ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Environmental degradation is on the increase, and it is likely to affect the human race in the future. In light of this challenge, many environmental scientists have made several recommendations on how we can prevent destruction of our environment. In this case, several mechanisms can be used to keep the environment clean and safe from destruction. Poor waste disposal is regarded as one of the key causes of environmental degradation. Waste disposal is not only limited to the disposal of industrial waste materials, but it also involves the items we use and discard daily. There are three basic strategies that can be used to reduce waste disposal and they include the following. Waste Disposal Strategies Reduce it, is the first strategy for reducing waste disposal, and it is the most important of the three strategies. This is because if people can decrease the rate at which they use various products, the amount of things to be recycled or reused will also go down considerably. Moreover, reduction of consumption will also make people to cut back on their expenditure on various products, and this can help in mitigating environmental pollution. In addition, we should try to decrease the toxicity of waste products that are dumped in landfills. “Source reduction involves reducing waste at the source by designing, producing, and using items that are less toxic for the waste system” (Scott, 2007). This method of reduction can assist in conservation of resources, and decrease pollution. For example, goods can be produced and used in away that they do not affect the environment. Reuse of materials is the second method of minimizing waste products. Apart from reducing consumption, we can also find alternative uses for the things that we have used. Besides this, we can also turn used items to other things, rather than recycling or discarding them. Reuse has the following benefits. First, it makes waste management easier since it reduces waste production. “Secondly, the environment benefits because reusing items leads to less production, which reduces emission of pollutants, and resource harvesting” (Woods, 2010). People should try to be more creative in order to reduce waste materials. For example, a person can use old garments for cleaning or even mending other garments instead of discarding them. One shopping bag can also be used on many shopping occasions. Recycling is the third strategy, and involves making of new products from the used ones. Unlike reusing, recycling requires many procedures. For example, the items to be recycled are collected and then taken for reprocessing. Recycling also demands energy, money, and other materials. This makes it to be the least preferable method of waste reduction. Nonetheless, recycling decreases the use of landfills, and it als
Living things are known to have varying characteristics, even when they belong to the same species. Climatic conditions are not the same in every part of the world. Therefore, animals and plants are known to exhibit different characteristics in different regions. On the same note, adaptations to different requirements for survival have been known to bring about different physical characteristics in organisms. In this regard, it is not unique to see animals or plants of the same species having completely different physical characteristics, yet they are in the same locality. Biodiversity refers to the degree of variation among living things and it includes genetic diversity, ecosystem difference and cultural diversity. It should be noted that biodiversity is very crucial for the continuity of life in the world. Nevertheless, there have been threats to the natural biodiversity thus posing a lot of questions on the future of the world. The importance of biodiversity cannot be overlooked. Firstly, biodiversity provides the ecological balance that is crucial for sustenance of live in the world. Each and every species that is present in the world has a role to play as regards the continuity and balance of its ecological niche. For the resources of the world to be maintained, biodiversity has to be present. It is important to understand that all living things coexist and they depend on one another in one way or the other (Mbolo, 2010). No living thing can leave in isolation and elimination of one organism or even changing the ecosystem of one organism has ripple effects on the world as a whole. It therefore goes without saying that biodiversity is essential for optimum production in the world. Biodiversity is also very crucial for business activities. Sustainable development of any nation is highly dependent on biodiversity. Raw materials that are used in production are derived from diverse sources. In this regard, absence of even one species poses a risk to a certain producti
