Siam0703/SQuAD-EN-Passage-to-Question huggingface dataset:
In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom, which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute. The system, which became known as Content ID, creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found.

Questions:
In 2007 youtube launched an automated system to detect what?
Who was Google's CEO in 2007?
What is the name of the system that automatically detects copyright violations?
Why did the CEO of Google think the new software was necessary?
What does Content ID do if an upload is too close a match to a known copyright material?
Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity, arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Some have argued that this arrangement was "fully compatible with Jefferson's views on the separation of church and state;" however, others point to Jefferson's support for a scheme in which students at the University would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation. Still other scholars, such as Mark David Hall, attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history

Questions:
What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity?
What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?
How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity?
What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students?
What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much?
Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions. However, the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment.

Questions:
Where was Representative Roger Sherman from?
Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary?
What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution?
What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt?
Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from?
Greece was accused of trying to cover up the extent of its massive budget deficit in the wake of the global financial crisis. The allegation was prompted by the massive revision of the 2009 budget deficit forecast by the new PASOK government elected in October 2009, from "6–8%" (estimated by the previous New Democracy government) to 12.7% (later revised to 15.7%). However, the accuracy of the revised figures has also been questioned, and in February 2012 the Hellenic Parliament voted in favor of an official investigation following accusations by a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority that the deficit had been artificially inflated in order to justify harsher austerity measures.

Questions:
What was Greece accused of covering up the extent of?
What prompted the allegation of Greece's covering up its budget deficit?
When did the Parliament vote in favor of an investigation?
Who voted in favor of an official investigation of the accusations?
What did a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority say the deficit had been inflated to justify?
To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the beginning days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader." Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies.

Questions:
When was the minority leader position created?
Why was minority leader position created?
Who is sometimes considered the first funcioning "Minority Leader?"
Who was Treasury Secretary at time of first congress?
In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. His election was disputed, and members of the Board of Directors accused him of acting in an autocratic and secretive manner. The divisions between his supporters and opponents triggered a major turnover of members over the next decade. In June 1917, he released The Finished Mystery as a seventh volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures series. The book, published as the posthumous work of Russell, was a compilation of his commentaries on the Bible books of Ezekiel and Revelation, plus numerous additions by Bible Students Clayton Woodworth and George Fisher. It strongly criticized Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in the Great War. As a result, Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence; charges against the directors were dropped in 1920.

Questions:
Who was elected as the Watch Tower Society's president in January of 1917?
When did Rutherford release The Finished Mystery?
What had Rutherford been before being elected the group's president?
Who did the Finished Mystery strongly criticize?
What were Watch Tower Society directors jailed for?
The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters (and later, also by branch committees). It was announced that, starting in September 2014, appointments would be made by traveling overseers. In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, the power of the Watch Tower Society president was diminished, with authority for doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the Governing Body. Since Knorr's death in 1977, the position of president has been occupied by Frederick Franz (1977–1992) and Milton Henschel (1992–2000), both members of the Governing Body, and since 2000 by Don A. Adams, not a member of the Governing Body. In 1995, Jehovah's Witnesses abandoned the idea that Armageddon must occur during the lives of the generation that was alive in 1914 and in 2013 changed their teaching on the "generation".

Questions:
In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished?
When was the offices of restored to the Witness congregations?
When did Knorr die?
Starting in September 2014, who was responsible for making appointments in the Church?
Who has been president of the Society since 2000?
Jehovah's Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of first-century Christianity. Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture. The Governing Body does not issue any single, comprehensive "statement of faith", but prefers to express its doctrinal position in a variety of ways through publications published by the Watch Tower Society. Their publications teach that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose, and that such enlightenment or "new light" results from the application of reason and study, the guidance of the holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels. The Society also teaches that members of the Governing Body are helped by the holy spirit to discern "deep truths", which are then considered by the entire Governing Body before it makes doctrinal decisions. The religion's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility, is said to provide "divine guidance" through its teachings described as "based on God's Word thus ... not from men, but from Jehovah."

Questions:
What do Jehovah Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of?
Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah Witnesses?
Where does the Governing Body express its doctrinal position?
How does God reveal his will and purpose?
What is the Jehovah Witnesses' leadership said to provide?
Though Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions of whole blood, they may accept some blood plasma fractions at their own discretion. The Watch Tower Society provides pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents prohibiting major blood components, in which members can specify which allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept. Jehovah's Witnesses have established Hospital Liaison Committees as a cooperative arrangement between individual Jehovah's Witnesses and medical professionals and hospitals.

Questions:
What are Jehovah Witnesses allowed to accept at their discretion?
What pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents are provided by the Watch Tower Society to prohibit?
What can Jehovah's Witnesses' members specify on the canned legal forms from the WTS?
What cooperative arrangement did Jehovah's Witnesses establish?
The Hospital Liaison Committees serve to bridge between hospitals, medical professionals and who?
A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality. In the study, Jehovah's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics.

