ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Gender-oriented advertising campaigns are a natural phenomenon in the field of marketing, where specific trends form demand and reflect new social relationships. The images of males and females appearing as models of different products are often based on sexist ideas and are associated with stereotypes promoted to create a steady interest in certain products. The analysis of advertising materials with a detailed assessment of their background and purpose may help give examples of such an impact. This work aims to describe several gender-oriented images with their apparent overtones. An opportunity to influence consumer target groups through sexist advertising allows advertisers to create a reliable sales mechanism and promote specific products through a biased approach to the nature of genders. Image of a Housewife In the 50s of the last century, the Image of a housewife woman presented with obvious sexist overtones was standard in the advertising business. This trend was particularly relevant to products that were aimed at men as the primary target audience. The woman was introduced as the person who was to unquestioningly conduct housekeeping and maintain homeliness while, at the same time, allowing and encouraging the interests and tastes of the man. In Figure 1, a striking example of such a trend is depicted, where women are asked to pay attention to a famous beer brand as a mandatory product that should be present on the table. (“She found she has married two men,” 2019). Figure 1. She found she has married two men (2019). This advertisement was aimed at selling one of the popular brands of beer in 1950s. This image is aimed directly at women, but it also affects the male audience, making it clear that wives are to recognize their husbands’ preferences and satisfy their tastes. The image of a beautiful and young woman was a successful marketing move that allowed attracting the attention of both sexes and presented the stated idea as a given and a profitable prospect. The advertising is sexist and conveys the mood of the era when the desires of males were more preferable that those of females. The slogan proves that wives were to take into account their husbands’ tastes. Thus, one of the solutions was to offer a man pleasure in the form of a delicious beer, which emphasizes how unequal genders were in the context of the social hierarchy. Male Domination Despite individual advertisers’ attempts to equalize both sexes in terms of equality and a unified approach to shopping, the trend of male dominance is still relevant. Many advertisements promote the image of men’s independence and influence as a key principle in attracting the attention of the target audience. Moreover, such a model of impact on consumers has always been of interest and served as a factor encouraging the purchase of specific goods. In Figure 2, a typical example is shown, where a man appears to be in a relaxed and confident state (“Show her it’s a man’s world,” 2014). Figure 2. Show her it’s a man’s world (2014). In this case, a man’s tie is advertised as an integral male fashion attribute of that era. This advertisement was created in the 1950s and was aimed at s
Introduction What selective pressures drive sleep patterns in mammals? Perhaps the most interesting trait that all mammals share is the process known as sleep. Sleep is an essential condition that occurs in mammals and is defined as a naturally recurring state characterized by reduced consciousness and repressed voluntary muscle control. Despite its fundamental role in human and animal life, sleep is, even after decades of scientific research, still quite a mystery in the field of evolutionary science. Why do mammals cease to acquire food and reproduce to subject themselves to such a vulnerable state? This synthesis addresses the question of the origin of sleep in mammals and traces this phenomenon by studying the evolution of the mammalian brain and suggesting possible external factors that affect sleep patterns. The Concept of Sleep Before embarking on the considerations of selective pressures that drive sleep patterns, it is important to briefly clarify the concept of sleep. Sleep is induced by the connection of the sleep-active neurons that are located on the opposite sides of the brain. When this additional inhibitory connection is modeled, uni-hemispheric sleep is generated. “Neuro-modulation of these connections is what makes a possible transition between bi-hemispheric and uni-hemispheric sleep respectively” (Rattenborg et al. 2009: 262). This means that the physiological mechanisms, which are responsible for mammalian sleep, are similar apart from the modifications that have resulted due to evolution. These modifications are responsible for the varying sleep patterns in mammals (Staunton 2005). Most of the experiments undertaken have uncovered the neurological structures that are associated with mammalian sleep patterns. The explanation behind this is that the circadian and homeostatic mechanism is responsible for the sleeping behavior of animals since it alters the sleep-wake switch of mammals thus determining their sleep patterns although it is not well established whether the system is ubiquitous to all species of mammals (Lima et al. 2005). In mammals, sleep consists of two main states; fast wave-phase sleep (FWS) and Short wave-phase sleep (SWS). They are indicated as “wave phases” because sleep activity is measured by using Electroencephalography (EEG), which records electrical activity along the scalp produced by the firing of neurons within the brain. During FWS, mammals experience frequent periods of rapid eye movement (REM) and are characterized by an elevation in bodily processes. These REM features include; deep muscle relaxation, sudden eye movements, muscular twitches, increased heart rate, and incapacity to regulate body temperature (Akaarir et al. 2000). In REM metabolism and sensory thresholds also increase to near a point of wakefulness. On the other hand, in SWS mammals experience non-rapid eye movement (NREM), which is a period of slow bodily processes. NREM is the most abundant phase mammals experience during sleep and consists of opposite features of REM. (ie; little or no body movement, slow heart rate). These phases alte
