ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The workings Americans faced a serious economic turmoil in the year of 2001 due to major economic slump and increased ratio of unemployment, unlike the era of late 1990s when the labor markets of the US contributed a major participation in the economic growth due to increased wages of all level of workers. The loss of employment caused a serious decline in incomes of all classes, including the elite class even. Working hours were reduced for married couples. However, this earning figure was almost double for each earner class in 1950s and 1960s. Today, the income inequality has become worse in the United States that was not so in the earlier cases. Some critics have tried to moderate this issue by referencing those who gained a massive increment on their early salaries. However, the facts deny this concept. Furthermore, the current innovations in federal taxation will enhance the prevailing dilemma of income inequality. During the recession of year 2001, the capital income was too low to satisfy corporate income. The income growth and income inequality trends are the major determinants of wage trends and it has been profoundly found that the strong wage growth was on the same line in 2002 as it was in the late 1990s. Though, the high labor slack of the early 2000s interrupted this cycle of growth. The rationale behind this constant and increased labor slack was the development of wage inequality between low-wage and middle-wage workers. During the past quarter century, the wage story has three major parts that include increased wage growth due to an era of stagnant and falling wages, changed trends of wage growth and enhanced ratio of unemployment. The current productivity growth has also led to the modern trends of wage growth. In addition, the education and skills also contributed to increased unemployment, especially among lower class workers. As far as job opportunities are concerned, the labor market was intensified with increased employment in the late 1990s and deprived groups also benefited from those healthy chances. In contrast, the recession era was the period of higher unemployment and labor slack, but still, the rate of unemployment was low comparative to the previous recessions. However, many potential job seekers left this plane of employment and could not be counted towards total unemployment statistics. This period of downturn had a
Big companies, secure in their products and processes, often operate an incorrect definition of innovation as a disruption in their established and successful routine. In the business world, nothing could be truly innovative until it sells, that is -– becomes commercializable. Understanding an innovation as “something adding to or subtracting from something in order to benefit someone,” an expert definition, would be a significant, financially beneficial improvement to old corporate strategies. Companies that offer established, popular products or services, may see new technologies, such as viral marketing or drone delivery, as an unnecessary risk-taking. These corporations often do not account for a change in demographics and the fast-paced business environment. In thinking like venture capitalists, they are wary of disrupting an established business model. Moreover, quite often a CEO’s future in the company depends on the success of certain products or services, so they are scared to relinquish that, tried and tested, what made them successful. Corporate culture dictates caution. Corporate hierarchy often leads to ignoring of an employee creative input and feedback, whether by excessively long chains of command when suggestions are lost on the way up or by being uninterested in systematizing collection of ideas on improvement, even anonymous ones. An insistence that corporate oversight hampers creativity has been disproved, and nowadays tech startups use the brainstorming power of their employees to their great success. Even lack of monetary reimbursement in the form of bonuses or other perks does not stop the flow of ideas when employers make an effort to listen and implement. Other times, when a company implements a system of incentives for innovations, the quality of suggestions goes down as the quantity goes up. For best management of company-dedicated resources, one must not only suggest a possible improvement, but a way to implement it as well. Thus, a safety net against misuse of company time and resources is created, the employee feels more responsible for his overall output, and the company saves funds it would have had to give to outside consultants as payment. While the need for innovation may be understood, an absence of specifically allocated to research and testing teams, or financing, results in an unsatisfactory output. A testing invariably needs certain conditions so that the results could be trusted. Other common missteps include underestimating customer demands and not measuring customer awareness. Thus, fear of failure, both of product and own career that corporate managers often have, undermines the trial even before it is set to start. Large-scale corporations are often, even more, wary of the financial risks. The period the product is in development is also significant, concerning the subject of innovations, as an automobile compa
