ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Once a student startup, Facebook has grown to be a tech giant and the most popular social media platform in the world. However, its outsize influence, especially after the acquisition of Instagram and Whatsapp, has caused the US-based company a great deal of legal trouble. Some of the biggest scandals that Facebook had to face concerned the issues of privacy. In the era when data has become a new form of currency, the social media platform was sharing user information with third parties or ignoring breaches in its security system allowing illicit data collection. The European Union has since decided to pass regulations to undercut Facebook’s leverage, but the United States has not yet followed suit. This essay argues that state control of Facebook may help to defend users’ right to privacy and prevent misinformation but at the same time, infringe on free speech and hurt employment opportunities and business revenues. Advantages of Facebook Regulation Defending the Right to Privacy The right to privacy is one of the most fundamental freedoms enjoyed by the citizens of the United States. This freedom is guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution that states that “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.” On the international level, the right to privacy can be found in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, according to which, no person should be “subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy […] nor attacks upon his honor and reputation.” Facebook has long been walking a fine line between collecting voluntarily shared information and infringing on users’ privacy. However, recent scandals indicate that the tech giant might have given in to its appetite for data and taken it too far. In July 2018, Facebook was fined $5bn by the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) for the social company’s mishandling of user data. The court ruling was the result of the FTC’s investigation into the now-defunct British political consulting firm Cambridge Analytica that allegedly found a breach in Facebook’s security system and gained access to 87 million users’ information (Ward). Aside from that, the company admitted to sharing data with Amazon and Yahoo, which is an exemption from their privacy rules. What is even worse in 2015, the Google Android system allowed Facebook to collect call and text logs from phones, which contradicts the company’s initial claim that it only collects data on personal interests. In the Facebook v. Patel case, the company claimed that data sharing could only be deemed illegal if users were individually harmed (Ward). What this logic ignores is the magnitude of consequences and temporary immediacy of issues. Indeed, a data breach may not hurt a person directly or in the short term. Yet, Facebook is practically refusing to take responsibility for adverse future events, for instance, if someone has their reputation soiled due to
Introduction Perhaps if there was one issue that has always troubled mankind for ages is the issue of poverty. Across all nations, societies, old and the young, poverty seems to have taken the better hand of mankind. It is in this light that Singer comes out with a thought on how to end the world poverty. In his work, “The Singer solution to the world poverty” he tried to sell his idea of how the world poverty could be eradicated through sacrifice. But the biggest question everyone may be asking is: is Singer’s solution to the world poverty justified? This paper critically analyses his work with an aim of justifying his argument about ending world poverty. Singer’s Argument Singer began his argument by giving an illustration of a Brazilian film where Dora a retired teacher gets an opportunity to make few dollars by delivering a street kid to some address for adoption by wealthy people, only to realize later that the kid will have to be killed for organs transplants. Dora is troubled and works towards recovering the kid to save her image. According to Singer, Dora could have been judged as immoral if she didn’t save the kids life, so should the Americans who spend most of their income in unnecessary expenses at the expense of needy children. He claims that “average family in the United States spends almost one-third of its income on things that are no more necessary to them than Dora’s new TV was to her” (Singer 60). Singer argued that there could be some differences in moral judgment between openly letting a child die and not being directly involved by failure to donate. His argument could be justified, but only if the ultimate judge gave his stand. His argument seems to make us beli
Article Summary The three authors are leading economists and scholars in Canada. The study was carried out to examine the evolution of the returns to education in Canada, focusing on young Canadians aged between 16 and 35 years. The purpose of this paper is to develop a critical review of the article. The authors attempt to examine the evolution of returns to education as well as experience of the young Canadians aged between 21 and 35 years. In addition, they focused on the evolution of returns to education that took place between 1990 and 2005. The study was conducted across all the Canadian provinces and regions. According to the researchers, the study was done under the motivation of some factors. First, they expect the returns to education to have a profound influence on the schooling decisions made by young people across Canada. Secondly, they note that post-secondary education landscape in Canada is diverse, given the diversity of the programs provided by institutions below the university level. Study problem From an in-depth review of literature on the topic, the researchers found that the existing information