ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Risk management is an integral part of any organisation. The efficiency of risk management determines organisational success. The construction industry is where risk management is applied widely as a principle. According to Chapman and Ward (2003), risk management can be viewed as the process of risk identification, assessment, and prioritisation. During a risk identification process, people who are responsible for its control in organisations can proceed with the process of mitigating the hazard. Risk minimisation or management is only successful through a well-coordinated process that involves maximisation of the available resources (Vose 2000). There are different sources of risks in any market such as financial uncertainty, failure in the undertaken projects, and accidents in the line of work (Vose 2000). Other risks in organisations include legal liabilities within the project and the possibility of natural and fabricated disasters (Bennett 2003). These risks can cause negative effects on the organisations if they are unpredicted and/or unplanned for by the concerned parties. Organisations need to ensure that they have adequate risk management strategies in place to ensure that they are able to curb the threats posed by any possible risk. Through many studies in risk management, several standards have resulted such as the ISO standards (Harris & McCaffer 2006). This paper looks at risk management and methodologies that are used to achieve these standards. Methodologies The management of threats to the normal functioning of an organisation or any project can take a number of routes. As a result, many methods of risk management have been identified. One way of threat management involves the transfer of the threat to another party that is equipped to handle the threat (Harris & McCaffer 2006). Organisations or project managers and other people who are entrusted with threat management can also avoid the perceived threat as another way of threat management (Vose 2000). If the threat is unavoidable, the effects of the threat can be reduced through proper control of the threat. Threats are associated with negative effects. A way to ensure that they are mitigated is to plan adequately and/or set up structures to control the perceived threats. The method of risk management involves five basic processes, namely threat identification, threat assessment, risk determination, risk reduction assessment, and prioritisation of the reduction measures (Vose 2000). The first step of threat identification involves a number of intricate processes that vary from one organisation to another. In this process, potential threats are identified according to the field or line of business that an organisation is operating. Threats are considered those events that pose potential harm to
Localization of International Human Resources Management Contemporary international human resources management strategies are focusing on how they can be able to localize human resources policies and practices for the betterment of their organizations; when localizing human resources policies, it takes the forms of international coordination, global leadership development and management, cultural intelligence, and diversity management. When managing a diverse global human capital, multinationals (MNCs) have the mandate of facilitating production of work of difference cultural beliefs, social settings, with diverse views, thinking styles, personalities, and emotional intellectualism. Despite the differences, they offer a rich ground for diverse views and decisions that when effectively managed they can be of high benefit to the multinationals (Kaplan and Norton, 2001). In international human resources management (IHRM), there are three main approaches, they include, the MNC may send people from the country of incorporation to represent the company abroad (expatriates approach), hire host countries employees, or hire a third countries employees. With globalization and improved education across binderies, the countries are able to produce people with the knowledge and the expertise to operate and run multinationals; this has come as a blessing to the multinationals that are nowadays relying on local people to manage and run international businesses, the approach is called localization of IHRM (Maznevski and DiStefano, 2000). This paper evaluates the emerging strategy, localization; it will evaluate how the concept came into operation, how MNCs manage/adopt it as well its advantages and disadvantages. The emergence of localization The idea to use local people for the management and running of multinational came from the challenges that use of experts had on MNCs; the main issue that expatriates had is the costs that are associate with their deployments. In most cases the costs of deploying expatriates is high and calls for increased operational c
Introduction Every institution in the world needs to manage its resources and capacity to ensure its success in the future. The current business scenario is characterised by increased business turbulence, speedy changes in the environment, market changes, unpredictability of employees, competition, and new worldviews. It is therefore clear that investors in the business world do not know what will happen in the future. Consequently, there is the need to predict and prepare for what is not known. There is a call also to make the future appear like the already known past by assuming that people know what will happen in a bid to tailor what they do not know to suit their business interests. With proper planning, businesses are able to minimise instances of guesswork. Every sensible business wants a future that is characterised by increased adoption and commitment to technology, decreased command-and-control leadership style, increased teamwork, enhanced flexibility and efficiency, and increased common interest among employees, investors, and other stakeholders. According to Dibben, Klerck and Wood (2011, p.12), companies will therefore organise to have their management teams developing shared goals and vision. They will need to have their activities around their competencies and a common order of operations where they work in tandem with their value chain. They will also have speedy information processing and hence faster action and reaction where they delegate from bottom upwards. Based on this foundation, this paper discusses management fo
