ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction With the global progression and expansion of criminal law and information technology, a need has been identified in almost all nations for the modernization of criminal procedures. The traditional modes of criminal justice and criminal procedures are gradually becoming obsolete as modern and more practical criminal procedures are being introduced. The reasons for the modification of criminal laws and procedures are among others; the expanding definition of crime and the means through which information can be transferred accurately and confidentially. Governments understand the importance of adjusting criminal procedures to incorporate simplicity and rapidity to reinforce their obligation to ensure the wellbeing of all individuals living in that nation. Straightforward procedures ensure that the time and monetary resources expended during the criminal procedures are minimized. In addition, justice delayed is justice denied and in cases where an innocent individual is facing criminal charges, a conventional, time consuming procedure will actually be facilitating injustice. The democratic republic of Ecuador in South America is one of the nations that have recognized the need for a more efficient criminal justice system. Improving the competence and efficiency of the criminal justice process has become a primary challenge for the Government of Ecuador. The Commencement of Criminal Justice System Amendments The primary measures to modernize the criminal procedures in Ecuador began when Congress passed a new Criminal Procedures Code. The modernization began when the then President of Ecuador Jamil Mahuad proposed changes to the criminal justice system in December 1999 and these changes were fully supported and accepted by Congress in January 2000 (Winslow 12). After the new criminal system became fully functional in July the same year, the new Code essentially altered the Ecuadorian criminal justice system from an inquisitorial system to an accusatorial system (Silvana 14). Previously it was the responsibility of the judges and the judicial staff to investigate crimes while the police helped in providing statistical and manpower assistance (Cano 8). The role of the public prosecutors was to keep an eye on the judges’ investigation and take into account all the advancements. In accordance with the new criminal system procedures, prosecutors have an
Introduction The author Goethe has been critically acclaimed for initiating romantic literature. It is essential to determine which elements of this work were responsible for these claims. There is no doubt that the controversy in his book was attributed towards this romantic element as no one had ventured into this area before. Critic Goethe writes his novel based on his personal experiences and those of another individual who lived during his lifetime. It is the fruitless reconciliation of the impulsive and sensitive to the society that makes Young Werther’s journey so powerful. Generally speaking, this narrative was written in a confessional tone. Werther is highly personal even at a time when his society was immensely religious. What is even more interesting is that this general tone is what led to the development of romantic thought in the future. Different parts of the novel keep mentioning attributes that can only be associated with the latter concept. For example, Werther exemplifies the importance of creative genius and frequently endorses impulsion as a necessary part of artistic work. His is a focus on instinct more than anything else. The very fact that romantic thought had yet to take effect in society could be the reason why Young Werther was always at odds with society. He appears to be critical of society because his values were in direct contradiction to theirs. That stance explains why Werther always disliked society; he felt that it had intolerance for the unusual or even the great. This is what he says “I have come to realize in my own way that people have always felt a need to decry the extraordinary men who accomplish great things that seemed impossible as intoxicated or insane.” (Goethe, 61) It is also interesting to note how the author was daring enough to openly defy the principles of the prevalent era at that time i.e. enlightenment. Through the main character, the
Introduction The industrial revolution brought modernisation to most European countries. Most of these countries took at least 150 years to get to the level they are in today. However, some countries missed the opportunity to develop during the industrial revolution. One country that missed such an opportunity was Japan. This was because by the time the industrial revolution was taking root, Japan was under the Edo period of isolation and was therefore not allowed to take part in the revolution. It is surprising therefore, to note that despite Japan having been left behind while the other countries were modernising it has managed to catch up and even surpassed most of them within a short period. Although historians have varied theories for the rapid modernisation, they agree on some common things. (Gootzeit 8) One thing that without doubt contributed to the rapid modernisation of Japan was its geographical location. Japan is strategically located at the edge of countries like China, which have an already developed culture. The induction of an already developed culture into Japan made the country’s modernisation phenomenal. In reality, Japanese people love importing things more than producing them. This was why Japan unlike other countries gladly welcomed Western Culture. These imported things, which include science and religion in a great way account for the rapid spread of modernisation in