ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background of the Case: Important Highlights The case under analysis, Christian Legal Society v. Martinez, 561 U. S., 130 S. Ct. 2971 L. Ed. 2d 838, focuses on the confrontation between Hastings College of the Law headed by dean Martinez and the Christian Legal Society (CLS). The college required the recognition of students group by student organizations irrespective of the student’s status and beliefs. However, when the CLS called for subscribing to a “Statement of Beliefs” that deviated from the established norms of behavior, Hastings admitted that CLS could not be regarded as a student organization. Specifically, “Statement of Beliefs” introduced by the CLS did not accept the behavior and beliefs of LGBT students, as well those who support the groups. The CLS sued stating that Hastings College of the Law violated the organization’s right to protest against LGBT and non-Christian students. In response, a campus gay group called Hastings Outlaw was represented by the National Center for Lesbian Rights to defend the policy. Procedural history In the course of trial, the petitioner found it reasonable to adhere to Hastings’s arguments. Hence, even if a student does not belief in the Bible, he/she should be allowed to study the discipline; if the CLS does not admit students to the course, the college will prevent them from participating in its forum for speech. The main arguments here is that, according to the First Amendment, a public forum should be inclusive and open; however, the participants have the right to their own choice. Justice Anthony Kennedy admitted that the presented arguments are fundamental, but reference should also be made to the Stipulations 17 and 18 at 220 of the Joint Appendix that supersede the arguments presented in the Hastings’ statement. In response, the petitioner reasoned that both stipulations justified the Hastings’ position. Justice Scalia remarked that all-comers policy had a broader application than the nondiscrimination policy. The latter, thus, had a significant impact on religious organization whereas the former was applicable to every entity. The petitioner reasoned that bo
Introduction Proximate cause refers to the immediate causes of an event while the ultimate causes are the primary reasons why a given event occurred. The proximate causes are the immediate trigger to a given occurrence while ultimate causes are the underlying reasons that have been provoking a given event to occur. Professor Jared Diamond believed that the ultimate cause of Western civilization’s dominance over others militarily, economically, politically, and culturally was geography. The geographic conditions in Europe demanded that they become innovative as a way of addressing geographic-related problems. It is through their innovative ways that they gained superiority in the military, politics, culture, and economics. Innovation played a very critical role in enabling Western culture to be dominant over other cultures around the world. In the West, extreme weather conditions and other geographic factors made it necessary for the people in these regions to be innovative to survive (C
B & A Railroad Company The B & A Railroad Company is liable for Nellie the cow that was hit by a train when it wondered onto the track. The company negligence is that of breach of duty since it failed to put up a fence as required by the law. The law requires any railway company to put up a fence to prevent any stray animals from injuries or death. Otherwise, the company is liable to the owner if any stock is injured or killed due to the absence of the fence. The company is expected to pay the full value of the animal within a stipulated time as long as the owner shows evidence of the injuries or destruction of the stock. Lionel Reginald is negligent since his careless and thoughtless driving caused him to cross the center of the highway and scrap off Lionel’s car, damaging its fender. Reginald’s lack of care caused him to hit Lionel’s car which lost control and ended up in the ditch causing personal injuries to Lionel and wrecking the car. Reginald is liable for the damages since he violated the duty of care by driving recklessly. Lionel is entitled to compensation for the property damaged which in this case are the damages to the fender of the car and other damages caused when the car veered off the road into the ditch. Lionel is entitled to compensation for the injuries and medical expenses incurred from the accident caused by Reginald negligent and reckless driving. If Reginald is an uninsured motorist, Lionel insurance company can compensate him for damages caused to the car as long as his insurance has uninsured motorist coverage. Hawkins H. E. Butt Grocery Company’s store was negligent because the store manager was aware of the puddle and had mopped it several times, but still failed to put up a sign warning the customers of the imminent danger. After noticing the puddle, it was the obligation of the store manager to warn customers of any known hazards or dangers. Although manager can argue that the water was blown into the store by the wind, this argument is not valid because the store manager had noticed the pool of water and tried to mop it, but still failed to put up a warning sign. There is a high chance that Hawkins will be awarded compensation for the damages and injuries sustained during the fall since there was no warning sign put up. Minth Puttkammer will not prevail and no judgment will be made on Minth. This is because although Minth knew about the renovations and they will directly benefit from them, they did not order Puttkammer to undertake the works. The basis of unjust enrichment is the moral principle that when one receives a certain benefit, they have the duty to compensate the other party so as to retain the benefit. In this case, Puttkammer doesn’t imply that Minth ratified or ordered the work or that it undertook the work expecting to receive payment from Minth. Also, the contract for the works was between Puttkammer and Piekarski and was not executed on behalf of Minth. Puttkammer only alleges that Minth approved the performance of the work. Minth is not obliged to pay Puttkammer $ 2,540 that it is deman
