ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The golden age was a liberating period of Arab civilization. This period marked the defeat of Israeli crusaders and the elimination of the Ismaili Fatimid threat in the Middle East. The establishment of the Khwarazmian Empire, in Persia, also strengthened Arab civilization because it protected Islam from external threats, attacks, and influences (Morgan 11). However, this peace only lasted for a short period before the Mongol empire invaded Southwest Asia. In the wake of their arrival, they changed the social dynamics of the Middle East by causing untold destruction and despair that was unequal to any other global event. Genghis Khan is a common name that emerges whenever historians explain the history of the Mongol empire. Indeed, it is during his time that the empire witnessed the greatest expansion in ancient history (Morgan 4). From a small tribe of nomads in North and central Asia, Khan was able to transform the nomadic lifestyles of a few tribesmen into a powerful empire (Mongol empire). Particularly, Khan used terror as his most effective weapon (Dutch 3). He often spared colonies that did not fight him, but massacred anybody who attempted to oppose his expansion. His entry into the Arab world was not extensive as other parts of the Asian continent. In fact, the University of Calgary (4) says most parts of the Muslim world did not experience Khan’s terror. However, in 1255, this short-lived peace with Khan ended. This paper explores the destruction of Arab civilization and Islam under the Mongol empire. In detail, this paper shows that under the leadership of Khan’s brother, Hulagu Khan, the Mongol empire destroyed Arab civilization through the destruction of Islamic infrastructure. Its main targets were Persia, Egypt, Syria, and modern-day Iraq. This paper also shows that much of the Muslim world did not have the capability of resisting Mongol aggression and therefore fell into Mongol rule quickly. This changed the dynamics of the Islamic faith, as the Mongol empire destroyed educational facilities, mosques, libraries, and other structures that supported the faith. Comprehensively, this paper highlights the “near death” of Islam and Arab civilization under Mongol rule. Destruction of Islamic Infrastructure Historical excerpts say Hulagu Khan had a very deep resentment for Islam and its antecedents (Morgan 111). The University of Calgary (4) says this hatred came from some of his close confidants (with predominantly Christian and Buddhist influences) who influenced the formulation of Mongol policies. Through Khan’s loyal lieutenants, he did not spare any kind of Islamic support structure. For example, when they conquered Baghdad, a strong army of over 150,000 soldiers destroyed Mosques, Islamic libraries, and religious sites (Morgan 10). Sequentially, this section of the paper explores these different
When the earth tilts and causes the sun to be overhead at the equator, the scenario is referred to as an equinox. This takes place two times per year. On either the 20 th or 21 st day of March annually, the spring or vernal equinox takes place. On the other hand, on either 22 nd or 23 rd day of September every year, the fall or autumnal equinox occurs. During each of the equinoxes mentioned above, the lengths of day and night are roughly equal bearing in mind that the sun is directly overhead along the equator. During the summer equinox, a lot of solar energy reaches the earth’s surface compared to either the spring or fall equinox. However, the longest daylight time is experienced on either the 21 st or 22 nd day of June annually. This is the same time when the summer solstice takes place. The first summer day is also marked on one of the dates above. On either the 21 st or 22 nd day of December, the winter solstice takes place. It is also the season characterized by the shortest time during the day. One of the parallels of latitudes is the Antarctic Circle. It is used to mark the global map. Its latitudinal position south of the equator is 66.5622° (degrees). The Arctic Circle is positioned north of the equator, and its latitudinal mark is 66.5622° (degrees). It serves the same function as the Antarctic Circle. On the 21 st Day of December, the North Pole usually tilts far from the sun. On the same date, the Arctic Circle towards the extreme northern position experiences twenty-four hours of darkness. On the 21 st day of June, the North Pole is inched closer to the sun. The Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees north of the equator) is used to indicate the point which is extremely northerly and where the sun can be viewed as already explained. In contrast, the southern tropic is also referred to as the Tropic of Capricorn.
