ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Can you reach New York from London in six hours without boarding a flight? Will you feel warm inside your house during winters, if you don’t have a heating system? If you don’t have a telephone and you have to stay at your office till late at night, will you be able to inform your wife? Can you imagine living without a television, a refrigerator, a washing machine, or a vacuum cleaner? If the answer to all such questions is in the negative (and for sure it will be negative) then undoubtedly science and technology have made a great impact on our lives and surroundings. The relation between technologies and civilizations is very critical. The family structure has been globally affected by the advent of new technological devices. Certain technological advancements are society-specific because after all science and technology are governed by social principles and ethics. Our family structure has changed drastically through the years. Earlier, families used to be consolidated. Members of a family lived together and worked as a team to provide for their children’s food, education, and other requirements. In other words, they were united. But due to large-scale industrialization (a result of modern-day science and technology), families have been forced to split. Dr. Mamdouh Awny argued, “The new technological products such as Radios and Televisions have made deep changes in the culture of the families. They have, to a certain extent, untied the family relations, who used to spend together the leisure times…” (Awny, 4) Technology has usurped several activities from families. Now everyone is worried about his or her interest. A feeling of competition has crept into their minds. People don’t have time even for their beloved ones. E.F.Schumacher, a British economist, was also of the same opinion when he said, “I think I should not go far wrong if I asserted that the amount of genuine leisure available in a society is generally in inverse proportion to the amount of labor-saving machinery it employs” (Swenson, 87). Society has split into two major segments as a result of industrialization. The business segment and the working segment. People of these two segments are always at loggerheads due to conflicts in their interests. Moreover, a new segment called the middle class has spawned during these years. The defeat of marriage as an institution has been the greatest disaster. Earlier, marriage was considered to be a sacred and everlasting relation. But nowadays marriage is considered to be a contract. The recent developments in science and technology have opened new avenues for people. Women are now more liberated. This has elevated stress among families. Another drawback is un
Racial prejudice was the main cause of mass killings during the Holocaust. Hitler murdered approximately six million Jews from different parts of Europe because of racial prejudice. He considered them an inferior race that did not deserve to live. Hitler and his army gathered Jews from all the regions he controlled. He then took them to camps where he put them in rooms and filled them with poisonous gas. When I watched testimonies from survivors, and read Art’s book, I understood the trauma that victims of the Holocaust and their children experienced. Victims’ children were traumatized for many years because of the experiences that their parents went through. This work presents my subjective understanding of the Holocaust based on survivors’ testimonies and Art Spiegelman’s graphic novel; Maus I: A Survivor’s Tale . Spiegelman uses animal characters to portray human beings as brutal creatures. According to him, human beings can be as dangerous as animals (Schwarz 263). He appropriately uses different animals to represent different races of human beings. Mice represent Jews, while cats represent Germans. Spiegelman uses mice to represent Jews because of the oppression they experienced while in Hitler’s concentration camps. The mistreatment the Jews experienced is similar to what mice experience in the presence of cats. Rita Weiss explains how soldiers snatched a baby from its mother and gave it to an old woman. When the mother refused to give her baby to the old woman, they beat her thoroughly with the purpose of killing her. Weiss shades tears during her interview because of these memories (Vashem). Such actions show the brutality of Hitler’s soldiers towards the Jews. Spiegelman metaphorically uses cats to refer to Hitler’s army. This depiction shows their brutality towards Jews. Spiegelman appropriately uses animals to point out racial and religious prejudices as some of the causes of brutality against fellow human beings (Schwarz 264). Germans killed many Jews any time they wished to kill them; this is how cats kill mice. This analogy shows that Hitler did not respect Jews. The main reason for his lack of respect was the difference in their origin and religion. The Jews never understood why Hitler and his men mistreated them. During one of the interviews with his son, Mr. Spiegel said, “About Auschwitz, nobody can understand” (Spiegelman 10). When I read Maus I , I understood the trauma that victims of the Holocaust and their children suffered. Many of them never recovered from the post-Holocaust trauma. Some died because of this trauma while others developed psychological disorders that disturb them up to date. In the novel, Anja Spiegelman is unable to handle her trauma. She gets two nervous breakdowns; one before Hitler’s men took her to Auschwitz concentration camp, and the next one after their release. She eventually commits suicide when she fails to handle the trauma (Spiegelman 16). Art Spiegelman, on the other hand, hires a psychiatrist to help him handle his trauma after knowing about the harsh experiences that his parents had gone through while at the concentratio
