ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
When people think about a gang, they imagine a cohort of young brutal and tattooed men. However, there are numerous female gangs which are very similar to male ones. Females get involved in similar offense including arsons, theft, robbery, murder, and so on ( Female prison gangs , n.d.). Female gangs bear all traces of male gangs as there is also certain culture, beliefs, and codes of conduct. Women who violate the law tend to find themselves in custody very soon. It may be surprising, but females often choose behaviors patterns which are common in male prisons. Nonetheless, there are no recorded prison gangs in the USA. Some researchers believe this is because females think differently. However, this explanation seems too abstract and requires certain consideration. It is not enough to state that females think differently, as it is a fact. It is more important to see in what areas they think differently. I believe there are no prison gangs as women see themselves as torn from the rest of their world and try to keep the connection. Admittedly, several members of a gang may sometimes be caught. However, the chance they will be placed in the same prison is very slim. Hence, females are taken from their gang and put into another environment. Men try to unite and form new gangs or join an existing prison gang to behave in a way they are accustomed to. Nonetheless, women are more concerned with their former connections. Even if they develop some relationship, this may be a homosexual partnership which helps them cope with issues they face. Women seek support, conciliation, and a chance to turn back to their world rather than try to form a new gang. This is also connected with females’ attitude towards their street gangs. A member of a gang stresses that her gang is her second family, which is more important for her than the first one ( Female prison gangs , n.d.). This girl likes her mother, but she still puts the gang above all. It is possible to assume that the gang is seen as the family. The girl emphasizes that she can never leave her family. This may be the reason why females do not create prison gangs as this would mean certain kind of betrayal of their family. Thus, they try to keep communicating with members of their family and focus on their reunion. Another element of females’ different thinking and alienation from the prison world is related to motherhood. Females often get to know that they are pregnant when in custody. Admittedly, this medical condition affects their behavior and often makes women focused on their baby/babies. Notably, there still can b
Introduction The task of forming a new constitution for the country stressed by numerous military and civil conflicts is a complicated one. In order to include all the necessary points into the new constitution it is advisable that the already existing constitutions of the developed countries are consulted and the works of the reputable scholars in the area of political rights and freedoms are addressed. In particular, in the new Iraqi constitution the special importance should be attributed to the points of order, freedom, equality, and justice in the society. To present the reputable basis of these concepts in the new constitution, the works by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and John Rawls should be consulted as the sources of the prominent political thought in the history of the humanity. Order Thus, the concept of order is discussed in detail by the famous English philosopher and thinker Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) in his most known work The Leviathan. In this work, Hobbs draws the line between the personal and political freedom and defines order as the milestone notion that delimits personal freedom and the civil freedoms in the society. According to Hobbes (2008), when the civil freedom rules the society, all actions of the human being are done “not in order to his own mind, but in order to the laws of his country” (p. 346). Accordingly, such a vision of order is conformant with the accepted Western perspective of viewing the notion order, as in the Western world this notion is the basis on which the democratic rights and freedoms are guaranteed to people in exchange for the personal freedom they partly referred to the society. Freedom The notion of freedom is also of prominent importance for the development of the new constitution in any country, and the work titled The Second Treatise of Government by the reputable English scholar and political activist John Locke (1632 – 1704) is a proper source to consult in this context. Thus, John Locke (2002) stresses the crucial importance of freedo
The basis of a successful fight against infections associated with the provision of medical care is properly organized Health Officer’s (HO) epidemiological surveillance (ES). Descriptive epidemiology aims to understand factors causing population-wide infections and relevant health problems to ensure safety for people (“What is descriptive epidemiology”, 2019). The purpose of the HO is to form an objective conclusion about the epidemiological situation on the population-wide assistance in the medical and preventive institution and its subdivisions. In addition, the Health Officer aims to develop on this basis evidence-based practical recommendations for the control of the epidemic-related aid. The establishment of trends in the epidemic process for the rapid introduction of adjustments helps optimize preventive and anti-epidemic measures alongside the evaluation of the effectiveness of the activities. A prerequisite for a successful ES for HO is the continuity of its implementation. The current operating epidemiological surveillance system, carried out by epidemiologists of the state sanitary and