Siam0703/SQuAD-EN-Passage-to-Question huggingface dataset:
Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa.

Questions:
Where was the Arab Slave Trade?
When were the Arab Invasions?
Where were numerous dark-skinned communities?
When did these communities begin?
Who are they descendants of?
In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.

Questions:
When did the Arab apartheid intensify?
Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid?
Where did these people live?
Who controlled the government?
What was the government being accused of?
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin, which won numerous awards.

Questions:
Who was featured in the movie "Skin"?
What year was the movie "Skin" made?
At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?
What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity?
How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?
Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.

Questions:
How many people in Yemen have African lineage?
How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?
How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?
Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?
By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive. This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s. One well-known example is the identification by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. of his own race as "Negro" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream. During the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse. Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam.

Questions:
When did "nigger" become a pejorative word?
What term replaced negro as mainstream?
What term followed "negro" and "colored"?
What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric?
Who led the Civil Rights movement?
Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6.2% in 2000, and 43.1% said they were racially mixed, up from 38.5%. In 2010, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, Brazil's minister for racial equality, attributed the increases to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities.

Questions:
What has Brazil avoided?
What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended?
How do the US and Brazil vary after slavery has ended?
Who is the Brazilian Prime Minister for racial equality?
Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities?
As of 2015, the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government.

Questions:
The government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes three members from what government body?
What government body is responsible for nominating five members to the New Delhi Municipal Council?
What government official is responsible for nominating two members to the New Delhi Municipal Council?
The Chief Minister of what NCT is responsible for nominating two members to the New Delhi Municipal Council?
What is the name of the government structure created for New Delhi that is comprised of ten representatives?
New Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses in the world. Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads. New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers. New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India.

Questions:
What state-owned organization operates New Delhi's bus transport system?
Delhi Transport Company owns the world's largest fleet of buses powered by what type of fuel?
What city has the highest number of registered cars of any city in India?
What large metropolis has some of the highest road density in India?
What type of vehicle transport system is owned by the Delhi Transport Corporation?
In the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels. Two of the city's most distinctive hotels were the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel.

Questions:
When did Atlantic City go through a radical building boom?
What replaced many of the modest boarding houses?
What were the names of two of the city's most distinctive hotels?
What happened to Atlantic City in the early part of the 20th century?
Where were the modest boarding houses located before they were replaced by large hotels?
Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlantic City, it was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game, and took it back to Atlantic City. After she arrived, Hoskins made a new board with Atlantic City street names, and taught it to a group of local Quakers.

Questions:
What is Atlantic City sometimes referred to?
The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game?
Who learned the game of Monopoly and took it to Atlantic City?
What location was originally featured in the  Monopoly game?
Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to?
Deep house's origins can be traced to Chicago producer Mr Fingers's relatively jazzy, soulful recordings "Mystery of Love" (1985) and "Can You Feel It?" (1986). According to author Richie Unterberger, it moved house music away from its "posthuman tendencies back towards the lush" soulful sound of early disco music.

Questions:
what producer was the first to produce deep house?
where was producer mr. fingers' from?
when was mr. fingers' "mystery of love" released?
when was mr. fingers' "can you feel it?" released?
Larry Heard, a.k.a. "Mr. Fingers", claims that the term "house" became popular due to many of the early DJs creating music in their own homes using synthesizers and drum machines such as the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and the TB 303.[citation needed] These synthesizers were used to create a house subgenre called acid house.

Questions:
What was the stage name of Larry Heard?
Why did the term house become popular?
what are the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and TB 303 examples of?
synthesizers were used to create what house subgenre?
what was the real name of Mr. Fingers?
House also had an influence of relaying political messages to people who were considered to be outcasts of society. The music appealed to those who didn't fit into mainstream American society and was especially celebrated by many black males. Frankie Knuckles once said that the Warehouse club in Chicago was like "church for people who have fallen from grace" The house producer Marshall Jefferson compared it to "old-time religion in the way that people just get happy and screamin'". Deep house was similar to many of the messages of freedom for the black community.

Questions:
Who did House relay political messages to?
Who did Frankie Knuckles once say the Warehouse club was for?
Who was a famous house producer?
where was the warehouse club located?
what community was deep house popular with?
Back in America the scene had still not progressed beyond a small number of clubs in Chicago, Detroit, Newark and New York City. However, many independent Chicago-based record labels were making appearances on the Dance Chart with their releases. In the UK, any house song released by a Chicago-based label was routinely considered a must play at many clubs playing house music. Paradise Garage in New York City was still a top club. The emergence of Todd Terry, a pioneer of the genre, was important in America. His cover of Class Action's Larry Levan mixed "Weekend" demonstrated the continuum from the underground disco to a new house sound with hip-hop influences evident in the quicker sampling and the more rugged bass-line.

Questions:
what was a top club for house music in new york city?
who was a pioneer of the genre in america?
what hit house song did todd terry cover?
what new influences led to a new house sound?
what was different about the bass-line in the hip-hop influenced house songs?
In the late 1980s, Nu Groove Records prolonged, if not launched the careers of Rheji Burrell & Rhano Burrell, collectively known as Burrell (after a brief stay on Virgin America via Timmy Regisford and Frank Mendez), along with basically every relevant DJ and Producer in the NY underground scene. The Burrell's are responsible for the "New York Underground" sound and are the undisputed champions of this style of house. Their 30+ releases on this label alone seems to support that fact. In today's market Nu Groove Record releases like the Burrells' enjoy a cult-like following and mint vinyl can fetch $100 U.S. or more in the open market.

