ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The multiculturalism and citizenship are closely connected. Today, citizenship is a key issue and a cause of a number of discussions within the various spheres. The idea of multiculturalism faces with the numerous debates; however, this phenomenon is an important part of the democratic citizenship development and nation-building. Nowadays, multiculturalism is an inseparable characteristic of the social development connected with citizenship which complements the multiply society. In the Middle Ages, word citizen indicated that the person hails from the city. Later, with the development of nation states, citizens were considered as a part of the particular country. The first counties were the single-nation states. From its beginning, the idea of the United States included the process of integration of the people from different cultural, social, ethnic backgrounds. Therefore, today, the U.S. society is a mix of hundreds different cultural, ethnic, religious backgrounds. It is easy to meet the representative of almost every nationality existed in the world. Based on the conception of Milted Pot, the U.S. national identity demonstrates the unique example of the multicultural cooperation in order of the common success. The tolerance and acceptance of the traditions and creeds of immigrants are the key aspect of this successful integration. I agree with the opinion that multiculturalism should be lauded for forcing to incorporate the cultural needs of all members of the community. For the U.S. society, multiculturalism is a main idea of the national consciousness. The fairs that the U.S. could fall victim to its size and cultural diversity are based on the statement that the citizens identify themselves more like the members of a particular group or cultural community than the overall nation. The scientists afraid of the moment when the representatives of different cultural backgrounds start identify themselves as a part of the separated structure. This process can lead to the paralyzing the political development of the country. In this case, multiculturalism can be considered as a step of nationalism within the multiplex American society. The right of self-determination claims to the respect of the one’s ethnic traditions over than national. The numerous examples of the Basque in Spain, Welsh in Great Britain, and Quebecois in Canada demonstrate the danger of such claims. Obviously, the old determination of citize
Introduction Jeff Rubin, a competent and globally renowned energy specialist, has written a book that is crucial for the Americans and all nations across the world. Why your world is about to get a whole lot smaller: oil and the end of globalization is a chef-d’oeuvre book that speculates on the future of the international economy in the face of diminishing oil reserves and the implications of the same to the people around the world. His previous accurate insights on the economic discourse earn him a wide acceptance and acknowledgment to his new writing. Rubin examines the economic nightmares accompanied by cheap oil prices coupled with how this scenario will lead to the depletion of the energy resources and gradually result in a small world. For example, the availability of cheap oil propels international trade, thus encouraging globalization. If cheap oil were not available, globalization could not be achievable. In this book, the author examines the relationship that defines industrial production, mortgages, airliners, ship transport, and any other kind of machinery relying on cheap oil. Unlike most economic experts, Rubin tries to simplify his work by giving elaborate examples coupled with using simple language to express his ideas. The book is understandable even to non-economists. This paper reviews the book, Why your world is about to get a whole lot smaller: oil and the end of globalization, by Jeff Rubin. Summary review Jeff Rubin releases provocative speculation by arguing that unlike the already observed economic fluctuations, a rise in oil prices is ought to be experienced immediately as the economy steadies. Rubin expounds that oil reserves are being depleted across the world and very little can be done to reverse the situation. Even what might be termed as fuel conservation measures is not a remedy to the declining oil reserves. Consequently, worldwide trade will be altered due to the minimized movement of goods, services, and people across different nations. The future that everyone expects will not be; on the contrary, it will look more of the ancient days, which were characterized by minimal trade and travel due to fuel constraints. Rubin argues that the fact that oil wells are diminished every day is a clear indication that oil prices will always go up since there is no alternative source of the same. Efforts to explore more oil or seek alternatives will only lead to the burning of more oil. Why does Rubin talk about globalization? How does globalization relate to oil scarcity? These are some of the questions answered in Rubin’s book. Globalization involves different countries coming together to form trade partnerships through trade unions. However, the movement of goods and people is enabled via seas, airlines, or land transport. However, with little oil, movement is limited. Rubin predicts a situation whereby oil will become scarce, thus escalating the prices, which heralds a steady decline
