ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Having read Zinn’s People’s History of United States and having watched Congressman Grijalva’s interview in I Have Something to Say with Gabriel Buelna, it is possible to say that Zinn and Grijalva have similar ideas as well as absolutely different points of view on particular situations. The time periods in the book and in the interviews do not coincide, however, it does not prevent me from drawing the conclusions about personal considerations of each of the persons mentioned above. The belief in American predominance and the necessity to control other nation’s lives was seen in the past (the desire to rent as many land as possible to controlling farmers) and can be easily deduced in the current situation (war in Iraq, the intention to enter Afghanistan, etc.). Nevertheless, having similar points of view in many topics for discussion, Zinn and Grijalva may also disagree in some particular issues. Zinn and Grijalva are sure that American nation is predominant over other nations and its impact should be used for helping others. These ideas may be considered from Grijalva’s discussion of the war in Iraq, which he supports, and Zinn’s opinion about fight of rich and poor people who pursued different goals. Talking about Iraq, Grijalva thinks that the war should continue. American army should remain in the region until people are secured there. The necessity to continue this war in Iraq is explained by the fact that having taken the responsibility for the people, the USA should bear this responsibility and continue this war until the security of the nation is achieved. Talking about the domination of rich people, Zinn also point at the security. “Lost jobs”, “the sudden economic crises leading to high prices”, “the lack of food and water”, ”the epidemics of disease,” and “the deaths of children” were the main reasons for “sporadic reactions from the poor” (221). Still, the intention of rich people to stabilize the situation did not work. The situations described by Zinn and Grijalva are similar and both these people support power as the means of establishing order and security in the society. One more point where Zinn and Grijalva agreed is the necessity of the extension of the education. Zinn dwells in the 11 th chapter of his book about industrialization and the increase of the machinery use. Moreover, more and more educated people were required, so the importance of education is one of the ideas Zinn considers (263). The same opinion
The Civil War In Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a high rate of in-fighting within the different countries. The existence of different ethnic groups causes conflicts. The groups usually fight for control and power since the leaders tend to favor their ethnic tribes over the others. This happened in Ivory Coast, when people who were supporting the incumbent president Gbagbo fought against those supporting the opposition leader Ouattara, who won the elections. The same also happened in Kenya where the incumbent president Mwai Kibaki, refused to give up power in an election marred with numerous electoral irregularities acknowledged by the electoral commission. This led to post election violence that led to the death of more than one thousand people. Sierra Leon has been in the Civil War since 1991 while the Congo has been in the Civil War since 1994 during the Rwanda genocide. Political Turmoil Electoral irregularities are rampant in sub-Saharan Africa, which lead to political turmoil. This is because the incumbent leaders do not accept defeat. Hence, they refuse to give up power and force coalitions with their opponents as in the case of Kenya and Zimbabwe. In Kenya, cases of rigging, voter bribery and election violence marred the electoral process. The electoral commission of Kenya favored the incumbent president Mwai Kibaki and declared him the winner amidst protests. The commission also acknowledged the irregularities; this led post-election violence due to discontentment among voters. After negotiations, the opposition leader Raila Odinga agreed to form a coalition government with Kibaki. A similar case occurred in Zimbabwe that forced Morgan Tsvangirai to form a coalition with the President Robert Mugabe after the closely contested election. In Ivory Coast, during the 2010 elections, the incumbent president Gbagbo refused to give up power leading to violence between supporters of the two groups. Corruption The oil exploitation in Nigeria happens to benefit only the drilling companies and the political leaders. It does not benefit the local communities due to unequal distribution of wealth, promoted by the high levels of corruption among the oil companies and politicians. In Kenya, the sitting president tends to favor his or her community when it comes to government appointments and project development. In Sierra Leone, the Revolutionary united front as accused the government on numerous occasions for mismanagement of funds that have since plunged the country into poverty despite the presence of diamond deposits. The President of Zimbabwe, Mugabe, took land forcefully from the minority white settlers and distributed them among his African cronies. Those given lands could not match the previous agricultural production capacities by the whites thus making the country unable to sustain itself. Food crisis Most of the countries faced with th
