ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were the most influential men during the early days of American Republic (Cunningham). The divide between the two men coming from varied backgrounds was mostly evident during their tenure as cabinet ministers to President George Washington – Jefferson as the Secretary of State and Hamilton as the Secretary of the Treasury. The difference that was observed between the two leaders was ideological rather than personal, as many historians believe (Foner; Harrell, Harrell Jr. and Gaustad; Brogan). Christopher Hollis has described the conflict with intricate details over which the two disagreed, showing that the main differences lay in the field of tariff policy, foreign policy and in matters financial discretion (the question of making of a Bank of United States). However, most importantly, it was over the question of the nature of the government that they departed ways; one favored strong central government, while the other argued in favor of a strong state. Jefferson was in favor of a government of the people, alliances with France, and agrarian economy. He also emphasized upon decentralized power, which was refuted by Hamilton who believed in power in the hands of the aristocrats. Hamilton also stressed on alliances with Great Britain, manufacturing and banking system. He intended to have a strong central government with close relation with business (Foner). This made Jefferson to believe that Hamilton was aiming to make a monarchial system in the Unites States of America in the lines of the British system, which he eulogized (Ferling). Thus, according to D. W. Brogan the differences the two men demonstrated led the path to the creation of two different political parties in the Unites States of America – the Federalist Party following Hamilton and the Republican Party following Jefferson. Election of 1800 John Adams followed Washington to the Presidency had in and around the 1790s. He diligently toed the dictions of Washington. Like a true Founding Father of the nation, he opposed “The notion of political parties” (Harrell, Harrell Jr. and Gaustad 234). The 1796 elections showed the divide between the two parties. The main issue that evolved for Adam’s presidency was the war between England and France and the US foreign policy. The election of 1800’s main issue and a concern for Jefferson was the Alien and Sedition
Introduction Catalonia is one of the richest and most industrialized regions of Spain located on the northeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Crameri 2014). It is made up of four provinces that include Barcelona, Tarragona, Girona, and Lleida. The region is considered a nationality even though it has not yet been granted full independence by Spain. The issue of Catalonia’s independence has been a hotly contested political issue for many years. Numerous referendums have been held in Catalonia regarding whether the region should be awarded independence by Spain (Diaz & Zamorano 2016). Majority of voters agreed that Spain should grant Catalonia full independence. The referendums have been downplayed by critics who argue that they are held in areas that support independence. In addition, the Constitutional Court ruled a major 2014 referendum illegal (Diaz & Zamorano 2016). Catalonia should gain independence from Spain because it has its own unique language and culture, makes huge fiscal contributions that fund investments in other regions, and it has its own political system under its statute of autonomy. Huge fiscal contributions One of the reasons for full independence is the tax deficit that Catalonia suffers. Catalonia is the most highly taxed region
Why do women an optimal labor force? Maria Mies in the book Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale states that women may be considered as optimal labor force in a number of reasons. First, they perform the tasks while men just supervise the working process. Second, staying without paid work, women are considered as ‘housewives’, while men are defined as ‘free’ wage-laborers. Third, the world is divided on producers and consumers. The producers are believed to be colonies where women are mostly exploited, and the consumers are mostly men of the Western region. Frankly speaking, it is difficult to disagree with these arguments. Are the main consequences of the international division of labor positive or negative? The main idea of the international division of labor is to relocate the manufacturing of the USA, Germany, France, Holland, etc. to the countries of the Third World. On the one hand, this affair will be profitable to both, developed countries get low labor force and materials, which have been produced and exported from the developing countries before; people in the Third World get high wages (for their region) and stable positions. On the other hand, the national manufacture of the Third World countries is destroyed, people in the USA, Germany, etc. lose their working places. Was the main idea of the law which prohibited marriages between European men and African women aimed at restricting sexual relations between them? The answer is definitely no! European men were restricted from having legal relations with African women with the purpose to prevent the legal economic and political rights of their children, considered as the generation of “mixed blood”. However, sexual relations were not prohibited. Amartya Sen in Gender and cooperative conflicts and Ruth Pearson in Reassessing paid work and women’s empowerment: Lessons from the global economy dwell upon gender disbalance in the modern world. Looking at the present situation in the whole world, it can be stated that if people talk much about gender disbalance, so the problem really exists. Gender discrimination and the domination of a man under a woman remains an urgent problem. Even though national and international legal systems have passed the laws which state on the gender equality, female discrimination still occurs. Women suffer most of all from the emerged situation. One of the most celebrated cases is an appeal to court where Walmart was convicted in gender discrimination. This situation occurred about a year ago, still, the echoes remind about it even these days. Walmart is a giant chain store. The conflict situation took place in the USA, in 13 of Walmart’s stores. During the trial, six women insisted that they earned only 79 cents while men earned one dollar for the same work. Such difference is unfair and requires regulation. The increase in global production and trading system, information spread and equality of rights does not go along w
