ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Governments make money through the taxation of their citizens. The taxable income of a person varies from one nation to another. The money collected through the income tax is quite instrumental in the development and growth of an economy, but many people do not agree with the taxation terms. One of the most controversial issues in taxation is the tax exerted on loan interests. The interest paid on a loan or mortgage is taxable on the creditors’ side; therefore, imposing tax on interests results in double taxation. To ease the burden of taxation on the citizens, the United States Congress included the deduction for home mortgage interest in the internal revenue code (Anderson, 2007). The Congress included the deduction for home mortgage interest in the internal revenue code for various reasons. First, the Congress intended to encourage homeowners to take mortgages for home development. Mortgages can be devastating at times because people end up spending a lot of income on the repayment of the loans. Additionally, most people take mortgages to improve their homes or build homes in which case they do not receive any income from the mortgage. For this reason, the Congress provided a deduction for the interests to encourage homeowners to develop their personal lives through mortgages (Anderson, 2007). Additionally, the majority of the citizens in the United States of America are small proprietors. The deductions foster business and economic growth for small business owners. The provision of Home Mortgage Interest Deduction has managed to achieve its intended purpose so far. Many homeowners have improved their homes and personal lives at a reasonable cost. Business people in the real estate business have also benefited a great deal from the provision. Personal incomes of citizens and small business owners determine the general economic stability of a nation. The economy of the United States has grown considerably following the inclusion of the deduction provision in the internal revenue code. Opponents of this provision argue that the inclusion of the code reduces the amount of income that the government receives from the real estate industry (Anderson, 2007). However, the mortgage owners invest in other taxable businesses that allow the government to compensate for the real estate losses. As such, the inclusion of the provision in the code has benefitted both the government and the mortgage owners, thus improving the general economy of the nation. Loan Interests help regulate the spending
Various scandals spanning nations have made the stakeholders conscious of the unethical business practices being followed by large Corporates. The accounting anomalies have led to the downfall of several empires which places the responsibility on the accountants. The accounting profession has experienced the deepest crisis in recent years. Accounting scandals like Enron and WorldCom have shaken the corporate sector as these have taken place due to significant accounting irregularities in financial statements and fraudulent financial reporting. Scandals like these result in the loss of billions of dollars and loss of jobs. It tarnishes the images of corporate managers and auditors (Comunale, Sexton & Gara, 2006). The long-term effects of these events lead to uncertainty of the accounting profession and corporate leadership. Series of accounting scandals finally led to the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Nevertheless, it is argued that while the accountant alone cannot be held responsible for the unethical practices or the anomalies that have affected the companies, without their connivance the firms cannot engage in unethical practices. The role of the accountant is perceived differently by different economists and researchers. According to economist Friedman, the business of businesses is to make profits and hence the accountants cannot be held responsible for any other practices that go on within (cited by Joyce, 2005). The accountant has to work in the best interest of the stockholders and they want financial returns. Joyce, however, contends that if accountants are held responsible for anomalies it helps to avoid illegal and unethical activities like discrimination, sexual harassment, pollution, and tax evasion. In the case of Enron, Arthur Anderson, one of the big five auditing firms was charged to have colluded with the management to misappropriate funds and project a picture different from the reality. Income was inflated and then all concerned papers were destroyed. The world’s largest energy trader at one time, Enron had to file bankruptcy under Chapter 11 when about 5000 workers lost their job (Bhattacharya, 2004). However, the accounting firm alone could not be held responsible for the unethical practices. CEOs use their power and ego to chase wealth for personal gains without any concern for the stakeholders or the shareholders. The leadership at Enron was concerned with maximizing shareho
