with?
What type of model does the mouse play a role for?
Independence was unilaterally declared on 24 September 1973. Recognition became universal following the 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal, which overthrew Lisbon's Estado Novo regime.

Questions:
When was independence declared?
What date was independence considered universal?
What event caused the recognition to be universal?
Where did a coup take place?
Who was overthrown in the coup?
The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and as such were a potential threat to the Muslim empire within which they resided. The Hamidian Massacres aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world. In the United States the now aging Julia Ward Howe, author of the Battle Hymn of the Republic, leaped into the war of words and joined the Red Cross. Relations of minorities within the Ottoman Empire and the disposition of former Ottoman lands became known as the "Eastern Question," as the Ottomans were on the east of Europe.

Questions:
How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press?
The Balkan states were primarily what religion?
When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians?
What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians?
What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world?
It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century "Near East" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term "Far East" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, the East Indies. "Near East" applied to what had been mainly known as the Levant, which was in the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Porte, or government. Those who used the term had little choice about its meaning. They could not set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean from the Gulf of Sidra to Albania without permits from the Ottoman Empire.

Questions:
When did "Near East" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?
In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area
"Near East" applied to this mainly known area
What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in?
What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean?
Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia. In the 1890s the term tended to focus on the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia. The demise of the sick man of Europe left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East". It is now generally used only in historical contexts, to describe the countries of Western Asia from the Mediterranean to (or including) Iran. There is, in short, no universally understood fixed inventory of nations, languages or historical assets defined to be in it.

Questions:
What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?
Where were the piratical kingdoms from?
Why was Iran included in the collection of regions?
What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?
The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East"
The geographical terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Germans, fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near, suggesting that they were innovated together. They appear together in the journals of the mid-19th century. Both terms were used before then with local British and American meanings: the near or far east of a field, village or shire.

Questions:
The terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies fit together as a pair based on what?
When do the terms "Near East" and "Far East" appear together in journals?
The term Near East and Far East were used in British and American meanings when referring to what?
Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas." To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges." Asia began on the coast of Anatolia ("land of the rising sun"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas (including the Tien Shan) were Serica and Serae (sections of China) and some other identifiable far eastern locations known to the voyagers and geographers but not to the general European public.

Questions:
What divided Asia on a similar basis?
"Scythia this side of the Himalayas" is located where?
"India on this side of the Ganges" is located where?
"Scythia beyond the Himalayas" is located where?
Where did Asia begin?
By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That "east" in turn was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun," used since Roman times for "east." The world map of Jodocus Hondius of 1590 labels all of Asia from the Caspian to the Pacific as India Orientalis, shortly to appear in translation as the East Indies.

Questions:
When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima?
What had "India Beyond the Ganges" become?
China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what?
What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun"?
What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map?
Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened to Levant Company, and soon known also as The Turkey Company, in 1581. In 1582, the ship The Great Susan transported the first ambassador, William Harebone, to the Ottoman Porte (government of the Ottoman Empire) at Constantinople. Compared to Anatolia, Levant also means "land of the rising sun," but where Anatolia always only meant the projection of land currently occupied by the Republic of Turkey, Levant meant anywhere in the domain ruled by the Ottoman Porte. The East India Company (short for a much longer formal name) was chartered in 1600 for trade to the East Indies.

Questions:
Where was Elizabeth I from?
What was Elizabeth primarily interested in?
Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with?
What was the goal of the first trading companies?
What company was charted in 1600 for trade to the East Indies?
It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire on the occasion of the latter's violent demise. The last Roman emperor died fighting hand-to-hand in the streets of his capital, Constantinople, overwhelmed by the Ottoman military, in May, 1453. The victors inherited his remaining territory in the Balkans.

Questions:
What has pleased western historians?
What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire?
What was the Ottoman Empire created from?
How did the last Roman emperor die?
Where was the Roman emperor's capital?
The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek War of Independence, 1821–1832, created modern Greece, which recovered most of the lands of ancient Greece, but could not gain Constantinople. The Ottoman Porte was continuously under attack from some quarter in its empire, primarily the Balkans. Also, on a number of occasions in the early 19th century, American and British warships had to attack the Barbary pirates to stop their piracy and recover thousands of enslaved Europeans and Americans.

Questions:
The populations did not accept what?
The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year?
What created Serbia?
When was the Serbian Revolution?
When was the Greek War of Independence?
Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the "far east" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The Crimean War brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to "the Near East," the Ottoman Empire, and "the Far East," the East Indies. The two terms were now compound nouns often shown hyphenated.

