ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Stratification is the act of arranging people into social classes. This would categorically place people into various classifications depending on factors and conditions around their lives. The classifications could range from financial status, education to politics. This paper seeks to discuss social stratification system in the United States in relation to economic status of individuals. The paper will look at the characteristics of economic status at each class and contribution of economic status to social stratification. Social Stratification System in the United States Social stratification is a common aspect of human life all over the world. The major social classes that are equivalently evident in the United States of America are the upper class, the middle class and the lower class. The classes play a major role in defining peoples’ lives both in the current and the future times. Social stratification arises when inaccessibility to “resources, services and positions in a society” (Kerbo 10) varies and the general system dictates opportunities. It is also important to note that stratification only exist when there are regulations pertaining to the accessibilities of social amenities (Kerbo 10). Economic Status Economic status is one of the aspects generating the social classes. Others are prestige and political power. All these aspects seems to have a degree of association for example, it has been noted that wealthy people stand higher opportunities up the political ladder than the ones in poverty. Economic inequality was established in the United States as much as other industrialized countries by the early years of 1980s. Also important in the classification criteria are factors like education. On top of the social class, the upper class is however dominated by descending generations of former elite. The economic basis classifies people into upper class of the economy’s top earners, middle class and the lower class of the relatively poor people of the economy (Kerbo 55). Upper Class According to Morton (2009), the upper class consists of just about 1.4 percent of the American population. Most of the members of this class inherited their wealth while others have acquired it through investments (Morton 1). The class however small by percentage composition of the American population, own about 25% of the economy. This class, being exceptionally rich, lives in extravagance as regards their homesteads and their social places. They also have the privilege of affording their children the best schools in America (Cliff 1). The Middle Class The second class in the ladder is the middle class. It consists of educated professionals ranging from secretaries to teachers all the way to the highly educated people like “businessmen, doctors, lawyers, stockbrokers and CEOs” (Cliffs 1). This group has a relatively average income (Cliffs 1). In the American economy about 30% of the population falls in the middle class with their household income averaging from $50,000 to $90,000 and an average individual income r
Within the course of this paper, three readings will be analyzed. The first is the Quran, specifically the verses 26-29 of chapter 22 (The Pilgrimage) and the verses 125, 158, 189, 196-203 of chapter 2 (The Cow). The second source is the chapter The Month of Jumada ‘l-Ula in The Travels of Ibn Jubayr by Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Ibn Jubayr. It was written in Ayyubid Sultanate at the end of the twentieth century. The topic of Ibn Jubayr’s writing is his Pilgrimage to Mecca before the Third Crusade. The third source is Islam: The Straight Path by John L. Esposito. It was written in the United States in 1988. It is the presentation of Islam religion to Western students. The Quran verses relate to the Pilgrimage to Mecca, which ought to be accomplished by all adult men at least once in a lif
Intelligence work and the practice of neutralizing terrorists are vital tasks of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Since 2001, after the September 11 attacks, the FBI has gone through a series of changes to improve practices of counterterrorism investigations (Bjelopera, 2013). The main differences in the work were related primarily to changes in legislation. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 was adopted, and in 2008 a revision to the Attorney General’s Guidelines for Domestic FBI Operations, also known as Mukasey Guidelines, was made (Bjelopera, 2013). Improvements have also been introduced by creating units of Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTF) throughout the country. New techniques have been developed, including the “Al Capone” approach and the use of agent provocateurs (Bjelopera, 2013). The main goal of the fight against terrorism is to ensure peace and security for all citizens. In particular, the mission of the FBI is to uncover possible terrorist conspiracies. For this, the agency developed the practices of freezing terrorist finances and sharing information with partners worldwide (Counterterrorism, n.d.). It is important to remember that the FBI has primary responsibility, and among other partners with the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The main objective of the NCTC is the integration of intelligence related to terrorism and ensuring access to IT systems of the listed parties. The Boston Marathon explosions were another devastating tragedy that could be compared to the tragedy of September 11. This terrorist attack also gave impetus for subsequent changes in the work of counterterrorism services. Besides, members of the public have noted concern about domestic terrorism (Bucci et al., 2013). Thus, due to well-coordinated joint work in different areas, the state ensures successful countering terrorists throughout the country.
