Siam0703/SQuAD-EN-Passage-to-Question huggingface dataset:
In 2004, a large share of natural gas reserves in Iran were untapped. The addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33,000 megawatts. Of that amount, about 75% was based on natural gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power. In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first solar thermal plant is to come online in 2009. Iran is the third country in the world to have developed GTL technology.

Questions:
When did Iran open its first wind-powered plants?
When did Iran open its first geothermal plants?
How much did Iran's installed capacity of power increase to after it added new hydroelectric power in 2004?
How much of Iran's 33k megawatt installed capacity was based on natural gas?
How much of Iran's 33k megawatt installed capacity was based on oil?
Iranian scientists outside Iran have also made some major contributions to science. In 1960, Ali Javan co-invented the first gas laser, and fuzzy set theory was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh. Iranian cardiologist, Tofy Mussivand invented and developed the first artificial cardiac pump, the precursor of the artificial heart. Furthering research and treatment of diabetes, HbA1c was discovered by Samuel Rahbar. Iranian physics is especially strong in string theory, with many papers being published in Iran. Iranian-American string theorist Kamran Vafa proposed the Vafa-Witten theorem together with Edward Witten. In August 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first-ever woman, as well as the first-ever Iranian, to receive the Fields Medal, the highest prize in mathematics.

Questions:
Which Iranian scientist co-invented the first gas laser?
Which Iranian cardiologist developed and invented the first artificial cardiac pump?
In 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first women ever and first Iranian to win what prestigious mathematics award?
Which Iranian scientist discovered HbA1c to further treatment and research of diabetes?
When did Ali Javan, an Iranian scientist, co-invent the first gas laser?
The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis, c. 500 BC. Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenids, and the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language. The Iranian visual arts reached a pinnacle by the Sassanid Era. A bas-relief from this period in Taq Bostan depicts a complex hunting scene. Similar works from the period have been found to articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner. It is even possible to see a progenitor of the cinema close-up in one of these works of art, which shows a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground.

Questions:
What were the first known examples of Iranian visual art?
How far back can the first known examples of Iranian visual art be traced to?
What city was the ritual center of the Archaemenids?
In what era did Iranian visual art reach its peak?
After the Revolution of 1979, as the new government imposed new laws and standards, a new age in Iranian cinema emerged, starting with Viva... by Khosrow Sinai and followed by many other directors, such as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi. Kiarostami, an admired Iranian director, planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the Palme d'Or for Taste of Cherry in 1997. The continuous presence of Iranian films in prestigious international festivals, such as the Cannes Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival, and the Berlin International Film Festival, attracted world attention to Iranian masterpieces. In 2006, six Iranian films, of six different styles, represented Iranian cinema at the Berlin International Film Festival. Critics considered this a remarkable event in the history of Iranian cinema.

Questions:
Which director led off a new age of Iranian film after the 1979 Revolution?
What was the name of Sinai's film that ushered in Iran's new era of film after the 1979 Revolution?
Which Iranian director won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997?
What was the name of Kiarostami's film which won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997?
What year did 6 different Iranian films of six different styles represent at the Berlin International Film Festival?
Iran received access to the Internet in 1993. According to 2014 census, around 40% of the population of Iran are Internet users. Iran ranks 24th among countries by number of Internet users. According to the statistics provided by the web information company of Alexa, Google Search and Yahoo! are the most used search engines in Iran. Over 80% of the users of Telegram, a cloud-based instant messaging service, are from Iran. Instagram is the most popular online social networking service in Iran. Direct access to Facebook has been blocked in Iran since the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, due to organization of the opposition movements on the website; but however, Facebook has around 12 to 17 million users in Iran who are using virtual private networks and proxy servers to access the website. Around 90% of Iran's e-commerce takes place on the Iranian online store of Digikala, which has around 750,000 visitors per day and more than 2.3 million subscribers. Digikala is the most visited online store in the Middle East, and ranks 4th among the most visited websites in Iran.

Questions:
When did the Internet arrive in Iran?
What percentage of Iran's population were internet users in 2014?
What is Iran's most popular online social network?
What percentage of cloud-based instant messaging platform Telegram's users are from Iran?
What site is responsible for around 90% of Iran's online e-commerce?
Iranian cuisine is diverse due to its variety of ethnic groups and the influence of other cultures. Herbs are frequently used along with fruits such as plums, pomegranates, quince, prunes, apricots, and raisins. Iranians usually eat plain yogurt with lunch and dinner; it is a staple of the diet in Iran. To achieve a balanced taste, characteristic flavourings such as saffron, dried limes, cinnamon, and parsley are mixed delicately and used in some special dishes. Onions and garlic are normally used in the preparation of the accompanying course, but are also served separately during meals, either in raw or pickled form. Iran is also famous for its caviar.