Abstract Gold nanoparticles can be applied in various industries, more specifically they are helpful in medicine as antimicrobial agents. The knowledge gap, however, is the synthesis of this article and the specific properties of clear and milk latex GNP. This research aim is to identify an environmentally friendly approach to creating GNP from plant material. Various tests to determine the characteristics and toxicity of substances are applied in this research. The findings suggest that clear latex has better features when compared to milk-based latex. This relates to its antimicrobial properties and toxicity, implying the possibility to use it in medicine and biology. Future implication requires additional research to determine the specific approaches to production. Introduction Gold nanoparticles (GNP) have the potential of helping scientists in the field of biology, technology, and medicine who aim to create new approaches by applying the optical and electronic characteristics of GNP. Therefore, the question of methods of producing GNP by using different substances arises. The article that is examined is titled “Synthesis and Characterisation of Gold Nanoparticles by Using Plant Latex and Their Potential against the Mastitis Causing Microorganisms.” This paper aims to analyze the purpose of the article, the methods used by the authors, and the implications of results. Overall Structure and Minor Points The primary aim was to define the differences in milk latex and clear latex produced by various plants in regards to GNP. The authors tested the synthesis of the substance by using isolates and determine the characteristics of it. Therefore, this paper provides useful data that allows making conclusions about the possibility to synthesise GNP with different properties by using plant latex. Overall, the data presented in the chapters “Isolation and Characterisation of Mastitis Causing Microorganisms” and “Effect of GNPs on the Growth of Isolates” allow making conclusions regarding the biologic aspects of the experiment, while t
The globalization of the world by the USA is most evident in technology, products, and language. The USA’s influence on the Rest of the world is maintained in terms of economics, politics, social institutions, and even the personal psyche of individuals. Dr. Brendon O’Connor critically reviews Americanization in Australia, stating, “American culture is part of Australian mass consumer culture” (Brendon 160). He points out that Americanization is evident in the majority of the clothing worn within Australia (e.g., Calvin Klein underwear), as well as in tastes of music, movies, and everyday language. In contrast, Mike Rice-Oxley, in his essay In 2,000 Years, Will the World Remember Disney or Plato? Takes a much more critical view on Americanization, stating that the USA is an “unrivaled global superpower” (Rice-Oxley 163). He reflects on his own culture drawing on the criticisms of others with regard to the Americanization of “music to media, film to fast food, language to literature and sport” (Rice-Oxley 163). The author focuses on the negative consequences of Americanization for local industries, such as film production and distribution, which is dominated by Hollywood. Other nations, such as Saudi Arabia, are also feeling the socio-cultural and economic effects of Americanization, such as over-exposure to USA culture while using the Internet and extinction of local textile markets. It is clear that Americanization is predominantly fostered by the Internet (e.g., advertising), commercial products (e.g., McDonald’s), and this leads to dilution of culture and the demise of local industries. Currently, the USA dominates Internet technology (Rice-Oxley). Using this medium, the USA controls the way people think about life and other matters. The Internet propagates US culture by the predominance of American English, as Rice-Oxley states, it is the language of “Internet surfers everywhere” (Rice Oxley 164), and he implies that using the Internet is acceptable within the USA but of concern when occurring in other nations where English is not the first language. For example, prior to exposure to the Internet in Saudi Arabia, social groups were close-knit; now, the youths spend an exorbitant amount of time at their keyboards playing computer games or visiting chat rooms (Freidman). However, the Internet has also contributed to raising the awareness of Saudi citizens to a wider range of cultures and enabled the widening of social circles that cross national borders. Additionally, the Internet has contributed to time-saving. Nowadays, multi-tasks are undertaken in cyberspace, such
Introduction The US government shutdown of 2013 was an event that led to significant financial losses for many industries in the country. This shutdown, which lasted from October 1 to 16, happened because Congress could not agree on spending priorities and policies. This led to a failure in passing the bill appropriating funds for the year 2014. Once the shutdown was in action, federal employees were required to go on leave and only employees offering crucial services continued working. Since the services provided by federal employees in the tourism sector are not considered crucial, the shutdown led to the closure of all national parks, museums, and other tourist attraction sites under federal control. This paper will highlight the negative impacts that the politically motivated government shutdown of 2013 had on tourism. Impacts of the Shutdown The tourism industry in the US is heavily dependent on federal services to operate. The federal government manages the major national parks and tourist attraction sites. It employs the personnel who work in these avenues and maintains the sites. During the shutdown, these tourism sites were closed; therefore deterring tourists from visiting. Hetter reports that the National Parks have a flow of about 715,000 tourists each day (par.5). As such, over 11million visitors were turned down for the 16-day duration that the National Parks were closed. The White House reports that over $500 million was lost due to the closing of national parks during the 16-day shutdown (11). This amount was what the National Park Service would have obtained as revenue from the visitors who visit the various tourist attraction sites. In an attempt to reduce the losses suffered by tourism due to the shutdown, State governments opened some of the parks about eight days after the shutdown began. However, this re-opening still failed to attract the high number of visitors who frequent the parks. During the duration of the shutdown, people were unwilling to make travel plans to the