Introduction Laws are created to govern society in such a way as to ensure harmony through respect of individual rights and freedom. Justice becomes necessary in society as a tool of enforcing equality, equity and fairness in the day to day interaction of community members. Courts there fore are formed to assist in the administration of justice where by a breach of rights and freedoms have occurred. This is meant to be retributive and reform the individual and discourage other people from perpetrating similar breaches. There fore different crimes calls for different punishments with serious offences calling for stern measures to rectify these wrongs and act as a big example in view of discouraging a repeat of the same. People have argued with solid justifications that there are breaches to individual rights that may be so severe to merit the criminal be stripped of his right to life. However there are still those who feel that no one has the right to take a life no matter what grounds such justifications are based on. Discussion Should murder there fore be allowed by state? While some may disagree I am compelled to support it in cases where the crime was severe, violent and lethal. For instance in the rape of small children, premeditated murder, and violent crime by people who have no regard whatsoever about the lives of others. These people do not have the moral ground to choose a means of death as all they did in life is inflict pain to others and may have put others to death sing malicious means (Otto & Heilbrun,2002). However due to the development of ethics that calls for the consideration of others despite their crimes and evils. Countries have banned most of the other forms of capital punishment since they have been termed as unusual and cruel. Some of these methods identified to be cruel include electrocution, burning of the criminal, impalement, guillotine, hanging and use of the rack. The ideologies behind origin of these methods were causing suffering to the individuals and there were outright cruel in their applications. These led there fore to the identification of the lethal injection method as a probable humane method if well applied. So is lethal injection an unusual and cruel method of capital punishment. Some states have ruled that any form of capital punishment is cruel and therefore have banned all forms of this type of punishment. However it has been argued that careful administration of the method protected the person from suffering pain and the way in which it was carried including the various humane considerations and precautions taken during the process. The eighth amendment was enacted during a period of various methods of capital; punishment. It outlaws some methods of punishment totally and also denies the use of some punishments that are excessive in regard to the crime. The courts have there been made to use four methods of determining the cruelty and unusual nature of the punishment method. Firstly the nature or application of the punishment should not undermine nor violate human dignity. Secondly whether the punishment is arbitrar
Introduction Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral and psychiatric disorder that affects at least one in every 20 children in the western world (Pineda, Ardila, RosselliMet al, 1999). It is characterized by hyperactivity or impulsiveness, and in most cases, difficulties in paying attention. Since 1970s, there has been a debate over the existence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In fact, the existence of the condition, its treatment and diagnosis, have been considered controversial topics since the condition was first suggested in the medical, psychology and education. The controversial aspect of ADHD has attracted researchers from a number of fields, with an aim of determining whether the condition is real or whether it is a myth (Brown, Freeman, Perrin, et al, 2001). Yes, ADHAD exists and Is a Brain Condition That Affects Children and Adults The American psychiatric Association (2004) asserts that ADHD actually exists and in the United States alone, it affects at least one in every 20 children. Studies have shown that sufferers of ADHD have relatively similar symptoms. These symptoms includes inattention (the patients are easily disrupted), impulsivity as well as hyperactivity. In addition, APA (2004) asserts that ADHD victims may have a number of their aspects of behavior and performance adversely affected both at home and school. Studies reveal that the condition may persist throughout adolescent, and in some cases, it may progress towards adulthood. Over the last three decades, biomedical studies have confirmed the existence of the condition. For instance, the study by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2008) found that the condition has a strong genetic linkage, with a high rate of hereditary and running in certain family lines. In fact, this study confirmed that about 75% of all the cases are hereditary (Swanson, Sergeant, Taylor, et al, 1998). Recently, studies by Arcos-Bugos and colleagues (2010) have identified a number of candidate genes that are closely associated with the condition, including DAT1, DRD5, DRD4, HTR1B, 5HTT and SNAP25. In fact, most of these genes are associated with and may affect dopamine transporters, further provides a strong indication of the presence of ADHD as a hereditary factor. In addition, studies by Geizer, Ficks and Waldama (2009) have shown that a gene variant LPHN3 accounts for more than 9% of all the ADHD cases. These studies provide a strong evidence of the existence of ADHD. No, ADHD Does Not Exist According to the US Department of Health and Human Services (1999), opinions regarding the existence of ADHD include a belief that the condition
