ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Brief History The initial name of Apple, Inc. was Apple Computer and it was created on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The company was incorporated on January 3, 1977, in Cupertino, California. Initially, the company was engaged in the manufacture of personal computers. In the year 1985, Steve Jobs was ousted from the company. In the year 1996, Apple bought Steve Job’s company neXT and made him the Chief Executive Officer. Apple introduced the iPod music player in 2001 and within the last few years, more products were added like iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. Today Apple is of the largest technology firms in the world, with annual revenues of more than $60 billion. Introduction As Marketing Manager of Apple’s mobile phone division, I have been assigned the task of researching the marketing programme and environment of the company. One of our core products is the iPhone. It was launched on January 9, 2007 at San Francisco. It is a three-in-one device that includes a mobile phone, an iPod and web surfing. According to a press release of Apple, “iPhone introduces an entirely new user interface based on a large multi-touch display and pioneering new software… iPhone also ushers in an era of software power and sophistication never before seen in a mobile device, which completely redefines what users can do on their mobile phones” (Kerris 2007, para. 1). Macro and Competitive Environments Macro Environment Macro environment consists of such factors that affect an organization but the organization doesn’t have any control on them. It is obvious that there is always competition in the market and moreover, if the product is being marketed globally, the level of competition increases. In such circumstances, organizations have to be more careful about new companies entering the market. Certain audits have to be done in order to know the macro and competitive environments of any company. Actually there are two kinds of audits that are usually done namely, the external audit and the internal audit. The external audit is done on variables that the organization cannot control. The internal audit is done on the variables that can be controlled by the organization. As far as environmental audit is concerned, it is again external as well as internal. According to the Confederation of British Industry, Environment audit is explained as, “The systematic examination of the interaction between any business operation and its surrounding. This includes all emissions to air, land and water legal constraints; the effects on the neighbouring community, landscape and ecology; and the public’s perception of the operating company in the local area” (CBI, 1990). Strategic audits are normally conducted to enable the management to establish a match between internal operations of the firm and the business environment it operates in (Porter 1996, pp. 61-78). External Audit The external environmental audit can be better understood with the help of the PESTEL analysis. PESTEL means the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal factors tha
Aims of the modules Engineering Science 1 is a course that is aimed at laying a foundation for the students that take different Engineering courses. It aims at equipping the students with the basic principles in Mathematics and Physics that are applicable to different fields of engineering like Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Aeronautical, or Ship engineering. The learning outcomes   * At the completion of the module, a student is supposed to have understood the basic mathematical concepts like fractions and the number line and is able to relate algebra to geometry; the student should be able to represent algebraic equations on some co-ordinate system and interpret what the graphical presentation means.   * The student should have learned the basic units of measurements that are used in engineering and from which the other units are derived.   * The student should have learned vector presentation in 2-dimension and in 3-dimensions, vector algebra, and the different vector quantities that are encountered in mathematics and physics.   * The students should have learned the force as an important vector quantity and the different types of force like friction that are very significant in mechanics. The student should be conversant with the various laws of motion and their implication. Pressure as a vector quantity should have been understood.   * The student should have learned the relationship between the center of gravity of an object and its stability.   * The student should have been introduced to basic concepts in electricity like resistance, current, capacitance, and inductance. Course content The module contains topics in Mathematics and Physics namely: Numbers, algebra, geometry, graphical equations, vectors, the motion of objects, friction, pressure, Current electricity 1, Basic units of measurement, and Centre of Gravity and Stability Modes of assessment The assessment consisted of Continuous Assessment Tests that accounted for 10% of the total score. There were a series of practicals that accounted for 20%. An exam at the end of the module accounts for 70% of the total score. The assessments are aimed at evaluating the student’s understanding of the concepts. Teaching styles The instructor provided the course outline and the schedule that would be adapted to the completion of the module. The instructor adopted a thematic approach to teaching mathematical concepts. The different units under the module were meant to demonstrate the mathematical fundamentals of mechanical and electrical systems and thus were supposed to revolve around one large area. The introductory units often have different applications but later converge to a common application. In teaching the module, the instructor first taught the mathematical concept based on the provisions of the course content with little regard to the applications. The students were to understand the concepts in that simple context. Then the instructor brought in some real-life applications of the mathematical concepts that had been introduced. The applications were still distinct but provided an insight into the relevance of the concepts. The last stage modul
