ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The objective of the study was to determine whether the elderly in the nursing homes would prefer the introduction of gambling as a happiness stimulant. In addition, the researchers hoped to observe the effects of happiness brought about by gambling. According to Dixon, Nastally and Waterman (2010), researchers have proved that people are nowadays living more years than they used to live before. However, there is a need to identify some factors that promote the mental and emotional conditions of the elderly. Research conducted has shown that there are positive effects of gambling on the health of an elderly person. They noted that those who frequently gambled had good physical health, lower rates of depression and had a well supporting social life. Yale News (2004) noted that there are relationships between good health and gambling among the elderly. This is because the elderly gamblers, unlike the younger gamblers who mix gambling with other activities like drug abuse and alcoholism, participate in gambling as a form of exercising. Therefore, gambling is a very important activity in the mental health of the elderly as it requires problem-solving skills and a higher level of concentration. In addition, elderly gamblers are active socially and this reduces rates of depression. The actual research on the effects of gambling activities on the happiness of the elderly in nursing homes was conducted in a nursing home facility with a capacity of 159 people. Among the participants were four known gamblers. None of the four had previously shown signs of any mental illness despite all being above 80 years old. In the measure of happiness, expressions such as smiling and laughing were taken to mean happiness while others such as yelling, frowning and crying showed that the participant was unhappy. The effects of gambling were assessed under four different conditions each day. The four conditions are baseline, stimulated gambling, 10 minutes after gambling, and 30 minutes after gambling. Each participant participated in gambling for 5, 10, and 20 minutes intervals. Observers recorded data in ten-second intervals. After the 10 minutes baseline, participants were allowed to play a simulated gambling game of their choice. The procedure was continued until all participants had been engaged in all four conditions. The results indicated that three of the participant’s Donna, Lily and Fred chose gambling games most of the time. The three were observed to prefer gambling stimuli to people stimuli. The results further revealed that under the baseline condition the measure of happiness was almost zero. During the gambling p
Responses to the questions Overall, the course readings and my personal experiences suggest that much attention should be paid to the problems of at-risk families. In this case, one should refer to those households that can be affected by such adverse factors as poor living conditions, low income level, disability of parents, unemployment, and so forth (Eisenstadt, 2011, p. 39). This is one of the main issues that should be considered by educators and social workers. As a rule, these professionals focus on the need of families with children whose development can be significantly impaired if no support is offered to these households. Policy-makers apply the concept of risk when developing early childhood programs. In particular, they focus on the ability of parents to take care of children. As a rule, they attach importance to such criteria as educational opportunities, relations between parents and children, housing conditions, and other indicators which can be used to determine whether the need of children can be met by parents (Gray et al. 2009). If a family does not reach certain standards set by the government, it is considered to be at risk. Apart from that, one should remember about such threats alcoholism, substance addition, or domestic violence since each of them can adversely affect
Patient Background Information The problem of stroke in African American patients has not been gaining enough attention recently. There is the presence of a tangible health disparity that needs to be addressed in order to ensure the well-being of the vulnerable population (Stringer, 2018). According to the report published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016), of all American population groups, African American men are the most prone to having a stroke. By placing emphasis on the immediate management of the stroke and the active enhancement of patient education, one will be able to reduce the threat of another stroke significantly. According to the details of a case under analysis, a patient is a 58-year-old postal worker of an African American background, who has experienced hypertension. The patient smokes a pack of cigarettes a day. After the stroke, the patient has acquired a significant speech impediment, which has been evolving very fast, and a left-sided deficit. The left side of his face has been paralyzed, and his speech has become considerably slurred. For the same reason, the patient has left-sided drooling. His vitals are 161/90, pulse 92, whereas the CT scan has shown a thrombus in a branch of the right internal carotid artery with 90% occlusion caused by to atherosclerosis. Etiology and Risk Factors Exploring the problem of a stroke, one should mention that the specified phenomenon comes in three categories, which are the ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. The latter implies that the stroke is caused by the presence of an excessive amount of blood in the closed cranial cavity (Jagani, Kallmes, & Brinjikji, 2017). Ischemia, on the other hand, occurs once the amount of oxygen supplied by the bloodstream to the brain decreases, thus causing insufficiency in oxygen and other nutrients required for the proper brain functioning (Jagani et al., 2017). A stroke should not be confused with a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), which is similar in its symptoms to the former yet takes place if the blood flow interrupts only temporarily (Kernan et al., 2016; Kerkar, 2018). Since a stroke is primarily developed due to poor blood flow, the causes thereof include the diseases such as hypertension, heart disease, a change in the number of lipids in a patient’s blood, the risk factors of a stroke are rather numerous. For instance, smoking, drinking, diabetes, and any activity that may lead to a rise in blood pressure levels can be seen as the potential cause of a possible stroke in a patient (Kernan et al., 2016). In addition, there are several non-reducable factors that may make one more prone to a stroke, such as age, gender (men are more susceptible to stroke than women), and race (African Americans, Latin
