ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Stem cells are gotten from human embryos and used as specimens for carrying out medical research. The embryos are often destroyed during the research process, making opponents of abortion to liken stem-cell research to murder. In 2010, a federal court banned public spending on the research. However, a year later, a panel of appellate judges lifted the decision of the lower court ((Mears, 2011). The decision to lift the ban has been met with mixed reactions. Lifting the ban has more benefits than enforcing it. Opponents of abortion do not support stem-cell research because the process involves destroying the embryos after obtaining stem cells. They say that embryos should not be destroyed but should be allowed to develop to human beings. Further, some civil societies and religious organizations discourage using public funds to finance stem-cell research because there are alternative avenues of researching without destroying embryos. While filing the lawsuit to stop financing the project, the executive director of Nightlight Christian Adoptions said they want the government to invest in adult stem-cell research since it does not involve embryo destruction ((Mears, 2011). Notably, many opponents of embryonic stem cell research do not oppose the entire research process but are concerned with the need to save a life. Although the concerns of the opponents of using embryonic stem-cell are genuine, it is essential to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the research before grading the process as unethical. First, the government should finance the project because the research could lead to the discovery of the cure for many deadly diseases and conditions. Scientists say that the cells could help produce medicine to cure diabetes, cancer, spinal cord injuries, and Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, lifting the ban will most likely help to find a cure for many deadly diseases. Further, lifting the ban would help save a lot of money. According to some proponents of embryoni
The book explores the ways of leaders especially in the American perspective. It deeply analyzes the quest by leaders to contain people through tools that bar them from enlightenment for fear of the consequences. It exposes the leaders selfishness and desire to remain in control and wealthy while suppressing the citizens to remain in their state of poverty and weakness. It comes as no surprise that the constitution is the tool used to serve this purposes of oppression. While there is an underlying belief that the government is fair and just, the reality is contrary. The citizens too lack the will to have a confrontation with the government. This paper gives a summary of the author’s expression of selfish desire exhibited by leaders in their quest to uphold themselves at the expense of the citizens. The author’s main theme is the fear of citizens by the leaders. The authors thesis statement says ‘I shall present additional evidence about the lives of the Framers, the Constitution, and the period in which it was written which supports the contention that the Framers were profoundly anti-democratic and afraid of the people’ (Jerry Fresia Chapter 1) The republicans see a possibility of converting men into what they call republican machines. They consider it an important thing to be done for people to perform the functions they desire them to do. They believe that by doing this they will be able to create millions of republican machines. (Jerry Fresia Chapter 1) This summarizes the author’s agenda and also basically puts all the contents of the book in one basket. It’s an indication of the misuse of the people by the leaders in a bid to bar them from enlightenment and also keep them in manipulative positions. This enables them to stay in position of power and control. Their fear for the effect of the citizens being enlightened guides them to do this. This is also well depicted when they say that men who are destitute or lack property have little acquaintance with public affairs hence are not able to make righteous judgment. They further believe that these men are always dependant on others to make decisions for them (Jerry Fresia Chapter 1). This was used by the same people who participated in the making of a constitution. Its aim was to bar the ‘ordinary’ people from vying for elective positions or even preventing them from directly electing their leaders. This is just a kind of evidence on how the constitution as used to bar citizens from making important decisions of the nation. This was a bid by these same people to maintain positions of power. Constitution thus was a regular tool used to oppress the citizens. In a further elaboration to these CarMax expressed the power relation within constitutions that is keen on protecting the power wielded by the powerful (Jerry Fresia Chapter 2) further the author elaborates the failure by the government to protect the interest of its majority population in a bid to meet another oblig
Educational choices determine the quality of life one is exposed to throughout a specific period. Individuals are subjected to economic, social, and political situations which require informed decision-making. Attending a higher academic institution enhances chances of improving an individual’s living standards (Carlson). However, the dilemma of whether everyone should go to college or not is determined by specific factors. Minority populations in multicultural societies face discrimination in public institutions, including colleges and universities (Horowitz 772). As a result, the decision on whether to attend higher learning is influenced by vital socio-economic factors. This discussion presents an objective analysis concerning the importance of higher studies among individuals. Achieving the most elevated academic achievement status exposes an individual to diverse economic sectors in global corporations, as evidenced in developed economies across North