About John R. Hale Mr. John R. Hale went for is graduate studies at Yale where he was honored with classical archeology. This is the place where he got the passion to dig deeper into the history of the Athenians. After this institution, he pursued his doctorate studies on the Viking Longship’s evolution at the Cambridge. It is after this that he decided to embark on archeology where he studied mostly issues concerning ancient warships. He has worked as a field archeologist in the University of Louisville since1980 to 1983 where he then became a lecturer in the anthropology department up to 1988. At the moment, the author is a director of the University of Louisville in the department of liberal studies. He is still an archeologist who has had numerous underwater expeditions. He has also written for the Scientific American and has featured in various profiles including the New York Times and the NPR, the journal of Roman archeology and also the antiquity. Some of the other books that the same author has written are “Art of War and Renaissance England,” “Renaissance Venice” and “Great Ages of Man: Age of Exploration.” The author has conducted various other archeologically related fieldworks in the Scandinavia, Ohio River and also in other countries like Portugal and Britain and mostly in Greece. During the research for his doctorate which he did at the Cambridge University, he engaged in the Scandinavian art where he studied the design of boats which could be found in the Bronze Age. In his scholarly work, he came to discover that some of the vessels that most people thought were skin boats was not the case but was the work of woodwork which had a direct relationship in ancestry with the Viking long-ship. By being an oarsman, he made a reconstruction of the techniques that were used to row in the primeval Greek trireme (Hale 5). The Athenian trireme: a description of the vessel A trireme is a type of a very olden warship that was used during the Mediterranean civilizations in the maritime factors mostly by the primordial Romans and Greeks. The Athenian trireme was built with the incorporation of two very big cables which were double the length of the ship which was called in their language, hypozamata meaning undergirding. They were rigged from end to end along the middle line of the hull where they would be used to avert hogging. The hypozamata also had other great significances in that it acted as a guard against instances of ramming again
Charles Darwin’s Account of the Evolution of the Moral Sense Introduction The various theories associated with Charles Darwin provide frameworks that touch on human behavior. His work focused on human evolution and the expression of emotions. He demonstrated how empirical tests could be carried out using information from different species in the world. According to Charles Darwin, the most distinguishing characteristic of the human species is its intellectual capacities (Darwin The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex 71). The ability to reason is what sets this species apart from others. In this section, the author will discuss Darwin’s account of the evolution of the moral sense. The analysis is carried out based on the ideas propounded by Darwin in “The Descent of Man.” Darwin’s Idea of Evolution of the Moral Sense as Expressed in “The Descent of Man” As a topic, the moral sense is important to the understanding of the popular interpretations of Darwin’s concept of adaptation through natural selection. The selection takes place through two major channels. They include varied stamina and reproduction. The process may come into view as competitive and selfish (Katz 120). From the beginning of his theorizing about species, Darwin provides an outlook of how human beings evolved. He observes that even mind and animal instincts are subjected to the result of adaptation to new circumstances (Barrett et al. 680). Such adaptations take a long time. They take place through many generations of individuals exposed to change. Darwin is convinced that over long periods of time, the mind, morals, and emotions of the human species had progressively developed out of animal origins (Katz.120). He argues that if the existence of human beings comes to an end,
The selection of the research methods strongly depends on the worldview and theoretical assumptions that a scholar has. In this case, one should pay close attention to the four knowledge claims or philosophies such as postpositivism, constructivism, advocacy framework, and pragmatism (Cozby & Bates, 2012). They can be regarded as different approaches to the discovery of knowledge, its interpretation, and subsequent use. On the whole, it is possible to say that these theoretical models can affect the choice of dependent and independent variables (Zikmund, 2003). Additionally, these approaches to knowledge discovery can determine the communication strategies adopted by a scholar. This paper is aimed at discussing the degree to which these philosophies can be applicable to my study. These are the main issues that should be examined in more detail. At first, one should focus on the framework called postpositivism because it is one of the most popular research philosophies. In