ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A clear-cut explanation of how life and everything on earth originated has remained a puzzle to humanity for a long time. Scholars have given their own versions of this origin. However, all the attempts have been marked by a weakness of some sort. The real origin hence remains a question that runs in the minds of many people. A piece of art showcases the aptitude of an artist, so does the earth and the universe that imply the reality and the potentiality of its stylist. This paper seeks to gain insight into the creation theory and evolution theory thereby finding out which of the two tends to carry more logic. Creation theory everything within this earth is a product of creative power of the gods. In Genesis, it says that God created the world, man and woman in seven days. This is called creationism. It is mostly associated with Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all from Abrahamic religion. In the first two chapters of Genesis, the book looks at creation in depth. The first one describes all substantial proceedings of creation. In the second chapter, it touches on creation of human beings more strongly. The first chapter of Genesis opens with a sentence purporting pointing out God creating the globe and heaven. But then the earth was without form and it was filled with darkness. He goes on to separate darkness from light thus day and night coming into existence. This was done on the first day. On the second day, he divides firmament to bring about heaven and he collects the waters in one place leaving a dry area which is called earth, the waters were called seas (Slusher 35). The third day was spent on creation of vegetation. On the fourth day, the heavenly bodies were created. He goes on to create water creatures and bird of the air and also makes living creature like cattle, the beasts to be on dry land. This was on the fifth day. On the sixth day, man and woman came into existence and were placed to have dominion over the earth. Interestingly, this creation from genesis, concurs with that one of Hugh Ross an astronomer. His argument is based on the big bang evolutionary theory which will be talked about later. It is worth noting that creation theory has other theories to it. These include young earth creationism. These theorists purport that the earth was created by God about sixty to 100 centuries ago. They offer this argument based on family lineages as explained in the bible. This theory argues out that the earths age is relatively young, a point disapproved by Christians and scientists who say that the earth is billions of years old. This group argues that dinosaurs are mentioned in the bible and they are still in existence in Central America. Different races did settle in the current locations after the destruction of the tower of Babel, a second argument they have used to support their theory. Omphalos hypothesis argues
The point prevalence study had a cross-sectional survey design. This was a level VI quantitative descriptive article. The research approach fit the purpose of the study. The rigorous methodology along the lines of the EPUAP increased the relevance of the study. This was the methodology adopted across Europe thereby allowing scope for comparison (Vanderwee et al, 2007). The aim was to examine the risk factors for pressure ulcers in acute care hospitals as previous studies had not investigated hospital-acquired pressure ulcers. This motivated the researcher to investigate the risk factors in patients in hospital with new pressure ulcers. The language and concepts were not consistent with the approach; the difficulty in obtaining consent from patients who mostly understood Swedish only created a problem. Data collection and analysis appeared appropriate. Data collection was done using the services of nurses and two nursing educators who had the one-day training of pressure ulcer risk assessment. On that day they were also shown photographs of the skin conditions. This method was not totally right as these nurses could not have been familiar with the varying skin conditions. Their training could have helped but doubts about diagnosis were expected. Nurses who had been posted for some time in the related departments and who were seeing pressure ulcers as they developed could have been the best data collectors. This was necessary as informed nurses could have differentiated already existing ulcers from newly appearing hospital-acquired ulcers. Data analysis techniques were good using the Mann Whitney U and the chi square tests and spss. Risk factors were assessed following the data analysis. The study was relevant to a certain extent and concluded fairly well. The literature review revealed that pressure ulcers occurred in older citizens who were immobile. A doubt had been raised that pressure ulcers due to hospital stay were different from already existing ulcers. This point had been addressed in this study. At the time of admission the Braden scale was used to identify risks of ulcers and the Norton scale was used to identify incontinence which was a predictor of pressure ulcers and not included in the Braden scale. The worst of the ulcers was classified according to the EPUAP classification (European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel). A body map indicated the sites of existing pressure ulcers. The number of days in hospital before the study was different for each case. Preventive measures used were recorded. The findings had just confirmed that pressure ulcers in acute care hospitals were still a problem and that preventive measures were insufficient. This finding was not a new discovery and made this just one more study among many which said the same thing. Staff training had been emphasized upon and this was considered a potential cont