Introduction They say that a picture is worth a thousand words, yet few realize that a drawing can be worth a million unsaid words, that it can provoke, entice, alleviate or aggravate a populace into action and as such bring about much desired change. In the U.S. during World War 2 it was the classic “America wants you!” poster with iconography of Uncle Sam that became one of the symbols of America’s entry into the war. At the present the Apple logo has become synonymous with high quality innovative products that not only address a technological need but speak to the aesthetic senses of consumers resulting in the logo becoming one of the best known symbols in the world. It is based on these two examples that it can be seen that drawings can become not only symbols of an age but become so etched into the minds of the general populace. That they become indelible, irremovable and best of all become a means of association regarding behaviors, psychological processes or even ethical and moral trains of thought. The artist Banksy counts on these means of association and their ability to influence individuals in order to help promote radical social thought regarding present day practices. His normal canvas consists of the walls of well travelled locations in which he creates what some would term graffiti artwork in order to point out political and social concepts that question the actions of present day governments, organizations or even companies. His artwork is meant to be thought provoking, it is meant to question, entice people to look, stare and think for themselves over the legitimacy, morality and overall ethical nature of events as he portrays them. Overall his work is the un-gagged truth of a political activist that utilizes street canvases as his way of pointing out that there are problems present, little is being done, and as such someone must get the word out in order for people to become more aware and do something about. It is based on this particular personal philosophy that Banksy finds himself drawing graffiti art on the West Banks of Palestine. The Wall In an area separating the Israeli and Palestinian areas of the West Bank is “the Wall”, it is three times higher than the Berlin Wall, stretches as far as 700 kilometers and is the modern day equivalent of turning Palestine into an open air prison where its inhabitants are allowed minimal access to their fields and are not allowed to venture out. It is in this location that the anonymous graffiti artist Banksy has placed 9 suggestive pieces along several well travelled areas of “the Wall” in order to create social thought regarding the moral and ethical justification over its creation. His graffiti art consisted of an outline of a girl clutching several balloons flying over the wall, the depiction of a hole in the wall showing either an island paradise or a mountainous landscape on the other side, a drawing of a child creating a ladder going to the other side as well as other similar works with the same motif. The prevailing theme in each and every single one is a question over the legitimacy of the wall being there
What is Power?   * People experience influence through power in various aspects of life.   * It is associated with politics; however, it is not the only domain of use.   * A company’s executives should learn how to apply power and utilize it in their work efficiently.   * Abuse of power is the primary issue of leadership. In general, the term is associated with politicians and their activities due to the fact that their work relates to utilizing their position for managing various aspects of country governance. However, any organization and its executives have to use power as part of their leadership as well. Nahavandi (2014) states that by “using their power, department heads, CEOs, and city mayors implement strategies to achieve organizational goals” (p. 78). Unfortunately, sometimes people overestimate their impact (most evidently executives that receive many privileges as part of their high-level positions in organizations), thus abusing power and corrupting its meaning and importance. Therefore, it is crucial for one to understand various aspects of power, the ways in which it should be applied, and the impact it has on a leader’s followers. Explanation of Power   * “Power is the ability of one person to influence others or exercise control over them” (Nahavandi, 2014, p. 71).   * Leadership theories explore how executives utilize the power. According to Nahavandi (2014), the term is commonly associated with influence and authority. Moreover, the three often are utilized interchangeably; thus they are close in meaning. Due to the fact that contemporary leadership theories are focused on the personal characteristics of an individual and their development, an examination of power as a contributing factor to an executive’s success is necessary. According to Nicholson and Carroll (2013), “leadership development theory and practice is increasingly turning its gaze on identity as a primary focus for development efforts” (p. 1125). It can be argued that developing characteristics that affect one’s impact is impossible; however, exploration of power sources provides an understanding that various factors are connected to the issue. Power and Leadership   * The two aspects should be utilized together to manage people successfully.   * According to Nahavandi (2014), tasks would not be accomplished if leaders did not have power.   * Power both provides influence for executives and affects the employees. The connection between the two is strong, as both cannot exist without one another. Nahavandi (2014) states that “power and leadership are inseparable” (p. 70). Thus, a person who strives to be a leader should understand how successful executives utilize their power. For the most part, managers require power to ensure that their followers adhere to the standards and tasks they set for an organization. Having Power Nahavandi (2014) states that there are specific characteristics that distinguish those who have power from people who do not possess it. Those are:   * Orientation on performing actions.   * Highly developed interpersonal skills.   * Adherence to rule
Technology has totally revolutionalized the manner in which we carry our day-to-day activities. The communication industry seems to be one of the greatest beneficiaries of the advanced technology since there are so many changes that have taken place. Life has become easier and simpler with the technological advancements. The prepaid wireless industry is one of the industries that has emerged as a result of advancement in technology. This industry is highly competitive and this has seen many companies come up and stiff competition that is characteristic of this industry and has ensured that customers benefit greatly due to the high quality services being offered. The focus of this discussion will be on some of the key players in this dynamic and highly competitive industry. The companies in focus are epay worldwide.com. Emida.net and eurekarevenue.com. This discussion will also look at some of the advantages that each of these services has and which of the companies is stronger. Epay. Com is an international company whose main business is the distribution of payments solutions electronically. These services are instrumental in helping providers of various services reap maximally from the sales of their services as well as products. With more than half a million selling points in various countries of the world like Spain, Ireland, Italy, India and Germany, epay.com has continued to deliver highly innovative and specific tailored services as far as making of payment by electronic means in concerned (Epay 3). The advantage of the prepaid services provided by epay.com is that customers are able to access an array of gift cards which are branded. With this concept of prepaid, retailers are able to come up with categories and destinations that are fully supported by experts from epay. Retailers also have the advantage of being able to distribute their services throughout the network. Emida.net on the other hand is a company that operates globally whose main services include the making prepayments globally as well as value transfer market. This company operates in more than 30 counties in the whole American region and part of the African and Caribbean region. The retail points supported by Emida.com are estimated to be about 46,000 with annual payment of the dollar being estimated to stand at $1.4 billion with estimates of transaction
Introduction The phenomenal growth enjoyed by the 4 Asian Tigers, namely Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan, call into question the validity of dependency theory and its application to a modern-day setting. The main idea behind dependency theory is the notion that “various resources from the periphery, representing the poor and underdeveloped states, flow towards the core, representing the rich and industrialized nations” (Nelson and Pack, 1999). It must be noted that the theory itself is a branch of Marxism and was actually heavily developed during the midpoint of the twentieth century (Bhatti,1980). Taking this into consideration, it can be stated that theory itself may be slightly outdated in terms of its applicability in a financial system that is continuously evolving as a result of new technologies and globalization. While its central premise was the “core and periphery” system it did come with the implication that poor states were integrated into world economic order in such a way that developing countries cannot or couldn’t dramatically develop into rich industrialized states under the present political-economical world order (Baylis and Smith 2001). At the time of its creation such an assumption proved to be quite true, wealthy industrialized countries at the time had the advantage of technological innovation, modern-day infrastructures and systems, an educated population base as well as several centuries worth of social development that emerging economies were hard-pressed to even reach a fraction of what such societies had accomplished (Chilcote, 1981). In order to survive in such an environment, various developing countries fell into the pattern of supplying raw resources to industrialized countries in exchange for various products and technologies. It must be noted that these products and technologies were not bought at the same price of the natural resources sent but rather had a significant amount of added value-added to their overall price (Santos, 1970). It is this added value (justified as processing and production costs) that was one of the main reasons why dependency theorists at the time stated that there was little possibility for periphery states to get out of their current situation since more value was flowing towards the core than what was actually flowing out (Frank, 1967). For a time this proved to be true since core states enjoyed years of sustained growth and development as a direct result of the resources flowing into core and the wealth accumulated by selling processed resources to the periphery (Cox, 1981). The occurrence of the East Asian Miracle threw this notion developed by dependency theorists into question
