ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The essay will discuss the biotransformation and bio-degradation of significant groups of organic contaminants, the major reactions and the enzyme accountable, experiments design and aspects that determine their ecological significance. Major categories of organic contaminants include refined petro-chemicals such as gasoline, Agrochemicals such as pesticides and herbicides, Bulk chemical compounds such as aniline, nitrobenzene, solvents and styrene, chemicals utilized in plastics, metalwork, and preservation of wood, mining, painting, domestic products, textiles and pharmaceuticals. Other diverse groups include; Organohalogen compounds, Sulfur compounds, Nitrogen compounds, phosphorus compounds, oxygenated compounds, Hydrocarbons and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons. Primary Enzymes and Reactions For organic compounds’ bio-degradation to take place, it is important that bio-chemical reactions generate meta-bolites that are integrated into cell material and utilized for energy production. Reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes largely follow those observed in organic chemistry: de-hydrogenation, hydrolysis, oxidation, elimination, reduction, carboxylation, de-carboxylation and nucleophilic substitution. End-results of degradative sequences are lower molecular weight elements as well as low fatty acids and carbon dioxide (Knappe 59). The major reactions in both bio-transformation and bio-degradation entail the instigation of oxygen atoms (from water), the cleavage carbon-sulfur, carbon-oxygen, carbon-nitrogen, carbon-carbon, carbon-phosphorus and carbon-halogen bonds and the decrease of compounds at raised levels of oxidation. The key enzymes groups comprise of dehydrogenases, oxygenases, carboxylases, hydratases, hydroxylases, reductases, epoxidases and halohydrolases. Importance of Metabolites Metabolites can significantly have an effect on the de-gradation trail or have detrimental environmental consequences; they can restrain further de-gradation of the primary substrate and show fatal products. They can have different properties from those of the precursors; they can also have unpleasant effects other organisms in the environment. Therefore, metabolites ought to be considered when evaluating the biodegradability and the impact of contaminants, the efficiency of remediation approaches for contaminated areas and in ecological monitoring that usually consider only the original contaminant. Then again, metabolites have been proved to be helpful and important as de-gradation and ecological transformation indicators for example arene dihydrodiols generated from arenes through bacterial di-oxygenation or succinate derivatives that are from anaerobic hydrocarbons de-gradation. Metabolites are also valuable as commercial goods or as the source of more chemical amplification. Additionally organisms can be the basis for biocatalysts. Experiments Design Experiments on organic compounds metabolism have been executed under dissimilar
Introduction Tourism is one of the factors that propel economic growth, especially in regions exhibiting lower indicators of socioeconomic development. In Sri Lanka, cultural tourism is one area that is being developed to sustain rural economies and create employment. The country is among the leading tourist destinations globally with 2.3 million visitors in 2018 (Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority, 2019). In recent decades, tourism has been characterized by increased demand for holidays in smaller villages in the countryside. In this paper, a rural homestay project that offers visitors opportunities to interact and experience the local culture is proposed to boost tourist numbers. Logical Planning and Project Development Models Maduwa is a place of diverse historic sites and shrines that are emblematic of the Sinhalese culture. In order to diversify the Sri Lanka tourist destinations, a 3S plus culture model is adopted for this project. The sun, sand, and sea tourism framework have changed. Therefore, a restructuring process to provide unique products can be a competitive strength. Sri Lanka’s per-capita tourist spending per day is about $77, which is lower than Asian nations (Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority, 2019). To compete effectively, a Maduwa homestay project is proposed. Tourists will put up with a local family for a given duration, and during this time, they will learn the local culture, beliefs, and lifestyles (Ranasinghe, 2015). This sustainable community-based approach will provide tourists opportunities to experience authentic local culture and interact with rural ethnic groups. Visitors will participate in Sinhalese culture through a homestay in Balapitiya. The traditional traveling experience will enable tourists to connect with people more deeply, which will increase re-visits. They will be taught local recipes, jaggery, and the preparation of honey products. Cultural souvenirs will be sold to tourists in markets near the homestay sites. The project plan will involve the development of infrastructure and training of the local community to provide a homestay experience. The renovation of access roads, buildings, leisure parts, and tourist homestay units will be prioritized. Accommodation providers, handicraft producers, and community nature guides will be the key stakeholders. Local representatives will regulate access of rural residents to markets established within the village and oversee their operations, including cultural events targeting visitors. A community artisans association will be formed to promote local artifacts to tourists. The cultural goods sold will reflect the traditions of the community. Sustainability Perspectives The economic sustainability of the homestay project will come from an increased number of first-time visitors and regular tourists. It will strengthen the economy by increasing job opportunities enabling families and the community to earn a sustainable income. According to Aslam, Cooper
