ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Public order crime refers to crimes that interfere with the general functioning of a society. This behavior is categorized as criminal because it is against social norms, values, and customs (Jrank, Inc, 2011). Public order crimes include prostitution, pornography, gambling, and abortion among others (Ward, 2003). Historically, society used religion to promote morality in individuals. Religion brings the concept of right and wrong concerning supernatural powers. Major religions of the world including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam define right and wrong actions in society. The bible and the Quran are considered holy books that have existed over the years. As such, they provide guidelines on moral standards in society. Most religions condemn any sexual relations outside marriage. Prostitution is defined as sex that is done in exchange for money or favor between two people who are not married. As such, Islam for instance condemns sexual relationships between people who are not married and Prophet Mohamed states this rule in the holy Quran and Hadith (Qari, 2011). According to religion, sex that is exercised within marriage attracts reward from God. On the other hand, sex exercised outside marriage attracts punishment from God (Jrank, Inc, 2011). Christianity also forbids any sexual relations outside marriage. For instance, the bible says that all sexually immoral people will be destroyed for misusing the body that is the temple of Christ. The two religions (Christianity and Islamic) also do forbid any sexual relations between people of the same sex. Homosexuality is termed as a sin by Christian and Muslims because sexual relation was made for purpose of procreation (Jrank, Inc, 2011). Jong (2011) says that homosexuality is also prohibited in the Bible. Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed because of immoral sexual behaviors such as homosexuality. Leviticus 20:13 says that any man that lies with a fellow man commits a sin and should be put to death (Jong, 2011). Abortion is defined as the termination of pregnancy. The Quran and the bible highly forbid termination of pregnancy because of fear of sustaining the children. Quran 22:5 states that humans are created by God and only God has power over life (Qari, 2011). Anyone who terminates a pregnancy before the child reaches maturity will be punished (Jrank, Inc, 2011). Thus, Abortion is the destruction of life that is created by God and is equivalent to murder that is a great sin (Sampson and Lauritsen, 2011) Reference List Department of Justice. (2004). The Nation’s Two Crime Measures . Web. Jong, C. (2011). Bible online . Web. Jrank,Inc. (2011). Moral and Religious Influences – Religion And Crime, Shame Penalties, Religion in Prisons, Prison Chaplains, Practicing Religion in Prison . Web. Ouimet, M. 2004. Explaining the American and Canadian Crime Drop in the 1990’s . Web. Qari, M. (2011). Quran online . Web. Roszak, T. (2000). A Just War Analysis of Two of Deterrence. Ethics, 73 (2) 100-109. Web. Sampson, R., & Lauritsen, J. L. (2011). Violent Victimization and Offending: Individual-, Situational-, and Community-Level Risk Factors . Web
Introduction The opioid overdose crisis has been one of the significant problems for the American economy and healthcare system for more than 20 years. The documentary “Crime of the Century” by Alex Gibney reveals many details concerning the problem. The research conducted by the author of the documentary, together with his team, is the deepest and the most trustworthy one on the opioid epidemic. Main body The documentary reveals billion-dollar pharmaceutical companies’ shady business of prescribing drugs to ordinary people in search of enormous income. The business was started by the founder of the Purdue Pharma company and was continued by Insys. The companies’ representatives bribed doctors and officials and falsified documents to legally sell opioids, including morphine and fentanyl, to people suffering from pains of a different kind. In combination with doctors’ high credibility, such a strategy resulted in billions of dollars for the companies and millions of deaths for the country. People participating in such schemes are good psychologists and appeal to patients’ painful emotions, so people may have no idea of being deceived by professional doctors eager to relieve their pain. That is why the opioid crisis has become such a significant problem. Corrupted doctors, on the contrary, are interested neither in their patient’s health issues nor in their lives. However, most of them are perfect actors, so they mask their desire to earn more money by concern over patients’ lives, making it impossible to be led in pain. The documentary proves that by giving examples of the same stories told either by the patient himself or his family and by the doctor prescribed opioids. Families accuse the doctor of slowly killing his patient instead of curing him. In contrast, the doctor says it is not his responsibility, as the patient took opioids prescribed to him in higher doses. The examples from the documentary confirm that companies producing opioids and doctors prescribing them are interested only in their profit. Conclusion To conclude, it is necessary to mention that “Crime of the Century” provides up-to-date data on one of the significant economic and health problems America faces today. Although the series seems not to suggest any possible solutions, it reveals the most crucial aspects of the problem. That is why more people should watch it to be aware of the problem and start solving it.
