ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A description of jail’s place in corrections and its role throughout history The jails have an important role to play in the corrections and criminal justice system. Jails are significant in controlling the ever-rising populations of offenders within the country. Those in charge of conserving peace must keep the offenders put on provisional confinement in their jurisdictional control safe. Also, sheriffs throughout the nation are mandated to confine those who have been sent to the county jails for periods that take not more than twelve months. In as much as the jails are designed to hinder many people from ever being taken to the prisons, some are contracted with other government institutions to incarcerate people who have been convicted of crimes temporarily. Individuals convicted in various offenses normally of a higher degree than general misdemeanors are at times detained in jails because of the full capacities that have already been recorded at the state as well as federal stages. If by chance such detention centers were unavailable in the counties of the United States of America, then there would certainly abound more expensive options to ferry criminals to central sites. During the time that criminals are in jails, it offers the judicial system the chance and opportunity of establishing who deserves a move to prison. A summary of the history of state and federal prisons In as much as the state and federal prisons in the United States of America may at times detain certain individuals for similar offenses, both prison systems are similar although several differences abound which make each type special on its own. Normally, in the federal prisons and system, individuals are detained for lengthy periods. In addition, the federal prisons are mostly likened to white collar offenders while state prisons are associated with blue collar offenses. The state prisons have been in place as early as 1800. This started with the construction of a prison known as Sing Sing prison. This is one of the historic state prisons that still stand to date. The state prison system is made up of an amalgamation of a collection of smaller prisons that detain a larger part of the United States prison numbers. From the time the state prisons were created, the country has faced a large population growth (Douglas, 2005). In the United Sta
Introduction The thought process of individuals is shaped by the environment in which they live in. hostile socialization in the environment can make an individual be erratic and hostile with violent criminal activities emerging. On the contrary, good environmental socialization could result in a positive self-esteem that leads to a positive social perception. Due to the interaction with the external environment, there are many perceptions that act concurrently to influence an individual’s way of functioning as discussed in this paper. Impact of the World Perception on the Thought Process The world around us forms the external environment in which one lives in. The presentation of the world is in different ways with some people perceiving the world as either hostile or friendly. However, the perception of the world depends on the environment in which one lives in. A person living in poor conditions means that the person is socialized by harsh environmental conditions implying that the ethos and experiences are harsh (Lynn, Ruble & Szkrybalo, 2002). Such experiences are likely to affect the person with the impact being felt on the self esteem of the person. The individual can end up perceiving him/herself negatively while viewing the world as unfriendly thereby ending up being err
Introduction Technology has become essential in education as teachers are finding it more effective to adopt and apply certain technological principles in the learning process. This essay addresses the issue of technology in education by summarizing a scholarly article on the subject and synthesizing the impact of technology in education. Summary of the Article In their 2009 survey, Klopfer et al. (2009) discussed how games and simulations are applied in various fields including medicine, business, government and science in promoting and improving service delivery. Although the technologies have been mainly applied in training of employees at various levels, the authors affirmed that these tools are equally useful in classroom teaching and other educational procedures. Besides their description on how technology had transformed humanity, they argued that some people have remained reluctant to adopting certain technological ideas (Klopfer et al., 2009). Some of these technologies are social media networks which most education stakeholders believe may cause security challenges to schools and other learning institutions. The scholars mainly focused on how digital gaming, social media networks and computer simulations had impacted the education system. Through background information, they emphasized that the three technologies had undergone a series of transformations. In addition, they explored major cognitive effects of the above mentioned technologies in the education system as many schools continue to adopt them. In ensuring fair research details, they explored some of the challenges which had been experienced in applying technology in education. Lastly, the scholars described the future of these technologies in education (Klopfer et al., 2009). Impact of the technologies According to Klopfer et al. (2009), digital gaming had become quite common in the United States with over forty five million homes playing these games. The games have particular characteristics like rules, objectives, feedback and competition which impact learners with skills. With their familiarity among students and parents, learners find digital games easier and compatible when they are applied in the classroom for learning purposes (Klopfer et al., 2009). Most games create an environment which allows learners to grasp certain skills that are quite fundamental in and outside the classroom. Some of these skills are: conflict resolution, appreciation of group work and embracing apprenticeship programs