Introduction Criminal justice is a process with a number of steps. It starts with investigating the suspect and concludes with the release of the accused from prison. The process consists of rules governing the decision-making. This would mean that a clear decision making procedure is followed in making decision to ensure fairness. The policies followed in the process of administering justice are obtained from different sources. For instance, the US constitution, federal principles, state laws, and the policies and regulations of the security agencies are some of the sources. In America, federal laws govern the process of decision making in all criminal justice institutions. The process should be more than a simple process of learning of rules and applying them. Rules should exist to guide an individual in order to make informed decisions. This would mean a law-enforcing agent should look for an alternative course of action before implementing a policy (Andrews, & Bonta, 2007). In the police service, decision makers formulate personalized decisions implying that they rarely follow the laid down regulations. In the US, research shows that some prosecutors make decisions without following some rules. In this case, they would not be in a position to know whether to grant bail or to charge an individual with a crime. This paper would seek to discuss the decision making process within the hierarchy of the police service. Within the police service, a synergistic decision making model is frequently applied. This is where a problem is evaluated and the decision is made based on the outcome. Decision makers would then come up with the most suitable solution. This is what should be happening in the police service as regards to criminal justice. Ten steps are to be followed by officers within the police service when criminal justice decisions. Decision Making Model As earlier mentioned earlier, synergetic decision-making model involves collective assessment of an event and coming up with a single decision, which is perceived to be more suitable. In real sense, synergetic model entails a joint effort or a group activity, which might perhaps ignite a response. This would possibility lead to suitable decision-making process in an organization. The decision made should be superior to that of an individual. In the police service, this type of decision-making model has encouraged employees to work together, as a team. Some scholars observe that the model empowers experts in the criminal justice occupation. Furthermore, the model would promote an improved working atmosphere. Some experts have found out through research that the model build
Introduction A strategic plan is important in any organization or unit in a business because it allows the planning and formulation of objectives. Factors such as the path of an organization and the success that it experiences are related to how well the stakeholders make their organizational strategic plan. This paper presents an organizational strategic plan for a unit in an organization for Health Education and Disease Prevention (HEDP). This unit is part of a community health organization where medical physicians and other health workers can refer their patients for counseling psychology and health coaching. Planning is done because it enables benchmarking, evaluation of systems and processes, and analysis of the possible future interventions for the unit. The process involves all major players in the department, including employees, the management, and the referring physicians who also serve as the clients. Data is collected from the unit’s records and referencing system where the information on past performance is attained. However, this process requires the approval of the unit management and the organizational administration. Therefore, the paper provides the organized strategic plan for the Health Education and Disease Prevention. Unit Vision Statement The vision of this department is to be the preferred health education and disease prevention program for the region, to ensure efficient service delivery, and to promote the best standards of care for patients who are referred to the facility. Unit Mission Statement The mission of the Health Education and Disease Prevention (HEDP) unit is to ensure improved disease prevention through health education for the general population through the provision of counseling psychology and health coaching. Core Values The Unit’s core values are:   * Improved efficiency in service delivery and satisfaction of every shareholder   * To provide the best and most reliable counseling psychology and health coaching for the benefit of patients   * To ensure patients’ rights and vales are respected in the course of their interaction with the unit and the organization as a whole   * To accelerate and ensure timely recovery of patients and rerun to their pre-illness productivity   * To ensure continued service to the organization in accordance with its core values and those of the nation at large Overview of the Unit The Health Educatio
