ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
For centuries, the idea of human isolation and solitude has been considered a phenomenon that poisons a human being, as the sense of belonging to a community and family is frequently considered a pillar of society’s creation and thriving. Over the years, the premise has been modified, making isolation a process necessary to come to terms with one’s true self. However, the perception of such a self-discovery remains different for women and men. Thus, men who embark on a journey of solitude are regarded as mysterious and secretive, whereas isolated women are labeled by others as anti-social. The story of Kate Chopin perfectly demonstrates how in the 19th century, the idea of marriage was portrayed as a notion opposite of human isolation for a woman regardless of her stance on that relationship. In The story of an hour , the author presents to a recipient the story of Mrs. Mallard reflecting on the news of her husband’s death, a tragedy that, in fact, never happened. Her surroundings rightfully expect Mrs. Mallard to be appalled by the message, as the woman stormed out after the news was broken (Chopin, 1894). However, with the first minutes of shock passing by, Mrs. Mallard “was beginning to recognize this thing that was approaching to possess her, and she was striving to beat it back with her will–as powerless as her two white slender hands would have been” (Chopin, 1894, para. 10). Instead of killing her from within, the horrifying news of her husband’s death fulfilled her with a bewildered feeling of freedom and solitude she subconsciously longed for all her life. It was the news about her husband being alive that eventually killed the woman. Hence, the sudden realization of losing solitude and peace was more for Mrs. Mallard to bear as compared to losing her spouse in an accident. Thus, in the story by Kate Chopin, the journey of human isolation is not a downside but an epitome of human life, freedom, and the feeling of self-worth. Reference Chopin, K. (1894). The story of an hour [E-text]. Web.
Introduction There is a thought that a happy worker is a productive worker and a better organizational citizen (Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2015). I believe that employee attitudes and behaviors can be defined by such factors as job satisfaction, job commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, the level of performance, and turnover. Not many leaders pay attention to the emotional and psychological conditions of their employees. People need jobs and salaries to have enough money to pay bills, buy food, and get an education. Today, I can observe many situations when people are ready to perform various types of work just to earn something. People do not want to recognize their roles and opportunities in the workplace but just follow the orders given. Therefore, in the modern world where money and power play an important role, it is hard to understand if job satisfaction can be a significant attribute of productivity. In this paper, the goal is to investigate employee behaviors and attitudes and clarify the level of impact of different factors identified above regarding research developed in different countries, including the United States, India, and some European countries. Happiness may gain various forms and the task is to comprehend what attitudes may promote higher or lower satisfaction or commitment levels or change turnover ratings in regards to available working conditions. Job Performance Job performance is one of the most vital factors that are taken into consideration when companies want to achieve their competitive advantage, introduce effective results, and gain benefits from different perspectives. I think that it is not enough to sustain performance to become a successful organization. Job performance is at its high level when employees demonstrate high productivity, efficient ideas are developed, and new approaches and values are clarified and understood. For example, in the United States, employees have to follow special codes of ethics and standards to complete their tasks. Atta and Khan (2016) state that job performance is not a simple call of duty. Certain qualitative aspects, various types of behaviors, and psychological contexts have to be identified. Besides, it is possible to use organizational citizenship behaviors as a measurement for job performance in different organizations regardless of their size, trends, and professional goals. Job performance is a part of human resource management with the help of which an understanding of how well a job is