Introduction The Love Canal is named after William T. Love, the man who envisioned the idea of creating an 11-km canal between the two sections of the Niagara River to produce electricity for powering his planned city in the 1890s. However, his plan failed and the pit filled with water over the years. In 1940, Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation purchased the land for use in disposing chemicals. Nearly a decade later, the company had disposed more than 22,000 tons of toxic wastes, and the Love Canal was almost full. The land was later used to build schools and residential homes, and soon, residents started reporting strange odors and the presence of heavy metals. In 1976, heavy rains caused a large amount of chemicals to move to the surface, contaminating the whole area. In the years that followed, the area reported abnormally high rates of stillbirths and miscarriages, and a similar number of babies born with defects. Eventually in 1978, more than 1,000 families were evacuated from the area, and an EPA study found out that of the 36 people tested, 11 had deformed chromosomes, and that of 15 babies born in the area between 1970 and 1980, just 2 were well. In the early morning of August 19, 2006, residents of Abidjan city of Ivory Coast observed trucks with freshly painted logo dumping liquid wastes at various locations within the city, this went on for more than three weeks. A few weeks later, several residents began reporting a fowl smell, and tens of people were said to have died. After several investigations by foreign journalists and the Ivorian government agencies, it was discovered that a Dutch company, Trafigura, had contracted a ship to dispose chemical wastes from its plants in Ivory Coast. The wastes consisted of over 500 tons of a mixture of fuel, caustic soda (Sodium hydroxide), hydrogen sulfide and phenols that Trafigura had failed to dispose in the Netherlands due to high costs. The waste had come from the process of stripping coker gasoline to obtain naphtha. The company had then contracted a ship, Probo Koala, to deliver the wastes in Abidjan, and collaborated with a local company to dispose the wastes throughout Abidjan. The disposal is estimated to have caused the deaths of more than 17 people while close to 40,000 suffered various illnesses after inhaling the harmful gases released by the wastes. Parties Involved Hooker Chemical factory was solely responsible for the Love Canal Tragedy, however, the government was also responsible for failing to carry out conclusive studies on the long-term effects of the wastes on the area as had been
Bob wants to withdraw money from his 401(k) and use it to finance his new business. According to the Pension and Annuity Income in Publication 575, his 401(k) payments may have been pre-taxed (IRS, 2020). Being elderly, he will not be penalized for withdrawing from his account early on, which should cost him 10% of his savings. Therefore, the whole $690,000 is considered ordinary income and is maximally tax-bracketed at 37% as of 2019 rates. As a result, this transaction takes $221,000, which means Bob remains with $480,000 to invest in his venture. Bob also considers selling his asset and using the proceeds to finance his new venture. Thus, he is concerned about its effect on capital-output and gross income tax. According to Publication 544, he has several options to help minimize his property’s sale tax, maximizing his payout, especially since he has held the property for years. According to Rupert and Kenneth (2019), when one holds property for more than a year, a tax rate of long-term capital gains (LTCG) is applied. Rupert and Kenneth (2019) further reveal that this rate is 0% on income less than $39,375, 15% for earnings ranging from $39,376 to $434,550, and is 20% for revenues exceeding $434,551. Since he has terminated his 401(k), his year’s revenue is $506,000, which is the sum of interest and dividends, he should tax the 20% LTCG rate. It is also important to note that any costs associated with selling the asset reduced his gain, affecting the tax he owes. By assuming a real estate commission of 6%, Bob’s payout after all the deductions becomes $6,408,000, as shown in the table below. Table 1: Bob’s Payout Calculation Particulars                                   Amount     Sale                                          $9,000,000 Cost (deduct)                                 -450,000   Capital profit from long-term asset           8,550,000  Sale of Real Estate (charged 6% of the sale)  -540,000   Net Profit                                    8,010,000  Tax bracket (used on net profit)              20%        Tax                                           1,602,000                                                           Payout (net profit- tax)                      6,408,000   Such factors as appraisals, surveys, and closing costs are likely to reduce payout after taxation due to the minimization of tax costs. The capital transactions report is provided in Schedule D, one of the several schedules attached to the Individual Income Tax Return Form 1040 for all U.S. citizens (IRS, 2020). The document mentioned above lists capital assets, such as bonds, stocks, and buildings. Form 8949 reports profit and loss from capita and investments, respectively. Schedule D may ask the client to produce other forms, which have information regarding property sales, theft, or any other casualty resulting in losses (IRS, 2020). More specifically, part I and II of Schedule D are used to disclose financial information such as short-term and long-term profits and loss
