ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Glorified Dinosaurs: The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds The authors identify a problem to the effect that authors such as Feduccia who wrote on avian origins and the biology of Mesozoic birds did not explain their affinities accurately. As such, this left a gap which needed to be filled in order to explain evolution exhaustively. In order to close this gap, the authors adopted an appropriate method of analysis which sought to integrate and summarize the vast findings with regards to this evolution. The book analyzes the evolutions of birds from the feared dinosaur akin to the friendlier Velociraptor. In order to make organized conclusions, the author further used modern fossils findings that have been made in the near past. As part of the results and conclusions, the book emphasizes two researched issues. First, it indicates that there is strong reliance on the ideologies of cladistics which seeks to group animals according to the similarities they share. Second, it emphasizes the idea that birds essentially originated from the dinosaurs. In addition to this, it discusses the Mesozoic birds in a pretty comprehensive manner. In this case, it indicates that the time of geology, the development of reptiles and the diverse nature of the non-avian dinosaurs are crucial to evolution. The author then indicates that there is a linkage between the birds and the theropods of the maniraptoran origin a clear and comprehensive manner. In this pursuit, the book collects use information from the recently discovered fossils of the Cretaceous nature from Mongolia and Province of Liaoning. Phylogenetics of Darwin’s Finches: Paraphyly in the Tree-Finches, and Two Divergent Lineages in the Warbler Finch The research problem that inspired this study was based on that the differences between the round, warbler and tree finches have not been clearly identified. Additionally, the authors noted that knowledge about the relationships of these types of finches is little. In their research, it was noted that the existence of the limited knowledge is caused by the deficiency of phylogeny which reflects the original Darwin’s molecular structure. In order to solve this problem, the researchers adopted a method of analysis using a mitochondrial sequence in order to obtain a phylogeny of these finches as explained by Darwin. In order to come up with the phylogeny of the three groups, the researchers constructed an integration of 16S r-RNA. These were collected and derived from the control regions of the three finches including the warbler, the tree and the ground types. In order to diversify the specimens, the research included an addition of two other types from the mainland namely the Bananaquit and Grassquit which are essentially found as the out-groups in the re
Introduction Mistakes are an inevitable part of an individual’s life due to the imperfections of human nature. However, it is also apparent that the value of a mistake significantly differs depending on the circumstance where an error occurred and the position of a person who made it. Further, it could be hardly doubted that errors in the sphere of the healthcare system are valued as being considerably more severe than the majority of other cases because a health practitioner is responsible for the well-being of his or her patients to a vast extent. Mistakes in medication prescriptions could be considered as one of the most evident examples of the importance of advanced practice nurses’ high competency. This paper aims to study the ethical and legal implications of medication error disclosure and non-disclosure based on the proposed scenario. Ethical and Legal Challenges of Drug Prescription Errors First of all, it is necessary to observe the scenario which is proposed for this assignment to put further reasoning in the proper context. According to this scenario, I am working as an advanced practice nurse in a community health clinic. Eventually, I make a mistake when prescribing medication to a patient. This error was not intentional, and the patient is not likely to find out about the mistake. However, I am put into the situation of an ethical dilemma, which also has specific legal implications. The primary question which should be answered in the proposed situation is whether I should disclose my mistake or hide it. From the perspective of healthcare ethics, it is more than obvious that the non-disclosure of a prescription error will be unethical primarily toward the patient. His or her health, well-being, and recovery are the most critical concerns for an advanced practice nurse, and thus the patient should know if the prescribed drug or its dose is suitable for the treatment (Arcangelo and Wilbur 7). The decision not to disclose the error is also in discrepancy with the moral code of a health practitioner. However, it is essential to observe that the disclosure of the prescription error, being the right decision from the perspective of healthcare ethics, is followed by specific legal implications. The primary pressure is put on the advanced practice nurse who made a mistake. As it is stated in the “New Jersey Board of Nursing Law,” an advanced practice nurse “may prescribe medications and devices in all other medically appropriate settings” (24). The process of prescribing is elaborately described in the mentioned act, including rules and regulations for by “standing orders or joint protocols” (“New Jersey Board of Nursing Law” 24). However, it is also stated in the document that the violation of any provision of the act is subject to a penalty from 200 to 500 dollars (“New Jersey Board of Nursing Law” 19). Additionally, the disclosure of a prescription error is harmful to the clinic where an advanced practice nurse is working. The rationale behind t