FTA-DFMEA Approach in the Management FTA-DFMEA is an approach aimed at customization of environments. Importantly, it provides varied methods to enhance product configuration. In that matter, customers seek high-quality products that cost little while manufacturers try to minimize production expenses to retain clients, though, gaining profit. FTA-DFMEA ensures methods to address both customers’ and producers’ requirements. FTA is an organized graphical system, which displays the conditions and factors that may cause an undesired event. The system has a form that can be analyzed and, if necessary, be reconstructed to facilitate easier identification. Notably, in the construction of this system, the events resulting from all the possible causes should be included to be able to provide an approach that is the most valid. Such causes should include the effects of environmental conditions or other occurrences that may influence a specific element (including those events, the occurrence of which is possible in the process, even if they were not identified initially). FTA can be effectively used to:   * Display the logic that results in an undesirable occurrence (system failure);   * Demonstrate suitability for the conditions of reliability;   * Rank the participants leading to the system failure;   * Produce important equipment;   * Track the indicators of the condition of complex systems;   * Cut down and make effective use of the resources;   * As a diagnostic tool to identify and correct the causes of system failure. In general, the FTA analysis method of compound systems allows analyzing the undesirable system status through the sequence assessment of downstream events that lead to the failure of the entire system. This analysis is important because it is a means of identifying ways to reduce the risks or determining the frequency of system failure. DFMEA is an analysis of the types, causes, and consequences of failures. It allows breaking down the initially proposed structure of, for example, product or components and improving the product’s data in the course of the FMEA. Importantly, such an analysis is carried out at the design stage of the product lifecycle or during structural improvements. FMEA method enables avoiding the product launch of an item, which has been modified insufficiently. Besides, it contributes to the improvement
The problem of food safety is common for some hot parts of the world like Africa, Middle Asia, South America. These days the low level of food safety, the absence of health infrastructure, and the inability of the authorities to take preventive measures contribute a lot to appearing emergencies in some countries. Regrettably, sometimes the same issues happen in developed countries like the USA too. America has been facing many various outbreaks of food safety problems. Most of them have already been solved and do not pose any threat to the population, thanks to health-care services as they provide all the necessary help to stop the spread of various diseases food safety. This statement can be proved by considering the case of a salmonella outbreak in 2008-2009 that was caused by a virus discovered in peanut butter and contributed to the death of nine people. Public health infrastructure provides monitoring and analysis of the current situation with food safety helping to take immediate action in case of emergency. Many workers are included in this activity in order to make the local authorities be aware of what is happening in the country and control the level of the existing problem (Litt et al., 2004). Food safety hugely depends on qualitative and comprehensive monitoring that is provided by states’ public health workers. Many agencies, departments throughout the country gather data on outbreaks, provide disease surveillance, and epidemiologic assessment, research laboratories in order to understand what has become the reason for an outbreak. For instance, the significant role has been played by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and other agencies during massive salmonella spread in 2008-2009. It was these institutions that made it possible to prevent the virus from further spreading. The health institutions of the country have contributed to the stability of the situation to fight the food crisis by identifying the primary source that contains the salmonella virus and removing it. In 2008-2009 it was discovered that peanut butter named King Nut had had a virus. This butter is sold to many institutions and companies all over the U.S.: from schools and hospitals to restaurants and bakeries. The timely detection of the source of salmonella and the removal of peanut butter of the mentioned brand stopped the further transmission of the virus. It was possible only with the help of public health workers. However, it could be claimed that public health infrastructure works inefficiently as more than 700 people were infected. Nevertheless, there are a bunch of reasons that can explain the situation. Firstly, it is noted that there is a reporting delay that makes it challenging to identify the particular
Introduction While dealing with law there are countless provisions which are formulated to protect individuals as well as corporations from any form or manner of abuse. These same principals are employed in the media industry to safeguard the interests of the community, while in on the other hand they are exploited within the employment sector so as to shield the employer and the employee from any form of exploitation. Equally, diverse legal stipulations are formulated to safeguard the interests of the involved parties. Copyright and intellectual property laws For example, the Australian lawful structures do have intricate and all-inclusive law that cushions all features of copyright as well as intellectual properties. The purpose of copyright law is to regulate what one entity can take from the other and assume to be part of their work. Therefore, the infringement of these legal stipulations pertaining to copyright and intellectual property law amounts to either civil or criminal law. According to the given illustration Gideon Goal can successfully sue Jack Hack for unlawfully attempting to sabotage his original creative work. The available lines of sustaining his case could be established in accordance with the Australian copyright