ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Ancient Near Eastern time is the historically important era for the study of human existence. During this period, we can find a bunch of ancient civilizations, the oldest, and the greatest ones. According to the recordings, this region included Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and Syria), Egypt, Israel, and Greece, which was closely related to these lands in cultural and historical terms. All those countries had a considerable impact on the cultural and political development of the related world, but their contribution to religious issues was, perhaps, of paramount importance as those civilizations serving as the cradle of Christianity and Judaism. Therefore, most of the historic, cultural, and social aspects were perpetuated in the Scripture thus serving the basis of most biblical themes and legends. From the historical point of view, the Bible is the main source disclosing life in Mesopotamia and Egypt, and, therefore, this region is often called the Bible World. Hence, there are many writings devoted to the description of those lands. Certainly, the Scripture cannot be referred as to a veritable historical source; still, most scholarly authors can consider it as the history of ancient Israel or Egypt. For instance, Moses, Abraham, and the Exodus closely relate to history. In Torah, the sacred writings included in the Hebrew Bible or Tanah, we can also pursue a certain historical description of the political situation: “And the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with part of the vessels of the house of God: which he carried into the land of Shinar to the house of his god…” (Daniel 1:1 Hebrew Bible Version). The political and social life is brightly represented in Exodus of the Hebrew Bible: “Now these [are] the names of the children of Israel, which came into Egypt; every man and his household came with Jacob” (Exodus 1:1 Hebrew Bible Version). It is worth mentioning that Hebrew Bible closely relates to the archeological investigation where the sacred writings serve as the basis for the identification of the findings. It was of great importance, as archeologists are striving to discover evidence of the events described in the Bible. In that regard, the greatest archeologist in this research can be considered Albright who raised the question about the historicity of the biblical text, the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. Although it is still impossible to prove that the Scripture is not a myth, there are many findings that indirectly emphasize the validity of the events. It is also recognized that the Hebrew Bible is on the guard of cultural life taking place in the Near East. In other words, the Bible also served as the bearer of knowledge about cultural achievements in that region. Most cultural aspects are reflected in the Bible through the description of myths about the creation of the world and Moses’ travelling through Sena desert and other famous myths. Nevertheless, many a true word is spoken in myths. The texts contained in the Hebrew Bible, are also of great value for t
The director David Wark Griffith was born in Kentucky on January 22, 1875. He came from a middle-income level family. Growing up in the southern part of America, Griffith is thought to have developed strong anti-imperialist sentiments (Schicke, 1984). He began working on the stage at the age of 20. His ambitions of becoming a formidable playwright contributed significantly towards the decision to tour the country searching through stock companies. The actualization of this dream came in 1907 when James Hackett adopted and produced one of Griffith’s plays. D. W. Griffith remains one of the earliest renown film directors. Credit is given to this man as being the pioneer of film directing in the American society. He came to the limelight following the directing of a controversial film called The Birth of a Nation. During the production of this film, advanced camera and narration techniques first appeared in the cinema industry (Robinson, 1968). Before 1915, technology employed in film production was extremely limited resulting in numerous, difficult experiences to the directors. Griffith became the first director to produce a feature film in America. The films he made experienced minimal growth in the years preceding 1915. There was a common stereotype among directors that these movies could not be financially viable. The career of Griffith in the production industry developed immensely with his appointment to replace the chief director of Biograph. The company’s director became ill in 1908, and Griffith was appointed to the position. The first film produced by Griffith for the company was The Adventures of Dollie . Most of the films that he produced under the company could not be attributed to Griffith as they were done in anonymity (Henderson, 1972). The company did not want to publicize its talent to the industry; hence, all the actors and film crew remained anonymous. During this time, the utilization of narration in the cinema industry remained limited. The company can be accredited to the development of coordinating cinematic techniques under the stewardship of Griffith. This feature can be defined as what gave the cinema industry its transformation into an art form. In the development of the film industry, Griffith also takes credit for laying foundation