Introduction Respiratory therapists are care practitioners who offer treatment, access, monitors as well as manage patients with problems in breathing. The role of a respiratory therapist include providing oxygen support, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, overseeing of the functioning of mechanical ventilators, medication of drugs for the lungs as well as ratting the functioning of the lungs. They attend to a wide rage of patients such premature infants partially developed lungs to adults with lung disease. (Alphonso, 2003). Roles of respiratory therapist Respiratory therapists manage patients and support equipment on a regular basis to find out if they have difficulties. They diagnose any abnormality regarding the level of oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide as well as the blood’s PH. They adjust the settings of the ventilators as ordered by physicians and access all the equipment to find out if they have developed a mechanical problem. They also carry out chest physiotherapy in order to remove mucus in the lungs thus improving the breathing. This is applied mostly during surgery to make the patient fully recover his/her breathing mechanism fully after the administration of anesthesia which depresses the normal breathing. After surgery, the patients are prescribed with physiotherapy to help the lungs resume their functions fully and ease congestion. Therapists providing home care train the patients on using ventilators and other equipment for life support and pay them regular visit to inspect as well as service the equipment. They also access the environment at home and provide the required knowledge to the patients regarding their diseases. They also offer emergency help at home incase a problem arise. (Alphonso, 2003). Work environment Because most hospitals work 24hrs a week respiratory therapists work on shifts generally for about 40hrs. Most of the time they work while standing and make frequent walks from one patient’s room to another and during emergency cases they have to bear with the stressful situation. Frequent travels have to be made by therapist providing homecare to give follow-up treatment and care for their patients. They are trained to handle gases under high pressure to avoid risks during maintenance and regular tests of the equipment. They also require careful adherence of procedure so as to minimize the risk of infectious diseases, which they are always exposed to. The minimum requirement for a student pursuing this course is an associate degree but for advancement on the course one requires a master’s degree. Respiratory therapists must have a license before being allowed to operate. The main areas of study in the therapy are chemistry, human anatomy, microbiology and ma
Does the Ethics Program Prevent Ethical Breaches at the Highest Level of the Organization? According to the notion expressed by Terris, Lockheed Martin’s ethics program is inefficient when it comes to ethical breaches at the highest level (95). The problem can be explained by the available power resources that make breaches possible and the fact that no responsibility is imposed on senior managers regardless of their gender. Speaking of the very pinnacle of the corporation, it is determined that they should participate in annual training programs. These programs are launched at the highest level that means that senior managers are participants and familiar with the company’s Code of Conduct (“Lockheed Martin: Ethics Awareness Training” par. 2). Moreover, according to the ethics program, ethics officers should address cases involving those occupying the highest positions. However, in practice, the notion made by Terris is not supported by facts. Because there are numerous instances of public scandals involving chief leaders of the corporation, the assumption that the Code of Conduct adopted by Lockheed Martin does not control its leaders is unjust. One of the appropriate examples of similar cases is forcing out a chief executive because of unethical relationships with a subordinate (Drew par. 1). These instances prove that even though the ethics program does not prevent breaches at the highest level, it does stimulate investigations and drawing accurate conclusions regardless of the occupied position. In this case, the focus should be made on the outcome of a situation, and the very fact that the matter was solved by forcing a chief executive out means that Terris was wrong and the established ethics program is productive. Are the Efforts Enough to Help Executives Navigate the ‘Ethical Minefields’ Faced by Leadership? When speaking of an ethics program designed and implemented at Lockheed Martin, it determines three significant claims related to chief executives and senior leadership. First of all, the highest-level executives should participate in training programs to be acquainted with the ethics program and become role models for other employees. Moreover, all leaders undergo the same training programs and take the same modules as ordinary employees. Finally, they get involved in consultations with ethics officers in case of violations or breaches of the Code of Conduct (Terris 99). It means that all team members are treated equally without regard to the occupied position. At least, this provision is determined by the established ethics program. Nevertheless, this system has some significant drawbacks. This statement can be explained by the fact that even though the program is comprehensive it is more integrative at lower levels, leaving the highest ranks disunited. Still, the very fact that senior management and chief executives support the program is beneficial for creating a strong corporate culture. However, there is one more challenge. As the highest officials remain d