Introduction Lean Product Management enhances viable operations, accuracy, and promptness during project execution. According to Hobbs & Burton (2008), it is a business hypothesis aimed at adding more value to customers through efficient use of the available resources. This theory was introduced by Henry Ford at the time when automotive processes started. Henry came up with a process called “ flow production ” when he created the idea of assembling motorized cars. Currently, lean concepts are established and implemented in all business sectors. Many companies using lean project concepts always replace “lean” with their business name (Lindenau-Stockfisch, 2011). This implies that lean management is not only a project aimed at reducing expenditure, but also a phenomenon that organizations want to associate with. Moreover, it is currently being applied by a number of motor vehicle manufacturing companies around the world. Through lean concepts, there are several methods and tools for ensuring continuous improvement in the construction sector. Lean concepts assume that most micro level advancements are better compared to a wide-ranging macro system analysis. How lean project is applied in project management Organizations use five principles of lean concept in their project management processes. The first one is to state the value of a certain product family which most of the customers are yearning for. The second step is to recognize an appropriate value stream for every manufactured goods (Jackson, 2006). After identifying an appropriate value stream, an organization is supposed to ensure that there is continuous distribution of products in the market. The fourth step is to bring in pull through all the stages. The last step is the supervision towards excellence hence this reduces the time and information taken. Apart from lean construction, there are also other applications like lean manufacturing and lean enterprise. They also serve similar purpose as lean construction (Hobbs & Burton, 2008). For instance, they are practiced to ensure add value to products for customer satisfaction. Lean construction is considered as a means of creating production systems to ensure that less building resources are wasted. In addition, it started in 1992 when the construction management society was advised to take into consideration that there are some insufficiencies of the time-cost-quality exchange model. Establishing a production system to meet the required
Today, identity theft is an essential concern for individuals and organizations alike. It occurs when perpetrators steal personal or business information to commit fraud (The United States Government, 2018). Using such information, criminals can open bank accounts, obtain medical services using another person’s insurance, file tax returns, and perform other fraudulent actions that can be harmful to persons and businesses. Preventing identity theft requires planned efforts, such as regular checks, adequate account protection, and prompt reporting in case of suspicious activity. There is a variety of online tools aimed at improving people’s knowledge of identity theft, as well as preventing schemes. The present paper will examine the OnGuard Online Identity Theft Quiz, as well as discuss the precautions that individuals and organizations can take to avoid identity theft. The OnGuard Online Identity Theft Quiz was designed to improve individuals’ knowledge of identity theft precautions. The quiz contains eight questions. To me, all of the questions were rather simple. Detailed explanations and links to other sources for further information, on the other hand, were helpful. At the end of the quiz, there is a link to the OnGuard Online website, which appears to be broken. However, the link redirects to the website of the Federal Trade Commission that has features for filing a consumer complaint and reporting identity theft. Personally, I believe that the quiz may be useful for individuals that are not familiar with identity theft but is not challenging enough for those who know the basics. Adding several difficulty modes to test groups of consumers with different levels of awareness would make the quiz useful for all users. Identity theft precaution measures can be distributed into three main categories: protection of information, reporting, and regular checks. First of all, businesses and individuals should ensure that their private information is stored safely and that their accounts are protected with adequate passwords. For instance, companies should not share their employer identification number (EIN) and bank account numbers online to avoid identity theft. Secondly, any suspicious activity should be reported to a suitable organization, such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), a credit reporting agency, and a bank (The United States Government, 2018). Also, bank accounts and credit cards used for the suspicious activity should be frozen immediately to avoid future use. Lastly, organizations and individuals alike should regularly review their credit reports and other financial documents at least once a year to ensure that there was no unauthorized activity. The defense against identity theft has become a focus of many organizations in the past few years. As a result, credit monitoring
