ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The purpose of this assignment is to collect data and develop a null and alternate hypothesis based on it. The null hypothesis is the base assumption in the scenario, the one that was held before any data gathering occurred, and the alternate hypothesis challenges it. The information in question concerns physical activity and its relationship with health. The types of actions that were considered qualified for these purposes include walking, running, swimming, and other exercises. A differentiation was made between light activities such as walks and intense ones such as gym sessions. Different amounts of each kind of training are required to fulfill the quotas set by various health authorities, and they may be combined or counted independently of each other. Ultimately, the data shows that the null hypothesis is the correct one, as will be shown below. Physical activity is essential to the maintenance of one’s health, as it helps prevent a variety of issues. Obesity is the most prominent concern, but according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (n.d.), regular exercise can help reduce chronic and life-threatening conditions. There are additional benefits besides improved health, including lower medical bills and potential neighborhood growth. CDC does not mention the required amounts of activity, but the numbers may be found elsewhere. World Health Organization (WHO) (n.d.) suggests at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week, with 300 or more for additional benefits. Intense exercise requires two times less time spent to achieve the same results, and so its periods should be counted as double for the calculations. Both hypotheses involve the mean time spent exercising every day, as the data was measured over a week. With the weekly requirements being 150 and 300 minutes per week for basic and advanced benefits respectively, the daily quotas round to approximately 22 and 43 minutes. As such, the null hypothesis will be that the mean time spent exercising per day exceeds the everyday norms set by WHO. In the terms set by Mathtutor (2014), the expectation is that µ ≥ 43. It is the null hypothesis because health benefits are the default assumption behind participation in physical activity. The alternate hypothesis will be that the daily exercise means is not sufficient to suit the norm set for additional benefits. It does not mention the lower limit required for essential fitness because according to Mathtutor (2014), the alternate hypothesis has to contradict the null directly. Furthermore, as “Module 3 – SLP” (n.d.) mentions that the exercise involved includes gym sessions, the overall time spent is overwhelmingly likely
Globalization and Criticism The concept of globalization has attracted attention of many professionals, economists, and government leaders across the globe. Tortajada identifies it as the process through which actors speedup exchanges, movements, and consumption of capital, goods, cultural practices, and factors of productions across the globe. 1 O’Callaghan goes further to describe the concept as a unique approach whereby business entities, governments, and institutions develop influences that are global in nature. 2 Using the lens of international trade, globalization presents specific benefits or advantages that all stakeholders need to take seriously. The outstanding one is that the process of globalizing trade makes it possible for existing and emerging companies and state agencies to intensity their innovative tendencies and produce superior goods and services. Notions of research and development (R&D) become the norm in an effort to offer items that can compete successfully at the international arena. These developments maximize revenues for the producers while transforming the experiences of the involved players through increased profits or access to foreign goods or services. Similarly, globalization is a process that remains useful when focusing on the financial sector. Specifically, the model supports the introduction of financial institutions that maximizes the availability of financial resources to many participants at the global level. Consequently, this development results in strong financial structures that ensure that more underdeveloped countries achieve their economic goals. 3 The example of many African nations shows conclusively the wave of globalization is making it possible for them to compete at the international arena. On the other hand, globalization continues to attract unique criticisms that analysts and decision-makers should not ignore. First, the model is implemented in such a way that it only benefits companies and nations that are powerful. 4 For instance, they will establish bilateral international trade patterns that allow them to achieve their maximum potential at the expense of smaller and upcoming economies. The second criticism that emerges from the lens of finance is that it is pursued using a top-down model. 5 This strategy means that a sense of non-democracy emerges whereby poorer countries find it hard to achieve their social, economic, and political goals. For instance, smaller and emerging countries find it hard to compete at the international level since they lack the influence and resources. The end result is that the forces of globalization will remain imbal