Introduction During this project, I have interviewed a defense attorney who specializes in drug cases. This person is closely familiar with the functioning of the criminal justice system in the United States. It is possible to say that, the interviewee understands the experiences of people who encounter with law-enforcement agencies, courts, or penal institutions. Moreover, he knows the way in which different governmental institutions interact with one another. This is one of the reasons why this person has been chosen. The purpose of this interview was to discuss the efficiency of the criminal justice system. Much attention was paid to the existing limitations that impair the work of various institutions and adversely affect the experiences of people. Moreover, it was critical to discuss the way in which the system can evolve in the future. This discussion is quite useful for identifying policies that can be important for improving the work of law-enforcement agencies and courts that interact with victims and defendants. In particular, legislators should focus on the alternatives to incarceration. Additionally, much attention should be paid to the programs that enable former convicts to integrate into the society. These are the main questions that should be examined more closely. The arguments expressed by an interviewee One of the issues identified by the interviewee is the failure of the criminal justice system to help convicts integrate into the society. It is often argued that penal institutions are called correctional (Lab, Williams, & Holcomb, 2012). This term implies that punishment will prevent a person from perpetrating crimes in the future. The main problem is that this goal is not achieved, and in many cases, incarceration produces just the opposite effect. In particular, the defense attorney refers to the very high rates of recidivism in the country. To a great extent, this argument is confirmed by statistical findings, according to many released convicts are very likely to commit offenses once again (Gardner & Anderson, 2014, p. 220). At present, approximately, 50 percent of people released from prisons perpetrate crimes once again (Gardner & Anderson, 2014, p. 220). The key issue is that people convicted of non-violent offenses cannot be reformed during their incarceration. These convicts are forced to interact with people for whom crime is quite acceptable. As a result, some of these people can become even more tolerant of illegal activities (Gardner & Anderson, 2014). This is one of the issues that should not be overlooked by policy-makers who need to minimize the negative impacts of crime and improve the work of correctional institutions. Certainly, high rates of recidivism cannot be attributed only to the work of the criminal justic
Introduction In every organization, success is dependent on the ability of the organization to effectively implement its strategies. It should be noted that in the business environment difficult situations for example, complaints from customers may not be completely avoided. Consequently, managers are expected to exercise strategic management in their day-to-day activities and be well prepared for any eventuality. Strategic management puts into consideration the interrelationship between strategy, structure and culture to improve a company’s productivity as well as increase profitability for the firm by creating customer value. After the recalls of 2009 and 2010, Toyota sort to implement some strategies that were aimed at ensuring that the problems could not recur. The strategies were to be fostered by Toyota’s vision, values and culture. The Problems Reported in 2010 Around the end of 2009 and the beginning of 2010, vehicles manufactured by Toyota were reported to have unintended acceleration. Toyota carried out a research and reported that there were vehicles whose driver seat floor mat had been wrongly fixed and it thus, pushed the acceleration pedal causing unintended acceleration. This led to the first recall which was done at the end of 2009. The U.S. highway traffic safety administration worked together with Toyota in expediting the first recall (Cunningham & Harney, 2012). In the beginning of 2010, customers reported other cases of unintended acceleration. However, the second cases were different as they were not caused by the floor mat. The mechanical department of Toyota carried out investigations and reported that the cases would have been caused by sticking of the acceleration pedal. Consequently, Toyota announced another recall in January 2010. On February 2010, Toyota also recalled its vehicles due to what was termed as anti-lock brakes (Ciravegna, 2012). It should be noted that the recalls were not only done in the U.S. market, but also in other markets all over the world. The recalls highly affected the performance of Toyota in the market. The sales reduced, suppliers incurred losses and customer confidence was reduced. Moreover, its competitors used the opportunity to increase their sales. General Motors for example was reported to have used the predicaments of Toyota to its benefit, by offering cash rebate to Toyota owners. On the same note, the media gave the issue too much coverage thus increasing the magnitude of the problem. In addition, several deaths were reported to have been caused by the unintended acceleration issue. It is important to note that there were also some people who went to court to