Questions:
Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what?
Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?
What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance?
Statistically, what is a Jehovah's Witnesses likely not to care about at all?
What do few Jehovah's Witnesses earn?
Former members Heather and Gary Botting compare the cultural paradigms of the religion to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four, and Alan Rogerson describes the religion's leadership as totalitarian. Other critics charge that by disparaging individual decision-making, the religion's leaders cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience in which Witnesses abrogate all responsibility and rights over their personal lives. Critics also accuse the religion's leaders of exercising "intellectual dominance" over Witnesses, controlling information and creating "mental isolation", which former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argued were all elements of mind control.

Questions:
What do former Jehovah's Witnesses members Heath and Gary Botting compare the culture of the religion to?
Who describes the Jehovah's Witnesses' leadership as being totalitarian?
How do the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience?
What do critics of the Jehovah's Witnesses accuse the religion's leaders of exercising over members?
What did former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argue the methods employed by the religion were all elements of?
The religion's failure to report abuse allegations to authorities has also been criticized. The Watch Tower Society's policy is that elders inform authorities when required by law to do so, but otherwise leave that action up to the victim and his or her family. The Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse found that of 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by the Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, "not one was reported by the church to secular authorities." William Bowen, a former Jehovah's Witness elder who established the Silentlambs organization to assist sex abuse victims within the religion, has claimed Witness leaders discourage followers from reporting incidents of sexual misconduct to authorities, and other critics claim the organization is reluctant to alert authorities in order to protect its "crime-free" reputation. In court cases in the United Kingdom and the United States the Watch Tower Society has been found to have been negligent in its failure to protect children from known sex offenders within the congregation and the Society has settled other child abuse lawsuits out of court, reportedly paying as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff without admitting wrongdoing.

Questions:
What has the Jehovah's Witnesses failure to report to authorities been criticized?
Of the 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, how many were reported to secular authorities?
Why are the Jehovah's Witnesses reluctant to alert authorities to abuse?
What have courts in both the UK and the US found the Watch Tower Society to have been for failing to protect children from sexual predators within the congregation?
How much has the Society reportedly paid to settle lawsuits without admitting any wrongdoing?
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times, humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world.

Questions:
What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism?
What is a common tenant of humanism?
What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism?
These days humanism could be viewed as a form of what?
Instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source practicers of humanism turn to what?
During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is similar to Protestantism, although centered on human needs, interests, and abilities rather than the supernatural. In the Anglophone world, such modern, organized forms of humanism, which are rooted in the 18th-century Enlightenment, have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with classical learning and the liberal arts.

Questions:
At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed?
Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what?
What do current tenants humanism have their origins in?
What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance in 1856, when German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism to describe Renaissance humanism, the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning, a use which won wide acceptance among historians in many nations, especially Italy.

Questions:
In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning?
Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language?
Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1856?
What nation was highly receptive to the new definition of this concept?
In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With this end in view, Renaissance Church authorities afforded humanists what in retrospect appears a remarkable degree of freedom of thought. One humanist, the Greek Orthodox Platonist Gemistus Pletho (1355–1452), based in Mystras, Greece (but in contact with humanists in Florence, Venice, and Rome) taught a Christianised version of pagan polytheism.

Questions:
What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all?
Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?
Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?
What cities may have influenced the beliefs of Gemistus Pleto?
After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a view to correcting errors and discrepancies in the latter. Erasmus, along with the French humanist Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, began issuing new translations, laying the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation. Henceforth Renaissance humanism, particularly in the German North, became concerned with religion, while Italian and French humanism concentrated increasingly on scholarship and philology addressed to a narrow audience of specialists, studiously avoiding topics that might offend despotic rulers or which might be seen as corrosive of faith. After the Reformation, critical examination of the Bible did not resume until the advent of the so-called Higher criticism of the 19th-century German Tübingen school.

Questions:
When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?
When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?
Erasmus can be said to have lit the match that sparked a radical change in thinking in his era along with who?
What text still remained without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 18th century?
The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks, but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality. The influence of Terence's felicitous phrase on Roman thinking about human rights can hardly be overestimated. Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of humankind with a clarion-call:

Questions:
What author had a great impact in Rome?
Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words?
From where did this school of thought emerge?
Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later
What was the name of the main belief Terence offered
Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-looking admiration for antiquity", in which Platonism stood in opposition to the Aristotelian concentration on the observable properties of the physical world. But Renaissance humanists, who considered themselves as restoring the glory and nobility of antiquity, had no interest in scientific innovation. However, by the mid-to-late 16th century, even the universities, though still dominated by Scholasticism, began to demand that Aristotle be read in accurate texts edited according to the principles of Renaissance philology, thus setting the stage for Galileo's quarrels with the outmoded habits of Scholasticism.

Questions:
Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?
Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?
What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant?
When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle?
Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use.

Questions:
When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases?
What is a contagious disease a subset of?
What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease?
Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation?
What is not always respected in popular use?
Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge of the specific causative agent. Conclusions about the cause of the disease are based upon the likelihood that a patient came in contact with a particular agent, the presence of a microbe in a community, and other epidemiological considerations. Given sufficient effort, all known infectious agents can be specifically identified. The benefits of identification, however, are often greatly outweighed by the cost, as often there is no specific treatment, the cause is obvious, or the outcome of an infection is benign.

Questions:
What does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying?
Many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation?
How are minor infectious diseases treated?
What can be identified given sufficient effort?
Why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious agent?