ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The aim of this paper is to examine community placement trends and laws governing the treatment of sexual offenders in the state of California. The study will look at placement trends and what they involve and all the people responsible. The study will also examine policies and practices used to manage sexual offenders in California, relating them to the practices and policies used elsewhere in the country. The paper will also look at the innovations made to improve treatment of sexual offender and how their supervision is managed. Main body Sexual offences instill fear in the collective conscience of a society especially if the victims of sexual offences are children. Sexual offence seems to be a growing category of crime and the number of sexual offenders grows by seven percent every year. In the state of California, nearly one out of every people incarcerated is a sexual offender and this highlights the gravity of the crime in the state. It is estimated that the state of California has by far the number of sexual offenders in the United States of America. There are more than 15, 000 convicted sexual offenders under the jurisdiction of correction agencies in the state of California while more than seven thousand are under community supervision. According to statistics from California state attorney general’s office, there are more than one hundred thousand registered sexual offenders in the state. The state of California requires that all the sexual offenders on parole to be registered with the agencies that enforce law in their locality. The state is also designing new systems and mechanisms that will be used to manage sexual offenders and these include individual and group therapy. Other techniques include parole caseloads and life time supervisions for the sexual offenders in the state. This program may however be affected by limited funds available. In the state of California, most paroled sex offenders with some sorts of illnesses or disabilities do not receive the same level of supervision as other ordinary offenders because it is very unfeasible to have special personnel to supervise this segment of sexual offenders. In this state, many paroled sexual offenders do not get special treatment as part of their supervision unlike some of the states especially in the east and south of the United States of America. There are also other measures that the state is taking to ensure that sexual offenders are properly managed and supervised once they are out of correction systems. One of the measures is the requirement that all sexual offenders participate in formal medical treatment programs and this is one of the conditions that the sexual offenders are given before they are released from incarceration. However, more serious sexual offenders are categorized as sexual predators and these offenders remain incarcerated for indeterminate periods because they are a threat to the society, but they are some times taken to secured treatment facilities for special treatment. The state has enacted laws that have authorized indeterminate periods of incarceration for sexual predators in secure settings and the C
Introduction Sexual crimes are some of the atrocities common during armed conflicts. According to Jurasz, it is rare to find cases where serious armed conflict does not involve sexual crimes against women and minors. 1 It was reported during the Holocaust in Germany, the genocide in Rwanda, and currently in Syrian civil war. 2 Sexual crimes have profound impact on victims. First, there is the physical pain that the victim go through during and soon after the ordeal. However, the psychological torture is often greater and last longer. Some of these war criminals are so inhuman that they rape their victims in front of their loved ones. The emotional torture that results from such experiences may be too heavy to bear. Some develop posttraumatic stress disorder that last for very long time. Jurasz explains that such experiences may affect one’s ability to have successful relationships. 3 The memory of the attack leaves a lasting impression that makes it difficult for one to trust again. In the United States, and all countries around the world, the law exists that defines the nature of punishment that a rapist should face. However, in cases of armed conflict such as the one going on in Syria, the magnitude of such crimes and other atrocities makes it impossible for the local law enforcement authorities and legal systems to mate appropriate punishment against the perpetrators. The International Criminal Court (ICC) is expected to step in when a country’s legal system incapable or unwilling to punish such individuals. However, explains that it is often not possible to take all the perpetrators to this court. 4 Over the recent past, hundreds of thousands of women and young children in Syria have been subjected to various forms of sexual assault. The offenders are the war criminals from the government forces, the ISIS fighters, and the rebel forces directly involved in the war. Aleppo is one of the regions that have registered the highest rates of sexual crimes. Taking all the offenders to the ICC may not be possible because of various reasons. It may not be reasonably possible for the international society to identify all offenders involved in the crime, given the fact that some of the victims have moved away from the country and settled in North America, Europe, and other peaceful countries in the Middle East. The ICC also lacks the capacity to try all the war criminals, just as it was determined in the case of Rwandan Genocide. 5 As such, the court often goes after those who are believed to have the highest responsibility in such crimes. They include individuals such as the commanders and political leaders. One of the main questions that often arise is the effectiveness of this court to punish sexual crimes in a way that would bring justice to the victims. In this paper, the researcher seeks to evaluate the role of the International Criminal Court of Justice in punishing sexual crimes in armed co