particular, it lays stress on the need to examine the relations between the causes and outcomes of a certain action (Creswell, 2003, p. 6). This approach is beneficial in those cases when it is necessary to study the relationship between various variables (Ridenour & Newman, 2008, p. 25). It should be mentioned that the term variable can be defined as a certain characteristic of an object that can be assessed with the help of qualitative or quantitative means (Kothari, 2004, p. 33). In contrast, a concept is an abstraction that is based on a certain characteristic of an object (Hall, 2008, p. 60). The distinctions between these notions will be important for the discussion of various methods. Overall, postpositivism is suitable when it is necessary to test a certain conjecture or a hypothesis (Andres, 2008, p. 55). Postpositivism can be applied to the topic of my study. For instance, one can test a hypothesis of whether the choice of a specific leadership style improves the experiences of migrant workers in Malaysia and their ability to integrate into a new society. As a rule, postpositivism implies that quantitative research methods should be used because, with their help, one can better measure the relations between dependent or independent variables. It should be borne in mind that a postpositivist inquiry usually starts with a theory or a set of assumptions about a certain phenomenon (Trochim, 2003). In turn, a researcher should also pay close attention to facts or events that correspond to objective reality. These notions play a vital role in postpositivist research. If I choose a postpositivist paradigm, I would carry out a survey of Malaysian immigrants and those people who work in local churches. It is also possible to speak about such an approach as constructivism. This model is premised on the idea t
Informative speeches are designed to convey some knowledge to their audience – facts, views, concepts, and other information on a specific topic. They are divided into types: speeches about objects, speeches about processes, speeches about events, and speeches about concepts (Tinianow, 2017). Many examples of such addresses can be found thanks to the TED platform, where various experts present ideas that they consider valuable to share with listeners. Sociologist Anindya Kundu (2019) dedicated his TED talk to the opportunity gap in American education. The type of his address is a speech about processes, as he tracks the mechanisms and sources of the problem, the influence exerted, and possible solutions. Processes are the development or change of a phenomenon, and they are active. For this reason, I view process speeches as those that concentrate on the question of how – how something works, is created, or done. Moreover, speech about the process is characterized by tracking the relationships between specific events and results. For this reason, they can be more memorable since they do not just include facts but create links and connections. The most appealing part of the studied informative speech was inspiring examples of people trying to help solve the problem. Moreover, the speaker showed how many factors and processes are intertwined in one issue. The least appealing aspect of such speech is the possibility of misunderstanding. For instance, although examples were exciting, Kundu (2019) very briefly listed ways to solve the problem. A few people can apply them and, consequently, take something valuable from the speech. Therefore, I would expand the address to devote more time to examples of measures taken to reduce the opportunity gap.
Some of the unique aspects and challenges of doing business in China that Sarah Harrison encountered Sarah encountered various unique aspects of doing business in China as well as challenges. In the Western world of business, she could have done her job in a shorter time than what she spent in the First Department Store. The first business meeting was for introduction, which covered the 5000 years history of China among other aspects. Hence, patience is an important business virtue in China, which is different from the Western world where life is fast-paced. Another unique aspect of the Chinese way of doing business is the installation of security cameras to monitor the employees’ activities rather than having security personnel guard the stores. It was a unique feature as well as a challenging aspect for the government to introduce an employee quota system regardless of the size of a business (Ambler et al. 2009). In addition, Sarah found out that business accounting records, which show the inventory turnover, were not properly kept and managers seemed to have little knowledge on the subject. Lastly, business employees do not have any knowledge of merchandise and the business they work for, which is unheard of in the western world of business where employees are expected to know what they are handling in the line of their duty. The various challenges of doing business in China include the government employment-quota system that demands the hiring of more than enough employees. This aspect brings forth the challenge to have employees undergoing proper training as well as motivating them. Employees also have a challenge in knowing the business they work for, as their employers do not have training platforms in place. Problems facing the First Department Store The various problems facing the department include competition from thousands of small vendors along the streets who can afford to sell items at a much lower price than the First Department Store. A large number of employees also causes a problem for the store, whereby employees give a lesser contribution to the store than they receive. The store also has a problem of attracting customers due to its unattractive branding on the outside as well as untidy façade. Another problem facing the store is poor customer service that emerges from the excessive human traffic in the st
