ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the dark woods, on one side of the railway line, there is a group of three people busy finalizing the plans for their intended activity. One of them is on his knees and the others are busy fitting a load on his back. The person kneeling is mumbling words that make him sound as if he is praying. On the other side of the rail is another man lying flat on the ground with a sniper rifle in his hands ready to wreak havoc. The woods are very chilly and dark. Their previous intended attack on a passenger train headed for Cincinnati was aborted due to fear of being spotted while escaping. Today, they have just found the perfect spot. It is approximately five minutes before the train passes by. One of the persons working on the suicide bomb pulls a final tag then hands over the switch to the freaked-out fellow. The man holds the switch feebly. To strengthen his spirit, one of the men standing on his left squats and whispers into his ear. The man nods in a manner suggesting that he is compliant. He is probably being reminded of his heroism and the awaiting eternity if he accomplishes the mission. Suddenly, the ground begins to shake. This is a sign that the train will be here soon. The group of three persons including the one ‘headed for the slaughter’ move closer to the edge of the woods. They settle some five meters away from the railway line, lying flat on their bellies. With the switch tightly between his palms, the intended suicide bomber is visibly trembling. He is trembling not because of the cold but because of the matter at hand. He is visibly cursing why he had to do this. Finally, the head of the long and winding train appears. The train’s motion is slowed by the hilly terrain. The terrorists remain silent until half of the train passes then suddenly the man with the switch springs up, jumps into the slow-moving train, and fits himself in a space between two carriages. The remaining terrorists do not wait to hear the sound of their poor colleague shouting ‘Allah Akbar’. In a matter of seconds, it is done and the massacred train is in flames lying on its side. The sight of the damaged train and the lives lost was very horrendous. The other man with the sniper rifle picks himself up and carefully clears out of sight. He did not need to shoot the man since he had done what was required of him. His only duty is to deal with an attempted last-minute pullout. It is quite difficult to accurately define terrorism (Hodgson, 2003). The US State Department affirms that there is no conventionally accepted definition of terrorism.
The work of an architect is oriented to changing the environments and creating new objects and buildings which should reflect the needs of the community. From this point, the main benefits of the work as a professional in architecture are the inability to imagine, create, and develop buildings and constructions which are necessary for the definite environment and can meet the community’s interests (Solomon 2008). Thus, the work is beneficial when an architect is open-minded and flexible about the professional approach (Macmahon 2001). However, there are such challenges as the necessity to follow strictly technical standards, to focus on innovation to respond to the global trends, the lack of the financial support to realize all the project’s details, and the opposition between standardization and creativity in the building process. Contemporary Issues in the Filed of Architecture that Affect Working Conditions and Job Satisfaction Modern architecture is developed according to the principles of sustainability and innovation which can, on the one hand, limit the architect’s opportunities, and, on the other hand, provide a lot of possibilities for development (Goad 2005). Today, it is important to overcome such issues as shifting the focus from urbanism along with the intense standardization (Eldemery 2009). The concentration on extremes complicates the architect’s working conditions. Job satisfaction can be affected with references to the necessity to find the balance in work with innovative technologies and provision of eco-friendly and sustainable solutions to meet the client’s and community’s needs (Atkins 2008). The Interviewee Ann Stone is an architect who is working in the field as a professional and researcher for 7 years. Ms. Stone cooperated with the Australian institutes and funds to develop architecture in the country and worked on projects to stimulate women’s participation in the profession. The Reason for Choice The architect was chosen based on the projects done and on the social activity. It is important to see an architect as a professional who feels responsible for the community’s development. Thus, the process of building and changing the environment affects the public’s life intensively. This statement is relevant to public and private projects. In her work, Ann Stone focuses on the clients’ interests, but she also tries to plan and construct the building which can become part of the natural environments without destroying them significantly according to the principles of sustainability. The Process to Find the Interviewee It was necessary to focus on the architectural reports provided in the media to find the architect and contact her through the personal website. Questions   * Why did you become interested in architecture?       + My uncle is an architect. I remember my family often came to his place. There were many large sheets of paper
