Siam0703/SQuAD-EN-Passage-to-Question huggingface dataset:
The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first with the Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe groups. The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople. Cherson also served as a key diplomatic link with the Khazars and others on the steppe, and it became the centre of Black Sea commerce. The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers.

Questions:
What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence?
What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs?
What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?
In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases."

Questions:
When do the pictograms suggest Sumerians had domesticated livestock?
What might be found by the side of a Sumerian house?
What animal did Sumerians use primary to facilitate transportation?
What was the primary purpose of oxen for Sumerians?
Where were plants also grown besides the garden?
As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop.

Questions:
Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground?
How do archaeologists know about Sumerian agricultural practices?
How many times did Sumerian farmers plow, harrow and rake the ground?
When would farmers flood their fields?
The the Ur III period, what crop had Sumerians switched to from wheat for their primary crop?
The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube.

Questions:
What did the Sumerians a complex system of around 4000 BC?
From the Sumerian metrology sprang forth the creation of what disciplines?
Where did the Sumerians put their multiplication tables?
When was the abacus first seen between?
What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics?
During the Pacific War Funafuti was used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) that were occupied by Japanese forces. The United States Marine Corps landed on Funafuti on 2 October 1942 and on Nanumea and Nukufetau in August 1943. The Japanese had already occupied Tarawa and other islands in what is now Kiribati, but were delayed by the losses at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The islanders assisted the American forces to build airfields on Funafuti, Nanumea and Nukufetau and to unload supplies from ships. On Funafuti the islanders shifted to the smaller islets so as to allow the American forces to build the airfield and to build naval bases and port facilities on Fongafale. A Naval Construction Battalion (Seabees) built a sea plane ramp on the lagoon side of Fongafale islet for seaplane operations by both short and long range seaplanes and a compacted coral runway was also constructed on Fongafale, with runways also constructed to create Nanumea Airfield and Nukufetau Airfield. USN Patrol Torpedo Boats (PTs) were based at Funafuti from 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944.

Questions:
For what purpose was Funafuti used during the Pacific War?
What group occupied the Gilbert Islands?
What action delayed the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands?
From what time span were USN Torpedo Boats stationed at Funafuti?
On what islet did US forces build a seaplane ramp?
From 1974 (the creation of the British colony of Tuvalu) until independence, the legislative body of Tuvalu was called the House of the Assembly or Fale I Fono. Following independence in October 1978 the House of the Assembly was renamed the Parliament of Tuvalu or Palamene o Tuvalu. The unicameral Parliament has 15 members with elections held every four years. The members of parliament select the Prime Minister (who is the head of government) and the Speaker of Parliament. The ministers that form the Cabinet are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Questions:
When did Tuvalu acquire independence?
What was formed in 1974?
After independence, what was the Assembly on Tuvalu  named?
What type of parliament does Tuvalu have?
In Tuvalu government, what group elect the Prime Minster?
A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN, at the 2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa and in other international fora, is promoting concern about global warming and the possible sea level rising. Tuvalu advocates ratification and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. In December 2009 the islands stalled talks on climate change at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emissions. Their chief negotiator stated, "Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting."

Questions:
What crisis is a major concern for Tuvalu at the UN?
In concert with global warming, what is Tuvalu's other envirnmental priority?
What agreement does Tuvalu advocate ratification?
What did Tuvalu call for from other nations concerning reduction of carbon emissions?
What does Tuvalu feel its position to be in climate change?
Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). The Tuvaluan government, the US government, and the governments of other Pacific islands, are parties to the South Pacific Tuna Treaty (SPTT), which entered into force in 1988. Tuvalu is also a member of the Nauru Agreement which addresses the management of tuna purse seine fishing in the tropical western Pacific. In May 2013 representatives from the United States and the Pacific Islands countries agreed to sign interim arrangement documents to extend the Multilateral Fisheries Treaty (which encompasses the South Pacific Tuna Treaty) to confirm access to the fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific for US tuna boats for 18 months. Tuvalu and the other members of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the United States have settled a tuna fishing deal for 2015; a longer term deal will be negotiated. The treaty is an extension of the Nauru Agreement and provides for US flagged purse seine vessels to fish 8,300 days in the region in return for a payment of US$90 million made up by tuna fishing industry and US-Government contributions. In 2015 Tuvalu has refused to sell fishing days to certain nations and fleets that have blocked Tuvaluan initiatives to develop and sustain their own fishery.

