ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A consumer’s personality refers to an amalgamation of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that give them their distinctive character. The link between personality and marketing is partly highlighted by operant conditioning behaviours whereby consumers repeat actions that are self-affirming and produce positive outcomes (Kumar and Nayak, 2018). At the same time, they also avoid participating in actions that have negative reinforcements. Operant conditioning explains the link between personality and marketing practices because consumers can easily adopt behaviours or styles that promote their personality types by purchasing products that help them to do so (Denissen et al. , 2018). Those that align with their personality types are often regarded as producing positive outcomes, while those that are inconsistent with them are disregarded or rejected. The relationship between personality and purchasing behaviours has a profound impact on lifestyle marketing because it magnifies individual attributes on the back of strong aesthetics, ideals and aspirations of the target market. Usually, marketing strategies or efforts designed to promote this type of branding strategy revolve around a common ideology or meaning shared by the target audience. Relative to this assertion, Watson et al. (2018) demonstrate that operant conditioning occurs in three formats: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment. Positive reinforcement is observed when symbolic consumption occurs, or when the marketing message aligns with a consumer’s attitudes and personality type. For example, a perfume that smells good could positively reinforce the personality of someone keen on making a good first impression. Similarly, negative reinforcement could be realized when there is a missed opportunity to wear the same perfume (Watson et al. , 2018). The last type of reinforcement is punishment, which could be observed when the same person wearing the perfume is made fun of (Chicas-Mosier and Abramson, 2015). Collectively, these three types of operant con
Introduction Organizations’ management teams are increasingly appreciating the importance of human capital in an effort to improve their organizations’ competitive advantage (Kok 2003). This has led to an increment in the number of studies being conducted with regard to best practices of managing human resources. There has also been increased recognition of the purpose of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the modern economies. This realization illustrates that, there is a point of convergence between human resource management and small medium enterprises. Human resource management [HRM] deals with management of a firm’s workforce (Kok 2003). It is composed of a set of different but interrelated processes, activities, and functions that are aimed at attracting, developing, and retaining an organization’s workforce. Some of the activities undertaken in HRM include employee recruitment, selection and formulation of effective appraisal and compensation scheme. Through HRM, organizations can develop and retain talented and energetic workforces that can contribute towards attainment of the formulated organizational strategies, missions, goals and objectives (Transky & Heneman 2006). Additionally, integration of HRM practices and policies can significantly contribute towards a firm improving its performance. However, integration of HRM in SMEs is relatively low (Cooper & Burke 2011). Previous studies reveal that, most SMEs do not make optimal use of HRM practices in their operations (Bacon, & Hoque 2005). Some of these studies assert that, most SMEs tend to operate in a more flexible and informal manner compared to large enterprises. For example, Kok (2003) is of the opinion that, a firm’s size is directly related with its incidence towards HRM practices such as training and planning. However, small firms are less likely to invest in training for their employees, performance appraisal, and recruitment practices probably due to limited capital and revenues. HRM in SMEs is mostly characterized by administrative tasks whereas the more strategic matters are not perceived with the weight that they deserve. A study conducted by Hendry and others in 1991 reveals that, SMEs perceive investing in HRM as an additional undertaking beyond the level that is necessary to sustain their operations; a luxury that can only be afforded if the firm makes substantial profits (Kok 2003). However, considering the environmental uncertainty facing firms today, it is paramount for SMEs to evaluate their operational practices in order to remain competitive and HRM optimization is slowly becoming indispensable. In addition to being characterized as being informal, management teams of SMEs are also considered to
Problem statement Statement 1 To provide an efficient service that is fast, cheap, easy to use, and can reach an audience that is in any part of the world, eCommerce should be incorporated in any business that intends to take its services to another level. Statement 2 At present, several businesses especially in the third world countries have not yet embraced commerce due to poor infrastructure, the initial cost of installation among other things. This makes it difficult for them to expand their businesses to regions that are outside their own and enjoy other advantages that accompany the use of eCommerce such as reduced cost of business, business efficiency among others. Statement 3 Failure to embrace eCommerce hurts a business, especially one which plans to expand worldwide. This is because the traditional ways of doing business cannot guarantee several merits that eCommerce brings about. Thus to maximize profit and cut on costs of doing business, eCommerce is required. Objectives The objectives of this paper include the following:  1. This paper intends to look at the rate at which several businesses have adopted the use of eCommerce. This is intended to find out how the popularity of eCommerce is spreading in several regions,  2. Look at the benefits that are brought about by the use of eCommerce in several businesses in conducting transactions.  