Introduction   * Technology has taken central position in businesses today.   * Many business people have assert that embracing modern technology has significantly raised their profits.   * Additionally, those who have not embraced technology have not only made losses, but they have also dried up all together. Scholars and critics alike have argued that technology is crucial to businesses. This presentation will focus on one organization in UAE, highlighting how its improved IS/IT systems have helped it register massive profits. Organization Profile   * The company under investigation is Chalhoub Group that has been in existence since 1955.   * The company has relied for a very long time on pen and paper as a means of recording its activities.   * Due to expansion, the company decided to invest in the Oracle ERP System as an IS/IT project.   * The main purpose of the system was to improve the business processing transformation. Chalhoub Group is a retain luxurious company situated in UAE. The reliance on paper and pen for record keeping limited the company as the staff could not get the right paper when needed. In addition, the company had to allocate a lot of space for the papers and this led to wastage of resources and even money. It is due to this reason that the company invested in the new IS/IT project. Business Objectives   * To be the number one retail company in the region.   * To design and develop a proactive platform to connect with companies within the group.   * Empower the employees in analysis and reporting system.   * Achieve excellence, respect and entrepreneurial attitude among the employees. The group’s philosophy is ‘committed to excellence’ and it is this philosophy that drives their very existence. They always try to give excellence in their products and services. To do this, they came up with key things they want to do. In the same note, the group urges the staff to be creative and consistent in whatever they do. Identifying the Problem   * The main problem is a weak IS/IT system.   * The workers do not understand how to use the IS/IT system.   * The weak IS/IT system has led to gaps in the marketing department and the Human resource department.   * All other departments have also experience some negative impact of the system. For example, the long process for an event to be official eats up a lot of time for the company. This has affected the marketing department greatly as many of its activities on brand management are stalled. In similar tone, there is no direct link between the back office and the stores such that there is confusion whenever changes are made on either side. Is/It Business Solution   * The Oracle ERP System was the first choice for the company as an IS/IT system.   * The system was to help bring the co
Introduction United Arab Emirates is greatly determined in ensuring that the role of women in developing the country is acknowledged in all levels. The Country’s constitution has provided clauses that ensure there are equal rights for both men and women. Fundamental women rights have been clearly stated in saharjah or what is referred as Moslem law. HH Sheikha Fatima bent Mubarak who is wife to President of united Arabs Emirates, have been one of the main activists in ensuring that women are engaged in national development. One of her main efforts is ensuring that women have fully been educated. Currently the rate of literacy among women almost equals that of men. Women are enrolling for university courses at a higher rate more than men (Kjeilen, 2009, Par. 3). However, education has suffered from gender discrimination and lack of proper government support. Education has empowered women to make their decisions independently. For a long time women had been relying on men when it came to making decisions with regards to house or national issues. Today, there is a common belief within the country that when one educates a man he or she educates an individual. However, educating a woman means educating a family as women are more responsible compared to men. The country had been dominated by conservatives who could not just allow women to be educated in the country (Salloum, 2003, P.3). United Nations statistics have proved that currently, the country is leading in the world among those countries that have invested in women education. This has b
Introduction An attempted terrorist attack caught the attention of the world on Christmas day of 2009. On the 25 th of December, 2009, Abdulmutallab, a 23-year-old Nigeria Islamic man tried to initiate an explosive on a flight from Amsterdam to Michigan, USA. He tried to detonate the plastic explosive sewn on his lower garment, but it was discovered by another passenger. He was stopped immediately and seriously burnt as a consequence. (CNN News) Though the attempt was a failure, this has raised an issue among nations. This is not only because he managed to get through several airport security checks, but because, to the opposite of general expectation, he appears to have lived a life of privilege. He is the son of a wealthy banker and attended the prestigious University College London (BBC News). He is described as sociable by his former classmate, he is also depicted by his teacher as ‘every teacher’s dream’ (BBC News). This terrorist attack has brought people’s attention to the fact that terrorists can be people just like ‘us’. They are not necessarily psychological abnormal or antisocial. In fact, Abdulmutallab is not the only terrorist who is just like ‘us’. Plenty of evidence suggests that terrorists are not abnormal (Silke, 1998). The contrariety between the study results of terrorists’ psychology and its general perception is of vital importance because it would have adverse effect on policy making to combat terrorism. In this essay, the evidence which shows terrorists psychologically normal will be presented first. It shall then move on to explain the reasons why politicians and general public still have the perception that terrorists are psychologically abnormal despite the fact that many studies have shown them they are not. The explanations include fundamental attribution error, Cheshire cat logic, cultural difference and media influence. It shall