Looking for Connections The two most shocking stories that depict the life paved with sufferings in the most explicit way, The Dew Breaker and Maus do have much in common. Because of the air of despair that the two stories are pierced through with, they seem to have many points of contact. Despite the seeming difference in the details of each of the seven stores, there is the invisible and almost intangible connection between the seven parts of the book. It is quite peculiar that the Ka family, appearing in the first story, is intertwined with Nadine’s life further on, as Danticat moves further on in his story of a million of lives making the elements of the whole. Another peculiar connection that can be made here is the sequence of events occurring in Michel’s life. Once appearing as a tenant sharing a dwelling with Dany, this character further on appears in Monkey’s Tail for the readers to see the way this personality develops. When Life Goes in Spirals Art Spiegelman had seated himself in the chair comfortably and was watching Edwidge Dandicat browse through Maus . Dandicat lifted his eyes and nodded. “It burns my fingers. Literally.” He fell silent for a moment, and then added, “And my eyes, too.” “Have you ever asked yourself a question, what’s the point of this mental torture?” Spiegelman wondered. “What is the use of reviving the most painful experience of the past?” “That is the question,” Dandicat agreed in a mock-Shakespearean manner. “In fact, this helps to reevaluate the event of the past, see some people in the other way. That is a way to shed some light on the situation. That’s what happens in Maus , If I am not mistaken. It is much like the story told in Maus in a train, the one about “one fellow’s cousin what lived in Germany” (Spiegelman 33)” “I agree,” Spiegelman nodded. “That was your idea in The Book of Dead. This is all about the attempts to understand the past and make the other see it with your own eyes. As your character, Ka, said, “It was hardly revolutionary, rough and not too detailed, minimalist at best, but it was my favorite of all my attempted representations of my father” – that is rather fine definition of what we have created, isn’t it?” “Exactly,” Dandicat said. What Makes One Cause Pain Ridden with pan and sorrow, both stories not only tell about the sufferings of the victims, but also reveal certain traits of their torturers’ character. One of the most crucial problems of the two stories is the answer to the question, “What makes those people torture the others?” The answer, plain and terrifying, is lying on the surface. It is all the fear that makes these butchers pursue heir victims and cause them pain. Once the torturers disobey, they will share the fate of their victims, and this is the main reason for the brutes to continue committing their crimes: “This man who cut my face,” he continues, “I shot and killed him, like I killed many people.” (Dandicat 22) In Quest for Hope Despite the terrible things that occur in The Dew Breaker , it still seems t
Abstract The United Arab Emirates (UAE) constitutes of Umm Al-Qaiwain, Dubai, Ras Al-Khaimah Fujairah, Sharjah, Ajman, and Abu Dhabi. The aforementioned states got united in the 1970. The Emirates were nomads before the establishment of the oil economy. Initially, these countries were economically, politically, and socially autonomous. They were governed by the same beliefs, and values, thus, they had a common culture. It is also important to mention that, UAE shares some of its cultural values and aspects with some of the Arab countries especially those neighboring them. Introduction The UAE was initially a sparsely populated nation. Later, with the invention of the oil economy, the population increased. The oil economy created job opportunities for many Emiratis and the immigrants. The UAE is also a multi-ethnic community as there are immigrants from other nations such as Bangladesh, America, Iran, India, Philippine and Pakistan just to mention a few. The UAE cultural aspects that changed over the last 10 years Family and marriage are the cultural aspects that have changed over the last 10 years. In UAE, family is the core of life, and it is highly respected by both young and old people. It is the source of social security for the sick, elderly and disabled. It also provides economic support for children and the elderly. Marriage in the Arab society is both a society and a community affair. Marriage is prestigious among the Emiratis. The young men and women are allowed to choose their own spouses. Marriage binds the two families and they help each other in times of need. Marriage is also defined as the way of passage to legal, socially and culturally acceptable relationship. It is also a rite of the passageway to a socially, culturally, and legally acceptable sexual relationship (Rashad et al, 2003). The Muslim religious beliefs dominate all aspects of Emiratis. Marriage, divorce, economics and politics, as well as personal character are determined by the Islamic laws (Sharia). Islam is the belief that there is only one God and that Prophet Mohammed is his messenger. The Profession of faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage are the five pillars of the Islamic religion. Muslims must adhere to these pillars with great discipline. In addition to this, a Muslim is required to pray five times a day. The changes in the family and marriage Traditionally, marriage and family in the Middle East have been greatly based on the beliefs and values of Islamic religion (Geoff, 2009). Over the last decade, it has been noticed that the younger people experience a change of attitude with regard to the family and marriage system. In the Arab world, women are defined by their roles as mothers and wives (Mernissi, 1987). According to the UAE demographic survey, the trend has changed. The successful women escape the traditional stereotype because they have found self-satisfaction in other jobs, rather than being wives and daughters. In the past, early marriage was common, but recently the age has tremendously increased. According to (United Nations, 2004, p.1) in the early 1970s, the percentag