Introduction Patient education remains one of the evidence-based methods used to manage various medical conditions. Posters and campaigns are usually used by health professionals to guide and empower their respective patients. This paper gives a detailed review and analysis of the presented poster and how it can empower many people to deal with the cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Peer Review After examining the poster titled “The Management of Cardiorenal Syndrome”, it is evident that the designer offers relevant information that can empower medical practitioners and patients to deal with CRS. The first outstanding observation is that the poster’s objective or purpose is clearly stated. The reader can acknowledge that the educational tool is aimed at informing people about cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) and how to manage it. The poster’s first impression stimulated my attention. This was the case since the designer used appropriate colors, fonts, and pictorials to pass the intended message to the reader. The title is also brief and interesting. Another important thing to observe is that the intended message is complete. However, the tool fails to present the intended information with an economy of words. This means that most of the sentences could have been shortened without affecting the quality of the poster. After going through the educational tool, I have observed that every main point or idea is presented professionally. However, the key problem is that the designer failed to offer supporting evidence. It is also notable that the information is not shortened or summarized. Consequently, small fonts are used to ensure that the words fit in the document. This is capable of confusing the intended reader. It is important to note that there are no errors in spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Additionally, the charts and pictorial materials have been presented effectively to pass across the intended information to the reader. In terms of design, the font choice and color scheme appear to be out of place. As indicated earlier, these weaknesses make it hard for different people to go through the entire poster. The color scheme also lacks consistency, thereby discouraging many individuals from using this poster. Despite the above minor bottlenecks, the poster’s layout and organization are commendable. This means that any conscientious reader would be in a position to get quality information from this poster. It is also evident that the presented abstract provides sufficient information regarding the tool. This is the case because it gives a detailed summary of the targeted medical condition, its causal fa
Church-sect Theory Scholars have tried to classify religious movements by coming up with ways through which religious movements form. The most extensively employed categorization is the church-sect typology. The church-sect theory states that churches, sects, and cults form a continuum with declining effect on society. Groups that decide to break away from the mainstream religious organizations form sects. Therefore, sects are never in good terms with other members of society because their members are perceived as perverts. This explains why sects tend to be in constant conflicts with society. Sects are different from cults and religious movements because they do not have new teachings but instead deviates from the teachings of the mainstream church. Scholars utilize the attitudes of sect members and their level of involvement in society to determine their culture. The church-sect theory is mostly used to differentiate sects from denominations and churches. The theory originated from the writings of Max Weber. As previously observed, the church-sect theory suggests that categorization of religions is a gamut that ranges from a protest-like sects to the symmetry preserving religion. The church represents the religious norms and standards of society. In other words, churches are the custodians of religion in a certain society. In this regard, religious competition is not tolerated in such societies because it may bring about tension and mistrust. A perfect example of a church is the Islamic religion, which does give room for religious freedoms. Unlike sects, churches claim universality meaning that each member of society should be included. Moreover, churches enjoy monopolies implying that they always try to eliminate all forms of competitions. In fact, the church has the endorsement of the state. State organs, such as the military, the judiciary, and the executive support it. During state functions, churches will always be invited to offer prayers and spiritual guidance. Denominations are also different from sects but almost similar to churches. Just like churches, denominations are always in good terms with the state and may even influence the government to implement its policies. Unlike churches, denominations tolerate theological diversity. This means that members are free to criticize the beliefs of a particular denomination. Unlike sects, members are not involved so much in its affairs. However, the level of involvement is intent as compared to churches. Sects are new religious groups that are established by disgruntled individuals. They always come up with new teachings, claiming that the mainstream church does not provide freedoms and openness. Sects are differentiated from denominations because low class individuals form them. For instance, sects can discourage their members from wearing jewelry and expensive ornaments that are often associated with the reach. After their establishment, sects take three major paths. One of them is dissolution path. This happens when members come to the realization that they cannot achieve their objectives by following the teachings of the sect. Another path