finally discuss about suggestion for a better understanding of terrorist psychology. Discussion Studies about Terrorists’ Psychology Before discussing the reasons why general public and politicians perceive terrorists as psychologically abnormal, we shall take a look into the studies about terrorists’ psychology. Some researchers suggested that terrorists are psychologically abnormal (Corrado 1981, Wilkison 1977, Laqueur 1977). There starts to develop a series of psychological models of terrorists. The ‘Psychopathic’ terrorist Terrorists categorised under psychopathic are seen to have antisocial personality (Corrado, 1981). Pearce (1977) suggested that the terrorist is an aggressive psychopath. He featured the terrorists as cruel and having a need to dominate others. Millon (1981) claimed that the terrorists’ cruelty towards others stemmed from their childhood. As he put it, ‘People are used as means to an end, often subordinated and demeaned so that they can vindicate themselves for the grievances, misery, and humiliation they experienced in the past. By provoking fear and intimidating others, they seek to undo the lowly caste into which they feel they were thrust in childhood. Their search
Drop-Out Rates Among High School Students The American government has always been concerned with the rate at which students have been dropping out of school, especially at high school levels. It is of great concern because these students would end up in the streets causing mayhem to the peace-loving citizens. When they become adults, they come to the realization that they cannot provide for themselves because very few employers would be willing to hire individuals who did not finish high school. The department of education has therefore made deliberate efforts to ensure that all students go through high school education successfully. There has been ongoing research to establish the causes and the effects of school dropouts. Researchers have used both quantitative and qualitative approaches in their studies. The following two questions would best be answered through conducting qualitative and quantitative studies.  1. What are some of the causes of dropping out of school among various students in various high schools?  2. To what extend does this drop out affect the economy of the United States of America? The first question should be answered through conducting a quantitative study. This would give definite causes of dropouts. This research question can easily be computed. Furthermore, it can be calculated empirically to determine the results in various quantitative forms. The second question is descriptive. The researcher would be expected to describe the extent at which the dropout rate would affect the economy of the United States. Quantitative Research Methods and its Weaknesses Quantitative research is a kind of study that utilizes figures to arrive at certain conclusions. In this regard, the research would take the form of a survey whereby the researcher would identify the sample and post questionnaires to them. In form of study, there is need to compare the relationship between variables in order to establish the causes and effects of each variable. The researcher would be interested in knowing how different factors (independent variables) affect the rate of dropout in various high schools in the US (dependent variables). This would demand for a method that would be objectiv
There are numerous sporting activities existing globally. Interestingly, some of them have stringent regulations that govern their execution. On a critical reflection, some sports are quite dangerous and involve massive risks taken by participants. These include cricket, hockey, and skiing among others (Corkery 2011). The chances of getting injured are quite high. Surprisingly, the participants and lovers of such sports hardly fear the risks involved despite the condemnation from some activists. While reflecting on this issue as well as the current sport law reforms reported by IPP regarding these activities, it is agreeable that the modern sport law reforms have gone too far by bestowing the responsibility of injuries arising in sporting on the injured people. It is improper to consider injuries occurring in the sporting events as deliberate. Most of the sport injuries are accidental and might be caused either by an opponent, conditions of the field, high risks in the games involved, and at some points, furious spectators. Evidently, there are numerous injuries that occur during sporting or recreational activities. All these injuries cannot be claimed on the injured individuals. In some circumstances, a sports person can injure his or her opponent deliberately to prevent him or her from winning. These are accusable incidences before a court of law or any sport tribunal set to solve such matters and establish appropriate penalties (Siekmann & Soek 2012). Additionally, injuries that occur during risky sporting activities like skiing mentioned above should not be blamed on the participants as proposed by the law. For example, while scrutinizing the previous cases regarding sport injuries, it is evident that a resolution can be reached in case a sports person is injured during games regardless of the type. Critically, blaming injuries on the concerned players is inappropriate. Hence, this law requires a massive reformation since its stipulations are not consumable in the sporting arenas. Instead of inducing and ratifying justice, the law thwarts everything and leaves the injured individuals on their own devices. There are insurers, bodies, or organizations, which compensate individuals who are injured during sporting activities (Corkery 2011). Surprisingly, when the law reform declares such injuries baseless and announces them as responsibilities of injured people, it is quite improper in varying contexts. For example, the case provided in this matter is clear on some stipulation of sporting and declares some compensation to be done to the injured individuals. Actually, the modern sport-law reform has taken the issue too far as indicated before. There should be a coherent understanding on the matter before it is declared consumable by the public. Evidently,
