ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Galapagos Islands are one of the archipelagos renowned as one of the most beautiful places in the world, “the ecological and evolutionary processes characteristics of the Islands have been minimally affected by human activity. However, due to the impact of human activity, such as tourism and fisheries management, for example, the archipelago is recognized today as World Heritage in Danger (González et al. 2008, 13). It goes without saying that human interference into natural processes and unsustainable management activities influence on the ecosystem of the Islands negatively. Thus, urgent actions of government concerning management and conservational activities should be done in order to preserve a natural heritage of the Galapagos Islands. According to the recent survey, the two areas of the management should be re-organized in order to prevent undesirable changes. Tourism and fisheries management are two sections that influence on the ecological system of the Galapagos Islands most of all. The two readings discuss these options from the point of view of environmental management. The main argument of the first reading “Rethinking the Galapagos Islands as a Complex Social-Ecological System: Implications for Conservation and Management” concerns the problem of the tourism as the main reason of negative changes in the environment of the Islands. The core idea if the article is to re-organize the management activity to “maintain a desirable state to exist” (González et al. 2008, 13). The main measures are the reorganization of the traditional practices of the management industry, new approaches to the territorial planning and provide interdisciplinary researches in the social and biophysical sciences. The second article “The rocky path to sustainable fisheries management and conservation in the Galapagos Marine Reserve” also deals with the environmental management. However, it focuses attention on the fisheries management. The main subjects for discussion are “the two main resources, spiny lobster and sea cucumber, have shown alarming signs of deterioration” (Hearn 2008, 1). The reason of this process, according to the article, is that the design the management system that does not work. Both readings claim that the Galapagos Islands survive a critical period nowadays. The human activity affects greatly on the environment of the Islands. In addition, the two readings suggest the idea that strong state control and privatization are needed to improve the situation. Certain limitations should be applied to touristic and fishery activities. The understanding of the dynamics and functioning of the archipelago, conservation-based approach to the problems can be really helpful. However, such approaches to the problem imply the changes in lifestyle of people who were born on the Islands. The methods described in the article do not suggest how it can be done without a negative impact on the cultural heritage of the Islands which is one of th
Introduction In accordance to Canadian national census that was carried out in 1995, it was found that Aboriginals constituted about 1,016,335 people who roughly translated into about 3.8% of the total Canadian population (Statistics Canada, 1995 cited in Edwards and Edwards, 1998). The main sub-groups that make up Aboriginal community are North American Indians, Métis, and Inuit. North American Indians are registered under the Indian Act while Métis occupy the western province of the country and are as a result of inter-marriage between French Canadians and Indian women. However, Métis on overall has not been integrated into Euro-Canadian culture (Edwards and Edwards, 1998). Lastly, Inuit constitute racially and culturally distinct group from Indians and are not covered by the Indian Act (Edwards and Edwards, 1998). Within the jurisdictions of Canada, evidences are numerous that social and economic conditions for Aboriginals are far behind as compared to other Canadian groups. In a report that was prepared by the Royal Commission, it was identified that Aboriginals are more likely to face “inadequate nutrition, substandard housing and sanitation, unemployment and poverty, discrimination and racism, violence, inappropriate or absent services, and subsequent high rates of physical, social and emotional illness, injury, disability and premature death” (Barth, 2008, p.104). Many social studies and indicators that have been carried in Canada indicate that Aboriginals in the entire country occupy lower socio-economic levels as compared to other groups of Canada (Barth, 2008). For instance, in 1991, when the overall unemployment in the country stood at 9.9%, for Aboriginals, it was 24.6% (Barth, 2008). Aboriginals who rely on social-welfare assistance are estimated to be 41.1% as compared to 8.1% of the general Canadian population (Barth, 2008). Moreover, only 3% of Aboriginals have been able to graduate from University as compared to 12% of the non-Aboriginal groups (Barth, 2008). Among the Aboriginals, infant mortality rate is 2-3 times more than of the rest population while life expectancy for Aboriginals is 10% lower that the general population of Canada (Barth, 2008). Family violence among the Aboriginals is one of the highest estimated to be 80 percent and out of this 87% of women experience physical injury while 57 percent are victims of sexual abuse (Barth, 2008). Royal Commission Report on Aboriginal suicide has correlated the numerous suicidal incidences among Aboriginals to mental illness, family problems, socio-economic factors and cultural stress (Barth, 2008). Aboriginal constitute a group that has undergone and experienced historical injustices since the days of colonialism. As it was evidenced in the report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginals, trauma among this population is associated to historical physical, emotional, and psychological torture that was met on Aboriginals. Surprisingly, these actions were ‘institutionalized’ in that key government agencies and structures participated in either formulating or implementing polic
