Siam0703/SQuAD-EN-Passage-to-Question huggingface dataset:
The Medieval period includes music from after the fall of Rome to about 1400. Monophonic chant, also called plainsong or Gregorian chant, was the dominant form until about 1100. Polyphonic (multi-voiced) music developed from monophonic chant throughout the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, including the more complex voicings of motets.

Questions:
The Medieval period begins with the fall of what city?
What can Plainsong or Gregorian chant also be called?
What does Polyphonic mean?
When did Monophonic chant stop being the dominant form?
Polyphonic music included more complex voicing of what?
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.

Questions:
When was the Renaissance era?
What era was from 1400 to 1600?
The use of the first ass instruments occurred in what era?
What became widespread in the Renaissance era?
Musical forms for dance began to standardize during what era?
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.

Questions:
Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music?
What does basso continuo mean?
What did music become during the Baroque era  in comparison with earlier periods?
What form began to take shape during the Baroque era?
Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.

Questions:
What does the written score not usually contain explicitly?
Interpretations of written score is left to whom?
Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?
^1 Also considered part of Rusyns
^2 Considered transitional between Ukrainians and Belarusians
^3 The ethnic affiliation of the Lemkos has become an ideological conflict. It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad
^4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality, different from that Czech (although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language).
^5 Also considered Poles.
^6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles. Parts of the southmost population of Upper Silesia is sometimes considered Czech (controversial).

Questions:
Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict?
The idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where?
Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?
What group is considered part of the Poles?
The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League.

Questions:
Local Southampton football leagues have what day of the week in their names?
How many local Sunday football leagues does Southampton have?
What's the name of the local league with "City" in its name?
What's the name of the the local league with "District" in its name?
Many of the world's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton water, including record-breaking vessels from Royal Caribbean and Carnival Corporation & plc. The latter has headquarters in Southampton, with its brands including Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises and Cunard Line.

Questions:
What cruise line has its headquarters in Southampton?
Besides Carnival, what other major cruise line parks its record-breaking cruise ships in Southampton Water?
In addition to P&O Cruises and Cunard Line, what other brand does Carnival Corporation own?
A treaty breach does not automatically suspend or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter. An advantage of such an arbiter is that it prevents a party from prematurely and perhaps wrongfully suspending or terminating its own obligations due to another's alleged material breach.

Questions:
What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty?
Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach?
Does a material breach necessarily suspend or terminate treaty relations?
What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations?
A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor?
In the final days of World War II in Yugoslavia, units of the Partisans were responsible for atrocities after the repatriations of Bleiburg, and accusations of culpability were later raised at the Yugoslav leadership under Tito. At the time, Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column, offering amnesty and attempting to avoid a disorderly surrender. On 14 May he dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters Slovene Partisan Army prohibiting "in the sternest language" the execution of prisoners of war and commanding the transfer of the possible suspects to a military court.

Questions:
Who offered amnesty to the retreatig column?
Who dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters prohibiting the execution of prisoners of war?
In the final days of WWII in Yugoslavia, who were responsible for atrocities?
What did Tito offer to the retreating column?
Where were possible suspects transferred to?
During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921.

Questions:
When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status.
What was one name of a power that the szlachta was dependent on.
When was the March constitution implemented.
What did the Mach constitution do?
In what republic did the szlachta lose their legal privileges.
The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often exercised with an assembly of elders. Strongholds called grόd were built where the religious cult was powerful, where trials were conducted, and where clans gathered in the face of danger. The opole was the territory occupied by a single tribe. (Manteuffel 1982, p. 44)

Questions:
What ruled over the tribes?
What did the clans people all have in common?
What gave them a sense of solidarity?
What were stronghold called?
What was the territory occupied by a single tribe?
The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki.

Questions:
What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles?
What social pressure was pressing down the people?
What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism.
What year was the union of brest
Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms, and statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 that prescribed the rights of commoners.

Questions:
Who defined the significant legislative changes?
What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation?
What did the 1425 requirement entail?
What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from?
In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use their own funds for military expeditions abroad. He also promised that during travels of the royal court, the king and the court would pay for all expenses, instead of using facilities of local nobility.

Questions:
When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility?
WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great?
What was promised by Buda King Casimer?
WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?
In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas corpus, known from its own Latin name as "neminem captivabimus (nisi jure victum)." Henceforth no member of the nobility could be imprisoned without a warrant from a court of justice: the king could neither punish nor imprison any noble at his whim. King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon was the nobles' guarantee that his throne would be inherited by one of his sons (who would be bound to honour the privileges theretofore granted to the nobility). On May 2, 1447 the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars the same rights as those possessed by the Polish szlachta.

Questions:
Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?
WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?
What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus?
What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility?
What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons?
Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on Poland's politics.

Questions:
Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?
Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates?
Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically?
All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general sejm).

Questions:
Children inherited polish nobility from whom?
What does an individual do to attain ennoblement?
WHo could naturalize a polish noble?
What is another name for ennoblement?
WHat is another name for polish noble?
The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life, peace and pacifism. It was also manifested in oriental-style apparel (the żupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia); and made the scimitar-like szabla, too, a near-obligatory item of everyday szlachta apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's "Golden Liberty" (złota wolność). Knowledge of Latin was widespread, and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary (the latter, "macaronisms"—from "macaroni") in everyday conversation.