provides evidence that the influence of the returns to education on schooling decisions and the education system is profound. However, they found that the existing knowledge has some gaps. For instance, they found that the returns to education among the young adults and its influence on schooling decisions is not well studied, especially due to heterogeneity across education groups as well as geographical regions of the country. Purpose of the study The researchers aimed at expanding previous studies that mainly focused on returns to education for the Canadian working-age population. The researchers also aimed at filling the key knowledge gaps identified in the existing information because the returns to education across regions and groups in Canada is complex. Research question Although not stated in the article, it is clear that the researchers wanted to address the question “what is the degree of change in returns to education in Canada among the young people between 1990 and 2005?” Hypothesis Again, the researchers have not stated the study hypothesis in the article. Nevertheless, the article argues that the return to education across all education groups and geographical regions in Canada has experienced significant changes since 1990, which has a profound impact on schooling decisions. Study methods The researchers used an empirical study to test the hypothesis. Specifically, the researchers used a quantitative study that focused on descriptive statistics. The main source of data was the Canadian database developed from the national census as well as other studies since 1990. They used a long census questionnaire to collect yearly data, which included approximation of one in every five persons. First, they selected young people aged between 18 and 35 from the national census conducted in 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006. A number of variables were used to determ
A chemical leak is characterized by discharge of a chemical compounds. It commonly occurs during haulage, storage, handling and disposal of compounds with chemical characteristics. Spilling of chemicals is a frequent incident in many labs. Necessary steps to clean the spill are extremely imperative due to their perilous nature. Chemical spills may cause immediate peril to the life and wellbeing of a person (St. Clair, St. Clair & Given 231). Reasonable steps of spill preclusion and availing sufficient resources to clean up unintentional spills are indeed critical. The chemicals may be combustible, noxious, acerbic, reactive or volatile, and may lead to difficulties in inhalation, skin problems and blindness. Necessary steps to stop chemical spills should always be in place for the staff to know proper work practices while handling chemicals (Horswell 32). The containers must be made using unbreakable materials. Compound wastes should be eliminated separately, preferably through incineration. There are certain procedures outlined in laboratories to counter the spill of chemicals. Everybody in the laboratory should wear shielding specs, gloves and lab coats after being informed of the spill (St. Clair, St. Clair & Given 248). The spill must be constrained to a small region and cleaned right away. If it is combustible, all sources of heat should be instantly turned off; furthermore, materials used in the clean up should then be disposed properly and labeled as hazardous. Labs work with a set of chemicals in different conditions. The storage, decanting, moving and discarding of chemicals therefore require strict procedures during handling. Chemical containers should be easy to retrieve, and be kept higher than the eye plane. Chemicals containers should be inspected for leaking, and old ones be regularly replaced. They should be transported in secure cans which must be fixed firmly. Laboratory devices should always be inspected for cracks before they are used in handling chemicals (St. Clair, St. Clair & Given 248). It is not forgotten that the position of a chemical leak kit should always be known before one uses chemical compounds. Incompatible wastes must never be mixed together while disposing chemical materials. OSHA protocol The OSHA protocol requires new and established employees to be trained on health and safety in their careers. While elimination of risk is impossible, necessary risk-reduction measures must be taken. There are specific terminologies to identify lab employees who have met certain specific training requirements. Pictorial representation is preferred over written work, and simple guidelines are given to encourage cooperative, deliberate safety and health programs in the lab (Moran 9). In the forensic labs, rudiments of environmental wellbeing and safety should be strictly considered. Proper coordination in the laboratory is important because the mistake of one individual may compromise the safety of others (St. Clair, St. Clair & Given 2
Introduction The biggest challenge facing multinational companies in the contemporary times is the ability to respond to rapid changes in the market. These factors include globalization and expansion of networks, escalating level of consumption and sustainability, the ever-increasing role of the state in business regulations, the rise of emerging new markets, and increased market productivity among others. Therefore, corporates have to consider other factors such as core capability and industrial structure before developing corporate strategy. Moreover, the global trend today and in the future will require firms to adapt to local production. This demand stems from government agencies (in order to satisfy regulations) and customers (in order to satisfy their preferences and taste). Due to the rapid changes in future trends, Starbucks has to use a multidimensional strategy that supports different product lines combined with