ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Nowadays, it is becoming ever clearer to more and more people across the world that many Marxian insights, as to the nature of capitalist exploitation, have never lost their actuality. However, most of these acumens do not take into account the systemic aspects of capitalist production. Moreover, they rarely focus on the actual strategies, deployed by the rich and powerful to ensure that the representatives of the socially underprivileged populations continue to remain discursively marginalized. This, in turn, created the objective preconditions for the emergence of feminist analysis, as the tool for obtaining a better understanding of post-industrial modernity. The social construction of race, sex, and gender The most significant of all feminist theorizations up to date is concerned with the discovery of a link between capitalist production and the socially constructed notions of “race”, “sexuality”, and “gender”. In her article, Wright explores this subject matter at length. While focusing on the socio-economic exploitation of Mexican female workers in “maquiladoras” (sweatshops), the author has shown that the lowered sense of self-esteem in these women is the necessary prerequisite for the shops where they work to remain profitable. The reason for this is that, for as long as the functioning of commercial organizations that employ a largely unskilled workforce is concerned, it represents a matter of crucial importance for managers to be able to ensure a comparatively high turnover rate amongst workers. The rationale behind this suggestion is that, as it appears from the article, in the economic environment with the dramatically devalued worth of one’s unskilled labor, producing an excessive “surplus value” undermines the company’s short-term sustainability. As Wright aptly observed: “An insufficient degree of turnover… represents another form of waste: an excessive productive capacity” (84). This exposes the innate inconsistency between the employers’ formal commitment to providing unskilled female workers with different skill-enhancing opportunities (so that they would be willing to retain their jobs) and the fact that the very paradigm of capitalist production deems such a course of action counterproductive to the organization’s long-term commercial interests. This explains why, after having arrived to work at maquiladoras from the country’s rural areas, most female workers continue to adhere to the strongly patriarchal “traditional” values, without trying to realize their full existential potential. Contrary to what the “cultural” explanations of the phenomenon insist upon, the unskilled female laborers’ inability to break out of the vicious circle of poverty has very little to do with the specifics of their ethnocultural affiliation. Rather, it is another by-product of the ongoing economic Globalization, commonly associated with the notion of progress. In this regard, the article by Federici can be well thought of as the continuation of the previously analyzed one. According to the author, the
Many people including doctors do not think of evolution as of crucial definer of how human body looks and works and why it sometimes gets sick. What is more, they do not think that not only diseases may have an evolutionary background, but also self-understanding and the way person behaves. Evolution indeed is a primary determinant of all that happens to a human body and consciousness. According to Lieberman, “medicine needs a dose of evolution” (Lieberman 164), and evolution is a continuous process of human body adaptations to the surrounding it lives in, so it receives the best opportunities for reproduction, health, and longevity. Bearing in mind that there is the evolutionary imprint on diseases, it would be easier to treat them because understanding evolution means understanding that not only human body adapts to certain surrounding but also disease cells do, and any disease in itself is the result of evolution (Lieberman 165). Evolution should be borne in mind not only when it comes to treating diseases but also preventing them. When evolving, human body adapts to the environment as well as lifestyle and diet, so when one of that changes it may result in a way a body functions and a disease. This phenomenon is referred to as evolutionary mismatch (Lieberman 169). The simplest example of mismatch disease origins is migration when a human organism is forced to function in new environmental conditions and take nourishment from new products to which it is not adapted. What can also result in a mismatch disease is a rapid development of science and the use of new medicines in treating diseases that human body is not yet used to because evolution is a slow process and it takes hundreds of years for the genes to adapt. What also causes mismatch diseases is diet and lifestyle. Not long ago people had to grow or hunt their food and were used to being hungry most of the time but today getting food is easy. What is more, the food contains a lot of sugars and fat, so the body receives more energy than it needs thus gaining excess weight (Lieberman 253). People also do their best to live in comfort and novelty using too many chemicals and technologies in everyday life that may as well result in mismatch diseases. “We are inadequately adapted to being too physically idle, too well fed, too comfortable, too clean” (Lieberman 349) but nevertheless more sick. It is known as the vicious circle of too much. Sometimes a mismatch disease is not a problem; a problem is how it is taken. If habits and environment causing mismatch diseases are passed to next generation, the disease is not eradicated but becomes acceptable because the society knows how to treat it. This phenomenon is known as dysevolution (Lieberman 176). Understanding evolution can go far beyond medicinal issues and enhance not only understanding diseases and treatment but also human’s self-con
