ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background This paper is a dissertation on the topic of management approaches. Special attention is given to the need for a radical shift from mechanistic management approaches to human relations approaches. The paper discusses three mechanistic management approaches namely scientific management, bureaucratic and administrative approaches and three human relations approaches namely systems theory, the contingency approach, and the socio-technical approach. The research which I’m planning to undertake is worth the effort because many organizations have stagnated due to the application of mechanistic approaches in management. It should be noted that the management approach is very critical for the development of organizations because it determines the levels of efficiency, effectiveness and employee motivation. Organizations also exist in dynamic social, political and economic environments and thus the need of making the necessary changes in the management approach so as to make organizations to not only stay relevant but also continue attaining their goals and objectives in an efficient and effective manner (Wreu & Beduau, 2009). What is an organization? An organization is a group of people who work together with coordinated efforts to achieve certain objectives or goals. Organizational goals and objectives are of various categories and it is this variation of the goals and objectives which classify organizations into three main categories namely profit-making; service-based and social responsibility based organizations (Murray & Jones, 2006). What is organization development? Organization development refers to a systematic and ongoing process of designing and implementing effective organizational change. It is also a scientific field of inquiry in which scholars study how best organizations can be developed (Bradford & Burke, 2005). The underlying principle of organizational development is, therefore, the need to implement change in organizations and manage the change so as to achieve certain predetermined objectives (Cummings & Worley, 2009). Classical / Mechanistic Approaches to Management These theories emphasize more on formal organizations and how to increase efficiency in organizations and pay little attention to employee relations and motivation. The Scientific Management Approach This theory was developed by Taylor in 1947. The theory focuses on the importance of planning work. The theory may be misused by managers to exploit their empl
There are many diseases and conditions of stomach which cause many problems to people. Dwelling upon the most serious ones which lead to much pain, peptic ulcer disease and stomach cancer are the most spread ones. Depending on the stage of a disease and the ways of treatment, it is possible to live for a long time with any of these diagnoses. However, there are also cases when people failed to treat the diseases which led to death. The main idea of this paper is to dwell upon peptic ulcer disease and stomach cancer, the causes of the diseases, signs and symptoms, and how the diseases are diagnosed. Peptic ulcer disease is the gastrointestinal tract problem characterized by the “defects in the gastric or duodenal mucosa that extend through the muscularis mucosa” (Wilkins, & Welchman, 2010, p. 49). The most spread causes of a peptic ulcer disease are H. pylori infection and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, such infections as “cytomegalovirus, tuberculosis, Crohn’s disease, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic renal failure, sarcoidosis, and myeloproliferative disorder” (Ramakrishnan, & Salinas, 2007, p. 1005) also affect human beings and may be the reasons of the disease development. Epigastric pain that lasts for several weeks and even months is the main symptom of the disease. This pain may intensify during the mealtime or after two or three hours after eating. Many patients report about bloating, nausea, belching, and anorexia while diagnosing the problem, however, these symptoms may point to many other problems, therefore, they are considered as the supporting ones (Wilkins, & Welchman, 2010). An outpatient oesophagogastroduodenoscopy is one of the most spread types of disease diagnosing. Ramakrishnan and Salinas (2007) have conducted a research where they have defined the following tests as the main ones for diagnosing peptic ulcer disease, they are EGD, contrast radiography, Serologic ELISA, Urea breath test, Stool antigen test, Urine-based ELISA and rapid urine test, and Endoscopic biopsy. Stomach cancer is defined as a disease “in which the cells in the stomach divide without control or order and take on an abnormal appearance; these cancerous cells often spread to nearby organs and to other parts of the body” (Ferrara, 2010, p. 1579). Stomach cancer is also known as the gastric cancer. The disease causes are not considered up to the end and there are no strict issues which may be characterized as the reasons of the disease appearance. However, there are a number of risk factors wh