tourist sites due to the uncertainty surrounding the shutdown situation (The White House 11). The decrease in tourist levels was also caused by the fact that most people had canceled their travel plans following the news that a shutdown would occur. In addition to the revenue lost by the national parks, the communities that live around the national parks and tourist attraction sites also suffered from financial losses. These local communities provide services such as accommodation and entertainment to the tourists. They rely on the high inflow of tourists to make their living (Hetter par.5). During the government shutdown, there were few tourists visiting since the attraction sites were closed. The local communities could, therefore, not generate income during the period of the shutdown. Conclusion This paper set out to discuss the negative impact that the government shutdown had on tourism in the US. People who work in the tourism industry or depend on tourism to make a living lost a substantial amount of revenue during the shutdown. These losses were caused by the closure of tourist attraction sites and th
The Gospel of Thomas (GT) is an “anthology of 114 ‘obscure sayings’ of Jesus, which according to its prologue, were collected and transmitted by St. Didymus Jude Thomas” (Miller). This text is found in Nag Hammadi, Egypt, in 1945. Nowadays, there is no consensus on the time of the gospel’s creation − some of the scholars consider it a monument of the first century AD or earlier, while others think it was composed about 140 AD (Miller). The Catholic church does not include the GT in the list of canonical texts, and some theologians perceive it as insufficiently credible and even heretical. In the given paper, the main structural and semantic differences between the GT and the canonical Biblical texts will be discussed to identify why the gospel was not accepted by the Catholic church and was often regarded as an inferior manuscript. The content and structure of the GT are crucial to the understanding of the suggested problem. Some researchers consider that the gospel is nothing but the original record of Christ’s words. At the beginning of the GT, it is mentioned that the included verses “are the secret sayings that the living Jesus spoke” (“The ‘Scholar’s Translation’ of the Gospel of Thomas” [The GT]). The given statement suggests that there was no need to write down the narratives about the life of Jesus as he was still alive then and, therefore, only his actual words were important. Based on this, one may presume that only several decades after the Crucifixion and Resurrection of the Savior, when almost none of those who knew him personally remained alive, it became necessary to record the testimonies of his life combining them with the earlier collections of sayings and parables. The given presumption supports the idea that the canonical Evangelical genre developed only after the GT was created. Nevertheless, the evidence shows there may be some interdependences between the GT and other canonical text including the Gospel of Mark because the former has multiple references to the parables included in the latter (Miller). However, if there are some parallels between the GT and other gospels, why is it not regarded as the can
Introduction: Something People Should Know about Linda Chavez and Racial Profiling After 1919, racial inequality problems should have vanished without a trace; yet even in the present days, the problems on an uncomfortable subject of race manage somehow worm into the lives of millions of people, causing numerous debates, serious conflicts and several uncomfortable situations. One of the topics on the agenda of the world peace and security, the issue of racial profiling is well worth taking a closer look at. In her article, Linda Chavez, an American commentator and an author, offers quite an unusual look at the problem which has become a notorious part and parcel of everyday life. Depicting in a rather graphic way all the problems which the people of an Arabic or Israeli appearance have to bear in the process of traveling to and from the USA, she actually makes it obvious that the given measures are quite understood and really adequate. Why These Things Happen: Racial Profiling as It Is However, there comes the time when one just has to ask oneself a question about why things like racial profiling exist and whether they are a product of people’s concern for safety or merely another form of racism. On the one hand, there is no use denying that in the era when terrorism has become a shocking element of reality, such precaution measures serve to make travels safer. On the other hand, the rights of certain nationalities are considerably infringed. As Etzioni & Marsh explain, “There is no sound law enforcement rationale for detention by visual association, for there exists face-recognition software for picking individuals out of crowds far more efficiently and accurately than by the crude use of racial characteristics” (Etzioni & Marsh, 2003, 17). Anyway, there is no doubt that the idea of racial profiling is by no means an attempt to humiliate certain nationalities; on the contrary, the given procedure is merely another means to ensure tighter security. However, in their attempts to make the world a safer place, the officials do not consider the possibility of offending someone with the given policy or not being politically correct. When Overreacting Is Good: The Guardians of the Humankind Are on the Watch Taking a closer look at Chavez’s article, one must admit that the author has the point. Indeed, in the current situation, there is hardly anything that one can do to avoid the check