Coaching and mentoring as a core competency Coaching and mentoring should be a core competency of nurses prepared at the graduate level because of the rising need for disease prevention and enhancement of wellness in society (Hayes, 2005). The main goals of coaching and mentoring are to improve health outcomes and lower the cost of health care (Haidar, 2007). In today’s society, people face many nutritional, economic, physical, emotional, social, and cultural challenges that affect their health. Therefore, it is necessary to have professionals who possess the knowledge and skills to coach and guide them on how to improve their health and wellbeing. An important factor of holistic nursing practice is empowering people to comprehend and embrace their health conditions, have hope, and understand themselves as well as the effect of their lifestyles on their wellbeing (Hayes, 2001). For instance, living with a chronic illness is tough and expensive. Nurses help such patients understand, accept and manage their situations. They also show them how to live effectively without compromising the quality of their lives. It is also important for nurses to guide individuals, strengthen their self-belief, and inculcate the attitude that they can handle their health conditions by changing their attitudes, behaviors, and lifestyles (Hayes & Kalmakis, 2007). A coaching activity that one can do as a nurse practitioner As a nurse practitioner, there are several coaching activities I can do in an advanced nursing practice role. One of these activities is helping depresse
Peter Bergen’s argument and how it develops in the text Peter Bergen’s book, Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden , tries to understand Osama bin Laden psychologically and the way his influence over the Muslim world controls and leads al Qaeda. The text tries to show the onset and drive of bin Laden’s radicalness and his objectives. The author refutes that poverty is the cause of the almost euphoric following bin Laden’s commands (Bergen 34). He argues that poverty is all around the world and has not necessarily resulted in terror activities. According to the way information has been put together, the author shows a belief that understanding the thinking of bin Laden will help the fight against terror (Bergen, 28). Therefore, one needs to understand how this argument is developed. All the research and interviews carried out by Bergen are all based on one context, to understand bin, Laden. Bergen (a) (55) states that bin Laden claimed he was continuing his father’s wishes and that his father said that “one of his sons would fight enemies of Islam”. This clearly shows that the death of bin Laden’s father, while he was still a boy, does not in any way psychologically affect and create the perceptions against America within bin Laden. With regards to the author’s primary argument and purpose of the book, Bergen is clearly not in accordance with explaining people’s actions with psychological explanations especially when the contact with them is very minimal (Bergen et al, 435). To him, this is insignificant and cannot truly hold weight over the information being passed on to people. Bergen’s argument on this matter is strengthened by the claims by people within bin Laden’s close family that they reject him and do not share his beliefs even though not outrightly on a wide public stage (Forest 55). Bergen’s arguments on this matter can be said to be able to explain bin Laden’s beliefs. Bergen recounts that bin Laden’s ideologies are largely influenced by a number of very religious older men in his life from a very young age, his father included and most notably Abdullah Azzam his Islamic studies teacher at the university; and his other teacher Muhammad Qutb brother to Sayyid Qutb author of the book Milestones or Signposts -depending on how it is translated [ Ma’alim fi’I’Tariq ] – considered the ‘what is to be done’, the ‘Lenin of the Muslim world (Bergen (b) 258). Based on these scholars and the interpretation of the book, bin Laden’s ideologies that jihad should not be defensive but offensive. Bergen further argues that bin Laden cannot lay claim to being a religious scholar, rather he has used what other Pakistani clerics, Afghan clerics, and Saudi clerics have said and given him, to invoke fatwa (Bergen (b) 378). He has used these clerics as a cover. Therefore it is evident that bin Laden’s ideologies and beliefs are not psychological or from a religiously scholarly point of view (Forest 552). Bin laden as observed from Bergen’s book is by and large an influence over people so as to achieve his desires and wishes to create a caliphate to rule over the whole Muslim world. This is in line with Abdullah Azzam
Abstract Adolescents are heavy users of social networking sites. Studies indicate that exposure to media ads influences teenagers’ body satisfaction and dietary habits. The purpose of the proposed research is to investigate the effect of social media on the body image of adolescents. This paper describes the methods and procedures that will be used in sample selection, data collection, and assessment of the study’s variables. Research Question The study will involve one central research question, namely, is social media affecting body image in adolescents? Although online networking sites are popular among adolescents, the effect of one social media on their body image and self-esteem is not well understood (Vries, Peter, Nikken & Graaf, 2014). By examining social media depictions of ideal body figures, the study aims to elucidate how social media use shapes body image perceptions among adolescents. Hypotheses The research hypothesizes that heavy use of social media causes physical appearance dissatisfaction and poor self-image among teenagers. The second hypothesis is that high social media activity promotes the internalization of socialized appearances and body figures. The null hypothesis is that social networking sites have no influence on teenage self-image attitudes. Sample Size The study will use a sample of 30 participants drawn from a middle school. Since data collection will primarily involve questionnaires, this sample size is sufficient for achieving data saturation while eliminating redundancy (Warren & Karner, 2005). Additionally, the sample size is large enough to capture the variability within the