The author Carol Berkins was born on the first of October 1942 in Mobile, Alabama, and She is a divorced mother of two, a daughter and a son. She is a history professor, Emerita, of Baruch College, and she was also employed as a commentator for many television history documentaries. Carol Berkins got her B.A. from the College Barnard in 1964 and her Ph.D. from Columbia. Her publications include Revolutionary Mothers , which became her first publication. Another publication was A Brilliant Solution which was awarded the Colonial Dames of America. She received The Bancroft Dissertation Award from the Bancroft enterprise and also a conveyance from the National Assurance for the humanities. Berkins felt that someone needed to tell the truth about America, which motivated her to write her books. She also wanted to offer all daughters a chance to claim the resourceful and strong women as their heroes. In this book , Revolutionary Mothers , Carol Berkins majorly shows the vital role women played during the American Revolution war and America’s real struggle before independence. The ladies were the most diligent at home; they raised capital for the fledgling country. Women were arranging patronage of the British wares, and they managed the family business while striving to keep the normality of having a husband around but minimally. This is because husbands, fathers, and brothers had died during the war. The book sheds light on the real struggle and shedding of blood that Americans went through during their struggle for independence and prompted its publication. Carol Berkins also shows what happened after the war, more so where the women were not given equal rights as their husbands during the drafting of the constitution. The problems that the Americans, in general, went through are also brought out in this British army, were brutal, which led to a lot of Americans losing their lives. There was no proper communication between the troop members or even with the commander. There was an insufficient supply of needs, no suitable clothes for them, and no capital for them to purchase. Widows were left behind with children to tend to orphaned children were also left behind with nothing since a lot of property was destroyed too during the war. People were left with permanent scars to be remembered for good. For example, Margaret Corbon got an injury that was to stay, which led to her compensation. Poor weather conditions were another problem, mainly when they fought during winter. This brought about the risk of freezing since there were no proper warm clothes to put on. Women risked their sanity when they went to work at the military camps where some military men wanted to take advantage of their desperate situations to have sex with them. Some agreed because that was the only way they could feed their children. The first weakness of this book Revolution Mothers , is that the way Berkins portrays the war is too ambiguous. Sh
Recently, space research has been becoming an object of interest to private companies. The tendency marks a notable departure from trends that were prevalent throughout the 20th century, where the topic was only of interest to various governments around the world. This diversification of demand for space research technology makes it more challenging to manage technology transfer, as many different private entities will now request access to patents in addition to a few governmental institutions. As such, the establishment of a dedicated technology transfer office for (space research institute) becomes a necessity. Duties The office will facilitate relations between (space research institute) and the private sector to maximize benefits for them both. Its primary task will be to handle technology licensing for commercial use by external partners. The office will also ensure the compliance of the institute’s technology transfers with internal and external regulations, particularly the federal mandate. If possible, the office will attempt to modernize the application of the methodology with regards to the institute. It will negotiate industry-sponsored research, form startups if possible, and promote the region’s overall economic and business development. Goals The office will operate within a system that is defined by three primary values. It is expected to ensure compliance with state and federal legislation, generate revenue and provide a high standard of service to research faculty and partner organizations. As compliance is usually not a significant issue for the institute, and the income expected from the office’s operations are unlikely to be substantial compared to the overall costs of research, excellent service will be its first target. By providing outstanding accommodations to researchers and establishing good relations with partners, the institute may be able to attract and retain high-quality staff. Vision The office’s vision of success involves increased privatization of the space research sector. Facilities such as (space research institute) should cooperate with the emerging private companies for purposes mutual growth. The lowering of costs of space research and construction allows competition to arise in the sector, spurring ongoing innovation and progress. The institute should take advantage of this situation and establish connections with the industry to achieve better visibility and maintain or improve its existing high research standards. The cooperation would also enhance the quality of life for the people involved, with effects spreading out into society. Services The office will offer a variety of services to faculty members and outside partners. It will process the licensing of technology to companies that are interested in using it for their purposes. The office will also assist researchers in searching for sponsors for their study ideas using its network of industry connections. It will also support the economic development of the institute with the funds procured from licensing and work to benefit its holdings as well as the gene