Questions:
what label launched the careers of burrell?
what sound are the burrell's responsible for?
how much can old vinyl releases of the burrells sell for today?
what label were the burrell's briefly with before their success?
In England, one of the few licensed venues The Eclipse attracted people from up and down the country as it was open until the early hours. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was a government attempt to ban large rave dance events featuring music with "repetitive beats". There were a number of abortive "Kill the Bill" demonstrations. The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten was probably the nail in the coffin for illegal raves, and forced through the bill, which became law, in November 1994. The music continued to grow and change, as typified by Leftfield with "Release the Pressure", which introduced dub and reggae into the house sound, although Leftfield had prior releases, such as "Not Forgotten" released in 1990 on Sheffield's Outer Rhythm records.

Questions:
what act was passed in england in an attempt to ban large rave dance events?
what was the nail in the coffin for illegal raves?
when did the bill become a law?
what single introduced dub and reggae into the house sound?
who recorded the hit single "release the pressure"?
Numerous live performance events dedicated to house music were founded during the course of the decade, including Shambhala Music Festival and major industry sponsored events like Miami's Winter Music Conference. The genre even gained popularity in the Middle East in cities such as Dubai & Abu Dhabi[citation needed] and at events like Creamfields.

Questions:
Where did the Winter Music Conference take place?
The Shambhala Music Festival was dedicated to what?
where did house music gain popularity in the middle east?
what event led to an increase in popularity for house music in the middle east?
what large event in Miami was industry sponsored?
In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed]

Questions:
Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?
Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?
Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?
What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters?
Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?
During the Mexican Revolution, Álvaro Obregón invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico. By the late 1920s, some 7,000 had immigrated to Chihuahua State and Durango State, almost all from Canada, only a few from the U.S. and Russia. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America. Mennonites in the country stand out because of their light skin, hair, and eyes. They are a largely insular community that speaks a form of German and wear traditional clothing. They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and account for about half of the state's farm economy, excelling in cheese production.

Questions:
Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?
Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?
Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly?
Which food do Mennonites excel in producing?
Mennonites account for about how much of the state's farm economy?
The pitch of complex tones can be ambiguous, meaning that two or more different pitches can be perceived, depending upon the observer. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as upper partials, harmonic or otherwise. A complex tone composed of two sine waves of 1000 and 1200 Hz may sometimes be heard as up to three pitches: two spectral pitches at 1000 and 1200 Hz, derived from the physical frequencies of the pure tones, and the combination tone at 200 Hz, corresponding to the repetition rate of the waveform. In a situation like this, the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often the greatest common divisor of the frequencies present.

Questions:
The pitch of complex tones can be?
A complex tone is composed of how many waves?
The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as?
the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often?
By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton. Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont. During the American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for General John Bankhead Magruder, who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston. After the Civil War, Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between downtown and the nearby port of Galveston. By 1890, Houston was the railroad center of Texas.

Questions:
What commodity was Houston known for in 1860?
What type of roads converged in Houston?
Which Civil War general used Houston as a headquarters?
For what battle was Houston used as an organization point ?
What was Houston known for by 1890?
Houston's economy has a broad industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, and transportation. It is also leading in health care sectors and building oilfield equipment; only New York City is home to more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled. Nicknamed the Space City, Houston is a global city, with strengths in business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine and research. The city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has been described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to many cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has an active visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District and offers year-round resident companies in all major performing arts.

Questions:
What city has more Fortune 500 headquarters than Houston?
What part of Houston ranks first in the U.S. in international tonnage?
What is Houston's nickname?
What is varied about Houston's population?
What city is the most diverse in Texas?
Houston was incorporated in 1837 under the ward system of representation. The ward designation is the progenitor of the eleven current-day geographically oriented Houston City Council districts. Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside the Interstate 610 Loop. The inside encompasses the central business district and many residential neighborhoods that predate World War II. More recently, high-density residential areas have been developed within the loop. The city's outlying areas, suburbs and enclaves are located outside of the loop. Beltway 8 encircles the city another 5 miles (8.0 km) farther out.

Questions:
What system of incorporation was used in 1837 by Houston?
What is the present day system being used by Houston for representation?
What highway is used to designate locations in Houston?
Beside older pre-World War II residences, what is found inside the Loop?
What highway circles the outer areas of Houston?
The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. It was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India, copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians (~2400 BC) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and later on for headaches, burns, and itching. The Baghdad Battery, with copper cylinders soldered to lead, dates back to 248 BC to AD 226 and resembles a galvanic cell, leading people to believe this was the first battery; the claim has not been verified.

Questions:
What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from?
How is Corinthian bronze made?
Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was first practiced?
What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient India?
What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 248 BC?
Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.

Questions:
Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?
What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?
What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity?
What fungus grows from gold mining solution?
What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?
These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity, contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 5). Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 1). Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. Hall (1992, 1996), for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity.

Questions:
Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category?
What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards?
The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea?
Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what?
What is it impossible to do with identity?