Every change process undergoes unfreezing, transition and refreezing. The effective execution of these three stages will influence an instructor to reconsider the grading on a particular assignment. In the unfreezing stage, it is crucial to convince the instructor on the need to consider complains regarding the assigned grade. Consultation with the instructor will create a situation in which the issue concerning the assignment grade has focus. In addition, consultations will motivate the instructor to want to participate in the change process. Upon the willful participation of the instructor in the revaluation of the assigned grade, the next step is to ensure that the instructor remains interested in the process (Dessler & Phillips, 2008). In this stage, there is the need to present substantial evidence that will enlighten the instructor on the required change. Furthermore, it is vital to give the instructor ample time to evaluate the complain legitimacy and undertake the requested change. This transition phase is a lengthy process, and thus the complainant will require patience in order to allow the instructor to comprehend the necessity to change the assignment grade. Another crucial aspect during this phase is support in terms of accommodation of disagreements that may arise between the two parties. Once the instructor acknowledges the need to reconsider the allocated grade, the two parties have reached a consensus. The instructor will take the most appropriate corrective measure regarding the assigned grade. The consensus concerning the change of the assigned grade should be clear in such a manner that no issues arise in the future concerning the same subject. The new changes should be acceptable to both parties with a significant level of contentment (Drucker & Maciariello, 2008). The adoption of the three-stage model of change will facilitate the rebuilding of a relationship. The first step is to inform the other person that you are interested in reestablishing the previous relationship. After conveying the objective of the process to the other party, one should embark on actions that demonstrate the resolve to rebuild the relationship. This is vital concerning the motivation of the other
The epidemic of plague that took place in the fourteenth century in Europe was not the first occurrence of this infection, but people still seemed unprepared to respond properly. Paris Medical Faculty issued their explanations of the nature and causes of the Black Death. According to the institution, the pestilence that affected France, Italy, Germany, and other countries was majorly a result of some configurations of planets (Horrox, 2000). It was noted that Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn corrupted the air on the Earth by enhancing vapors that caused diseases. The Faculty added that the vapor and hot air were also a result of storms. Weather conditions were also mentioned as one of the reasons for the spread of the plague. For instance, wet and cool weather was associated with an increase in the number of infected and diseased. People’s lifestyle was also seen as a contributing factor as people who led a bad life (were active and had too much exercise) could become victims, Such groups as weak people, children, and women, as well as corpulent people. On the other hand, those who were religious, rightful, and had a good lifestyle could be spared. Modern medicine has a different view concerning the causes and outcomes of the epidemics of plague in Europe. The reliance of people of the past on religion and astrology can be understood as those people who had limited or no knowledge of viruses and bacteria, physiology, and other aspects of health and disease. At that, they still made some correct conclusions related to the link between weather and infection spread. It is also clear that the erroneous understanding of the nature and causes of the disease led to incorrect treatment and sometimes prevention. Reference Horrox, R. (2000). The Black Death .
Applying concepts of TQM/CQI TQM/CQI philosophies have been highly embraced in United States Health industry. For example, Montana’s NVH (North Valley Hospital) is an example of a health care facility that employs these principles in order to enhance efficient procedures empowering both health care givers as well as their clients ( McConnel P.& Ciotti G. V., 1995). The hospital is under QHM (Quorum Health Group) an organization which gives strong emphasis on the use of TQM/CQI principles. Benefits of Using TQM/CQI In implementing TQM/CQI, NVH management assigned the responsibility of choosing the suitable system to a team with representatives from all the disciplines and departments such as finance, pharmacy, nursing, laboratory and medical records which would experience various changes during the implantation of the system. The team then came up with a clear outline of identifying HIS (health information system) needs, evaluating the a
A seat belt is also called a safety belt and is a belt that is designed to protect commuters in an automobile. A seat belt offers security to individuals in an automobile in case the automobile stops abruptly or is involved in a collision. Motor vehicles accidents remain the leading cause of death for individuals below the age of 34 years in the United States. It is also the third cause of death for all the deaths that occur within a year. When vehicles get involved in collisions, individuals who are most affected are the occupants. About two-thirds of the deaths that occur on highways in a year affect those who occupied the vehicles involved in the accidents. It is estimated that if individuals could wear seat belts properly, about forty percent of the deaths that affect front seat auto occupants could be saved. However, over eighty percent of Americans wear them because it is illegal to fail to wear one when in a vehicle. The process of using safety belts began in 1984 when Elizabeth Dole- the secretary to the US Department of Transportation- came up with a rule requiring all new cars to be equipped with some means of protecting passengers by the year 1990. The rule was followed were all cars that were produced by the specified period contained seat belts and airbags. The anticipated results were not felt with many drivers still at risk for various reasons. Many drivers do not see the importance of fastening the safety belts and rarely comply with the seat belt laws. For the law to be effectively followed, the process of identifying those who do not comply with the law is not enough. Those who follow them today could change and assuming that they will