ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The capacity for an organisation to adapt to changing dynamics and effectively discharge duties to the society is dependent on the leadership within it. Such an understanding informs why effective military leadership is paramount for a resilient, dynamic, effective and ethical military. Many scholars are interested in designing parameters that can develop a framework for leadership suited for the military. On reviewing multiple studies on military leadership, my perspective of crucial elements required for an effective leadership within the military despite many challenges there is wider. Here, leadership must balance between adopting mechanisms that are useful for an effective accomplishment of missions within a supporting environment for the military without compromising core military ethics. What is military leadership? During an interview after retiring as the United States 29 th commandant, the famous General Al Gray (credited with implementing crucial changes that transformed the US military into a modern and effective fighting machine), summarised crucial aspects that must define leadership within the military (Bartone 2002, 494). Here, Al Gray talked about exerting a positive influence on the military through the use of selected actions as well as by example. Military leadership involves the use of suitable behaviours, personality, and actions that can align the overall behaviour of the military with mission goals without compromising the growth, wellbeing, and development of the military force (Bartone 2002, 494). Apart from strong mental and performance capabilities, an effective military leader must have a suitable personality that can expand the ability of the military force to do difficult tasks within challenging environments. As it will become clear, a military leader must inspire the military, as well as work within ethical standards (Bartone 2002, 490). The US military has in the recent past faced multiple challenges resulting from the shortage of resources and the changing dynamics of modern warfare. While the US government is tightening the military budget, potential threats to the US are on the increase (Charles et al. 2009, 4). As a result, military personnel overwork due to frequent deployments in places like Afghanistan where they face unseen enemies in an unconventional warfare (Charles et al. 2009, 4). As they face a highly challenging environment of operation, the US military personnel must develop resilience to complete missions within required goals. Several studies show that people who develop high resilience are more suited to deal with stressing environments than those with low resilience (Charles et al. 2009, 4). Highly resil
Introduction Erik Erikson is a proponent of Freud’s psychosexual development theory supporting Freudian elements of psyche and the concepts of Oedipal and Electra complexes as explanation of sexuality. In his theory of epigenetic psychosocial development of personality, he expanded the Freud’s psychosexual theory by introducing the aspect of society and culture and by adding the principle of epigenetic. Erikson postulates that the genesis of the personality development is from the innate characteristics of a child that are sequentially build through the eight stages of personality development under the influence of the society and culture. Erikson believes that personality development does not end at adolescence as depicted by Freud but it is a lifelong process. Each stage has an optimal time required for the ego to resolve a psychosocial crisis. The resolution of the psychosocial crises at the preceding stages cumulatively determines the personality. Proper resolution of the psychosocial crisis in each stage result into a personality virtue while poor resolution of the psychosocial crisis result into mal-adaptation and malignancy. Mal-adaptation and malignancy are the anomalies of imbalanced personalities that may occur at each stage. The malignancy is due to skewed ego resolution towards negative personality while mal-adaptation is due to the skewed ego resolution towards positive personality. Hence, the epigenetic psychosocial theory postulates how personality develops from the innate characteristics through into the adulthood by the consecutive and cumulative impacts of the society and culture. The Infant Stage This personality development occurs within the first two years of an infant, a stage known as oral-sensory stage. The psychosocial crisis here is between the trust and mistrust that depends on the perceived quality of the maternal care by the infant. Proper resolution and balance of the trust and mistrust by the ego, results into a virtue of faith and hope that gives an infant the qualities of patience and tolerance when the needs are not satisfied in time. These virtues are important in our future personalities, as they will help us “get through disappointments in love, our careers, and many other domains of life” (Boeree, 2006). Faith and hope will make us endure the hard circumstances we encounter in the society and our work places. Improper and imbalanced resolution of trust and mistrust by the ego will result into malignancy and mal-adaptation. Too much maternal care will result into “mal-adaptive tendency of sensory mal-adjustment” where an infant will trust anybody through into the adulthood without imagining of possible harm from the strangers. On the other hand, poor maternal care will result into “malignant tendency of withdrawal” where an infant develops mistrust, depression and psychosis way into the adulthood (Boeree, 2006).