Attorneys are often considered to be people without conscience, who would lie, cheat, coerce, and do any other actions necessary to bail out their clients, even if they are guilty. While this warped view of the profession could not be farther from the truth, it is based on one of the fundamental rules of the attorney code of ethics, which establishes faithfulness to the client as the attorney’s main duty (“New York lawyer’s code,” 2013 ) . An attorney must use any legal means at their disposal to prove the client’s innocence. This brings us to the question posed in this Discussion Board scenario – is it acceptable for attorneys to withhold potential evidence from the prosecution if their client gives it to them for safekeeping? Can they refuse to keep it? Is it their duty to safeguard the client’s confidentiality at all costs? In my opinion, the very basis of the attorney profession is wrong. Modern judicial practices view the role of the prosecutor as someone that has to prove the defendant’s guilt, while the attorney as someone to prove their innocence. The judicial process, thus, becomes a competition between the two. This approach loses the initial goal behind the judicial process – to find out the truth. It is what the goal of both parties should be – to establish the truth, rather than protect the interests of either the plaintiff or the defendant. Kantian ethics state that it is a duty of every person, to tell the truth, because lying robs the other person of their freedom to make a rational choice based on knowledge and truth (“Kantian duty-based (deontological) ethics,” 2016). In this scenario, withholding evidence from the prosecution would become a lie of omission. A lie of omission is a kind of lie that does not involve untruthful statements, but rather withholding of information to lead the opposing party astray (“Lie by omission,” 2017). In this case, withholding the potential evidence from the prosecution would mean that their case would lack a potentially critical piece of evidence required to complete their case. This would potentially result in the defense winning the court session, and a criminal accused of armed robbery being allowed to roam free. However, not everything in this scenario is so cut-and-dry. It is said that neither the attorney nor I know if the weapon given to us for safekeeping is, in fact, the weapon of the crime. It is possible that the weapon has no connection to the robberies, and is just an item that the client wishes the attorney to keep, for whatever reasons. If we follow the presumption of innocence until proven guilty, it would not be ethical for us to assume that the client’s weapon is indeed physical evidence for the crime (“The presumption of innocence,” 2017). Surrendering it to the authorities would violate the trust established between the client and the attorney, which is also unethical. The last option that the attorney has in this situation is to refuse to keep the weapon and return it to the client. While this action se
A person’s nature does not remain the same throughout life: views, character, and attitudes toward various things change. Humans make decisions that affect what they will become in the future; to make these decisions, people need knowledge. Receiving new information is one of the main reasons why a person changes their perception of certain things. The background gives food for thought, and helps one rethink the past, evaluate the present, and draw conclusions for the future. Thus, I can say that my attitude towards history has changed compared to the first module. Knowledge of history helps people live: we can see the causes and consequences of events and think about them. History is a guide for the future because whoever wants to understand it must look at the past. It should be treated concerning protecting the planet’s peace; this is the just call of the world (Jordanova, 2019). Knowledge of history is one of the tools for a person’s self-awareness and self-identity. As I approach the end of this course, I realize that I have learned many new things and facts. This knowledge allowed me to look at many historical events differently to explore some issues more deeply. The main change in my perception is that now it does not have a superficial nature. I can directly approach the understanding of some events more consciously. At the same time, I realize that there are still many things ahead of me that I can learn; accordingly, my attitude will probably change over time. I cannot say that I will remain with my current perception because I will continue to expand my horizons in this field. Through the study of history, one can make sense of who one is and discover new ways of being. Reference Jordanova, L. (2019). History in practice . Bloomsbury Publishing.