Introduction The increasing health disparities have created vulnerable groups that lack access to care of optimal quality and quantity (Pauly & Pagán, 2007). Thus, patients from these populations may not receive adequate medical attention during hospitalization, which exposes them to co-morbidities and complications. Vulnerability is a product of a complex interplay of unrelated factors, including immigrant status, lack of insurance and chronic illness, among others (Rasmor, Kooienga, Brown, & Probst, 2014). Patient advocacy is required when treating such vulnerable individuals. This paper is a personal reflection of clinical experiences with homeless drug users lacking optimal medical care compared to other populations. Vulnerable Patients versus another Group Homeless injection-drug abusers are a medically vulnerable group predisposed to high morbidity and limited access to high-quality care compared to non-drug users. Their complex medical and psychosocial needs mean that most providers are ill-equipped to care for them. For example, Boutin-Foster et al. (2013) note that people served by community health centers require access to social service resources to improve specific determinants of health. Injection-drug abusers are a medically underserved group that is more prone to chronic conditions than non-drug users are. They are “powerless to fix” health disparities such as “child abuse, domestic violence, or homelessness” on their own (Jones, 2010, p. 49). Most of them are uninsured and poor. Consequently, they delay treatment or fail to use preventive services, which results in frequent ED visits. In contrast, non-drug users have access to screening tests and early interventions. Provider’s Management of Patient Needs From my observation, homeless injection-drug users’ needs were not met in traditional care settings I have worked. Besides medical intervention (screening for hepatitis C), this group requires cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that address multiple issues to encourage behavior change. Examples of key focus areas include patient attitude and knowledge (intrapersonal), provider collaboration
Introduction The phrase “a failure is a man who blundered, but is not able to cash in on the experience” by Elbert Hubbard lingers in many minds as far as finding its implication is concerned. Just like many other quotes associated with Hubbard, it remains immortal due to its relevance over time, beyond many generations in the past and even in the future. This quote in particular, has become synonymous with lives of people. The essence of the above phrase lies on the fact that a failure is not a failure until one learns from it to avoid failure in the future. It, therefore, implies that we should learn from our mistakes and strive to look at past inefficiencies so that we are able to mitigate any repeat in the future. The author acknowledges that it is in human nature to ‘fall’ but be caution, to learn from the past mistakes and to benefit in building a formidable future as a result of the experience gained from the past. In this regard, this essay seeks to link between the phrase by this great American philosopher and the life and times of the great entrepreneur, St
Research Aims And Objectives This research aims at providing insight and knowledge to young people aged between 18 and 24 years on the damaging effects of purchasing counterfeit items. As such, the researcher intends to discourage the target youth from purchasing the “knockoff” items. Definition of terms: Counterfeit products : products that have been duplicated illegally in order to appear like the genuine products Knockoff products : products that are similar, but not identical to the original products, usually made with cheaper materials. Introduction Both knockoff and counterfeit products can be simply defined as cheap imitations of the genuine and original products. Often times, consumers fail to recognise the difference between the ‘fake’ and genuine products have similar labels, trademarks and packaging (Frerichs 20). A keen observer can however distinguish between the two product categories based on the cost price or the quality difference. Since original designers usually want to give consumers a high quality product, they invest heavily in research and development (R&D), good designs, quality production materials, and marketing. When the product is finally released into the market, the cost price is inclusive of the expenses that the designer incurred in the course of developing the product. People who make knockoffs or counterfeit products on the other hand do not have to invest in any R&D or marketing. All they do is observe the original product, purchase the materials needed to make the same and distribute the product. This means they incur fewer expenses and can therefore sell their products much more cheaply. Besides denying innovators who invest heavily on R&D their well deserved earnings, Frerichs describes counterfeits and knockoffs as a “growing problem” that pose a major threat in respective national economies if it is allowed to thrive (20). The reason for this is that counterfeit and knock-off makers are in an illegitimate business and therefore do not usually remit due taxes to the government. In light of the growing problem, organisations like the International Trade Mark Association (INTA) and the European Counterfeiting and Piracy Observatory ( ECPO) keep encouraging governments to take collective action in order to discourage counterfeiting. In 2007 for example, Schmidt observes that INTA was working with trade representatives from the United State and the European Union towards ratifying tougher sanctions against businesses that thrived in counterfeiting and pirating genuine products (1). The European Commission on the other hand observes that combating counterfeiting in the international mark