Search strategy Medline database was reviewed for articles with information on stroke since 1995 utilizing the following main terms: “medical trials,” “stroke events,” and “aspirin.” Also, the American Medical Association and published list comprising of Anti-platelet Trial’s Association was searched to seek randomized medical trials complying with these stipulations. Of six medical trials searched, five were incorporated in the key evaluations since the remaining diminutive case trial did not evaluate stroke events as per the treatment guidelines. Of the 5 articles, an inclusion/exclusion criterion of the number of participants was utilized with a view of selecting the most relevant article from the search. In addition, a computerized review utilizing the following main terms: “population,” and “epidemiological,” was performed, the five articles were in addition reviewed, and one study was identified. Study quality Methodological quality The quality of the methods utilized in this randomized controlled trial would be analyzed using the Critical Appraisal Skill Program Tool. The authors focused on identifying all published randomized medical trials examining the impact of aspirin in all doses versus placebo used for the major treatment of stroke and related conditions in people without medically visible vascular infection. Medical tests in which over 25% of the contributors had medically detected vascular infection, participants who did not indicate stroke results, and participants without detected stroke events were not evaluated. In addition, any subgroup of participants in major treatment tests that had vascular infection was excluded for minor evaluations. Also, a medical test in which aspirin was utilized together with other anti-platelet tests was excluded. Together with randomized medical tests, large, potential observational researches were evaluated in isolation with a view of weighing up the impact of the normal application of aspirin on stroke events in an inclusive view of people using broadly varied aspirin doses (Hart et al., 2000, p. 2). Based on the Critical Appraisal Skill Program Tool for randomly controlled tests, the following questions and responses are necessary for appraising the study.   * Did the study ask a clearly-focused question?       + Yes Can’t tell No   * Was this a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and was it appropriately so?       + Yes Can’t tell No   * Were participants appropriately allocated to intervention and control groups?       + Yes Can’t tell No   * Were participants, staff and study personnel “blind” to participants’ study group? Yes Can’t tell No. Double blinding, that is to both intervention and control groups was ensured with a view of protecting against any likelihood that insight may influence participant feedback.   * Were all of the participants who entered the trial accounted for at its conclusion?       + Yes Can’t tell No   * Were the participants in all groups followed up and data collect
An entrepreneur is an individual who carries out independent activities for profit at his or her own risk. To achieve success, such people need to develop entrepreneurial characteristics that determine the capabilities of the person. Knowledge of the sphere of activity, personal qualities, and practical skills are the basis for business prosperity. In the studied case, Ayesha Khan, despite the fact that she had a profitable and exciting job, was able to apply her entrepreneurial abilities and achieve some success. Ayesha Khan had a full-time job as an IT specialist and, guided by her enthusiasm and desire to help people, provided food to blue-collar workers for ten years. When deciding on the expansion, she was also driven by philanthropy, and while finding out what to do, she learned about the business needed. After setting several ATMs and establishing processes, Aesha is looking for new opportunities, for example, working in other cities or hot-food vending machines. For the above reasons, such a characteristic as opportunity finding is not decisive for Aesha and is at the middle level. However, she is characterized by risk-taking, since for the organization of activities, a woman sold her property. Moreover, Aesha left her stable job since managing a business requires significant effort and time. The woman’s innovation characteristic is manifested in the use
The nonfiction book Pilgrim at Tinker Creek by Annie Dillard is an outstanding piece of narrative writing. First published in 1974, the work is dedicated to the unnamed narrator’s observations of nature and contemplations on human nature and one’s place in the world. The book offers numerous interesting avenues for exploration, and it is possible to offer several theses to focus on in the discussion of Pilgrim at Tinker Creek . One of the recurring themes in the book is living in the present and experiencing the present moment to the fullest. The author notes that people tend not to appreciate the time and rush through life without enjoying it. Dillard writes that people stumble through life half-awake and that she wants to stay awake and “prop my eyes open, with toothpicks, with trees” (Dillard 68). Another idea raised in the narrative is the omnipresence of beauty in the world and the failure of many to notice it. The author notes that “beauty and grace are performed whether or not we will or sense them” (Dillard 13). Specifically, wonders of nature are often referred to in the book, with many pages dedicated to the description of the ocean, mountains, and forests. These topics tie in with the notion of gratitude discussed throughout the book. Dillard argues that, as the universe was not created in jest, people should be thankful for being alive and living to the fullest without fearing death (199). Thus, three theses can be discussed: living in the present, appreciating life, and ubiquity of beauty. In summary, Annie Dillard’s Pilgrim at Tinker Creek is a brilliant nonfiction narrative. The book raises several crucial topics, including the idea of living in the present and enjoying every experience, appreciating the natural beauty that people are surrounded by every day, and being grateful. Overall, the narrative offers the readers exceptional contemplations about the meaning of life, God, nature, and the struggles of everyday life. Work Cited Dillard, Annie. Pilgrim at Tinker Creek . HarperCollins, 2009.