anti-infection service coming to health care facilities, can ensure the continuity of epidemiological surveillance. Consequently, an individual approach is important to the development of anti-epidemic measures by taking into account the characteristics of a particular health care facility. This possibility has appeared with the introduction of Health Officers to hospital epidemiologists and the staff of hospitals. There are methodological approaches to analyze epidemiological diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB). Firstly, observational studies review and make summative conclusions based on the current knowledge base by applying statistical tools and population-wide illustration. Secondly, the experimental study emphasizes practical analysis and discovering new data by conducting experiments, surveys, and other data collection methods (Watterson, Williams, Lavorato, & Patten, 2017). Both approaches are important for analytical epidemiology, and they produce the best possible results when complemented by each other. The observational methodology can be demonstrated by overviewing the data of international experts from the World Health Organization (WHO); the HIV epidemic has become of global importance. In 2008, 2.7 million people were infected with HIV, and 33.4 million people are living with HIV in the world (Friedman, Khan, & Duffus, 2018). The likelihood that people with HIV infection, who are also infected with tuberculosis bacteria, will develop tuberculosis disease, is 34 times higher than the figure for people who do not have HIV infection. In 2010, 1
Introduction Green and sustainable life styles generally refer to the fundamental practice of caring for the environment and its constituents. This is done by engaging in activities that ensure that the earth resources depletion rate does not exceed its replenishment rate. Sustainable living habits are characterized by caring for living things which includes domestic and wild animals, our own health, the community surrounding us, and the world at large (IT chapter, N.d). In the contemporary society, many environmental concerns are constantly being raised regarding conservation of the environment as well as the effects of individual actions on the environment (McKinney & Schoch, 2003). This is primarily due to adverse climatic changes that are attributed to environmental degradation and are causing detrimental effects to people and life in the world. These concerns have led to an increased number of movements and organizations that enlighten people on the importance of environmental conservation and campaign in support of green and sustainable lifestyles and have achieved significant influence on a significant number of people who have consequently adjusted their behavioral trends accordingly Reasons why People Choose Green Lifestyles Due to increased human awareness achieved through education and modernization, the modern man understands that engaging in sustainable living habits will not only benefit him, but will also positively impact on the future generations. It is essential for the existing generations to leave a legacy for future generations to promote green lifestyles which will be transmitted through generations to come. This is perhaps the most important reason why people should change their lifestyles and adopt green living to protect the environment. Every individual should feel responsible for the environment and play his part in its conservation (World Bank, N d). The world is currently facing an ecological crisis and human beings feel the urgency to change their lifestyles accordingly failure to which will result in devastating effects on the environment and the society at large (Coon & Mitterer, 2008). The highest percentage of environmental damage can be traced to the human daily activities which include corporations’ acti
Introduction Tourism entails traveling for recreation, leisure, or business with the fundamental aim of having fun and relaxation. Tourism activities involve traveling and undertaking numerous activities outside a person’s accustomed dwelling place. According to Ritchie et al. (2011), tourism refers to a collection of industries, services, and activities that offer unique travel experiences such as eating, exploration, drinking, accommodation, and visiting entertainment zones. It creates harmony among diverse groups through the exchange of ideas and hospitality. It also offers an opportunity for others to learn and experience new cultures. Tourism could also refer to the host relationships and phenomena that occur because of the interactions of business practitioners, tourists, governments, communities, and other agencies bestowed with the duty of attracting both internal and external visitors (Ritchie, et al. 2011). Mass tourism is a phenomenon that is popular in the modern tourism industry. Key tourism areas include eco-tourism, educational tourism, health tourism, and activity or profession-based tourism. According to Fortune & Schole (2007), it is crucial to be comfortable and live a self-fulfilling life. For real and cost-effective self-fulfillment, proper planning, good management of time, and strategic allocation of resources are essential. From both statistical and conceptual points of view, the philosophy of tourism is focused on the understanding that being extravagant in one’s spending habits and inconsiderate of other peoples’ feelings or ways of life while on a tourism expedition is against the core principles of the philosophy of tourism. Why Tourism Is Important Tourism has social, economic, political, and religious significance. Diverse aspects of tourism and their relevance to people are based on several factors, both personal and societal. For tourists, traveling should take place for a purpose that is different from