Introduction Omega, the flagship brand of one of the leading watch manufacturing companies, the Swatch Group, has established itself internationally as a world leader. With a lot of potential for growth in the international market, Omega is currently competing with Rolex to become the world’s most popular luxury watch (Deshpande, Misztal & Beyersdorfer 2012). Designed with emphasis on fashion, new technology, glamour, and emotional attachment, Omega has secured acceptance among those in the higher social classes, especially in China and Europe. Though there have been difficulties in securing markets in some areas like the US, it is still possible to maintain growth on the current sales figures. Such growth can only be assured if the kind of marketing strategies adopted outdo those of the competing companies. One of the main strategies that would work for Omega brand is expansion of Omega range of products. Those customers who purchase other products from the competitors will be confronted with another choice in case the existing range of products does not include those of their taste. Such a move had worked before for the Swatch Group when they relaunched the Constellation brands in 2009. The Omega brand became a success in the Chinese market with this relaunch. Diverse product attributes to a single range of brands can be a great way of attracting customers with different tastes. Potential buyers who base their purchase decisions on attributes different from those within the current Omega range of brands are mainly the target of such a brand extension. However, it is important that design and pricing of the brand extension do not lead to overlapping of the original brands. Distribution strategy adopted for the Omega range of brands is very crucial in order to maximize sales. The luxurious nature of Omega makes its distribution channel unique from usual channels which would otherwise be effective for usual market goods. Mono-brand retail stores are particularly an effective channel in such a case. Mono-brand stores can be very effective, especially where discounts are not encouraged or a priority. In 2009, Swatch Group increased the number of mono-brand boutiques at a time of economic recession. This was seemingly a dangerous move and many predicted explosion of parallel shipments and increased retailer discounting. However, the effects were on the contrary. Sales increased by 17% as a result. This is a proof that quality withstanding, mono-brand distribution channels can be very effective, especially for luxurious commodities. The mono-brand channels place the retailers higher above other vendors in customers ranking and this is healthy in maintaining Omega’s luxury status. Protection of the retailers’ territories, backend rebates, higher margins and loyalty from the vendors are among many other gains that would come with mono-brand distribution channels. It would also help Swatch Group understand market trends better as they would be dealing with the vendors directly. It is possible that this may lead to Swatch Group losing on many customers; but Omega is a luxurious brand and the presence of cheaper substitutes
Introduction Health Promotion is carried out in order to obtain optimal health of individuals. Optimal health is the balance of physical, social, emotional, and intellectual health. In order to carry out a health promotion program it is essential to create awareness among groups of people to carry out activities that will help them lead better and healthier lives. This is especially beneficial when the program is carried out in a group of young individuals, to help them lead healthy lifestyles in their years to come (“American Journal of Health Promotion”, 2008). Characteristics of the Group The group selected for the health promotion program is the high school teenage group, ranging from fifteen to nineteen years of age. The students belong to grade eight to twelve. All of them come from middle class families, from the middle income group. Since the program is being carried out in an international school, the students belong to a diversity of cultures, from American to South East Asian. Thus, the languages they speak also differ from one another. Goals of the Program The goals of the health promotion program are as follows:   * to attain a reduced number of tobacco users amongst teenagers   * to assist in developing healthy habits by a minimum of a weeks time   * to promote an active lifestyle through exercise   * to create awareness of the hazards of smoking For the implementation of any health promotion program, it is important to first enable the people in the group, to carry out the activities in the process for promotion and protection of their health (“Key Health Promotion Strategies”, 2008). Healthy behavior is to be enhanced through the appropriate utilization of human and material resources. Health education helps health promotion, as unawareness is eliminated through the knowledge imparted by health education. In order to achieve the goals set for this health promotion program, it is firstly required to create optimal conditions for success. The student group has to be told fore mostly, of the aims of the program, and provide as convincing an introduction as possible, to gain attraction and willingness to implement for goal achievement. This is the main thing that is required for success of the program, with emphasis on the benefits that will be gained. After briefing the group of the benefits of the implementation of the health promotion program, they can be made aware of the processes they will go through, to attract them. They can be told that the program will have seminars to attend, following which they can avail free lunch from the cafeteria. Along with the free meals, they will get free T-shirts with captions of “No Smoking” or similar slogans. These little incentives, along with major ones, like the subscription of a health magazine monthly for free, for a time span of one year, may create more willingness of students to participate in the program. The
