ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The impact of face to face (FTF) and computer motivated controversy (CMC) on motivation and achievement is studied by Roseth, Saltarelli and Glass. The study seeks to elucidate perspectives of constructive controversy that many previous researchers have failed to. Constructive controversy is where individuals’ argue the different views in order to arrive at an agreement that integrate the best evidence and reasoning of both parties (Roseth, Saltarelli & Glass , 2011). Theories Contributing to Constructive Controversy Constructive controversy has two theories that account for its relational processes. The first theory is the Social Interdependence Theory which stipulates that the interaction of the individuals determines the results of the interaction. Under social interdependence, cooperative perceptions were strongly associated with increasing relatedness, interest, competence and value (Rosseth et al, 2011). Individualistic perceptions on the other hand resulted into decreases of the same. If the individuals interactions is structured cooperatively the motivation and achievement increases. Secondly there is the self determination theory which hypothesizes that the students’ psychological needs are interrelated and the lack of satisfaction of one will impact on the other needs. These needs include the need for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. The two theories are however different in the relational processes that underlie the constructive controversy to achieve the motivation. Secondly, only social interdependence theory specifies a mechanism that may be used in enhancing the students’ motivation, achievement and interpersonal relationships. Self determination only specifies the conditions necessary but does not detail how to create these conditions. Results and Findings Motivation : According the findings of the study, of the four perfectives of motivation, relatedness and value were greater under face to face compared to asynchronous CMC (Rosseth et al, 2011). The increase in cooperative perception causes increases in motivation under Face to Face and synchronous CMC while significant decreases were noted under individualistic perceptions under asynchronous CMC. According to self determination theory, motivation increased because of the fulfillment of students’ self determination needs under FTF and synchronous CMC, decreases of motivation resulted from the lack of satisfaction of the determination needs (Rosseth et al, 2011). Achievement: Achievement of students in online courses is lower compared to
Introduction The evaluation of different cases in the sphere of law turns out to be an effective tool in accordance to which people’s awareness of jurisdictional law or various conflicts of laws is improved considerably. The example of the case where the conflict between Stolzenberg and Canada Trust Company is discussed helps to define the essence of multi-jurisdictional affairs that was connected to the collapse of a famous investment company, Castor Holdings, at the beginning of the 1990s. With the help of the case offered, it becomes possible to explain numerous legal problems like conflict of laws and its connection to the English judgment, the impact of Common Law rules and the existed European regime that is available for jurisdiction, the ways according to which a judgment may be analyzed, and the effectiveness of the regime of unification that is currently inherent to conflict of laws. Purposes The major purpose of the project is to identify the peculiarities of the case and make use of the ideas offered in order to comprehend the trends in conflict of laws rules. To achieve good results with such kind of research, it is necessary to rely on both primary and secondary sources. First, it is better to get familiarized with the conditions of the case when Mr. Stolzenberg was accused of constant frauds which aim at investing of more than $240 million. Second, it is obligatory to rely on web sources by means of which it is possible to discover what different professionals think about the chosen case and how they can apply this information in law and life. Finally, it is important to identify the steps and realize that they have to be taken accordingly. Background My research will be based on the case that happened in 1992 and analyzed by different people from different perspectives. In this case, Mr. Stolzenberg and the plaintiffs, Chrysler Canada Ltd addressed the court of law in order to define the scopes of the frauds done by the representatives the Castor Group and the punishment that has to be used. This situation demonstrates how public policy provisions of Brussels I may be evaded to a particular case law. The rules of Common Law and the European regime for jurisdiction need to be taken into consideration as well because English courts are characterized by a number of foreign elements and different connecting factors. Theoretical framework and scope One of the most effective ways that have to be chosen for this project is the interpretive perspective that usually aims at interpreting meanings, negotiations, background facts, and legal provision. The meaning of the English judgment of the case under consideration will be given, the evaluation of the conditions under which English courts may develop, and the interpretation of legal elements. The evaluation of primary and secondary sources will introduce a proper picture of the case as well as the lessons which are possible to get. Material First, the case itself has to be used as the main source. Second, a number of theoretical lit