Introduction Change in clinical practice encompasses incremental improvement in care quality or personnel capacities by training change agents, reconfigurating clinical processes, and adopting new models of care. A renewed focus on quality and safety, an aging population, novel payment methods, and the development of innovative treatments provide an impetus for transforming healthcare. Therefore, meeting patient needs, improving outcomes, and attaining better value for patients are the key factors driving change. Purpose of Consultation and Overview of the Consultation Process An objective assessment of a facility’s processes and systems identifies areas that need to change. The purpose of the consultation was to determine an improvement needed within the organization (Direct Care and Treatment/Community Based Services (DCT/CBS) of Minnesota Department of Human Services (MDHS) and give a consultative change recommendation. External metrics, including patient outcomes and community needs, will inform the recommendation. A nurse leader serving as the Health Service Director in the CBS division of the DCT was selected and interviewed to generate data for the analysis. The face-to-face interview focused on a broad range of topics, including her role in the organization and its goals and quality improvement efforts. Among other issues discussed were DCT’s mission, strength, weakness, opportunities for improvement, and initiatives to enhance patient safety. Additional data on the staff population, leadership structure, and services provided were collected from the organization’s website. Key community needs were also identified through the same process. Organizational Analysis Description of Organization MDHS operates institutional services for persons living with disabilities using the community-oriented model. MDHS is a public health department that seeks to address diverse health needs across Minnesota through its many divisions and programs. MDHS has three main offices in the Twin Cities metro area but has seven other campuses in Bemidji, Duluth, Fergus Falls, Mankato, Marshall, Rochester, and St. Cloud (“2018-2020 Agencywide Strategic Plan,” 2018). These offices house the different MDHS divisions, bureaus, and programs, including the DCT/CBS. The MDHS includes many department and county agencies involved in healthcare and social services. The estimated number of employees is 3,600 working in different divisions and programs (Minnesota Department of Human Services, 2020). The number of patient encounters is not indicated, but the agency serves all the Minnesota population. The CBS program targets persons with disabilities in the community (approximately 593,700 people) through its distinct service lines focusing on foster care, family support, residential treatment, and vocational training. The estimated number of patient encounters is not indicated on the organizational website, p
Organization The Blue Garden Restaurant is one of the mid-sized fast food stores in Miami Beach. The restaurant was established in 2004 and has experienced massive growth over the past one decade. It has about 120 employees working as cooks, cleaners, waiters, loaders, security guards, drivers, marketers, supervisors, and managers. The location of this restaurant is very strategic for this type of business given that the beach attracts tourists from all over the world all year round. I once worked at this firm as a supervisor of all the waiters. I was directly answerable to the sales manager, Mr. John McMinn, who is a younger brother to the owner of this food outlet. Mr. McMinn is answerable to the chief executive officer who is the owner of the firm. This paper will look at the ethical concerns faced by the management of this firm as it strives to be the preferred food outlet in this region where tourism is one of the best performing industries. Problem When I joined the firm as a junior supervisor, I noted a trend that to me was a little strange. Tourists and even the locals preferred this restaurant to other rival restaurants in this region. It was not because of out friendly prices because this firm charged a little higher on its products compared to that of the rival firms. It was also not because of the value offered. There were other restaurants that had better infrastructure than Blue Gardens Restaurant. I was able to understand the reason why this was the case. It had to do with the dress code at this firm, and the manner in which the waitress related with the customers. The facility had 18 waitresses and only 5 waiters. All of them had a uniform that they had to wear at work. For the waiters, they wore a black suit and a white bow neck tie. They looked very presentable. They mostly served wines and spirit. For the ladies, they wore a short black skirt and a white t-shirt. They were also presentable only that their dresses were a little more revealing. The main problem I noted at this firm was that the waitresses were subject to some form of abuse from the patrons. In many cases, these ladies reported to me that the patrons would touch them inappropriately when they are serving them. Some would talk to them suggestively, something that really annoyed most of them. Every time this happened, they came to report it to me. At first, I took the initiative to be close to them in order to intervene whenever such incidents would occur. However, these patrons would dismiss me, threatening to visit other restaurants. I noted with concern, that we were actually encouraging this habit because of the dress code used. I shared this problem with the sales and marketing manager. He told me that he would find a solution to this problem. After one month, I visited his office to follow-up on the issue, but he dismissed me, saying that the top management had insisted that the dress code for all the employees should remain as it had been planned. In the meantime, the problem was becoming worse each day. Some of the employees who could not withstand it anymore left the firm. Others were forced to withstand the mistreatment in
