ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Review the physiology of the menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle is the process through which the ovary produces an ovum. This process is controlled by luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone released from the pituitary gland (Crooks & Baur, 2015). Their function is to control the production of progesterone and estrogen that prepare the uterus for potential fertilization (Crooks & Baur, 2015). This cycle consists of three stages that are marked by several hormonal and physiological changes within the body (Crooks & Baur, 2015). The total duration of this process can range between 24 and 42 days. When the levels of progesterone and estrogen decline, the entire menstrual cycle begins to repeat itself. Define endometriosis and describe its pathophysiology Endometriosis can be defined as the presence of stroma and endometrial glands outside the uterus. In this case, the tissue covering the inner side of the uterus begins to grow outside (Dey, 2017). The exact causes of this disease are not fully identified; this disorder is attributed to several factors such as retrograde menstruation, external toxins, vasculogenesis, immune dysfunction, and other mechanisms (Dey, 2017). Identify classifications of endometriosis Medical workers can adopt several approaches to the classification of endometriosis. One of them was developed by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). In this case, one has to consider such criteria as the location of external endometrial tissue and its amount. According to the ASRM model, there are four stages of endometriosis, namely, “minimal, mild, moderate, and severe” (Keder & Olsen, 2018, p. 186). Additionally, one can apply the ENZIAN classification that is focused mostly on infiltrating and deep endometriosis (Keder & Olsen, 2018). There are other methods of classification; however, the Enzian and the ASRM models are the most widespread. List theories regarding the etiology of endometriosis. There are several theories explaining the etiology of endometriosis. Among them, one can distinguish the retrograde menstruation theory, the Coelomic metaplasia model, the theory of immune dysfunction, the stem cells theory, and others (Crooks & Baur, 2015). Additionally, there are models emphasizing the role of hormones, oxidative stress, and hereditary factors (Crooks & Baur, 2015). Identify the incidence of and risk factors for endometriosis Endometriosis usually affects women whose age ranges from 15 to 55. They represent 98.3 percent of all cases diagnosed during 2000-2015 (Eisenberg, Weil, & Shalev, 2017). In the United States, the annual incidence rate of endometriosis is 7.2 cases per 10000 women aged between 15 and 55 (Eisenberg et al., 2017). Several risk factors can increase the probability of this disease. Firstly, women whose mothers and sisters were diagnosed with endometriosis are more likely to acquire this condition (Eisenberg et al., 2017). Furthermore, women who have not been pregnant are at a greater risk of
Introduction The issue, which I would like to address in this proposal argument, is one of the most stressing problems in the present day American society. Abortion among teenagers has always been a subject of heated sociological and ethical debate. Naturally, it may seem that there are more urgent issues on the agenda, however, the effects of this problem are not predictable, especially in the long term. In particular, I would like to discuss the obstacles to safe abortion that teenagers face. As it is widely known, the famous case Roe vs. Wade gives women a right to have an abortion (Rubin, p. 22). Additionally, previous acts of legislation, prohibiting abortion are now considered as unconstitutional, because they violate civil a persons right to privacy. Discussion According to statistical data, teenagers (women under eighteen) comprise twenty percent in all abortions, made in the United States. Certainly, there are always some restrictions. Regarding teen abortion laws in the United States, it should be mentioned that American legislation does not give any definite answer to this question; some states as for instance, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Hawaii, Illinois, Nevada, New York, a teenager (a female under 18) is allowed to have an abortion without her parents permission. However, in other states, such procedure can be performed only under the condition that parental consent is given. Certainly, there are some reservations, and a teenage girl can have an abortion, even if her parents do not allow her to do it. However, teen abortion laws are often dubious, and allow various interpretations. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the teenager who has encountered such problems is inclined to violate the law, which often leads her to illegal and sometimes unsafe abortion. In this regard, it should be taken into account that the definition of “unsafe abortion”, given by the World Health Organization is a very non-committal one. According to WHO, it is the termination of the pregnancy, which is performed without adherence to the accepted standards. Such approach to this problem does not take into account possible consequences of this procedure. According to the report, published by WHO in 2008, the rate of maternal deaths, caused by unsafe abortions is virtually negligible in the United States, especially in comparison with developing countries(WTO, p. 4). However, it should be borne in mind that statistical data cannot reflect all the effects of such procedure. Unsafe abortion can have far-reaching consequences on the mothers health, especially posttraumatic complications. For example, the risk of sterility or venereal diseases is much higher, if the operation is performed by the person, who lacks skills and competence. As regards the United States, in particular, it is very difficult to give definite statistical data. However, according to the research, conducted by ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), in such states as Missouri, the rate of second-trimester abortions has considerably increased since adoption of teen abortion laws, prohibiting pregnant