The Engineers Australia Stage 1 Competencies list includes sixteen competencies that should be demonstrated by professionals in the field of engineering. In the area of Knowledge and Skill Base, it is important to determine for the analysis such competence as “Knowledge of contextual factors impacting the engineering discipline”; and in the area of Professional and Personal Attributes, it is necessary to identify such competence as “Professional use and management of information” ( Engineers Australia, 2014, p. 2). This reflective paper discusses the personal accomplishments in the sphere of engineering in the context of determining competencies. The knowledge of contextual factors is important for a person to successfully operate within the sphere of engineering because the role of contextual aspects is significant, and they can often influence the success of the whole project. I am inclined to act according to this competency when I plan the engineering project for the academic courses while taking into consideration all the contextual factors like the impact of the project implementation on the environment and society; its contribution to the idea of sustainability; and its potential success from the point of business management. Therefore, while working at the project during the study and while practising, I focus on the principle of sustainability and try to use my knowledge in the area of engineering in order to propose the most sustainable plan. Developing a project, I refer to the proposed conditions, resources, and materials. From this point, I not only understand the relationship between engineering systems and people but also try to plan projects appropriate to address their needs in terms of sustainability (Harris, Pritchard, & Rabins, 2013, p. 29). In practice, the planning stage is directly associated with predicting the influences of the engineering projects on the public, economic growth, and on the environment (Martin & Schinzinger, 2004, p. 54). In this context, the knowledge of contextual factors is important to plan the whole process effectively. The professional manipulation of different types of information is also important in the area of engineering because of the necessity to make decisions supported by the appropriate data. I meet this element while completing the course tasks and working at a range of assignments because I need to analyse and apply a lot of literature in the field of engineering. The efficient work with databases and different types of sources provide me with the opportunity to monitor the researches in the field of engineering, select the most reliable and accurate data and findings and made my practical engineering decisions while developing projects based on this information ( Engineers Australia, 2015). This skill is also important for future work practice because professionals in the field of engineering make evidence-based decisions and consta
The essay is a critique of the article titled “Breast cancer survivorship: Are African American women considered? A concept analysis” written by Farmer and Smith, published back in 2002. The article talks about the issue of cancer survivorship. The main purpose of the work was to use evolutionary view concept analysis to cancer survivorship with a major concern on breast cancer and African American women population (Farmer & Smith, 2002). The research design used was qualitative, concept analysis. The data were collected from fifty references, from the medicine and nursing sector. The finding of the analysis is that the issue of cancer survivorship is exclusive, developing, and at the same time it depends on what individuals perceive to be cancer diagnosis as well as personal experiences regarding living with cancer after being diagnosed (Farmer & Smith, 2002). In my view, I believe that the authors managed to give readers enough background of the problem. Additionally, they went the extra mile in making sure that their work was well researched since the reader is able to understand what cancer survivorship is. As purported by Burns & Grove, 2009 sampling is one important criterion in research whether the approach taken is qualitative or quantitative. The sole reason to do this is that it would not be rational to carry out a study by considering the entire population. This is because it would be very expensive in terms of money as well as time for one to arrive at a conclusion. The authors had access to six databases; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cancer Lit, MEDILINE, Health-STAR, Premedline and PsychInfo (Farmer & Smith, 2002). The use of search terms ‘cancer survivorship’ and ‘English’ were appropriate since it only generates references that are in English and deal with cancer. This resulted to 192 references. According to the authors, references qualified to be used in the study only if they used ‘cancer survivorship’ as a title. Thirty references were obtained from computer searches and eleven were obtained manually. However, the authors failed to explain how they ensured that references from the six databases were selected randomly or otherwise (Burns & Grove, 2009). In my view, using 50 references from the field of nursing and medicine was appropriate and adequate. Considering the fact that nursing and medicine has over 50,000 references about cancer, justifies the need to have a size that can be managed by the authors. I also believe that the size is indeed adequate enough to allow one to carry out a content analysis. This is based on the fact that Rodgers, in his content analysis concept proposed that the limit of references to be used should be at least 30 in number