global strategy in order to remain competitive. Globalization and regionalization Globalization and regionalization are part of the most influential environmental trends likely to influence the Starbuck’s decision-making process and international strategy in the next ten years. These environmental trends are likely to become the most influential factors largely because the Starbuck’s choice to invest will determine its strategic competitiveness. Although globalization has helped Starbucks to expand its business in more than 50 countries, globalization has and it is expected to increase competition in overseas markets (Argenti, 2004). Globalization has given consumers the liberty to choose what they want in their lives, due to the availability of a wide range of choices. It has created many alternatives goods and services at reasonable prices. Globalization presents novel business opportunities. However, the opportunities come with ethical issues surrounding the operations of businesses at the international level. In the future, Starbucks will be required to analyze the foreign exchange markets and the effect it has on different consumers’ specifications. In addition, going forwards, globalization is likely to influence local communities to integrate without society even noticing. Technology is expected to spread the rise of globalization due to easy means of communication. As Starbucks expand its business in Asia, managers will have to develop different marketing strategies that fit into the current culture in their targeted country. For example, in Saudi Arabia, Starbucks cannot feature a female on the logs of its products. In fact, it is against the people’s culture and customs to have a female on any produ
Every country has some rules and legislation that provides its citizens with certain security and regulations that guarantee a normal life. However, the real situation appears to be quite the opposite from what should the government provide its population with. In this respect, we can see cases of discrimination though it is claimed to have been fought in the same time when Martin Luther King delivered his speech about the necessity of being more tolerant and patient and not treating people of other races as minorities. The history made the United States of America a multinational state where different languages and religious beliefs are brought from all over the world to contribute to the overall image of the country and enrich its culture. Time passed and people were still coming to the United States to find some appropriate conditions for their families, education for their children, and more advantageous job opportunities. However, the real situation happened to be not as bright and prosperous as people believed. Status of Minorities The Civil Rights Act was aimed at outlawing racial discrimination which still persists in the form of racial inequality. Education Many people that live in the United States of America experience racial inequality regardless of the claims that this phenomenon was claimed to have been removed from the theory and practice. However, many people face difficulties related to their housing opportunities and educational problems. This does not mean that children of immigrants do not want to receive education – racial discrimination results in much more complicated issues such as lack of educational institutions on the territory of the neighborhoods inhabited by immigrants. Is not this inequality? I believe that this can be considered the most vivid example of racial inequality when people are doomed to live in neighborhoods chosen for them on the bases of racial discrimination principles. As reported in the documentary series Unnatural Causes , the rate of uneducated children that experience violence or become witnesses of violence in the street is very high due to the neighborhood and inability of authorities to provide all people with appropriate living conditions making no exceptions. Children are not educated, they lack self-esteem and self-confidence, and they have no plans for future. As experts explain about such children, they make plans concerning what to wear for their funerals instead of thinking about their graduation and more perspective outcomes (“Unnatural Causes” n.p.). In other words, there is no chance for these children to become good loving parents for their own children as the rate of violence and other external factors are not encouraging at all; hence, people do not make plans to be
Introduction The ideas of liberty, equality, and human rights were central to American political consciousness ever since the emergence of the country. Such documents as the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution of the United States serve as a testimony to this importance. Culturally, their ideas were a continuation of British political tradition, historically, Americans developed them to create a more encompassing vision of liberty, and politically, these notions often served as a potent rallying cry. Main body Neither the Declaration of Independence nor the Constitution emerged out of thin air – instead, they were a product of the long-running British political tradition. The emergence and development of the colonial society that eventually led to the creation of the USA were guided by unmistakably British fashions “in ideas, faith, and politics” (Roark et al. chap. 5). American political consciousness went back to the Magna Carta and English philosopher John Locke –a co-author of the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina – stressing that authority required the consent of the governed (Roark et al. chap. 3). The idea that the government should respect their private interests – for instance, uphold the freedom of speech and do not station soldiers in their houses – meant a lot for the