the one that is enhanced by the place of visit. Since the factor of time is arguably a critical aspect of tourism, it is worthwhile to understand that tourism activities should be time-bound, lest they lose their intended meanings. On the global scene, the most popular tourist destinations include France, Mexico, the United States, Malaysia, China, Japan, the United Kingdom, Spain, Germany, Canada, Australia, and Turkey, among others (Lew, 2008). Paris, Bangkok, Istanbul, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Antalya, New York, and London are some of the most visited cities by tourists in the world (Lew, 2008). Mass tourists, adjectival tourists, and winter tourists all have unique features that help underline the value and significance of the tourism industry. The fact that most tourists have an overwhelming potential to nurture the values of truth, virtue, and beauty is an indicator of the fact that tourism plays a crucial role in enhancing the well-being of members of any given society. Tourists are normally upright and well-informed people with the ability to make proper decisions on issues that relate to their lives and the lives
Executive Summary Accor Group is one of the leading companies in the tourism industry, which operates hotels, casinos, restaurants, and travel agencies in over 90 countries. The paper explains that, while striving for a favorable position in the market, the company used mergers and acquisitions, as well as organic growth, to increase its global outreach. The brand strategy of Accor is also considered in the paper. For example, Accor Group’s multi-brand strategy enables it to maintain a high market share while also retaining customer loyalty after mergers or acquisitions. Rebranding, on the other hand, was successfully used by Accor to make certain properties more appealing to new customers. Overall, the paper shows that Accor Group uses a variety of strategies for market penetration, which will all assist in its future development. Introduction Accor Group includes over 4000 hotels worldwide and provides for a variety of market segments, from economy to luxury travelers. To build such an extensive network, the company used an excellent growth and expansion strategy. Other appropriate strategies, including segmentation, multi-brand, re-brand, and asset management, also helped Accor Group to advance its position in the market. The present report will review Accor Group’s main strategies as presented in the case study and discuss the company’s position in the Ansoff Matrix. Growth and Global Expansion Strategy Accor Group has one of the most fast-growing hotel chains in the world. According to the official website, the Group opens one new hotel every 33 hours, creating a total of 52000 new rooms in 2017 (Accor Group 2018). The two key strategies used by Accor Group to achieve growth and expand globally are mergers and acquisitions. For instance, Accor Group acquired Red Roof Inns in 1999, which allowed it to expand in the United States (IBS Research Center 2009). In 2001, Accor merged with Zenith Hotel and Beijing Tourism Group in China as part of its geographical expansion efforts (IBS Research Center 2009). Mergers and acquisitions allowed the company to grow both nationally and internationally while also entering new markets. Today, Accor Group includes famous chains, such as Ibis, Novotel, Mercure, Sofitel, Fairmont, and Pullman (CB Insights 2018). By acquiring new companies, Accor Group was also able to boost its capacity for organic growth, which also assisted in its global expansion. In addition to mergers and acquisitions, the company also increased its global coverage by opening new hotels. For example, to enter the eme
Signs and Symptoms Billy displays feelings of denial despite his poor driving record. His drink-driving habit has seen him in court twice over DUI. Moreover, despite being a respected executive (boss) with a family (wife), Billy has a drinking problem. The symptoms apparent in this case include; denial, alcohol abuse and lose of self-control. DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis Billy exhibits symptoms of anxiety disorder, which, as specified in DSM-IV-TR criteria include the intake of alcohol “in larger amounts or over a longer period, which results in “recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol” (APA, 2000, p. 234). The DSM-IV-TR diagnosis in this case is a moderate alcohol abuse (code 303.90 (F10.20)), which requires a minimum of four symptoms as specified in the DSM. Explanation Billy has a drinking problem. He risks losing his trucking license, but this does not deter him from alcohol use. Moreover, he is in denial and sees no reason to change his drinking habit. This aptly describes an alcohol abuse disorder, which, in Billy’s case manifests as drinking heavily over a long period and “recurrent alcohol use in situations in which it is physically hazardous” (APA, 2000, p. 216). The identified DSM-IV-TR diagnosis indicates a moderate alcohol abuse disorder (303.90), which is characterized by denial of one’s drinking problem. Conclusion Billy exhibits no withdrawal or tolerance symptoms, nor does he take benzodiazepine to suppress withdrawal. This implies that his alcohol abuse disorder is not severe (requires more than six symptoms). Moreover, since Billy exhibits no craving for alcohol, an alcohol dependence diagnosis (DSM-IV 303.90) can be ruled out. However, though Billy denies having a drinking problem, he manifests three symptoms, which include affected “roles/obligations at work, school, or home”, denial and “continued alcohol use despite its harmful effects” (APA, 2000, p. 233). Thus, his condition can only be described as a moderate alcohol abuse disorder. Reference American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA.
