ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Social determinants of health (SDOH) are defined by the CDC (2021) as conditions and factors based on where people live, work, learn, and interact which affect their personal health and a wide range of risks and outcomes. Healthy People (2030) identifies five key categories of SDOH including access to healthcare and its quality, education access and its quality, economic stability, social and community factors, and the physical neighborhood and environment. Since these factors are significantly different for each individual, household, community and population, health disparities arise. Health disparities are the preventable differences in the burden of disease, quality and access to healthcare, and opportunities that arise due to issues or inaccessibility in one or more determinants of health (Ndugga & Artiga, 2021). Health disparities often lead to consequential differences in health status among populations. For example, African American females living in inner-city neighborhoods are more likely to experience post-partum complications or maternal mortality in comparison to white women in suburban areas due to the difference in the access and quality of healthcare and social contexts of racial prejudice. Despite being on the ground level of healthcare provision, nurses can play an important role in reducing healthcare disparities. This can be done through one’s professionalism by offering the best level of care possible to all patients regardless of the available resources and the patient’s background. Second, nurses can serve as powerful advocates for patient rights when they see the healthcare disparities in communities (The University of New Mexico, 2020). Advocacy can gain public attention as well as from appropriate agencies to provide at least some of the necessary resources ranging from interpreters to screening to better equipment and more free clinics in neighborhoods, to improve first and foremost access and quality of provided care. The main objective for nurses is to attempt to achieve health equity from the health disparity present. Functional ability implies that the patient has the physical, psychological, cognitive, and social ability to participate in normal life activities. There are the basic activities of daily living (ADLs) such as eating, dressing, and moving around which the patient Dale Mayman may potentially fulfill. However, the more complex instrumental ADLs with complex functions of self-care and self-sufficiency, it is likely that the patient does not meet those standards. It is also evident that the patient has disrupted cognitive and psychological functions demonstrated through lack of awareness (disorientation), emotional outbursts, and a distorted psychological state due to thr
The presented political meme includes two pictures of Donald Trump with the upper caption reading “You’re hired!” with the following caption stating “You’re fired!”. The meme was inspired by a series of appointments and quick dismissals from the office that followed numerous politicians during Trump’s time in the office. It seems that whoever opposes the president’s current political agenda or whose affiliation somehow discredits the President either gets removed from the position or switched to a less important role. The apparent inability to choose appropriate individuals for the position and standing by one’s decisions is being satirically parodied in this choice of captions and pictures. On September 10, 2019, President Donald Trump fired John R. Bolton, his third security advisor, stating that his incompetent approach led to the worsening of relationships between the US, North Korea, Iran, and Afghanistan. Bolton’s approach was deemed as either too hard-lined or too soft, depending on the source. As it stands, the new candidate for the position of national security advisor is still being deliberated, but the President is steadily running out of capable candidates for the position. This is not the first individual to suffer from Mr. Trump’s contradictory decisions. Lu and Yourish report that the current office has already beaten the record for achieving the largest cabinet turnover during Trump’s first term. The current list of replaced personnel is as follows (
Introduction Express Scripts, Inc. is a pharmacy benefit management (PBM) company which offers drug plan management services mainly to government agencies, unions and corporations. Around April, 2010, Express Scripts was for the first time ranked by both Forbes magazine and Fortune, among the top five hundred companies in the United States. Moreover, the company also managed to be featured in the Forbes Platinum List where it was among twenty five companies which have, “Platinum Profiles” a great fete for a company that has been slowly, but surely growing to become a force to reckon with. We aim to find out how it incorporated its information systems and internet technology into its business processes so as to make these great achievements. The important business processes of Express Scripts, Inc Like most companies, Express Scripts has management, operational