Introduction The work of medical personnel in gerontological patient departments requires certain approaches to the organization of the care process. It is essential to not only provide high-quality assistance but also to prevent the occurrence of related problems that may have dangerous consequences. Complications that arise due to disease outbreaks are a threat to older adults since they affect the results of treatment. In order to prevent potentially dangerous outcomes, it is important to protect both patients and healthcare specialists from infections caused by diseases. This paper proposes to consider an evidenced-plan based on work with gerontological patients in oncology departments to prevent disease outbreaks. As an auxiliary base, academic literary sources will be analyzed, and appropriate suggestions will be made regarding the methods of protection. Target Population As a target population, gerontological oncology patients will be considered. Cancer treatment among this group is quite common, and certain healthcare settings are usually filled with a large number of people. In this regard, the danger of disease outbreaks increases since many patients may be affected during the treatment process. A body weakened by oncology is poorly resistant to concomitant diseases. Therefore, it is required to evaluate those aspects of work that relate to the potentially successful ways of protecting both patients and medical personnel from disease outbreaks. Care Specifics The characteristics of gerontological patient care are different from those supported among other groups of the popula
Introduction This is a study conducted to understand the various pricing strategies that have been adopted after the merger between Mass Transit Railway (MTR) and Kowloon Canton Railway Corp. (KCRC) in Hong Kong and how the privatization of a public utility has affected the pricing strategies that existed under government observation. Both of the above organizations were government-controlled railway organizations within Hong Kong and both have grown considerably under the eye of the government. “HK MTR is famous for its cleanliness, ease of use, safety, and reliability.” (Hong Kong, 2004, MTR network, para.3). “Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) in Hong Kong operates the light rail system in the north-west district of New Territories.” (Light rail vehicle for KCRC, Hong Kong, n.d., para.1). Again coming to the KCRC, it is seen that The Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation … “is wholly owned by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government and based in Hong Kong. It is a public corporation concerned with the task of operating and developing domestic, intercity, and international railway services.” (Kowloon – Canton Railway Corporation, 2009, para.1). It is also a The main idea has been balancing the varied interests of stakeholders of KCR- passengers, staff of the two companies, and shareholders of MTRCL. Under the merged system, the interests of passengers are now paramount and the merged business needs to take cognizance of this fact. However, when considering the financial impacts the following needs to be seen: KCRC will receive straight away, the following receipts towards incomes foregone:  1. A straight away payment of $4.25 Billion on the date on which the merger takes place. (Press release, 2006).  2. Every year a consolidated amount of $0.75B would be disbursed to KCRC  3. From the commencement of the 4th Year of the service grant, “an annual share of the actual revenue generated from the KCR system based on a pre-agreed set of sharing ratios.” (Press release, 2006, Financial terms, para.4). which works out as follows.   * A sharing percentage of 10% for revenue between $2.5Billion and $5 Billion   * A sharing percentage of 15% for revenue between $5B – $7.5B   * A sharing percentage of 35% for revenues over $7.5B. (Press release, 2006). The main idea is to protect the interests of the public who are the ultimate owners of the corporation and to seek to conduct activities that could not only add to the long-term profitability of the corporation but also render high-qu
