ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
History of Caterpillar Inc. The most important men in the history of Caterpillar International were Benjamin Holt and Daniel Best. These men conducted separate experiments in 1890 using different steam engines and tractors. Their mission was to produce a machine suitable for farming. By 1904, Benjamin Holt built and tested a steam-powered tractor. It was used for cultivation. Holt continued his experiments, which lead to the production of a gas-powered tractor in 1906. It is worthy to note that Holt’s tractors were used during World War I. In 1925, Benjamin Holt and Daniel Best, the two important men in the production of steam and gas-powered tractors, formed a pact. They merged their companies to form Caterpillar Tractor Corporations. The production of steam-powered tractors increased due to high demand. By 1931, the company produced a diesel-powered tractor. The company gave room for expansion within the production line. A special M4 tank was produced in 1942; the production was made possible with the support of the American government. The M4 tank was used for war purposes. Due to shortages in foreign exchanges and customer’s satisfaction, Caterpillar Tractor Corporation established a branch in Britain. This was one of many offices established worldwide. The production line expanded by 1953, with regional sales increasing by 30 percent. The company achieved another milestone by closing a partnership deal with Mitsubishi Corporation in 1963. The company reduced its workforce from 1981 to 1983 due to the recession. Caterpillar Tractor Corporation established a leasing department to assist customers with financial difficulties. The company’s metamorphosis took another dimension in 1963. The company changed its name to Caterpillar International. This explained the need for diversity and international distribution. The company established a giant plant in 1987 to restructure its production department. The restructuring was formally launched in 1990, giving way to the mass redeployment of staff and operational heads. By 1998, Caterpillar International became th
The working poor is a class of individuals who have regular employment although they live in poverty as a result of low pay and expenses. They usually have a negative net worth and are unable to escape economic and personal emergencies. Different nations around the world have different levels of measuring and defining poverty. This means that the extent of working poor conditions varies from country and country depending on economic conditions and geographical location. Sometimes, the methods used in collecting and reporting data also cause a variation since there is no global standard for data collection and recording. This makes the causes of working poor conditions to be debatable and this is a result of political, economic, and social variations. Schooling depends on various factors for it to occur thus those living in the working poor can be affected due to the struggles they experience. There are various reasons why the poor experience problems when it comes to going back to school or upgrading their competencies. The working poor has trouble returning to school or upgrading their skills due to the cost of education. Education is associated with both direct and indirect costs that may act as a barrier, especially for the working poor. Even when a country chooses to offer free schooling for its citizens, some people may still find it hard to return to school since there are additional costs needed for schooling. This includes money for buying books and uniforms and school maintenance among other costs that become a barrier to individuals. This has kept many people from advancing their skills or returning to school. The working poor is usually associated with a lower household income that makes it difficult for them to set aside money for schooling. These costs end up making the affected individuals feel depressed and their lives are usually characterized by depression. Linda Tirado narrates that poor people usually experience situational depression that arises from continual worry and stress concerning finances. She claims that being poor requires some form of toughness to live and this results in continuous anxiety that can be intensely released at any time. With this level of anxiety, it becomes difficult for one to do schooling. The working poor live in poverty meaning their lives are subjected to struggles. This is so since schooling is directly linked to finances and so little income causes them to leave schooling and seek jobs. Some people fail to return to school since they may be needed to travel for long hours by public bus to reach school especially when they live in the village. The expenses may also be too much for them to pay thus they end up despairing at schooling and as a result, they face other life struggles like being married off while some end up engaging in alcoholism and smoking to cope with that kind of life. Linda says
Introduction The discrimination disparity continuum is a term used to describe and capture all manner of criminal justice flaws that have led to the prosecution and conviction of supposedly innocent victims. The justice system in society is supposed to punish lawbreakers according to the statutes that have been provided for different offences that someone can commit. Conviction of an individual accused of committing an offence should strictly be based on the evidence presented to the court. The court should be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty of the offence committed as per the evidence. Though these guidelines are available and are supposed to be the guide for the justice system, there have been cases when there have been a miscarriage of justice, which has led to the conviction of individuals by oversight or by design by the prosecution. Thus, different categories of these problems have been categorized under the Discrimination-Disparity Continuum as revealed in the paper. Overview The Discrimination-Disparity continuum is divided into five categories that are used to place the different cases of injustice. The different discrimination continuums include:   * Systematic discrimination, which refers to discrimination at all levels of the justice systems that happen in all places.   * Institutionalized discrimination, which refers to discrimination based on race and ethnicity with reference to institutional records. It can become a source of stereotyping.   * Contextual discrimination, which is the discrimination found using certain information to incriminate and convict an individual.   * Individual acts of discrimination, which refers to discrimination perpetuated by an individual. It is not found in the system as a whole.   * Pure justice – In this case, no form of discrimination is evident. Most cases of discrimination reported in the criminal justice system are always due to omission on the part of the prosecution by design or by default. So many cases that have been profiled of individuals convicted of offences they had not committed, and only after new evidence and information is acquired, they are left off the hook. This case depicts injustice being meted by the justice system because such individuals end up paying a price for a crime not committed. Some are known to have stayed behind bars for as much as half their lifetime before they are freed. Such a case is that of Bill Macumber who was accused in 1974 of the murder of a young couple way back in 1962, which was shot to death. The murder trial had grown cold. He was arrested on the premise of information provided by his wife who worked at the sheriff’s office. By then, they were not in good terms. His wife reported him as having confessed to the murder to her thus leading his arrest, prosecution, and im
Introduction The federal elections of Australia were held on Saturday 21 st august 2010 for the 43 rd parliament of Australia. Labor party and the coalition of liberals/national each won 72 seats, thus each falling below the 76 majority required for election victory. This resulted in a hung parliament for the first time since the 1940’s election when these two parties started dominating Australia politics. Three independent M.P’s and national party of Western Australia M.P declared support for the labor party meaning labor party formed a minority government (Radio Australia 1). This essay looks at how the 2010 Australian federal elections have demonstrated that the two party systems are no longer relevant in the society. Definition A political party is an organization of people who share the same ideas of governance and whose members are committed to party goals. They also get candidates elected to office and have laws passed to aid in party management. There are three party systems which end up making one party state, two party states and multiparty states. Australia is a two party state system as two parties have been exchanging power since 1949. They are the liberal and labor parties though there are minority parties as well (George Standards Organization 1). Democracy is a political system operating under the principles of constitutionalism, representative government, majority rule, civilian rule and minority rights (Miami Dade College 1). Two party systems is an electoral arrangement in which two or more parties compete for the support of the electorate and control of the government. Each party has a chance of winning the election. Minority parties in a two party system do not have a chance of winning the election. A two party contest is affected by realignments and to some extend the minority parties affect the two major parties by leading to a scenario as was witnessed in Australia (PSCI 1). Political institutions are concerned with the preservation o
Background information Minor Buses is faced with the threat of aggressive competition from Major buses. Although the bus companies did not have direct completion in the past, new Major buses owners have launched direct competition against Minor buses. Minor buses have their operations between villages A, B, C, D, and E. Minor buses use three different routes. A total of eleven buses are used on a daily basis while two buses are kept as spare. The major route of operation for Manor Buses is a route between villages A and C via B. This route is assigned a total of eight buses on daily basis. The other routes, A to D via C and C to E, are assigned one and two buses respectively. Route 1 is the most profitable route for Minor buses. Having served the route for a long time, Minor Buses has been able to develop loyalty from its customers. Major Threat The main competitor to Minor Buses is Major Buses Company. This company runs its operations from village C. The first Major Buses route is between C and F via village D and C. The other route has been between village C and G via route B. Although sharing some routes, Minor Buses and Major Buses have not been having direct competition. With new owners, Major Buses intends to increase its completion against Minor Buses. In addition, Major Buses intends to start operation in Minor Buses’ strong route, route 1. Major Buses’ new owners are known for their aggressive competitive tactics. Taking into consideration that bus operations are not regulated in the area, Minor Buses must act fast to increase its competitive advantage. Investment Option Minor Buses must take advantage of the royalty that it has from its customers. Minor Buses must work to increase this royalty as well as increase its strength in bus services. Taking into consideration that Major Buses has strengths in high operational capacity and capital base, Minor Buses must seek to capitalize on customers’ royalty. With 1.5 pounds, Minor Buses can buy new buses, lease or buy second-hand buses. The short and long-term implications of either of the investment options should be considered before deciding on the option to take. For Major Buses to continue with its operations between village C and A, it must be able to make profits within the first eighteen months. In consequence, Manor Buses must increase its competitive advantage on this route to ensure that Major Buses Company is not able to make a profit within