Questions:
Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region?
What brought a change in vocabulary?
The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who?
Who decided the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power?
What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary?
The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term "Near East" to mean the holdings of the Ottoman Empire as early as the Crimean War had left a geographical gap. The East Indies, or "Far East," derived ultimately from Ptolemy's "India Beyond the Ganges." The Ottoman Empire ended at the eastern border of Iraq. "India This Side of the Ganges" and Iran had been omitted. The archaeologists counted Iran as "the Near East" because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there. This usage did not sit well with the diplomats; India was left in an equivocal state. They needed a regional term.

Questions:
When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective?
The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context?
Where did the "Far East" derive from?
Where did the Ottoman Empire end?
Why did archaeologists count Iran as "The Near East"?
Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the liberal arts have library and museum collections. These are not new; however, the erection of these into "centres" of national and international interest in the second half of the 20th century have created larger databases not available to the scholars of the past. Many of these focus on the Ancient Near East or Near East in the sense of Ancient Near East.

Questions:
What do most universities teaching liberal arts have?
What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?
What are these resources collected for?
"In 1727 the to-min or 'idle people' of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or 'music people' of Shanxi province, the si-min or 'small people' of Kiang Su (Jiangsu) province, and the Tanka people or 'egg-people' of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their social disabilities, and allowed to count as free men." "Cheh Kiang" is another romanization for Zhejiang. The Duomin (Chinese: 惰民; pinyin: duò mín; Wade–Giles: to-min) are a caste of outcasts in this province.

Questions:
What do 'to-min' mean?
What does 'yoh-hu' mean?
What does 'si-min' mean?
What does Tanka mean?
What is 'Keh Chiang' a romanization for?
Despite delays in some countries, the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts, with SES's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites, 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe (£60 million in 2010 alone), and 20 million households (27% of all European digital satellite TV homes) watching HD satellite broadcasts (16 million via Astra satellites).

Questions:
According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many HD capable TV's were sold in Europe?
According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many European households were watching HD broadcasts?
How many pounds were spent in Europe on HD capable TVs in 2010?
What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching HD broadcasts in 2010?
The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first HDTV broadcasts?
The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics. For best fidelity to the source the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match those of the source.

Questions:
A broadcasts optimum format depends on what two things?
For best fidelity to the source, what three things should match the source?
For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match what?
The type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics determine what?
Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects. The breaking strength is very susceptible to defects. Sound knots do not weaken wood when subject to compression parallel to the grain.

Questions:
What is wood's breaking strength susceptible to?
Depending on the placement and size of a knot, what property of structural timber can be affected?
What do stiffness and elastic strength depend on more than defects?
What direction of compression in relation to its grain won't weaken wood with sound knots in it?
Wide-ringed wood is often called "second-growth", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferred. This is particularly the case in the choice of hickory for handles and spokes. Here not only strength, but toughness and resilience are important. The results of a series of tests on hickory by the U.S. Forest Service show that:

Questions:
What term is sometimes used for wood with wide rings?
Do young trees grow more quickly in open stands or in a closed forest?
What property is important to manufacturers who use "second-growth" hardwood?
What specific kind of "second-growth" hardwood is often used to make handles and spokes?
What organization tested hickory to find out about its properties?
Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960.

Questions:
Along with British Somaliland, what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War?
At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland?
Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League, what was an early Somali political organization?
How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent?
In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended?
Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including syllable, onset and rime, articulatory gestures, articulatory features, mora, etc.) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured for conveying linguistic meaning. Phonology also includes the study of equivalent organizational systems in sign languages.

Questions:
What is phonology a branch of?
What kind of systems are the traditional focus of phonology?
The study of sign language is a part of what?
Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acting on segments, phonological processes act on distinctive features within prosodic groups. Prosodic groups can be as small as a part of a syllable or as large as an entire utterance. Phonological processes are unordered with respect to each other and apply simultaneously (though the output of one process may be the input to another). The second most prominent natural phonologist is Patricia Donegan (Stampe's wife); there are many natural phonologists in Europe, and a few in the U.S., such as Geoffrey Nathan. The principles of natural phonology were extended to morphology by Wolfgang U. Dressler, who founded natural morphology.

Questions:
Whose publications started the theory of Natural phonology?
According to Stampe what is phonology based on?
Aside from being active what other condition can the universal phonological processes exist in?
Who is the number two natural phonologist?
Who was the founder of natural morphology?
In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation.

Questions:
What do phonemes differentiate?
Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology?
The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline?
The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English.

Questions:
What made up Mauretania?
Who conquered parts of Mauretania?
During what period did Mauretania exist?
Where were the people of the region noted?
What is Mauri in English?