America, Europe, and Asia. Everyone should consider going to college as it improves the chances of attaining the intellectual and social skills required for informed decision-making. In essence, everyone should consider attending higher learning institutions for gaining crucial life skills. For instance, the critical thing is a progressive attribute that results in responsive and proactive actions to situations. This is evidenced in advanced economies such as the U.S., the U.K., and the European Union (E.U.) (Hamilton et al. 112). Both the authorities and individuals ensure sufficient resource allocation to their education sector to assure high economic returns in decision-making. It acknowledges that persons with advanced intellectual knowledge use critical thinking to interpret information accurately and objectively (Carlson). Academic and social abilities acquired in college allow individuals to make responsive and quality decisions. In addition, everyone should go to college to gain knowledge on conflict resolution (Hamilton et al. 112). Learners in higher academic institutions interact with different stakeholders, including tutors, classmates, researchers, and other staff members. Frequent disagreements expose students to social contexts, which improve one’s conflict resolution skills. Moreover, everyone should contemplate going to college for advanced life skills in analytical thinking. This skill is acquired at both academic and individual levels while in college institutions. As briefly noted, students attending higher studies interact with different educational stakeholders for varying information. For example, tutors engage learners in the classroom during theoretical subjects, which entail group discussions. Their interaction develops advanced knowledge on interpreting certain information precisely and relevantly using analytical skil
Information about Jeremy Scott Jeremy Scott is one of the most renowned American fashion designers at present. He was born in 1974. He moved to New York and entered Pratt Institute in 1992 (Van Meter 12). He stated he had quite rough time there as there were really high standards. After graduation, he moved to Paris and his first show was a great success. In 1997, he was accepted by the rest of the world and he was seen as a new and bold designer capable of breaking rules (Evans 73). His collaboration with Adidas made him even more famous and his design of sneakers with bears is now regarded as iconic. It is necessary to note that his source of inspiration is the world around him. He does not follow some conventions and he does not have a model fashion designer (Evans 73). When he talks about his latest collection, he says, “Too weird to live, too rare to die” (Bettery Magazine n.p.). This is an inspiring collection due to a variety of reasons. Scott’s Latest Collection Jeremy Scott once said, “Life is too short to wear boring clothes” (“Jeremy Scott” 8). His latest collection is an example of his standpoint. The collection is inspired by the theme of monsters and the unknown future. Just like any other of his collections, this year Fall/Winter collection is very eccentric. He explores new forms, shapes, combinations of colors and textures. Bright and even neon colors prevail in the collection. It is necessary to add that black color is often combined with such bright colors as neon red or green, which creates a very special effect. Scott makes use of plain as well as patterned cloth. This collection includes really interesting checkered prints and plaid cloths. Thus, he combines black top and checkered loose trousers. The garment
Aim & Justification of Study The aim of the study is to critically assess the health impact of various forms of air pollution arising from overreliance on coal so as to inform current and future health policy directions. The justification of the study is premised on the fact that China is one of the world’s largest coal producers and consumers (Chen et al 1293), hence the need to evaluate the health implications of coal pollution on the population. Indeed, extant literature demonstrates that China has now passed the U.S. in Co 2 emissions and other forms of air pollution due to its huge population, fast economic development, rapid urbanization, and heavy dependence on coal (Kuby et al 795; Wang 1707). Current Literature on the Topic A lot of existing literature has focused on the high rate of Co 2 emissions into the environment arising from China’s overdependence of coal as a fundamental source of energy. The high rate of Co 2 emissions is intrinsically tied to the fact “…China has long been the world’s largest producer and consumer of coal and now uses 39 percent of the world’s total” (Kuby et al 795). Other statistics demonstrate that “…the total energy consumption in China has increased 70 percent between 2000 and 2005, with coal consumption increasing by 75 percent, indicating an increasingly energy-intensive economy over the last few years” (The World Bank xi). Coal production and consumption has been accused of causing and aggravating various forms of pollution, including solid emissions (particulates) resulting from exploitation, transportation and stockpiling activities (Milena et al 223), harmful gases emissions (e.g., Co2, methane, and exhaust gases) arising from use of coal and transportation means (Zhang et al 849), as well as land pollution arising from abandonment of coal mines once decommissioned (Singer 281). However, available literature demonstrates that the quality of air has suffered the most in all activities involving coal production and consumption (Zhang & Smith 850), with significant environmental and health implications that must be addressed to ensure the health and wellbeing of the population since coal is likely to remain the major source of energy in China in the foreseeable future (Chen et al 1292; Wang 1709). Over the years, many scholars have positively correlated coal production and use with adverse health outcomes in the general population (The World Bank 4). This is because coal contains numerous harmful contaminants that are released into the environment without being destroyed during combustion (Peng et al 2285). Indeed, extant literature demonstrates that “…unlike biomass, many coals contain intrinsic contaminants such as sulfur, arsenic, silica, fluorine, lead and mercury” (Zhang & Smith 849). Particulates arising from coal production and transportation have also been directly linked to negative health outcomes. It is strongly suggested that health outcomes are strongly linked to particle size, with scientific evidence suggesting that fine particulate matter – less than 10 microns in diameter (PM 10 ) – is likely to be most hazardous to the health and wellbeing of individuals because s