Introduction China maintains a revoltingly under-valued exchange rate so that it can maintains the currency value directly at the level of the United States dollar. In the common fixed exchange rate method, this policy would bring about massive raises in the country money supply that would produce domestic inflation and finally wind down the surplus of payments and trade. However, China has attempted to enable its payment and trade surplus through controlling the inflows of the foreign exchange using step-wise raises in the reserve needs of its banks with the central bank (Henning, 2008, p.39). In around three years ago, China presented some changes to its foreign exchange policy and since then, the debate on the advantages and disadvantages of exchange rates policies in China, which had started many years before, strengthens. But there are some negative effects brought about by these policies which have been already noticed, because sterilization of this kind has its restrictions. Inflation has been reported to be increasing in China where small businesses are experiencing some challenges as they look for credit. Hence, China’s exchange rate policy limits its own businesses or firms. The effective way in which China should do to manage its country’s inflation is to allow the increase in its currency value, which would as well enhance real wages in the country’s economy. By the start of 2010, RMB had appreciated by 22.2% against the United States and 4.5% against the European currency, matched up to mid 2006 after establishment of the RMB exchange rate development system reform (Brux, 2011). China’s present trade surplus does not show RMB is rigorously underrated. In fact, economists do not have efficient means to examine if a currency is underrated or not. The current trade surplus as from 2006 is brought about by the over spending of the U.S. and does not result from China exchange rate (Goujon & Guérineau, 2007). Reserved currency countries like China can face some of the drawbacks. The reserve currency will likely to be overestimated, harming competitiveness and expected China’s economic development, because of bigger demand for its monetary assets. Since financial policies contribute a lot to some countries, global political pressure will exist on the reserve currency countries. Through fixed exchanged rates, monetary polices will be greatly restrained, as China has to absorb the currency holdings because of shortage of capacity of using them. Through flexible exchange rates, this is probably to be slightly less of the difficulty likewise; a reserve currency country is apt to risk of higher unsteadiness of money demand (Kindler, 2004, p.28). This paper will report some pros and cons of some policies designed to promote and control exchange rates in China. Discussion Most of the countries in the world already understand that China’s exchange rates
The term neocolonialism was coined by Kwame Nkrumah, a former President of Ghana to explain the political, social and economic control which can be propagated culturally, linguistically and economically. The overall objective of the control is to enhance and promote the culture of the neocolonialist state(s) among the citizens of the targeted countries so as to get access to markets, labor and raw materials for corporations based in the neocolonialist state(s). The key pillars of neocolonialism therefore include globalization, capitalism and imperialism. Neocolonialism is contrasted with colonialism, which implies direct military and political control of one state by another in a ruler-ruled relationship (Bauer and Holowinska 72). Neocolonialism goes hand in hand with the concept of global divide which divides the world into global north and global south. The powerful nations popularly known as the first world make up the global north. Such countries include the United States (US) and its allies who control the United Nations (UN) and are also members of the G8. The global north accounts for a quarter of world’s population but controls three quarters of world’s income. The citizens of such countries have access to education, health and shelter (Sartre 18). The global south on the other hand comprises the developing or undeveloped countries majorly in Africa, Asia and Latin America. These countries account for three quarters of world’s population but they only control a quarter of the world’s income. In the global south, the access to health, education and shelter is usually a privilege of the few. However, the global divide is not mainly influenced by geographical location of a country. If a country in Africa is able to compete economically with other western powers, it is put under the category of global north. Similarly, if a country in Europe is poor, it is put under the category of global south. In other words, the defining criteria is the economic stability of a country, not its geographical location. Theoretical models for explaining neocolonialism Idealism theory In international relations and foreign policy, idealism is a political philosophy which entails the advancement of a particular ideology (political, social or economic) both at home and abroad, with the aim of promoting and safeguarding the interests of citizens of a country and those of citizens in other countries. Examples include the fight against poverty, HIV/AIDS and advocacy for democracy instead of dictatorship or a
