Siam0703/SQuAD-EN-Passage-to-Question huggingface dataset:
There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario.

Questions:
How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators?
How many varieties of seedless grapes are there?
What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless?
What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for?
What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?
Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.

Questions:
What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?
What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as?
What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices?
Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?
What is the main phenolic in white grapes?
The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest.

Questions:
What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist?
When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration?
Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt?
What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons?
What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ?
Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously attaching a positive value to interaction with contemporary society. In this view, Orthodox Judaism can "be enriched" by its intersection with modernity; further, "modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of transforming the world to benefit humanity". At the same time, in order to preserve the integrity of halakha, any area of "powerful inconsistency and conflict" between Torah and modern culture must be avoided. Modern Orthodoxy, additionally, assigns a central role to the "People of Israel".

Questions:
What is the name  of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies?
Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?
What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?
What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?
What is modern cutlture in conflict with?
All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

Questions:
What type of cells do all animals have?
What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?
What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified?
What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?
How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?
The process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of its history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, which from the late 19th century largely restricted brewing to a commercial operation only. However, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby.

Questions:
What is the process of making beer called?
What is a building called that is used for making beer?
What is company that makes beer typically known as?
What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption?
In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK?
After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. In some breweries, the hopped wort may pass through a hopback, which is a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter; but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the yeast is added. During fermentation, the wort becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and strength of the beer. In addition to producing ethanol, fine particulate matter suspended in the wort settles during fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the yeast also settles, leaving the beer clear.

Questions:
In breweries, what do you call a small vat that is filled with hops?
In what phase of brewing does hopped wort become beer?
What substance settles and make beer clear after it ferments?
How long does the fermentation process take in brewing beer?
What substance is added to hopped wort once it cools after boiling?
Around the world, there are many traditional and ancient starch-based drinks classed as beer. In Africa, there are various ethnic beers made from sorghum or millet, such as Oshikundu in Namibia and Tella in Ethiopia. Kyrgyzstan also has a beer made from millet; it is a low alcohol, somewhat porridge-like drink called "Bozo". Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet and Sikkim also use millet in Chhaang, a popular semi-fermented rice/millet drink in the eastern Himalayas. Further east in China are found Huangjiu and Choujiu—traditional rice-based beverages related to beer.

Questions:
What type of starch is used to make the beer Oshikundu?
In what country is the beer Oshikundu produced?
In what country is the beer Tella produced?
What is the name of the millet based porridge like beer made in Kyrgystan?
What is a beer-like beverage in China that is made with rice?
The biggest change in this year's census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro," no matter the fraction of that lineage (the "one-drop rule"). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless he was considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both White and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as an Indian, unless his American Indian ancestry was small, and he was accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had White and some other racial ancestry, he was to be reported as that other race. Persons who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father.

Questions:
What word was dropped as a racial classification in this year's census?
What were people that had black and white ancestor classified as in this census?
How were people with both black and American Indian ancestry recorded in this census?
What is it called when a mixed race person in recorded as negro in this census, even if only a fraction of their ancestry is black?
Which parent was the deciding factor for how interracial persons were recorded in this census?
Race was asked differently in the Census 2000 in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Use of caution is therefore recommended when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the US population over time.

Questions:
In what year were census respondents first able to select more than one race?
How many American reported being of more than one race in the Census 2000?
How many race categories were respondents able to select in the Census 2000?
What year was the last census before the Census 2000?
"Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act)."

Questions:
What act has rules and regulations for bilingual election?
What act has rules and regulations for meeting the credit needs of minority populations?
What act has laws about equal employment opportunities for ethnic groups?
In February 2007, the U.S. Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin. Based on the success of the "50 State Quarters" series, the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations, starting with George Washington, on the obverse side. The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty. To allow for larger, more detailed portraits, the traditional inscriptions of "E Pluribus Unum", "In God We Trust", the year of minting or issuance, and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face. This feature, similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £1 coin, is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs. The inscription "Liberty" has been eliminated, with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement. In addition, due to the nature of U.S. coins, this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse (heads) side (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime, Washington/quarter, Kennedy/half dollar, and Eisenhower/dollar). Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with his portrait issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms.

Questions:
In which year was the new $1 US Presidential coin introduced?
What does the reverse side of the new coins feature?
What is the official version of "In God We Trust" printed on the coins?
Which inscription was eliminated due to the Statue of Liberty being added to the coin?
Which President will have two coins with his portrait on it?
Imperial College Boat Club
The Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919. The Gold medal winning GB 8+ at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy. The club has been highly successful, with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event. The club has been home to numerous National Squad oarsmen and women and is open to all rowers not just students of Imperial College London.

Questions:
Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on?
How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8+?
What was the name of the coach of the Gold medal winning GB8+?
Which event has the Boat Club been highly successful at?
Which event did the Boat Club claim victory in for 2013?
Imperial College TV
ICTV (formerly STOIC (Student Television of Imperial College)) is Imperial College Union's TV station, founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an occasional short news programme which was then played to students by simply moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room. A cable link to the Southside halls of residence was laid in a tunnel under Exhibition Road in 1972. Besides the news, early productions included a film of the Queen opening what was then called College Block and interview programmes with DJ Mike Raven, Richard O'Brian and Monty Python producer Ian MacNaughton. The society was renamed to ICTV for the start of the 2014/15 academic year.