Background When the process of bidding for the 2022 FIFA World Cup started in 2009, the nomination of Qatar for the place to hold the event seemed quite legitimate due to the changes that the state has been witnessing over the past few years (Tabash & Dhankar, 2014). Seeing that the current leader of Qatar, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, has been working on the relationships with the Gulf neighbors, the economic growth and reinforcement of the political stability of the state was expected, which means that Qatar was quite capable of managing the World Cup 2020 ( Qatar , 2015). Therefore, the process of preparing for the World Cup 2020 was launched in the state. However, recent information leaks have pointed to the cover-up of deaths of migrant workers employed to build the stadium. Since both parties have taken rather ambiguous stances in the argument regarding the death of the Qatar workers, the local authorities denying the incident blindly and the opponents making allegations unsupported by facts, the process of managing the conflict should be viewed as rather dubious. Instead of focusing on the actual source of the conflict and pointing to the problems that need to be addressed, both sides preferred to adopt a rather aggressive approach. Approached from the perspectives of image restoration and excellence theories, the problem in question may become solvable. Response The apologia provided by the Qatar state authorities can be deemed as an attempt to sweep the controversial information under the rug. While the willingness of the Qatar government to look innocent is quite understandable, the fact that the authorities’ statements conflict with the ones that cycle around the modern media exacerbates the situation for Qatar, creating premises for not only depriving it of the right to hold the event but also the involvement in a major conflict. Indeed, most official statements issued by the Qatar government seem to dismiss the idea of it having any issues regarding the migrant labor. The specified strategy can be viewed as an effect of the short response time (Fearn-Banks, 2009, p. 6). Resulting from the lack of thought put into the response to the conflict factor, the state authorities’ attitude may seem to be rather careless and have a lack of thought. A closer look at the subject matter, however, will show that the reasons for the Qatar government to react the given way to the accusations spreading online are much more complicated than having little time to think. Communication Analysis The key problem causing the ambiguity of the situation concerns the conflict of priorities in the specified scenario. Particularly, the FBI research of the problem points to the potential threat that the construction of the stadium poses to the workers employed by proving that numerous Nepalese employees died previously performing similar types of construction work. The Qatar authorities, however, seem to be misled about the specified claim, trying to prove that no accidents have occurred during the construction of the stadium so far. Failing to understand the gravit
Introduction Background of the study Often, emerging businesses demands information flow and dimensional communication systems modeled in websites. Websites are an essential tool for marketing, purchase, recruitment, customer services, and communication. Across the globe, small, median and large business organizations have embraced the essence of owning a website from which all its activities are centralized. From a website, depending on its design, it is possible for a potential customer, employee, and the general public to have a quick access of services offered by a company and even trade or purchase goods online without necessarily having to appear physically. Purpose of the study The design and limits of accompany website depend mainly on the cost of maintenance and design, relevance, and sustainability (Chaffey, 2009). In relation to this, analysis of websites will include tools laid down for support, governance, and paradigm shift as communication technology experience metamorphosis. Website use depends on the magnitude of information processing, decision faculty, and collocation efficiency, especially in marketing, identity, recruitment, and departmental control (Chaffey, 2009). In retrospect, it is necessary to address interacting facets of information marketing management and efficiency in communication via use of a customized website. This research treatise examines the various uses and design of company websites for orders, information, storefront, communication, job recruitment, and marketing. Besides, quantifiable website progress and interpretation for successful, efficient, and modern communication system management are addressed as constituents of organization management framework. In addition, the treatise aims at reviewing an efficient, successful, cost-effective and secure website system to ensure competitive service provision. Problem statement Overtime, companies are faced with the need to develop an all-round and comprehensive websites which are secure, reliable and relevant to their line of operation. In the process, there is need to align management goals vertically on the operating processors affordable in the value market chain. Unfortunately, sometimes this is not the case, especially when vertical arrangement is erased by coalitions of competence and structural operations. To achieve the desired outcomes such as comprehensive information efficiency, security, and optimal information presentation, there is an immediate need to establish the most reliable website design for appropriate system administration and functionality within optimal Pareto efficiency. Research Hypothesis Often connected to a network system, examples of websites include simple and complex models depending on the quantity of info