Introduction Background information The modern world has become smaller and people are becoming more responsible. This trend is manifested through appearance of numerous non-profit organisations that help underprivileged people or simply people in need. At the same time, not-for-profit organisations often fail to achieve their goals and operate ineffectively due to the use of inefficient database management systems. Modern organisations have to handle significant amount of information including data on operations, accounting, human resources, customer support and so on. It is noteworthy that churches are now seen as organisations that also need proper information management (Carlson & Lueken 2013; Hegstad 2013). Clearly, numerous database management systems have been utilised by for-profit companies and there are quite many efficient systems. However, not all of them can be used by charities. For instance, these organisations need specific software for such operations as donation management. Notably, IT companies provide numerous products to meet these organisations’ needs ( Kensington Temple manages donations n.d.; Church management software 2014). IT companies are developing database management systems for nonprofit organisations that address other issues as well. It is possible to identify most widespread systems employed by charities. Top three systems are Blackbaud, Network for Good and FirstGiving ( Top non-profit software 2014). It is noteworthy that 81% of reporting non-profit organisation
Introduction When Americans borrow money from a bank, they realize that they have to repay the debt in the future. The money will probably have to be returned with interest, so there must be valid reasons if people decide to take out a loan. This means that Americans should borrow only for devices and expenses that they can afford to refund in a reasonable period of time. At the same time, in order to repay debts on time, humans should make sure that their income will permit them to settle payments on time every month. It is worth identifying the chief reasons that initiate people to live with loans. Types of Credits in America According to the Federal Reserve System of New York, consumer bills reached 14.56 trillion dollars after the fourth quarter of 2020. There were four primary areas of debt – housing, cars, student loans, and credit cards. Non-residential debt increased faster, rising by 51% since 2013 correlated to an expansion in mortgage debt by 24%. The Americans also took out loans to service and purchase the houses. The total mortgage debt rose to 10.4 trillion US dollars, an increase of 1 trillion US dollars from the same period in 2017 (Greenberg & Mogilner, 2021). Although, the increase is reasonable because mortgage credits growth is a sign of recovery in the housing market. Family debt has been increasing for five years, but mortgage balance growth has been impeded since it finished shrinking in 2013. At the same time, the total credits for cars in the fourth quarter of 2020 is 1.37 trillion US dollars, which is 100 billion dollars more than in the same period of 2018. The most popular type of loans are student loans – they continue to escalate, rising to a record $ 1.23 trillion in the fourth quarter of 2020. Moreover, Americans have the possibility to obtain a loan on credit cards. Debt amounted to 820 billion dollars in the 4th division of 2020. This reflects the fall in consumer spending during the pandemic after this category of debt peaked at $ 820 billion a year earlier. Credit card account dropped in 2020, the first decline in any category of large consumer debt in seven years (Greenberg & Mogilner, 2021). Moreover, in addition to such basic loans, Americans borrow for weddings and medical expenses. Thus, it can be concluded that almost all ordinary Americans have received loans or apply for credit cards. Affordability and High Prices as the Main Reasons for Early Loans It is unlikely to find the average American who is not in debt. Even those who do not have credit card debt or faithfully pay all their monthly obligations probably have a
Production denotes the degree to which products are generated while productivity represents the process of manufacturing goods efficiently for their utilization or sale. Production is usually confused with productivity though there is a great difference between them in that the former points to the volume of output while the latter portrays the output realized from the resources used by the organization. In the production process, the rate of productivity establishes the profitability, effectiveness, and performance of the organization. A high level of productivity of an organization translates to a great earning ability (Martinez, 2016). Productivity is enhanced by realizing the highest possible output while consuming minimal factors of production. It tends to determine the overall production of organizations by ascertaining how effectively the company uses its resources in the manufacturing process with the least possible wastage. Productivity may be boosted by effective management of the factors of production and improvement of the process and expertise. Factors such as competition have a great influence on productivity. This is because aggressive competition leads to increased productivity, which then offers improved value to the consumers resulting in a greater market share (Mayer, Melitz, & Ottaviano, 2014). On the same note, the cost of production is inversely related to productivity. The cost of production signifies the expenditure in terms of materials and labor that an organization incurs during the manufacturing of the goods that will be sold to the customers. It has been established that a low cost