Self-efficacy Self-efficacy means how people acquire important skills and knowledge in life. This knowledge determines how one changes his future. It attributes to how one thinks, perceives, and motivates himself to be successful. People wish to have full control of events unfolding in their lives. One can control these events if only one takes into consideration that the events happen as a result of the activities he or she undertakes. Self-efficacy can be observed in three dimensions; strength, breadth, and the magnitude of one’s self-efficacy. Persons with high efficacy end up having a high expectations in life. A person with high self-efficacy will always set challenges which one uses to gauge his progress in life. A person with a lower efficacy ends up with low aspirations and no achievement due to weak commitments in life. This proves the belief in one’s efficacy for self-evaluation is affected by perceived self-efficacy hence one controls the outcome in life. The four sources of self-efficacy link together to judge one’s success in life: The mastery experience captures one’s past events and influences present actions. Vicarious learning involves imitating another person to succeed. Verbal persuasions concentrate on feedbacks from colleagues that guide one to improve on his weakness. Psychological reaction mounts pressure on one’s capability to achieve set objectives. Self-esteem, on the other hand, gives account to one’s acceptance and self-belief in life. It creates a mental picture of either a positive or negative influence on his actions. Self-esteem helps to judge the psychological aspect of individuals. It determines how one relates to the environment. It also values the depth of satisfaction one derives from life. For one to have good self-esteem, one needs to have competence acceptance, and significance in life. Behavior therapy technique Behavior therapy technique comes in handy when a client is affected by maladaptive behavior which influences his or her routine behavior. A client presents his case on recently developed insomnia to me. He explains the symptoms he experiences while I record them down. Insomnia is a common incident that affects a person and denies individual sleep. The patient stays awake most of the night and has multiple waking at night. This has led to his depression and a lot of stress. It has also affected his routine during the day. I shall approach the issue by using psychotherapy to gauge his thoughts and behavior. This will help me to tackle the problem of my client. At the beginning of the therapy, I make assessments to enable the therapy to be optimally effective. I shall shape the course of the therapy by cognitive conceptualizing the client’s problems. A checklist comes in handy to keep the therapy in focus. With the checklist in hand, I should advance to educate the client about his disorder, and elaborate more on the distress through psychoeducation. This should enable me to note the automatic emotions and thoughts of the patient. Formulation of appropriate solutions follows suit and open discussions with the client. He provides room for the patient to counter any formulation that he may not fin
Introduction Marketers all over the world rely upon their understanding of the consumer decision-making process to be successful in their day-to-day practices. Consumer behaviour captures all the activities of consumers that range from searching of the suitable products or services, their utility, all the way to the disposal of such products or services. Different scholars have developed models, strategies and theories that seek to clarify the consumer decision-making process. Marketers rely upon the knowledge of this process in their identification of the most effective points of entry to influence the choices and decisions made by the various consumers to their advantage (Bettman et al. 1998, p.195). Since it is common knowledge that the consumer decision-making is a series of steps that constitute the whole process, the knowledge of what comprises each of the steps, as presented by the different models, is vital for any marketer seeking to be successful in marketing either products or services. The marketer takes the responsibility of a guide to the consumer. Therefore, he/ she should be able to provide a good share of information about the effect of the decision that the consumer makes (Bilkey 2010, p. 20). Successful dissemination of correct information about the important attributes of a given product, as well as its advantages in comparison to those offered by the competitors, is important in making sales and maintaining a clientele base. This paper aims at analysing the consumer decision-making process determining why it is necessary for marketers to understand the process in details to secure sales and maintain a satisfied client base. The consumer decision-making process There are a number of models put in place by marketers to explain the consumers’ decision-making process. The most common model is an adaption of the scientific method, which comprises of five basic steps. For the purposes of marketing, research, as well as understanding the buying patte