Introduction Discussion Verbs which are not static from different lexical fields are often categorized as either manner or result verbs. As part of their meaning, manner verbs determine the manner of carrying out an action. Result verbs on the other hand, determine the coming about of a result state. Manner and result verbs contrast in terms of how they display their patterns of argument realization (Fillmore, 1970, p.78). In this paper, I examine encoding of manner and results in verbs by focusing on eight issues: first, describe how manner and result vary in verbs semantically and syntactically; second, explain distinctions in aspect or Aktionsart identified between manner and result in verbs; third, discuss the evidence provided by Levin and Rappaport; fourth, examine why conative construction is relevant in the argument; fifth, discuss the sort of verbs used in conative construction; sixth, discuss Talmy’s lexical patterns: seventh, and eight, describe how languages differ. How Manner and Result in Verbs differ Semantically and Syntactically A number of verbs encode functions which might depend on context or situation. These verbs explain nothing concerning the manner in which the event is carried out. By contrast, other verbs depict the manner, but explain nothing about the purpose of the event. English language has many verbs that encode the result of an action, but not the manner of attaining this result besides verbs expressing the manner. For instance, a verb such as shut depicts an event that results in a closed entity (Talmy 1985, p. 59). However, the manner of shutting widely varies depending on the item being shut. In contrast to result components in verbs, a manner component in a verb like run denotes a specific kind of travelling motion that does not vary depending on who is running. Levin (2006, p.180) refers a manner verb such as shut accomplishments, and a result verb such as run activities. Accomplishment verbs and activity verbs contrast in their syntactic behaviour besides the presence of different prominent meaning components. Activity verbs occur intransitively; on the contrary, accomplishment verbs must have a direct argument. Rarely can we get verbs that encode both the result and the manner of an event. Both manner and result have to be expressed by two different lexical items (Levin, 2006, p. 57). Levin & Hovav (2006) Contributive Evidence Levin and Hovav have argued that there is a general constraint on what elements of meaning may be conflated or encoded by a single verb (Talmy, 1985, p. 58). For instance, they have claimed that it is untenable to find both a manner component and a result component encoded by the same verb. A verb lexically encodes a scale if it is associated with a single simple attribute with ordered values. It is possible to have verbs like cut and climb which appear to lexicalize both a manner and a result (Levin, 1992, p. 46). The two verbs indicate that there is no single, constant element of meaning which appears in ever
In the era of technological advancement and telecommunication, people make slight efforts at getting access to information. The emergence of television, Internet, and new media devices has had a potent impact on the channels and methods of delivering and interpreting news, events, and urgent issues. More importantly, most people are distracted by the media devices, which prevent from developing their critical thinking skills. At this point, new methods to communication have negatively influenced the information sharing among people, as well as have become the major cornerstone to development. In the articles, by Quayle (2010), Kelley (2012), and Postman (1985), electronic media has introduced serious deterioration of attention of those people who are involved into multitasking. Therefore, television has become a major threat to development of human intelligence in terms of creative thinking, overwhelming influence of news, and spread of information transfer. Prior to the television, the invention of telegraphy has become the trigger of information spread among people. However, once the information could be transferred much faster, the new historical period began to develop the Age of Show Business. The changes have made people develop new ways through which they perceive information. According to Postman (1985), “Facts push other facts into and out of consciousness at speeds that neither permit nor require evaluation” (p. 70). So, the community has expanded the access to information, most of which could not be perceived on the spot. Further development of journalistic art has followed the invention of photography that created a kind of context for people to accept information and learn the facts. However, this context failed to render the actual state of affairs. At this point, while describing this pseudo-context, Postman (2010) calls it “the last refuge of a culture overwhelmed by irrelevance” (p. 76). People got used to perceiving information in a well-established context that did not refer to the real representation of facts. On the one hand, the invention of television sought to entertain people and to develop new show business perspectives for gaining profits. In the mid 80s this statement was valid and true and Postman’s position can also be justified as soon as he explains “Television serves us most usefully when presenting junk-entertainment; it serves use most ill when it co-opts serious modes of discourse – news politics, science, education, commerce, religion – and turn them into entertainment packages” (Postman, 1985, p 159). On the other hand, Quayle (2010) focuses on the contemporary environment and discusses new functions and roles that television performs in social, political, and economic lives. As an example, the researcher refers t