Questions:
In what fishery group does Tuvalu participate?
Of what fishery treaty is Tuvalu a signatory?
What is the focus of the Nauru Agreement?
Of what did Tuvalu agree to the extension ?
What did Tuvalu refuse to sell in 2015?
Another important building is the falekaupule or maneapa the traditional island meeting hall, where important matters are discussed and which is also used for wedding celebrations and community activities such as a fatele involving music, singing and dancing. Falekaupule is also used as the name of the council of elders – the traditional decision making body on each island. Under the Falekaupule Act, Falekaupule means "traditional assembly in each island...composed in accordance with the Aganu of each island". Aganu means traditional customs and culture.

Questions:
What type of structure is the falekaupule?
Besides meetings, for what other use is the meeting hall used?
Aside from being defined as a meeting hall, what other definition does falekaupule have?
What is the traditional use of the falekaupule?
What is the traditional customs and culture on Tuvalu?
The popular sports in Tuvalu include kilikiti, Ano, football, futsal, volleyball, handball, basketball and rugby union. Tuvalu has sports organisations for athletics, badminton, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, rugby union, weightlifting and powerlifting. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined event.) In 2015 Telupe Iosefa received the first gold medal won by Tuvalu at the Pacific Games in the powerlifting 120 kg male division.

Questions:
What athlete won Tuvalu's first gold metal in competition?
In which competition did Lapua win a metal for Tuvalu?
In what contests did Lapua win  metals for Tuvalu?
Who won a gold metal at the Pacific Games?
In what type of competition did Telupe losefa win in 2015?
From 1996 to 2002, Tuvalu was one of the best-performing Pacific Island economies and achieved an average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.6% per annum. Since 2002 economic growth has slowed, with GDP growth of 1.5% in 2008. Tuvalu was exposed to rapid rises in world prices of fuel and food in 2008, with the level of inflation peaking at 13.4%. The International Monetary Fund 2010 Report on Tuvalu estimates that Tuvalu experienced zero growth in its 2010 GDP, after the economy contracted by about 2% in 2009. On 5 August 2012, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation with Tuvalu, and assessed the economy of Tuvalu: "A slow recovery is underway in Tuvalu, but there are important risks. GDP grew in 2011 for the first time since the global financial crisis, led by the private retail sector and education spending. We expect growth to rise slowly". The IMF 2014 Country Report noted that real GDP growth in Tuvalu had been volatile averaging only 1 percent in the past decade. The 2014 Country Report describes economic growth prospects as generally positive as the result of large revenues from fishing licenses, together with substantial foreign aid.

Questions:
What was Tuvalu's GDP rate from 1996 to 2002?
What has been the GDP of Tuvalu in 2008?
What rises in cost have effected Tuvalu's domestic growth?
What has been the level of domestic growth in 2010 on Tuvalu?
What does Tuvalu expect as a return in fishing licenses and foreign aid?
The Tuvalu Media Department of the Government of Tuvalu operates Radio Tuvalu which broadcasts from Funafuti. In 2011 the Japanese government provided financial support to construct a new AM broadcast studio. The installation of upgraded transmission equipment allows Radio Tuvalu to be heard on all nine islands of Tuvalu. The new AM radio transmitter on Funafuti replaced the FM radio service to the outer islands and freed up satellite bandwidth for mobile services. Fenui – news from Tuvalu is a free digital publication of the Tuvalu Media Department that is emailed to subscribers and operates a Facebook page, which publishes news about government activities and news about Tuvaluan events, such as a special edition covering the results of the 2015 general election.