Every year the percentage of electronic books and publications increases in different world markets. For example, nowadays e-books represent 13% and 11% of the US and UK publishing markets respectively (“Global eBook…” 24). Such a trend can be explained by many reasons. Electronic reading devices are portable and offer large storage place. One gets immediate access to huge libraries of content. E-readers, tablets, and phones are interactive; a person may save the required pages, highlight some crucial points, and turn to them when needed. An enormous amount of content is available on the Internet so that almost any information can be found and put on a person’s device (Li et al. 219). Apart from that, e-publishing reduces production, transaction, and distribution costs. Bookstores may not even depend on physical devices, as one can store book collections in the cloud services (Faustino 118). E-reading facilitates the educational process and makes people more mobile and independent. However, reading on electronic devices has some disadvantages. Such devices may be expensive and unaffordable for some people (Li et al. 219). The transition to electronic publishing format may increase the digital divide between the developed and poor countries. It is often difficult to arrange physical libraries as too many devices may be required and maintained. Moreover, there may occur problems with managing copyright issues of e-book publications. Electronic devices may also lead to vision loss. Finally, a traditional book or magazine is often much pleasant to read (Faustino 118). Overall, reading on electronic devices offers vast opportunities both for the publisher and for readers of all ages. Any adverse impacts of those devices and other related problems concerning devices’ cost and availability should be reasonably managed. Works Cited Faustino, Paulo. “Book Industry Business, Concentration, Internet and Social Media of Management and Marketing.” Handbook of Social Media Management: Value Chain and Business Models in Changing Media Markets . Ed. Mike Friedrichsen and Wolfgang Mühl-Benninghaus. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013. 87-123. Print. Global eBook. A Report on Market Trends and Developments 2014. Web. Li, Kam Cheong, Fu Lee Wang, Kin Sun Yuen, Simon Cheung, and Reggie Kwan. Engaging Learners Through Emerging Technologies: International Conference on ICT in Teaching and Learning . Berlin: Springer, 2012. Print.
Introduction The subject of infection prevention and control has received unprecedented attention over the last decades with the media and scientific literature equally contributing to this attention. Boyce et al. (2009, p. 12) report that media has reported on several occasions about the absence of hand hygiene and insufficient cleaning practices among health workers. The malpractice has amounted to carelessness. One of the infections that commonly pose a challenge to health workers is the Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), which is one of those infections caused by multiple resistant bacteria. Research has shown that, with the application of intensive infection prevention programs in health institutions, a third to a quarter of all hospital-acquired infections could be prevented (Fraise & Bradley, 2009, p. 23). Adherence to these measures is a problem with research showing that health workers are unaware of the measures. They exhibit ignorance on the rationale behind the measures by projecting the problem to hygiene experts (Verhoeven et al. 2009). Several infection control practices are in place in all health institutions with specific measures being aimed at preventing MRSA infections. The role played by health workers especially the nursing staff cannot be overemphasised. However, much work is yet to be implemented. A multifaceted approach is therefore necessary to cut the spread of the infection. This essay is a critical review of the infection control practices in place for the microorganism. It analyses literature on the same in addition to making recommendations to the practice. Pathogenesis According to Gould and Brooker, “Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are Gram-positive cocci that are both coagulase and catalase positive, and have long been recognised as important pathogens in human disease” (2008, p. 81). The argument is true because bacteria can cause infection by both noninvasive and invasive methods thus affecting virtually all tissues of the body in human beings. Since bacteria are commonly found on the skin of health