ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Criterion-Referenced Evidence of Validity Criterion evidence validity explores relationship between scores and outcome in a given situation. In any given learning set up, it can be helpful in determining students’ ability as a result of initial outcome that may be used to validate end results. Besides, it offers comparison between tests that are being carried out and other measures which have already been validated (Pinellas School District Florida Center for Instructional Technology, n.d). For example, a student might have initially performed well in a certain coursework. In order to validate his or her performance, a similar related test may be given to determine the validity of actual performance. If the given test is passed, then it will be criterion validity since the relationship has been determined. On the same note, criterion validity can be used to predict future performance of students following the outcome of first test. For instance, during an interview, students’ performance in school can be determined based on how one performs in the first interview. This may aptly facilitate prediction of a student’s successive performance while at school. Completing all the test scores will also determine criterion validity of a given situation since there is verification in place to assist in checking performance consistency among learners. It can be used as a basic admission criterion in most colleges since it
Democracy is a Greek term. It is divided into two parts, that is, ‘demos’ which means people, and ‘kratein’ a Greek word that means to rule. When put together, the meaning of two meanings are consolidated into one definition- the people to rule. This term is however modified in meaning nowadays and it can be used in various applications; that is, it is used in a variety of ways depending on the time of use, the place where it is used, and the circumstances under which it is used. In fact, it is still acquiring new meanings as time goes by. It can be classified as both a social and political term. Following the fact that it has various definitions, we can define democracy in three or more ways. Firstly, democracy can be defined as a political course taken by a certain group of individuals who support the government by electing representatives on the side of the government. Secondly, democracy can be a political system in which absolute power is within the body of the people who have the power to elect their representatives. Last, but not least, democracy can be described as a doctrine that the statistical mainstream of a structured cluster can make resolutions binding on the whole group. Generally and to most people, democracy puts forward the assumption of a wide popular involvement in the support and conduct and to the benefit of a particular government. However, the idea has deviated from the expected conditions and opinions that are promoted by those who promote democracy. There are various contrasting differences that can be identified when describing democracy. The distinctions are made by placing prominence on the various historical contexts on use of the term. There has been a contrast between political and social democracy, with the opinions presented by the various groups failing to give evidence concerning which type of democracy preceded the other, whether it was the social democracy or the political democracy. On one hand, the liberal democrats consider the achievement of democracy in politics as the onset for economic and social democracy, the socialists argue that real political democracy is implausible until there is social democracy. The next point of contest is whether democracy is a social or political action goal or is it a procedure that should be applied with the aim of achieving a particular goal in the two fields; social and political fields. From a historical perspective, it has been evident that keen interest has been in the procedural functions that democracy has played in the issue of policymaking. Generally, it is usually assumed that any policy that comes about in a way considered to be democratic way is always a good policy. However, we cannot entirely agree that all the good policies that are made are made following democratic procedures. Focusing attention on the way our leaders try to achieve their goals set, be they religious, political, economic, and social goals, they tend to use whatever procedures that work for them to ensure that they achieve their goals which they consider democratic. We also have to look at the results of any given democracy. We should look
Though the Medieval era has a rather dubious reputation in the history of the humankind due to famine, numerous wars and the plague epidemic, the evolution of art forms over the course of the Medieval period was truly stellar. Because of the expansion of trading relationships between states, art began to evolve by being enriched with the elements of other cultures. Though belonging to entirely different cultures and designed by two different architects, the Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne and the Dome of the Rock share a number of similarities in terms of their form, the materials, the techniques used in the process of their creation and the concept that their design was based on. First and most obvious, the octagonal dome must be mentioned. A tradition started since the era of Michelangelo, the octagonal dome is supposed to signify the connection between the earth and the Heaven (Kleiner 314). However, there are a couple of distinct differences between the two works of art in terms of their design. One of the most noticeable differences concerns the decoration of the interior in each building. Unlike the Dome of the Rock, which is decorated mostly with mosaics, the Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne was initially decorated with frescoes, whereas the mosaics were added a touch later (Kleiner 321). While each of the artistic choices sees quite legitimate for the specified buildings, they still define the difference between the latter. Indeed, while both artistic decisions originate from the Roman culture and architecture traditions, the frescoes belong to a relatively new era of the Roman architecture, whereas