3. The challenges that come with the use of eCommerce in business transactions. Thesis statement With the introduction of eCommerce, several businesses have experienced a significant change in terms of profit, efficiency, quality handling of customers among other things. Literature Review Synthesis Ecommerce activities This segment of the literature review is intended to cover the various services of eCommerce. Those services include; business-to-consumer (B2C) services, business-to-business (B2B) services, Consumer-to-consumer C2C is another e-service, Business-to-employee (B2E) services, and governance. This is where we get to see these different services and how they apply or are used in eCommerce. Here, there will be a distinction on how several services of eCommerce are used. Applying e-commerce in technical firms In this section, we get to see how there has been a change in the application of e-commerce in businesses. This is because eCommerce has been shifting from its earlier focus which was on technology to a focus on the users of that technology. Here is where we get to see how the technical firms put eCommerce into use in business processes such as electronic data interchange. Reasons, why eCommerce has found a soft spot for landing in such industries, are also looked at in this section. Factors influencing the adoption of eCommerce in various regions This section is meant to look at the different rates in which eCommerce is used in different regions and as well as in different countries. This is due to the characteristics that are inherent in these countries or regions. There are different levels of technological infrastructure in different countries that affect the adoption of eCommerce. From the research, it is noted that different countries and regions are affect
To provide effective and patient-centered care, it is important to organize the exchange of information and personal data among health care facilities. As a result, any achievements associated with improving the process of exchanging the information are important to be discussed in detail. Background Information In 2011, the EHR Vendor Affinity Group and Beacon Communities, as well as other EHR vendors, organized their efforts to develop the strategy for overcoming such IT issues as interoperability. Such vendors as Cerner, GE, Allscripts, Greenway, SuccessEHS, NextGen, and Vitera were oriented to developing and formulating the solutions to the identified issue (“Vendors and Communities Working Together” par. 4). The problem of interoperability was determined to be important because of the necessity to provide an efficient plan of action for improving the health care management and exchange of health care data. Challenges The problem is in the fact that even if EHRs and integrated HIE are adopted by health care providers, it is often impossible to use EHRs appropriately because of the lack of interoperability. Isolated and often heterogeneous electronic systems are usually used by different health care providers, and this fact limits their possibilities to exchange the necessary information without barriers (“Vendors and Communities Working Together” par. 2). As a result, EHRs cannot be used to improve the quality of the provided care because physicians and other health care professionals are not able to use the required medical information. Even though there are many EHR and HIE vendors, they do not use certain interoperability standards to enter, store, and exchange the information with the help of EHRs and HIE. Solution To address the identified challenges, three concrete steps were accentuated as the parts of the complex solution to the discussed problem. The first step was oriented to determining what data elements were most important to support certain cases in the process of exchanging the data. The second step was formulated about the necessity of conducting the specific assessment of EHR vendors’ technological resources and abilities to generate the required data elements identified previously. The final third step was to determine conditions for improving the current versions of Continuity of Care Documents (CCD) used by the EHR vendors to address the problem and support the initiatives of Beacon Communities (“Vendors and Communities Working Together” par. 5). The formulated steps and actions enabled vendors to use certain structured data to make access to information and medical data easier. As a result, the focus on developing the structure of data elements and other important elements to standardize the process of exchanging the data has led to simplifying the strategy for accessing the data by health care providers and other professionals interested in the medical information. Referring to the issue of the query-based exchange, the providers received the opportunity to access the necessary information quickly, without facing additional barriers associated with
Purpose statement This research seeks to establish the level at which the K-12 online teaching model is effective. The K-12 online program is a new model of learning that emanates from the ongoing efforts to embrace the adoption of information and communication technology in customizing learning. It is argued that this model of learning increases the administrative capacities of teachers and education administrators. Being a highly embraced model of learning, it is presumed that a lot of challenges emanating from the continued efforts to put this model into practice. It is important to establish the strengths and the possible risks that come with the K-12 online support programs in order to develop recommendations that are critical in streamlining innovation in learning using this model. Review of literature The availability and increased development of information and communication technologies have resulted in the need for deploying technology in the learning environment. One of the modalities on which technology can be deployed in educational institutions in the development of efficient learning models through the utilization of technology (Fillion et al., 2009). The K-12 online program reflects the efforts of utilizing technology in improving the administration of education in the United States and other countries where the K-12 education system is used. The interest of a substantial number of researchers is to establish the essence of deploying technology in the education system and the payoffs it brings i