Introduction Marriage and family are variable social phenomena; their content determines what is peculiar to them as varieties of institutions and relations in the complex interaction of social conditions with the natural-biological instinctive nature of human needs. In which a person can simultaneously have more than one marital partner. Polygamy can manifest itself in the form of polygyny and polyandry. It is essential to determine what effect it has on the institution of the family. The Correlation between Employment and Polygamy in Africa Polygamous family structures represent a crucial minority group with unique family resources and demands that affect work-family interactions. The paper uses the term polygamy because it is the most common type (Ogunyomi & Casper, 2021). The article indicates that polygamous family structures arise for several reasons: sharing a household for a more significant profit, emotional support, and assistance in caring for the elderly. The writers suggest that the economic principle of ‘demands-resources,’ which promotes conflict between family and work, enriches working men and women in polygamous families. In most African institutions, informal and formal support for work-family problems is minuscule and limited. Instead, employees rely more on resources and family support, so polygamous households are more likely to have a better standard of living (Ogunyomi & Casper, 2021). The authors determined that compared to monogamous families, individuals with polygamous attitudes have higher family needs and benefit from shared domestic resources. However, it should be specified that there are financial pressures, marital conflicts, and rivalries in polygamous couples, which increase household levels and profits. Mental Health Issues Among Women in Polygamous and Monogamous Marriages This article will examine the relationship between polygamous and monogamous marriages and whether a particular type of family affects the prevalence of mental health problems. It is significant to mention that there is a common belief in the literature that there is a significantly higher prevalence of psychological issues in wives from polygamous marriages (Rahmanian et al., 2020). However, the review of this article did not confirm a worsening of self-esteem and life satisfaction among women in polygamous marriages. Moreover, the results indicated that wives in polygamous unions have higher satisfaction with life and higher self-esteem. The sample of the study refers only to collective communities. Thus, it was established that women in polygamous partnerships receive more collective respect than women in monogamous marriages. The authors also determined that the morale of the polygamous family as an institution is also affected by the state of security. This is because tribal social systems control privacy, and the tribe or clan, in turn, offers help, safety, shelter, and protection (Rahmanian et al., 2020). Thus, in monogamous families, only the husband and wife are responsible for their own well-being. In addition to positive factors, the author also singles out a negative social perspective, which can adversely affect polyga
Summary According to Business Week (2008), Southwest Airlines is a passenger airline that provides scheduled air transport in the United States. The company also sells credit to business partners for instance hotels, telecommunication companies, credit card companies and car rental agencies. The Southwest Airline Company was founded in 1967 under the initial name of Air Southwest which was later changed to Southwest Airlines in the early 1970s. The company’s headquarters are in Dallas, Texas with a large focus city at McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas. The number of passengers carried domestically, annually is the highest in the United States and in the world over. By revenue, Southwest airlines are the sixth-largest airline in the United States which makes it one of the most profitable airlines in the world. This is what led to Southwest Airlines posted a profit for the thirty-fifth consecutive year in the month of January 2008. It also maintains the fifth largest passenger fleet of aircraft amongst all the commercial airlines globally (Freiberg, 1996). Southwest Airlines uses short-haul routes and point-to-point service where their flights operate from one city to the other. The airline complements its services by increasing the number of medium to long-haul routes which include transcontinental service. There are a number of factors to which the airlines’ success can be attributed. Its approaches when compared to those used by other airlines are quite different. The method of payment of the crew they apply is by trips. Their crew is one of the best paid in the industry. This must contribute to the high quality of service output. The airline does not assign seats to any particular passengers. Instead, there is just one class of travel for all the passengers. In an effort to make traveling more relaxing for their customers, the airlines usually use the less congested airports. With a combination of low airfares, the airline has been able to attract very high numbers of passengers. The Fortune Magazine once referred to the airline as “the hottest thing in the sky” (Serwer, 2004). According to Freiberg (1996), Southwest airlines’ profitability has not always been stable; the company had to deal with financial constraints, especially in the early 1970s. This can be said to be what led the company to adopt financial techniques so as to first, boost its profitability then, deal with some fuel complications which rose or were expected to rise within the course of the airline’s operations. The fuel cost containment was later what came to be established as one of the major reasons why the company succeeded in mai