Japan. (U.S Library of Congress) Another thing that directly contributed to the rapid modernisation of Japan was the high importance placed on education. In the beginning of the 16 th century, Catholic missionaries who came to Japan placed much emphasis on the intellectual ability of the citizens. The Sorai Ogyu and the Ching Dynasty before them had also tried introducing education through the advancement of Confucianism. On top of the Catholic fathers’ emphasis on education and the introduction of Confucianism, the study of Buddhism and the Manyo-shu by the Nakamoto Tominanga and the Keichu dynasties respectively helped a great deal in advancing education. When the school system was introduced in Japan in 1872, it gained quick acceptance from the people. One year after the system was introduced attendance immediately rose to 28%. By the turn of the century, attendance had risen to 81.5% and 99.0% by the end of World War 1. Since the middle of the 20 th century, school attendance has remained at a modest figure of 99.9%. This rapid spread of the education system helped Japan in modernising at a quick rate than other Asian countries. (Naofusa) Another thing that made Japan to rush her modernisation was the fear of colonisation by Western nations, and the urgent need to make improvements on unequal treaties with neighboring nations. At the beginning of the 20 th century, Japan had solved the urgent problems and began colonising other countries in imitation of Western nations. This was done to feed her population that was growing at a fast rate. In return, this policy gave neighboring countries a hard time and prevented them from colonising Japan. By the end of the Worl
Aristototles metaphysics The subject ‘Ethics’ owes its origin to the work of Aristotle. The original emphasis was on the question of virtue of personality. According to Aristotle the acquisition of virtue led to a good life (Aristotle 12-14). Generally, Ethics is a topic that chronologically exposes how people should live satisfactory lives. Initially, the study was principally associated with the study of politics particularly the issue of law making which looks at how people were brought up. The study looked at this question by studying the community from which the individuals hailed from. Aristotle’s initial response to the question on how best one can live a good life was through a life of philosophy and self-reflection. He looked at the issue of ethics by looking at virtue, the good life, friendship, and political science. Virtue Aristotle is of the view that a virtue makes it possible for a thing to function well. Its function is seen as what it can do or what it emerges best in doing. He uses a sharp knife to explain this idea; a good knife is one that cuts with ease and a sharp knife is most appropriate for that definition. A man’s virtue is his personality that makes him good and which enables his to perform tasks well. For a man to function well, there are many virtues that have to be in place. These virtues may be physical or intellectual (Aristotle 45-47). His arguments are agreeable since the when it comes to the issue of talent; those who are talented in some aspects of life are best suited to their areas of interest. However much a doctor or an engineer is learned, he or she cannot perform the work of a sculptor. It is accurate that specific persons have special abilities to perform functions best than others. That is why we find that doctors who were trained in the same institutions over the same period of time differ in their professionalism. There is therefore someone somewhere who can undertake a certain task better than others. He divided this topic into three; moral virtue, continence, patience, and virtue, desert, and the intellectual values. He differentiates moral virtue from natural virtue. Natural virtue is said to be innate while moral virtue is acquired in the course of one’s life. A person may be born brave or calm but moral virtues are necessary to ensure that such a person acts appropriately to arising situations. Moral standards cannot be easily defined hence they have to be determined by good judgment. A good judge shou
Introduction The sphere of aviation faces numerous challenges today. The high level of terrorist threat along with increased demands on the quality of air travel result in changes to the traditional approaches that were used during previous decades. In this regard, one can now observe sweeping changes in the way airports function and the methods used to guarantee security and an outstanding quality of service. The majority of procedures that are used in an airport are being studied to find areas where change could significantly improve their efficiency. There is also the tendency towards digitalization and automation of many procedures and processes. However, despite significant technological advances, the human factor still remains relevant, as human impetus is the main component of any system. For this reason, the human factor in aviation security becomes a crucial issue that should be investigated in order to improve this aspect and minimize the probability of error. Background According to recent statistics, the probability of error due to human factors ranges from 15 to 30 percent (Ferguson & Nelson 2013). This range is extremely high considering the fact that people’s lives are at stake (see Figure 1). Additionally, there are numerous cases which demonstrate the extremely high price of a mistake in the aviation sphere (ICAO 2016). For this reason, numerous attempts are being made today to decrease such a significant factor. The use of advanced technologies to attain increased efficiency is one of the methods to accomplish this goal. Figure 1. Human error