Introduction For many years, Americans were fighting for their rights. This case does not refer only to adults, as lots of people think. The rights of students were also discussed for them not to be abused. Students’ First Amendment rights are based on several principles that refer to their freedom of expression. The Tinker Standard In the second half of the 20 th century, three teenagers put on black armbands, which influenced the First Amendment greatly. These were John Tinker, his sister, and friend who protested against the Vietnam conflict. Their actions triggered the appearance of the right to freedom of speech. Thus, the school authorities wanted to abolish such behavior and enacted a no-armband policy. The case came to trial, and the court supported school officials who believed that such actions would cause disturbances. Still, with time, another decision was made, and it was ruled that the fear of disturbance does not allow neglecting the right to freedom of expression (“Freedom of Speech in Public Schools” 149). Two principals were undertaken “the government must abstain from regulating speech when the specific motivating ideology or the opinion or perspective of the speaker is the rationale for the restriction” and “regulation of student speech is generally permissible only when the speech would substantially disrupt or interfere with the work of the school or the rights of other students” (“Morse v. Frederick” 4). The Fraser Standard The right to free speech and expression was also questioned in the case of Bethel v. Fraser . Fraser wanted to see one of his classmates as a representative of a student government. Still, his speech contained so many sexual references that it was thought to be inadmissible. To prove is opinion Fraser associated his ideas with Tinker’s. As the speech was rather vulgar for the educational setting, the court decided that the rights of adults in public places cannot be identic to those the students have in school. Thus, it was concluded that students have a right to be free in their expressions as far as their content meets the demands of the environment. In this way, teachers have the authority to forbid behavior, which stands against educational purposes (“Morse v. Frederick” 11). The Hazelwood Standard The controversies of Tinker and Fraser’s standards were examined when the principal in Hazelwood said to remove the articles about teen pregnancy and divorce from the school newspaper as she believed them to be inappropriate. Some personnel believed that these actions were not legitimate and challenged them in the court. Then it was ruled that the standards for school are to be higher than those for public publishers. A range of school-sponsored activities occurred to be under the influence of authority. Everything related to them can be changed including the style and content. The main point here is the fact that the actions of school authority are to be “reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns” (“Rights of Students” 24). Morse v. Frederick The principal of the high school, Morse, suspended a student from going to school. Fre
Introduction Some of the most interesting aspects of child development are the biosocial, cognitive and psychological development.Reading these aspects can be interesting, especially if you have a child who is still developing. In order to understand these aspects fully, scientists have come up with numerous theories to explain the development stages right from birth to adulthood. Although some people have widely criticized some of the theories, the truth of the matter is they address the various development stages we take the general based model to address the biosocial, cognitive, and psychological development of a six-year-old child. In trying to address these three paramount issues, the paper takes note of the extensive variations in what very many child development experts consider as “normal”. Some of the factors behind child development include family, cognitive, educational, and genetic. Depending on the suitability of these factors, children will reach certain stages at different times. However, this paper discusses development stages of a normal six-year-old child. This is simply because every child is unique and therefore, the development stages can vary with time and other factors (Rollercoaster, 2012, p.1). Six-year-old child In very many developed countries, six-year-old kids are conversant with school and kindergarten related activities. In other words, a child develops aggression towards independence in this year. However, the idea to separate from their parents is not something that they are in apposition to do no matter how independent they want to be. These kids are taking steps towards discovering the world they found themselves in som
Introduction The quality of a country’s healthcare system is determined by different criteria, including such factors as states’ costs for medical aid, access to care, and other aspects. In Saudi Arabia, considerable attention is paid to the development of this industry, and in comparison with some other powers, healthcare services in local cities have a higher potential. In order to analyse the quality of work in relation to promoting and maintaining the considered field, it is possible to use those demographic data that are freely available, in particular, age, gender, economic and education. This paper is aimed at identifying the features of the structure and work of emergency medical services in Saudi Arabia and policies that are designed to monitor the activities of the healthcare sector. Saudi Arabia’s and Riyadh’s Basic Situation in Terms of the Population Demographic Characteristics The demographic situation in the country is favourable for the development of the healthcare industry. According to the official data of 2019, the population of Saudi Arabia is 34.14 million people (GMI Blogger 2016, para. 3). The number of people living in Riyadh, the capital