always follow the laws would be wrong. Such factors reduce the safety that the seat belts were expected to bring. On the 1 st of December, 1984, the New York safety belt law was put in effect and it started being applied at the beginning of the month that followed. The law was seen to have an effect within the very first month in that the number of fatalities experiences the first month that followed its application was reduced compared to the number of fatalities experienced the same month a year before. The number of fatalities experienced the month that followed its application was also less compared to the average number that was experienced the same month five years ago. However, it is important to note that other factors could have contributed to the reduction in fatalities in addition to the use of the safety belts. These factors could include the amount of driving, changes in weather, the behaviors of the drivers, and many others. This is to say that the reduction of fatalities cannot be purely attributed to the use of the belt laws. The effectiveness of the
Introduction Accounting is a practice and body of knowledge concerned with business recording methodologies, keeping of financial records, auditing, analysis of financial information, and advising on tax matters (Clayton 45). It applies as a systematic process that entails discovery, recording, measuring, arrangement, confirmation, elucidation, and statement of financial information. Accounting also entails preparation of financial statements used in decision-making by shareholders in a business, the government, employers and other stakeholders (Wells 9). Statement of financial information applies through reports that indicate the financial resources controlled by an organization’s management. Accountants monitor financial records for accuracy, and timely delivery of information in a proper manner. The cardinal focus of accounting is revealing the performance of a business or an organization over a given period (Clayton 52). Accounting also informs on the available resources, how the resources were financed, and the outcomes achieved by the resources. For an individual to work as an accountant, he/she must have specific academic qualifications, personal attributes, and be in a position to handle all duties and responsibilities in an honest manner. Businesses and individual clients all over the world entrust accountants with the responsibility and trust of managing their finances (Clayton 61). However, some accountants are breeding a vicious culture in the profession by encouraging fraud, financial mismanagement, deception, and other pecuniary crimes. Integrity among accountants is essential in maintaining the respect and important role of financial management in economic development that the discipline plays (Wells 13). Due to the increasing pressure that accountants work with, the challenge of integrity is slowly maturing into a global quandary (Gerety & Lehn 34).Dishonesty among accountants has serious implications on the destiny of companies and individual clients who entrust them with a responsibility to prepare financial reports for them. Essential skills for accountants include mathematical reasoning, oral and written comprehension, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, problem sensitivity, information ordering, and finger dexterity among others. Financial statements prepared by accountants include balance sheets, cash flow statements, statements of retained earnings, income statements, as well as management discussion and analysis (Gerety & Lehn 41). In addition to the educational qualifications of an individual, there are certain key competencies essential for a successful career in this realm. These competences are attention to detail, planning and organization, strong communication skills, a team player, ability to work under highly stressful environment and emotional intelligence (Walters 100). This essay will identify and discuss forms of dishonest behavior among accountants, the effects of the unethical practices, and the best approaches for preventing dishonest behavior among accou
Introduction Social exclusion has become a critical theme in social policy research, discourses, formulation and implementation. The concept has gained a significant role globally, specifically in Europe and Australia where various governments have adopted it in their social policy agendas. The paper highlights social exclusion and poverty in Australia and offers insights and challenges for the concept. It approaches the issue of social exclusion on the premise that measuring poverty is critical for understanding its causation and impacts on society. Therefore, policymakers can understand the kinds of initiatives required to address poverty and social exclusion. The argument is based on critical theory and illustrations drawn from recent studies in Australia that depict that social exclusion is multifaceted but often interrelated with several other issues, such as equal opportunity, marginalisation, substance abuse and crime among others. In addition, there is a relationship between social exclusion and poverty. Arthurson and Jacobs (2004) noted that the concept of social exclusion has brought about division with regard its meaning, problems associated with it and its applicability and implication for social policies, in particular within the Australian context. Peace asserts that social exclusion is a ‘contested term’ (Peace 2001). Discourses over social exclusion go beyond narrow definitions and measurements. It focuses on broader perspectives of social issues with greater flexibility. Arthurson and Jacobs (2003) have provided a simple definition of social exclusion as “an explanatory tool to understand and analyse the processes that cause poverty and inequality, compared to its use as a descriptive term to describe or label disadvantaged individuals or communities” (p. 5). The topic, measuring poverty and social exclusion was chosen to broaden the understanding of poverty