Introduction System application program enterprise resource planning is a complete independent user mode program created to specifically perform functions that fit the operations of the user. It is an integrated global software that enables diverse business organizations to solve their automation needs in a variety of functional areas. SAP ERP is designed to promote international operations by reducing IT complexity in industry specific features for early realization of returns on investment through general reduction of ownership costs. System application program enterprise resource planning achieves comprehensive business integration and cross functionality, that places emphasis on awareness of information between separate organizational units. Information is shared across different departments unlike limited cross-functional coordination in the normal departments of an organization. Moreover, the processes and functions are integrated to enable continued operations in a cross functional way (Amrani, Rowe and Maronnat, 2006, pg 81) ERP refers to a multi-module system that accommodates a wide range of activities that assists entrepreneurs to manage critical functional units of a business. Vendors continually develop updates for the software and persuade organizations to upgrade to newer versions of ERP software. However, this has caused financial strains and pressures on the organizations (Beatty and Williams, 2006, pg 105). For the vendors to remain competitive, they need to enhance their software; however, it is not possible for them to support a growing number of versions required by their clients. The legacy systems being used by organizations may take time to be replaced incase of software infusion and diffusion into the roots of the organization. The benefits legacy systems that organizations have become used to cannot be easily “quantify in monetary terms because of the intangible nature of many of the derived benefits, e.g. improved customer service” (Chang, 2006, pg 267). In case of system replacement, communication systems and details of the chain of users such as the management, operational employees, stakeholders and other staff members participating in implementation should be well defined. After outlining and defining users of the system with a well understood enterprise goals and activities, the system enterprise architect should design a tailor-made information system that fits the sp
Introduction Non-verbal communication conveys meaning through body language, facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, and posture. Non-verbal conversations are detectable in our everyday lives. People use non-verbal language from babyhood and easily understand elements such as gestures as they grow up. Scholars have studied ways in which non-verbal messages manifest in how people interact. This paper examines how non-verbal elements such as proxemics, object, and posture manifest and influences conversations. Proxemics Proxemics is the language of space that stands out as a crucial influencer of verbal communication. Since elucidation in the contemporary world is dominated by virtual connections, proxemics continues to affect face-to-face and online talks. After watching the video, it is understandable why parents often hold their babies so close to their bodies in elevated positions. Such positions communicate parents’ love and affection for their children (Burgoon et al., 2021). Unmissable non-verbal communication is comparable to how hugging is perceived in different places. Mostly, hugging is perceived as an indicator of intense love and care. Overall, proxemics influences non-verbal interactions in various ways, including how men and women interact culturally. Proxemics can also be used with objects when people show others that some things belong to them. For instance, it is common for people to take photos while in contact with their cars. Such poses are a form of proxemic communication. Leaning against a car or touching it indicates that the car belongs to the person. Otherwise, most people who take photos beside strangers’ cars rarely lean against them. However, such aspects of proxemics are also prone to vices like intimidation (Burgoon et al., 2021). For example, a boss can intimidate employees by putting his feet on the table whenever employees sit across the table. Such invasions of personal spaces do not facilitate interaction but rather derail message articulation. Generally, spatial zones are essential in message conveyance, although their efficiency is still influenced by the environment, personalities, culture, and situations. Objects Objects communicate vital information that can be easily read and understood because people relate objects to specific things. For instance, it is almost obvious that a person in a tracksuit with runners and earphones is heading for a walk or a run. Also, a person in a suit and tie is heading for a business meeting or venture (Eaves & Leathers, 2017). Dressing the part is a widespread perception that can be deciphered by understanding non-verbal communication. Sometimes, people tend to overdo or mix up objects in their dressing. For example, a flashy watch and a shiny neckpiece would not go well with a business outfit. The rule of five limits jewelry to a maximum of five pieces and encourages subtleness. Since objects are effective communicators, their usage and intent must be perceived in desirable contexts. In some cases, however, people have no option but to wear objects tied to their nature of work. For example, policemen and women can put on badges,