In his famous book “Crime and Punishment”, F. Dostoyevsky explores a variety of issues that concern the aspects of crime and the relation between the criminal and his victim. Although the old lady killed by the main character Raskolnikov died unfairly, she evokes very little or no sympathy as her life was a mere process of wealth accumulation, and her entire character was completely negative provoking thoughts that perhaps she deserved to die. Thus, among many other burning topics, Dostoyevskyy raises the debate over the guilt of a victim. Regardless of whether the act of wrongdoing was deserved or not, we believe that the victim is always guilty if it represents something negative or evil. The history of the world, as well as the events of nowadays, proves this seemingly ambiguous statement. If we look back for several centuries, we will remember the period in the history of the Catholic Church when the Inquisition was raging all throughout the catholic countries. Church officials or “witch hunters” represented the only possible truth, and thus anyone who found themselves not corresponding to the established views of the Church as to the religious behavior was found guilty, although oftentimes no actual court hearing was held. Victims of inquisition were always found guilty. During World War II, Jews were killed in every country that witnessed the reign of the Nazis. These people were victims by the right of birth without the need for any particular behavior or actions. To those affiliated with the Nazi party or fond of Hitler theories, they embedded the evil and danger, thus not having the right to continue living (Stark, Goldstein, 1985). There is no need, however, to go back that far as vivid examples of this statement can be found even in the world of nowadays. International wars are started and lead to massive killings of people under the pretext that the military actions are aimed at finding and eliminating the weapons of mass destruction, and thus are directed at the good for all people, even if the weapons are never found (Combs, Nimmo, 1996). Those who fell victims to such events inevitably represented evil, and thus were found guilty. It is worth noting that the statement can be proved not only on the global level. In our everyday life the victims of domestic violence – women as a rule – are often believed to be guilty of what happened to them (Hejden, 2000). It is frequently considered that by their behavior, they provoked the act of violence. Similarly, many victi
Introduction This paper examines the relationship between the high rates of urbanization and the spread of HIV /AIDS in Africa. HIV/AIDS is usually considered a health problem whose spread is a result of the social behavior of people. It has to do with how people relate in work and other social places. Many types of research have shown that there has been an increase in the number of HIV infections in the urban centers as compared to the rural areas in Africa (Niekerk & Kopelman 76). This paper will first analyze the concept of urbanization in Africa and use a case study of Botswana to explain the relationship of HIV/AIDS with the high rate of urbanization in Africa. Urbanization defined Urbanization can be defined as the movement of people from the rural areas to the urban areas. This movement results in to increase in the number of people in the towns and cities in a particular year. The process of urbanization results in social economic changes as a result of urban concentration. Urbanization also results in changes in the land use from rural setup to the metropolitan mode of governance and organization (Dyson 2). Urbanization in Africa African countries are experiencing fast urbanization. The first cause of this is the increase in population that has resulted from increase in the food supply, better sanitation, and improved medical facilities in the urban areas. In Africa the poverty levels in the rural areas are high thus people move from the rural areas to the urban centers to look for employment. Other people move to the urban centers in order to have access to facilities such as improved infrastructure, good sanitation facilities, and good education. Urbanization in Africa is mostly driven by the market forces and the government policies. Most companies are set in the urban centers where there is market and other facilities such as electricity and water, this forces the rural population to move to town to provide labor to these investments. Most government policies are designed to provide good facilities in the urban centers leaving the rural areas with no facilities; this makes people move to the urban areas to access these facilities. All these factors have led to the rapid rate of urbanization of countries in Africa (Douglas, Hall, & Anderson 117). Looking at the table below we
Introduction Culture involves the beliefs, language, and social habits that define a group. According to Chen (2010), culture influences the way people communicate, and perceive each other. Cross-cultural communication entails the exchange of ideas between people of different origin (Zhang & Xu, 2007). Jandt (2001) noted that cross-cultural communication plays a very critical role in fostering collaborations between people of different ethnic groups and races. The 21 st century has experienced globalization and the emergence of new media age that has led to increased cross-cultural communication across the globe. In the late 1990s and the start of the 21st century, there have been increased cross-cultural integration in China. The purpose of this paper is to explore the various concepts of cross-cultural communication in China and its implications for the various aspects of life. A critical focus will be on Han, Zhuang, and Tai cultural groups. Cultural Hybridization Hybridization entails the combination of different cultures to create a new social orientation that has the aspect of the different cultures. According to Beamer and Varner (2009), cultural hybridization resonates with globalization. The cultural hybridization affects economic relations between communities and the social orientation of the blending groups. According to Beamer and Varner (2009), cultural hybridization has three interconnected aspects, which include ethnicity, language, and race. The globalization experienced in the late 1980s changed the cultural orientations in China and set a platform for cultural change. The changes have had profound effects on language and culture of the Han, Zhuang and Tai. According to Chen (2009), globalization and localization have resulted in a social and cultural transformation in China. For example, the minority cultural groups that had been marginalized have fused with the major tribes such as the Hai to form