people of the early USA. This importance is especially clear in the Bill of Rights containing the first ten Amendments to the Constitution. Historically speaking, American society not merely declared the values of liberty, equality, and human rights in its founding documents, but strove to broaden their application. The original political constitution of the country was a far cry from the proclaimed belief that “that all men are created equal” (Roark et al. app. 1). African American slaves – and, initially, non-property-owning citizens were excluded from political life, thus failing the true spirit of the American Promise. Sometimes the expansion of liberties to a greater number of people was peaceful, as with the abolition of property requirements for voting during the Jacksonian era (Roark et al. chap. 11). Sometimes upholding it required compromises, as when balancing the branches of power and federal and state authority in the newly drafted Constitution (Roark et al. app. 2). Sometimes it mandated sacrifices, as in the Civil War that was necessary for the abolition and the Amendments form 13 to 15. Regardless, Americans as a nation continued to protest, write, rebel, and fight to expand the liberties envisaged in the country’s founding documents to progressively greater populations. In political terms,
The business-level strategy of a company is one that it follows to position itself against its rivals, anticipating the changes in technology and business environment and changing according to them, and identifying the generic strategy of the organization. In the case of UPS, the company had been one of the leading companies with a market share of 18 percent in the US after FedEx and 19 percent in Europe after DHL. The company has had a strategy using its unique Supply Chain Solution (SCS) to move any form of freight or package anywhere in the world. This system enabled the company to provide business solutions like overseeing “global freight shipments, filled orders, performed technical repair, deployed critical parts, and managed customs brokerage.” (Dess, Lumpkin, & Eisner, 2008, p. 25). For this UPS undertook vertical integration and they differentiated their product offering through their services. For vertical integration, UPS acquired companies like Menlo Worldwide Forwarding and Overnite. Further, the company gained further competitive advantage by establishing more than 3000 retail outlets all over the US, which gave them direct access to the customers. The business segments of UPS are US domestic package services, International package operations, and supply chain and freight. In comparison, FedEx, UPS’s biggest competitor has business segments like Express, Ground, Freight, and Kinkos. UPS differentiates itself from FedEx in its product and services offering. FedEx is a purely Express Freight transporter while UPS provides customer services for companies, which provide both costs saving to the companies as well as convenience to customers. One such example is UPS’s tie-up with laptop companies like Toshiba. They repair and return laptop computers within 24 hours through the UPS store retail network. This enabled UPS to gain a competitive advantage over its competitor FedEx. UPS has gained ground as a leading 3PL (third-party logistics company) company in the US. The revenue of UPS’s business segment from 2001 through 2006 has increased. It has increased from $30321 in 2001 to $47547 in 2006. In 2006 the US domestic packages segment gained in revenue by 6.5 percent, International packaging service by 14 percent, and Supply chain freight services by 33 percent. The overall growth rate in 2006 was 11.7 percent. Therefore, the growth rate has been maximum in the Supply chain and freight segment of UPS’s business. In terms of profit, UPS has experienced a decline in overall profit in 2006 from 23 percent in 2005 to 8 percent in 2006. The decline in profit has been due to the decline of 98 percent. Therefore, the growth percentage of the overall company has gone down. In the case of FedEx, the overall revenue has been increasing from 2002 through 2005; however, there had been a decline in growth percentage in 2006. The profit growth rate has declined in 2006 from 2005. There has been a slump in profit
Introduction The regulation of relations in family law is based on the choice of applicable law to such categories as marriage, divorce, parental responsibility, etc. It is essential to pay attention to the issues of the option of connecting factors for the applicable law. Nationality as a category of human rights acts not only as a primary basis for choice. Still, it is essential to regulate family matters without prejudice and with equal opportunities for spouses. Although there are advantages to applying domicile or habitual residence, citizenship is characterized by a clear functional option about the right. Nationality as an opportunity to equalize persons with each other Nationality emerged as a legal bond between the individual and the state to express their common rights, duties, and responsibilities. Nationality makes it possible to regulate issues that arise in conflicts in labor, administrative, civil, and other rights 1 . In addition, the acquisition of citizenship is tied to many factors (for example, inheritance, by blood, by place of birth), so the regulation of citizenship issues are relevant in many branches of law. Nationality provides opportunities to participate in the regulation of law. For example, the ability to elect and be elected, participate in referenda and voting, and other additional rights arise when a person acquires citizenship. In addition, citizenship attaches duties, the observance or non-observance of which leads to inevitable consequences. In such a case, civil liability arises, governed by civil law, choosing the ap