More Convincing Data The paper by Byne et al. (2001) has more convincing data on the relationship between the anatomy of the brain and an individual’s sexual orientation than that of LeVay (1991) due to several reasons. First, Byne’s study recruited a larger sample size than that of LeVay, meaning that the findings are more credible and representative of the population. Second, the paper by Byne et al. (2001) not only studied the volume of the various interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus (INAH 1 to INAH 4), but also focused on investigating if the cell number in the various nuclei has an active role to play in influencing the sexual orientation in humans. Third, although the study by Byne et al. (2001) reinforced LeVay’s findings that INAH 3 is sexually dimorphic by virtue of having a large volume in heterosexual men than heterosexual women and homosexual men, their findings are more convincing due to the interest taken by the researchers to compare them against other research studies on the topic. Lastly, the paper by Byne et al. (2001) has more convincing data based on the extensive elucidation of how statistical analyses were conducted to reach the conclusions made. Personal Perspective Drawing from the articles by Byne et al. (2001) and LeVay (1991), it is justifiable to say that brain anatomy plays a significant role in influencing the sexual orientation of an individual. Although the two studies have several limitations that may influence the findings, it is clear that the volume of INAH 3 is large in straight men than it is in straight women and homosexual men. This nucleus is found in the hypothalamus, which produces many of the body’s vital hormones that are responsible for controlling diverse cells and organs. Owing to the fact that the hormones produced by the hypothalamus preside over a multiplicity of physiologic functions including sex drive, it is possible to use the noted volume/size differences in INAH 3 to explain variations in sexual orientation. The rationale for believing in this perspective is based on the fact that both studies found significant differences in the volume of INAH 3 among straight men and homosexual men, implying that the large volume of INAH 3 and its capacity to carry more neurons could be responsible for influencing sexual orientation in humans (Byne et al., 2001). However, more research studies need to be done to determine how this section of the brain behaves when a person is sexually aroused to determine if INAH 3 is responsible for sexual orientation. Proposed Experiment Since comprehensive brain scans are possible using contemporary technology, the experiment can be set around investigating how the INAH nuclei in the human hypothalamus react upon exposure to sexually implicit content. The experiment can recruit heterosexual men, heterosexual women and homosexual men, who are then divided into experimental and control groups. Brain scans are then conducted prior to the experiment, after which the different sets of
Introduction The chronology of Pop’ action after he left the hut was in the following manner:   * Went to Judge Thatcher and threatened him to give up the money.   * Threatened Huck to raise some money for him, or otherwise he will beat the hell out of him.   * Pop had gotten drunk, and went blowing around, cussing and whooping and beating a tin pan all over the town until midnight.   * He was jailed   * Stood in front of the court   * He was jailed again for a week   * Got out of jail and was invited by the new judge Body Huck Finn/Realism: The realism is apparent in every aspect Twain’s novel, as an example the way he used the description through Finn’s eyes of his Pop’s hair “it was white; not like another’s man white, but a white to make a body sick, a white to make a body’s flesh crawl”. Another example is the handling of such issues as racism in the novel, although being a satire; Twain shows that racism in the form that does not fit a modern society when preparing the plan to rescue Jim his friend “All right, then, I’ll go to hell”. Another example is the description of the life of his Pop and his refusal to learn and to constantly drink and beat his son. The way life values of his father were presented and Huck speaking and thinking of them as an ordinary thing can be considered as examples of realism in the novel. Tom Sawyer/Romanticism: The examples of Romanticism in the adventures of Huck are mostly connected to satirizing his own character Tom and his romantic set of mind. This can be seen through all the scenes that involve Tom like forming a band and pretending that you robbing a procession of elephants and Arabs. The plan that Tom develop to save Jim is so complicated that Tom himself find it difficult to execute and prefers pretending instead. Instead of saving Jim as quickly as possible he convinces him that it is not as romantic as it should, and instead he had to wait for weeks being chased by the local people. The best statement is A. This variant is the most suited as the novel mostly is an example of the usage of realism and was intended for kids; the image of Huck softens some of the novel’s descriptions. As an example is Jim being chased by the locals, the threat of him being killed is not as terrifying while analyzing and criticizing the escape plan made up by Tom. The news of a drowned man that could be his dad, combined with Huck’s beliefs about the man floating on his back or his belly (a woman in man’s clothing. Another example is the fact that his money could be all taken by his father, and the best way that he could think about saving them is by actually giving them all to the judge. Conclusion The modern examples of heroism can stand in some way to the measures presented in Mark Twain’s novel although taking place in another setting. As an example of a modern hero presented in the movies the image of the soldiers that sacrifice themselves to save and return one soldier home in “Saving Private Ryan” can be compared to the rescue plan that was held by Huck and Tom to save Jim.
