Macrosoft (a fictional software firm) reported the following account in its year 2 balance sheet: ($ in millions) 
Software, less accumulated amortization 
year 2: $3,409
year 1: $3,562
(Accumulated amortization in Year 2: $12,186; Year 1: $11,212)  
In the notes to its financial statements, Macrosoft reported that it spent $1,427 million on computer software–related activities. Assume that these expenditures were related to projects in which technological feasibility has been proved. As of the end of year 2, how much has Macrosoft spent on existing computer software– related activities in past years?