Introduction Traditional philosophies have a significant impact on modern people’s values and, importantly, shape their attitudes toward social interactions. The art of leading others belongs to a number of the most widely discussed philosophical concepts, and recommendations for leaders are presented in the works by Confucius and Lao-Tzu. Similar in their celebration of good intentions, these two schools of leadership are greatly divided in opinion concerning the need for action, educating followers, authoritativeness, and role models. Lao-Tzu: Non-Action and Humility It is impossible to imagine the civilized world without the concept of leadership, one of the pillars of human society. The ideas of leadership and the responsibilities of those who decide to assume such roles have come to the attention of people many centuries ago. In chapter 3 of Tao Te Ching, a fundamental Taoist text, Lao-Tzu expresses his opinion on the features of good leaders and the devastating effect of desire on society and people’s mental condition (par. 10). From the perspective of this philosopher, too much attention is often attracted to differences between people, be it “superior abilities,” property that is “difficult to procure,” or other sources of envy (Lao-Tzu par. 10). Due to the existence of such tendencies, many individuals overestimate the benefits of having something that is associated with superior positions over other people. From the philosopher’s words, it is possible to conclude that it is the responsibility of a leader to distract followers from harmful thoughts and, therefore, prevent unnecessary competition. He sees the spread of knowledge in human society as a negative phenomenon that should be controlled and reduced by leaders (Cao and Weber 65). Thus, “the sage” ensures the well-being of his people in the following way: he “empties their mind, fills their bellies,” and “weakens their wills,” which is probably a reference to people’s animal nature (Lao-Tzu par. 11). The author seems to view the influence of a good leader as a kind of constraining factor that eliminates any social risks by reducing the desire and preventing actions ignited by knowledge. The notion of effective leadership proposed by Lao-Tzu has nothing in common with popular modern concepts that emphasize the role of initiative and motivation. Instead, Tao Te Ching defends the idea that “to take no action is to avoid extra and counterproductive actions” (Ma and Tsui 15). From the text being analyzed, it is clear that some leaders can see the sovereign good in the creation of strict rules that should be respected to avoid punishments. Emphasizing selflessness and self-abandonment, Lao-Tzu encourages leaders to avoid distinguishing themselves from the crowd to respect the principle of equality (Ma and Tsui 15). To him, when these ideas become t
Introduction One of the most recurrent challenges for businesses in the contemporary world is achieving market leadership. Experts argue that the most effective strategy that most businesses use to remain competitive in their respective markets is branding (Davis, 2010). It involves giving a product or service a particular image identity that matches the preferences of consumers in the market. However, due to challenges associated with introducing new products in a market, businesses have developed a new concept called brand extension (Davis, 2010). It involves using a certain product or service identity to introduce new ones. The dynamics of doing business have changed a lot, with most businesses diversifying their interests by introducing new products via established brands. Studies have established that brand extensions are very common today because most businesses avoid the risk of new products performing poorly (Davis, 2010). This has made established companies to use their brands as a strategy for growth. Although this concept attracts negative reviews from critics, several businesses have proved that brand extensions play a crucial role as strategies for growth in any market (Wobben, 2006). Discussion According to marketing experts, brand extensions are among the most reliable strategies that businesses in the contemporary world can use to enhance their brands (Davis, 2010). There are two major reasons as to why brand extensions ar