Questions:
What is the radio station on Tuvalu?
From where does Radio Tuvalu broadcast?
Who gave financial support to Tuvalu to upgrade transmission equipment?
What did the new radio equipment replace with AM service?
What service got more bandwidth from the transmission upgrade?
Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops. Cyclone Gavin was first identified during 2 March 1997, and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996–97 cyclone season with Cyclones Hina and Keli following later in the season.

Questions:
What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti?
How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97  cyclone season?
What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?
What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season?
What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979?
The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. The 2011 report of Pacific Climate Change Science Program of Australia concludes, in relation to Tuvalu, states the conclusions that over the course of the 21st century:

Questions:
What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise?
What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase?
What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs?
What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs?
Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones?
While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji, in 2006 Maatia Toafa (Prime Minister from 2004–2006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013 Enele Sopoaga, the prime minister of Tuvalu, said that relocating Tuvaluans to avoid the impact of sea level rise "should never be an option because it is self defeating in itself. For Tuvalu I think we really need to mobilise public opinion in the Pacific as well as in the [rest of] world to really talk to their lawmakers to please have some sort of moral obligation and things like that to do the right thing."

Questions:
What do some people want to do with the people of Tuvalu?
What did the Tuvalu Prime Minster say was not enough of an immediate threat to cause evacuation of the population?
When did Prime Minster Maatia Toafa make his comments about not evacuating Tuvalu?
What did Enele Sopoaga think evacuation of the people should be?
The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal". The Council of Trent decreed: "If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more, nor lose grace, and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified; or, on the contrary, that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins, except by a special privilege of God, as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin: let him be anathema."

Questions:
Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?
How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ?
What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in  regards to the decision on Mary ?
What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?
The celebrated John Duns Scotus (d. 1308), a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure, argued, on the contrary, that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered. Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ, he argued that Mary's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.

Questions:
What did the the monk of minor believe to be true of Mary ?
What point did his argument attempt to bring to the masses ?
What did the monk of minor believe could alleviate the tension in the matter of the
What consequences did he believe that this would have on Mary's reputation ?
How did monk of minor explain how the change in reputation could be of benefit to Mary ?
Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception. In 1439, the Council of Basel, which is not reckoned an ecumenical council, stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith. By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties, but such was the influence of the Dominicans, and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323 and declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567) that the Council of Trent (1545–63)—which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine—instead declined to take a position.

Questions:
Where did the mass majority stand in relation to having or not having the Mary inception festivals ?
How did the Holy Roman Church rule on the matter of the festivals ?
Was the practce behind the meaning of the Mary inception festivals taught at Universities of theology ?
In what year was the famous friar named Tom given a position as a saint of the Holy Roman Catholic Church ?
What happened to Tom at one of the 1567 that changed his title ?
Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true, natural human being of flesh and blood, just as we. However, he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child, not poisoned by sin as we are. For in that moment when she conceived, she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit, at once God and truly man, in one person." Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

Questions:
Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?
What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church  ?
What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?
What did Mary's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ?
What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?
The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe, and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God. The moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head, possibly a reference to "a woman clothed with the sun" from Revelation 12:1-2. Additional imagery may include clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.

Questions:
What became very popular symbol among the who believed Mary had a Virgin for a mother ?
What does Mary stand upon in this symbol?
What does Mary where atop her hair that twinkles in the symbol ?
What else can be found in the symbol with Mary that may vary in different versions ?
Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP being spent on education. Curriculum development, educational research, and professional development of teachers is centrally organised by the National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) in Okahandja.

Questions:
What is the cost of primary and secondary education in Namibia?
How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school?
How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in secondary schools?
What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999?
What develops the curriculum as well as other educational resources in Namibia?
The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey.

Questions:
What nationality were the first navigators to explore Namibia come from?
When did Bartolomeu Dias explore Namibia?
When did Diogo Cao explore Namibia?
Settlers on their way to Angola settled in Namibia instead of going where?
Along with Swedish settlers, what other country's settlers inhabited in Namibia first?