ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What is meant by the terms “activities” and “practices” and why is their study so useful to archaeologists? Please cite at least one specific example for the course. While people use the terms activities and practices interchangeably, the two feature a significant difference. While the term activities refer to the events and engagements, which people or human beings oblige to do or participate in their day-to-day interactions and life, practices refer to the customs or the already formed predisposition of code of behaviors, which the society or human race uphold to in their day-to-day interactions and socialization. The study of the terms is quite imperative to archeologists because they help them or rather aid in understanding the ancient ways of life as led by the then people showing how the evolutions to the status of behaviors among different communities and societies went on. A good example is the evolution of science in various communities. For instance, they declare science as having originated from the artifacts, which the ancient people invented. Through such innovations, the study of science evolved as more designs that proved sophisticated came up day-by-day, following the engagement of the people in producing more complex and creative designs. What do you see as archaeological evidence for community practices/activities in the settings we’ve considered for this course? That is, what kinds of behaviors can we recognize, and what forms of archaeological data are materials of that behavior? Please site 3 specific examples, each from a diffe
Introduction King Khalid Foundation (KKF) is a non-profit organization based in Saudi Arabia. According to Arab Foundation’s Forum (2012), this foundation operates towards improving the social and economic status of citizens of Saudi Arabia. This organization bears the idea that people can bring change to their own lives if they are guided and empowered towards set goals and objectives. King Khalid Foundation (n.d.), highlights that this organization is involved in a number of activities: funding community development projects, providing emergency relief services, conducting and also publishing research and awarding other non-profit organizations, corporations and individuals who have achieved much towards social and economic growth within Saudi Arabia. The foundation as non-government organization has the following mission: “to always use their resources and knowledge for the sake of positive impact in people’s life with a result of providing solutions to both social and economical problems within Saudi Arabia” (King Khalid Foundation, n.d., p. 1). Organization’s History According to Interactive Saudi Arabia (2010), King Khalid Foundation was established in 2001 after King Khalid’s death. It was established by his family members in his remembrance. King Khalid had ruled Saudi Arabia from 1975 to 1982; his regime came to an end as he died in 1982. This organization is controlled by several people: nine board of trustees and 11 members. The board of trustee leads this organization and it is responsible of making policies in which the organization follows to achieve their set objectives. Its main aim is to lead people in achievement of better social and economic production through engaging themselves in activities that would enable the citizens towards realizing their vision. According to Saudi Arabia Competitiveness Index (2008), King Khalid Foundation has a vision of strengthening and encouraging community and organization development work in Saud Arabia; this is to improve the lives of the citizens Beneficiaries King Khalid Foundation is devoted in training non profit organization leaders to acquire knowledge that can later be disseminated to the community in their programmes, hence resulting to high production in the society. They offer funds directed to capacity building trainings, partnership-building and resource mobilization, database management, coaching and consulting areas. All these areas are administered to the leaders in non-profit organizations in Saudi Arabia (King Khali
Caffeine Carriers Caffeine is a nervous system stimulant available in nature as coffee, tea leaves, cocoa beans and kola nuts. Many of the energy drinks available in the market contain this stimulant. The notable beverages like Coca cola, Pepsi etc. contain caffeine, though it is labeled as a flavoring agent. The quantity of caffeine varies with each beverage depending upon the mode of preparation and serving. The caffeine has its presence in some pain killers, cold medications and diet pills, and it improves their effectiveness. It acts quite different from other drugs like alcohol, and blocks the adenosine receptors generated through the cellular activities. This makes the natural stimulants of the body soar high. Caffeine Addiction Prolonged and regular intake of caffeine will evolve physical as well as psychological addiction. People who used to take 100 milligram of caffeine can develop headaches, muscle pain, stiffness of the body, nausea, temporary depression and irritation when they stop taking it. A person who takes two cups of coffee every day is susceptible to withdrawal symptoms if he discontinues it. However, it does not cause any serious drug addiction effects like drugs and alcohol. The negative effects of caffeine are mostly overlooked as it is a largely consumed drug accepted by the society at large. Metabolism When caffeine is taken in, the body absorbs and then gets rid of it fast. It carries only half-life of six hours to get itself eliminated from the body system. After ten hours the remaining portion of the caffeine will be rejected from the body. Drinking coffee in the evening can hamper sleep, but it won’t be a problem if it is taken six hours prior to reclining at night. Caffeine sensitivity can fluctuate in relation to the body metabolism and consumption rate. Those who have hypersensitivity will undergo insomnia, nervousness and various intestinal