target population (adolescents) at minimal costs. In selecting the sample, the study will use the following inclusion criteria: students who are aged between 13 and 18, frequent social media users (Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, among others), both male and female subjects, and participants drawn from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The sample will need to be diverse in terms of age, gender, race/ethnicity, and grade level to enhance its representativeness of the parent population. Sampling Technique The study will use snowball-sampling technique to select participants. According to Camic, Rhodes, and Yardley (2003), this approach will help identify “cases of interest” or a hidden population that is information-rich (p. 14). Additionally, snowballing will protect the confidentiality and privacy of the respondents because recruited participants will identify potential cases of interest in the study (referrals). In this study, the diverse sample of 30 participants generalizes to the adolescent (13-18 years) student population. This demographic includes teenage boys and girls who are heavy users of social media networks. Study Variables The study will measure body image satisfaction and correlate it with social media use among the respondents. The key variables will include weight satisfaction, pre
Introduction The positive contributions internet has played and continues to play in daily lives cannot be underestimated. In fact, it constitutes one of the most important tools for greater information capacity. The reasons behind these assertions are not particularly hard to point out. Internet has not only brought the greatest amount of learning in information capacity, it has also revolutionized communication models, data storage, capacity building, information sharing and a host of endless positive outcomes. The role of internet in education and business remains pivotal to the very existence of these two critical facets of life. In education, internet is one of the most important tools that significantly improve learning. In business and specifically in marketing, internet offers the largest market place to advertise and sell products and services. However, within this cacophony of endless benefits, internet comes along with a number of problems. This essay seeks to examine the potential benefits and problems of using Internet for business and education. Potential benefits of Internet in Business and Education Globalization and intense competition have made business visibility as the biggest factor in growth and development. In
Pathogenesis of Contrast Induced Nephropathy Contrast-induced nephropathy has become an important basis of hospital acquired morbidities due to high utility of iodinated contrast agents. The cases are rapidly growing in the area of diagnostic imaging and strategies that involve angiography in patients at risk (1). It is considered as the third important cause of renal failure which is next to surgery and hypotension (1). The administration of CM contributes to immediate renal vasodilatation and a continued vasoconstriction which in turn leads to high intrarenal vascular resistances, a reduction of total renal blood flow (RBF) and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (2). These alterations in the renal circulation may lead to ischaemia which serves as the vital component for nephropathy (2). This also contributes to increasing in the levels of metabolite adenosine which in turn is crucial for hemodynamic renal biphasic reaction (2). Adenosine is a nucleoside and a plays role in ATP hydrolysis by acting as a vasoactive substance (3). It influences renal circulation by exerting its effects on vasoconstriction and vasodilatation through Adenosine receptors (3). The outcome of this effect also leads to high diuresis and natriuresis which in turn is having connection with endothelin (2). Next in CIN pathogenesis, the aberrations in endothelial function cause the generation of free radicals after ischemic reperfusion which leads to medullary vasoconstriction (3). Here, NO undergoes reaction with free radicals to generate peroxynitrite (3). This leads to inactivation of NO causing hemodynamic changes in the outer medulla which further worsens ischemic harm (3). Further, the pathogenesis of CIN is thought to involve hypoxic renal medullary injury (5). Here, nitric oxide, adenosine and prostaglandins participate in the medullary transport activity (5). This process when gets altered would lead to insufficient oxygen demand and thereafter acute tubular necrosis (ATN) (5). CM administration affects renal parenchymal oxygenation leading to medullary hypoxaemia as also revealed from non-invasive blood oxygenation level dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD MRI) (5). Therefore, a fall in renal parenchymal oxygenation causes an alteration in the renal microcirculation (5). The ultimate effect is that there would not be any motility of red blood corpuscles in the blood vessels which results in cellular aggregation (5). Therefore, human radiocontrast nephrotoxicity is better assessed by several risk contributing agents that affect a hygienic renal circulation (6). A defect in the production of vasoactive substances in renal/vascular diseases increases the risk of radiocontrast nephropathy (6). Substances like prostanoids and nitric oxide provide resistance against the radiocontrast agents (6). This was revealed when rats received pretreatment with indomethacin and N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) developed acute renal failure (6). As Nitric oxide synthesis gets inhibited by L-NAME, its significance was considered important in minimizing the risk of radiocontrast nephropathy (6). Further,