the mosaics are considered a traditional Roman architecture decoration. In other words, the Dome of the Rock represents the beauty and harmony of tradition, whereas the decorations of the Palatine Chapel represent the beauty of innovation and progress (Kleiner 322). While each of the creations was inspired by a different religion, both of them convey practically the same idea of religion being the refuge for all those that seek the source of spirituality. Therefore, thematically, these buildings can be connected as the representations of the same religious concept of sanctuary. In addition, the Dome of the Rock is known for being the homage to the fable of Isra and Mi’raj, i.e., the search and the revelation (Berger 26), whereas the Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne, where the remains of Charlemagne are kept, signifies the end of the journey (Kleiner 322). Thus, the theme of life as a process of a spiritual search and discovery can be traced in the design of both buildings. Moreover, each of the buildings incorporates the concept of the divine vs. the humane in its design; in Palatine Chapel, this idea is represented through the scale of the building compared to the size of a man; the design makes the visitors feel small and insignificant, thus, standing in awe in front of the Divine. In the Dome of the Rock, in its turn, the concept of redemption is conveyed through the color cast, i.e., the clear colors of the sky painted on the ceiling and the down-to
Statistics may be classified as descriptive or inferential. While descriptive statistics are concerned with issues such as the average length of hospitalization of a group of patients, inferential statistics are used to address questions such as whether the differences in average lengths of patients in two groups are statistically, significantly different. Inferential statistics involve analysis of data as the basis for predictions related to the phenomenon of interest (Schmidt & Brown, 2011). Descriptive statistics deal with the collection and presentation of data used to explain characteristics of variables found in a sample. As its name implies, descriptive statistics describe, summarize, and synthesize collected data. Generally, calculations and information presented with descriptive statistics must be accurate. According to Polgar and Thomas (1993), the selection of appropriate descriptive statistics depends on the characteristics of the data being described. For example, in a variable such as incomes of patients, the best statistics to represent the typical income would be the mean the mean and / or the median. If there was a millionaire in the group of patients, the mean would give a distorted impression of the central tendency. In this case, the median would be appropriate. Mode is most commonly used when the data being described are categorical. Similarly, the appropriate inferential statistics are determined by the characteristics of the data being analyzed. For example, where the mean is the appropriate descriptive statistic, inferential statistics will determine if differences between the means are statistically significant.
Devi is an Indian Great Goddess. The name Devi literally means a ‘goddess’. This gives an explanation that she is a feminine deity. She is the tender and accessible mother and is usually approached as ‘Ma’. Basically, she is the Mother of the universe mostly known as Jaganmata. She presumes celestial proportions having ability to destroy evil and power over the creation and disbanding of the worlds. Myriads of names that demonstrate local mores and myths worship her. It is interesting to note that she is a single being although perceived to be numerous at the same time. This means that though she is one goddess, she can manifest herself in various ways. In addition, worshippers celebrate her through songs and poems in their praise and worship. Devi takes different forms through which she manifests herself. Perhaps, this explains why she is a multiple being though one deity. She takes many forms because of different functions that are accredited to her. These different manifestations exhibit her strength and beauty. Besides, Devi is perceived in different ways due to chronological approach and religious functions she performs. Some of her manifestations are indeed tremendous. For instance, she is first manifested as cosmic force whereby she destroys demonic powers that cause menace to world stability. She also creates, exterminates, and restructures the universe. The second form is dayini. Since she is gentle, this form is radiant and gentle in nature. Many worshippers delight in this form because she is the cordial giver of boons, riches, luck, and achievement. The third manifestation is that she is seen as a heroine. Women are fond of this form because she usually descends on earth to provide stimulating models for them. The beauty of women in dressing is attributed to this manifestation. She is also manifested as a local defender of vicinities, townships, and individual ethnic natives. As a defender, she is concerned with local matters only. In her fifth manifestation, Devi is seen as semi-divine force. She reveals herself through fertility spirits. In this manifestation, the worshippers looked at her for the purpose of fertility in their lives. Finally, she is also seen in the form of woman saints. These saints are born on earth but gifted with profound spirituality and different worldly powers. It is imperative to note that these forms are represented in visual arts through paintings of vivid color. The visuals have appealing and attractive paintings which are able of expressing her beauty and strength through striking colors. The visual representation that interests me most is the one which displays Virahi seated on a tiger. This is because it represents how Devi as a cosmic force is ready to step out to destroy any demonic force that can bring instability in the universe. In the poem, she is seen seated on a lion depicting the strength of destruction. The colors are striking and attractive according to her mission to reconstruct the universe. The rich glowing colors have an impact to the message conveyed by the goddess. The message is clear after giving a close look at this visual representation.
