ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Bankruptcy refers to a federal court process in which repayment arrangements are made to allow an insolvent debtor to clear the outstanding debts. Bankruptcy is often declared when a company or an individual is so deep into debt that starting afresh is the only reasonable option. This paper compares and contrasts the five types of bankruptcy proceedings. Different Types of Bankruptcy The first type of bankruptcy is referred to as liquidation. It can be accessed by individuals, matrimonial couples or business partners. The group or individual seeking to apply for this bankruptcy proceeding must first attend an interview conducted by an agent of a credit counseling agency. The agent is obliged to appear in court during the bankruptcy proceedings. Unlike the other types of bankruptcy, the applicant is delegated a trustee who is expected to oversee the selection of assets that are to be excluded from the bankruptcy. Apart from the assets selected for exemption, the remaining assets are to be sold, and the proceeds used to settle the outstanding debts. The second type of bankruptcy involves municipalities that want to adjust their debts. It is contained in chapter nine of the United States bankruptcy code. This type of bankruptcy is different from the rest because it only is suited for municipalities. Municipalities in this respect include towns, cities, school districts, and counties. The third type of bankruptcy applies to business corporations and is referred to as reorganization. Unlike in liquidation where a trustee is allocated, this type of bankruptcy allows the corporation to design its own restoration plans. These plans for reformation can comprise measures that try to restore the productivity of the company, consolidate debt and begin repayment. Unlike liquidation, the reorganization type of bankruptcy does not seek to purge all arrears immediately. On the contrary, a suitable payment plan is formulated to enable the business to keep all or most of its essential assets while paying its debts. The strategy for reorganization is ultimately ratified or dismissed by the court. The fourth type of bankruptcy involves fishermen and family farmers who have access to regular sources of income. Unlike liquidation, the applicant does not lose any of his assets. The applicant is instead allowed to repay his debts out of his prospective earnings. A debt repayment plan is designed in a format that the applicant can observe. This bankruptcy is similar to the fifth type of bankruptcy since the debtor is allowed to design a plan for repayment in both cases. It is similar to liquidation with respect to the concept that a trustee is allocated to oversee the repayment. The fifth type of bankruptcy covers individuals who are not necessarily fishermen or farmers, but who must have regular sources of income. It resembles the previous type of bankruptcy since both types deal with people who have regular sources of income. However, unlike the previous, this type
Abstract Since 1990, criminal justice system has received a lot of development regarding advancement in law enforcement technology. Several studies have shown that the development will impact crime prevention in future as well as improve law enforcement in response to crime. With the modern computer technology and advanced software, criminal justice system has been in a capacity to compile data and store it as well as share its analysis with other agencies both in and out of concerned parties in government. Investigation techniques have been made cost effective and the process of prosecution is now fast as there is always easily accessible evidence such as video tapes covered by surveillance cameras. Advancement on Law Enforcement Technology Since 1990 According to (Carter, 2003), advancement on law enforcement technology since1990 has developed at a very high rate especially regarding the use of computers as well as telecommunication and this has impacted effectively on crime prevention. Data transmissions and graphic interfaces have now become friendly to the law enforcement agencies and more data can be collected and stored as well as be analyzed. Different agencies dealing with criminal justice can now share data in government and even among agencies outside government. However, research has shown that, if there is no efficient integration of this advancement of information technology, some of its aspect may face resistance among staff especially when there is perception of unfair intrusion or any other technical difficulty. (Carter, 2003) found that, the major imperatives that have lead to the government investing so much in information technology include the need to effectively as well as efficiently enlarge the capacity in storage and processing of data. This is aimed at enhancing intelligence and techniques in investigation where the enforcers can easily access the records involving crime. The law enforcers have also faced high demand in data sharing with other agencies and businesses including insurance companies. Advancement in technology has also been aimed at improving police management as well as their accountability regarding probity. Technology has made the cost of crime investigation to be effective as a result of following regular procedures. Various techniques have been designed to give warning in good time for the police using force complaints. With the recent technology, police are scrutinized through internal management systems of surveillance and watchdog agencies. Therefore, enforcement technology is aimed at policing both citizens as well as police so as to make them improve their service especially in crime mapping as well as information integration. An example of application of technology since1990 has been computer crime mapping which has been used as a tool by agencies of law enforcement. Geographical information system has been merged with mapping software and used with desktop computers in