The Everglades are a known wetland ecosystem that starts from the central part of Florida, near Orlando and reaches all the way to the south of Florida Bay. The territory is surrounded by human development; this is why the evaluation of this ecosystem’s structure, functions, and possible changes is an important step that has to be taken. The current paper aims at discussing the most crucial functional and structural dynamics of the Florida Everglades, analyzing human impact on biochemical cycles, such as nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, and studying management and restoration details of the chosen ecosystem. Functions and Structure In 1947, the dedication of the Everglades National Park took place. It was one of the first times when a huge piece of the wilderness was protected by the government due to its inhabitants and the unique diversity of life, but not to its scientific value. The last century was very productive for the ecosystem as it was partitioned in “different land uses of agriculture, water conservation, urban development and biodiversity conservation” (Gunderson & Light, 2006, p.323). The Everglades include a number of national and state parks, marine systems, and reserves. The water control system helps to develop agricultural services in the northern part of the territory. The eastern part of the Everglades promotes economic development – more than 8 million people get access to water supply, the quality of which has been improved by filtering out different pollutants. An array of pinelands, estuaries, and prairies serves as a home for many plants and animals. Though different natural disasters like the floods or hurricanes created challenges for dynamic growth, governmental support improved the conditions and promoted different aspects of the development. Effects of the biogeochemical cycles The functional dynamics of the Everglades wetland change all the time, and people have a considerable impact on the cycling processes including the effects to nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. A high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus is used to fertilize vegetables and defined as a decayed soil byproduct the presence of which promotes the production of sugarcane (Noe & Childers, 2007). There are also many clear spatial surface gradients, the contribution of which is explained by continuous rain-, storm-, or groundwater. The highest concentration of these cycles may be observed during the wet season. Phosphorus and nitrogen cycling is very important for the existence and development of various aquatic organisms in surface waters, and its loss influences the presence of species on the chosen territory. Nitrogen-based fertilizing and fossil fuels’ burning affect the presence of nitrogen in the ecosystem. The presence of phosphorus cycling in the Everglades is predetermined by the level of phosphorus-based fertilizing activities and the promotion of livestock, and hogs in particular. Due to the fact that the Everglades
The change implementation is a challenge for a leader in any organization, and leaders in the educational setting need to address obstacles associated with the change perceptions demonstrated by not only teachers but also students and the community. While implementing the organizational change, an educational leader needs to pay much attention to the change process in order to gain the stakeholders’ support and achieve high results (Hallinger & Heck, 2010). The focus on virtual education is one of the latest trends in the sphere of K-12 education. Many school districts implement organizational changes in order to address the necessity of proposing virtual learning to their students (Ingerham, 2012). James Erickson, District Superintendent of the Webster School District located in Webster, Wisconsin, was interviewed in order to analyze his approaches to the organizational change in the context of the leadership theory. The questions for the interview were formulated to represent the strategy that was used by Mr. Erickson as the change process (Appendix A). This paper aims to provide the results of the interview with Mr. Erickson on the recent organizational change in the Webster School District, on the process steps used by the leader to implement the change successfully, and on possible obstacles and barriers to the change. The Organizational Change in the Webster School District In the interview, Mr. Erickson stated that the Webster School District joined the program developed by the U.S. Department of Education in the context of the National Education Technology Plan of 2010. The program is oriented to improving education in states with the help of implementing technologies and innovations in school settings. Mr. Erickson noted that their project of virtual learning is the part of the Wisconsin Virtual School project that provides technological support for the initiative (J. Erickson, personal communication, October 30, 2015). The organization of the virtual education for students in the Middle and High Schools of the Webster School District meant the significant organizational change because it was necessary to restructure the teaching staff to choose the virtual learning leaders and to determine leaders for the development of the hybrid and fully online courses for students. In order to implement the change,