Introduction Organizational development (OD) is a method of business development through cooperation with human resources, which emerged from industrial and organizational psychology, sociology, and human relations studies. The object of development is the organization itself, which strives to have an increase in efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness of its activities. The management of the organization is responsible for the planning and execution of this system-wide process. The goal of OD is the elaboration and achievement of positive changes in the company through the methods of business psychology, which affects the growth of the company’s profitability, the performance of management systems, and the individual progress of employees. When planning OD, management should have a conceptual model of this process. Reorganization and development include a set of successive stages, each of which creates conditions for transitioning to the next. An unreasonable passage from one step to another can jeopardize the success of the program. The most frequent causes of unsuccessful OD are excessive haste and unwillingness to take explicit or hidden resistance of employees into consideration. Planned Interventions Interventions refer to the planned and structured activities of groups and teams participating in the OD program. These actions, which can be applied individually or collecti
The Industrial Revolution during the Victorian Age was perhaps one of the most interesting periods in England. The fact that man could invent machines to replace manual work was received with enthusiasm and dismay. Spinning and weaving machines such as the spinning jenny marked the beginning of an era where machines would make human labour obsolete (NAEL, 1). The coming of the steam engine in the late eighteenth century accelerated man’s belief in the capacity to create entire industries and manufacture goods using technology. Technological inventions also proved that man was capable of utilizing resources in a manner never seen before. While there were those that were mesmerized by the changes, very many were against the direction that human economy was taking. First, there was the logical concern about workers losing their jobs thus causing endless poverty and thus activists for these workers came out against these machines. The other class of persons is that which believed that ideologically, the path of technology was uncertain. There was a feeling that man’s creations would eventually lead him to destruction. Nothing captures this view than the book Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley in 1818 (Baldick, 3). The book was written at a period when the Industrial Revolution had just picked up steam. The steam engine had just been around for a decade or so and new machines were replacing hundreds of people. Scientists and engineers were engrossed in designing inventions that would make work easier and altogether render human labour obsolete. At the time, Mary Shelley was just 19 years old and at that age, she could already witness the agony of the workers being laid off as well as the speculation about where this revolution was taking England. The book is in narrative form and the main character is Victor Frankenstein, a man consumed by an inventive idea. He believes that he can make a creation that would much be like man and he sets about doing so. Eventually he is successful but when the creature gains life, Frankenstein has to deal with issues of controlling it. Eventually, the creature which is referred to as the monster kills those close to him and he is devastated. He dedicates his life to destroying the monster in a fight to the death. In the end, he prevails but
Introduction Global society has entered the era of globalization. The evolution of means of transport along with the fast development of technologies provided people with multiple opportunities to travel and learn about other cultures. This resulted in increased diversity and offered numerous options for the further development of the world and its various aspects. Among other spheres that experience significant changes, culture can be considered the most important one. There is an outstanding growth of a so-called popular culture that is characterized by the emergence of universal trends peculiar to all regions affected by mass media. The scope of this phenomenon is evidenced by the fact that today people in various countries discuss the same events and admire similar things. However, along with the apparent contribution to the development of globalization, this fast rise of popular culture poses the question of authenticity as the unique image of various peoples is being lost. This paper will discuss the causes and goals of society’s emerging resistance to popular culture. Background Speaking about the problem, it can be stated that the situation becomes contradictory. Popular culture is a set of practices, beliefs, values, and objects that are dominant in a particular society at a certain period of time (Osborne 45). On the one hand, it leads to improved cooperation between people globally because of higher understanding levels. However, from another perspective, it can result in the complete elimination of less popular or less strong customs or ways of living under the impact of the existing patterns that are promoted and cultivated by media and TV. Additionally, at the very first stages of its evolution, popular culture emerged as a form of