French government had a lot of fears during the Vienna conference in 1814 which came up as a result of losing the Napoleonic Wars. During the war, French Armies traversed almost the whole of Europe creating destructions, overthrowing Kingdoms that did not cooperate with them and forcibly enrolling armies in their way. The trail of destruction, annoyance and hostility they left behind gave them almost zero chances of charitable results. Talleyrand had earlier served as a Bishop of the Catholic Church and had served in several administrations of the French government since the revolutions of 1789. She was a political survivor who managed to steer through the French revolutions using his clerical personality without much hustle. In 1985, he came out very strongly to champion for unity and order in Europe especially in France. Talleyrand was given the responsibility of facing the enemies of France without the use of the army of economic sanctions. The sufferers of French brutalities had the opportunity of disintegrating the country so that it could no longer be a danger to them. Four great powers of Europe sent delegations to Vienna following the conquer of France including Prince Matternich of Austria who was a very powerful figure in the talks, Viscount from Britain, Prince Hardenberg of Prussia and Alexander Tsar of Russia. France was represented by Talleyrand, who in the end of the conference managed to save France from its adversaries through his diplomatic approaches. Before the conference had started, delegates of the four powers that who had won the war were planning to exclude France from crucial negotiations. But Talleyrand managed to insert herself in the first month by rallying behind the committee of eight less powerful nations and using it to make himself part of the key negotiators (Frieden, 2010). Deliberations of the conference led to restoration of French territories and even larger than it was before 1789 because it was in the interest of the powers represented in the conference. Apart from changing politics in France, revolutions that were experienced in France spilt to other countries and threatened the institution of monarchy in states that had not experienced rebellion. It therefore meant that, giving the European monarchies a lot powers would lead to the return of monarchy in France. The British believed that restoring France would be necessary to balance power among European countries so as to prevent any one country from becoming dominant in terms of power over the other. Interest of Russians would also be addressed by restoring the French government because it would lead to balance of power from its west including Prussia, Austria and France itself. This diplomatic victory was very important to the French despite the fact that it had weak military and little resources to support their negotiation power. Through the ability of his negotiations and intelligence, Talleyrand ma
Introduction The number of people who use social media is increasing every day, creating more opportunities for entrepreneurs, marketers, social activists, journalists, and environmentalists among others to reach a wide audience and share their views, products, or ideas. The new practice of socializing via social media allows for building new types of relationships between people, and this phenomenon is actively used by activists to make their ideas attractive to the public and share them with the help of social networks (Bhui & Ibrahim 2013; Harlow & Guo 2014). There are certain limitations and possibilities associated with appropriating social media for activism, and the purpose of this case study is to analyze these limitations and possibilities concerning the Vinegar Protests in Brazil that took place in June 2013 (Lapa & Cardoso 2016). It is important to examine how the theory explains the use of social media for activism and how it was used to promote the Vinegar movement in Brazil. Therefore, in this case, study, the issue of appropriating social media for activism will be discussed concerning the relevant literature, and the Brazilian protests will be analyzed. Social Media Appropriated for Activism: Theoretical Discussion Today, the topic of social media appropriation is actively debated by researchers because more cases of using social networks for mobilization of the public are appearing each year. This development identifies social media appropriation as an important phenomenon and a concept that needs to be discussed in detail (Hemmi & Crowther 2013). In addition to defining the associated terms and discussing relevant issues, it is also necessary to critically evaluate the literature and theories that explain the use of alternative media for social mobilization. Definitions of Terms Social media can be defined as all technologies, online platforms, and social network sites that are used for sharing ideas, opinions, personal information, photographs, videos, audio recordings, texts, and experiences with the help of messages, communities, and blogging (Lapa & Cardoso 2016; Murthy 2018). From this point of view, social media include such platforms and websites as Facebook and MySpace that are used as social networks, YouTube for sharing videos, Twitter for micro-blogging, Wikipedia for sharing content, or Instagram for sharing photographs and other visual materials among other types. According to Russell and Echchaibi (2009), all these platforms provide people with opportunities to find friends, join communities, and share certain visions or opinions. As a result, social media provide significant tools for exchanging different types of ideas, slogans, and calls to action. To understand how people can use social media for activism, it is also necessary to focus on the concept of collective or community action. Following Harlow and Guo (2014), collective action is associated with the combin