Introduction Culture refers to the “system of knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and experiences shared by a large group of people such as an ethnic community” (Luger, 2009, p. 12). In business, culture is important because it determines the way people think, communicate, make decisions, and solve problems. This paper will focus on the importance of culture in business in the context of South Korea. Specifically, it will discuss the elements of South Korea’s culture that a Canadian should consider when doing business with a Korean. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Power Distance Index (PDI) This cultural dimension “measures the extent to which members of a society accept unequal distribution of power” (Luger, 2009, p. 47). Figure 1 in the appendix shows that Korea’s PDI is 60. By contrast, Canada’s PDI is 39. This means that South Korea is a relatively hierarchical society where people accept unequal distribution of power (Lee, 2012). However, in Canada people expect equal distribution of power due to their low PDI. Canadian companies use a horizontal organizational structure to facilitate sharing of power between the management and employees. Thus, a Canadian should consider the fact that in South Korea senior employees have more power than their juniors. Moreover, junior employees have to address their seniors using their titles rather than their first names (Lee, 2012). During negotiations, South Koreans deal only with senior managers. Thus, a Canadian company that intends to negotiate a contract with a South Korean firm should use senior members of its management such as the CEO to ensure success. Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV) This dimension measures the level of interdependence among members of a society. Figure 1 shows that South Korea’s IDV is 18, whereas that of Canada is 80. This means that South Korea is a collectivist society, whereas Canada is an individualist society (Ting & Ying, 2013). South Korea’s collectivist culture requires its citizens to live in harmony. Thus, people are not expected to engage in behaviors that lead to embarrassment in the community (Lee, 2012). Thus, a Canadian should avoid criticizing or arguing with his South Korean counterpart in public. Disagreements and negative feedback should be given in private using indirect communication to avoid embarrassment. A Canadian should be aware of the fact that negotiations
The article in question dwells upon the issues concerning representation in terms of gender. The author tries to come up with the most appropriate pattern of representation of the woman. Chow concludes that representation as well as self-representation is subjective and interconnected with such notions as ethnicity, race, class, etc. The author starts the article with a strong argument. He states that human societies often rely on the system of signs which presupposes “hierarchization and evaluation” (Chow 38). Humans make out specific signs that stand for specific ideas, notions, phenomena, etc. The author proceeds by defining representation in terms of gender. The researcher notes that women should be seen as equal to men (as both represent human beings), though they are often regarded as inferior to males. Thus, the author comes to a very important conclusion. He tries to define those who are engaged in development of representation. The author claims that representation of women is worked out by men in terms of imperialistic Western cultures (Chow 42). The author concludes that if representation is such a subjective phenomenon, people should rely on self-representation. The researcher states that people have already acknowledged benefits of self-representation as such works as diaries, memoirs and auto-biographies have gained popularity. Chow also argues that self-representation can be regarded as the result of the democratization of Western societies (44). The author also provides Foucault’s ideas concerning self-representation. Chow also claims that self-representation has become non-representative as people tend to depict ‘imaginary’ selves. The author also refers to Spivak’s ideas concerning representation of women. The author provides particular examples which vividly illustrate the researcher’s ideas. One of the brightest examples is the way pornography is seen by different people. The author argues that this can be regarded as a kind of representation and self-representation. Chow concludes that representation of women is closely connected with such notions as inequality, class, religion, ethnicity, etc. The article in question touches upon very disputable issues. These issues are also considered in other works. For instance, Brenda J. Allen focuses on issues concerning self-identity and self-representation (228). The author argues that it can be difficult to find oneself, though it is crucial for self-development and self-realization. Another work also touches upon issues concerning self-identity (Wong(Lau) 267). The author notes that race, class and gender are interconnected. The author also deals with the importance of self-identity in terms of these notions. One more work focuses on the racial aspect of self-representation (Harris 240). Notably, though the major focus is made on race, the author also pays a lot of attention to gender and cla