The public and private education appear to be globally accessible except that the implemented education policies, employment, teaching strategies, funding, and schools curricula differ across nations. That is, irrespective of the mode of governance, both developed and developing nations assume different education systems. Given that literature only covers the wider perspective of education in China and America, little is known about the similarities and differences between the Chinese and U.S. schooling systems. The research paper evaluates and compares the schooling programs offered by the U.S with the Chinese schooling programs. From the weaknesses and strengths apparent in these countries education systems, the Chinese education system is better than the U.S. education system. Despite having different provinces, the U.S. government requires kids below the age of eighteen years to go to school. The state approves different forms of schooling namely home education, private, and public schools. Compared with the private schools, parents prefer taking their kids to the public schools given that they are free. However, for quality education, learners tend to join private schools though such schools are perceived to be expensive and less convenient. The 1986 Compulsory Education bylaw that China enacted provided free education to the public. The school-aged students are to undergo six years of education in primary school while taking three years in tertiary or secondary school. Moreover, the Council of State initiated a bill illegalizing organizational occupation for students before finishing the nine-year education. The primary education has two semesters totaling to 91/2 months of the academic year with pupils going to school five times in one week. In the key metropolises like Shanghai along with Beijing, kids begin going to kindergarten as early as 61/2 years. However, the Chinese government recommends that the school going time for every child ought to be 7-years. When the U.S reports are compared with those of China, U.S has t
Was Jim Blaylock a destructive leader, a competent manager, taskmaster, figurehead, or a cheerleader? On the basis of the information obtained from the case study, I would call Blaylock a figurehead. Even though he seems to be prepared to work in the legal department, but not to maintain sales operations (due to his education in law school), he fails to cope with general tasks. Blaylock does not seem to be a leader because he does not care about his team: he makes them work 70 to 80 hours per week, argue, and does not show up at meetings or stick to his word. He can hardly be called a manager because someone occupying such a position needs to be aware of their role in an organization and the positive influence they should make on employees. Blaylock can hardly be called a taskmaster because those beneath him are expected to follow their schedule and work in a team with others. Neither is he a cheerleader because instead of reassuring and supporting the workers, he is clueless about them. If Jim was an incompetent manager, what do you think were the underlying root causes of his incompetence? I believe that the main reasons why Blaylock would be an incompetent manager are that he does not realize his own strengths and weaknesses and lacks organizational fit. He is not able to gather the team of the sales department and make it united. As a leader, he cannot make others operate effectively. What is more, he does not consider his promises to be important. He lacks the power that is critical for every leader, according to power and influence theories, so that he is not able to lead by personal example and develop a highly motivating work environment. Blaylock does not know what he is supposed to do and is not aware of the personnel’s activities. He does not know the range of his duties and hardly understands how the organization works from the bottom to the top. It seems that Blaylock requires more training than he actually received in order to understand the necessary characteristics of a real leader and manager. In general, he tries to use his energy and improve performance, so it is possible that he can become competent in the future. Why do you think Jim was seen as a high-potential candidate? Why did the CEO still think he was a high performer? I think that Blaylock is treated as a high-potential candidate because of his personal characteristics. He has just recently graduated and is very energetic, which means that he is able to cope with a lot of different tasks. He seems to be rather outgoing, which also presupposes good communicational skills that are needed for both followers and leaders. Blaylock seems to cope with everything and tends to be enthusiastic about the opportunity he received. He appeals to the CEO because he is an intelligent person: the company has paid for his further studies. The CEO believes that Blaylock can influence the employees positively (with the discussed characteristics) if transferred to other departments so that the person can follow his example as it is proposed in the framework of a leadership theory. In addition to
The Six Dimensions of Health Personal health is a complex issue and it involves interactions of important factors that determine the level of a person’s well being. According to the World Health Organization, health is not just the absence of illness or disease but it is the state of complete mental, physical, and social fitness or well being (Hales, 2010). From this definition, the world health organization went on to define the six dimensions of health as physical, social, mental, emotional, spiritual, and environmental. The physical dimension is concerned with the proper functioning of the body while social health involves our interactions with other people. The mental health checks at the state of our mental abilities and intellectual level while emotional dimension considers one’s ability to deal with life challenges. Spiritual health is concerned with our belief and supernatural expectations while environmental health covers our fitness and interaction with the natural environment surrounding us. Among these six dimensions of health, I strongly believe that I am endowed in physical, mental, and environmental dimensions. Strength Determinants There are several identified dimensions as my strengths and they are based on my abilities. First, I consider the mental dimension to be my strongest dimension since I have good mental abilities. This allows me to have a good memory for events