of production results in a high profit; that is, an increased amount is left when the expenses are deducted from the sales. Nonetheless, a low production cost does not essentially mean that an organization will have increased profit. The company may have overly high fixed costs, for instance, rent, or may have had a reduction in the cost of production at a point where it is producing inferior products that most customers will not like. Production function associates factors of production with the physical output of the manufacturing process. It acts as a mathematical function that establishes the highest level of output that may be realized from a given amount of inputs, mainly labor and capital (Ackerberg, Caves, & Frazer, 2015). In this aspect, the production function determines a boundary or limit showing the extent of output that may be realized from a given set of inputs. Organizations employ the production function to determine the output that they ought to produce concerning the price of commodities and the inputs that are required considering the costs of labor and capital. When companies are assessing the number of products needed, they often find that a high rate of production results in increased marginal costs. Organizational strategies geared towards the realization of competitive benefit and consumer satisfaction have human resource significance, and approaches such as downsizing, training, and pay-for-performance ought to be particularly directed at improving profitability. Nevertheless, the tactical deliberations t
Introduction Aravind Eye Care System was started in 1976 in India by Dr Govindappa Venkataswamy. The main idea was to get rid of blindness which had become very rampant in India. At the start of the eye care centre, the clinic has only 11 beds, and by the end of the first year, the clinic had gotten 23 more beds that would be used to serve the patients who required eye treatment (Prahalad 2010, p. 16). One of the core principles of Aravind Eye Care clinic was to provide eye care treatment to patients who could not afford to pay more than they could eye just to get treatment in other clinics. In most cases, Aravind clinic provided free treatment to the patients who could be able to raise enough money to pay for their treatment and this, in turn, earned Aravind Eye Care Clinic a lot of respect to become one of the biggest eye care centres in the world today (Schwab 2007, p. 10). Thesis Statement With reference to the given question, this paper will analyze the services offered by Aravind Eye Care System to the rural people in India and the world. This paper will also justify the types of costs that consumers incur in the service consumption stage of Aravind. Why is Aravind a credence product and a people processing service? India is one of the poorest countries in the world today. This means that most of the residents of this country are unable to get access to quality health care services due to the pricing by which I mean that considering that the price of getting quality is high. It will mean that most of the residents of this country will not be able to pay for it due to the low living standards. In addition to that, India has one of the highest blindness prevalence in the world according to a report that was
The federalist papers refer to a series of eighty five articles that were written and published in the New York newspapers under the name Publius. The articles were written by three American constitutionalists namely James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay (Bernstein 14). The articles were mainly written to drum up support for the then proposed constitution. This effort was later recognized as one of the most successful public relation campaigns ever. All of these articles were published between 1787 and 1788. The papers were published in different newspapers and journals. The federalist papers are still considered good reference materials for anyone who wants to understand the United States Constitution. When the Federal Convention proposed the new constitution and sent it to the Confederation Congress for ratification, it immediately became a major debate item. This debate took the form of numerous essays and articles especially from those who were opposing it. These anti-federalists had begun publishing articles in New York papers as early as September of 1787 (Meyerson 24). This development gave rise to another group whose intention was to demystify the contents of the proposed constitution. The first Federalist paper explains that the series would respond to all objections that were relevant to the readers. Alexander Hamilton the pioneer author of the federalist papers recruited the other two authors to help him with the task. These two other contributors were John Jay and James Madison. These papers were to appear in three different papers in New York; “The New York Packet”, “The Independent Journal”, and “The Daily Advertiser”. The purpose of the federalist papers was to convince the people of New York to ratify the proposed constitution because most of the other states had already done so. It is not clear to what extent these articles were able to accomplish this mission but their overall contribution is notable. The federalist papers were structured in such a way that they were able to cover six major topics. However, the papers are mostly used to interpret the constitution and prove the intentions of those who framed it. These papers are very useful especially in understanding those pieces of legislation that bear controversy. One of such sections is the one that protects citizens’ right to bear arms. This section is covered by the Second Amendment in the United States Constitution. This section was part of the Bill of Rights adopted in 1791. The federalist papers number forty six and twenty eight discuss this subject. These papers can help in understanding the intentions of those who framed the Second Amendment. The context of this section of the constitution can also