The ‘Wind in the Willows’ is a novel that was published by Kenneth Grahame in 1908. This novel arouses magic and adventure feelings as well as feelings of reflection. Information in this book widens the people’s understanding of the world they are living in. They are also able to comprehend the complicated interactions found between people. The book has information on social classes and the reasons why it is necessary to have friendship in the society (Lerer 60). Moreover, the author says that if pride is allowed in any society, then friendship can be completely destroyed. Kenneth Graham did not use human characters in his novel; instead he used animals like a toad, rat and a mole. He did so because he wanted to avoid sex problems. He suggested that his novel did not have any problem since it did not have any sex clash. In addition to that, he said that his aim was to avoid sex as well as gender issues in his novel. However, to some extent, he did not make it in avoiding sex issues since the text debatably has misogynistic implications. For instance, in the case where both the mole and the rat make comments to the toad that are full of women critics. The toad is criticized by the rat for being ‘flung into the water- by a woman too’ (Grahame 111). A suggestion is also made by the mole to the toad indicating that locking himself in the bedroom is better than spending time in the hospital ‘being ordered about by female nurses’ (Grahame, 112). Besides, in a conversation between the toad and Barge woman some names such as little hussies or idle trollops are used represent women since they are not recognized. This shows that Grahame’s claim on the text having no problems was wrong. Probably, he was ignorant of the women-hatred implications in his novel or he wrote from the viewpoint of ‘a male who finds women inconsequential’ (Marshall 58). ‘The putative maleness of all the animal characters nullified by their singularity and by the lack of female characters, and so the four main characters are, in effect, genderless or androgynous’ (Peter, Hunt 104). They argue that females must be included to bring out the character of ‘maleness’. In his book, Graham sidelined females because he fitted their traditional caring functions to the male characters. He also used the characters to show how women are weak and the way they are neglected in some societies. In the novel, women do not have their rights and follow what they are told. This is shown by the mole who follows what he is told by the toad without having a second thought. The rat is also weak and full of frustrations as well as worries. He is never excited like the toad who belongs to a higher class since he is a male. According to Marshal, Graham’s aim was to attach and associate children with animals. Despite trying to stay away from sex clash in his novel, traits of female hatred are clearly seen. From her analysis on feminism, Marshall calls for a better way of discussing gender. She wonders how Grahame’s novel was fr
Summary It would not be wrong to state that Regulation, purported by the military junta in Fiji Islands under the command o Commodore Bainimarama has issued draconian laws that imply absolute and unfettered powers to security personnel and total loss of any kind of freedom to the inhabitants, in terms of freedom to congregate, maintain religious functions or expression of their views on matters of the state. Thus the laws enforced by removing a constitutionally elected government in Fiji and abrogating the constitution, seek to further military interests and make a mockery of democratic process in this island nation. The arrest of prominent Methodist church leaders and their subsequent release on the condition that they are not seen in public, raises questions about the deepening moral and constitutional crisis in this island and also the future of democracy in this country. It is believed that the gross overreaction of the military in the internal affairs of the Methodist church in Fiji has paved the way for international focus to be centered in this island, especially in matter of gross military interference in affairs of the church. Moreover, it is seen that Fiji is to be a party to first optional protocol, which seeks to be a signatory to this protocol due in September 2009. Yet the going on in Fiji belie the terms and spirit of the First optional protocol. Again, it is seen that the military rulers have derogated from the enforcement of the Fijian constitution and issued their own laws, without consulting the United Nations or its Secretary –General. It is necessary that the UNO rightly interferes in the political affairs of Fiji not only in terms of protecting the cause of its one million strong populations, but also in terms of its larger role and responsibility to the purveyors of democratic causes in the free world. Introduction Human rights mean the basic rights that the entire human beings deserve. The basic rights include right to live, freedom of expression, and equal treatment in front of the law, right for education, right for food…etc. “Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status.” (What are Human Rights). The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is an esteemed organisation of United Nations which has a committee for the protection of human rights. The committee stays for ensuring the equality and dignity among human beings. The committee works for ensuring human beings are receiving political, economical, religious and other rights. Background of case The Methodist Church in Fiji conducts annual conferences which involves a choir competition and a general meeting. From this conference the Church collects the required money for the conduct of the Church. One such annual meeting was supposed to be held in August, but in May the one Methodist minister, Rev ML, called for democracy to be restored, which resulted in the military junta cancelling the permit and prohibiting the participation, of the two Methodist mini