There is no use denying the fact that the world, which surrounds us, has a great number of different mysteries which a person is still not able to understand. However, there are many various attempts to analyze the universe and understand how it functions. Thus, a person needs an instrument to cogitate about different phenomena. That is why philosophy appeared. Being a very ancient science which tried to determine the main regularities according to which the world functions, philosophy created different approaches to the world analysis and ways to obtain knowledge. Nowadays, humanity has a great number of various ideas connected with it and is able to choose the best one. Besides, appearance of a new philosophic approach is rather complicated process as it challenges traditional one. Under these conditions, Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy can be taken as a very important step in development of philosophic thought and critical thinking. Being a very talented mathematician and philosopher, Descartes was no satisfied with the rule of traditional Aristotle’s philosophy, which was taken as the only right one. That is why, Descartes was interested in creation of a new and unique approach which would be able to replace the old one and become more efficient. However, just description of his own vision of the problem and world was not enough. Descartes realized that he had to explain his main ideas for people and the most outstanding philosophers of his time be able to understand him. That is why, the work Meditations on First Philosophy appeared. It was the attempt to change existing rules and introduce the main aspects of critical thinking for people to be able to analyze the world and information which they obtain better. Resting on these facts, the work can be called the reflection of Descartes philosophy and his attempt to make people understand it. There are six meditations in the given work and each of them introduces its own idea. The author presents his cogitations on behalf of the Meditator, which centers his thoughts around different issues. The first meditation on what can be called in doubt shows the authors attitude toward the nature of things and the way in which people obtain information (Descartes 17). Meditator outlines the fact that he has been wrong for many times in many different things. He underlines that all opinions could be doubted if a person is able to find the reason to do it. Meditator states that all information, which a person possesses, he/she obtains with the help of different senses. However, at the same time a person may be deceived while dreaming, feeling things which do not exist. It is possible to suggest the idea that Descartes tends to show people that there are no universal truths in the world and thing, which seem quite real, can turn out to be totally false. That is why, a person should be critical in his/her thinking and analyze what he/she sees and percepts finding different reasons to doubt existing opinion. Meditator continues his cogitation in the second meditation of the nature of human mind. It is connected with the previous one as Descartes tries to show peculiarities of human thinking and
Introduction The US healthcare system is very complex. The lack of uniformity in the coverage policy determines its specificity in comparison with the systems of other developed countries. Whereas, the high cost of medical service is the object of the US population’s complaints the enormous healthcare spending is the focus of the government’s concern. Hence, the country’s public spending on the healthcare is one of the highest among all the members of OECD. About 17.7 percent of the US GDP is spent on the healthcare while an average representative of OECD spends only 9.3 percent on the similar sector. However, it seems that large expenses fail to provide high efficiency. According to the official data, 30 percent of American adults could not afford to have a health insurance in 2012 ( The U.S. Health Care System: An International Perspective 2014). As a consequence, all the transformations of the US health care market are aimed at increasing the competition and, thus, reducing both the medication services’ cost and the public health care spending. One should necessarily note that the uneven coverage in the health insurance system results in the negative impact on the healthcare market in general. Whereas some segments of the US healthcare system, such as educational and institutional markets, show high competition rate, other fields, such as health insurance sector, are oligopolistic. In other words, the competition within the insurance market is low that leads inevitably to the cost’s increase. Thus, the small number of health insurance companies in the USA enables their owners to determine prices that prevents the market from efficient allocation of resources (Mwachofi & Al-Assaf 2011). In order to implement the measures that will help to reduce the costs of the healthcare market, one needs to analyze the principal mechanisms that underpin the competition level in the relevant field. Health Economic Analysis Moral Hazard The moral factor is one of the determinants of the healthcare services’ cost. Some specialists believe that this phenomenon is the result of the information asymmetry that exists in the patient-company relations (Mwachofi & Al-Assaf 2011). Thus, it is presumed, that an individual that has a healthcare insurance tends to use the relevant services more frequently, and, at the same time, pay less attention to the health preservation procedures. For example, a person that is protected by the insurance can take up some unhealthy habits like alcohol and smoking increasing, thereby, the possibility of the service’s overuse. Healthcare companies, in their turn, employ the measures to avoid potential money loss – they reduce the clients’ access to the particular medical services or introduce extra charges. The problem is that the following actions affect all the patients including both those who do not have a healthcar
“Bartleby the Scrivener” by Herman Melville and “Torquemada at the Stake” by Benito Pérez Galdós are two stories that might seem different at first, but have a common theme beyond the obvious context. The way people live their lives and excuses they make, often rely on the problems in their personal lives, more particularly their health. They use it as an excuse to do or not do things, and this can be either personal health problems or someone else’s. In “Bartleby the Scrivener”, the theme is that the majority of characters have some sort of deficiency in them. Mostly, it is related to their personality and health issues that st