Children are vulnerable people in need of love and protection by their families and the community. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) has been committed to ensure such protection, as specifically stated in Article 2.2: “States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child’s parents, legal guardians, or family members.” (UNCRC, 1989). Being a signatory in the UNCRC, the UK is one country that upholds the rights of children to be protected. The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) reports that approximately 50,500 children in the UK are at risk of child abuse. As of March 2012, there were 50,573 children included in child protection registers, broken down as follows: England: 42,850; Northern Ireland: 2,127; Scotland: 2,706; Wales: 2,890 (NSPCC, 2014). The public document on “Working Together To Safeguard Children” (HM Government, 2006) defines important concepts in relation to child abuse. Children are maltreated when there is abuse and neglect involved. Radford et al (2011) conducted a study to determine the statistics of child maltreatment. They found that one in four young adults (25.3%) and one in five children aged 11-17 years (18.6%) had been severely maltreated as children. 14.5% of young adults and 13.4% of children aged 11-17 of their interviewed subjects have suffered severe maltreatment by their own parents or guardians. Inflicting harm or acts that do not prevent harm are considered acts of abuse or neglect. Such acts may fall in one or more of the following: Physical Abuse: “involves hitting, shaking, throwing, poisoning, burning or scalding, drowning, suffocating, or otherwise causing physical harm to a child. Physical harm may also be caused when a parent or carer fabricates the symptoms of, or deliberately induces, illness in a child.” (HM Government, 2006, p.37). Radford et al. (2011) found in their study that one in nine young adults or 11.5% and one in fourteen children aged 11-17 or 6.9% have experienced severe physical violence as children by adults. Emotional Abuse: the emotional maltreatment causing severe and adverse effects on the child’s psyche. Examples are making the child feel unloved or worthless through name-calling, imposition of tasks beyond the c
A Review of Related Literature on How Religion Affects Human Sexuality Sexuality is a primary aspect of existence shared by all human beings. Through sexuality, we are connected to and differentiated from one another in ever larger organizational circles, ranging from the person to the nation. Sexuality is the most powerful dimension of human life, involving not only a physical act of intimacy between two persons but also the potential to bear a new life. However, sexuality goes beyond the simple act of two bodies joining together. It’s more than just a physical sign. It presents a primary ground on which human relationships are sanctioned as natural and good, or unnatural and wrong (Ellington 2002). Religions pay attention to sexuality because it is a powerful way to organize and relate to human beings. Therefore, many religions attempt to curb sexuality, to force it to conform to the boundaries that have been established to contain it. Sexuality, therefore, becomes a central element in the construction of religious meaning (Spilka 2003). This paper reviews related literature on how religion affects human sexuality. Acknowledgment of sexuality for Procreation purposes Religion traditionally acknowledges the rightful role of sexuality as being for procreation purposes within a marital relationship. Consequently, religion virtually considers inappropriate and sinful any sort of sexual expression outside heterosexual marriage. These religious norms have been firm and stable across centuries; however, recent changes in these standards have happened, particularly in Europe and North America. Currently, large populations and some religious groups are displaying increased tolerance of premarital sex, some extramarital sexual behavior, and masturbation. As pointed out by Cochran (Spilka 2003): Some churches have addressed the problem by adjusting and softening their stand, while others have steadfastly avoided such secularization. As a result, there are significant differences in the official stands taken toward non-marital, particularly premarital sex among mainstream religious bodies in the US (p. 429). Notably, conservative protestant churches have most resisted the softening of attitudes towards non-marital sex. Petersen (Spilka 2003) scrutinized more than 14,000 cases from longitudinal data obtained from 1972 to 1993; the outcome revealed that, across the years, mainline Protestants and Catholics indicated less support for traditional beliefs before marriage; however, such decline was not shown by conservative Protestants. Religion affects Non-Marital Sexual Activities Research studies have revealed that stronger religious beliefs and involvements are related to self-reported decreased non-marital sexual activity, especially premarital sex (Bruess 2008). This conclusion is supported by the considerable research literature. For instance, a longitudinal investigation carried out in New Zealand revealed both men and women involved in religious activities predicted abstinence from sexual intercourse until at the age of 21