The book titled “Stiff” Mary Roach represents life after death in a very provocative and unusual manner that will seem strange not only for students of anatomy courses but for ordinary people as well. The sensation made by this book is in the alternative perception of the life after death people have which contradicts the usual idea of what happens to us that used to dominate in the minds of the common public. Her vision of life after death is shockingly trivial and practical for the majority of people who think about death in an elevated, special way. Speaking about death and handling dead bodies has always been an uneasy task to handle – as we see from the beginning of the book, Mary Roach tries to thoroughly investigate the way surgeons get their plastic surgery training on heads of cadavers and feel awkward about this. However, many of them have found their way out of the horror they feel when they realize these heads used to be on someone’s shoulders not long ago and used to be human beings. Some surgeons think about the heads as made of wax (Roach 21), others perceive it as rubber (Roach 23). At the very start of her investigation, Roach notices the way people go through denial and illusions, comparing people with cows and pigs – she argues that dissection and simply cutting the cadavers to pieces helps people not think about their training material as former humans (Roach 21). This fact is explained by the usual fear of death – all those who practice on the cadavers unconsciously realize that they will also die one day, and no one knows what will happen further. Most people are afraid of death, so they prefer to deny everything they do not like. For the reason of mystical power, the thoughts about death take over people they try not to discuss the matter as it is, which surprises Roach and makes her turn to surgeons asking provocative questions like who cuts off heads, etc. The Swedish entrepreneur who initiated the “human compost movement” raises much curiosity in Roach (Roach 261). She is guided by the Compost Bill to investigate the propriety of human bodies used for the source of compost. Thus, she concludes that the idea itself is good if everyone again forgets from what the compost is made – the bodies are not needed by their former owners anyway because they are helplessly dead. But what will people think of the fruit and vegetables they will eat knowing that they grew on the human remains? This issue concerns pure ethics and morality, so the plan is likely to fail and find a huge number of protestors. Logica
Introduction Exchange rate regime is a system applied by the countries to administer their respective currencies against other major currencies of the world (Rogoff, 2004:9). Exchange rate regime has three basic types. Floating exchange rate is rate determined by the market demand and supply forces of a country currency. Usually the central banks intervenes the exchange rate in order to check or regulate depreciation or appreciation of the currency in the market. The floating exchange rate is used by some countries like USA, UK and Japan (Quirk 1987:12). Pegged exchange rate pegs a nation’s currency to a given value. The currency value is monitored to avoid it from deviating from the pegged point. The Last rate is the fixed exchange rate which ties the currency to another currency and the rates can be directly converted into other currencies. Fixed exchange rates regime is important in reducing country inflation (Chamberlin & Yueh, 2006:464). Relationship between exchange rate regime and BOP Balance of payme
Introduction In Singer’s “The Singer Solution to World Poverty,” he proposes that Americans should assume minimalist lifestyles in order to spread the wealth over the globe, which, as he claims, will alleviate world poverty. While his conclusion is wonderfully altruistic, his method is not only philosophical impossible, but financially irresponsible. His perspective is another problem. Singer does not address a counter-argument, and his article appears to be biased. Finally, in 2014 Americans as a whole are not as well-off as they were when the article was written (1999). What Makes Singer’s Argument Weak The argument that Singer makes fails on several levels, including the philosophical and the financial ones. First and most obvious, the Utilitarianism perspective allows for viewing the evident problems that Singer’s solution has. According to the basic tenets of the Utilitarianism approach, no action taken by a person may be aimed at harming the other person, nor can it imply any negative consequences for anyone. The theory suggested by Singer, however, implies that the person donating to the needy ones should sacrifice his or her own content or even happiness for the charity reasons. While obviously noble, the specified action cannot be posed as a demand to the world consumers and, therefore, is ethically wrong. From the Utilitarianism standpoint, the solution that Singer suggests means putting the content of the donors at stake, which contradicts the basic tenets of Utilitarianism. The concept of the Effective Altruism is only viable when it is voluntary, which means that making the specified strategy obligatory deprives it of its meaning. Likewise, the financial implications of the approach provided by Singer are beyond deplorable. According to Singer, people should donate all of their surplus money for the wellbeing of those in need; although seemingly reasonable, the specified solution presupposes in reality that people will not be able to save and, thus, will have only the money for satisfying their daily needs at their disposal. This may lead to rather drastic risks for most people involved in charity: “Singer does not even address the issue of what would happen if no one had any extra money. There could be serious consequences including at the very least that no one would have any financial stability” (Schaefer para. 9). Therefore, in the worst case scenario, the implementation of the plan proposed by Singer will lead to the financial instability for not only the beneficiaries, but also for the people donating for the wellbeing of the former. Counter-argument It should be born in mind, though, that the idea of eradicating poverty, which Singer suggests, can be viewed as viable in specific environment and from a specific point of view. Some researchers argue that, by resorting to more humble consumption rates, the residents of the United States could have averted the increasing poverty rates in the country, as well as