statistics (Crevits, Labour & Vanderhaegen 2014). However, even this should not be considered the ideal solution, as the human factor impacts all processes that occur in the airport. The comprehensive investigation of issues related to the human factor and their impact on the overall state of airport security systems thus emerges as a way to decrease the number of mistakes by eliminating factors that could precondition these mistakes’ appearance. Additionally, motivation becomes a significant factor that should be considered, as recent studies in the field of aviation demonstrate a high correlation between motivation and a worker’s performance. The Human Factor In general, the human factor can be defined as the set of physiological, biological, social, and psychological characteristics of an individual or group of individuals that could impact any process and precondition its outcomes (Hancock & Hart 2002). Therefore, the human factor is one of the key elements of any system’s functioning, as it cannot be excluded from numerous activities (see Figure 2). Figure 2. Human factor in different spheres (Cromie et al. 2015). The human factor therefore becomes the primary aspect to which attention must be given because of its great importance. In the majority of cases, a mistake occurs when human factors, the environment, and technologies interact (see Figure 3). For this reason, it is important to consider all these aspects. Figure 3. The natu
The ultimate goal of nursing is to serve people and assist them in any situation they encounter. As a result, nurses have a responsibility to care for clients and respond to all of their needs. One of the key elements of patient-centered care is cultural competence and the necessity to understand various aspects associated with being brought up in a certain cultural environment. The course allowed me to discover the concept of cultural sensitivity, which helped me to comprehend the importance of culture in nursing. Cultural sensitivity constitutes an ability to respect cultural differences and avoid judging people based on their behavior (Billings & Halstead, 2019). Another concept which I found to be extremely relevant was cultural skill which is the capacity to gather vital cultural data (Billings & Halstead, 2019). The course significantly changed my perception of culture in the nursing environment because previously, I believed that cultural aspects rarely affect patients’ behavior. Yet, now I understand that nurses can considerably improve experiences of their clients by being familiar with their cultural characteristics. Maintaining cultural competence is essential for delivering excellent nursing care to patients, yet to do it, it is important to develop a sound strategy. My strategy for applying cultural competence involves three steps, namely, studying aspects of different cultures, respecting differences, and adapting to every patient’s needs. Following these three steps will help me to apply my cultural competency and ultimately improve it. The course has changed my understanding of the role of culture in nursing, and it encouraged me to continue enhancing my skills. The important concepts of cultural sensitivity and cultural skill will guide me in my practice and will stimulate me to deliver patient-centered care. Nursing competence can be applied by following a strategy which involves respecting cultural differences and considering them when caring for patients. Reference Billings, D.M., & Halstead, J.A. (2019). Teaching in nursing e-book: A guide for faculty . Elsevier Health Sciences.
The article discusses the current topic of social media use by teachers and the legislation balancing free speech rights and the educational benefits of social media. The authors claim that in the United States, teachers use social media to contact students or parents, improve the curriculum, and develop professionally through interaction with peers (Vasek & Hendricks, 2016). Despite the benefits of social media, it has its drawbacks, as some teachers publish controversial content, and their social networking with students might be considered inappropriate. The following paper will explain the need for responsible social media use and describe the limits of the Pickering decision. The problems of the irresponsible use of social media and unprofessional teacher-to-student networking require school leaders and legislators to take disciplinary action against educators regardless of their First Amendment’s right to freedom of speech. Thus, teachers should exercise caution while using social media or networking with students to enjoy the technology’s pedagogical benefits without the risks of damaging their careers. The case of Pickering v. Board of Education provided protection for teachers commenting on socially important matters. However, educators should avoid media comments on employment conditions since they will be considered as personal matters that are not covered by First Amendment protection. Moreover, the teachers should ensure that their speech or a social media publication does not interfere with school operations or working relationships between employees and supervisors. The modern case of Spanierman v. Hughes involved the Pickering balancing test. The teacher used his personal Myspace account to contact students, but the page also had inappropriate content. The school guidance counselor received students’ complaints and advised Spanierman to use the school email instead of the personal account for communication with students. The school officials refused to renew the contract with Spanierman after he created the identical Myspace page. The case was dismissed as there was no public concern involved, and the content had a negative impact on the educational environment. Therefore, teachers should avoid social media networking with students or topics unrelated to education as inappropriate speeches are not protected by the First Amendment and might lead to lawful employment termination. Additionally, educators should never post personal information and comments about students, parents, or other teachers, as the case of Munroe v. Central Bucks School District shows. Despite the teacher’s attempt to hide her identity, it was uncovered, and the offensive content of her blog led to her termination. As the blog negatively affected relationships and respect in the school community, the court d