Introduction Towards the end of the eighteenth century, Romanticism was mostly used to portray novel thoughts in literature and painting. However, musicians adopted the word to define their musical style and composition. Romantic musicians evoked emotions in their music. The emotions had a substantial impact on the perceived listeners. Romantic music was not entirely about love and passion; it was also characterized with negative connotation such as hate feelings. Nationalism, emotionalism, subjectivity and pragmatic composition defined romantic music. Distinguished composers of the romantic period included Gioacchino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn, among others. Robert Schumann stands out as a unique writer during this time. He was the first composer to venture into the souls and minds of young children, although others had tried and failed. In this paper, the writer focuses on Robert Schumann in exploring Romantic era. The author observes that Schumann redefined Romantic era music in various ways. He crafted his compositions with originality, incorporated literary devices in his music and widely embraced themes and vocals to differentiate his songs from other composers. To date, most of the Romantic songs are being studied by scholars in institutions of higher learning. Besides, their songs attract many listeners across the globe to date. Robert Schumann Schumann was a Romantic music composer of German origin. He began the musical career at a tender age of seven when he felt love for music. This love made him compose his songs. Under the influence of his father, a novelist, publisher and a bookseller, Schumann’s interest in literature increased. He, therefore, juggled between music and literature (Burkholder and Claude 70). Undoubtedly, this was a demonstration of his mastery in embracing literary ambition in his future music career. According to Burkholder and Claude (77), Schumann innovatively crafted his composition with originality using canons of Viennese classicism and emulating exceptional legends of classical romanticism. Composing music only for piano, he began composing on other genres in preceding years. His compositions imitated and modeled the works of Beethoven. These approaches enabled him to craft multifarious piano sounds. In some occasions, he creatively expanded sonata form by rearranging character pieces in cycles. In his songs, the piano characteristically and independently stands out in depicting his poetic inspirations. His composition widely encompassed narrative techniques which previously belonged exclusively to literature. These aspects of composition made him unique from the rest of the composers who embraced the traditional methods of music composition. Schumann incorporate
Introduction JetBlue was founded as a small entrepreneurial company. Authority was centralized with the CEO having making almost all decisions. Delegation of power was almost non-existent. The CEO basically controlled all operations at the firm. Since its inception, the CEO cultivated the entrepreneurial spirit which saw the company grow tremendously but at the same time reflecting the original image of a small low-cost airline. At JetBlue, the CEO has cultivated a culture of being unique; standing out from the competitors. Being a low-cost airline, it itself does not offer the uniqueness since there are others in the category. What made it unique was the high quality of passenger services and comfort. The company CEO always insisted on three things: low-cost, great product and capitalization. With this experience, talent and expertise, Neeleman saw the company’s profit grow tremendously and this success may have contributed to the growth of the uniqueness culture. It is not easy to operate in the low-cost range and yet offer high quality services. This made the company’s strategy difficult to imitate and hence it stood out. Strategic Change Goals of the new Project There are two major goals in this project: first is Enacting growth in a cost effective manner while, at the same time, maintaining the entrepreneurial culture. Second is to maintain the image of a low-cost airline that is Jet Blue. Ethical issues and Social responsibility Jet Blue’s business is in an industry where ethicality is a key issue to be considered direct interaction with the customers, calls for good moral values and integrity. The airline is an entity in itself and should be given a personality. The personality of the airline is reflected in its employees. In the case study, when the CEO apologized to the passengers who suffered the impact of flight delays, he did so on behalf of the company. This shows that the company values its customers and will not wish to inconvenience them. The move to compensate customers and give them a free full round trip in addition to the profuse apologies was another way to bring out the ethical nature of JetBlue. It is in best Interest to accept one’s mistake and rectify than to point a blaming finger on someone else. JetBlue knew this too well and hence had the courtesy to agree that the flight ought to have been cancelled like in the other airlines; and instead of blaming it on the bad weather, JetBlue apologized and made it up for the stranded customers. This goes along way in building customer trust and in return earns their loyalty. As a social being, JetBlue faces the responsibility of ensuring the wellbeing of those that it interacts with. The first thing that is n