Introduction South-West Airlines Organizational Behaviour Various studies have been carried out to determine the importance of an organizational behaviour. Organizational Behaviour is an analysis that caters for various business applications including investigation of business acquaintance to determine how personal and organizational values affect employees’ job satisfaction. The relationship between organizations and individuals takes various approaches, for instance behaviours of an individual, a group, the organization or a simple social system. The main aim of such an analysis is to build longer relationships by catering for individual demands, organizational and social objectives. The analysis often fails to cater for individual values, but majority of today’s leaders acknowledge that considering the individual values is important for personal, professional and social satisfaction of the employees. Values are unique abstractions that determine the desired behavioural aspects such as freedom of participation, equality, as well as respect for traditional practices, believing in individual as well as group loyalty, respect for friendship and openness. Personal values characterize an individual but also describe a group, a work unit and the entire organization, due to the self-driven properties and other results. The values form part of personal concept of defining performance procedures and therefore describe the person’s attitude towards performance. For this reason, the organizations and personal values of performance form a strong basis for determining employee’s job satisfaction. According to Buerki and Louis, “personal values determine individual’s attitude, personal norms, preferences/choice as well as behaviour (7)”. At an organization’s level, the personal values determine the organization’s culture, which is a key factor in determining the employee’s job satisfaction. Various organizations have strict and competitively task-oriented cultures while others are flexible enough to cater for its loyalty to customers as well as employees and make provision for employee’s personal development. The personal and organization’s values are thus important factors or determining behavioural norms and employee’s expectations, management prospects and formation of social identity. The values are generally the psychological aspects of determining formation of a work environment. This study will focus on the social and organizational values of South-West Airlines, with a particular interest on the connection between employee’s values such as desires and other work-related experiences. The relationship between the organizational and personal values is often referred to as the value congruence that generates various organizational values and individual predilections to understand how well the individual match to the organization as an employee. Company background One of the main missions of South-Western
Introduction   * Organized crime refers to unlawful activities conducted by members of highly organized gangs and associations (CEDAT, 2008).   * Its defined by members and activities of a group.   * Groups engage in market based crimes, are highly organized, seeks to penetrate into the legal economy, and they are associated with violence.   * Terrorism refers to acts of violence or existence of threat of violence   * Terrorism is characterized by violence, coercive goals, and creation of overwhelming terror (CEDAT 2008). Comparison between organized crime and terrorism Similarities   * Activities: Both commit crimes for predetermine purposes   * Similar internal objectives (CEDAT, 2008)   * Targets and victims of criminal activities are similar   * Decentralized systems of organization   * Unlawfulness (CEDAT, 2008) Differences   * Varying ideologies and external objectives   * Terrorists accept risk more readily than organized criminals   * Activities in terrorist groups are diversified relative to organized criminal groups   * Degree and symbolism of violence differs in both groups (CEDAT, 2008)   * For terrorism, crime is a means of executing an act while in organized crimes, crime is an end to financial needs.   * Organized crime seeks to maintain secrecy while terrorism thrives under publicity Al Qaeda terrorist organization and its interrelation with other terrorists groups   * Al Qaeda started off as a multi national support group which funded and orchestrated activities of Islamic militants worldwide (Bevy, 2006)   * Its primary goal is to overthrow corrupt and heretical governments and replace them with Islamic law   * It promotes anti-Western attitudes and views US as prime enemy of Islam (Bevy, 2006)   * Advocates for destruction of states which are viewed as major obstacles to reforms in Muslim societies e g US and Israel   * Al Qaeda offers financial support to Muslim fighters in the war torn Middle East region   * Manipulates Islamic religious teachings to justify criminal activities   * Provides financial incentives to other terrorist groups and financial inducement to criminals (Bevy, 2006)   * Acts a source of negative campaigns against its target states which attracts terrorist attacks. Hells Angels organized crime gang and its interrelation with other gangs   * Begin off as a group of California World War 2 veterans   * According to Barker (2005), Hell Angels is considered as the first most powerful organized gang   * Its initial activities included vandalism, public drunkenness, fighting and traffic violations   * Allies with other i