Describe in your option, how can information itself provide competitive advantage to an organisations? Information as a major asset of a company enables the firm to quickly adapt to the fast changing environment. This ability is called dynamic capability and appears to be an essential part of businesses’ competitive advantage. Dynamic refers to the ability of fast responding to the external and internal threats and opportunities of the business environment. Considering the variability of informational technologies, this can be an effective tool of influence on competitive advantage. The Information provides a competitive advantage to a company in different ways. First of all, information technologies enable knowledge management to collect and analyse the information and positively affect dynamic capability. Also, knowledge management urges employees to get necessary information which they are lack of. However, the information is transferred within the organization, thus not considering the external sources. The information provides the competitive advantage by enabling companies to surpass their competitors (Mitchell, 2015, p. 178). Rivals outperform can be achieved through the product or price advantage. Also, it turns the current opportunities into the new ones by improving them. Finally, it modifies the completion rules, thereby changing the business environment. However, to provide the competitive advantage, the information must be relevant, beneficial and unique. Nevertheless, information itself does not have this value. Only after profound analysis by the Chief Information Officer (CIO) is can be considered and used to benefit the company. Lastly, information provided by customers in the form of complaints and propositions significantly influences on the dynamic capability. It enables the company to adapt quickly and improve its competitive advantage. Are there any associated risks and implications? The widespread usage of informational technologies has particular risks. The ability of information to contribute to the improvement of the business structure and environment can also destroy the company. For example, the information technology, now, allows companies to changes prices regularly and quickly respond on rival’s advantage. At the same time, competitors reduce their prices thereby lowering the fair structure. Customers get profitable proposition but less involvement into the purchasing process. As a result, the interaction between the company and its consumers reduces. Another implication comes from the role of the CIO within the company. Among the major CIO’s functions, there is the responsibility for the information collection from the partners or from the external sour
Bede decisively created a history that manifests the steady fulfillment of the Christianizing undertaking, a mission that started with the ancient church in Jerusalem after the event of Pentecost, it’s increased to the Near East and the eastern Mediterranean territories by the proselytizing of Paul and the other disciples, and then, as stated in the Acts of Apostles and Paul’s letters, its expansion to the Western Empire. Even though Paul had arranged a mission to Spain, he and Peter by their martyrdoms stated Rome as the scorching apostolic center from which bishops of Rome, particularly Gregory the Great, spread and directed the church. Pursuing the progress expanded in Ecclesiastical History and Gregory of Tours’ History of the Franks, Bede was created as both a witness and recorder of the farthest expansion of Christianity to the endings of the known land, the British Isles. He distinguished that the exchange process was multifaceted, difficult, and not without some malfunctions along the way. As a historian who persists in following dependable sources, he recognized that despite the expected ultimate victory of Christ’s gospel, lots of events and lots of people, both good and bad, build its tortuous record. In the Preface to the History, furthermore, Bede tells us that he proposes his history to serve a worldly aim, a reflect for princes, as well as the especially religious aim, the account of the expansion of the church in England. For the previous, specifically, history as excellent, he states in his memorial introduction to King Ceolwulf: Should history tell of good men and their good estate, the thoughtful the listener is spurred on to imitate the good; should it record the evil ends of wicked men, no less effectually the devout and earnest listener or the reader is kindled to eschew what is harmful and perverse, and himself with greater care pursue those things which he has learned to be good and pleasing in the sight of God. From the brief review, we see that Bede’s story relates a much more confusing history than his Preface would entail, with its polarized replica of good men with good actions and bad men with bad actions. In the definite History, the most influential rivals, the strongest winners, win; and the ground and the church for a moment benefit from their amalgamating control and brawny rule. After Ethelfrith, the kings Edwin, Oswi