Life of Cleopatra is still one of the most captivating subjects in a world’s history. The figure of the majestic Egyptian queen was always covered with legends and mystery. Just this mystery made ordinary people create new stories connected with her life and reign, artists and writers – worship her in numeral art masterpieces, and historians – investigate thoroughly all existing documents in order to have the real notion about her as a historical character. The book under consideration is Cleopatra by Michael Grant (New York: Simon and Schuster,1972). This is not another one attempt by some author to achieve world fame using a remarkable person in his writing. This book is a new version of Cleopatra’s history. It is a new look on her person as an important historical figure, her role in the history of Egypt, her relationships with Rome. In the introduction to Cleopatra the author designates the main thesis of his work. He points out that the traditional version of Cleopatra’s life was very easily adopted by lots of historians. As the result, in modern society the name Cleopatra is, first of all, associated with magical beauty and love relationships with two noble Romans: Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. At the same time the real services of Cleopatra to her country are simply forgotten or are not taken into account. They seem to be faded in comparison with bright legends existing around her name. In another his book Greek and Roman Historians: Information and Misinformation, Grant emphasizes that “the one thing that is certain about history is that what we are told is by no means always true” (90). This point of view the author explains by huge amount of inadequate information, fabrication, facts distortion and pure lie. He also points out that some information fabrications are made purposely to distort the political and social picture of a country in a determined period of time. Michael Grant says “it is evident that we do not ever obtain the whole truth about what is happening today, and in consequence it is equally or even more evident that we do not, cannot, glean the whole truth about things that have happened in the past” (90). The author develops his argue by emphasizing that goals of the Egyptian queen were not limited only by dynastic ambi
Introduction An entrepreneur is an extremely crucial element in the contemporary business world. He or she is an individual who puts into effect initiative through organizing a given activity in an effort to take benefit of an opportunity. An entrepreneur is also a decision maker and settles on what to be produced, the manner of production, and the quantity of a good or service to be produced. An entrepreneur is also a risk taker. This piece of work gives a critical look at the concept of entrepreneurship and the aspects that surround it. Much emphasis will however be given to the issue of how success could be achieved in the field of entrepreneurship. Research shows that there are common qualities and characteristics that can be depicted in entrepreneurs who have been successful. However, the most significant factor that contributes to their success is their dedication and commitment in their work. Success in Entrepreneurship There is much that is contained in entrepreneurship. It is more than just starting a business. Entrepreneurship entails a process through which people discover opportunities, allocate resources, and create value. Creation of value is an incredibly crucial aspect in business. It could be achieved through the identification of the unfulfilled needs or thoughts, the identification of opportunities that are aimed at bringing positive change. Entrepreneurship also entails taking business problems as opportunities and identifying ways of solving the problems, as well as the customers who pay to have the problems solved. Success in entrepreneurship is determined by the capability of an entrepreneur to identify opportunities that exist in the marketplace, initiating change, and creating value through provision of solutions to problems (Collins 17). To become a successful entrepreneur, an individual has to possess some characteristics or perform some certain activities. For instance, the individual should be enthusiastic and action oriented. Creativity and dedication are key factors that enhance success in entrepreneurship. According to Branson (102), it is not right for an individual to enter into a business venture with the main aim of making money or profits, but rather a business ought to be engaging, enjoyable, and allow for maximum input of creativity. However, despite the fact that successful entrepreneurs should not necessarily be motivated by profit, they should regard it as a standard through which achievement or success is measured. To be successful, an entrepreneur sho
With the developed state of information technology, the marketing strategies have been made efficient and more productive today than in the 20 th century. Essentially, internet marketing has supported these attributes of IT and incorporated them in improving sales, and research techniques especially regarding data collection (Du 2). In this respect, this memo has the purpose of delivering information regarding the essence brought about by internet marketing. In a bid to perform this task, the paper will seek an answer to the following question: how does internet marketing provided by various companies affect the decisions of the target customers and becomes efficient in their responses and research. This research question reviews how people use the internet to receive information and relay feedbacks or participate in the collection of data required by companies for analysis. Therefore, since customer satisfaction is a vital attribute in the sales of services and products through the internet, it is paramount to evaluate the technical approaches and directions of using the internet to offer credible and reliable treatments on sales. Internet services assist to collect data that can be used to improve products and eliminate any prevailing problems in a company (Woodall 1291). Since the globe is having frequent changes attribute to IT, it has become an area of interest to people. These people require the update of the progress of marketing and the websites that are showing better outcomes in terms of service delivery especially concerning marketing. Figure 1 shows a chart displaying the average engagements of people to various marketing websites. Figure 1: Engagements for various forms of internet services (Carlson