of the country, is 7.7 million people ( Riyadh Population 2019, para. 7). In terms of the gender structure of society, the ratio of males and females is about the same. According to GMI Blogger (2016, para. 14), today, there are “18.76 million men and 14.33 women” in the country, and based on the total population in the state, the ratio of males and females is 56.69% and 43.31%, respectively. Concerning age characteristics, Saudi Arabia is rather a young state since the overwhelming number of people (47%) is in the age from 25 to 54, and residents over 65 constitute the smallest category (1.1 million) (GMI Blogger 2016, para. 15). In general, as GMI Blogger (2016, para. 17) notes, over the past ten years, the country’s population has grown by almost 8 million. This indicates a significant increase and a favourable family-oriented state policy. Education The country’s educational system is closely intersected with religion since the study of Islam is one of the key topics of preparing pupils for adult life. Today, state university students may obtain a degree in vir
Introduction to the organization For any institution to work properly, it needs an information system set up. This is so because the company has to coordinate all the activities at a central point or on a distributed system that can be audited. Management information systems (MIS) are methods of using technology to help organizations manage people and make decisions efficiently. Management information systems are used by managers to assemble and evaluate information about various aspects of the business such as employees, sales, accounts, production or other pertinent factors. Every company needs to enumerate its employees. In this regard, it prompts it have a management information system in place. Previously, these companies used to have things like ledger books and books for logging into work. These traditional methods were so much flawed such that, it was difficult to recognize duplicates in the records. Sometimes the company would pay what is commonly known as ‘ghost workers’. Ghost workers are nonexistent workers in the employees’ payroll but they do not exist physically. This means that the company remits wages or salaries to people who do not actually work in these institutions. The situation was very pathetic because a blacklisting mechanism was difficult to implement. Another area where there was massive error was in the books of accounts. In most cases, large companies had problems of balancing books of accounts because the work was too much and it was done manually. Sometimes, there was demand for work to be shared among a group of accountants who may not accept responsibility of a mistake for example, in the balance sheet. With the invention of personal computers and other information technology tools, the companies had to develop a proper information technology system that would handle the work of the organization and reduce the errors that were experienced previously.
Introduction Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are psychiatric disorders that affect youths especially in the adolescent stage. Although the two disorders have different classification, they have similar causative agents, signs and symptoms, which can lead to misdiagnosis. However, a severe schizophrenia disorder may be similar to bipolar disorder especially when the victims experience mental disturbances. Bipolar disorder This psychiatry disorder alters the patient’s perception of normal occurrences hence increasing their temperamental levels. The cause is either through familial characteristics (genetic), psychological or environmental issues. Genetically, an alteration in the serotonin, dopamine and glutamate genes may be the cause of the disease. However, due to inveterate inconsistent in clinical research on the condition, the real genes that affect the motor neurons in the brain are yet to be established. Alternatively, an individual with peculiar genes may be susceptible to the disorder (Serretti and Mandelli 743). The peculiar genes occur due to mutations especially in children born to old parents. Psychologically, “an alteration and dysfunction in the brain regions like globus pallidus, prefrontal cortex and the hypothalamus in the pituitary axis elevates stress” (Koehler 5). The organelle mitochondrion is the cause of high-energy production leading to stress. Additionally, psychic trauma incurred during childhood eventually lead to stress. Awful ordeals like rape, fights amongst parents and frequent corporal punishment may lead to bipolar disorder especially in adulthood. Therefore, the close interactions of genetic, psychological and environmental factors lead to severe cases of bipolar disorder. Symptoms A series of mood changes accompanies bipolar disorder hence altering the normal behavior of an individual. Often, one sign leads to the other; for instance, depression may lead to mania then hypomania and finally a combination of the first signs. The depression stage manifests itself through insomnia, anger, loneliness coupled with unhappiness and eventually a feeling of guilty. Hallucinatory episodes and painful feeling may lead to temptation of committing suicide. Due to dysfunction of the mitochondria, high energy levels lead to mania. Similarly, insomnia is frequent. Victims decide to abuse drugs and become alcoholic as a way to curb the disorder hence reduces the depression levels. Hypomania is not severe in that the patient appears normal and may deny being in depression. Psychiatrists are usually unable to diagnose a patient at this stage. However, individuals have a decrease in memory levels hence poor recalling abilities. Surprisingly, this stage can be unnoticed, which makes the victim to have severe disorder. A combination of the mania and depression can lead to severe