and elements of social exclusion. In addition, the paper shows that social exclusion has several indicators and has evolved within the social policy sphere and academic discourses in Australia. A Sociological Standpoint or Perspective on Social Exclusion and Measuring Poverty Critical theory has been adopted to provide perspective on social exclusion and measuring poverty in Australia. A critical theory focuses on social issues from a critical perspective with the aim of critiquing and transforming society as a whole. Hence, it goes beyond providing a mere explanation alone to offer solutions. It aims to dig beneath the facade of social issues to reveal postulation that inhibits society from a full and true comprehension of social challenges such as poverty and exclusion (Johnson 1995). The Frankfurt School scholars developed the critical theory. The theory will help in understanding social exclusion and poverty because of its two core concepts. First, critical theory shall strive to provide social exclusion and poverty within the context of the totality of the society, including relevant historical elements at various points in time. Second, the theory will enhance compr
Love is central to many ancient myths, as it is generally described as an extremely powerful force that can help gods and mortals to overcome various hardships, find peace of mind, settle down, and live happily with their loved ones. Eros is the Greek god of love, whose Roman equivalent is Cupid. There are various contradicting myths concerning the origins of Eros, his supernatural powers, and his place in the hierarchy of gods. Nevertheless, the deity was very popular, as it was worshiped in most ancient greek city-states and later in Ancient Rome. Originally, Eros was considered to be one of the primordial gods, alongside Gaia, Tartarus, Erebus, Hemera, and Nyx. Parmenides, one of the pre-Socratic philosophers, even claims that Eros was the first god to ever exist. Nevertheless, the first generation of gods was typically not given human characteristics. Therefore, when a growing need to describe the formation and the power of love in detail became obvious, Eros was granted a different biography that could allow for the description of his own feelings and passion. That is why in later myths, he is described as the son of Aphrodite and Ares. Moreover, over time the love story of Eros and Psyche became one of the most admired myths in both Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Ancient Greeks realized that love was an umbrella term for a wide range of strong feelings, from simple pleasure to interpersonal affection and virtue. Therefore, the fact that numerous stories featuring Eros contradict each other proves that the ancient Greeks and the ancient Romans had difficulties defining it. The variety of Eros’s biographies helps realize the evolution of the concept from one of the most vigorous powers that create the world to a strong, beautiful emotion that makes human souls so beautiful.
Shakespeare used very colorful and eloquent language; however, many ordinary words had different meaning in the author’s time. The word “habit” that appeared in the sonnet 138 and in the Elizabethan time had several determinations that are not popular today. Nowadays, the word “habit” is used in order to indicate an action or emphasize the tendency of doing something, while in Shakespearean context, word “habit” is not an action. Making a research of the word “habit”, I found the new ways of comprehending the sonnet 138. The author uses word “habit” in order to emphasize the most important characteristic of love – honesty between lovers. In Shakespeare’s time, the most common meaning of “habit” was “clothes” or “dress”, not “action” or typical characteristic. But, analyzing the sonnet, I found that Shakespeare uses this word not as indication of “clothes” but as characteristic. According to the Oxford Dictionary, the word “habit” can be considered as a regular tendency or practice that cannot be given up. Moreover, in psychology, habit is an automatic reaction of body cause by the different situation. Besides, habit can be definite as an addictive practice of taking drugs, for instance, a heroin habit. The definition of habit as the clothes or dress today usually is considered as an archaic. However, in Shakespeare’s time, in 1590s, “be habited” had the same meaning as “be dressed”. The origin of “habit” comes from old French “abit” and Latin “habitus” that meant appearance and “habere” – to have, to hold. From the beginning, this word was used in the context of clothes and appearance and got the meaning of mental condition and drug addiction later. Today, habit can be considered as a clothes only restricting to monks and nuns. As monks go to change their way of life, they cover body with another clothes as a symbolical habit. Such sense still exists in the modern Italian language. Thus, word “abito” with a dropped “h” means “dress” and can be used in the word combination “abito mentale” as a description of the psychical conditions. Therefore, the word “habit” came to English language from Latin and its successor Italian language in early XIII century, getting a new meaning as a type of behavior in XIV and as a drug addiction at the end of XIX century. Writing about the relationships between man and woman, Shakespeare says: “O, love’s best habit is in seeming trust.” In this context, word “habit” is not an action; it is rather the second nature of love, its typical characteristic. The author indicates an idea that love causes people to be honest with each other. In the sonnet 138, Shakespeare uses other archaic words such as “credit” – “believe” and “age in love” with a meaning of the “old lovers”. Those words help to understand the nature of love and, thereby, the meaning of word “habit”. As we see, love requires a credit and old loves know it well. If lovers are not honest, probably love is gone. The word “lie” is used as a pun in order to show the nature of relationships with