Questions:
In Iranian cuisine, what is habitually used with fruits?
Iranians usually eat what diet staple with lunch and dinner?
What delicacy is Iran famous for?
Why is Iranian cuisine so diverse besides being influenced by other cultures?
At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2005–06 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per match. The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends most time. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of a team's players is known as a formation. Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.

Questions:
What is the only position specified by the Laws of the Game
The focus of strikers and forwards are to do what?
A team players layout is a what?
Who's job is to prevent the opponents from scoring?
Who's the most responsible for the teams tactics?
The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.

Questions:
What is the range for the length for international matches in meters?
In what year did the IFAB initially approve a fixed size as a standard pitch dimension for international matches?
When was the IFAB's decision on the fixed size of the pitch become implemented?
What is the range for the length of fields for non international matches in meters?
What is the range for the width for international matches in meters?
In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.

Questions:
What is the penalty area marked by?
a penalty foul by the defending team can be punishable by a what?
how many meters from the goalpost does a penalty area extend?
Only who can handle the ball with his hands?
There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.

Questions:
Which year was there not a Summer Olympic Game?
In what year was a women's tournament added to the Summer Olympics?
What year were professional players allowed to play in the  Summer Olympics?
What is the age limit on the Olympic men's tournament?
What was the first year that there was a football tournament at the Summer Olympics?
In 1822, the American Colonization Society began sending African-American volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for freed African Americans. By 1867, the ACS (and state-related chapters) had assisted in the migration of more than 13,000 African Americans to Liberia. These free African Americans and their descendants married within their community and came to identify as Americo-Liberians. Many were of mixed race and educated in American culture; they did not identify with the indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered. They intermarried largely within the colonial community, developing an ethnic group that had a cultural tradition infused with American notions of political republicanism and Protestant Christianity.

Questions:
African  Americans were sent to the pepper coast to do what?
By 1837 the ACS had assisted in moving how many african americans to liberia?
What did African Americans who were moved to Liberia identify as?
Who did Americo-Liberians not identify with?
What did African Americans moved to Liberia keep from America?
The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members. Each House member represents an electoral district within a county as drawn by the National Elections Commission and is elected by a plurality of the popular vote of their district into a six-year term. The Senate is made up of two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators. Senators serve nine-year terms and are elected at-large by a plurality of the popular vote. The vice president serves as the President of the Senate, with a President pro tempore serving in their absence.

Questions:
What is the legislature composed of?
How many members are in a house?
Who is the house led by?
What are the 73 members of the house are appropriated among?
What is the senate made up of?
Liberia's highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court, made up of five members and headed by the Chief Justice of Liberia. Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate, serving until the age of 70. The judiciary is further divided into circuit and speciality courts, magistrate courts and justices of the peace. The judicial system is a blend of common law, based on Anglo-American law, and customary law. An informal system of traditional courts still exists within the rural areas of the country, with trial by ordeal remaining common despite being officially outlawed.

Questions:
What is Liberia's highest judicial authority?
How many members are in the Supreme court?
Who is the head of the supreme court?
How are members chosen for the court?
How long do members of the supreme court serve?
Liberia scored a 3.3 on a scale from 10 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index. This gave it a ranking 87th of 178 countries worldwide and 11th of 47 in Sub-Saharan Africa. This score represented a significant improvement since 2007, when the country scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries. When seeking attention of a selection of service[clarification needed] providers, 89% of Liberians had to pay a bribe, the highest national percentage in the world according to the organization's 2010 Global Corruption Barometer.

Questions:
What was liberia's score on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index?
What was Liberia's ranking compared to the other 176 countries?
What did Liberia's score  and ranking  on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index represent?
What was Liberia's score and rank on the 2007 Corruption Perceptions index?
In 2007, when seeking attention, selection or service . What percent of Liberians had to pay a bribe?
The Central Bank of Liberia is responsible for printing and maintaining the Liberian dollar, which is the primary form of currency in Liberia. Liberia is one of the world's poorest countries, with a formal employment rate of 15%. GDP per capita peaked in 1980 at US$496, when it was comparable to Egypt's (at the time). In 2011, the country's nominal GDP was US$1.154 billion, while nominal GDP per capita stood at US$297, the third-lowest in the world. Historically, the Liberian economy has depended heavily on foreign aid, foreign direct investment and exports of natural resources such as iron ore, rubber and timber.

Questions:
What is the central bank of Liberia responsible for?
What is Liberia considered around the world economically?
What is Liberia's employment rate?
The GDP peaked in 1980 at what amount?
What does Liberia's economy heavily depends on?
Liberia has a long, rich history in textile arts and quilting, as the settlers brought with them their sewing and quilting skills. Liberia hosted National Fairs in 1857 and 1858 in which prizes were awarded for various needle arts. One of the most well-known Liberian quilters was Martha Ann Ricks, who presented a quilt featuring the famed Liberian coffee tree to Queen Victoria in 1892. When President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf moved into the Executive Mansion, she reportedly had a Liberian-made quilt installed in her presidential office.