laws. Therefore, under the available copyright stipulations Gideon Goal would be compelled to register his creative work. An almost similar example regards Charles vs Hong Kong diary case .This UK claims from 2006 was initiated by Prince Charles to put a stop to a British newspaper from violating his copyright on personal journals that he had compiled about his encounters at the relinquishing of Hong Kong in 1997. Therefore, to stop Jack Hack attempts he could sue for violation of his privacy as well as for an attempt to infringe on his copyright. However, the available remedies for copyright violation differ from state to state. Consequently, the copyright and property law avers that in view to copyright it is premeditated; “… to offer to the creator of a artistic work his just incentive for the advantage he has given to the society in addition to advancing the making of additional inventive works. Also, as copyright in the environment of domination, the law ought to make sure, as far as is feasible, that the rights bestowed are not injured and that study, investigations as well as education are not excessively hampered.” Breach of confidence Breach of confidence is fundamentally viewed as an act of abusing a person or organizations classified information to its annoyance. Hence, any entity given permission to access the explicit information is under legal obligation not to abuse the information (Mitchie1997). Therefore, the law has the authority in protecting trade secrets, medical records, including official secrets among others. Thus, the law regarding the breach of confidence prohibits the use or publication of confidential information. Also this law is exploited to restrict a third party who may have attained this information. For instance, Gideon Goal can sue the hotel for using his private photo in face book. The picture can be class
Humanity was provided with an opportunity to communicate, search, learn, and express themselves on digital platforms. Still, these platforms were associated with several issues related to the violation of human rights. For example, these platforms seem to support racial discrimination online and within companies. African Americans are underemployed in digital business despite an increasing number of black graduates majoring in Computer Science (Noble 65). Indeed, racism has always existed in various forms in American culture (Lipsitz 371). The sad truth is that African Americans are highly underrepresented in such technology firms as Google and Facebook (Noble 69). In modern days, white citizens believe that black people have equal opportunities that they do not use because of a lack of willpower (Lipsitz 381). However, these digital platforms are designed so that “whiteness” is promoted as the correct version while black culture is, by default, shown as wrong in search results (Noble 83). Racial hierarchy on digital platforms is a critical problem caused by the dominance of white employees who generate algorithms in these companies to increase the appearance of specific websites in search results. Once the Web was made available to the public, the online economy started to increase, supplying society with more conveniences and entertainment. However, the central issue associated with digital platforms is that they maintain racial discrimination and stigmatization. The negative representation of black women is the outcome of global monitoring for search results and advertisement payments made by the pornography industry (Noble 87). Although these technology companies do not want to be racists, their activity potentiates stereotyping people of color (Noble 89). The main problem of their algorithm is that it is aimed to bring financial profit without considering sensitive content that may result in the marginalization of large groups of people. For example, less than a decade ago, the keywords “black girls” typed into the Google search field returned the results of pornographic websites on the first page (Noble 64). Unfortunately, everything that appears on Google is often perceived by the majority as reliable information that portrays reality (Noble 71). Thus, when the keywords related to pornography are used for the search, and the results are images of black girls, stigmatization is inevitable. Solving this problem is essential, but it will require changing coding and algorithms that may cause revenue loss for these technology corporations. These companies, founded and dominated by white people, may become resistant to such
Introduction In today’s business world, very few people can measure up to the immense success that Sam Walton has made in his professional career. In spite of setting off his company from a rocky foundation, Sam Walton has been able to diligently manage the company, build it and expand its business tentacles to make it the distinguished multi million business empire it is today. In this paper, focus will be on highlighting some managerial accounting lessons that can be learnt from Sam Walton’s management. In doing so, scholarly journals, articles and books (especially the thirteenth edition of Managerial Accounting by Garrison, Noreen, and Brewer) will be used. Background information on Sam Walton and Wal-Mart Essentially, Wal-Mart is the trading name for Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated which is an American public multinational corporation established in 1962 and Incorporated in 1969 ( Frontline, 2004). Wal-Mart mainly deals with large discount stores and warehouse all over the United States of America. Several Wal-Mart stores are also coming up in other regions like Europe, Asia and even Africa. Recent rankings by the famous Forbes 2000, positioned Wal-Mart as the 18 th largest public owned corporation in the world. Wal-Mart is also the largest global company as well as the largest private employer in the world—with over 2 million employees ( Frontline, 2004) This laudable success would have, however, not been possible had it not been for the ingenious management of Sam Walton and his business compatriots. Given below is a brief documentation of how Walton has been able to offer good leadership—despite the challenges he has faced—and lessons we can learn from him. Main Discussion: Lessons from Sam Walton The first lesson worth noting from Sam Walto