The article entitled “The cycle of socialization” by Harro discusses the nature of people’s prejudices, looks at how they are developed and what factors influence the formation of people’s assumptions and stances. The article is written in a context of the ongoing globalization processes, where the notions of good and evil often become labels that serve to underpin elites’ power and the authority of corporations. Harro’s work may be interesting not only for sociologists but for a wide range of readers, as it is written in a simple language. This work aims to make people see how their prejudices are formed and which processes strengthen and elaborate their unquestionable truths. Thus, any individual may get a glimpse of the processes of socialization that lie at the core of his values and prejudices. The article provides an insight into how these stances may be changed if people make an effort to understand themselves. When a person is born, he has no notion of the established norms and traditions; he does not choose to be born into them, but they are imposed on him as he grows up. People do not choose their parents and the society they grow in, their physical features and abilities. However, people are labeled from the start by being aligned with the agent or target societal groups (Harro, 2000). Agent groups are those who have more power and can label others. Target groups are disadvantaged people who suffer from all kinds of discrimination. The article asserts that every person has many social identities which evolve through the cycle of socialization. These identities reflect a person’s age, gender, race, and other characteristics, and each of them acquires some value in the socialization process (Harro, 2000). The cycle of socialization comprises first socialization, institutional and cultural socialization, enforcements, and results that pave the way for actions and direction for change. First socialization is social norms that parents teach to their children and that form children’s self-perceptions and thoughts about the future. Children are taught to adhere to certain rules accepted in their families. As a child grows, the number of social institutions he is influenced by grows. Schools and social institutions all impose their rules on individuals and form stances and perceptions that are later difficult to discard (Harro, 2000). These stances are tightly woven into the very fabric of society and reinforce the biased views people receive. The majority of people do not question the established norms. It happens due to the system of ‘reinforcements’ that exists in every society. ‘Reinforcements’ are awards and punishments distributed depending on a person’s behavior in the social context. Those people who righteously uphold the established norms get benefits like increased salary, admittance to elite groups, or being put up as an example for a younger generation. The ones who openly challenge societal conventions are labeled as ‘no good’ and punished by societal institutions. The result of such continuous learning is the formation of distorted self-perception, which gi
Introduction Micki Long currently experiences problems in certain school subjects, particularly Mathematics, and measures should be taken in order to reduce her Math difficulties problem. Some students have problems with Mathematics not because they do not like it but because they “can be frightened by the complicated numbers and sometimes difficult concepts” (Schneider, 2000). For instance, Donivan, a student of the eighth grade also experienced similar problems in this subject this is why some methods used to improve his knowledge can be applied while helping Micki. Since it was noticed that Micki had problems in communicating with her peers, the methods should include measures which would help tackle this problem as well. It is necessary because “problematic peer relationships [tend to involve] a range of later adjustment problems, including dropping out of school, engaging in criminal behavior, and psychiatric disturbances” (Lockwood, Kitzmann and Cohen, 2001). Tackling the problem will consist in planning classroom activities with involving working in pairs or in groups of three or more children. Some teachers may not be disturbed with Micki’s lagging behind the class stating that most of children experience problems at this age, but most of them keep to the point that knowledge acquired at sixth grade is fundamental and can influence the student’s further progress. This is why it is necessary to develop three lesson plans which would help Micki improve her knowledge in Mathematics. In three lessons Micki is expected to improve her knowledge in basic mathematical operations, learn to explain how she arrived to certain answers for algorithms and be able to discu