malfunctions. But, generally, it creates no threat to the physical and social aspects of health, like the addictive drugs do, though it can develop a hole in the wallet if too much caffeine is consumed. Keeping these in mind, and considering that I become lethargic when I do not drink coffee, I took a decision to give up drinking it for a weekend, to know what happens during the abstinence. Experiences The moment the decision taken, a sudden feeling for a cup of tea crept in mind. On fighting it out, a slight headache started, followed by some sort of irritation. Concentration was lost abruptly. Prior to quitting coffee, there was a little losing of fluid from the body due to the diuretic effect of caffeine. To cope with that contingency, I began to take more water then, which eased the situation. However, as I have stopped taking the coffee, the existing gastrointestinal problems escalated which prompted me to seek medication. But, th
Analysis of Image 1 Description It is a photographic image that is placed within a wider frame, with text beneath it. The picture shows a young handsome man pointing a gun directly at the viewer. The gunpoint is the main focus in the picture and grabs almost all the attention of the viewer. It is literally pointed at the direct center between the viewer’s eyes so that the picture is somewhat intimidating. It gives a feeling of being really facing the threat of a gunshot. The aim is accurate and the range is point-blank. The gun point is actually in the upper half of the picture and the aim is at the viewer’s eye level. The background is a medium-colored green in two shades, and the man is dressed in black with a little bit of the same medium sea green in front. He is holding a gun directly at the camera and hence his fist holding the gun seems larger than life due to the close-up angle and his face look like a distant small figure. He is holding the gun tightly as can be seen by the rush of blood to the fingers. His finger is on the trigger and looks as if he is about to pull the trigger at the viewer anytime. There are two types of text. The bold one says ‘Gun Control’ in all capital letters. It is positioned beneath the picture, uses blue colored font against a black background. The first and last letters of ‘Gun Control’ are bigger in size. Beneath this main text, there is a subtext of two lines in white color that says “A political movement based on angering gun owners probably wasn’t the best idea’. At the lower-left, there is a small logo in white with red text saying “IMAO.US”. The picture looks it’s meant to be a poster. The character is taking aim at the viewer at point-blank range. The character in the picture is a young male, white in the race, has well-combed hair, and looks normal. Only one of his eyes is visible as the other eye is hidden behind the gun, probably engaged in taking aim. He makes powerful eye contact with his one
Introduction This paper shall try to analyze, compare and contrast two strongly or heavily slanted pieces of writing: the City Room’s editorial of New York Times “The Times Answers Spitzer Scandal Questions” written by Sam Roberts and the UK’s Guardian pop music review “Ashley Alexandra Dupree” written by Alexis Petridis. Discussion Article 1: “The Times Answers Spitzer Scandal Questions.” The City Room, 2008 by Sam Roberts. Position: Anti-Spitzer Summary: This question and answer editorial is a summation of all the things that transpired from investigative reporting, to political implications on the issue about the former governor of New York who had been entangled in prostitution and even un-allowed spending of campaign donations. The former governor’s involvement and legal standing, however, remain cloudy as of press time (Roberts, 2008). The use of “question and answer” format in reporting makes reporting and fact delivery simpler and easier both for the writer and the readers in a manner that euphemism — the vague use of terms to make blatant accusations mild. By directly addressing one question after another, the writer will present only what is needed gauging the question and will not lead to other unrelated issues. The question and answer style was used in this editorial to clear up cloudy issues about the most recent political scandal that besought the State of New York, about its resigned governor Eliot Spitzer. The questions run the gamut of knowing what was behind the editorial investigations as far as implications of the political downfall of Spitzer on the Presidential race. Use of words such as “linked”, “described in the affidavit” were used amidst words such as “prostitute” to level up the harsh implications about the sexual scandals of the former official. As it has been advised by many experts on the area, writing could take on a lot of style and form that could lead to more things other than what was actually written and read (Woolfolk, 1989 and Bosmajian, 1984). The use of question and answer, at an apparent situation, may mean a direct, no-frills discussion about a certain issue. But with references to what may be reported as actual events and discussions, euphemisms or allusions to “other” meanings of a report could not be avoided, if not directed by the article itself. This, guilt by association was also built upon by the article. Through immediate linking on Spitzer to prostitution has achieved a guilty verdict for the fallen government official. There are certain advantages of the press that make them explore all possibilities of a report, especially for noise a