Introduction The Caribbean rum is an alcoholic drink made from by-products of sugarcane through the process of distillation and zymolysis. After getting the distillate, the ageing process takes place in oaks or any other barrel. According to Kurlansky, the Caribbean remains the biggest producer of quality rum in the world. Rum production has a long history and has undergone through several issues like colonialism of the Caribbean and globalization. This rum has diverse social and economical effects in given its deep culture amongst the Caribbean. This paper runs from history and culture, through colonialism and globalisation to economical and social effects of the Caribbean rum. History The origin of the Caribbean rum goes back to the introduction of sugarcane in the Caribbean in the 15 th century by Christopher Columbus (Coulombe 16). According to most historians, rum production was an idea of plantation slaves in Barbados who discovered that the by-products of sugarcane would be fermented into an alcoholic drink in the 17 th century. “Many rum historians agree that, the first rum was made on the island of Barbados using molasses” (Broom 65). Later on, people came up with techniques of concentrating the alcoholic content of this rum and this included distillation. After its establishment in the Caribbean, the Caribbean rum spread to other places in Europe and this is how it found its way in America. Interestingly, the Caribbean rum was so popular that it tied continents together; it was the ‘oil’ of the day; “Not until oil was any single commodity so important for world trade” (Williams Para. 1). The Caribbean rum found its way to Colonial North America. However, the demand was increasing by the day thus pushing for establishment of distilleries in North America. The first distillery was established in the then Staten Island in 1664 before establishment of a second and a third one in Boston and Massachusetts after three years. Caribbean rum production became the most successful industry in that time in Colonial North America (Roueche 178). From Europe, the Caribbean rum crossed borders and entered Africa in late seventeenth century where it became even popular than in Europe. This popularity is attributed to the fact that African slaves in the Caribbean plantations were the inventors of this rum; therefore, to Africans, the Caribbean rum was a form of identity (Arkell 96). The Caribbean rum’s popularity soared and it threatened existence of other alcoholic brands world all over. For instance, production of the Caribbean rum was banned in Spain after it became a threat to Spain’s die sweet spirits (William 89). Initially, the Caribbean rum was seen as a cheap drink associated with slaves and low class people; nevertheless, with time even the elite became consumers of this brand thus posing a big threat to other Europ
A large part of international tourists in Canada comes from China. The loosening of travel restrictions and continued economic growth has led to a rapid increase in the figure of Chinese tourists travelling globally. Canada attracts many Chinese people because it is a developed nation. In fact, most towns in Canada act as residents to the Chinese population since most immigrants from China prefer to settle in these areas. Canada’s stunning and large scenery appeal too many Chinese who intend to visit overseas countries. According to Zhen (2011), Chinese visitors to Canada increased from “138, 014 in 2006 to 159,000 in 2009” (345). It is in this light that this study aims at finding out motivations that make Chinese tourists select Canada as their tourist destination. The research question is “ What are some factors that motivate Chinese tourists to travel to Canada?” The study first discusses Chinese tourism as well as Chinese travel market to aid in understanding the case of outbound tourism in China. The study next explores Chinese characteristics and factors that motivate Chinese to travel to Canada. Lastly, the study gives some implications as well as a summary of the study. Chinese Tourism Many countries can benefit from Chinese tourist activities. Such countries need to understand characteristics of Chinese people, as well as their travel, needs so that they can generate revenue for their economies. While this is true, there is no much information about Chinese travelers because the Chinese travel market is a developing area. For a long time, the Chinese lacked policies as well as income that allowed touring foreign countries. Also, travel for leisure is rather a new form of tourism activity among Chinese people. This form of travel which does not have any business orientation or family connection is barely 10 years old. The number of Chinese who travel to foreign countries per year becomes predicted to reach 100 million by 2020 (Guo, Kim, & Timothy, 2007). This means that China will be among the leading sources of tourists in the world. This estimation makes many countries as well as business to work harder so that they can appeal to this massive m