Lewis’s book The Horse and His Boy uncovers a variety of themes and issues, such as the fight between good and evil, the relationship between friends, the expression of loyalty, and the discussion of gender roles. However, the most insightful topic raised in the book is that of the function of spirituality and the divine. Through the character of Aslan, the lion, the author explains the Christian ideas and teaches the readers that humility and sincerity are better than all the wealth of the world. Aslan represents the Lord throughout the story’s various situations and characters’ difficulties. He is thoughtful, supportive, cautious, and always ready to help his friends. Aslan teaches animals and people how to behave decently and comforts them in times of trouble. At the same time, other characters remind of those who were close to Christ and communicated with Him. When Bree says that Aslan is not a real lion, he replies, “Touch me. Smell me. Here are my paws, here is my tail, these are my whiskers. I am a true Beast” (Lewis 109). These words are a reference to Thomas the Apostle, or the Doubting Thomas, who was the only of the disciples that did not believe in Christ’s resurrection at once and demanded proofs. Just like Christ is kind and sympathetic to his apostles, Aslan treats Bree with kindness despite his doubts and slight mockery. Aslan calls Bree a “poor, proud, frightened horse,” and by doing so, he makes it evident that he is not angry or upset with the horse’s behavior. Rather, Aslan wants to explain what is right and what is wrong and teach Bree to differentiate between the two. The role of the divine is further exemplified through changes in Bree’s character since the horse admits that he is “rather a fool” (Lewis 109). This situation is one of the examples of how the theme of faith is represented in the book. Another indication of the religious topic in the book is the allusion to the famous saying of Babylonian origin, ‘an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.’ When Aslan explains to Aravis why she got her wounds, he says, “tear for tear, throb for throb, blood for blood” (Lewis 110). Hence, this is another indication of the divine’s role in the book. Aslan not only preaches on dignity and kindness but also protects his people even when they do not know about it or when they lose faith in his support. Before the fight of Anvard, Shasta recollects how dangerous the path he took the day before was. Suddenly, he realizes that he did not feel the danger last evening. Like God protects His people in all their endeavors, so did Aslan help Shasta overcome the difficult track. Shasta realizes that he was “quite safe” because Aslan was between him and the edge “all the time” (Lewis 100). This invisible but constant support and guidance are what draws connections between Lewis’s book and the theme of the divine. The association to God is reflected in the book through the presence of the Voice, which is indicated as the Thing or Person. This Voic
Summary Written by Mary Schlangenstein and Dan Hart, the article, Southwest Airlines grounds 79 planes after hole in 737-jet forces emergency landing, analyses a story of the emergency landing of one of the Southwest airlines 737 jets. The 737 jets was forced to take an emergency landing after developing a hole while in flight forcing the company to cancel about 300 flights. Flight 812 was carrying 118 passengers and 5 crews when this problem happened on its route from Phoenix to Sacramento on Friday. The problem occurred when an oxygen mask was forced to deploy after the loss of cabin pressure. The article also looks at a similar case that happened last year in July with a Boeing 737-300 where one passenger and flight attendants were injured. Southwest airline has also started a serious inspection to establish the cause of that incident though from the past cases metal fatigue can be blamed for the problem (Schlangenstein & Hart, 2011). Analysis The article presents the actions taken by Southwest Airlines after the emergency landing of Boeing 812. The article gives all the actions that the company has been taken to establish the cause of the problem. It also analyses similar cases that happened in the past such as last July case. Many problems in the airline can only be solved by looking at the past records; for instance, the main problem in the Boeing jet is the engine problem, which is solved with past incidences (Langston, 2011, p.46). However, the author of the article does not present the reaction of the customers who are most affected by this problem. For example, many flights were canceled which affected customers of Southwest airline in many ways. This can add to the problem that is already in the company of delaying customers as Tang and Zimmerman (2009, p.74) claim. Conclusion The article analyses the steps taken by Southwest airlines to fix the problem. Presentation of the past incidence helps to address the current problem. Despite all these efforts, the article does not present the views of the customers, which are also very important in solving the problem.