Introduction The government’s National Strategy for Homeland Security was enacted in 2002, providing way for the establishment of a new Department of Homeland Security. It was formed mainly to safeguard the states’ infrastructure such as transport, communication and medical facilities. The bill created the department that would be in charge of evaluating the dangers and other catastrophes to the state’s infrastructure. The suggestion had the new department charged with expansively assessing the susceptibility of America’s vital infrastructure, as well as foodstuff and water arrangements, farming, health structures and disaster services. The bill also sought to address issues of data collection and telecommunications in general, banking and investment, power resources such as electricity, nuclear energy, gasoline and lubricants. While operating with state and limited administrators, other centralized organizations, and the clandestine subdivision, the proposal had the aimed at assisting the department to come up with suitable measures to care for high-risk targets (Jay, 2002). Information allocation between civic and secretive units concerning terrorism and susceptibility to critical infrastructures was an essential element of the President’s plan, which was consequently initiated through a suggestion as HR 5005, the Homeland Security Act of 2002. Section 204 of HR 5005 avoided infrastructure susceptibility information from leaking under the sovereignty of Information Act (5 USC § 552). The bill acknowledged that information given willingly by non-federal units or persons that concerns with infrastructure susceptibility or other exposure to bombing and is or has been in ownership of the subdivis
Introduction Research is a very important function in improving health standards. This is because it helps in providing new knowledge that is used in the development of innovative ways of treating diseases. Behavioural research particularly helps in studying the behaviour of patients as well as medical practitioners. As such, new effective methods of handling patients are developed. However, health research is associated with various risks and ethical issues. It is therefore important that those carrying out the research be aware of the risks involved and ethical standards that they ought to adhere to. The risks and the ethical issues are mostly related to participants whereby they need to be informed of the risks involved (Cash &World Health Organization, 2009). Ethical Issues in the Study There are various ethical issues involved in the study. First there will be conflict of interest whereby nurses might be tempted to over-stretch themselves in order that they make more money. This is opposed to the research objectives of determining their limit and coordination abilities. This is because some may even try to hide their ineffectiveness so that they can continue to work for more hours and make more money. Secondly, the participants’ informed consent was not obtained. The patients and the nurses need to be provided with sufficient information that they can comprehend and make informed decision. Thirdly, there is lack of respect for human dignity, as the patients are treated as objects of research. Carrying out research without informing the patients of what is to be done on them amounts to lack of respect. Fourthly, the principle of nonmaleficence was not adhered to, because the patients are likely to be harmed by fatigued nurses during the research. Therefore, the research has not taken measures to minimize the risks (Polit & Beck, 2007). Recommendations of an IRB Reviewer As an IRB reviewer, I would not allow the research to go on as described because of the following reasons. First, there are other less risky ways in which the research can be carried out as opposed to the way it is currently described. Secondly, the risks involved have not been explained to the participants so that their consent is obtained. Thirdly, there are no measures put up to prevent the nurses from straining in an attempt to make more money (Polit & Beck, 2007). Alternative Ways of Ethically Carrying Out the Research There are ways in which the study can be conducted
Introduction Competent and responsible leadership in the field of nursing is a pledge not only for effective work of junior medical personnel but also for positive patient outcomes. Different aspects of the activity should be observed in order to successfully control subordinates’ performance and not to make mistakes that could adversely affect the treatment process. To analyze the specifics of work in the leadership position in the field of nursing, the activity of the representative of this sphere will be considered. The subject of the study is Suraida Mula Guiamla who is a skilled, talented and professionally registered nurse with fifteen years of extensive experience in providing quality care to patients. Her work will be evaluated from three perspectives – strategic planning, conflict management, and the proper organization of working time. The goal of the paper is to determine which approaches are most successful in order to achieve a competent implementation of these three components of successful leadership. It is supposed that experience and the desire to professionally perform immediate duties are the primary criteria for the effectiveness of nursing practice. Person’s Roles and Functions In the process of working as a nurse, it is essential to strive to improve performance results since this criterion is one of the indicators of the quality of care and the professionalism of employees. In order to provide patients with full-fledged assistance, it is significant for a medical specialist to be able to not only perform immediate duties but also to take on the role of leader if necessary. In the case of Suraida Mula Guiamla, her