Online auctions The Internet became an essential part of human life. It is possible not only to search for the necessary information online but also to communicate with people who may live either next door to you or on another continent, to order different products, buy or sell something. The appearance of different online auctions is a great opportunity for those who want to buy something special and for the price he/she wants to establish. The main idea of this paper is to consider the competitive pressures in the industry with the attention on eBay and to analyze the competitive power of resource strength, as well as the competencies and competitive capabilities in the industry of online auctions. How Strong Are Competitive Forces? Identify the specific competitive pressures associated with each of the five forces Online auctions are numerous on the Internet. The most famous are Amazon and eBay, still, there are a lot of other online auctions and their number constantly increases. This means that the industry is rather competitive. With this in mind, it should be stated that several competitive pressures influence the industry. The competitive pressures may be different from one specific industry to another one. The competitive pressures in the industry under consideration may be easily considered if to relate those to the five-forces model of competition. The main idea of the model is “that the state of competition in an industry is a composite of competitive pressures operating in five areas of the overall market” (Thompson, Strickland and Gamble 60). Using eBay as an example, the industry competitive pressures are going to be identified based on the five-forces model of competition. From “buyer patronage that goes on among rival sellers in the industry” (Thompson, Strickland, and Gamble 60) the main rivals for eBay remain Amazon as these two companies are the most popular among buyers on the Internet. Organizing different charity and environmental auctions, eBay attracts the attention of many people. Dwelling upon the threats of new entrants, it should be mentioned that this is good competitive pressure. Being afraid of the appearance of new participants in the industry, the companies try to increase the number of their customers and to attach them to the company. Moreover, the main characteristic feature of the industry is that everyone can enter the market, it is open and free for other companies to participate in the
The petitioner is a student who met the criteria of a student with Autism. The respondents were evaluated psychologically in order to access his concept of self, anger, anxiety, and disruptive behavior and based on the findings of the evaluation, it was recommended that the petitioner access a regular education counselor. On reviewing the evaluation results in the presence of the student’s mother, an agreement was reached on the general education placement for the student. A Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) was then developed for the petitioner based on his assessment. The student’s Individual Education Plan was developed coupled with a social skills program. A meeting was convened to put measures in place to help the student stay awake in school, complete his assignments and comply with requirements to complete work. In April 2007, allegations of cyberbullying via an internet chat room were made against the petitioner and after investigations; he was arrested and placed under juvenile detention for making a terroristic threat. Later on, the petitioner alleged that he too had been bullied in school. After a detention hearing, he was ordered to remain on house arrest under the supervision of his parents. In the conclusion of the school year, the petitioner passed all parts of the TAKS exam. He later enrolled in a home school program without prior notification to the respondent and described it as “less stressful”. The conclusions of law were as follows; that the petitioner had the right to special education at no extra cost from his parents. The educational program by the district was deemed to be appropriate hence the petitioner bears the burden of proof as to the challenging party, which he failed to meet by demonstrating violation of rights under IDEA or a deprival of his participation in the development of his educational program. It was also ruled that the petitioner was not entitled to compensatory services. The petitioner had not shown any cause for the need for neither specially tailored Math instruction nor an extension for the school year. There was also no proof of the effectiveness of the Petitioner’s home school program. The Petitioner’s complaint is basically about the Respondent’s educational program not being appropriate to his needs. There is a citation of this through allegations of bullying before the Petitioner’s threat to his peers. The Respondent, however, views the program as appropriate in all spheres and argues that the Petitioner did not show any evidence of any denial of Free Appropriate