The 19 th Century definition of liberalism in adopts the realms and principles of capitalism.The first core assumption of liberal theory in political aspects is that the fundamental actors in politics are members of domestic society, understood as individuals and privately constituted groups seeking to promote their independent interests . In philosophical aspects, special conditions, limited competition, individual autonomy, and individual behavior are intertwined together to create a defined social order that seek for the promotion of individual welfare. The most basic tenet of liberal theory is that politics is mixed into the social context, which acts as an effective measure to curtail the powers of the government. In economic aspects, liberalism is a composition of individual who possesses different interests and identities that push them to form economic ties to further their social, political, and economic goals. While this theory is individualistic, its 19 th century view is pluralist. The contributions of the work of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton to notions about natural law began with the theories of Copernicus to the modern scientific world-view. The theories of the these scientists changed the worldview from medieval explanation to proven scientific views. Copernicus in his Ptolemaic system explained gave an analysis of reason behind an appearance of reverse motions adopted by planets. The impact of the work of Copernicus on man’s conception of the universe and rational thought in scientific disciplines is firmly entrenched in notions about natural law. The development of the first Heliocentric theory of the universe and the Pythagorean system had profound revolutionary implications on man’s conception of the universe and natural law. Kepler focused on the application of platonic solids to provide explanation on orbit spacing in planets.In his work, Kepler placed the sun at the center of the universe and provided a groundbreaking foundation through which future works in astrology were to draw inferences. This was the premise behind Kepler’s Law’s that had immense impact of natural laws and formed the basis of Newton’s law of gravity. The impact of Galileo’s work on the universe and natural laws was majorly on mechanics. His outstanding contribution in the classification of acceleration, velocity, and instantaneous motion widely influenced natural laws of science. Isaac Newton on the other built on the concepts of instantaneous motion but Galileo and others. However, his work on dispersion, nature of color, wave nature of lights greatly influenced the view of humankind on nature and significantly contributed to notions about natural law. Building upon the work of Kepler on the position of the sun at the center of the solar system, Newton developed the law of gravitational pull. His discoveries on the movement of the speed in relation to that of the sun and the Inverse Square Law showed common basis and remained defining discoveries on na
Introduction Most economists define business ethics as the code of conduct that a business firm follows, while interacting and transacting with its internal and external members. Most businesses are faced with difficult scenarios that force them contemplate business ethics, thus compromising their businesses’ reputation. Among these is nepotism, a situation whereby an employer knowingly and willingly hires an unmerited family member or promotes him or her to a higher rank. Moreover, nepotism derives its meaning from a Latin word, meaning nephew (Nadler and Schulman). This document, therefore, critically looks into nepotism and its adverse effects, based on Sally’s example. Body Sally is faced with a difficult scenario, whether she should employ her boss’s nephew and risk bringing incompetence into her department, or hire qualified personnel for bookkeeping and anger her boss. Among the ethical theories that relate to this case are virtue ethics, deontology and utilitarianism. Virtue ethics is more concerned with character in which case, Sally should adhere to the business code of conduct and hire a competent bookkeeper. On the other hand, deontology is largely dependent on duties, moral responsibilities and a firm’s rules and regulations. In this case, Sally may observe her responsibilities and company rules thus determine whether it is morally upright to employ her boss’s nephew. In utilitarianism, she must consider the possible effects of her choice to the majority and further determine whether it would be beneficial or detrimental to hire the nephew. Before coming into a decision as to whom she should hire, Sally should research on the consequences of her choice. She should consider the long-term effects of her decision. Moreover, she should investigate the facts for justifying her decision. Her facts should be legal, uncoerced, and morally oriented. In my opinion, Sally should hire a qualified and competent bookkeeper and ignore the pressure of her boss. This is because; hiring the boss’s nephew compromises the competence and efficiency in her department. The services the boss’s nephew will offer will be inferior, thus resulting to low performance. This may have adverse effects on her department and may even lead to its collapse. Moreover, hiring the boss’s nephew is against moral traits of fairness, since it may have a negative impact on other workers, thus leading to conflicts within the department (Arasli and Tumer). As a result, the net production of Sally’s department will decline tremendously. Hiring an incompetent bookkeeper, due to his relations with the boss, may tarnish the company’s reputation. The society may view this as unfair and critics may revolt against this disreputable