Introduction Least Developed Countries (LDCs) is a special category of countries characterized by extreme poverty, weak economies, and scanty institutional and human resources. Despite the fact that millions of dollars have been spent over the years to address the problems and needs in the least developed countries, the level of poverty there remains high and the goal of ensuring equal access to basic needs is far from being realized. To a great extent, this is attributed to the corruption that is rampant in the least developed countries. Donor countries are, therefore, expected to be more vigilant in monitoring how resources are utilized. The subject of donor funding to least developed countries is particularly important to me as well as to the international donor community because the existence of poor people in least developed countries depends on aid from donor countries. This paper looks at measures that have been taken in Kenya and India to guarantee the effectiveness of the foreign aid. Effectiveness of Foreign Aid to Kenya For several years, Japan has been the largest donor to Kenya with a special interest in the health sector. By the end of the year 2006, annual disbursement of aid to Kenya from had been estimated to be US $ 944 millions. In the 1980s, Kenya was forced to implement Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) in an attempt to ensure that foreign aid was used appropriately. According to Carlsson, Somolekae and Walle (1997), the goal of implementing SAP in Kenya was to improve efficiency and ensure that foreign aid achieved the intended purpose. With regard to donor aid management in Kenya, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) found that institutional considerations were necessary in financing the health sector. Among the problems that have led to failed donor projects in the health sector are poor coordination, misuse of funds, lack of transparency and accountability, and inadequate procurement and distribution procedures for aid drugs and other medical supplies. A case study of Kenyatta National Hospital, for example, indicated that inadequate transparency and poor accountability greatly hindered the effectiveness of donor funded projects (Carlsson et al, 1997). Effectiveness of Foreign Aid to India In India, a transparency and accountability policy was enacted to control how aid money was utilized. Under this policy, organizations that receive foreign aid are expected to adhere to proper accounting and reporting guidelines and to provide audited financial reports on a regular basis. Donor practice in India also requires the use of locally based aid agency staff to ensure that there is a high level of accountability in the management of foreign aid. Today, organizations such as the International Aid Transparency InitIATIve (IATI) exist to monitor how the aid money is being spent. Conclusion The lack of effective accountability mec
Music is that phenomenon which helps people to feel the harmony of the world expressed in melodies. These melodies are always around us. They are in our everyday reality and wait for us in the sounds of a rain or a violin. In his essay, “Living with Music”, Ralph Ellison depicted his relations with this magic world of sounds from very childhood to the moment of writing the essay. One of the most important questions which he discusses in the work is connected with people’s different visions of the correlation between classical and jazz music. Why should the passion for classical music reject the enthusiastic interest in jazz? Ralph Ellison accentuates the idea that the sense of music cannot be dependent only on the perfectness of the melody. The beauty of the music is in the feelings, not in those which should be expressed according to the rules, but in those which the musician wishes to express and which arouse in the audience’s souls. Ralph Ellison concentrates the readers’ attention on the fact that he always lived in music which could cause his moods or become the way to express his feelings. Nevertheless, there was a definite struggle in his heart affected by traditional points of view related to the role of the music and the notion of musical harmony. The author understood the beauty of classical music and of jazz. Thus, he “had been caught actively between two (styles): that of the Negro folk music, both sacred and profane, slave song and jazz, and that of Western classical music” (Ellison, 2011, p. 119). It is possible to find the harmony in the range of sounds which are combined in a definite melody only according to the author’s preferences and visions of rhythm, and it is possible to perceive his feelings which are expressed with the help of this melody. It is also possible to admire the traditional perfectness of classical music which involves in its world with its greatest melodies. Why should people play not those melodies they really feel, but those ones which they should feel according to the traditional principles of classical musical education? It was most confusing: the folk tradition demanded that I play what I heard and felt around me, while those who were seeking to teach the classical tradition in the schools insisted that I play strictly according to the book and express that which I was supposed to feel (Ellison, 2011, p. 119). It is the choice of the musician to play according to his favourite styles and follow any melodies he prefers. Nevertheless, the beau
Introduction The article chosen for analysis is about a business partnership between two of the most respected airlines in the world; Emirates and Qantas Airlines. It was an interesting article to analyze because it can act as a blueprint for other multinationals that want to participate in international alliances. This case study will provide an example of the motivations, processes, obstacles, models and strategies that constitute global alliances Case study Qantas is an Australian-based Airline that is renowned for its excellent quality and great travel experiences; Emirates is famous for its extensive network as well as its quality standards. These two organizations partnered through a joint services agreement that was designed to coordinate their prices, integrate their flying networks, arrange similar schedules and participate in a benefit sharing model. The agreement will last for ten years and will create benefits for customers as well as the two business partners. Deresky and Christopher (2011) explain that