Functionalism and conflict theories are both macro-sociological theories. They differ from micro-sociological theories because they deal with the study of a large number of people in a given nation or even the whole world. These theories cover a variety of topics on groups and major organizations of single or numerous societies. Micro sociological theories deal with small groups of people. This paper focuses on the two theories and their differences in perspectives. The conflict theory indicates that each part of the society is interdependent and participates to the society role as a whole. This theory views the society as a balance between its parts. In the biological point of view, society is observed just like a human body which is checked to determine which parts of the body are working and which ones are not. Diagnosis is done to come with results to restore the body’s balance. Similarly, when the government gives education to its citizens it expects taxes from the family to keep it running. The family depends on schools to educate children for them to get employment in their later lives, have their own families, and cater to the family’s needs. As the children grow and get their jobs, they start paying taxes and support the government and their parents. Therefore, each aspect of society becomes productive in an orderly way (Stark c.3). However, if the order does not go well, each aspect of the society adapt to follow a new order to be stable and productive. For example, in case of financial difficulties, which render many people jobless due to inflation, people trim their budgets and schools cut the programs offered, thus the social order is changed while stability and productivity take place. Other functional processes in the society include friendships, health, peace, and population increase. The conflict theory, on the other hand, presents the society differently than the functionalism theory. The conflict theory focuses on the negative while the functionalism focuses on the positive parts of the society. It assumes that those who are wealthy continue to increase their wealth while the poor continue to suffer. The power effort is gained by the wealthy and lost by the poor (Stark c.3). Nevertheless, the conflict theorist’s support social change, unlike the functionalisms, which support the status quo. Karl Marx established the theory when he saw that powerful people were exploiting the less powerful or the poor in society. Marx, together with other theorists pointed out that we need inequity in order to survive and that different social classes are common. In functionalism point of view, a scholar will view the range of sociological approaches which evaluate the law in the society. These lawmakers in countries like the U.S study the interaction between the law and different institutions such as social and non-social institutions and rules for social control in the society are set. Since the functionalism tends to support the wealthy because it does not support the social change, the law deals with those who violate the rights
How MRI and Ultrasound Works   * Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) does not use X-rays to take images of body organs.   * It is possible to take pictures of any part of the body at almost any angle using MRI.   * Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to create images of various body parts and organs.   * Both MRI and ultrasound are non-invasive procedures. MRI vs. Ultrasound   * Neonatal cranial ultrasound is used in detecting brain injury in preterm infants and can be used repetitively without harming the infant.   * MRI is used for the same purpose of imaging the brain but it is time consuming and is hardly used repetitively.   * Ultrasound scans help in determining the extent of intracranial hemorrhage.   * Ultrasound is fast and inexpensive and can be done at the bedside without any side effects.   * MRI is expensive, time consuming and resource consuming thus not readily available.   * MRI is however better in predicting adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes even at the age of 2 years compared to cranial ultrasound.   * Conventional MRI is powerful in detecting white matter abnormalities and analyzing effects in preterm babies, but ultrasound cannot.   * There is difficulty in establishing superiority of MRI at term to sequential cranial ultrasound from birth to term.   * Cranial ultrasound in very low birth weight infants has high reliability in determining cystic white matter injury.   * However, it is poor in detecting non-cystic injuries, which are more common.   * MRI however at term is sensitive enough to WM injury of non-cystic form. General Observations   * Conventional MRI adds insignificant clinical information to term age infants with normal cranial ultrasound.   * Ultrasound therefore emerges as not only beneficial but also cost effective than MRI in detecting low risk disabilities.   * MRI techniques can however be useful in detecting abnormalities at an
Introduction The development of art and architecture of the African countries have been significantly predetermined by historical events and environmental factors. Cameroon is a country in the Central Africa. Cameroon’s population is divided into three primary ethnic groups. Every group has peculiarities of art and architecture. Although there are differences in visual manifestations of works of art, the central aim of the art in Cameroon is to glorify the royal power of kings. Overview of the African Art The continent of Africa is known as the cradle for human beings. The majority of scientists agrees that human life commenced in Africa. Archeologists have found cultural artifacts that are more than 70 000 years old in Africa. This fact proves the statement that Africa is the source of humanity. After Asia, Africa is the next largest continent in the world. It is also the second most populated continent. Nowadays, almost fifty various nations comprise Africa. The continent has an immense geographical and environmental diversity that influences the development of art. Nearly seven hundred million people live in the contemporary Africa. Besides, scholars estimate that there are more than one thousand different languages. There is no doubt that such diversity impacts the ways of expression of art in various tribes and cultures 1 . Most pieces of art of African nations have formal functions. The notion of purely aesthetic art was introduced after the colonization. Functional pieces of art were used for rituals. Sculptures represent the dominant type of art. The most widespread medium is wood. Masks also play a significant role in the African art. One more distinctive feature of the African pieces of art is that they depict the transformed or adorned bodies. Fi