Change is a necessary activity in any field. A sphere such as business is extremely changeable and therefore, requires all the competitors to possess a high level of flexibility in order to adjust to the evolving situations and a rapidly transforming environment. In turn, the successful implementation of change depends on an organization’s preparation and planning. To be more precise, the managers responsible for change are to ensure that the company and its employees are ready to embrace the process of change and cooperate with the leadership accepting all of the innovations and different approaches. Without readiness for change, the staff (and the organization in general) are likely to reject the change, refuse to adopt new practices, fail to learn and cooperate with the managers. A high-quality communication needs to be established and maintained between the staff and the managers throughout the process of change implementation. Besides, prior to the onset of this process, the leaders and managers are to address the employees and clarify the past, current, and future objective of an organization, explain why the change is required, how it can be put into practice, and what it implies for the workers. Achieving a high level of understanding is a necessity when it comes to change readiness. In the video, Jean Palmer Heck discusses how a manager may ensure a better degree of understanding between him or herself and the staff by means of using a comprehensible and clear analogy to explain why change is important (Center for Real Impact – Jean Palmer Heck, 2007). Heck’s example of an analogy with driving on the left and right sides of the road is rather effective because it provides an easy to understand illustration of an adjustment made for the sake of change. Another analogy that could be used to explain change is a seed. A manager may begin the example saying that change is everywhere in nature. For instance, a seed exists for a purpose to transform into a fully grown tree. However, there are many things one can do with a seed – one may throw it in the water, or use it as a bead for a necklace, or cook it with some food. All of these are applicable uses for a seed. However, growing,
The forces that the earth possesses have the ability of moving tectonic plates, in turn, creating volcanoes and ranges. These forces whose energy is obtained from the sun, have the ability of destroying mountain chains. This paper aims at discussing numerous erosional and depositional landforms, which appeared as a result of glaciers and rivers. Some of the erosional landforms are arete, cirque, col, groove, hanging valley, headwall, horn, paternoster lakes, striations, tarn, truncated spur, and u- shaped valley (Peizhen, Peter and William 894). An arete refers to a bedrock ridge that has sharp edges and steep sides. It is formed of two glaciers, which are located on opposite sides of the ridge. A col refers to a little spot that is found either on an arête or cirque. A cirque is a bedrock feature, which can be either in the form of amphitheater or it can be semicircular-shaped. They are formed when glaciers are scouring in the mountains. The ice that leads to the development of the glacier accumulates here first. In other words, a cirque is glacier’s headwaters. The headwall is a cirque’s steep back- wall (Benn et al 380). Paternoster lakes refer to a long sequence of lakes, which are found in a glacial valley. A horn refers to a mountain peak, which is shaped like a pyramid, and which appears as a result of erosion of several glaciers at various sides of a mountain. A tarn refers to a glacial lake, which is formed as a result of scouring. Tarns are usually common in cirques. A truncated spur refers to a split, which is created as glaciers are forming valley. A U- shaped valley is also referred to as a glacial trough, and it is a valley that is eroded glacially. There are several types of moraines, which constitute depositional landforms. A moraine refers to the collection of unconsolidated materials, which result from glaciers. The various types of moraines have different appearances (Fort 107). In end moraines, the material gathers at the schnozzle end. In ground moraines, the material gathers right under the glacier’s foundation. Finally, in medial moraines, the moraine is at the middle and its top. Apart from moraines, other depositional landforms include esker, kame, and outwash fan. A kame is a hillock with an irregular shape. An outwash fan refers to a braided stream, which begins from the front side of a glacier (Milton 4040). As opposed to a river, a glacier entirely fills a valley. Therefore, a glacier possesses more eroding power. It is not necessarily that a glacier winds around intertwining spurs. Moreover, its valleys can be subjected to other transformations. A misfit stream refers to an extremely minute stream at a glacial trough’s bottom, which is usually too minute to form the valley. In conclusion, it must be highlighted that there are various types of erosional and depositional landforms that are associated with the creation of glaciers and rivers. Their study is extremely vital taking into consideration the continuous formation of volcanoes. In order to comprehend rive