Therapists, who rely on solution focused therapy, emphasise the role of exceptions or the situations when a person managed to cope with a problem that usually seemed insurmountable. Moreover, these practitioners lay stress on the idea that a patient has the strength to overcome such difficulties on a regular basis. This paper includes the discussion of a video that exemplifies the main techniques included in solution focused therapy. In particular, this video shows how a practitioner can help a person control the outbursts of anger. The task of this professional is to assist an individual in changing his/her views on a certain difficulty. These are the main issues that can be distinguished. The principles of solution focused therapy were formulated by Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer (Sharry, 2007, p. 132). This method is aimed at helping clients discover the way in which their difficulties can be overcome. This paper will explore the role of exceptions in this method. In particular, exceptions can be viewed as those situations when a person was able to cope with his/her challenges. Apart from that, much attention should be paid to the amplification of exceptions. In other words, a therapist should highlight the idea that small successes can be transformed into a norm. To some degree, this discussion will be based on the role-playing video illustrating a hypothetical interaction between a patient and a therapist. Overall, this video can give viewers deeper insight into the use of solution focused therapy. It is important to mention that solution focused therapy is based on the assumption “that are always exceptions to the problems” (Sharry, 2007, p. 39). In other words, there are situations when a person is able to overcome a certain difficulty. There are various factors that can influence the behavior of individuals and their relations with other people. More importantly, in many cases, people forget about such situations. Furthermore, they do not analyse them (Sharry, 2007, p. 39). This is why they often feel helpless. In turn, the task of a practitioner is to urge people to recollect such cases. In part, this principle is reflected in the video. It should be mentioned, a patient is a woman who has problems with anger management (Loveland, 2012). So, she often quarrels with her husband. The practitioner asked her to remember those cases when she did not lose her temper (Loveland, 2012). Furthermore, he encouraged her to think about the reasons why she was able to control her emotions. Overall, it is possible to argue that this discussion
How listening is applied? In recent years, lots of huge companies, mainly transnational corporations have applied active listening to solve unstable quarrels productively. These affirmative results have led the corporations to integrate and highlight active listening abilities in the crisis negotiation training. The fact is, seven methods comprise the core constituents of the active listening advance the TNC managements teach. Together, these practices supply a structure for speakers to counter to the instant emotional requirements of communicative subjects, clearing the way for behavioral modifications that must happen before representatives can resolve dangerous events. Is there some specificity of applying these tools? In the special arrangement, active listening skills can assist negotiators to reveal that the negotiation team genuinely desires to help the matter out of hard circumstances. No preset method exists for applying these skills, though. The submission of some or all of the abilities should depend upon the details of the appeared circumstances tackling speakers. Negotiators should look at these skills as tools to be applied as deemed appropriate during a crisis. Like all tools, they should be used only to perform the jobs for which they are intended. What are the most effective methods? It is necessary to mention, that there are no most or least effective tools or methods. All of them should be applied in every particular situation, and be suited on the run, as negotiations are usually rather an unpredictable thing in business relations. That is why it is advised not to retort to clichés and standards. The negotiator must be creative enough to invent, mix, and lead the negotiations in the necessary direction. But surely, some general rules are necessary to be mentioned: Use Effective Pauses : by intentionally using pauses, negotiators can attach the power of silence for results at suitable times. People tend to speak to fill up spaces in negotiations. Sending “I” messages : While applying this method – and all active listening methods – negotiators must evade being pulled into a discussion or trading individual attacks with a matter. A quarrelsome, ironic, or antagonistic tone could strengthen the subject’s already negative regard for law enforcement and the reason the subje