Introduction Health and wellness are an essential aspect of life in our everyday life. This report will aim an investigating the various aspects of health and wellness and how best to maintain it. The report will also include the benefits or advantages of maintaining good health in our lives. Health has been a major topic of discussion in our daily news headlines and papers. Among the topics that will be covered in the report will include; an in-depth description of health and wellness, what self-management is, health benefits of physical activity, self-planning for healthy lifestyles, tobacco, and diabetes. (Corbin et al, 2009, p.4) Health and wellness Description of health and wellness; Health is the able being or the comfortable form of the body. When we are healthy, it means that all organs of our bodies are working properly and in harmony. Wellness refers to the optimal functioning of our bodies. Health means that our bodies can function well without medication or chemical support in them. (Corbin et al., 2009, p.5-6) Dimensions of health and wellness; health does not only mean how good our bodies are but also the social and mental productivity in our lives. Mental growth that does not include stress or medical conditions is an aspect of good health. This includes our ability to think and interpret things properly. The social dimension of health and wellness is whereby we are able to interact with our peers well and have a common understanding. This goes hand in hand with behavioral wellness and information. (Corbin et al, 2009, p.9) What are the factors influencing health and wellness? External factors are the main factors influencing our health and wellness. This means that the environment I live in will greatly determine how healthy or well I am. When we reside in places with environmental hazards, we are prone to becoming unhealthy. Foods high in certain minerals or components are bound to cause imbalances in our bodies. Behaviors or activities also influence our health. This calls for the best ways to adapt to our environments, prevention, and behavioral changes. (Corbin et al, 2009, p.10) Self-management Self-management is our personal activities or programs that aim at making us healthier and well. This means that we do not require help from other people when watching or adjusting our health. Self-management calls for our dedication to achieving or maintaining good health. The five stages of lifestyle change. Lifestyle is every aspect of our daily lives. To change, it can be an upward task or rather difficult objective, especially when we are used to a specific way of living. When we are very unhealthy, we may require changing our entire lifestyle, but when we are better off, we only change a bit of it to achieve optimal health. There are five stages of lifestyle change. Maintenance is the first step of it. This means that the most important aspect of changing our lifestyle is maintaining what
Introduction Energy is indispensable in modern society because people use it when performing various activities that are critical for human survival. Although energy is indispensable in human existence, different forms of energy have different impacts on the environment due to their pollution. Since fossil fuel is the most common form of energy that people use in running industries, vehicles, and generating electricity, it releases carbon dioxide into the environment. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that human activities generate. According to the City of Hayward, high levels of carbon dioxide cause drought, lower agricultural productivity, increase occurrence of floods and storms, and enhance risks of diseases (3). Owing to grave environmental impacts of carbon dioxide, climatologists recommend a reduction in the use of energy associated with fossil fuels. Given that individuals and families contribute to the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, reduction of carbon footprint is imperative. Essentially, carbon footprint is the amount of carbon dioxide that an individual emits in a year. Therefore, this essay seeks to calculate carbon footprint that I contribute to the environment in Hayward, CA. Electricity Generation of electricity using fossil fuels contribute to the carbon dioxide emissions that cause global warming. Usually, generation of power from water, natural steam, and wind is not enough, and thus the use of fossil fuels is necessary to supplement the electricity generated from renewable sources. According to the City of Hayward, unplugging of electrical appliances reduces electricity ‘leakage’ because one can save up to 26% of electricity usage (4). At home, electricity is the major source of energy because electrical appliances such as computers, televisions, fridges, phones, and cookers consume electricity daily. In this view, the num
The politics of Argentina have been described as being eccentric and rather unconventional for various reasons. Economically, the country was rich, but deteriorated to almost bankruptcy between the year 1930 and 2001. Politically, the country has seen the emergence of autochthonous political movements that have dominated its governance, a good example of which was the most elusive, but relevant example of Peronism (Brennan 64). Socially, Argentina has had a poorly developed middle class. The region has a conventionally weaker middle class, with universal education barely existing anywhere (Grugel 21). On the international front, Argentina and Cuba have been the countries that have constantly opposed the United State’s foreign policies, even though Argentina never took sides openly, either with the Soviet Union or the Nazi Germany. In its history, Argentina has been among the most economically developed countries in the Latin America, yet among the least politically stable countries in the region. Despite having all these peculiarities attributed to it, the Argentine political cycles have been in tandem with the international developments, which have been taking place over time (Petras 26). The country has witnessed frequent breakdown of its democracy followed by re-democratization. Between the year 1930 and 1976, Argentina experienced six coups d’état. The coups were mainly due to internal conflicts that led to rival alliances, mainly civil-military, to rise against one another. None of the coups were instigated externally, as was the case in most parts of Central America; neither had the coups ever been caused by indirect involvement of external forces, as was the case of the United State’s support in the ousting of the Chilean president (Tella 43). However, Argentina’s authoritarian leaders shared periods with their counterparts in the region in implementing key policies economically and in the combating of terrorism. Regime change, in the region, was not an exclusively domestic phenomenon, but a rather coordinated cooperation among the supporters of the authoritarian regimes in the region, despite the regimes being rivals with one another, in the same measure, as some were friends (Portantiero 31). In 1946, Domingo Peron ascended to Argentina’s presidency. He introduced corporatist policies in which the institutions that were sanctioned by the state had influence in government. Peron allowed labor leaders distinct privilege, since he had much of his support from the labor union movements. According to Clarin (19), Peron’s administration appealed to the working class that was less skilled, as well as, the middle class, mainly industrialists who saw the regime as favoring industrial growth, due to the hostile policies of the regime towards foreign corporations. Peron introduced far-reaching policy initiatives in 1947 that aimed at creating
Adam Smith believed that the wealth of nations was derived from their division of labor and accumulation of capital goods for the production of necessities. However, his arguments may not be congruent with the conditions and circumstances, which are in the twenty first century. Division of labor is the sub division of work into smaller portions so that the task being done can become easier. Smith gave an example of nail manufacturing industries where the work done involved cutting a long wire of iron and sharpening it. When one individual did this work, the artisan could only make a hundred nails a day. However, if this work was subdivided into different portions such that one person cut the wires, another person sharpening, and packaging by another person the number of pins produced would have been four thousand. This showed that division of labor led to increased output (Smith 24). The subdivided labor called for specialization where an individual had to become a master of particular skills. Before division of labor was invented, an individual could manage to do a set of activities alone. The people in the economy were therefore jacks of trades but they were masters of none. Division of labor called for being a jack of no trade but a master of one trade (Smith 108). One had to be a specialist in one area and in the case of nail industry; one had to be a specialist in cutting nails and be unskilled in sharpening them. The division of labor also brought about efficiency, which is the percentage of the amount of effort applied compared to the amount of goods or services produced. In the division of labor, more output was produced compared to where there were no divisions of labor. The efficiency also came because of improvement in quality. The work done by the solo artisan of sharpening the nails after cutting them would be probably of lesser quality. The nail-sharpening specialist whose only work is to sharpen the nails would do the work because; tired people produce low quality work. More inventions came up during this period of division of labor more than any other time previously. This is because; the individual who is assigned a particular task had to find ways of doing the work faster. If it was the nail cutter, he had to look for ways to cut the nails faster. This involved devising equipment and tools, which were meant to make the work easier. Nail cutters were invented during this period as well as wheat
Introduction J Sainsbury PLC is a UK based company established in 1869 and currently it has grown to up to 890 stores across the globe. The company is a distinguished brand because of its heritage of offering its clients with fresh, healthy and tasty food stuffs which are safe for human health. Given that it is such a high profile company, the events that precede the planning of trade fair should be equally eccentric and grandeur. This paper details the events for the launch of the trade fair. Proposed Contingency Plan The plan for the launching events needs to consider a number of things that are important for the planning of the events of the launch. These events constitute things to consider for the preparation of the event and are:   * Getting an ideal venue for the event that keeps in mind the theme and objectives of the function   * Getting spacious venue that will be able to host all the invitees to the event   * Setting up committee and teams to take care of invitees and handle all management issues pertaining to the event   * Reception arrangements to avoid inconveniences for the invitees   * Safety and health arrangements at the venue during emergencies With these concerns in mind, the event management committee will institute three sub-committees that will have distinct roles for the organization of the events of the launch. These committees will be: Logistics team, Hospitality and Décor team and Emergency Response Team. These three teams will work in conjunction and consultation and under the auspice of the Event Management Committee that will coordinate and oversee the overall performance of the teams. It is important to have this overseeing role done appropriately since it is the one factor that the success of the event will be predicated upon. The teams are formed to meet specific requirements for the event with the kind of glamour reminiscent with the grandeur of trade fair event. To help organize the event adequately, the instituted teams will have the mandate to address the following concerns for the preparation the Launch of J Sainsbury PLC market in London. Pre-Event Preparation The Event Management Committee This committee will be the overall management team that will oversee the harmonious running and working of the other three teams. It will set the working plan and the timeline along which the preparation of the event will take place. The committee will then identify and outline the roles that need to be done towards the preparation of the event and then appoint members from the Event Management Company’s personnel to work in the three teams (Raynolds, Murray & Wilkinson 2007, p. 45). The following are the specifics of this event preparation which the entire team will be working towards so as to realize a successful event that befits the name and stature of Sainsb