Introduction This is an article written by Jo G. Holland. The article talks about challenges that are faced, and those are to be expected based on courts resorting to community service orders. This is because the number of inmates in this program is continuously increasing. In his analysis, Holland looks at the various perspectives, including the men’s domain, women barriers, and community corrections along with the challenges that lie ahead. Problem statement The paper analyses the historical chronology of trends towards the increase the number of women workers in the correctional institutions This is in addition to the Virginia experience along with the challenges to be expected in the 21 st Century. Data Analysis In analyzing the dominance by men, Holland says that the entire criminal justice system has been for a long time and still is dominated by men. He avers that everything is guided by men from the legislation of the criminal law, enforcement officers, and judicial interpretation. It is stereotyped that women are not expected to participate in crimes because they are women. The stereotype explains why most offenders are men as the workforce in the criminal justice system is full of men (Merlo, 1995). The idea to allow women to work in the men dominated correctional facilities opened up employment opportunities for women. Since the 1970s the number of women working in this department has been on the increase. A report by the Joint Commission of Correctional Manpower and Training released in 1969 reported that by the same year women made up 12 percent of the total workforce in the correctional institution. This changed tremendously as by 1990. The number had increased to 43 percent. Of these, 50 percent were in the Parole agencies as 52 percent were in the probation division. The institution handling adults had the least women officers at 28 percent, whereas Juvenile agencies had 42 percent. Research by the National Institution of Co
The essay is a summary of the article, ‘Tourism Policy, Tourism Organisations and Change Management in Alpine Regions and Destinations: A European Perspective’ by Harald Pechlaner and Paul Tschurtschenthaler. The essay endeavors to answer the question, what are the factors responsible for the development of the European East Alpine Regions as a tourist destination? The literature review starts by giving a brief account of the development of Alpine Tourism. Tourism development in Alpine started as early as the late 18 century to the beginning of the 20th century. Alpine region is characterized as being less developed, a situation that is often associated with the prevalent low wages for Alpine Tourism. The European Alpine area covers regions such as parts of Italy, Germany, Austria, France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and Slovenia. This area accounts for approximately 11% of the overall worldwide tourism and 17% of Europe tourism. The following discussion concentrates only on those Alpine regions that are members of the ARGE ALP association that were founded in 1972 to address common problems experienced in these regions. These challenges entailed issues to do with the environment, tourism management, and traffic. Among the named Alpine regions, France and Italy are members of the ARGE ALP association. The development of the Alpine region entailed a series of stages that comprised the reconstruction of the infra and superstructures destroyed in World War I and World War II. Within four years the reconstruction had finished which was responsible for transforming the tourism industry to become a very significant economic activity in the Alpine and in particular the corresponding nations. One of the factors that enhanced the success of the Alpine region as a tourist niche is its favorable location. The alpine region is believed to be strategically geographically located in the heart of Europe. The presence of good infrastructure in the region that comprises a railroad junction from the north to south and from east to west makes it very accessible from any part of Europe and in particular the highly populated and economically developed European regions such as UK and Germany. Summer tourism was noted to stagnate in the 1970s due to the stagnation of summer tourism, but the booming of winter tourism in the region has helped to compensate for the revenues lost during the summer season. The existence of good infrastructures such as good roads, rail networks, and air travel has greatly enhanced the growth and development of Alpine tourism in the region. Moreover, the privatization of international air travel companies in Europe has greatly reduced airfares which greatly promote more people from far countries to visit the Alpine region.. During the early 1970s, the Alpine region was characterized by low productivity since it was not as developed as another region outside the Alps. This made it possible for the Alps tourism industry to offer competitive products at a more affordable price compared to suppliers in other more developed regi