Questions:
What arts does Liberia have a rich history of?
In what years did Liberia host national fairs?
Who is Martha Ann Ricks?
Who did Martha Ann Ricks present the famed Liberian coffee tree to?
What did President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf have installed in her presidential office?
Windows 8 introduces significant changes to the operating system's user interface, many of which are aimed at improving its experience on tablet computers and other touchscreen devices. The new user interface is based on Microsoft's Metro design language, and uses a Start screen similar to that of Windows Phone 7 as the primary means of launching applications. The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs, some of which can display constantly updated information and content through "live tiles". As a form of multi-tasking, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen. Alongside the traditional Control Panel, a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as "PC Settings" is used for basic configuration and user settings. It does not include many of the advanced options still accessible from the normal Control Panel.

Questions:
What is found on the Start Screen?
What do live tiles do?
What is the primary function of the PC Settings app?
Where can advanced settings options be found?
What is the new System User interface built on?
Microsoft released minimum hardware requirements for tablet and laplet devices to be "certified" for Windows 8, and defined a convertible form factor as a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis. A convertible can be transformed into a tablet where the attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism. On March 12, 2013, Microsoft amended its certification requirements to only require that screens on tablets have a minimum resolution of 1024×768 (down from the previous 1366×768). The amended requirement is intended to allow "greater design flexibility" for future products.

Questions:
Why did Microsoft decrease the required resoultion for tablets?
What is a convertible form factor?
How does a convertible become a tablet?
What did Microsoft change the tablet resolution requirements on March 12, 2013?
Retail distribution of Windows 8 has since been discontinued in favor of Windows 8.1. Unlike 8, 8.1 is available as "full version software" at both retail and online for download that does not require a previous version of Windows in order to be installed. Pricing for these new copies remain identical. With the retail release returning to full version software for Windows 8.1, the "Personal Use License" exemption was removed from the OEM SKU, meaning that end users building their own PCs for personal use must use the full retail version in order to satisfy the Windows 8.1 licensing requirements. Windows 8.1 with Bing is a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine.

Questions:
What replaced Windows 8?
What is the primary difference in Windows 8.1?
What exemption was removed from Windows 8.1?
What is Windows 8.1 with Bing?
In March 2013, Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors—a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets. Despite the reaction of industry experts, Microsoft reported that they had sold 100 million licenses in the first six months. This matched sales of Windows 7 over a similar period. This statistic includes shipments to channel warehouses which now need to be sold in order to make way for new shipments.

Questions:
What changes did Microsoft make to its certification requirements in March 2013?
Why did Microsoft change the tablet resolution minimum?
How many licenses did Microsoft sell in the first six months?
What controlled the small form tablet market at this time?
In 1903, after British victory in the Anglo-Boer war, Swaziland became a British protectorate. Much of its early administration (for example, postal services) being carried out from South Africa until 1906 when the Transvaal colony was granted self-government. Following this, Swaziland was partitioned into European and non-European (or native reserves) areas with the former being two-thirds of the total land. Sobhuza's official coronation was in December 1921 after the regency of Labotsibeni after which he led an unsuccessful deputation to the Privy council in London in 1922 regarding the issue of the land.

Questions:
In what year did the British take Swaziland on as a protectorate?
What 1903 conflict involving the British caused Swaziland to become a protectorate?
In what year was Swaziland given self governance?
How much of Swaziland did the European area contain after the portioning?
When was Sobhuza coronated?
Nominations take place at the chiefdoms. On the day of nomination, the name of the nominee is raised by a show of hand and the nominee is given an opportunity to indicate whether he or she accepts the nomination. If he or she accepts it, he or she must be supported by at least ten members of that chiefdom. The nominations are for the position of Member of Parliament, Constituency Headman (Indvuna) and the Constituency Executive Committee (Bucopho). The minimum number of nominees is four and the maximum is ten.

Questions:
How does a nominee for parliament in Swaziland get decided?
What is the minimum number of members that must support a nominee to parliament in Swaziland?
What is an Indvuna as it relates to the Parliament of Swaziland?
In the Swazi Parliament, what is the Bucopho?
What is the minimum amount of nominees taken on the day of nomination in the Swazi Parliament?
Mark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with his English-language original, the French translation, and a "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story". The latter included a synopsized adaptation of his story that Twain stated had appeared, unattributed to Twain, in a Professor Sidgwick’s Greek Prose Composition (p. 116) under the title, "The Athenian and the Frog"; the adaptation had for a time been taken for an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's "Jumping Frog" story.

Questions:
Who provided a humorous example of the unreliability of back-translation?
When was Twain's back-translation published?
For what language did Twain create a back-translation?
What include a synopsized adaptation of Twain's story?
What had been thought for a while to be an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's story?