Description   * The New Westminster Skytrain Station is located at Columbia Street and 8 th street. Taking the space from the 8 th street, the surrounding buildings include restaurants, and parking spaces. This space is mostly filled with transit passengers for whom the station is the nearest point of transport.   * The construction materials are mostly concrete and bricks, different sizes in mostly a gray and white tone which varied by public restaurant decorations which are mostly red. The parts connected to the station itself are the stairs in which their bluish-green roofs contrast with the surroundings having a somewhat futuristic look.   * The entrances are accessible, and by that it is meant that the stairs and crosswalks to the nearby bus stations are fully visible and easy to reach.   * The vegetation cannot be said to be much accumulated, nevertheless there are trees planted along the 8 th street and around the parking lot on Carnarvon Street.   * The only form of art, except for the restaurant’s signs, can be seen on a side street next to New Westminster station representing a kitchen for the Salvation Army. The space seems to be very fragmented, and thus lacks integration, but in terms of materials it is pretty much uniformed.   * The place is semi-crowded, varying from small groups of people of young age to middle age individuals passing by. However, the amount of cars gives an impression of more crowded area. Purpose   * The surrounding restaurants mostly chose such location due to large flow of people because of the station. However, being a city center there are some empty places such as the building site behind the station which shows that they are in the process of construction.   * The space mostly gives an impression of business direction, where people come and go and there is no moment to stop. Despite the fact that there are plenty of restaurants, they do not seem to be very crowded. Some elements such as the kitchen of the Salvation Army give an impression of ab
Introduction The book ‘Our Secrets’ is one of the greatest works of Susan Griffin. Griffin is one of the most prolific writers in modern history. In this book, she brings out a unique way of presenting a piece of research. In most of the cases, some scholars have described her works as unique in the way they are presented. It is not easy to specifically classify some of her works because they do not conform to the conventional styles of writing. ‘Our Secrets’ is one of those pieces of writing, where she brings out the past and compares it with the present. She argues that there is a close connection between our past and present. The past defines the present, and the present will define our future. Every single person has secrets that he or she would like to guard at all costs. The state also has critical information that the relevant leaders would prefer if they remain classified and guarded away from public scrutiny. At every stage in life, we try to have two faces, that which is public, and the other, which is private. She is concerned with the private face, secretes of individuals and the state, and how these secretes affect society. In this paper, the researcher seeks to analyze this work and the style with which the author presents it. Discussion The central focus of the book When one starts reading this book, it is true that it may be confusing, especially if the focus was to classify it into one of the conventional genres of literature. At first, it appears as if her prose is actually an oral narrative, a story that is based on fiction. Her prose is centered on herself as she uses first-person pronouns to present her story. However, further reading into her work reveals that Griffin’s work is not a story based on fiction. It is a piece of research that has been presented in a non-conventional way. She is trying to col
Digital technologies affect every single aspect of modern life. Smartphones are outnumbering traditional cell phones dashingly, social networks have become a fundamental pillar of communication, and the total amount of data all over the world is measured in hundreds of exabytes. It is quite obvious that digital revolution has influenced the judiciary system as well. Although modern technologies are able to make the court work more flexible, transparent, efficient and eventually more equitable, it is still human, who passes laws and renders a verdict. While legal practice becomes more advanced, the courts fall under the pressure of the progress as well. One of the primary aspects of modern court’s work is to make them transparent in order to build public trust. Computerized case management systems (CMS) were introduced in early 00s and allowed access to the cases to the council, media and general public (Slowes, 2003). The progress does not stand still, and video storages in courts’ databases are now as necessary as text ones. In Sweden, for instance, “More modern court proceedings” reform was introduced. It included wide use of video records such as documenting examination by video, just as previously they were stored in audio. It allowed the court to study both sound and image and release the witnesses from having to come to court more than one time. Furthermore, under certain conditions it became possible to participate in court session through videoconference. It is not the general rule, but nevertheless the technology can be used if there is not enough room in the courtroom, or if the witness lives far from it (Government Offices of Sweden, Ministry of Justice, 2009). The most widely known usage of social networks in legal practice is probably searching for evidence in them (Knibs, 2013). While a phone company is only able to provide a call and message logs, responding to a government subpoena or search warrant, social media corporations are glad to share the user’s profile with all his photos, list of friends and in the case of certain networks, location information. All of the above can provide the police and subsequently, the court with the comprehensive amount of evidence (Murphy, 2012). For instance, Anthony Elonis of Pennsylvania was sentenced to 44 months in prison, as he was found guilty on account of posting threatening rap lyrics on his Facebook profile (Arit, 2014). It is not only the suspects who may regret their posts or tweets. “The legal profession is no stranger to social media” (St. Eve & Zuckerman, 2012, p.11) as well. Lawyers can
