ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Love has a few meanings but many connotations and symbols. When we were young, we already felt the love from our parents and siblings. As a child, I felt that without love my family, and I could never have survived the harsh realities of relationships and be a part of a larger family, which is the community. Love motivates us to do something greater than what we are used to doing. But as Chinese, our actions and feelings are influenced by our beliefs and the way we are brought up. I was taught not to be simply swayed by my emotions. Instead, reason has to prevail. Love has many symbols and can do many things, but it must not influence rational thinking. The one-child policy has affected our view of love and marriage. The Chinese population is rapidly growing, and the young have to help in controlling the bloating population. They say that we have the responsibility as human beings for the earth in which we live. We have to respect the law and the authorities who have imposed the one-child policy. Before proceeding further to tell my experiences on love, I have some ideas to tell about the symbolisms and entailments of this word love. Love is a sacrifice. Love is a conflict between emotions and beliefs. People fight and die because of love. Love represents so many symbols, and one of these is marriage. But while it represents marriage, love makes lovers fall apart. Love and romance, the Chinese way does not simply end in marriage, although there may be exceptions. Marriage is different. So is family planning. These are parts of reality, while love seems to be a fantasy. As we grow up, we imagine so many things, and we cannot use images without love. They usually go together. When we stop imagining, we tend to realize that love is not real. Marriage is the real thing, which is about sacrifice. The first sacrifice you encounter in Chinese marriage is the one-child policy. You have to accept this as a bitter pill. I grew up in a family that value culture and beliefs more than love. We were taught how to love the family, but it is different from the western belief about love. To a Chinese woman, love can be sacrificed for the sake of marrying someone whom the family has chosen. As soon as she is given in marriage, she has to adjust herself to live with the family of her husband. Marriage is not an outcome of love but the union of two families and not of two individuals. Marriage and not love transforms individuals. The Chinese idea of love and marriage is unique. Marriage represents love in western culture, but in the Chinese tradition, marriage is not about love. It is the union of two individuals, along with their families. The
Science and ethics are often in a conflict because of different goals pursuing by scientists and humanists. In his stories “Rappaccini’s Daughter” and “The Birthmark”, Nathaniel Hawthorne presents the characters of men of science for whom the scientific experiments are more significant than any ethical questions. The main goal of the scientists depicted in “Rappaccini’s Daughter” and “The Birthmark” is to make the world perfect with the help of their great knowledge and practice that is why there are no barriers for them at the path to the scientifically perfect world, and Hawthorne accentuates the idea that perfectness is impossible. Hawthorne discusses the conflict of the scientists’ goals and ethical questions with the help of analyzing the impact of the scientists’ activities on the life of their close people. In “The Birthmark”, Aylmer is unable to accept his wife’s imperfectness which is in her birthmark. Aylmer discusses himself as the powerful man because of his scientific knowledge, and there are few aspects which cannot be improved with the help of science. From this point, he is able to provide objects and things with “an angelic spirit”, and guarantee the perfectness with references to the “perfect practicality” (“The Birthmark”). The birthmark should be removed to state the power of Aylmer as a scientist because this imperfectness is a kind of a challenge for him (Frank). Aylmer is involved in experiments and the world of science more than in any other aspects of the life, and his passion in relation to science leads to killing his wife. Dr. Rappaccini in “Rappaccini’s Daughter” is also a mad scientist who forgets about ethical issues to realize his scientific goals. Thus, Dr. Rappaccini “cares infinitely more for science than for mankind. His patients are interesting to him only as subjects for some new experiment” (“Rappaccini’s Daughter”). As a result, the conflict between Dr. Rappaccini’s science and the other world based on the ethical norms is inevitable because of the man’s insane zeal for science” (“Rappaccini’s Daughter”). Working with poisons, Dr. Rappaccini does not think about the consequences for the other people, the perfect world depending on the principles of science is the only goal (Daly 26). Hawthorne provides some hints in his stories which make the readers think about the characters’ inability to see the picture of the real world fully. They concentrate on drawbacks and failures which need to be removed, but Aylmer and Dr. Rappaccini become the victims of their intention to make the world more perfect (Wright). Thus, the scientists not only create threats for their close people but they also fail themselves. In “The Birthmark”, Hawthorne states that Aylmer cannot bear his scientific gift, and he fails “to look beyond the shadowy scope of Time, and, living once for all in Eternity, to find the perfect Future in the present“ in order to make the world better, but not perfect (“The Birthmark”). Being involved only in the world of science and feel happiness only as a result of a successful experiment, Aylmer and Dr. Rappaccini are inclined t