Introduction In the recent past, it has become very important for electricity suppliers all over the world to estimate their future demand. In the past twenty years, analysts have developed various tools to help in forecasting demand for electricity utilities. In the 1970s and early 1980s, it was possible to estimate how much electrical power will be required in the future by simple extrapolation of past energy consumption data. The power utility companies used demand for power that was recorded in the past to determine future demand for the commodity. However, various factors in contemporary global market have made it necessary to adjust the modeling techniques used by power utility companies. The factors necessitating the change in the mindset of the demand analysts include, among others, the rising cost of fuel, new technologies of producing electricity, high inflation rates (both in the developing and developed economies), and change in lifestyle and institutional structures. As a result of these factors, the power utility companies find it important to take into consideration prices, population dynamics, income, technology, as well as other demographic, economic, technological, and policy variables (Industry Forecast Scenario, 2011). According to Energy Report (2011a), precision is the most important aspect in the process of forecasting demand. In the past, throughout the world, whenever the demand of electricity was underestimated, it was corrected by setting up generator plants that ran on gas or oil. The setting up of such plants required only a small investment and it was possible to complete the setup within a relatively short period of time. Likewise, overestimations were corrected as the demand for electricity increased with time. Demand forecasting was made easy given that most countries did not have the environmental concerns that exist today. What this meant was that regulation was more predictable then than it is today. Today, underestimates will eventually end in under-capacity, which will lead to brownouts and blackouts. Overestimation, on the other hand, would lead to creation of plants that will remain unused or underutilized for many years. Such a development will be very costly for the utility (Energy Report, 2011a). Furthermore, in light of the increasing role of players from the private sector (as well as the ongoing reforms in the UAE that require demand to be assessed realistically), electricity demand forecasting makes a lot of sense. The current paper aims at outlining how the Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Company (herein referred to as ADWEC) forecast the demand for its services. Company Background The Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Company is one of the five subsidiaries of the Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority. Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Company is the only organization that buys and sells water and electricity in Abu Dhabi. The main role of
Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a crucial component of modern business practices in many business firms. The definition that is used to describe CSR has been an issue of contention between different scholars. This has been largely influenced by the manner in which the concept is applied by various organisations in different industry environments (Frynas 2005, p. 584). Corporate social responsibility initiatives are very important to some business firms because they allow them to audit their contributions to various social objectives in different areas. However, different theorists have conflicting views regarding how CSR needs to be defined. This has become an issue of contention and requires a deep analysis on the nature of CSR and specific objectives it is supposed to perform in different organisations. This section will analyse why different theorists do not have a universal definition on CSR. In general the paper will also analyse the contribution of CSR to business objectives in various firms. Theories Business firms that are involved in CSR activities have realised that they need to build strong relationships with all stakeholders. However some organisations have not yet fully appreciated the concept
The North American continent is located within the Northern, and Western Hemisphere and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the East, South America to the South-east, Arctic Ocean to the North, and Pacific Ocean to the West. North America precedes Africa and Asia in largeness and accommodates twenty three states with diverse population and cultures. North America comprises such great cities as New York, Ottawa, Washington, New Orleans, Detroit, etcetera. These cities have different features that shape environmental and economical growth (Berry & Henderson, 2002, p.8). Furthermore, North America is a heaven of archeology, culture, parks, science museums, world’s fairs and golf courses. These properties have been elevated for many years by tranquil environment, clean water systems together with plants and animals found in the continent. Concisely, nature has encouraged the development of human population and infrastructure. Network linkages have been transformed to create a connection among all the states. These include both land and air connections that ensure efficiency and effectiveness in sharing goods and services among all the citizens and nations. Roads have enabled quick provision of resources to all the people irrespective of their cultural and social status (McIlwraith & Muller, 2001, p.19). New York is situated between the Atlantic Ocean and the Hudson River, which provide harbors for importation and exportation of goods and services. The harbors are also used for recreational activities that attract tourists to New York City. In this regard, New York City is characterized by a dense population rendering land to a scarce commodity; this is a challenge for urban planning and protection of public land from grapping. Despite the dense population, New York City occupies the cleanest and the