Technical Drawing Technical drawings can be described as plans that show how a human-made object is constructed. A technical drawing is usually a diagram that illustrates an object from different angles (projections) to explain its structure (fig. 1). These diagrams are used in engineering, construction, and other industries involved in creating, constructing, and repairing ( Technical drawing , 2022). They also act as a tool for communicating ideas between creators and makers. Thus, it is vital for a technical drawing to follow its own universal language that can be recognized by all professionals ( Design Handbook , 2022). For example, a mechanical engineering drawing shows a component or product’s requirements (Singh and Singh, 2021). It can also reveal weaknesses in the design and guide producers on how to manufacture it perfectly. Figure 1: A technical drawing Another field where technical drawings are essential is architecture. Sketches and diagrams are also necessary for healthcare and software engineering (Vergara et al., 2021). Historically, technical drawings were drafted by hand, using tools (Maguire, Phelps and Simmons, 2020). These included a drafting table, a straightedge, T-square, compass, and more. The manual method can still be used today, although many of all drafting processes have been automated. Computer-Aided Design Computer-aided design (CAD) is software used to create digital technical drawings. There are two main subcategories of CAD products – programs working with 2D and 3D graphics (fig. 2). CAD offers many benefits to creators and producers of products. First, the programs were developed on the basis of the universal language to which technical drawings must adhere (Fuller, Ramirez and Smith, 2021). Therefore, an engineer using such software can ensure that all markings and lines correspond to those understood by other professionals. Figure 2: 3D CAD software Moreover, the use of CAD leads to quicker project completion and higher productivity rates ( Inc. , 2020). A user can quickly change a drawing, zoom in or out, remove and add elements, and observe a drafted object from different perspectives (Llach, 2021; Sarkar, 2018). Therefore, CAD software is vital in manufacturing industries where the quality of one detail can impact the whole product. However, each CAD program has unique traits, meaning that an engineer must know the specifics of using various software. One of the most significant advantages of advanced CAD software is the ability to simulate an object’s performance in motion. Thus, the use of CAD simplifies the initial trial step in any design process. Theory of Projections Orthographic To depict a 3D object in a 2D form, one has to represent it from one or several angles. Orthographic projection is used to represent a 3D object by using 2D drawings of its different viewpoints. The main views are called plan (top), front, and side, and a technical drawing is separated into four
Introduction According to Paulo, Wolfgang, and Gilmore (1), infections caused by fungal or bacterial biofilms have become a major public health concern not only in the developing nations but also the developed countries around the world. The biofilm infections are often immune both to the host immune defenses and antibiotics, making them very dangerous. Conlon, Rowe, and Lewis (2) define bacterial biofilm as “a structured community of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymeric matrix and adherent to an inert or living surface.” These bacteria communities start by joining to form a small protective matrix on a given surface. In the beginning, these bacteria are joined by weak van der Waals forces that can easily be destroyed. They need an aqueous environment to start their community. If left uninterrupted, they start excreting a slimy substance that is glue-like which helps them to anchor on any material such as metals, soil particles, plastics, medical equipment, and animal or human tissues. These bacterial then form permanent bonds using what Fang (3) refer to as cell adhesion molecules. The molecules and proteins in nature and the cell formed are often referred to as adhesion cells. The bacterial pioneers that form the initial biofilms create a perfect environment that facilitates entry of other pathogens. They pathogens are provided with diverse adhesion sites. The pathogens quickly form a colony, and if it happens within the body of a human being or an animal, it can cause serious disease that may not be easy to treat. A study by Shi and Ryan (4) found out that success of the bacterial or fungal biofilms within various surfaces is enhanced by a phenomenon they refer to as quorum sensing. In this paper, the researcher sees to conduct a review of the literature on the current state of knowledge of the role of bacterial biofilms in medical infections. Revi
Introduction Arguments have been propounded on whether God exists in reality or merely in the human mind. The two major schools of thought are: belief in the existence of God and the belief that the universe just happened. Within these two schools, again, justifications differ. This work argues in favour of the existence of God, borrowing a lot from the arguments of St Anselm. In debating the existence of God, St Anselm has borrowed a lot from the bible and from nature as well. He has given examples of the natural events and logical arguments all in support of the idea of the existence of God (Berkhof 36). Arguments for the belief in God To begin with, St Anselm argues that God’s existence is a reality in the human understanding. The existence of this idea in the human mind, according to this argument, means that there is such a possibility. If there were no such a possibility, then even the thought would not be existing (Berkhof 45). A different look at the idea revolves around the possibility of God’s existence. Since the arguments for the existence bears no fundamental contradictions, and therefore a logical possibility, then God might be existing in reality. Contradictions in philosophy come about when logical flow lacks in an argument. For instance, a phenomena existing and not existing at the same time, results into fallacious arguments. The concept of God is free from any form internal contradictions, because by the mere mention one gets an idea of what is meant, the idea of an omnipresent, omniscient, and omnipotent Being (Berkhof 47). A further argument for the existence of God is derive from a point of an already belief in