Ability to link a medical condition to a specific gene allows for mitigation of treatment measures targeting that gene. Successful mapping brings raises chances of eliminating a condition or paves way for development of treatment. Researchers have become more eager in identifying underlying factors for chronic illnesses and diseases. For some conditions, treatment focuses on alleviation of pain or prolonging life. Conditions such as stoke kill about six million people annually. In developed countries, stroke is the second top cause of demise. This necessitates research approaches to find ways of reducing mortality. Treatments for many conditions are developed when a link through their genetic sequence is established (Mutation, 2012). Aim A team of researchers from various institutes carried out a study whose aim was to identify genetic variations common in people suffering from Ischaemic stroke. The scientists from the University of Oxford and other United Kingdom based research institutes sought to isolate a genetic variant to link to the disease to pave the way for development of suitable treatment (Mutation, 2012). Methodology The researchers selected a sample consisting of 3,548 patients of Ischaemic stroke, and a healthy group of 5,972 to act as a control sample. DNA samples were extracted from both groups and compared to identify genetic variants common to the stroke victims. DNA samples from the participants were extracted using a standard technique. Total cellular RNA was extracted from the samples, quantified and cDNA synthesis performed using High Capacity Kit developed by Applied Biosystems. ABI 7500 PCR system was used to measure the level of HDAC 9 and amplified using Taqman probe Hs00402870_A1 for all isoforms, and using Hs00206843_A1 for 1, 4 and 5 isoforms. Control samples were run simultaneously in order to verify the efficacy of amplification. Human GUSB gene was used to normalize the level of HDAC gene. Relative expression of HDAC and GUSB genes was calculated using the 2 -∆∆CT method. Duplicate PCR was conducted and results accepted for samples with a standard deviation below 0.5 (Tollefsbol, 2010). The scientists observed genetic variants on three separate localities, which other researchers in the past had associated with varying grades of Ischaemic stroke. The variations occurred at PITX2, short arm of chromosome nine and on ZFHX3 genes. The researchers also observed a unique genetic variant on HDAC 9 gene. The variant, which occurred at a new position on the gene, is suspected to cause large vessel stroke. The variant is abundant among patients in the United Kingdom, occurring in about 10% of stroke cases. Through calculations, researchers concluded that each variant increased the chances of having a large vessel stroke by 42% (Tollefsbol, 2010). During the study, the researchers assumed that genetic variations common among stroke patients potentially made them susceptible to stroke. Use of a control group comprised of healthy individuals provided a basis for comparing gene patterns during the study (Mutation, 2012). The study, however, could not conclude whether HDAC 9 was responsible for stroke. However, the ge
A review on the current issues related to Attention Deficit Problems Attention-deficit disorder (ADD) is a neurobehavioural developmental problem that is increasingly becoming a major problem in today’s world than it was in yesteryears. The trend at which more and more people are being with ADD is worrying. This disorder is not age-bound as it affects both children and adults. Principally the illustration of ADD is by the presence of attention disorders and hyperactivity, with every incidence taking place alone occasionally (Biederman, 1998). The symptoms of this disorder may seem to be an innocent and an irritating occurrence to viewers, but if left unattended, constant and invasive outcomes of ADD warning signs can negatively influence an individual’s abilities in life. Academic abilities of one are thwarted, lowers one’s morale in the workplace, maintaining fulfilling relationships is a problem, and one has low self-esteem. ADD is the most widely researched and diagnosed psychiatric problem among children. It impairs the lives of three to five percent of kids in the world with symptoms commencing at the time they reach seven years of age (Nair et al., 2006, para.1). The symptoms of ADD can prolong all through one’s adult life. The clinical management of ADD usually incorporates blending of medical prescriptions, behavior changes, modifications of way of life, and professional counseling sessions. It is possible to easily misdiagnose ADD because its symptoms resemble those of other disorders and most clinicians lack adequate exposure to evaluation and management of the condition. Many controversies exist regarding the clinical diagnosis and management of ADD disorder. The debate revolves around educators, media, guardians, medical experts and various stakeholders. The varied views range from the belief that genetic and physiological bases for the problem exist, it is verily not in existence, and diverse opinions relating to the application of stimulant medicines in treating the condition. The majority of healthcare providers acknowledge that this disorder is genuine and they have focused their attention on its diagnosis and treatment. The role of executive functions The current research in understanding ADD has recognized the role of executive functions as the key difficulties in this disorder rather than just the warning signs of hyperactivity and impulsivity. Executive functions (EF) involve the mechanisms of the brain that “activate, organize and manage other functions.”(National Resource Center on ADIHD, 2003, para.1). It is beneficial in assisting persons in explaining short and long-term outcomes of their behaviors and prepare for possible consequences. It enables persons to reasonably evaluate t