The Awakening The Awakening is a novel by Kate Chopin published in 1899. It tells the story of unorthodox views on women’s roles, femininity, active sex life and motherhood in a period when social attitudes did not tolerate such views from women. The novel is an earlier work of feminism as it shows a woman’s search for identity by rejecting oppressive social norms. The Awakening is a social commentary novel that psychologically explores femininity issues. Sleep (the motif) Sleep acts as a powerful motif in the book. Readers can identify major patterns of sleep and wakefulness throughout the story. For Edna to realize her position , she must sleep and wake up. She must recognize herself and position in the world as a human being and as an individual in the society. Therefore, to be awake implies:   * To know.   * To be enlightened. Sleep (think deeply) Edna celebrates the “Mass” after she wakes up from her sleep in Chapter XIII. Edna has literally woken up from her nap and learns about the clear details about her world after her sleep and wonders just how long she has slept. Sleep allows Edna to thinking deeply, which is necessary for her. She realizes her fundamental isolation from this old world and her need to enter a new one after tossing in the sofa until morning (Chopin 886). Sleep (Ignorance) Chopin associates sleep with Edna’s ignorance. On the other hand, Edna’s wakefulness represents new knowledge of self-identity. Edna spends time between napping and waking up, which fit the book’s title, The Awakening. It indicates a discovery of new knowledge. Therefore, Edna strives to avoid sleep by staying awake in the sofa. Edna’s waking up shows us that change is about to take place. Sleep (independence and identity) When Edna wakes up, she realizes that she is possessed by Mr. Pontellier as an object. Edna wakes up to this reality of a woman being a man’s possession, which leads to oppression. In Chapter 36, when Chopin writes “no longer one of Mr. Pontellier’s possessions to dispose of or not…”, she is making a clear declaration that her status in life has changed. Edna is asserting her independence as a woman from a possessive husband. Edna is rejecting the repressive social structure that has kept her confined and oppressed and seeks for isolation in the pigeon’s house where she could sleep. Sleep (wakefulness and self-discovery) Chopin notes that perhaps it is important to wake up after all, even to suffer rather than to remain a dupe to illusions all one’s life. This statement reflects Edna’s sleep and wakefulness. Edna’s sleep, in this case, represents repressed life of the past century that women had to endure. Edna was duped to the illusions of “propriety” held by men and society in her time. Waking up is a motif for attaining her true self and desires. Sleep (Isolation) Through sleep, Edna isolates herself from others and society. Edna discovers who she truly is because sleep is a form of escapism from oppressive norms of society. Chopin asserts the view that people possess “true selves“,
Introduction: Disaster Management in the Tourism Industry in the 21 st Century Problem Statement The technological and scientific breakthrough that has been witnessed over the past several decades has created the foil for the rapid development of the tourism industry (Albattat & Som 2013). Offering both the opportunity to reach the most exotic places in the world and at the same time enjoy the comfortable environment, tourism companies have a chance at striving. However, the number of threats and risks to which travel companies and their customers are exposed has also grown significantly. Emergencies and crises such as terrorist attacks, technology malfunctioning, natural disasters, etc., may make lesser tourism organizations cease to exist. Despite the abundance of risk management (RM) strategies designed specifically to address crises and emergencies, a comprehensive framework has not been suggested yet, mainly because the primary cause of emergencies and crises is quite difficult to define. Research Questions  1. What are the primary causes of emergencies and crises in the tourism industry?  2. How travel companies address the said emergencies and crises, and what methods are currently the most efficient ones?  3. What are the reasons for certain RM strategies to fail?  4. How can the current RM approaches used in the travel industry be improved to facilitate customer safety and help a travel organization avoid market failure? Literature Review: Essential Information about Disaster Management Current Threats in the Tourism Industry Emergency planning and preparedness can be considered the most important elements of the tourism industry (Parnell, Crandall, & Crandall 2016). Since traveling implies that a tourist should be taken from the familiar environment and placed in the new and possibly hostile one, it is crucial to make sure that the slightest threats to the client’s well-being should be eliminated. As a rule, external hazards include terrorist attacks, natural disasters (e. g, a landslide), and man-made crises (e.g., fire). Internal ones, in their turn, include the possibility of a tourist injuring themselves (e.g., breaking a leg) (AlBattat, Som, & Li-Ting 2014). Risk Management Strategies Incorporation of the latest technologies that allow detecting a hazard or a threat and informing the customer in a timely and efficient manner is
Synopsis The plot of the book is about two little people and two mice used by the author to illustrate how people should respond to change. The story revolves around two mice, Scurry and Sniff who live in a Maze with two little people named Hem and Haw. he author describes the events that the four characters face as they spend their lives feeding on cheese found in the maze. They feed on the cheese from station C but do not take note of the decreasing levels of cheese at the station. They only realize the change when cheese at the station disappears in an occurrence they did not anticipate. Events in the story take a symbolic turn when they respond differently to the disappearance of cheese at the cheese station C. Scurry and Sniff decide to leave the cheese station C to search for new sources of cheese on what the author describes as the new cheese. Unlike the two mice, Hem and Haw do not take immediate action since they spend time complaining why their cheese was moved. They term the situation as unfair with Hem strongly questioning who had taken away their Cheese. This questioning and complaining by Hem and Haw is what gives the book its symbolic title. Despite the shock of the disappearance of the cheese, Haw adapts to the new situation and takes on a journey to the unknown to find new cheese. Symbolism and Lessons Symbolism relating to the maze and the cheese in the story is what helps the author to present his message in the en