The problem of prostitution is the consideration of the whole society. There are people who are sure that legalization of prostitution is amoral and due to this it should be punished severely. My strict opinion is that prostitution should be legalized due to several reasons: (a) a great amount of money is in a whirl of shady economy and the state does not get the taxes from it, (b) prostitutes are under the constant pressure of their souteneurs and the legalization may help them to find protection, (c) the constitution of every country guarantees the freedom of choice and opinion, and if being a prostitute is somebody’s choice why is should be forbidden. Prostitution brings a huge income and, as the business is not legalized, the state does not get its part, the state budget is not fulfilled with the financial injection from prostitution business. The participants of the legalized business, prostitution in our case, participate in state economical affairs. If they pay taxes, they are eager to use social guarantees (such as unemployment insurance, health insurance, old-aged pension). In its turn, the government may provide some inspection and supervision under the work conditions of the prostitutes and help in some cases to improve them (Nathanson & Young, 2006). Prostitutes are under the constant pressure of the souteneurs and the legalization of this king of business may allow prostitutes to turn to police for protection. Prostitutes also suffer from clients’ cruelty and beating. They know that there is no way out as nobody can help them as they are out of law, they do not have any rights. The legalization of the business may solve this problem. Taking into consideration Germany and the Netherlands, the prostitution legalization allowed protecting the rights of women who are in the business already and to those who just want to start (Malarek, 2004). Every person has the right for freedom: freedom of thinking, freedom of speaking, freedom of choice, and also the freedom to use one’s body. Person’s choice whether to have sex or not, whether to take money for this or not can never be legal or illegal. It is a choice. We are not talking about human trafficking as it is the crime. We are talking about free personal choice. Some people clean streets, they may like their jobs or not but they are paid for this. Comparing with street cleaning, prostitution is the same job, where people get sexual satisfaction and a good salary for their job. So, prostitution must be legalized because of several reasons. The state budget will increase as the prostitution business operates with huge sum of money. The prostitution exists and it is impossible to cancel it, so the government should at least protect prostitutes from pressure and violence. Every person is free in his/her actions in reference to his/her body. If woman want to have sex for money, let her do this, it is her choice and her body, so it is impossible to forbid. Reference List  1. Malarek, V. (2004). The Natashas: inside the new global sex trade . Arcade Publishing.  2. Nathanson, P. & Young K. K. (2006). Legalizing misandry: from public sh
During the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962), the French forces mercilessly tortured their opponents. Although the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) also tortured their enemies, the French military use of torture was more widespread. Torture is defined as “any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him, or a third person, punishing him for an act he or a third person has done…”(United Nations, para.3). The French experience during the Algerian war proves that the use of torture, though regrettable, is important to defeat successfully terrorist organizations around the world. Therefore, is the use of torture justifiable in some instances? The military combat of the FLN was being propelled by self-determination and the French state was equally determined to win the war. The French forces did not acknowledge that the colonial conflict was indeed a war, as this would recognize their opponents as a legitimate entity; therefore, it was until August 1999 that they stopped calling it “fight against terrorism.” That is why although France was bound by the Geneva conventions it had signed in 1951; it consistently used brutal warfare tactics in fighting against the FLN. As shown by the experience of the French military during the Algerian war, torture is a good way of gaining timely and relevant information from terrorists. For example, in an imaginary situation when a terrorist has planted a nuclear bomb in Washington City, the detonation is going to take place in the next forty-five minutes, and cause widespread destruction. However, when the terrorist is captured, although he knows the exact location of the bomb, he is not giving any relevant information. What is the best thing to do in such a scenario? Is he left to go scot-free because torturing him will interfere with his “human rights?” If the individual is not forced to give out the vital information, then thousands of innocent lives are at risk. In such an instance, the choice of the use of torture is allowable in order to acquire certain life-saving information that could not be retrieved easily. Therefore, the use of torture as a tool in the global War on Terror is important in defeat