Introduction Paranoid schizophrenia is a type of psychological disorder characterized by patient expressing somewhat delusional behaviors coupled with hallucinations. Patients may also exhibit relative stability in terms of behaviors, hallucinating and being disturbed perceptions. Regarded as the most prominent form of schizophrenia globally, paranoid schizophrenia is also arguably the most pathological stage in the paranoid process (Williams & Dalby 1989, p.101). It is widely accepted that psychological rehabilitation should be based on the principle of recovery. Although initial perception was that schizophrenia was a terminal disease, the recent evidences suggest that those who suffer from this disorder can be treated and eventually lead a healthy lifestyle. Studies also show that cultural, social, and psychological perceptions spearheaded by clinicians have played bigger roles in perpetuating the pathological nature of the disorder more than disease factors (Andresen, Oades & Caputi 2003, p.587). However, clinicians have mistakenly concentrated on those in critical states of the disease, while ignoring the recovering patients. This kind of reality has set precedence in the development and preference of recovery-oriented rehabilitation process. The aim of this case study is to review and assess the recovery-oriented collaborative approach to psychological rehabilitation as applied by Shellharbour Hospital Mental Health Rehab Unit. Brief descriptions of client and context, and the facility Chris is a 25-year old male client who was admitted to the facility on 8 th March 2010. Historical assessment indicates that he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia in October 200. To date, he continues to have low grade paranoid symptoms and florid psychotic features have settled. The social aspect of the assessment illustrate that some aspeges features exist. That is, he has always been social loner, with some aspergers features. At the time of admission, however, he was florid psychotic, hearing voices and believing that unknown voices were attempting to kill him. He had been using marijuana for some time but the paranoid ideas had apparently pre-dated the use of this drug. Since admission he remained on regular anti psychotic and has not been using marijuana, has remained socially isolated, sleeping in until 11 to 12 o’clock in the morning and then spending most of his time on the computer. It is only with great difficulty that his family has been able to get him out to attend any social activities. Shellharbour Hospital Mental Health Rehab Un
General background of Buddhism The birth of the Buddhism religion emerged as a result of the search of enlightenment by Buddha Siddhartha Gautama dating back to 580 BC. During this period, he underwent through meditation and self denial which made him realize the need of easing human suffering and pain. He then started a journey to teach masses on enlightenment path to liberate them from vicious cycle of poverty, life and death, (Schaefer, 2012). Progressively, Buddhism began to spread worldwide, which gave birth to Buddhism religion. As time went by, there were numerous divisions and movements within the Buddhism such as the Mahayana and Theravada. After the emergence of the Buddhism and Christianity, there have been several additions and alterations because of the expansion to other countries. Christianity and Buddhism are followed by populations belonging to different races and linguistic groups from of their founders, (Lincoln, 1999). Also, it is worth to mention that both Christianity and Buddhism have had several principles and theories explaining their religion after the departure of their founders many years ago. Similarities between Christianity and Buddhism The Buddhist doctrine gives more emphasis on love towards humankind irrespective of the class, race or relationship. This is also similar in Christianity where love is based on the doctrine of ‘Love thy neighbor’, which means love should be showered on all human beings. In the worship perspective, both religions follow some form of worship such as prayers, monasticism, meditation, ringing of bells and the use of rosary and incense to enhance worship. Both religions possess concepts and golden rules which are based on the welfare of the people and are easily approachable. Lord Buddha based the general ethics on the golden rule whereas Jesus Christ spread the gospel according to the golden rule for the benefit mankind. Difference between Christianity and Buddhism Christianity and Buddhism differ in terms of whom to be worshipped. Buddhist doctrines have no Godly figures but in the recent years, there have been introduction of godly figures whom they can be worshipped. Christian doctrine entails a Godly creature, Jesus Christ, who is approachable and lovable by all kinds of humanity. Salvation in both religions differs too. It is believed in Buddhism that salvation is gained as result of one’s own effort whereas in Christianity, salvation is a free gift and Jesus is their savior. Role of religion in our society Religious teachings of various religions are intended to regulate the behavior and conduct of human beings, provide the value-system and moral standards to enhance the human existence. These standards and moral values guide human actions, deter the criminal tendency and mind of human nature and ensure harmony, love and peaceful co-existence among human beings. True religion ensures the sustenance of true governance in our society and government institutions that would otherwise been disrupted by corrupt and malicious people in the society. All religions ensure that the family values are upheld in all times. Witho