The obituary article discusses the life and scientific achievements of Michael Smith who lived from 1932 to 2000. Smith grew up in Blackpool, England. In his lifetime he made major contributions to science and earned himself many awards. He is credited for developing ‘site-specific’ mutagenesis. Before he began his work on nucleotide chemistry, Smith graduated from the University of Manchester and became a post Doctoral fellow. This helped him to discover how to change a genetic base. Because of his dedication to science, he received the Nobel Peace Prize. His efforts greatly improved research in Canada. In the late 1980s, he helped found the Biotechnology Laboratory located at the University of British Columbia. He also founded a Center of Excellence in Protein Engineering in Canada. At 64 years of age, Smith worked on genomic, and DNA sequencing at the University of Washington. Since he was a firm believer in genomic research, he accepted the appointment by Victor Ling to become the director of the newly founded Genome Sequence Center. This was at the British Columbia Cancer Agency. Apart from science, people also recognized him for being generous, friendly to family, and zealous for life. One can see that this article is very resourceful, informative, and inspirational having highlighted the major landmarks in Smith’s intellectual biography. Evidently, the ideas posted are well-structured. This provides readers with constructive insights about the author. The fact that Smith was passionate about science and equally devoted much of his time to society and his country of residence is critical. Most ideologies presented in the article are very enlightening especially in the areas of gene sequencing, other scientific discoveries, and his relationship with colleagues. Works Cited Hayden, Michael, and Victor Ling. “Michael Smith (1932–2000).” Nature, vol. 408, 2000, p. 786.
Introduction Walmart is multinational retailer organization that runs chains of storeroom in America, and most successful profitable business enterprise. Through the use of information technology, Walmart tracks its product growth and adjusts to a database to reflect the local demand of the products. Waltmart collectively uses information technology center for products in the stores and distribution center to manage stock level (Barrow-man, 2002). How product design applied in decision-making of Wal-Mart? The product design is the process of coming up with technique to advance on existing merchandises. It is an information intensive undertaking that has become progressively in today global competitive environment. Product design controls the characteristics and performance of the products consumer’s desires. Product design ‘aimed’ at improving actual value of the products and ‘appears’ to customer’s affordable price. Walmart maintains inclusive contribution of all partners like suppliers to participate in product design, when outsourcing the production. The design interface of the products must be handled properly to minimize cost in product designs. The design of a consumer product is not only the factory-made cost, but also the dominance of the quality and service delivered and how well they meet customer expectations. There is uncertainty in designing performance levels, what customer expect, and even in the final goals for the design (Barrow-man, 2002). What is the Product Life Cycles in Wal-Mart? The product life cycle is the period between the time products unveiled into the market until it withdraws from the market. Product development starts when a corporation develops a new product idea. During the introduction phase, a lot of money required for product upgrade and advertising. Product valuing is the crucial aspect during the development stage and product must become competitive, and the consumers automatically acquire the new product at a high price. Growth phase provides product satisfaction. Wal-Mart shows the product it offers and differentiates them from the rival products, modifying the products and product protection done by Licenses and copyrights. This takes place when product improves its customer confident through product differentiation and product availability to the market, providing discount and product cost. During this product phase, product matures, and the company makes high sales and return. Walmart has multi distribution channels which offer back distribution ways. During the decline phase, product maintenance cost of product is high than the initial profit gained. It is extremely difficult for a company to understand decline signal of the product and the life cycles of prod
Introduction The competitiveness of enterprises is dependent on their ability to modify existing practices and policies. The management should be aware of various internal and external factors that can impact the performance of businesses. In turn, one can argue that learning in organisations is an essential prerequisite for their success because it can make them more responsive to changes. Additionally, business administrators should know why this process can be hindered. They also need to identify strategies that can promote learning. Therefore, one should explain how this concept can be relevant to project-focused companies. The definition of a learning organisation Overall, a learning organisation can be described as a company or a governmental agency that has the capability to create, acquire and transfer knowledge (Cook, Staniforth, & Stewart 1997, p. 152). Furthermore, it can quickly respond to changes in the external or internal environment. Such enterprises can efficiently adjust their policies to new trends (Cook, Staniforth, & Stewart 1997, p. 152). The managers of these companies may try to achieve several goals. For instance, they attach importance to such priorities as time-efficiency, cost reduction, employees’ participation in decision-making, and so fort