The issues of race and a variety of aspects of equality in all spheres of life are the most important issues in the history of the United States. Moreover, these issues were and still are so critical that they should be reviewed and acted upon on a national level. Regardless of the fact that nowadays black people are respected more than before, that is still not enough to call a total state of equality present. The history of the United States shows how hard it has always been to build a nation where all the rights are equal, and numerous responsibilities and social roles are not unfair and prejudicing (Asante & Karenga, 2006). The modern-day improvements in the United States are evident but African Americans are still more likely to live in shortage, a considerably lower percent of them is well-educated, and the number of black people in prisons is six times higher than that of white people, which shows that the gap between the two races is diminishing with every other year, but it still exists. Roles, rights, and responsibilities of black men and women in society The roles of the black people in the American society of the 19 th and 20 th century can be described as minor in comparison to the white population (Foy, 2012). In the impenetrable atmosphere of segregation and constant discrimination, the blacks had only basic rights and lots of responsibilities that did not correspond any reasonable definition of equality or tolerance. The status of the black minority in society was the key issue. One of the indicators of injustice was the attitude towards black women. There was a time when rape was not considered a serious crime if the victim was a black woman, and the alleged aggressors were white males. Moreover, there is a long history of gender and race labels that depicted black women as volatile and predisposed to crime. For this reason, black women risked being attacked and left defenseless in the courtroom due to the lack of sufficient rights to enable a legitimate resistance to the allegations. A similar situation can be traced with black men, for the reason that courts were unwilling to accuse the offender, regardless of the gravity of the crime committed against the minority. The fact of exemption has practically caused the surefire that authorities would not lift a finger to punish the offenders. The views on the issue Booker T. Washington’s standpoint Washington planned, established, and led the Tuskegee Institute. It turned into a livewire of African-American education and politically aware impact in the United States. Washington claimed that African Americans should essentially focus on educating themselves, gaining knowledge invaluable crafts, and financing their own commerce. Heavy labor, financial progress, and distinction, he alleged, would demonstrate to whites the value of black people to the American budget. Washington supposed that his dream for black people would sooner or later lead to identical party-political and civic rights. In the intervening time, he recommended blacks to set aside their instantaneous demands for voting and concluding racial seclusion. Washington recognized the certainty of ethnic isol
Introduction In an effort to attain a high operational efficiency, firms in different economic sectors are increasingly incorporating performance tools. These tools aim at enhancing execution of performance management roles within firms. According to Dye (2010, para. 1), performance management contributes towards enhancement of competence within a firm. Considering the opportunity presented, Londyou has made a decision enter into the market by developing a performance tracking website. According to Krantz (2008, p.211), performance tracking websites are efficient in enabling a firm to evaluate its portfolio. In order to succeed and attain a high market position, the firm will required to develop a strong performance tracking website. This arises from the fact that it will face intense competition from other firms already in the industry. The two main categories of products which pose a threat to the success of the intended performance tool include enterprise human resource systems and social business systems. Enterprise human resource systems include software designed to support various human resource functions such as compensation management, performance appraisal, reward management and on-boarding. On the other hand, social business systems entail an enterprise based system which assists collaboration of the various associates. Considering the nature of competition in the market, the success of the new performance tracking tool is dependent on its ability to have a high competitive advantage relative to its competitors. Some of the major competing applications include HR Smart, Peopleclick, Spectrum iVantage, Success Factors, NuView, Yammer, Jive and BrainPark. To be successful, it is paramount for the firm to conduct a comprehensive competitor analysis. According to Grant (2005, p.106), competitor analysis plays a significant role in a firm’s effort to formulate strategies aimed at countering the competition. In light of this, this paper entails an analysis of nAbleyou’s competitors. Well designed websites In their operation, all these firms have effectively designed their website by incorporating various contents. This enables potential customers to access sufficient information regarding the firm and its performance tracking tools. Some of the content included in their websites relates to company history, products, news and events, and contact information. Additionally, other firms such as Jive, Brainpark, and Nuview have enhanced their competitive advantage in the design of their website by including video demos, how they differ in product delivery options. The video demos enabl