experience gives her an opportunity to correctly apply all the available knowledge in practice and supervise the activities of her colleagues, independently achieving performance success. One of the integral conditions of the specialist’s work is the ability to strategically plan the range of tasks and focus on the most urgent of them. This approach to work deserves particular attention and will be discussed from the position of the considered registered nurse. Strategic Planning One of the conditions for strategic planning, as Suraida Mula Guiamla notes, is the fulfillment of the standards specified by specific boards. Nursing practice is not an area where it is possible to improvise and apply many different theories to achieve a positive result. According to Haythem (2015), “the strategic plan establishes the basic nature and direction of the organization,” and the registered nurse confirms that following the standards established by the Accreditation bod
In the four centuries following Columbus’ arrival in America, European Settlers started showing interest in the lands that were neighboring them. They wanted to expand their territories. The settlers had to do convince themselves as well as other people that it was right, so they offered a number of justifications for conquest and territorial expansion. Most of these justification statements were made by the people who had visited the lands earlier. This essay looks at the explanations that were given by the Columbus, Edward Waterhouse, Mary Rowland and James Bowlin, as they tried to justify the claim that they had to claim the lands they visited. In his first encounter with Spanish in 1493, Christopher Columbus thought that there was need for authority from the Queen’s land to be exercised on Spain. He had a report that supported the expansion of territory saying that it was the right thing for the Spanish. According to his description, he said that the Spanish were too generous to refuse the offer if it were to be presented even if they were not given anything in return. The generosity of the Spanish was only evident in people who would serve several highnesses, among them the Queen of England, and of course, God. So it was suitable for the development of the Christian religion. He perceived the Spanish as weak people who did not seem like they would even try to defend themselves. He says that they were the most coward people he had ever seen. He even refers to their lack of weapons, by dismissing what they had as reed stems that had sharp stakes. He described the way Spain was full of good things: It is a lovely country that has beautiful beaches, nice plantations and many gold mines and other mineral resources. While he acknowledges that he found people there and that they were generous, he says that they need to be taken care of because the people there are likely to destroy the beautiful land. Columbus reinforces this claim by giving an introduction that would make the listener assume that the level of primitivism among the Spanish was so high. He said that they all walked naked; from adults to children, and that the men looked like it would take them a very short time to destroy the island and beautiful beaches. Columbus also assumes that the Spanish were so naïve that the few tokens he gave them had already given them a preconceived assumption that there is going to be only generosity from the Settlers. What he forgot was that the Spanish had been living on this land from time immemorial and survived. While Columbus explained that the expanding of the territory was to save the land of Spain and that it was for the good of the Spanish, Edward Waterhouse’s reason for the expansion was revenge. He recounts the events of an Indian attack on the Virginia Settlement where he was in 1622. His argument about the reason why
Summary The article under analysis is devoted to channels of marketing outside a country’s borders, the processual issues pertaining to market control, and the role that is attributed to the head office – subsidiary relations of a global establishment (Grewal et al. 378-398). Key issues The overarching issue discussed in this article is the way the global organization subsidiaries that are located in other countries balance the directives issued by head offices and the local realities. The authors explore and render an account of the output and control mechanisms employed by such subsidiaries. They also create a conceptual framework of the interdependent practices moderating these mechanisms. These include goal coordination across the controlled firms, consensus-driven decision-making, and relationship conflict resolution. The authors regard these practices through the lens of a contradiction in theory regarding such relationships. One viewpoint is that formal control can upholster the performance of the subsidiaries by increasing transparency, goal-alignment, and responsibility. The other argues that control mechanisms are ineffective because the subsidiaries are likely to get reactive to whatever is imposed on them. The authors hypothesize that the extent to which the headquarters’ control influences the subsidiaries depends on the circumstances. Major points of the article Most importantly, the authors suggest that multinational corporations should stop governing their subsidiaries generically; colloquially speaking, they imply that there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach to such governance. They base this assumption on another important point: that the relationships existing between the headquarters and the subsidiaries depend on the latter’s location and culture. Additionally, the country of the headquarters also has its role in the relationships: the discrepancy in country-specific values can result in a conflict. Minor points of the article The authors select several countries and dwell upon the enlisted main points in relation to the relationships existing between these countries’ headquarter establishments and their controlled firms abroad. As subjects of their field study, they explore the German and Japanese businesses operating in the U.S. and demonstrate exactly how the control mechanisms can either improve or exacerbate the operations of their subsidiaries. For instance, the Japanese are said to base their conduct on pyramid