Universal Design for Learning (UDL) exemplifies a set of principles for developing accessible curricula and inclusive classroom environments that can be adapted to the individual needs and preferences of a diverse set of learners (CAST, 2012; Mannheimer & Hasselbring, 2014). This blog post describes how UDL would be implemented in a face-to-face music classroom consisting of students with a diverse set of needs. The lesson topic referred to in this discussion is music theory. In the UDL framework, learning objectives must be separated from the instructional techniques used to achieve them in order to avail a variety of pathways to the objectives at all levels (CAST, 2012). As an example, a lesson of music presented in a face-to-face teaching mode can be chosen. While dealing with the topic related to the voice leading, the main objective of the lesson plan is to ask music students to identify patterns that can help them internalize the syntax of common-practice harmony and voice leading. For many learners, the figured bass technique is a perfectly effective method for achieving this objective as it is typically assumed that an average learner is sighted and has an adequate visual ability to perform the exercise. However, some barriers prevent a part of the students from reaching the goal. Ones have vision and hearing difficulties while others are slow learners in music theory. The three principles of UDL (representation, action and expression, and engagement) can be employed by the music teacher to develop a methodology that could be used to improve students’ learning outcomes irrespective of need (CAST, 2012; Mannheimer & Hasselbring, 2014). The teacher may adopt methods that leverage aural and kinesthetic modalities of learning (e.g., strategic categorization, active memorization, improvisation, error-detection exercises, engagement) to cater for the needs of such students. Additionally, scaffolding can be used to assist slow learners in music theory as it entails the initial em
It cannot be denied that educational leadership remains one of the most important topics related to teaching that are often discussed in the academic community. Nevertheless, speaking about educational leadership, it is necessary to assume that its definitions proposed by various researchers may be slightly different. In general, the notion refers to educators’ and other specialists’ ability to influence students or followers and encourage them to extend their knowledge and behave in accordance with the prescribed rules (McLeskey & Waldron, 2015). Furthermore, effective educational leadership is impossible without proper vision that may be supported both by an individual and the entire community related to the process of education (Dinh et al., 2014). There is a wide range of ways to study the components of educational leadership, including making a comparison between situations in different locations (Santamaría, Webber, & Pearson, 2014). In general, it is hard to make the educational process more effective without studying the reasons that may influence educational leadership development. Considering the significance of proper education for the entire nation, it may be stated that it is extremely important to study the factors connected to educational leadership. As for the important findings related to the sphere, it is necessary to pay an increased attention to the study that was conducted by Sternke (2011). Working on the discussed paper, the author was interested in studying particular leadership traits of the participants and analyzing their role and significance. In order to do that, the author observed and analyzed the behavior and leadership traits of superintendents from the most successful schools in Wisconsin. Interestingly, the results were then assessed with regard to the findings reported by another author who singled out a few personal traits and behaviouristic characteristics peculiar to chief executive officers working in successful companies. It was important for Sternke to define all the factors that could influence the participants’ effectiveness and leadership skills. Speaking about the way of how the results were analyzed, it is necessary to mention that Collins, whose work was used by Sternke invented a special system of classification where leadership skills were divided into groups. Collins singled out five levels of leadership. Having assessed the participants’ behavior in accordance with these levels, the author concluded that the traits that they possessed corresponded to the ones that were usually found in leaders of the highest level. Therefore, the range of the leadership skills found in school superintendents was very similar to the one that chief executive officers possessed. What is more, the author concluded that there were even behaviors that had not been mentioned by previous researchers; thus, the author concluded that it was
Which important components of an ASD assessment were included? The following are specific parts of Asperger syndrome diagnoses that were included in the diagnoses report. The first component of the diagnoses related to the family, where the report sought information on the child’s family background. The report found out that the child comes from a family with father and mother. The diagnoses report also reviewed the child’s schooling information where he attends a special school. The child has special liking for school, is interested in mathematics and sciences but not writing. The report indicated that the child has coherent communication although the communication is poor in conversation or reciprocal conversations. The child however has a good understanding of grammar in terms of construction and completion of sentences. The child displays little or no emotions in conversations and struggles to listen. The child first speaks for long before becoming completely silent. The child talks without taking into consideration whether the other person is listening. The communication assessment report recommends that the child needs alternative communication model to engage in a conversation (Matson, 2008). The report also looks into the social competence of the child and the behavior. The