most tranquil environment in Northern America. The tranquil environment is accountable for energy efficiency reducing dependence on other cities. The economy of New York is highly dependent on the New York harbor, which has deep waters, so the goods and services from other cities enter the city by water. Moreover, the city has different districts, and water transport enables easy accessibility to neighboring provinces, specifically, Brooklyn, Long Island, and Queen’s provinces. Reclamation of land was done in lower Manhattan where modern constructions occupy, for example, Battery Park. Good subtropical climatic conditions have, however, been a contributing factor to the attraction of tourists to New York, thus contributing to the growth of the city’s economy and cultures. Furthermore, Ottawa is the capital city of Canada, and before 2001, there was a misunderstanding about its borders with Ottawa-Carleton, Pontiac in the North and Rockland in the West. Ottawa has adequate water supply due to the Ottawa River that has many tributaries that supply every village in the east and west, the
Introduction Sampson Television has always focused on its business goals. The company has worked hard to address the changing needs of its customers, stakeholders, and employees. The company’s former HR manager did not support the changing needs of every employee. The situation calls for new changes and strategies in order to support the company’s goals and objectives. I will work with my HR staff members to improve the current situation. My staff of four HR professionals will make the proposed change successful. Every employee disrespects the HR department. My staff members are also unhappy with the situation. My goal is to change this situation. I am planning to make my HR department successful. I will ensure every employee supports its functions and activities. This obligation is necessary towards dealing with the current problem. The Proposed Plan of Action Organizational change is essential towards improving the performance of every department. Business leaders and HR managers should use the best concepts in order to support every organizational change. The proposed change will establish better relationships between the HR department and the company’s employees. The current challenge in my organization does not intimidate me. My duty is to ensure the HR department regains its reputation. The approach will ensure every employee supports the functions and policies of our HR department. The department “will begin to support the needs and expectations of every employee and stakeholder” (Krell, 2011, p. 47). I am planning to use the plan of action presented below. Period            Action/Step                                    Implementing and Managing the Targeted Change                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          June-July 2014    Create Urgency                                 My first step is creating a sense of urgency in the organization. I will liaise with the company’s Accounting Manager and Business Leader. I will also encourage different organizational teams to support this new change. I will also gather feedbacks from different stakeholders and explain to them why the change is necessary (Spaho, 2013). I will also request our manager to support the change. I will take two months to get the required support from different employees. Preparation “is critical towards supporting a successful organizational change” (Meinert, 2013, p. 71).
There have been many studies on racial segregation in the United States since the middle of the 20 th century. However, not all of them openly state that the phenomenon of race is not biological, but social. An excerpt from California Newsreel’s third documentary series, “The House We Live In”, largely unifies social institutions and discrimination against black people. The video tells the story of immigration, housing, and social problems faced by Americans over seventy years ago. Before watching the video, I knew that black people in big cities could not buy a house in the center, hence they settled in the countryside and formed ghettos. Nevertheless, it was a discovery to me that over time such areas were subject to gentrification, and white people occupied the former lands of the blacks. This process was gradual, therefore it was not uncommon for a white person to refuse to buy a house because their neighbor was black (California Newsreel). In other words, the financial reserves were always in places where black people were absent. An excerpt from the documentary is full of historical details, interviews, and archive footage. Together they allow taking a deeper dive into the middle of 20 th century America. However, the highlight was the announcer’s speech at 18:25, when she spoke about what was happening to areas that were abandoned by white families and businesses, but still had black people in them (California Newsreel). Infrastructure and governance in such areas were disappearing, leaving the residents of the areas in the hands of anarchy. This chapter demonstrated the terms of the socio-economic crisis in which the silent generation lived. An aversion to black people was expressed not only emotionally, but also financially. However, members of this race were not at all to blame for being in distress. On the contrary, it was a series of interconnected historical events that had led to segregation. It must be clearly understood that thce, according to the director, had no biological nature. Without considering the genetic context, it was essential to realize that racism was not only the fault of whites, who were opposed to the neighborhood of blacks, but also of financial organizations, institutions, and policies. America’s current generations were on the path to redemption, hence we must not lose hope that segregation and racism would be just historical facts for the foreseea