To be a non-profit organization means to work in order to achieve some other results than high incomes. Very often, there are some ethical or moral purposes. However, even in this case, such organizations face serious problems. UNICEF is not an exception. In its work, this organization has to find good and unusual solutions to very complicated problems ( About UNICEF: Who we are, 2012). It is possible to give some examples to support this statement with clear evidence. One of the most important problems which UNICEF now faces is the question of financing ( Our Finances: Efficient and Verified, n.d). The thing is that the benefits of economic development do not always lead to improvement of the conditions under which children live ( Emerging issues , n.d.). That is why the next problem is connected with this one. It is the problem of equality. Not all children all over the world have the same conditions for their development and life. In some states, they are almost deprived of a childhood. One more problem is connected with the peculiarities of the functioning of UNICEF. Its main aim is to guarantee good conditions for all children all over the world. However, sometimes it is impossible to reach places where people suffer. These problems exist because of the difference in the development of countries. Unfortunately, there are still states where the economy is weak and people suffer. Moreover, wars also make the situation worse. Besides, politicians often do not take into account the needs of their electorate, preferring to pretend that everything is fine and the problem does not exist. However, it is not true. Moreover, it is very difficult to find a solution under these conditions. However, UNICEF is not able to give up as it appreciates moral and ethical issues and follows the principles of utilitarianism in its work (Fieser & Moseley, 2012). This fund still tries to find good solutions to existing problems. It is possible to suggest that UNICEF can involve some investors and powerful for-profit organizations like Apple to help the fund in its struggle. These organizations can give huge sums of money in order to improve conditions under which children live in poor countries or at least create hospitals and some centers which are vital for children’s survival. Another solution to this problem can be the attempt to draw the attention of the whole world to some problematic regions. Prosperous countries can help the poor ones and UNICEF can be the guarantor of this help. The problem with the access can be solved
Group process refers to actions that are specific to groups. Such actions are a result of emotional construction. As far as group process is concerned, the main variable is cohesion because it is discussed widely in many clinical and therapeutic studies. However, there is a big difference regarding operational and conceptual definition of the variable. In many studies, cohesion is used to mean emotional bonds among members of a particular group. It also refers to the shared values within a group. The values serve as the blueprint of the group because they control group behavior. Group dynamics studies employ cohesion in therapeutic association. However, it means something different in the group process because it refers to the positive therapeutic results. Scholars use the variable in a number of ways, depending on what they want to express. Regarding group process, the variable means blending, oneness, infectivity, and groupthink. Regarding group dynamics, the variable refers to anti-group culture, aggregation, disintegration, and individuation. By understanding applicability of the variable, the therapist can comprehend how members of the group perceive their leader (Bednar, Melnick, & Kaul, 1974). In some circumstances, the leader is perceived positively meaning that he or she is viewed as an engaging person while in other circumstances he or she is viewed negatively meaning that he or she is believed to be argumentative. Apart from cohesion, other variables affecting the outcome of the group include group potency, team-member exchange, and emotional climate. These variables affect the functioning of the group in a number of ways. In the formation of the group, members have certain expectations and objectives. However, strengthening the group is usually the first objective of any group. Therefore, each group member would work hard to ensure that the group is strong. A strong group would reward its members in the long run (Yalom, & Leszcz, 2005). In this case, members calculate what they would obtain from the group before joining it. Group process refers to the formation of the group, as well as its development. However, group dynamics refers to the aspects of the group, including the mode of communication, leadership, interaction, and the rules governing human behavior. Group dynamics is very different from the group process. Group process would entail cohesion because people must agree to work together. The dynamics of the group influence the behavior of members because they determine whether interactions are two-way, aggressive, or accommodating. Through the study of variables associated with group dynamics, the group environment would be understood better. Variables at the group dynamics level include the number of group members, the time limit set by group members, the responsibilities delegated to each group member, the effectiveness of the individual regarding time management, the availability of skilled individuals in the group, and the societal standing of group members. Apart from the above variables, other factors influence the performance of the group (Wilson, Rapin, & Haley-Banez, 2004). These factors inc