Introduction Religion refers to particular structures of conviction, reverence or demeanor that contain a set of instructions that guide morals and values. A Buddhist country can be defined as a nation that adheres to the teachings of Buddhism, which are based on the philosophy of ‘awakening.’ Such a country can be identified by observing the lifestyle and philosophies of its people, which are based on economic, social and political characteristics. This paper seeks to establish the extent of Buddhism in China from the third to sixth centuries. The paper illustrates the true definition of a Buddhist country by basing on economic, social and political evidence. It also assesses Confucianism and Daoism in relation to Buddhism during the described period. Ultimately, the paper determines the effect of Buddhism on Confucianism and Daoism by elucidating the similarities and differences among these beliefs. For a clear understanding, the term philosophy and religion are used interchangeably. The Origin, Growth and Spread of Buddhism The history of Buddhism traces back to over twenty-five centuries ago. Since its existence, many nations in Asia have been modeled by the religion, which was founded on the ethical-philosophical basis. Around 563 BC, Siddhartha Gotama looked at the secret to individual happiness after realizing that affluence and opulence could not warrant joy. Therefore, it took him six years of learning and deliberation to discover the middle path that made him informed. The Buddha consequently spent the rest of his life teaching the principles of Buddhism (known as Dharma or truth). Buddhism extended from India and became the prevailing religion in nearly all of Asia several centuries later following his death. Prior to his demise, the Buddha presented numerous teachings to the people. He believed that the teachings would set human beings free from suffering if they practiced them as a way of life. Some of the tenets he promoted that are still practiced in the present day include Dharma, reincarnation, karma, the four noble truths, bodhisattvas, and nirvana (De Bary and Irene 420). Although Buddhism began in India, its effect was widespread in modern China. Laozi, the initiator of Daoism, was recognized as the earliest Buddha by the Chinese prodigies who affirmed that he travelled westwards from China. In the next century, sellers and Buddhist pilgrims facilitated the dissemination of Buddhism with beliefs such as hell, monasteries, monks and karma being adopted into the Chinese culture. However, this ideology faced some opposition from other existing Chinese cultures such as Confucianism. The Han Dynasty had set up Confucianism as the state doctrine. However, the collapse of the Han Dynasty in 220 C.E. made it easier for people to select and adhere to the religious practices of their choice. From 317 to 589 C.E., Buddhism had already been accepted in the northern and southern dynast
Introduction Creating a certain image in the public eye is an essential aspect of various areas of life, including political, social, and other motives. This work aims to describe the group activities, in particular, the method of studying and corresponding interpretation of image formation principles and their functions. The interaction of people with one another inevitably leads to the creation of a certain perception regarding various forms of behavior. Following these patterns allows a person to create a certain image, and its role in the eyes of the public is significant. Veil of Ignorance As a theoretical concept that may be used to evaluate the phenomenon under consideration, the Veil of Ignorance first proposed by Rawls is relevant. Leben (2017) explores this approach and notes that its key point is to form an unbiased view on certain factors. In other words, a person making a decision and a certain judgment may not know anything about the object of assessment, its origin, social status, and other characteristics. The basis of this method is justice since the opinion that is not influenced by any third-party factors or evaluative perceptions is the most reasonable and unbiased. As a result, as applied to society as a whole, Leben (2017) notes that to draw up a fair picture, Rawls suggested making an appropriate judgment on a person’s society and the alleged position of ignorance about the existing principles of human interaction. As a result, the choice in favor of an ideal system of relationships among people is made, which emphasizes the importance of unbiased judgments. Such an assessment method makes it possible to draw attention to existing social issues and perception features manifested due to the formation of a particular image. Specific value judgments that are typically subjective are widespread and entrenched. With every era, new standards and stereotypes appear, but in general, society is ready to accept these standards. At the same time, a specific image is manifested in various spheres of life, including politics. Those ruling elites that hold appropriate judgments concerning the chosen course of governing can influence the rooting of certain concepts of behavior significantly. As a result, people’s perception becomes a flexible quantity that may be changed through the formation of a special image. Slavery as an Example of Political Influence Images based on differences and unique traits are a traditional form of bias. As a real historical example, slavery in the USA may be involved. Degrading the human dignity of black people based on their skin color was a reason for discrimination. As a result, such a social system supported by the government led to class and ethnic divisions. At the same time, despite the abolition of slavery, after many years, racist stereotypes still appear, which indicates the significant role of the image. In general, the practice based on stereotypes and the deliberate creation of negative images