Background: What Different Versions Have to Tell The existing versions of Gospels that the Bible contains serve a very specific purpose. The first and the most obvious guess is that the consolidation of the essential Gospels helps paint a more accurate picture of Christ and His teachings. Indeed, by viewing His deeds through the lens of different storytellers, one is likely to understand His purposes much easier. Nonetheless, one must admit that the existence of numerous Gospels entails certain confusion. Portraying the same events from a different point of view, the authors often omitted details, focusing only on the essential concepts that needed to be reflected in the stories. As a result, the existing versions of Christ’s life, in general, and His miracles, in particular, lead to creating a generic image of Jesus Christ. Thesis Statement: Why Three Interpretations Are Needed Despite the fact that the discrepancies emerging after a comparison between different healing stories, particularly, Healing the man with a withered hand , Raising of Jairus’ daughter , and Jesus healing the bleeding woman , are quite obvious, they should be viewed as the effect of differences in the focus of the narrators; furthermore, the identified inconsistencies and be used to have a more all-embracing picture of Jesus Christ and the impact that He had on people’s lives. Moreover, the pattern of the healings, including the sense of wonder and the fast-paced occurrence of the miracles, can be considered the common thread of the Gospels. Raising of Jairus’ Daughter One must admit, though, that there is also a significant difference between the three stories, which makes one question the assumption regarding the significance of the Gospels as the tools for convincing people in Christ’s divine powers. As explained above, the significance of the Gospels reiterating the notion of people witnessing the actual process of healing is crucial to praising the miracles of Jesus. Put differently, the fact that the unprecedented and unexplainable phenomenon unwrapped in front of the crowd contributes to its veracity to a considerable extent. However, one of the stories fails to be in accord with the rest of the narrations as far as the identified parameter is concerned. Particularly, one must bring up the story of raising Jairus’ daughter. Unlike the rest of the healing stories told in the Gospels, the identified one described the phenomenon of healing occurring outside of the public’s supervision. Indeed, all of the three versions, including the Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke, point to the fact that Jairus did not observe the resurrection of his daughter from the dead: He said, ‘Leave; for the girl has not died, but is asleep.’ And they began laughing at Him. But when the crowd had been sent out, He entered and took her by the hand, and the girl got up. This news spread throughout all that land” (Matthew 9:24-26 New American Standard Bible). Similarly, Mark points to the fact that the miracle occurred without people witnessing it. Furthermore,
Summary Arabs are an ethnic group, but a significant portion of them are Muslim, with the religion driving their way of life, values, and spirituality. Arabs have a deeply rooted culture which they upkeep along with values and laws of Sharia representing practical duties such as prayer and fasting. There are many customs, but Arab Americans value respect, honor, peaceful. However, that does not mean Arabs cannot adopt elements or enjoy parts of the Western culture without conflict. Historic Oppression Historically, Arabs have faced some oppression if they are non-Muslims. In the Arab world itself, there are distinctions such as chauvinism. However, the greatest oppression of Arabs stems from the Western nations. As Muslims, those who practice Sharia law or wear a headscarf are viewed as extremists. This is particularly relevant for Arab Americans who face discrimination and often outright violence, particularly during the peak of wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. There is often confusion between Islam as a religious identity and Arabic ethnic identity, while Arab Muslims are especially judged for their cultural and religious traditions. Events I attended two events to get closer and understand the culture. The first event was the Qurban Bayram festival associated with Eid al-Adha, one of the two major Islamic holidays during the year. It began with a prayer in the mosque. There was singing by a choir-like congregation. Next, the imam led a sermon. Afterward, the families gathered at the cemetery to recite a prayer for the deceased. Finally, a ritual of sacrifice and festival meal was presented. The second event was the Day of Arab culture at the local elderly shelter which had many Arab residents. It had lots of art, games to learn the language, and once again, unique foods. The emotional impact of both events was deep, I was welcomed warmly and felt the generous hospitality. The community was evidently closely connected, and people showed much warmth and respect towards each other. They all seemed to be in unison and at peace through their culture and religion. 3 Key Things Learned One important element of Arab culture is the coffee drinking ceremony. Using the data set seen in the image on the right, coffee is prepared and poured, but it is traditional to drink 3 cups, no more, no less. Another concept in Arab culture, which has been assimilated by the West, is genies. However