Introduction The core mission of the school is to ensure the future success of our students. This is to be achieved though understanding them better and catering for their needs so as to help them achieve the best at a socially, intellectually, and ethically level. Our school has as its guiding principles the values of reasonable transactions and veracity in the conduct of its activities. This guiding principles, which are sanctioned by the school’s Board of Directors, are based on the tenets that school based activities should be conducted in an honest, just and legal manner. The Board expects its entire staff as well as the students to commit and conform to the stipulated moral, ethical and legal obligations. This code is aimed at ensuring that all students and employees develop and maintain an acceptable level of self control and respect, conduct themselves in a civil manner and create an awareness of the importance of safety and the consideration of one’s community welfare (Rosen, 2005). To facilitate this, an ethics and conduct program has been developed to provide the necessary guidelines towards the implementation of the same. Application This ethics and conduct program applies:   * Equally to all students, educators, management staff, employees, including temporary workers, representatives, and contractual employees who work in or for the school. Conformity with the Set Rules, Laws and Regulations Students and all members of staff are expected to abide by all laws and regulations which pertain to the endeavors they partake for and on behalf of the school (Jimerson & Furlong, 2006).   * Actions that break the law or unscrupulous business dealing by students or members of the staff will be punished. Failure to comply may lead to termination of suspension, expulsion, employment and or initiation of civil or criminal proceedings in a court of law. Code of Ethics These are the personal code of conducts that must be adhered to by all members of the school’s community. Punctuality and Attendance   * Students are expected to remain within the school institution for the whole day.   * They are supposed to arrive and attend their classes or other appointments on time.   * Educators and other employees are expected to be punctual and vigile at all times. Safety and Order   * All members of the school fraternity are hereby expected to conduct their duties responsibly with regards to their own safety and that of others.   * Fighting, throwing things and bullying are strongly discouraged in this school. Perpetrators of such heinous acts will be severely punis
To be a professional in a given field, anyone should start from looking critically inside oneself and asking: what can I give to this job? There’s a set of skills required, of course, as well as persistence to improve existing and acquire new ones. But most importantly, there’s dedication, even more so if we’re talking about a job that deals with such intricate subjects as kids. And in my case, what I can offer is compassion. Working as a personal aid for some time, I have come to the realization that I really take to heart the emotional well-being of people I work with. I always step forward wherever I can aid somebody, be it socially, psychologically, or emotionally. This fact, combined with my affection for children, gave me a reason to seek for a position where I could apply my skills and aspirations. This has led me to school counseling. It is a marvelous sight indeed – to witness the development of a human being. But to aid it, guide it and see it succeed, to take part in this miraculous process is even more exciting. That’s why I chose to pursue this career – I feel it is a great opportunity to aid the young, and being a part of this process is equally challenging and rewarding. Counseling, being a blend of education and psychology (Davis xi), presents me with opportunities for personal fulfillment. On the one hand, I can apply my longing for the emotional and social well-being of others. On the other hand, I can give students much-needed support in the academic field. Of course, nurturing one’s aspirations is not everything. One also needs to take into account the responsibilities. Counseling provides guidance and support at three essential levels of student activity: academic, personal and social (“Being a School Guidance Counselor: Information and Statistics” par. 1). That means one needs to constantly address students’ issues in given fields to make sure they succeed in their own goals. Besides, a school counselor is expected to contribute to students’ vision of positive change and understand the psychological well-being of students and the elements necessary for a positive learning environment (Davis and Osborn xi). A school counselor is crucial to students’ success. I understand that and am willing to accept the challenge for the sake of our youth. Of course, I understand that is not an easy task. Counseling is constantly changing and improving and still needs to be improved further (Grimes et al. 41). It is not a static field, it constantly develops and presents counselors with ever new challenges. However, my cultural background, as well as my previous job experience allow me to address these issues. While not exactly qualifying as a certified training, this is a good start for working with multiculturally diverse demographic characteristic for modern schools (Ahmed et al. 18). And that brings us to yet another reason for my choice – my cultural interest. School counselor’s working environment is culturally diverse (“Why Middle School Counselors” par. 3), which allows for unparalleled opportunities for both resear