and supporting processes as its core business processes. All are important, but with respect to information systems, its supporting processes are the most important because they provide essential backing for the other core processes. Express Scripts have an advanced technical support team and have even gone to great lengths to offer resources such as PDFs on “Tips for Using the Express Scripts Call Center and website” to clients and customers. Given the dynamic nature of technology, this has been very instrumental in the company’s operations and ultimately has a positive impact on its output. Express Scripts’ business strategies This company has used various business strategies that have seen its profitability rise almost exponentially. For instance, its acquisition strategy, which was founded on cross-selling whereby companies’ own contracts with drug stores were converted to contracts that those drug stores now have with Express Scripts. This ultimately brought down the clients’ cost of pharmaceutical programs thus giving the clients additional value. Further, their internet strategy entails marketing their services and delivering core services to their clients via the internet thus enhancing convenience. Information systems that give Express Scripts competitive advantage The actions that are taken to create an information system that solves an organizational problem are called system development (Laudon & Laudon, 2009). Express Scripts has heavily invested in information technology aimed at supporting its future profitability and growth. This resourcefulness is accounted for as capitalized software ranging from data warehouses (which enable effective communication with all parties involved in the prescription process), to e-Business initiatives which saw instantaneous benefits by virtue of increasing their connectivity to their clients, prescribing physicians and also their members. Express Script also enjoys competitive advantage by being among the first to introduce a mobile a
Health Issue Cell phones are important gadgets in today’s communication industry. From business environments to office communication, cell phones have made life easier and more comfortable. With the wide application of cell phones, the world has now become a global village. Nevertheless, there are disadvantages associated with the use of mobile phones. For example, it is obvious cell phones emit radiofrequency energy- radio waves, dangerous to human bodies. Nonetheless, research carried out by scientists does indicate that, the amount of radiofrequency energy radiated by cell phones is very insignificant to cause tissue heating or augment body temperature. On the other hand, there has been concern as to whether, radiofrequency energy from cell phones pose a cancer risk to cell phone users. Currently, scientists all over the world are busy carrying out research to identify the effect of cell phones in brain tumors, the central nervous system and other sites of the head and neck. This is because; these areas might be vulnerable to attack from radio waves as cell phone users hold cell phones, just below the head when communicating. Interestingly a research study carried out by various bodies indicates that; although there are diverse cell phone radio wave effects in human bodies, radiation from cell or mobile phones have no new effects excluding the most common brain, glimoa and meningioma. It therefore poses serious concerns regarding the friendliness of to human bodies. (Cardias, et.al. 2007, pp. 642-656). Analysis Mobile phone use started in Europe in 1980s and spread to United States. At present, the number of people in possession of cell phones around the globe is by far very high. Nevertheless, with so many people now owning and using mobile phones, there has been varied concerns on the dangers of cell and mobile phones to human bodies. It went down into historical books to note that, the number of mobile phone subscribers in United States of America rose tremendously to reach 285 million people, in what the Cellular Telecommunication and Internet Association termed, tremendous growth. However, the high number of mobile subscribers need protection from radiofrequency energy radiated by cell phones although no research indicates whether, it is harmful or not. There is concern as to whether cell and mobile telephones cause certain types of cancer or other health related problems. Indeed, cell phones emit radio waves (radiofrequency energy), which are dangerous to human bodies. This form of radiation has been under study for years, and some research indicates that, radiofrequency radiation has possible effects to exposed human bodies. (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2008, pp. 1-4). Radio waves or radiofrequency energy is a type of electromagnetic emission characterized by substantive amount of penetrative power. Electromagnetic radiations or emissions fall into two groups. The first category of ionizing radiations comprise of radiofrequency energies that penetrate into bo