organizations often go global because of reactive reasons or proactive ones. It is likely that Qantas was motivated by both types of incentives to participate in this global alliance. First, global competition, as a reactive measure, has prompted Qantas to consider the move. Many Airlines are consolidating their services on a global scale and if Qantas maintained the status quo, then it would be more difficult to compete with these firms in the future. Additionally, the issue of government restrictions in the Middle Eastern region may have prompted Qantas to rely on an insider in order to access that large market; Emirates was the ultimate solution. Another reactive reason was demand from customers for certain services. Qantas consumers needed direct access to Europe and Asia, but the Airline could not provide it with its prevailing infrastructure. Consequently, the organization chose to liaise with another Airline that already has those networks in order to meet its customers’ demands (Qantas 2012). Alternatively, the motives to enter into a partnership may be proactive and strategic. Firms do it to take advantage of the economies of scale that come with greater capital (Todeva and Knoke 2005). In this case, Qantas was in the middle of a reengineering program that would see it expand its operations and turn around its performance. The alliance with Emirates was the major route to achieving this objective as Qantas would use the firm’s terminals and routes without committing the financial resources needed to have its own. Alternatively, the need to grow may also prompt firms to engage in expansion (Deresky and Christopher 2011). This was true for Qantas,
Introduction Groupon is a website company that offers daily business deals in products and services e.g. restaurants. The company was founded by Andrew Manson in 2008. It was a new idea and Groupon was the sole player. This website company features coupon deals in order to provide con summers with better access. It operates by sending emails, website links, and mobile applications. It uses these platforms to reach their subscribers. This paper seeks to discuss how Information Technology helps Groupon to compete in its target market. It also discusses whether or not the company has a sustainable competitive advantage. How does Information Technology help Groupon to Compete? Information Technology is the use of computers and other related devices in businesses. Groupon uses mobile applications, websites, and emails to reach its subscribers. This shows that the company has embraced Information Technology in its business operations. Information Technology is associated with convenience, fastness, and efficiency. These three components fascinate many consumers in any given business. A big population today has access to Smartphones or any other portable mobile device that can be used to access the internet. Groupon on its part has ensured that it has a mobile application that is compatible with many operating systems of mobile phones. According to Wolny (2013), the increased usage of Information Technology among consumers has led to the growth of a strong subscriber base for Groupon (Wolny, 2013). This has helped the company to be competitive in its target markets. According to Pearlson (2012), Groupon added a mobile capability to its services. This has increased its access to international markets. It has also enabled the company to fight the increasing competition back in its home country. Information Technology is integrated into businesses all over the world as a core competency. For instance, Groupon prioritizes it in its operations, in order to increase its
The provided reading material, in regards to interaction between Whites and indigenous people, during the course of Exploration era, provides us with the insight on many aspects of this process that have been previously overlooked. For example, Alfred Crosby views European geopolitical expansion from “environmental” prospective, while suggesting that White settlers would not be able to achieve an undisputed social dominance in newly discovered lands without having utilized European flora and fauna as their allies. Author provides us with numerous examples of how domesticated animals, brought from Europe to the New World, were able to destroy the original environmental balance. Also, he links colonization’s successfulness to the climatic conditions, while suggesting that Whites always had a hard time, while trying to settle in areas with hot climate. By doing it, Crosby strives to diminish the role White people’s existential qualities, within a context of their colonizational practices, as according to him, it were harmful diseases, and plants and animals, brought from Europe, which overcame the resistance of aboriginees. The article “Comments on American Indian and European Interaction” develops this thesis even further, while suggesting that: “The Europeans would win in the end not because of individual superiority, but because of greater numbers, and logistical and productive superiority”. Apparently the author of this article had never heard of conquests of Kortes of Pizzaro, who caused the empires of Maya and Incas, populated by millions of people, to collapse like a stack of cards, within a matter of very short time, while relying on “great military force” of less then two hundred undernourished men an few horses. From conversation “Indians, Colonists, and the Environment” between William Cronon and Richard White, it appears demographical decline of Natives in North America was closely related to the fact that their natural habitat was being heavily impacted by newly arrived Europeans, who had an entirely different outlook on relationship between humans and the environment. Both historians imply that the fact that Indians thought of animals as such that are being entitled with “magical” powers prevented them from being able to utilize these animals with utmost efficiency, which contributed greatly to geopolitical downfall of natives Ameri