Two types of decision support systems (DSSs) have been identified. These are mainly the model-driven decision system and data-driven decision support system. The model-driven DSS uses a limited set of data anchored on a pre-programmed model. Specifically, the model-driven DSS is developed on the premise that users can manipulate elements of the model to assess the sensitivity of variable outputs or to perform some ad hoc ‘what if’ analysis. It is imperative to note that the model-driven DSS is evolving and becoming more robust to match new demands from businesses. Further, the model has robust computerized mathematical models based on accounting and financial models in addition to representational models and optimization models that are applicable in making business decisions (Power and Sharda 1044). Conversely, data-driven DSS has striking differences from the model-driven DSS, including relatively a large amount of data is necessary; multidimensional conceptual view; general simple models make it simple to understand and use; analytical capabilities help to solve unstructured problems; multi-user support capabilities; institutive data manipulation; and flexible reporting (Power, Understanding Data-Driven Decision Support Systems 149). Although both tools are different, the decision support systems are vital in any organization. Nevertheless, specific users may find one model more appropriate for their needs relative to other model. For instance, business managers require the model-driven DSS to help them obtain the necessary information on specific business situation. That is, the model-driven DSS help managers to comprehend the effect of decisions on their firms. In financial and marketing situations, for instance, the model-driven DSS can assist managers based on its models that facilitate comprehension of budget allocations, accounting and marketing issues. At the same time, managers and other decision-makers may also rely on the data-driven DSS to respond to specific issues in an organization. For example, a manager may use this tool to understand clients’ requests and act immediately (D. Power 1). In this case, the data-driven DSS facilitates decision-making by assisting managers to understand past developments, note relationships or patterns of engagement and then make the most appropriate business decision (D. Power 56). In short, both types of DSSs can provide valid, reliable and readily available information and data regarding past and current trends, changes and operations for managers and other decision-makers. Consequently, such users can be able to make decisions fast, determine critical trends and resource allocation for their business units. Users rely on both DSSs to analyze and present organizational data as simple to understand information using graphs or chart (Marakas 36). Managers and other decision-makers rely on such summaries to make strategic decisions for their organizations. Thus, DSS applications assist users to manage data and extract useful information from complex data (Zhang and
Abstract Overweight and obesity are the causes of several workplace problems for employers, namely higher rates of injuries and absenteeism, lower productivity, and higher insurance-related expenses. However, it appears that not many companies have implemented obesity-related programs to help their employees. The present paper is a large-scale quantitative study consisting of structured surveys of both employers and employees regarding their perspective on the existence and desirability of such programs. The findings reveal a significant gap between the percentage of employers and workers who believe companies should provide obesity-related programs, as well as between large and small companies in the provision of such services. The study is significant because it highlights two problems: firstly, employers are likely to be misinformed about the costs of employee obesity to them. Secondly, if they lack the resources to implement obesity-related programs, they do not have to bear the costs on their own. Introduction While certain diseases like AIDS, cancer, and Ebola receive significant worldwide attention, they are far from being the only health problems plaguing the modern world. One of the so-called “silent killer” diseases are overweight and obesity, especially prevalent in the developed countries (Swinburn, Gill & Kumanyika, 2005). An Australian cross-sectional study, conducted as early as the beginning of the 2000s, discovered that approximately 60 percent of adults are either overweight or obese, regardless of whether the body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference is used as the defining measure. Moreover, this number has more than doubled in comparison to the previous study conducted 20 years earlier (Cameron, 2003). Currently, Australia is the world’s fourth-leading country in terms of its overweight and obese population, right after the United States, Mexico, and the United Kingdom (Australian Safety and Compensation Council, 2008). The numbers are clearly staggering, and several calls for a comprehensive approach to solving this problem have been made by scientists, researchers, and policy-makers alike (Swinburn, Gill & Kumanyika, 2005; Ostbye, Dement & Krause, 2007; Australian Safety and Compensation Council, 2008). However, these action plans remain limited in scope as they