Introduction Creating the realm of global economy has set new challenges for not only running a business, but merely starting it. The necessity to not only define the key goals of the company, but also locate the strategies allowing for attaining these goals in the environment of harsh competition and rather hostile economic factors, which the global market is defined by, has predetermined the need for a firm to cling to every opportunity and develop the strategy that allows for a continuous pursuit of the one. Though the phenomena of pursuit, opportunity and going beyond resources controlled are traditionally defined in a rather narrow manner within the specified context, they can be analyzed on a larger scale and considered a part and parcel of the overall design of an organization. Definition of Pursuit Perhaps, one of the most easily identifiable concepts of the three, the phenomenon of pursuit can be interpreted as the endeavor of attaining a specific goal or a set of objectives. Defining it as a consistent focus seems a reasonable choice; however, in contrast to the latter, pursuit may alter depending on the needs that an organization must meet, as well as the result that the company in question strives to attain to. Consequently, while focus is typically viewed as a fixed goal, the achievement of which terminates the process of growth, the phenomenon of pursuit, which is adopted in entrepreneurship, is an unceasing movement forwards. Therefore, it will be more pertinent to describe the concept in question as the process of adapting towards the changing environment in order to gain the maximum profit and get the best of the situation that can be observed in the target market. In other words, the common definition of pursuit as the goal that needs to be achieved, while being right, lacks precision. Pursuit is only possible when the strategies used by the company to evolve are altered in accordance with the changes that the market environment suffers. It is also quite peculiar that in modern business terms, the term of pursuit is not defined on its own merits – quite on the contrary, it is placed in a specific context in most cases so that its nature could be located in the most precise manner. For instance, Annacchino (2011) links the phenomenon of pursuit directly to the idea of innovativeness and product development, therefore, making a rather big leap and drawing parallels between pursuit and the idea of going “beyond resources controlled” discussed below. In other words, Annacchino (2011) draws parallels between the chase that pursuit presupposes and the actual goals that the above-mentioned pursuit is designed for (Annacchino 2011). Moreover, according to the researcher, there is an obvious link between the phenomenon of pursuit and the idea of product management: The business development manager’s role is to nurture the business. The product manager is the focal point of responsibility for the corporation, advocate for the customer, and architect of the product
The main aim of education is to offer learners the best possible development. Attending school enables individuals to lead morally, creatively as well as productive lives in society. Students ought to gain skills and knowledge that form part of the basis for lifelong learning. One of the ways that contribute to this goal is ensuring that there is diversity in classrooms. However, if classrooms are filled with most students of the same ethnic or racial background, then this presents potential harm to students as they may not fit nicely among other social groups. When learning with people from diverse cultures and backgrounds, students can have a more comprehensive comprehension of the subject matter. Diversity in classrooms teaches learners and exposes them to various other cultural and social groups (Jansson et al., 2020). The interactions effectively prepare learners to become better citizens in their respective communities and to fit elsewhere too. On the contrary, segregation spatially isolates ethnic and racial groups in one of the critical phases of human development when ethnic and racial attitudes are formed. Seclusion challenges the value of unity as well as equal opportunity, which education ought to contribute towards, and countries espouse. Segregation in learning institutions promotes the notion of ethnic and racial differences as well as supremacy by making the idea of separation a physical reality. Children who study in mixed background classes learn about different ethnicities and cultures cross interact and feel more comfortable with the diversity in their lives in school and beyond. Diversity allows learners to freely and more confidently interact with different social groups thus forming friendships (Jansson et al., 2020). Globalization is on the rise, and students who learn in mixed classrooms are better prepared to work and flourish in ethnically and racially diverse workplaces. All schools must embrace diversity so that they produce learners that are conscious of diversity and hence can fit in any community. Reference Jansson, F., Birkelund, G., & Lillehagen, M. (2020). Segregation within school classes: Detecting social clustering in choice data. Plos One, 15 (6). Web.