Questions:
What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called?
Where did the name sarmatism originate?
How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?
What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism?
What languages were freely mixed?
The Alps (/ælps/; Italian: Alpi [ˈalpi]; French: Alpes [alp]; German: Alpen [ˈʔalpm̩]; Slovene: Alpe [ˈáːlpɛ]) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) across eight Alpine countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia, and Switzerland. The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at 4,810 m (15,781 ft) is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than 4,000 m (13,123 ft), known as the "four-thousanders".

Questions:
What Country are the Alps located in?
How many kilometres do the Alps stretch?
How long has it taken for the Alps to form?
What is the highest mountain in the Alps?
The Alpine region is also known as what?
The altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe; in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations. Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Paleolithic era.

Questions:
What affects the climate in Europe?
What type of animal lives inn the higher peaks?
What plant grows in the rocky areas of the range?
Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes as far back to what era?
A mummified man, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian–Italian border in 1991. By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established. Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region. In 1800 Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, and artists, in particular the Romantics, followed by the golden age of alpinism as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks. In World War II, Adolf Hitler kept a base of operation in the Bavarian Alps throughout the war.

Questions:
How old was the mummified man discovered at the Austrian-Italian bored?
What culture was well established by the 6th Century BC?
Who famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants?
What person took an army of 40,000 across the mountain passes?
Where was Adolf Hitlers base of operation during World War 2?
The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes (through French). Maurus Servius Honoratus, an ancient commentator of Virgil, says in his commentary (A. X 13) that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp.

Questions:
The English word Alps derives from what Latin Word?
Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts?
What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp?
This may be consistent with the theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of non-Indo-European origin (which is common for prominent mountains and mountain ranges in the Mediterranean region). According to the Old English Dictionary, the Latin Alpes might possibly derive from a pre-Indo-European word *alb "hill"; "Albania" is a related derivation. Albania, a name not native to the region known as the country of Albania, has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe. In Roman times, "Albania" was a name for the eastern Caucasus, while in the English language "Albania" (or "Albany") was occasionally used as a name for Scotland.

Questions:
There is a theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of what origin?
What name has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe?
Albania was a name for what during Roman Times?
Albania was occasionally used as a name for what in the English language?
In modern languages the term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks. An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found, and the term "the Alps", referring to the mountains, is a misnomer. The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language: words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berg are used in German speaking regions: mont, pic, dent and aiguille in French speaking regions; and monte, picco or cima in Italian speaking regions.

Questions:
The term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to what in modern languages?
What refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months?
Words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berd are used in what regions?
Mont, pic, dent and aiguille are words used in what regions?
The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley, with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side, and the Bernese Alps on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the central and western portions.

Questions:
The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what?
Where are the peaks smaller in the range?
The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range?
The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft) and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,200 ft) and Ortler at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively

Questions:
The highest peak of the Western Alps is where?
How tall is the peak at Mont Blanc?
The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where?
How tall is the peak of Piz Bernina
Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France. The secondary chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald, passing over many of the highest and most well-known peaks in the Alps. From the Colle di Cadibona to Col de Tende it runs westwards, before turning to the northwest and then, near the Colle della Maddalena, to the north. Upon reaching the Swiss border, the line of the main chain heads approximately east-northeast, a heading it follows until its end near Vienna.

Questions:
Where are the French Prealps located?
What mountains are located in Switzerland and France?
What follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald?
What heads approximately east-northeast once at the Swiss bored?
The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. In the medieval period hospices were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes. The most important passes are the Col de l'Iseran (the highest), the Brenner Pass, the Mont-Cenis, the Great St. Bernard Pass, the Col de Tende, the Gotthard Pass, the Semmering Pass, and the Stelvio Pass.

Questions:
What have been crossed for war and commerce?
What was established during medieval periods by religious orders?
Where were hospices established?
What is the highest of the most important passes of the Alps?
Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m (3,232 ft), the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria; since the 12th century when a hospice was built there it has seen continuous use. A railroad with a tunnel 1 mile (1.6 km) long was built along the route of the pass in the mid-19th century. With a summit of 2,469 m (8,100 ft), the Great St. Bernard Pass is one of the highest in the Alps, crossing the Italian-Swiss border east of the Pennine Alps along the flanks of Mont Blanc. The pass was used by Napoleon Bonaparte to cross 40,000 troops in 1800. The Saint Gotthard Pass crosses from Central Switzerland to Ticino; in the late 19th century the 14 km (9 mi) long Saint Gotthard Tunnel was built connecting Lucerne in Switzerland, with Milan in Italy. The Mont Cenis pass has been a major commercial road between Western Europe and Italy. Now the pass has been supplanted by the Fréjus Road and Rail tunnel. At 2,756 m (9,042 ft), the Stelvio Pass in northern Italy is one of the highest of the Alpine passes; the road was built in the 1820s. The highest pass in the alps is the col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France) at 2,770 m (9,088 ft).

Questions:
What seperates the Otztal Alps and Zillertal Alps?
How long has the Brenner Pass been used as a trading route?
The lowest of the Alpine passes at what elevation?
Who crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass with 40,000 troops?
Where is the highest point in the alps located?
Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became widely accepted.

Questions:
Who began studying the rock formations of the Alps
When did the studying of rock formations begin in the Alps?
What was used in the mid-19th century to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains?
What theory was more widely accepted by the mid-20th century?