Introduction The invention of the microwave oven – is the invention of completely new method of food preparation. It was completely accidental that in 1932 colleagues of one of the laboratories in the USA fried two sausages without fire, after placing them near powerful generator microwaves. Where the Microwaves Come From In household microwave ovens microwaves of frequency of 2450 MHz is used. This frequency is established for the microwave furnaces by special international agreements in order not to create interferences with the work of the radars and other devices, which use microwaves. The source of radiation is high-voltage vacuum device – magnetron. It is necessary to submit a high voltage approximately 3-4 kV to the filament of the magnetron. The line voltage in the house (110-220 V) is insufficient, so the Magnetron is supplied through special high voltage transformer. The power of the magnetron is approximately 700-850 W. For cooling the magnetron, there is a fan next to it, which is constantly blowing air. The fan ensures forced convection (circulation of heat) of air in the cooking chamber along with simultaneously heating, which to bake the products evenly. The microwaves from the magnetron enter the cooking chamber through the waveguide – channel with metallic walls, which reflect microwave-emissions. The door of the microwave also has complex construction. It must provide the possibility of survey (what occurs inside) and to exclude the output of the microwaves to the outside. This is looking as a multilayer “pie” from glass or plastic plates. There have to be a grid from perforated metallic sheet between the plates. The metal reflects the microwaves back, into the cooking chamber, and small holes of the perforation (less than 3 mm) do not allow the microwaves to pass. There is also a sealer from dielectric material built in around the doors perimeter. It is necessary to mention that for microwave preparation of the food the metallic plates are completely inapplicable, as the microwaves do not penetrate through the metal, and they are reflected from it. This can cause an electrical discharge (arc) and damage the oven. Furthermore, the reflection of the microwaves can penetrate the glass- doors, which is unsafe for the health. How it Works In order to heat food with the aid of the microwaves, there have to be dipolar molecules (at one end of which is a positive electric charge, and on other – negative) present in the food. There are many molecules of such type in the food – e.g. fats, sugar and water. In the electric field they are built strictly in the direction of the field lines, „by plus “into one side, „by minus “into another. It is worthwhile for field to change direction to the opposite, as molecules here are turned over on 180°. The waves field
Despite its name, the Netflix comedy shows Dear White People is not centered around them. Instead, showrunners attempted to highlight existing inequality and disparities in the supposedly-liberal culture of American higher education from the Black students’ perspective. As a result, the show balances the two distinctive dimensions. On the one hand, Dear White People tries to be a moralizing story aimed against systematic racism. On the other hand, it remains a college sitcom with stereotype-based characters and settings. The racial aspect is the most substantial element in the foundation of Dear White People . The plot is centered around a group of Black students of the fictional Winchester University, a prestigious Ivy League school. Throughout the story, they routinely face and overcome prejudice thriving in the predominantly-White Winchester. While some forms of Black activism are portrayed in a satirical manner, one cannot doubt that Black students represent a community fighting for positive changes in society. According to Gray, streaming media services have become a robust site of racial engagement and representation (163). In this regard, Netflix promoted the racial-based narrative in Dear White People by putting Black people and their struggles in the primary focus. In addition, Dear White People heavily rely on the stereotypical aspect for shaping the social agenda into a memorable image. For instance, one of the main antagonists is a rich, arrogant, and privileged White son of Winchester’s president. Moreover, Winchester University itself serves as a stereotypical embodiment of the racially prejudiced U.S. college environment. On the contrary, Black characters primarily represent a stereotype of people who fight for social justice. According to Seiter, stereotyping is a significant instrument of ideology’s operation (185). As such, the showrunners of Dear White People utilized both positive and negative stereotypes to convey their anti-racist message. Works Cited Gray, Herman. “Race.” Keywords for Media Studies , edited by Laurie Ouellette and Jonathan Gray, New York University Press, 2017, pp. 161–165. Seiter, Ellen. “Stereotype.” Keywords for Media Studies , edited by Laurie Ouellette and Jonathan Gray, New York University Press, 2017, pp. 184–185.