Introduction Choosing between contracting methods is not an easy task, since the fate of the entire project is in the hands of the person who decides what contract methods are to be used. It is important that the contract method predetermine the number of future costs for the project (Rowings, 2000). Taking a closer look at the two key types of contracting methods, one can possibly define the most efficient one. In their article titled Cost analysis between SABER and Design Bid Build contracting methods , Henry and Brothers specify the key positive aspects and the downsides of each contracting method to figure out whether one of these methods is more efficient than another one. Main Body The given problem might seem somewhat far-fetched; indeed, the existing two methods have taken the time test, and it has been proven that each of the models offers a good framework for a business project and helps take into account the costs and revenues of a specific project rather efficiently. While one of the methods in question presupposes dealing with the costs after the project has been completed, and the second one involves speculations about the future incomes and costs, they both have a legitimate theory to ground on. However, Henry and Brothers not only manage to prove that the issue in question remains essential for business development to solve but also prove that the DBB approach is more profitable than the SABER: “In general, the DBB project had a greater total construction cost, ranging from $999,709 to #23,436 with a cost/m 2 range of $1952.50 to $57.10” (Henry & Brothers, 2001, 364). To consider the advantages and the disadvantages of both SABER and Design Bid Built contrasting methods, Henry and Brothers develop a very peculiar research methodology of their own. Starting with an introduction to the DBB and SABER, the researchers specify the differences between the two and analyze the effect that each method will have in an abstract business situation. As Henry and Brothers explain, the key problem with the DBB method is that with the minimum requirements, the result may appear very poor. As for the SABER method, it suffers from a number of limitations. The positive aspect of the SABER is that it presupposes “longer terms of relationships of the contract” (Henry & Brothers, 2001, 360). In its turn, the use of the SABER contracting method can be justified by the fact that it is based on a “familiar method of contracting” (Henry & Brothers, 2001, 360). Conclusion With the help of an efficient research method and a clear definition of the research problem, Henry and Brothers manage to come up with a solution that can satisfy the manager of a project perfectly. Moreover, the authors of the article offer a very fresh look at the problem. It will be wrong to deny that the given article has no limitations and flaws, as well as to assume that the information offered in the research conducted in 2002 has not been dated yet. Nevertheless, it is worth admitting
The members of Congress have many roles. These include legislation and representation. As a member of Congress, my role when it comes to service delivery for purposes of national interest and local interests of my constituents, remain limitless (Grill 64). Since each member of Congress has a different home representing different people and different geographical locations, the problems that affect the people are unique to that area. In Washington D.C, my main role is formulating laws. Drafting a piece of legislation starts from the committees and sub-committees. In this small setting in the house, real work is scrutinized (Goehlert 255). As a member of the Congress, I would first fight to be a member and executive of as many committees as possible. This would enable me to have enormous influence on the legislation policy proposals. Besides, I would also establish contacts within the house for me to effectively represent the local interests of my constituents on the floor of the house. Being a member of many committees would also give me a chance to attend as many house sessions. This would give me an opportunity to participate and make decisions more often on the floor of the house. On election to Congress, one’s role is delegation (Grill 35). This leaves me with no choice but to always vote according to the wishes of the majority of my constituents. Interaction with other members, politicians, on the floor of the house, and in committee and sub-committee meetings and in extension, private, informal settings opens opportunities for debates, persuasion and compromise of bills and development agendas. Delegation of duties will also be important so that other Congressional staff may act on my behalf, particularly attending to issues of my constituents. I would come up with policies and guidelines to fulfil my promises and do my duties.I would also appoint appropriate staff to assist me carry out these tasks. As a Congressman, one should always strike a balance between national interest and local interests at home when debating on the floor of the house (Eccleston 102). I would maintain an office in my district fully equipped with staff and resources to effectively handle any requests from the constituents. These staff would act on my behalf. I would also organize district meeting strategies. This would ensure that I meet most of the constituents, know them on personally and answer their questions. This strategy would help me solve problems in the district and to maintain a link with the people I would be representing in Washington D.C. As an active member of the committees and sub-committees, I would introduce laws and policies that would ensure that I handle issues affecting my district. Those issues would include; infrastructure, health and education. That would directly benefit my constituents. A member of the Congress should at least take home ‘bacon’ (Rosenblatt 110). Money should also be raised through noble government policies for spending in the local projects (LeVert 124). As a member of the Congress, one has a duty to oversee the provision of the money and its proper expenditure for tangible