Introduction Addiction is an urgent public health issue that is attracting the attention of many stakeholders. Policymakers, healthcare practitioners, law enforcement professionals, researchers, and educators have been involved in the discussion of various aspects of the problem. Psychotherapy is regarded as a key to addressing the issue, which has led to the development of various types of interventions for different groups (Jordan, Lampo, Parshall, & DeVuyst, 2014). It is noteworthy that the rate of addiction specifically among offenders is high (Rourke, Howard, & Martire, 2015). It has been widely believed that offenders are unlikely to seek professional help, which has resulted in the introduction of mandatory interventions addressing this population’s addiction issues (Rourke et al., 2015). However, the cost-effectiveness of these interventions is still in dispute, and ethical and legal concerns are often put forward. The purpose of this paper is to review recent studies to identify the challenges and opportunities related to the use of coercion in the counseling of mandated clients with addictions. Coercion is one of the primary components of the mandatory programs as clients are subjected to pressure from legal institutions, as well as from relatives, friends, colleagues, and employers. At the same time, the opponents of this approach to addressing the problem of addiction emphasize that mandatory interventions violate some of the basic rights protected by the US Constitution (Manchak, Skeem, & Rook, 2014). Furthermore, critics emphasize that the cost-effectiveness of mandatory counseling interventions is doubtful due to clients’ lack of motivation and commitment to the goals of this treatment (Wolfe, Kay-Lambkin, Bowman, & Childs, 2013). As far as the ethical issues are concerned, autonomy is the central element of counseling provided to mandated clients, and it is violated. Uusitalo and Van der Eijk (2016) argue that the population in question is being deprived of their right to make decisions concerning their health and wellbeing. As a substance abuse counselor, I am particularly interested in the effects coercion has on mandated clients’ outcomes. I have worked with clients who had either counseling or prison as their two available options, which made their intrinsic motivation rather low. One of the major ethical dilemmas for me with the use of coercion is that it is inappropriate in counseling, in my opinion. When I started working on this assignment, I expected to find the answers to my questions concerning the effectiveness, and more importantly the appropriateness of coercion in counseling provided to mandated clients. Since I mainly work with people diagnosed with substance abuse, the primary focus of this paper is on this population. Literature Review The review of recent literature on coercion in mandated clients’ counseling resulted in the identification of four topics. The central areas of concern include the impact of coercion on motivation, the effectiveness of coercion and existing alternatives, ethical and legal challenges to the use of coercion, and mandated clients’ perspectives on the matter. It should be n
Cultures are different in certain aspects. Language is one of the cultural aspects that differ across cultures. Although I am a Chinese, I am able to speak three languages, Mandarin, Cantonese and English. The notion that I am an international student, having come from a very different culture implies that I have been exposed to different cultures where the use of the English language varies. This follows from the fact that I have resided in the United States for more than one year after completing my high school studies in the United Kingdom. It is important to note that earlier on, I schooled in China where I began perfecting my knowledge in English. Based on this illustration, it is clear that I have encountered different cultural backgrounds that influence my use of language. The fact that the UK and the US use different languages from the one I was used to presented a big challenge since I had to learn the language again. Although, both the UK and the US use the English language, it is evident that there are slight differences that become clear in the usage. When an individual joins a different place where the language used is not the same, it is sensible to
Alpha Behn is one of the first English Professionals female writers. Others famed writers include Eliza Haywood and Delavierier Manley among others. Behn was born in England in sixteen forty to Bartholomew Johnson and Elizabeth Denham. His parents lived in Canterbury. The father was a barber while her mother worked as a family nurse to the Colepeper family. Behn grew to become a creative and intellectual writer of poems, plays, and novels among other works (Todd 8). This was during the English revolution before her death in sixteen eighty-nine when she was forty-eight years of age. Her authorship was professional because it earned her a living. This paper seeks to unravel and explore her life, work achievements, difficult moments, and her demise. Following the information given by Thomas Colepeper, the youngest son of the Colepeper family, who referred to Behn as a foster sister, it is very possible that she grew up in this family. The Colepeper’s were well to do. Alpha Behn while in her mid twenties, is said to gone on a journey to Venezuela that was later renamed Suriname. This journey introduced her to her writing profession later in life. As much the details indicating the reason why she traveled are not documented, the fact that the journey did take place has been documented (Hobby 79). This journey at the same time through her early works gave awareness and enlightened the British people of the sufferings that the slaves went through in the hands of their masters. This trip led Behn to an encounter with an African man who happened to be a slave leader. The experience was the story behind her famous book, Oroonoko, a story of a royal slave and his tragic love, published in sixteen eighty-eight in London. The African man was a slave leader who turned out to become the leader of the slaves’ rebellion against the slave masters in Suriname along the Suriname River. The ending was so bloody because the masters administered brutal, unsophisticated, unrestrained, and least to say uncouth punishment to him. There is particular evidence from the articles documented by other scholars alongside her own writings, which lead to the conclusion that Alpha Behn was a Catholic. One of her plays, The Rover II, that she wrote in two parts, part one coming out in sixteen seventy seven and part two that was published in seventeen eighty one were dedicated