The famous revolt in colonial Virginia in 1676 under the leadership of Nathaniel Bacon, popularly known as Bacon’s Rebellion, has a great significance in the history of the American Revolution. Taylor and Morgan have been specific about the important role of Bacon’s Rebellion and events surrounding it. They maintain that these events comprise a major development in American history pointing towards the American Revolution and beyond. Significantly, the historical significance of Bacon’s Rebellion is connected with a set of complex relationships in late 17th century Virginia among the British and American elites, the average white colonists, Indians, and slaves. The ultimate outcome of these events has been the reorganization of the relationship between the elite and average whites which resulted in a strengthening of the notion of freedom. As the higher authorities of the Crown identified an important opportunity in the events related to Bacon’s Rebellion to reinforce the imperial control over the precious colony of Virginia, these events turned out to reorganize the relation between the two distinct groups. The Rebellion paved the way for the improved relationship between the British and American elites, the average white colonists, Indians, and slaves. The roles of different sections of the society were rearranged and ultimately there was a reorganization of the different relationships. The relations were arranged on the basis of racial differences and the role of the slaves also was determined. The obsession with racial difference helped the Chesapeake whites to realize a more equal position, regardless of the mounting inequality of their economic circumstances. According to Alan Taylor, “[t]he new sense of racial solidarity rendered white Virginians indifferent to the continuing concentration of most property and real power in the hands of the planter elite.” (Taylor 1650-1750). Therefore, Bacon’s Rebellion had a significant influence on a major development in American history. An analysis of the history of Bacon’s Rebellion substantiates how the social order was affected by the related events. The rebellion was extensive in nature incorporating every section of the society and different types of people were related to the events directly or indirectly. The existence of slavery in the colonial and early national periods made the most pertinent contribution in the shaping of the American character. In Virginia, slaves replaced servants and it had a far-reaching effect in the shaping of different relations. According to Edmund S. Morgan, “Slavery led to diverging northern and southern ways of life, Civil War, segregation following emancipation, a new civil rights movement in the 1960s, and ongoing racial tensions down to the present.” (Edmund S). The existence of slavery in a state which demonstrated massive anti-slavery slogans may be a paradox in itself. However, it is true that the prevalence of slavery in the land had a remarkable influence on determining American nature. The existence of British and American elites in Virg
The patient can be exposed to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are the most used antidepressants in the United States to tackle symptoms of major depression during pregnancy (Grzeskowiak et al., 2011). The most widely used SSRIs in pregnant women include fluoxetine, paroxetine, and escitalopram. Based on the personal and medical history of the patient, the first line of treatment would be to introduce fluoxetine at a starting dose of 10mg po each am and may increase to 20 mg po q am after the first four weeks of treatment. The dose may be increased to a maximum of 80 mg po q am by 10-20 mg q 4 weeks as tolerated or needed. Available literature demonstrate that fluoxetine has a good safety record with pregnant and lactating mothers, and it is well tolerated by most people since it has less histaminergic, dopaminergic and a-adrenergic side effects (Edmunds & Mayhew, 2004). In the event that the patient is unable to tolerate flouxetine, escitalopram should be administered at 10 to 20 mg per day for 4 weeks, but extra caution should be taken in administering the drug if the patient is in her last 3 months of pregnancy as it may cause harm to the fetus (Dodd et al., 2011). Another alternative for the patient is paroxetine, with the recommended starting dose of 20mg per day because the patient is in a safe age and suffers from no renal or liver impairments (Dolder et al., 2010). Paroxetine is usually administered for 4 weeks before its benefits show (Pridmore & Turnier-Shea, 2004). Available literature demonstrates that “…SSRIs exert their pharmacological effects by selectively inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) at the presynaptic junction, resulting in an increased concentration of serotonin in the synaptic cleft and thus enhanced serotonergic neurotransmission” (Grzeskowiak et al., 2011, p. 1028). Elsewhere, it is reported that the pharmacology of most SSRI agents is centered on reversing possible dysfunction of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin and nerepinephrine, which is often achieved by inhibiting the reuptake of these neurotransmitters into presynaptic neurons by obstructing the function of their respective reuptake transporters (Dolder et al., 2010). Side Effects The patient should be monitored very closely upon administration of the SSRIs for symptoms of drug intolerance and also due to the fact that she is pregnant. The discussed SSRIs are perceived by many health professionals as having a more favorable safety profile and reduced toxicity in overdose, especially in pregnant women. However, caution should be exercised in administering the SSRIs as they are associated with increased risk of omphalocele, craniosynostosis, anencephaly, and low birthweight (Dolder et al., 2010). Paroxetine is individually associated with increased risk of congenital malformations, suicidal ideation, and cardiovascular malformations following exposure to the drug at an average daily dose of >25 mg (Grzeskowiak et al., 2011). It is reported in the literature that the most commonly reported cardiovascular malformations in fetuses upon exposure to SSRIs