Introduction Founded in 1923, Walt Disney has grown to be the world’s largest animation company (Watts, 2013). From the humble beginnings of an entertainment company that started in the 20 th century, Walt Disney has been able to develop a reputable brand in the family entertainment business. Certainly, for more than nine decades, Disney World has been able to provide quality entertainment, not only for its customers in the US, but around the world as well. With its growing success, Walt Disney has become a multifaceted conglomerate that has developed deep roots in the entertainment industry. The company has about five main business enterprises that include “media networks, parks and resorts, studio entertainment, consumer products and interactive media” (Watts, 2013, p. 5). The company’s niche has been on content innovation and the adoption, or introduction, of new technologies (Watts, 2013). According to the vision of the company’s founder, Mr. Disney, most of the company’s activities have focused on fulfilling the vision of the founder, which is to position the company as a leader in the creation of “fun” entertainment (Johnson, 2011). This paper provides a critical evaluation of the company’s activities by focusing on the structures and pillars of its human resource strategy. Through this analysis, the attraction of high quality employees, excellent customer service, and the focus on the company’s profitability surfaces as the main factors outlining the company’s human resource strategy. These findings manifest through an understanding of how Walt Disney has been able to merge its human resource strategies with its business culture and values. Comprehensively, this paper explores the main pillars of Disney’s corporate culture and human resource strategy to establish the successes and failures of the company’s plan. However, first, this paper explores Walt Disney’s industry, competitors and key customers Industry, Competitors, and Key Customers Walt Disney is an industry leader in the media industry. The company’s market share is strong, especially considering the fact that the company enjoys a significant market share in the movie, television, and theme park industries. Considering Walt Disney is an entertainment industry, its main competitors are similar entertainment companies such as News Corporation, Time Warner Inc., and NBC Universal Media, LLC (Hoover’s Inc, 2013). Many researchers say Walt Disney has a strong competitive advantage because it has a strong growth potential and financial performance (Wall Street Journal, 2013). For example, when comparing the financial performance of Walt Disney and Time Warner, both companies offer mild dividend yields of about 1.5% and 2% respectively, but Time Warner cannot match Disney’s ability to generate free cash through its diversified business segments (Wall Street Journal, 2013). Nonetheless, Walt Disney experiences stiff competition in film production and network services because of the existence of other strong cable network companies (especially premium network companies such a
Introduction In the book “Dereliction of Duty” H.R.McMaster provides us with a stunning examination of the reasons why the U.S became absorbed in the Vietnam War. This book is comprehensive and well-studied personal accounts of vital meetings, conflicts and resolutions of what occurred and the reasons why they occurred. In this book, the writer identifies the policies and resolutions made by key officials of President Johnson’s administration that led America to be sucked into the War. McMaster talks about how U.S direct involvement in Vietnam War was due to the crucial role played by the civilian leadership and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. McMaster argues that there were several contributing factors that led the United States to direct military involvement in the Vietnam War. He uncovers who made these resolutions and their intentions and as such he challenges earlier hypotheses by historians and pretexts of the key players on what led the U.S to be directly involved in this unwinnable War. These are some of the most important topics that will be discussed throughout the paper. Discussion “Dereliction of Duty” is a very detailed analysis of military strategies at the formative stages of the Vietnam War. It is a detailed personal account of what happened from 1963 to 1965 the period of war. During this period, the Johnson government made a variety of disastrous resolutions that led to the commitment of the United States ground armies that led to more than 50,000 deaths in the subsequent decade. One key factor that led to this loss as a consequence of the Vietnam War, as the writer observes, was the disagreement between the then US President Mr. Johnson, his secretary of defense, Mr. Robert McNamara, as well as the then Joint Chiefs of Staff on the war policy (P. 67). As a result of this disagreement, America’s leadership cheated its citizenry that it was good for the United States military to be directly involved with the Vietnam War. The author points out that it was due to the foolishness and lies of President Johnson’s government actions that the country got sucked in the unwinnable war. He thus exonerates the defense secretary’s story from the blame. McMaster portrays McNamara’s version of events as bigheaded, uninformed and shallow policy puppets who believed that they understood the Vietnam War more than the U.S army and hence they disregarded the Joint Chiefs of Staff’s input nearly in all key policy resolutions on the Vietnam War. McNamara’s advisers thought that all issues could be solved via investigation and statistics. Unfortunately, their formula failed to work and led to the death of