Abstract It has been more than a decade since first commercial flight and the Airbus A380has not experienced the success once thought it would. Many airlines have retired the A380 and opted for smaller planes for various reasons. However, it is unknown why the production of the plane has stopped. This research is conducted to find out the reasons behind the failure of the production of Airbus A380. Three methods of data collection, that is using documents and records from the company, survey and interview, were used. For the survey, one hundred and twenty participants agreed to be involved and three others for the interview. After analysing the data, some of the reasons behind the failure include inaccurate predictions, size, as well as its inefficiency. With the current situation of the fuel prices and reduced number of passengers, having a plane that uses four engines is not economical. Introduction Airbus Company decided to come up with a spacious plane model named Airbus A380. Throughout the entire world and among all aircrafts ever constructed, it is ranked as the largest. In 1990, with the intention of fighting for the market share with Boeing 747, the company announced its intentions of coming up with the plane. To start the process, it launched more than ten billion programme ten years later. The initial model was revealed in 2005 in Toulouse with its first flight in the same year. Issues with the electrical wiring resulted in a 2-year delay plus the development cost rose to eighteen billion pounds. The company received its certificate from EASA as well as the United States Federal Aviation Administration in 2006. The aircraft was delivered to Singapore Airlines as the first delivery in 2007 and started service a few days later after delivery. The production of the aircraft climaxed at thirty annually in 2012 as well as 2014. Nevertheless, the company admits that the twenty-five billion dollars it invested in the project cannot be recovered. Airbus announced in early 2019 that production of the aircraft would end in 2021 after last delivery to Emirates. More than a decade after first air travel for commercial purposes, several airline companies have opted for stopping the use of the A380 plus its production is no longer going on. In spite of the plane being spoken so highly of as compared to others including the Boeing 747, it has remained unsuccessful in the market. Apart from focusing on the plane alone, it is essential to identify the issues that hinder the air travel sector and thus airlines. Understanding the issues can help in pinpointing the root cause behind the issue of Airbus A380. The air transport industry is huge and supports so many people working as staff of various airline companies. It also contributes a large portion to the world economy. Regardless of the many challenges until the COVID-19 pandemic emerged, it was on the path to success. It is correct to claim that even though the pandemic adversely affected t
The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin is the example of the human understanding of several hidden desires and the hidden character during one hour. It should be mentioned that the story is the discussion of the reaction to the event and the characteristics of one hour in the life of Louise Mallard. The story is too short to point at several serous problems, however, it depicts the main idea of human essence, desires and the loss of those desires. Louise Mallard is a person who being informed about the death of her husband was in grief but several minutes later she understood that the death of this person raised the feelings of joy and freedom in her, while several hours later she died of a heart attack because she has already created a reality in her mind without a husband, she understood how great she felt free and all her dreams were ruined when it appeared that she was mistaken. The news that Louise Mallard’s husband was dead frustrated her. She could not think about anything but the death of a person who she loved, “When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone” (Chopin n.p.). It characterizes Louise Mallard as a person who understands her place in the society. Moreover, it shows Louise Mallard as a woman who praises and honors the rules and traditions and who is ready to follow the basic laws of life. However, this feeling lasted for several minutes until she understood that she appeared to be “Free! Body and soul free!” (Chopin n.p.). It seems that having got the greatest joy a person was put before the reality, the reality which she could not overcome. Some people may say that the expression of the joy because of the death of the husband characterizes Louise Mallard as a cruel and heartless, still this is not true. The unexpected change of the moos shows that this woman was too devoted to the person who restricted her in everything, who made her to be afraid of him. This shows the woman as aweak personality. That is why she was too frustrated at first and only then when she understood that there is nothing to be afraid of, that he can freely express her feeling she became brave and expressed her real feelings. However, she still was weak, that is why she failed to accept the news that her husband was alive. This good news for everyone made her suffer as she understood in a send that she would never live in the world she had already created in her mind. Therefore, it should be concluded that people are able to feel something just because they are to feel it, because the society has intruded them to feel it. Louise Mallard could not accept the death of her husband as the society is sure that people are to be sorry for the death of their couples. However, when Louise Mallard understood what relief the death of this person brought to her she felt nothing but joy. This is exactly the reason why she died, her dreams were ruined. Being a weak person, Louise Mallard suffered greatly and could not