It is not a secret that the universe does not revolve around humans. As shocking as it might have sounded to pioneering science in Ancient Egypt or Ancient Greece, it is undoubtedly true. The Scientific Revolution, which occurred roughly between the 15th and 16th centuries, refers to a period of innovations in science and technology, the entirety of which had originated from the notion that the Earth is not at the center of the universe. While the shifts in scientific thought first started in the field of astronomy, they rapidly expanded to physics as well. Nicolaus Copernicus, an astronomer of Polish descent, is rightfully considered the first to introduce some of the key ideas, which would later evolve into the full-fledged Scientific Revolution. The purpose of the following paper is to demonstrate exactly how an astronomical revolution grew to dominate physics. The Revolution is usually portrayed as a chaotic series of scientific discoveries. However, the roots of the phenomenon go back to the 16th century and the work of Nicolaus Copernicus (McClellan & Dorn, 2006). He was the one who challenged the traditional principles of astronomy. As a result, the scientist single handedly reputed Ptolemy’s geocentric system. Using the same data that would be available to Ptolemy himself, Copernicus proved that the sun is at the center, and not the Earth (Laskovaya, 2021). Apart from this notion itself, the Scientific Revolution was powered by Copernicus’ take on reality as it relates to any scientific theory. According to him, the role of astronomy is to examine physical systems. These revolutionary concepts are the foundation of the Scientific Revolution. After the initial discovery, the scholarly community rapidly began to accept Copernican astronomy. Despite the strong opposition from religious leaders and the Christian church as a whole, the new hypothesis started to infiltrate the academic circles. As researchers used Copernicus’ findings and refine them, the utility of the concepts developed by the scientist became apparent to astronomers and astrologers alike. Numerous academics spent decades generating data, which would become crucial to not only strengthen Copernicus’ argument but disprove Aristotle’s system altogether. One of them is Tycho Brahe who decided to reject both Copernican and Ptolemaic hypotheses (Giles, 2020). Brahe decided to utilize stabler and more reliable tools to observe phenomena over extended periods of time. As a result, his observations were continuous and highly accurate, ultimately leading to him revolutionizing science even further. The efforts of Copernicus’ successors were an outcome of the domino effect, which inevitably led to more progress and discoveries. As scientists fought for the validity of Copernicanism, a series of important discoveries were made in the field of physics, prompting the Scientific Revol
Introduction The theme under analysis is “Examining the Humanities,” and two visual artifacts below represent it. Main body The first visual artifact is called The Adoration of the Magi. Sandro Botticelli, an Italian artist, painted it from 1475 to 1476 (Virtual Uffizi Gallery, n.d.). It is now displayed at the Uffizi, Florence, and is considered among the best paintings depicting the Medici family members in the role of the Magi and the Virgin. The visual artifact demonstrates the scene when the Virgin shows a baby, Jesus Christ, and numerous people, including the Magi, adore the son of God. It is possible to suppose that the artwork is familiar for all the Christians around the world because it displays a Biblical event. The second artwork, The Lamentation, also depicts a biblical plot. It was created by Giotto di Bondone, a Renaissance artist, approximately in 1305, and one can currently find this masterpiece on one of the interior walls of the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, Italy (The History of Art, 2021). The fresco depicts the scene when Jesus was killed and his body was removed from the cross. Apart from Jesus, the artifact displays the Virgin, Mary Magdalene, John the Apostle, and others. All these people surround the dead son of God and are sorrowful in the same manner as the angels in the sky are. This fact represents a close connection between humanity and Heaven. As has already been mentioned, the “Examining the Humanities” theme is under consideration because it relates to the two artifacts. It is possible to say that the selected artworks demonstrate the process of human life because the first painting depicts the birth of Jesus, and the second one shows his death. Even though diversity is a topical issue today, and people are respected for having different customs, traditions, nationalities, and others, some features are still universal for all humans. One of them refers to the transience of being, and no person can escape the final outcome that is the tomb. It seems that the two artifacts reflect this topic because they tell the story of Jesus Christ. I can also suggest that the theme comments on the connection between people and God. The two artifacts depict biblical plots, denoting that religion occupies an essential place in human life. In addition to that, these two artworks show saints alongside ordinary individuals. This fact can also demonstrate that spirituality affects everyday life, and people should draw some attention to this field. Conclusion In conclusion, I can say that the discovered theme is essential personally for me. Even though I cannot say that I am an entirely religious person, the plots are familiar for me because I am aware of the basics of Christianity. Furthermore, religion still occupies a significant role for me, and I frequ