“The Cider House Rules” is a film adaptation of John Irving’s book that has a matching title. The film revolves around the life of an orphan named Homer Wells and the activities that transpire in the orphanage that is run by Dr. Wilbur Larch. The film’s story is centred on the ethical dilemmas that transpire when Dr. Larch introduces Homer to his obstetrics practice where he specializes in abortions. Eventually, Homer decides to leave the orphanage in search of other interests but he is forced to come back after the death of Dr. Larch. Unlike most films, “The Cider House Rules” presents its audiences with a wide array of ethical topics and their effects on the society. The American culture is mostly libertine in nature but this aspect is not adequately reflected in films and other aspects of popular culture. In this regard, James Bowman poses the question about how bioethics is manifested in a culturally pluralistic society (Bowman 664). Bowman notes that ‘principlism’ is the main idea in modern bioethics. On the other hand, Harold Braswell proposes the re-examination of bioethics by putting them in the context of a modern society. The two authors have different viewpoints about the nature of bioethics in the modern society. In the movie “The Cider House Rules”, the filmmaker provides the audience with bioethical reflections. In this paper, I shall argue that the themes and aspects of “The Cider House Rules” can be used to propagate the concepts of bioethics as outlined in both Braswell and Bowman’s articles. The issues of abortion, morality, rape, and human body are adequately represented in “The Cider House Rules”. First, the movie brings into question the issues of pro-choice and pro-life when it comes to the ethics of abortion. The characters in “The Cider House Rules” pursue the issue of abortion in different ways. Dr. Larch is a self-proclaimed abortionist although he conducts most of his activities in secret. On the other hand, Homer is not schooled and educated on the morality of abortion but he does not embrace the practice. In the movie, Homer is an orphan who faces rejection twice in different foster homes. In the orphanage, Homer is popular with both the institution’s administrator and the other orphans who live in the institution. Homer begins his informal training as an abortionist even though he has never received any secondary school education. Nevertheless, with time Homer tries to walk away from the ethical dilemmas that surround the issue of abortion when he decides to leave with Candy and Wally. Homer later discovers that he cannot escape the issues of morality and ethics when he encounters them at the orchard. Homer’s views on morality are contradicted by issues of abortion, rape, and unfaithfulness when he encounters them as a farm labourer. In the en
Introduction The article on ‘Practice-based Evidence: Towards Collaborative and Transgressive Research,’ discusses the challenges of applying research based evidence in policy and practice. This article points the blame to practitioners who fail to apply research evidence, and ‘irrelevance’ of academic research to practice. The author accounts, in part, the conflict of the two factors to academic paradigm of research designed in contrast to practice. The author criticizes the traditional research model and proposes an optional practice-based model. Fox (81) identifies three suggestions for developing practice-based evidence. First, the reader should recognize the quest for knowledge as local and dependent process. Second, research process should be inclusive of divergence, challenging the legitimacy and repression of distinct perspective of the world. Third, theory-construction should be perceived as an add-on to practice. These collective perspectives refute the research/practice and researcher/researched contrast in traditional research and provide a politically and ethically employed research. The author has indicated several research evidences to support his arguments. He cited the study conducted by Mulkay on the opposition in the initiation of biochemistry (Fox, 83). Mulkay arrived at the conclusion that innovations were most effective where they harmonized current and popular technical and cognitive standards. The letdown of antisepsis to be embraced in the 19th century surgery perhaps mirrored the theory’s attribution of the aetiology of infections to the surgeons. The author demonstrates the relevance of the practice norms by suggesting the reason for the failure of the antisepsis theory in comparison to the asepsis theory that surgeons effectively implemented because it harmonized with the practice norm. Research approaches Study by Callon The researcher analyzed biological scientists’ struggle to resolve over fishing in the French scallop sector. The scientist encountered a first challenge when they discovered that scallops, which proliferated in laboratory tanks, were unable to attach to the rocks in their natural habitat. This scenario clarifies that translation of research findings to actual practice is not straightforward (Fox, 81). This situation necessitated another rigorous study to fix the problem, which failed because of inconsistency between a forced moratorium on fishing practice and the changes of the local economy. The researcher arrived at the conclusion that the world-views of the biologist and fishers were divergent to the extent of hindering the translation of scientific propositions into a model, which appeared applicable to a community whose livelihood sustained on the scallop (Fox, 83). The researcher relied on secondary data of a biological scientist project. This approach is cost-effective since it excludes the expense of data collection. However, this approach does not allow the researcher to build his or her theory of the problem of concern, wherein it ties the researcher to the theory of the previous biological scientist. This research underscores the importance of cons