Introduction This article focuses on the exhibit of the great fire of Chicago that is on display at the Historical Museum of Chicago. It looks at analysis of the exhibit and emphasizes on the traditional historical research of the great fire of Chicago. This exhibit is significant as it captures the history of the great fire of Chicago that killed hundreds of people and rendered thousands homeless (Colber and Chamberlin 1). Origin of the great fire Speculations show that the great fire of Chicago started in 137 De Koven Street in Chicago. It started at around 8.00 p.m on the Sunday 8 th October in 1871. The firefighters put out the fire that had continued for two days on the following Tuesday (Fire Rescue Magazine 1). Insights trace the origin of the fire to a barn in the shanty part of the town. Mr. and Mrs. O’Leary who were Irish immigrants owned the barn. Residents accused Mrs. O’Leary of starting the fire (Bales 1). Analysts attributed those accusations to the fact that Mrs. O’Leary was Irish. The large numbers of Irish people in the town made them unpopular. Exhibit analysis The exhibit used in this article is a picture of the great fire of Chicago. Figure 1: the great fire of Chicago This exhibit describes the state that Chicago was in during the incident. The background of the picture is a big fire with dark clouds of smoke. Further, visible in the photo are buildings and two bridges. The picture shows the fire spreading forwards towards the buildings and the people in the picture. The right side of the picture shows a river flowing under the first bridge and people inside their boats. The central and lower left sides of the picture shows a crowd of people, some carrying luggage. These people huddle together at the edge of the second bridge as they struggle to cross over it. One easily gets the message intended by the artist by glancing at the image once. An individual grasps the idea that there is a fire, which is spreading fast and furiously. Further, one can see that the crowd is fighting for their lives in the way they crowd the river. Strengths and weaknesses of the exhibit This exhibition is efficient as it captures the incident of the great fire of Chicago well. One sees the broad picture of how Chicago was at the time of the fire. In addition, the picture shows what is happening without using many illustrations. The interactivity of this exhibit is excellent and familiarizes the viewer with the events that took place back then. This exhibit is appealing manages to serve the purpose of capturing events of the great fire of Chicago. However, the effectiveness of the exhibit would increase if it had appealing colors. For instance, the water and boats should have different colors so one can easily note them. However, this exhibit has several big pitfalls. It has several interactive features that may misguide the viewer. This exhibit should stress on comprehensiveness of the fire as that is the main idea. Conversely, in this exhibit the crowd occupy a large portion and may lead the viewer to think that the commotion of t
Ethical standards are an essential issue on today’s social agenda. There is no reason to assume that the ethical standards can be violated even in informal conversation since they are the very foundations that govern human relations and create a favorable background for communication. In the business industry, commercial goals can be fraught with ethical dilemmas because, on the one hand, a business must make a profit in any number of ways, and, on the other hand, it is important to ensure that social norms are upheld at all times. At first glance, it may seem that there is no violation of ethical standards in the scenario under consideration. One might think that the entrepreneur develops new pricing strategies and even cares about customers when he tries not to raise the price. However, if one looks deeper, it is noticeable that the entrepreneur is violating one of the AMA’s ethical tenets, namely honesty (AMA, n.d.). The store appears dishonest when it intends to reduce the size of the bag of chips and keep the price. There is a desire for commercial advantage in this action: by reducing the pack size, the business makes as much or more profit than before while keeping the pack price. However, the store must remain honest with customers without betraying their trust. Marketing transparency is also violated because what people in business do can be considered a shadow policy. Companies should be open and transparent on the part of management, which is not a trade secret. Since the size of a packet of chips can hardly be regarded as confidential, a business should have been more transparent to its customer audience. To put it another way, if customers can determine that the pack size has become smaller — for example, by empirical observation — but the price has remained the same, this is very likely to lead to a loss of customer pressure. If there are several such episodes, the store will eventually lose customers, because they will move on to a competitor. Reference AMA. (n.d.). Codes of conduct | AMA statement of ethics . American Marketing Association.