Finding the Topic Students are often allowed to choose the topic for the research which is interesting for them. It is necessary to determine the scholarly perspective and provide the topic focused on problem-solving. A general topic should be converted into a specific one. Students should relate their personal ideas on a topic, experience, and background to the definite scholarly problem and search databases to confirm the fact that the chosen topic was discussed in the academic literature. It is useful to participate in online discussions of the topic and list keywords to focus on the research. Finding Resources and Creating a Bibliography To find necessary resources, it is important to searching the Internet and library databases. Internet resources can be found with the help of different search engines and keywords. Internet resources should be evaluated in relation to their validity. Scholarly resources found in libraries are more appropriate. Students should focus on scholarly books, articles, biographies, and then, websites. It is necessary to read abstracts, introduction, and conclusion parts of articles, and forewords and table of contents in books. Bibliography entries and annotations should be provided for examined sources. Researching outside the Library Researches are often based on observations, experiments, and usage of non-published sources. To interview persons, questionnaires should be prepared. The results of interviews, observations, and experiments are reported and recorded. The necessary information can be also found with the help of e-mail communication, writing letters, examining the media resources, reading personal papers and governmental documents. To cite the personal information, it is necessary to receive permission. Organizing Ideas To organize the ideas, it is necessary to list all the ideas on the topic. The most important stage is the formulation of the thesis statement or hypothesis of the research basing on listed ideas. The issues to explore and problematic questions should be also determined with references to the thesis statement. Key ideas, keywords, and possible answers to the problematic questions should be organized in the rough outline of the research paper which will be used for writing a draft. Writing Notes Important points and items should be accom
Introduction The significance paid to the fire safety of buildings under construction can be thoroughly justified. With such buildings providing a site for dangerous construction processes, the fire statistics for such buildings can be understood. It is stated that buildings under construction are vulnerable to damage from fire, where the estimations of Health and Safety Executive (HSE) state that “around 11 construction fires every day” (UK Timber Frame Association). The significance of the fire safety issue in buildings under construction can be also seen through the financial losses incurred by such incidents. According to the Fire Protection Association (FPA), in the period from 1991 to 2005 construction fire losses reached £120,641,238, with the ratio of serious fires by occupancy for construction reaching 70% for the same period (Passey). The importance of fire safety on construction sites can be specifically emphasized in high-rise buildings, providing temporary housing for migrant workers. The latter can be explained through the problems that might result from short-circuit and overheating dangers, resulting from occupants altering the electricity/gas supplies, and the different life risks associated with high buildings. In terms of the latter, the challenges posed to fire fighters in high-rise buildings under construction are more complex, with the buildings designed so that people are rescued internally, rather than externally. In the light of the aforementioned, the present paper provides an overview of the fire safety issues in buildings under construction, identifying strategies that will enable reducing the number of fatalities and injuries which result from fires in such buildings. The paper will be structured in report form, deriving the analysis format from Problem Orientated Partnerships (POP) framework (Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service Problem Oriented Partnerships: Quick Guide ). Scanning The fire safety issues that might be involved in buildings under construction vary in their nature. Generally, they can be categorized into the following:   * Design problems.   * High risks sites.   * Occupancy.   * Fire fighters’ access. Such categories are not inclusive, where there other problems that can be identified, but nevertheless, those categories can be seen sufficient to classify the needs for an effective fire safety strategy. Most of these categories are addressed in The Joint Code of Practice on the Protection from Fire of Construction Sites and Buildings Undergoing Renovation , a non-legislative framework that provides guidance on the safety of buildings under construction. In terms of design, the issues that might arise involve the compliance with fire safety standards in the intermediate stage during the construction and prior to the buildings’ operational phase. The lack of a safety design at this stage implies that the systems that would be available during the operational stage might be omitted, out of order, or not accommodated for use. It should be noted that the latte can be driven by the fac