In his novel, The Great Gatsby , F. Scott Fitzgerald has several characters play dramatic roles. Daisy Buchanan is one of the characters that drive the novel. Daisy is Tom’s spouse, Nick’s cousin, and Jay Gatsby’s beloved. In her adulthood, she promises to wait for her first love, Jay Gatsby, until his return from the war, but after meeting Tom Buchanan, everything changes. She breaks her promise to wait for Gatsby and chooses to marry Tom, who has the support of her parents. After marrying Tom, she cheats on her husband with Gatsby. They meet in secret behind Nick’s back. Daisy’s personality stands out when analyzed alongside other characters in the story. Daisy is shown to be innocent, but immoral, and weak. When Jordan Baker describes Daisy in her childhood, she says that she dressed in white and had a little white roadster and “our white girlhood was passed together there. Our beautiful white” (Fitzgerald 19). Here Daisy is seen dressed in white, a color showing purity of heart. This quote shows that not only is she wearing white, but she also has a white vehicle; in addition, she lives in a white and red house. The color white symbolizes youth and purity and is used to add innocence to Daisy’s personality. Another scene illustrates that Daisy is pure and innocent when Nick describes the image Daisy’s voice conjures for him. Also, he calls her the king’s daughter, not the princess. This illustration portrays her as pure and innocent. These quotes show how she uses her voice and the color white to represent purity and innocence. This purity stands out against other people living in the world the protagonist observes. Jay witnesses that the world is corrupted and is full of wrongdoers. The image of Daisy he creates in his head is an image of a perfect creature from the perfect world. It is also noteworthy that jay is looking at his own image without trying to look beyo
Nomadic pastoralism is usually practiced in developing countries. Most of the nomads are found in West Africa and Central Asia. Increased grazing leads to desertification of lands. The Mongols lived in the arid lands of Eastern Asia. They were loyal to the group organized into clans, families, and tribes. During the thirteenth century, Chinggis Khan forged the tribes of the Mongol into an alliance that builds the largest empire in the world. The Mongols were termed as mere cultivators. The Chinese were forbidden from learning the Mongol language. They also worked hard to secure their trade routes and ensured the safety of their merchants. The rise of the Ottoman relates to the Byzantine Empire declined. It brought about the shift in power from a single European society to influence the Islamic. This period was characterized by Byzantine wars, which took a century and a half. During the period, the Ottoman Empire gained control. The people and patriarchs responded with one heart to the prophets. They usually heed to their teachings and followed their savings wisely. Christianity flourished in a long way from the Roman Empire in the Dark Ages. Christians came to Europe from Ireland. They had to spread the good news about Jesus. The church in Europe developed its way of doing things. The Lion Prince of Mali was Sundiata. Mali was formed in West Africa in the thirteen century. Tradition has it that the father of Sundiata ruled in the West African a small kingdom in the North Eastern part which is now referred to as Guinea. The Mali Empire is the wealthiest empire in the sub-Saharan. After the death of Sundiata, the Prince’s Legacy shaped peoples lives in West Africa. It also helped to link them with people in the Mediterranean basin and North Africa. After the classical era forward there was the establishment of an extensive network of the people of the Mediterranean basin and East Asia. After the Roman Empire disappeared, it inspired the European philosophers and rulers who dreamt of having a political structure that is centralized, embracing all Christians in Europe. In the Mediterranean region, the Byzantine Empire existed since it had the dominant power. The Holy Roman Empire was formed by the German princes in the late tenth century. This was a revival to the Christianity of the Roman Empire. Monarchs which are independent emerged in England and France. There were other authorities that ruled in the regions of Spain and Italy. This then brings to the conclusion that Medieval Europe can be described as a political mosaic that is independent and competes with other regional states. Europe rose from the long period of economic and political instability and intellectual stagnation. There were expansion and consolidation of the states in regions and the persistence of the Roman Catholic Christianity. In the high ages, Europe started interacting frequently with other regions in the east. There was no s
Introduction In the contemporary world, the importance of the employees in determining the success of an organisation has significantly increased. For instance, the employees’ level of productivity and ability determines the overall cost of production per unit. Therefore, it is necessary to have employee motivation measures in order to maximize the level of their performance. Discussion The four drive theory attempts to explain employee motivation basing the argument on a set of dynamic interacting needs that are important in the make up of the human being (Latham, 2007). These needs evolve from the past experience that man has come across in life. They are also intrinsic. The main drives include; acquire, bond, comprehend, and defend. These four drives are the major factors that play a pivotal role in determining the interactions as well as the outcome of such interactions among the employees. The drives in this case include acquisition of the status as well as the material gains. It is important to note that these drives can either lead to good performance and also to deterioration in the level of their performance. On the other hand, the Maslow’s hierarchy theory is a theory on human motivation that was proposed by Abraham Maslow. This theory categorizes human needs into different levels. There are some levels where some are more fundamental than others. The satisfaction of these needs can significantly affect the performance of an individual. The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can be presented in a form of a pyramid. Maslow identified fou