Interview with an HR Manager, Al-Futtaim Logistics The following is the transcript of an interview with an HR Manager from Al-Futtaim. She refuses to be named and requested that her identity be kept confidential. This interview is about the HR practices they have at Al-Futtaim Logistics. Editing out introductions and expression of thanks, pauses, and personal expressions, the following transcript reflects the gist of the answers to all the questions posed by the interviewer. What are the qualifications you look for in your employees when you are hiring? It depends on the job and position they are applying for. The candidate should have the necessary educational background, skills, and know-how. It would help if the candidate is eager and ready to be trained and know how to go along well with co-workers and supervisors. What is your hiring process? Employees come to us when we have job openings or we actively recruit the people we want on the team. Once we hire an employee, he is given a thorough orientation to the company, then he goes through the induction process wherein the employee is trained. If he performs well, he becomes a regular employee enjoying the benefits after about 3-6 months from the time he was hired. How do you orient your new employees to the organization? Their training commences before they attend the orientation. They are required to read up on the company’s website and some materials about the company so they get to know the culture. They see this first hand during the orientation when they meet the heads and the people they will be working with. Then the orientation workshop lasts for about 2 days. They know more about the company, our stakeholders, the services we offer and get a tour of the whole facility. They are also given a primer on safety on the job. The last part of the orientation is the discussion of the compensation package and the motivation to advance in the company. What are your motivational strategies for your employees? We do have several. Our company activities make employees feel like they belong and they embrace the values of our company. We have employee wellness and social program that also include their families. Our compensation and benefits package is competitive and is slightly above other companies. Of course, if they perform well, they get rewarded accordingly. The prestige of being employed by Al-Futtaim is one motivator and we are able to attract the right people for the jobs we have i
Introduction The crisis in Dubai occurred as a trickledown effect from the property market in the United States. This crisis took time to develop and invade most of the countries in the world. According to the current statistics, the global meltdown of that caused the crisis in Dubai has overshadowed the great depression that occurred in the 1930s (Christensen, 2008). The damage caused by the financial crisis of 2008 is greater than that of the 1930s. Moreover, the complexity, range, and depth of the financial crisis in Dubai and the world as a whole have been beyond the scope of most economists. Some of the world largest economies such as Greece have been threatened by this crisis (Zubair, 2010). The solutions advanced for the economic meltdown in the early 1930s were to reduce unemployment and increase the demand of money. During the 1930s most of the banks collapsed. However, the story in the current financial crisis is different. The banks have employed risk management strategies and most of them have become too large to fail. The strategies used in the 1930s can longer work in the current global economy and bailouts no longer encourage the effective demand. Unemployment levels increase in most of the world economies. Background The financial planning in the Islamic nations has been applauded by most of the economists, scholars, and bankers in the world (Zubair, 2010). This is because most of Islamic finance has remained stable and resilient despite the crisis in the world. Most Islamic nations argue that the global crisis proved that their system of financial management is better than that being used by the other nations in the mainstream. The Islamic finance system is strongly opposed in the world. Therefore, it has the system has not established enough with the worlds crisis. Nonetheless, some of the investors in the Islamic nations were exposed to the global crisis. One of the most notable casualties is the Dubai world. The global financial crisis hit Dubai world heavily. The United Arab Emirates political structure is unique (Zubair, 2010). The system bestows most the economic independence to the individual emirates (Zubair, 2010). An insight into the socio-political organization of Dubai helps to understand the crisis that occurred after the global financial crisis in 2008 (Zubair, 2010). The United Arab Emirates was formed in 1971. It is composed of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah. Each of the constituents is under the control of an Emir (Zubair, 2010). The Emir controls all the administrative function in the emirate. Moreover, the Emir is in charge of managing all the resources in his unit. The highest authority as stated in the constitution is the Federal Supreme Council. This council is composed of the Emirs and it holds the legislative and the executive powers (Zubair, 2010). The presi