Introduction The modern and temporary world has ushered in numerous artists in various fields over the decades. The twentieth century is credited with producing the world’s best and memorable artists. These fields include: music, writing, poetry, drama, movie among others. An artist is someone involved in creating an art or skilled in an art. Artistry is more conformed to the study and practice as opposed to theory. This research paper will attempt to compare two artists of the twentieth century, Langston Hughes and Tennessee Williams. Langston Hughes Hughes, also known as James Mercer was born in Joplin Missouri to Caroline (Carrie) Mercer Langston and James Nathaniel Hughes on February 1, 1902 and lived 65 years. He was a poet, writer, novelist, dramatist, essayist, columnist, lyricist and a social activist. Hughes was an African American born of a mixed race; both of his great-grandmothers were African American while both great-grandfathers were Whites. Being Native American descent and European American, he spent his childhood in the small towns of the Midwest. His Uncle from whom, he got his name was the first African American in the United States Congress in 1988, His maternal grandmother, an African American, had first married Lewis Sheridan Leary, who died in 1859 after joining the Harper’s Ferry incident. She later married Charles and had a daughter and gave her the name Caroline, who was the mother to Hughes. His Parents divorced when he was still very young and spent most of his childhood life with her grandmother in Lawrence, Kansas (Sheridan, 1999, pp. 169). Hughes grandmother died when he was still in his early teens and he had to move in with his mother, who by that time hade got a new husband. His grandmother died when he was thirteen and he went to live with his mother who had remarried. It is here that he joined Lincoln high school, and was elected the class poet. He lived with His father after graduation. Langston went on with writing even though his father was of a different opinion, suggesting that he study engineering. Racism forced him out of Columbia University after one year during which he held different odd jobs. He travelled a lot in this period; to West Africa and France and England in 1920s.He wrote his first poem, The weary blues in 1926 then wrote the award winning literature novel, Not without a laughter in 1930 after graduating from Lincoln University in 1929. Hughes’ poems were largely focused on uplifting the blacks who were despised, and of low economic strata. His fictions and poems were centred on the insightful views of the black American working class which he conveyed as full of music, elation, amusement and su
The War of 1812 was held between the British Empire and the U.S. The declaration of the War followed a request by President James Madison. The main aim of President Madison was to safeguard the American ships on the high seas and stop the British from capturing the U.S. sailors (Elting 5). The relationship between the British and the Native Americans influenced the decision made by Madison as well. Most critics argue that the War of 1812 was a Madison’s War. However, others see it as the American second war for independence. The War of 1812 was ignited by the failure to restore the French Monarchy during the French revolution. The war erupted when Britain had captured the American sailors. Important personalities behind the war included Quincy Adams, a leading personality of the American diplomatic relations, Henry Clay, who was a speaker of the House of Representatives and a leading war hawk, Isaac Brock, who commanded the British forces in Canada, Thomas Cochrane, who was a commander of the British Royal Navy, Andrew Jackson, who won a stunning victory over the British forces, Thomas Macdonough, whose contribution to victory in 1814, Robert Ross, a British general who controlled land forces, William Winder, who commanded a disorganized American force at Bladensburg, and President Madison (Stagg 26). The events that occurred during the War of 1812 included the refusal of Chesapeake that forced the British to open fire violating the international laws, and the Bladensburg race in which the British routed the Americans leading their way to Washington which they burned. The end of the War of1812 was marked with an agreement signed in 1815; it known as the Treaty of Ghent. Another important event during the conflict was the Hartford Convention used by the New England Federalists to discuss their grievances (Stagg 32). The impacts of the War of 1812 were felt by the slaveholders in the South. Most of the slaves ran away to take part in the conflict (Goldfield, et. al. 65). The Native Americans were the key losers because they were on par with the blacks because the British withdrew their financial and military support. They were left to face increasing white settlement without a unifying leadership (Elting 9). In conclusion, the War of 1812 provided an opportunity to the Americans to grow stronger and wealthier. In the long run, none of the fighting countries were prepared to engage in the conflict (Elting 9). Works Cited Elting, John R. Amateurs, to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812, New York: Da Capo Press, 1995. Print. Goldfield, David, et al. The American Journey: The History of the United States . Second edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print. Stagg, James C. Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, USA: Oxford Univers