Introduction A jet engine is an engine that propels the body by expelling the mass against which it operates to produce acceleration. The engine works in line with Newton’s law of motion (Mattingly, Heiser & Pratt 2002). The law states that: “the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force acting on it and takes place in the direction of that force” (Ellse & Honeywill 2003, p. 12). The engine has the ability to move the aircraft forward at a high speed due to the propulsion, making a plane move very fast. Jet engines are mostly internal combustion engines, although it is possible to find a non-combustion engine. The engines have a fan at the front for sucking air. Once the air has been sucked there is a compressor inside the engine that increases the pressure of the air. The compressor has blades that are connected to the shaft. The shafts are used for compressing the air. Fuel is then sprayed into the compressed air, resulting in an electric spark that produces light from that mixture of fuel and air. The gases start burning and eventually blast out via a nozzle that is located at the rear side of the engine. The backward shooting of this gas is what in turn propels the airplane forward and at a very high speed (Mattingly, Heiser & Pratt 2002). Figure: Jet engine showing combustion process Source: Mattingly, Heiser and Pratt (2002) The introduction of this kind of an engine was a great revolution in the aircraft industry. It increased the efficiency of air transportation. The engine had numerous implications on the industry regarding airline regulatory issues, commercial, as well as legal and network issues. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the impacts of the jet engine development on the air transport industry. Significance of Jet engine to air transportation There was a slow development of the air transportation industry after the first aircraft was established by the Wright brothers in the year 1903. It took over ten years before the first passenger service was introduced. The first flight for paying passengers took place in the year 1914 on January 1 st in Florida. The first ever international flight took place in the year 1919, and it was between France and England. Since then there have been numerous developments in the industry, with efforts being put to develop a more efficient aircraft in terms of speed and cost. The introduction of the jet engine aircraft was first witnessed in the year 1958 when Boeing 707 became the first successful commercial jetliner flight (Mattingly, Heiser & Pratt 2002). The introduction of the jet engine in the air transport industry brought great improvement on the performanc
Introduction The amount of water molecules in the earth is constant although the motion of water is continuous. This motion supports processes such as water purification, replenishing the land through precipitation, and movement of minerals from one location to another (Kalman, 2009). This paper will discuss the hydrologic cycle and the process that it triggers to affect land and climate. Water motion through the hydrologic cycle Precipitation occurs when water in the form of vapor falls on the earth’s surface. This occurs in the form of rain and snow. Once this water falls on the earth’s surface, it undergoes heating and changes to become gas. This occurs in the water bodies, on the surface of bodies of animals, and in plants during transpiration. Transpiration is the evaporation process that consequently makes the water molecule light in weight for it to float in the atmosphere. Once in the atmosphere, the water is cooled down and condenses to become liquid forming clouds or fog. The water changes from this liquid form into vapor to repeat the process. This way, water remains in motion continuously (Bronstert, 2005). Ocean current systems and their impact on climate One of the major ocean currents is the California current. It moves water from the Gulf of Alaska into the north equatorial current that moves along the equator. Further, this current moves north to become the Kurishio current. It flows along the eastern of the Japanese coast, bends towards the east, and completes the loop as the north pacific current. This process forms one major current that causes the cold climate especially in the Hawaiian Islands, Canada, British Colombia, and Southern Canada (Neumann, 1968). The North pacific current is found on the Gulf of Alaska. This current moves northwards along the Alaskan coast through the Aleutian Islands. It combines with the Oyashio current to form the Kurishio current. Another current is the South Equatorial current that flows in a similar direction as the North Equatorial current. When the two currents move in the same direction, they form the Equatorial counter current that flows in the middle of these two currents into the Mexican coast. This then diverges in the north to form the California counter current. Other major currents include the East Australian currents that flow westwards in the Antarctica. The south of the pacific is dominated by the Peru Current (Neumann, 1968). The ocean currents cause elnino and lanina which occur every 2 to 12 years. Once they occur, some regions experience excessive rains leading to floods and mudslides. Other areas experience dry spells that lead to drought periods that may last for more than a year. They also cause the cold climate experienced in areas where cool waters are transported (Carson, 2007). Layers of the atmosphere and their effect on weather The atmosphere can be divided into four main layers. The first one is the troposphe