where this literature review need to improve -Finding effective reversal strategies has been challenging research and a matter of continual trial and error
(Smith et al., 2017). Initially, medicinal science focused on symptomatic therapy based on drugs such as
Donepezil or Rivastigmine (Birks, 2006). These cholinesterase inhibitors may enhance neurotransmitter
function in the brain by helping them work better but cannot stop the disease entirely (Mangialasche et
al., 2010). It is like putting a bandage on a wound that requires stitches. Nevertheless, the recent years
have shifted towards comprehensive approaches with the objective of more than the mere relief of
symptoms but possible reversal (Langa & Levine, 2014). An example of this is the use of non-
pharmaceutical interventions like cognitive rehabilitation (Clare et al., 2019). It entails the use of specific
exercises as well as therapeutic techniques aimed at boosting memory and attention. According to a recent
report by Clare et al. (2019), although mental exercises do not lead to healing, they help improve the
patient’s brain function and provide a boost of positive feelings. Studies also show that modification of
diet, like adopting a Mediterranean or MIND diet rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, can
reduce the rate of Alzheimer's advancement (Morris et al., 2015). Coupling this with routine physical
exercise has the potential to not only maintain but also enhance cognitive functions by raising cerebral
blood flow and promoting greater synaptic plasticity (Ahlskog et al., 2011).
However, the promise of future breakthroughs makes this field particularly intriguing. One of the most
talked-about avenues is immunotherapy, where research has centered on targeting beta-amyloid and tau
proteins for removal (Sevigny et al., 2016). Several drugs, such as aducanumab and lecanemab, are under
investigation in clinical trials and have shown promise in reducing beta-amyloid plaques (Sevigny et al.,
2016), although their long-term efficacy in reversing Alzheimer's is still under debate. Similarly, vaccines
targeting tau tangles are also in the early stages but could revolutionize Alzheimer’s care if successful
(Wischik et al., 2014). Other novel approaches include the use of antiviral drugs following research that
suggests a link between Alzheimer's and viral infections like herpes simplex virus (Readhead et al.,
2018).
Neuroregenerative therapies using stem cells are another frontier (Spalding et al., 2013). Some studies are
exploring the potential of stem cells to regenerate lost neurons, although this is still largely experimental
and not yet proven effective. On the non-pharmaceutical front, a multi-modal approach encompassing
personalized nutrition, physical exercise, and cognitive rehabilitation has gained traction, known as the
MEND (Metabolic Enhancement for NeuroDegeneration) protocol (Bredesen, 2014). This protocol
involves a variety of interventions such as optimizing diet, sleep, and stress levels and has shown
encouraging results in small trials.
Finally, the ethical and social dimensions can't be ignored (Kesselheim et al., 2021). As we venture into
experimental treatments, issues like informed consent, the potential for unintended side effects, and the
emotional and financial toll on caregivers and families must be carefully weighed (Herrmann et al., 2018).
For example, the approval of aducanumab by the FDA stirred ethical debates due to its high cost and
uncertain efficacy, raising questions about resource allocation in healthcare (Kesselheim et al., 2021).