Background of Coca-Cola Company Based in Atlanta, Gorgia, the US, Coca-Cola is a company which has dominated the global market for non-alcoholic drinks. Coca-Cola Company has majored in the manufacture and marketing of soft drinks. The beverages manufactured by the company are not alcoholic, and they are marketed in the international markets. Pemberton J. Stith established the company in partnership with Columbus G. in 1886 (Zurkuhlen, Meeker & Salomon Brothers 1987). The company was later incorporated in 1892 by Asa Candler. Coca-Cola Company has diversified its products, and over 500 brands are marketed in the global markets by the company. A franchised system of distributing products has been applied by Coca-Cola. Through this system, Coca-Cola manufactures the syrup concentrate. Bottlers located in various countries then buy the syrup concentrate to produce the final products (August 2008). Coca-Cola has applied the strategy of acquisition to expand on regional and global operations. Some of the companies which have been acquired by Coca-Cola are Minute Maid, Thums Up and Barq’s. The company has also acquired certain products such as the fruit juice brand, Odwalla. Fuze Beverage was acquired in 2007 (Coca-Cola website 2012). The political environment Political environment is composed of all political forces which affect a company. These forces may emanate from the domestic politics or the international political scene (Abram 2009). Coca-Cola Company is regulated by FDA government rules. Under FDA, the company must adhere to certain provision of manufacturing beverages. The company has also been affected by change in policies. An example is the changes in the taxes imposed to the company, accounting standards and other state regulations (Hill 2000). The government has also regulated the operations of Coca-Cola by imposing environmental laws. These regulations have affected the profitability of the company. Other countries have also imposed regulations to ensure that Coca-Cola does not defy the laws of governments. The global market for beverages has experienced a lot of political influences. The international political forces have regulated the operations of Coca-Cola to create a competitive environment. The pricing strategies of Coca-Cola and the nature of business have been monitored by the international bodies (Daft 2011). The US government has created a suitable environment for trade, and this has favored the success of the company (Bowdin 2009). However, the government has regulated the trade laws to ensure that fair trade is practiced by creating equal opportunities and freedom in the market. This is an issue that has affected the operations of Coca-Cola Company. The company has been hindered from creating a monopoly in the industry because this would affect the local and global markets (USC Mars
Promoting change in the environment of healthcare is crucial to make sure that the services of the finest quality are offered to the target audience. In other words, it is imperative to make sure that the quality of healthcare services improves consistently. The resulting improvement in the patient outcome can be viewed as the expected outcome. Herein lies the significance of health economics; offering a new way of considering the method of producing, delivering, and consuming the corresponding healthcare services, the identified branch of the global economy can be deemed as a groundbreaking alteration of the healthcare environment. By implementing the principles of the health economy in the realm of healthcare, one will be able to make sure that the unique needs of target audiences could be addressed and that every single member of the society could be provided with the necessary products and facilities. The identified effect can be achieved by introducing the principles of customer satisfaction and, therefore, the transfer to a patient-centered framework of operations in the realm of healthcare. It would be wrong to claim that the idea of a patient-centered framework as the tool for managing the needs of the target audience is what makes the idea of health economics the groundbreaking notion that it is. The use of a patient-centered approach as the method of managing the health-associated issues is nothing new – the framework has been implemented in the identified environment for decades (McGuire, 2014). However, it is the use of the economy-related ideas and the concepts typically viewed as market-associated ones that make the patient-focused approach a possibility due to the need to maintain competitiveness high and, therefore, offer the services of the finest quality. When considering the essential characteristics of the health economics approach, one must bring up the fact that the subject matter allows redesigning the current healthcare systems. For instance, the concepts of health demand and supply can factor in the healthcare system framework successfully. However, it should be borne in mind that, despite being viewed from the economic perspective, the identified elements of the healthcare system retain the intrinsic characteristics that make them unique. For instance, the concept of health demand incorporates not only the quality standards set by patients for healthcare facilities but also the ability of the target audience to pay for a specific set of services. Consequently,