Foregrounding is one of the widest and wholly acclaimed stylistic devices in use in the present day history. Its use in poetry is not a far cry from its artistic meaning, and the two borrowed meanings from the same broader perspective. Art critics relate to it as the distinct feature that tells apart the foreground from the background in a given poem (Ahearn 79). It encompasses the whole idea that the poem is, giving it meaning. In retrospect, the value attached to foregrounding in a given poem is so high to the extent that a poems real worth is determined by how much there is behind the curtains; beyond what any layman could fathom. To consider the main idea of foregrounding in detail, the specific examples should be represented. Taking two different poems Pity This Busy Monster, Manunkind by E.E. Cummings and Song of Man who Has Come Through by D.H. Lawrence, we are going to check the nature of foregrounding and compare and contrast its reflection there. The major strongholds and foundations of foregrounding are rooted in the literature and poetry whose origin date back to about a century ago. Its main expose has been defined as the detailed explanation of the distinction between the figure and ground; this further culminates into the figure and ground hypothesis (Freeman 1824). The originator of this school of thought was motivated by the fact that our brains are organized in such a “way that we make a distinction between figures and backgrounds, and that we are able to distinguish the contours of separate objects when there is a strong contrast between their respective colours and degrees of brightness” (Ryan 30). This concept is not very far- fetched from its application in the world of poetry in which ideally, the ‘figure’ has been made equivalent to the twisted lingua that has been fore grounded within text elements. Leach in his research books and findings came up with the conclusion that whatever has been fore grounded in poetry has a higher rate of memorability to the reader and can be easily understood and interpreted (Gavins 20). In this context, it has been classified as one of the most essential elements of artistic communication. In the broader sense, foregrounding is majorly achieved via two major methods, through parallelism or deviation. Linguistic parallelism is used to refer to a sequence of unanticipated regularity that occurs within a given set of sentences or text, where as linguistic deviation refers to a sequence of words that together occur regularly, but the regularity does not follow a predictable pattern or an expected sequence. This therefore creates the opposite of the former, and together they combine to constitute a foregrounding effect (Nussbaum 340). To understand the problem of linguistic parallelism and deviation, specific examples should be considered. In the poem Pity This Busy Monster, Manunkind , Cummings uses deviation, “Progress is a comfortable disease: your victim plays with the bigness of his littleness – electrons deify one razorblade into a mountain range” (Cummings lines 2-6). Linguistic parallelism is perfectly shown in
Introduction: Rationale This composition embodies a blueprint detailing the ground plan and draft for the proposed establishment of a children’s hospital in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Rainbow International Children’s Hospital (the new setup) entails a corporation that will bestow laudable treatment and rehabilitation amenities to the children and young population of the jurisdiction. This business plan divulges the forecasted financial metrics and long-term performance of the hospital project over the next five years (Buss 2015, p. 11). It also brings to light the expected products & services, market analysis, sales & revenue, financials integers, organisation, and the exit plan. Description of the Organisation Rainbow International Children’s Hospital (RICH) encompasses a premeditated, child-centric nursing home. The medical facility will dedicate its exceptional healthcare regimens and personalized care to the young children within the UAE jurisdiction and adjacent GCC environs. The projected location of this imminent facility will be in Dubai, an affluent business hub in the Middle East, portrays Acharya (2015). The initiative for this scheme stems from the region’s passion of escalating the children’s medical service standards. The hospital will integrate a paediatric department that will proffer therapeutic care and an incessant commitment to treat and chaperone children along their maturation progress (Grossman 2012, p. 13). Round-the-clock childcare services will be available and will entail palliative regimens, paediatric surgeries, rheumatology, neurology, radiology, and ENT by certified nurses. Additionally, the corporation will enlist liberal roles and missions to help integrate constructive guidance, ethical nurturing, parental satisfaction, and child counseling (Acharya 2015). The contracted nurses and physicians will implement the alleviation of lifestyle diseases diagnosed in children namely diabetes, obesity, and cancer among others agents. Products and Services The sketched products and services convoke a steadfast medical assistance modelled for children and infants of all ages (Karnopp 2011, p. 22). The hospice will consist of perpetual pharmaceutical amenities and paediatric therapies, attending to the voluminous young inhabitants of this locality. The entity’s physicians will administer medical relief, restorative treatments, pharmaceutical consultations, and chronic pulmonary nursing (Dunn, Kathuria & Klotman 2013, p. 23). These medical remedies will entail pu