resistance to multiple cases of inequality that were still peculiar to communities. These differences were preconditioned by such factors as social class, income, local living conditions, gender, and race. That is why the popularization of various ideas that promoted tolerance and equality along with the creation of appropriate culture became a potent tool to support this movement (Sellnow 55). However, in the course of its development, popular culture lost its initial meaning and transformed into a phenomenon used by various actors, including corporations and governments, to achieve particular strategic goals (Sellnow 57). For this reason, today, we can observe the shift of priorities and the rise of resistance to popular culture. Preservation of Authenticity One of the central causes of this growing opposition is the desire to preserve authenticity. Surprisingly, this problem becomes one of the most topical issues for contemporary society. The dominance of popular trends preconditioned the creation of the specific u
Introduction British Petroleum (BP) is an integrated oil company operating in the field of the energy industry. As it was proposed earlier, the company strives to meet the requirements of the modern world offering the market the most demanded products and operating in the context of the effective strategy. In this connection, the paper will put a particular focus on the specifics of the BP’s strategy. it will likewise involve the overview of the research strategy and the presentation methods, providing some recommendations for the company’s prospective development. Company Description Due to the fact that the basic company-related data was examined in the proposal part of the project, it seems appropriate to make a focal point on the nominal data. BP supplies energy products and services consumers from different regions of the world. The company’s two central operating divisions comprise exploration and production, as well as processing and marketing ( BP 2016). In other words, the company operates the energy resources throughout the value chain. In addition, BP actively participates in the global renewable energy implementation, particularly, in the field of biofuels and wind power ( BP Global 2016). “BP leads European supermajors with 3.24 million BOE / day of production” (Rapier 2016, para. 5). It has been currently stated that “despite a recent rebound, the average oil price for the quarter was $34 a barrel, $10 less than the previous quarter and $20 less than the same period last year” (Stacey 2016, para. 6). Research Strategy In order to search for the credible information on the company, I tried to do my best to examine the most reliable sources. Thus, the FTSE 100, London Stock Exchange, and Financial Times along with the company’s website and several peer-reviewed journal articles were utilized to collect the relevant data. First and foremost, I performed a general examination of the company and its history, branding, and coverage area. Secondly, I designed a consistent plan for BP’s analysis. Finally, I integrated all the acquired information into my research project and analyzed the findings thoroughly in order to suggest possible improvements. Selected Areas of Analysis The fact that any research bases on a certain area that serves as a boundary for the analysis seems to be undoubted. In this project, I investigated the company’s investment opportunities area as it appears to be a relevant issue in the framework of the modern global economy, where corporations tend to operate in accordance with the economic, political, and environmental requirements. Thus, for instance, the implementation of environment-friendly approaches and products is one of the most perspective opportunities that will allow receiving successful outcomes and gaining the competitive advantage in the precipitously developing market. The evaluation of possible risks is another area to be explored in this paper. Since the risk management is a
Introduction The salient features of this crisis that occurred to DuPont, one of the giant chemical companies in the world occurred, because its association with the production and sale of Chlorofluocarbon (CFC). Scientists and researchers were of the considered opinion that CFC is positively harmful to the global environment and have reduced the ozone concentration in the earth. (The State of New Zealand’s Environment: Chapter 5: The State of our Atmosphere). Aspects of CFC They believed that, unlike other chemicals, CFC does not break down into molecular particles until they reach the earth’s stratosphere, but before that time, they are capable of causing harm to outer ozone layer of the earth, which, in turn could lead to long term potential health hazards to living inhabitants on earth. Another factor was in terms of the fact that CFC inputs was a global phenomenon, with heavy infrastructure and investments put into place, by global companies, and therefore, its production could not be stopped or suspended, until alternatives were tested and approved for use. For a company like DuPont, CFC was the lifeline that supported many of its premier products and DuPont contributed to nearly 50% of the total CFC usage in the world. However public opinion and political pressures began to build up against DuPont’s unrestricted use of CFC and the company was constrained to take cognizance of them. During these times of public, political and administrative buildups against the use of CFC, the DuPont maintai