report found that the child is restless in such settings and may not even pay attention to a conversation. The child is poor in perceptive talking as he talks without consideration of other person’s behavior or feelings. The report analyzed the child’s preferences especially in schools where the child is highly interested in science and mathematics but not writing. Which important components of an ASD assessment were not included be specific? There were important components of the ASD assessments that were not included in this report. The first component is the assessment of the child’s neuro cognition. This assessment helps the physician to identify the mental capacity of the child especially in matters that need memory. The neuro cognition tests the planning and organization skills of the child to determine whether the child has Asperger’s syndrome. The second component of Asperger diagnoses left out is the emotional regulation skill that includes the child’s emotional awareness. The test on emotional awareness looks into the child’s mood stability under different emotional settings. It also looks into the child’s coping skills by fitting in different moods and emotions. This assessment report did not look into this aspect of the child (Matson, 2008). The third component left out by this report is the adaptive or functional skills, which are critical in the mental development of every child. This adaptive skill investigates the activities or games that the child enga
Older patients having a fractured neck of the femur are usually discussed within a risk category because of high rates of morbidity and mortality associated with their condition. These patients are often proposed to undergo a total hip replacement to improve health outcomes and increase their functional mobility, but the problem is that negative outcomes associated with surgery are also possible (Bagaria, 2018). In this context, much attention should be paid to proper and effective pre-operative and post-operative management. The focus should be on decreasing risks for older patients that are related to their comorbidities associated with femoral fracture. The early and appropriate surgical fixation of the fracture along with necessary post-operative treatment and rehabilitation are required for addressing the health issue (Farrell, 2016). In this paper, appropriate pre-operative and post-operative management strategies and techniques will be discussed in the context of addressing the case of a nursing home patient who needs to undergo a total hip replacement. Pre-Operative Management Pre-operative management for an older patient includes several stages to complete to prevent any complications related to the surgery. When patients come to the emergency department, nurses are responsible for making primary observations and providing analgesia to relieve severe pain (paracetamol given every six hours or opioids when prescribed) (Spasovski, 2017). If opioids do not work to relieve pain, nerve blocks can be prescribed depending on a patient’s assessment (Farrell, 2016). Nurses also provide nutritional screening for a patient and control a diet and fluids consumption 24 hours before the surgery. Furthermore, a patient will be starved for 6 hours before the surgery (Boddaert, Raux, Khiami, & Riou, 2014). The abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) is applied to assess a patient for a possible cognitive impairment (“Abbreviated mental test score,” n.d.). In this context, the capacity assessment is realized to receive informed consent from a patient. One of the first steps is the assessment by orthogeriatric and orthopedics who conduct evaluations of a patient’s state with the help of nurses and several tools. At this stage, a surgical suitability assessment is also completed based on the results of x-rays. Additionally, the selection of a fitting implant should be completed (Ikpeze, Mohney, & Elfar, 2017). The Nottingham hip fracture score (NHFS) is applied as a specific risk prediction tool for identifying potential risks of the postoperative mortality of a patient (“Risk prediction in surgery,” 2019). The results of the test depend on a patient’s comorbidities, age, gender, preoperative cognitive function, and other factors. Investigations that are important to be conducted during the pre-operative stage include the full blood analysis, the urea analysis, screening for delirium, the measurement of electrolytes, the cardiovascular assessment using an electrocardiogram, and the dental evaluation. The coagulation stat
Having children is the Joy of every family. On the same note, children are a way through which not only continuity of a family lineage, but also continuity of mankind is ensured. In this regard, every person strives to ensure that his or her children are brought up in the best way possible. Among the basic needs that children should get is good education. Therefore, getting a good school for a child is every parent’s priority. Nonetheless, it is quite difficult to come to a consensus as it regards what makes a good school. Despite this, it is important to note that there are fundamental qualities that a good school should poses. To begin with, a good school should have the required facilities to make learning possible. These include the necessary buildings as well as learning equipment. A good school is one that has enough classrooms so that students can fit in without being overclouded. When students are clouded in one classroom, it becomes difficult even for teachers to effectively teach the students. Arguably, buildings alone have nothing to offer to learners without the learning equipment. Therefore, a good school should have enough learning equipment be it books and other reference materials or equipment used for practical lessons. It is important to note that chi