Introduction Various factory-manufactured goods form part of human life. People consume such goods in their daily lives, and their interrupted supply would result in so many inconveniencies. However, their production can be detrimental to the resources of the planet earth. Therefore, in processing these goods, managers must take into account the well being of the environment. After examining the significance of unequivocal selection and designing goods and services in the previous chapters of Render’s “Principles of operations management,” chapter 7, “Process Strategy and Sustainability,” explores the choices of an operations manager in the achievement of only environment and consumer-friendly goods. Production units must develop policies to save the planet’s resources in their bid to maximize their organizational profits. Managers can embrace several strategies to achieve this. These include process focus, repetitive focus, mass customization focus, product focus, amongst others. For instance, in mass customization, managers are advised to implement the Build-to-order, which entails producing goods according to orders and not forecast. Green manufacturing and sustainability at Frito-Lay Sources of pressure for the company to minimize its environmental footprints The most outstanding source of pressure for Frito-Lay to reduce its environmental footprint is consumer demand. Recent researches have indicated that consumers are becoming observant of products produced through environment-friendly processes. This has prompted the company to comply with its interests to make sales. Since the company’s goal is zero pounds of waste to the landfills, the pressure to potentially save its energy and resources comes from within its organs too. Frito-Lay is determined to cut its energy costs under whatever circumstances. That notwithstanding, it is determined to reduce its wastes tremendously. In addition to the company’s organs, the National Environmental Performance Track scheme also exerts pressure on the company to minimize its environmental degradation and resort to renewable energy. Techniques tha
In early Chinese thought, much attention was dedicated to the issue of was and righteous approaches to it. The philosophers of the late Spring and Autumn, as well as those of Warring States eras, realized the need to put an end to the constantly growing anarchic atmosphere through some wise methods. The 100 Schools thinkers considered it significant to discuss the impact of violence on people’s relationships. As a result, the major political and social philosophies that appeared during this period pay much attention to war. History experts identify two principal views of that time. The first one supported a realist stance and considered war as a practical policy instrument. The second approach viewed war as an immoral and unwise way of settling conflicts and found it acceptable only under some particular conditions. The first view, which saw war as an instrument of policy, was favored by the Shang kings who were eventually defeated by Zhou people. The last Shang king was known for his cruelty and greed. Therefore, he employed war methods not with righteous objectives but with the aim of gaining more land and power. 1 A “monstrous caricature” of vice and lust, the last Shang king was the creator of nefarious tortures who enjoyed orgies and would not refuse from using monstrous methods in regulating conflicts. 2 Once, the king cut open his adviser’s body in order to see whether his heart had seven apertures. 3 Thus, the story of the Shang kings is one of the many examples of considering war as an effective instrument of policy. It is obvious that it was not effective since people were not satisfied with such leaders, and no benefits for the state could be gained in such a way. The opposite view was associated with tolerating war only under certain circumstances. An example of such an attitude is the fight between the Shang people and Zhou people. The latter became involved in war because they were trying to defend their own land. 4 The justification of such wars was in the “moral differential” between the rivals. 5 Most of all, there was a great difference between the leaders’ moral nature. The supporters of the second approach were not apt to act cruelly. They only wanted to defend the weaker or not let the enemies take what did not belong to them. Basically, the two approaches to war were the opposition between virtue and vice. Those who initiated wars expressed cruelty and lust. Those who considered war as something immoral engaged in it only when it came to defending justice. In ancient China, there was a distinction between the understanding of just or righteous war (jus ad bellum) and just or righteous conduct in war (jus in bello). 6 Jus ad bellum presupposed the use of force is necessary in cases when it is not possible to resolve a conflict in a virtuous way. In anci