Questions:
What does the abbreviation STOIC stand for?
What is STOIC's modern name?
When was Imperial College Union's TV station founded?
Where was a cable link located that connected the Southside Halls of residence?
When was the station renamed to it's modern name?
Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) was developed from the Finnish "naisvoimistelu". It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger' Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon, hoop and clubs are used on the floor area. The sport requires physical qualities such as flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm where movements of the body are emphasized through the flow, expression and aesthetic appeal. A good performance is characterized by uniformity and simultaneity. The competition program consists of versatile and varied body movements, such as body waves, swings, balances, pivots, jumps and leaps, dance steps, and lifts. The International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (IFAGG) was established in 2003.

Questions:
What does AGG stand for?
Why is AGG different than Rhythmic Gymnastics?
Do athletes use apparatuses in the international AGG competitions?
What physical qualities are needed for rhythmic gymastics?
What year was the Federsation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics established?
The club's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James, and surrounded by two branches, one of a laurel tree and the other a palm. In 1910 the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest. The winner was Carles Comamala, who at the time played for the club. Comamala's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today, with some minor variations. The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper-left corner with the Catalan flag beside it, and the team colours at the bottom.

Questions:
What royal symbol appears on the club's crest?
Beside a palm, what tree appears on the crest?
When was a competition held to produce a team crest?
Who was the winner of the crest competition?
What flag is on the team crest?
FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups, competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey. In 1902, the club won its first trophy, the Copa Macaya, and participated in the first Copa del Rey, losing 1–2 to Bizcaya in the final. Hans Gamper — now known as Joan Gamper — became club president in 1908, finding the club in financial difficulty after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905. Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925, he spent 25 years in total at the helm. One of his main achievements was ensuring Barça acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income.

Questions:
In what year did Barcelona win its first trophy?
What was the first cup Barcelona won?
When did Joan Gamper become the president of the Barcelona club?
How many times between 1908 and 1925 was Gamper president?
Why did Gamper want Barcelona to acquire a stadium of its own?
Around this time, tensions began to arise between what was perceived as president Núñez's dictatorial rule and the nationalistic support group, Boixos Nois. The group, identified with a left-wing separatism, repeatedly demanded the resignation of Núñez and openly defied him through chants and banners at matches. At the same time, Barcelona experienced an eruption in skinheads, who often identified with a right-wing separatism. The skinheads slowly transferred the Boixos Nois' ideology from liberalism to fascism, which caused division within the group and a sudden support for Núñez's presidency. Inspired by British hooligans, the remaining Boixos Nois became violent, causing havoc leading to large-scale arrests.

Questions:
What political group wanted Nunez to resign the presidency?
To what did Boixos Nois idetify themselves as belonging?
What right-wing separatists tried to spread fascism to the Boixos Nois?
What did the resulting split in the Boixos Nois group cause many to support?
What did the resulting violence perpetrated by the extremists produce?
Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup after defeating Porto 2–0 thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc Fàbregas. This extended the club's overall number of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies. The UEFA Super Cup victory also marked another impressive achievement as Josep Guardiola won his 12th trophy out of 15 possible in only three years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at FC Barcelona.

Questions:
What competition did Barcelona win because of goals by Messi and Fabregas?
Which team did Barcelona beat to win the UEFA Super Cup?
How many total trophies did  Barcelona's Super Cup win produce?
What team did Barcelona's total competition wins pass?
Who is the record holder for most trophy wins as coach of Barcelona?
Prior to the 2011–2012 season, Barcelona had a long history of avoiding corporate sponsorship on the playing shirts. On 14 July 2006, the club announced a five-year agreement with UNICEF, which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts. The agreement had the club donate €1.5 million per year to UNICEF (0.7 percent of its ordinary income, equal to the UN International Aid Target, cf. ODA) via the FC Barcelona Foundation. The FC Barcelona Foundation is an entity set up in 1994 on the suggestion of then-chairman of the Economical-Statutory Committee, Jaime Gil-Aluja. The idea was to set up a foundation that could attract financial sponsorships to support a non-profit sport company. In 2004, a company could become one of 25 "Honorary members" by contributing between £40,000–60,000 (£54,800–82,300) per year. There are also 48 associate memberships available for an annual fee of £14,000 (£19,200) and an unlimited number of "patronages" for the cost of £4,000 per year (£5,500). It is unclear whether the honorary members have any formal say in club policy, but according to the author Anthony King, it is "unlikely that Honorary Membership would not involve at least some informal influence over the club".

Questions:
What corporate sponsorship did Barcelona agree to in 2006?
How much does Barcelona donate to UNICEF per year?
What target does the Barcelona donation to UNICEF match?
Who recommended setting up the FC Barcelona Foundation?
What was the Barcelona foundation meant to attract?
Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.

Questions:
What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?
What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing?
In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals?
How far away was the hospital from this rural area?
How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?
Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon, whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox. Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day. By the 10th century all churches (except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter, which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March, although Bede had already noted its drift in 725—it had drifted even further by the 16th century.

Questions:
When was Easter Sunday celebrated after the equinox?
What did churches do to settle the date if there was a difference?
By what century had almost all churches begun celebrating Easter according to the Alexandrian Easter?
On what border of the Byzantine Empire were the last holdouts for celebrating according the  Alexandrian Easter?
What date placement drifted increasingly off the true date on the calendar?