Necrotizing Fasciitis is associated with different kinds of bacteria that cause damage to deeper skin and subcutaneous tissues (Cain, 2010). Actual destruction is done by toxic substances such as streptococcal pyogenic exotoxins produced by bacteria. These superantigen exotoxins can activate T-cells non-specifically, leading to excess production of cytokines. Excess cytokines cause excess immune response activities and inflammation, leading to severe systemic illnesses such as Necrotizing Fasciitis (Cain, 2010). Role of Diabetes in Necrotizing Fasciitis Necrotizing Fasciitis is common in people with a compromised immune system (Cain, 2010). Therefore, any infection that destabilization the immune system exposes a patient to Necrotizing Fasciitis. A poor immune system exposes one to bacterial infection. In the event of such an infection, the body becomes desperate to get rid of the intruders. This causes high defense activities at the point of infection, causing serious inflammation (Cain, 2010). According to Cain (2010), poor glycemic control in diabetic patients compromises the immune system by killing some defense cells such as neutrophils. In addition, tissue hypoxia that results from arteriosclerosis exposes diabetic patients to necrotizing fasciitis. Cain (2010) also observes that excess sugar provides food for bacteria making it difficult for wounds to heal. Cause of Abdominal Pain Fournier Gangrene is an infection that spreads so fast (Schroeder & Steinke 2005). Abdominal pain could mean that the infection has spread to the abdomen. In addition, testes originate from the abdomen right below the kidneys (Schroeder & Steinke 2005). Infection of the scrotum which extends to the testes can cause referred pain in the abdomen due to anatomical connections. Pathophysiology of Fever Body temperatures are controlled in the Hypothalamus (Schroeder & Steinke 2005). Exposure of vascular bed that surrounds hypothalamus to pyrogens initiates the production of prostaglandin E2 (Schroeder & Steinke 2005). When prostaglandin E2 crosses into the area of the hypothalamus that regulates temperatures, activities that lead to the rising of the setpoint are triggered. Raising the setpoint initiates chills and raised muscle tones in the body. The hypothalamus then responds by initiating activities such as vasoconstriction that lead to an increase in body temperature. Muscle shivers help in generating heat until temperatures match the new set point. For C.S, fever
Nowadays, we hear a lot about the need to recycle. Global environmental problems have become the issues of the day. Global warming, depletion of ozone layer, deforestation, and natural resources diminishing rapidly are among the most pressing environmental problems to date. Over the recent years, many international environmental summits have been held. Organizations such as Greenpeace are struggling to convince the world that it is necessary to think about the future of our planet and what state will we leave it in for our children and grandchildren. However, along with collective effort undertaken by the global community, it is necessary for each person to contribute. Proper waste disposal is one of the ways to do that. Recycling is good for the environment and should be included in the daily routine of any person that cares about the planet and the future of our children. Waste landfills Recycling reduces waste sent to landfills, thereby contributing to a safer and healthier environment. Large areas of waste landfills are a serious ecological concern. Consumerism and low level of environmental awareness of the contemporary society lead to an unreasonable amount of trash left at landfills. Moreover, a slow decomposition rate aggravates the problem, with the landfills surface areas increasing rapidly over the recent years (“15 Ways to Reduce Landfill Waste” para. 1). By recycling on a daily basis, we can decrease the amount of waste that ends up covering large planet surfaces. Plastic and glass packaging, as well as aluminum containers, can be easily recycled by anyone. All we have to do is keep a recycle bin at home, where we can separate glass, paper, plastic, aluminum, metal, and other types of packaging. Recycling stations are in nearly every town in the U.S. Moreover, buying products that are made from recycled waste is an equally reasonable idea that will help reduce the landfills area, thereby contributing to a safer and healthier environment. Saving energy Recycling is a way to save energy. Manufacturing new products out of old ones ensures a reduced use of natural resources such as fossil fuels. While manufacturing various things using new materials is a significant burden for the environment, recycling approach allows the manufacturers to save energy on extraction and processing of the materials. “By recycling just 1 ton of aluminum cans, we conserve more than 207 million Btu, the equivalent of 36 barrels of oil or 1,665 gallons of gasoline.” (“How Does Recycling Save Energy?” para. 2). Utilizing recycled resources always saves a certain amount of energy that is helpful