Siam0703/SQuAD-EN-Passage-to-Question huggingface dataset:
The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc.

Questions:
Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination?
What does NCQLP stand for?
Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified?
What other national examinations are available?
The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations.

Questions:
What does PLASA stand for?
Where is PLASA based?
How many individuals does PLASA represent?
What does RoHS stand for?
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".

Questions:
Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?
Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?
What was Ruskin's career?
When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?
What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

Questions:
What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account?
In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?
Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?
Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.

Questions:
At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor?
What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?
When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?
What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?
In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?
LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita

Questions:
What does LE stand for?
What does MYS stand for?
What does EYS stand for?
What does GNIpc stand for?
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

Questions:
What does the IHDI specifically take into account?
Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
Schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting, finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1970's Hercules in New York. Credited under the name "Arnold Strong," his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production. His second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit-man for the mob in director Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973), which was followed by a much more significant part in the film Stay Hungry (1976), for which he was awarded a Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year. Schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career. "It was very difficult for me in the beginning – I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance."

Questions:
What was Schwarzenegger's first film role?
What last name was Schwarzenegger going by when he starred in Hercules in New York?
In 1973, who directed Schwarzenegger as a hit-man in The Long Goodbye?
Schwarzenegger's role in Stay Hungry led to a Golden Globe win in what category?
What adjective did Schwarzenegger say agents used to describe his body?
Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17, 2006 allowing California to work with the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states. Any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference. The plan took effect in 2009. In addition to using his political power to fight global warming, the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint. Schwarzenegger has adapted one of his Hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels. He has also installed solar panels to heat his home.

Questions:
What region of the U.S. has California partnered with on the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative?
What green technology did Schwarzenegger have installed at home to reduce his carbon footprint?
What year did the Greenhouse Gas Initiative go into effect?
What particular pollutant was Schwarzenegger addressing with his 2006 executive order?
In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft.

Questions:
Who began developing the  R-7 Semyorka rocket?
R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?
When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?
The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?
Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.

Questions:
What was the off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption often referred to as?
In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?
What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home?
What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter?
Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?
The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.

Questions:
What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?
What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?
When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated?
What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?
Linda Woodhead attempts to provide a common belief thread for Christians by noting that "Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance." Philosopher Michael Martin, in his book The Case Against Christianity, evaluated three historical Christian creeds (the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed) to establish a set of basic assumptions which include belief in theism, the historicity of Jesus, the Incarnation, salvation through faith in Jesus, and Jesus as an ethical role model.

Questions:
Who states that Christian believers agree that Jesus has a unique significance?
Who wrote The Case Against Christianity?
How many historical Christian creeds did Martin write about?
What do Christians believe is the way to salvation?
What are the three creeds Martin studied?
The region of modern Eastern Europe and Central Eurasia (Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the ex-USSR) have a long history of Christianity and Christian communities on its lands. In ancient times, in the first centuries after the birth of Christ, when this region was called[by whom?] Scythia - Christians already lived there. Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially - initially in Armenia (301 AD) and in Georgia (337 AD), later in the Great Russian Principality (Kyivan Rus, Russian: Великое княжество Русское, ca 988 AD). People of that time used to denote themselves Christians (христиане, крестьяне) and Russians (русские). Both terms had strong Christian connotations.[citation needed] It is also interesting that in time the term "крестьяне" acquired the meaning "peasants of Christian faith" and later "peasants" (the main part of the population of the region), while the term "христиане" retained its religious meaning and the term "русские" began to mean representatives of the heterogeneous Russian nation formed on the basis of common Christian faith and language,[citation needed] which strongly influenced the history and development of the region. In the region the "Pravoslav faith" (православная вера - Orthodox faith) or "Russian faith" (русская вера) from earliest times became almost as known as the original "Christian faith" (христианская, крестьянская вера). Also in some contexts the term "cossack" (козак, казак - free man by the will of God) was used[by whom?] to denote "free" Christians of steppe origin and Russian language.

Questions:
What was the region of Eastern Europe called in 1 AD?
What was the first state in this region to adopt Christianity?
When did Armenia adopt Christianity?
When did Georgia adopt Christianity?
What nearly was known as the original 'Christian faith'?
Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America) are an exception to this rule. Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian, with women roughly as influential and powerful as men.

Questions:
What is the social style of hunter-gather societies?
Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live?
what group of hunter-gatherers are nearly all egalitarian?
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN
2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria)
2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)
1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)
1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)

Questions:
Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?
Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?
Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?
Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000?
In America, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA (formerly Americans for UNFPA) worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations.

Questions:
What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to make up for the loss of United States funding for the UNFPA?
What kind of organization is Friends of UNFPA?
What was Friends of UNFPA's previous name?
What type of United States funding does Friends of UNFPA try to replace?
Through what sort of donations does Friends of UNFPA raise money?
In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.

Questions:
Where were the first isps established?
where was the first commercial isp in the us located?
when was the first commercial isp customer served?
when were the first commercial isps established?
what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?
On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.

Questions:
What would the absence of net neutrality permit?
what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns?
how did president obama recommend to classify the internet?
what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet?
what would the internet be classified as based on title ii?
On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."

Questions:
When did the FCC rule on net neturality?
How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?
what did the FCC adopt for the internet?
what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to?
what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?
ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.

Questions:
What do ISPs provide?
how do isps provide internet access?
what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet?
what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly?
what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet?
For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.

Questions:
what traditional options were available for users and small businesses?
what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?
who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?
For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).

Questions:
What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements?
what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers?
what is high-speed dsl used for?
what is SONET?
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

Questions:
What is a mailbox provider?
What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains?
what is the purpose of a mailbox provider?
how does a user store electronic mail?
Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Questions:
What is SMTP?
What is IMAP?
How is access to mail provided?
what are most mailbox providers as well?
who possibly controls their own mail servers?
Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.

Questions:
What do internet hosting services provide?
Who provides a virtual server service?
who provides cloud services?
In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.

Questions:
What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP?
what do transit ISPs provide?
A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?
What is a PoP?
What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

Questions:
What is a VISP?
What do VISPs resemble?
What do visps purchase services from?
Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]

Questions:
What are free ISPs?
What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?
What are free ISPs similar to?
How are freenets run?
A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]

Questions:
What is a WISP?
What technology is part of a WISP?
What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over?
What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?
ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.

Questions:
What is peering?
What does peering allow?
Why is peering used?
What are IXs?
Where do multiple ISPs connect?
Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]

Questions:
Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible?
What sort of route does data follow?