ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Ever since Godfrey Hounsfield developed the first clinical computed tomography (CT) scanner for scanning the head in 1971, computerized tomography has undergone tremendous technological development and has transformed the diagnostic capabilities in medicine. In 1990, the advent of spiral (helical) CT scanning lead to improved diagnostic capabilities. The latest innovation is the multislice CT in 1998. This essay analyses the history, advances, uses, and future of CT. History It was Gabriel Frank who first described the basic idea of tomography in 1940. In 1961, William H. Oldendorf performed a series of experiments based on principles similar to those used in CT. In 1963, David E. Kuhl and Roy Q. Edwards introduced transverse tomography with the use of radioisotopes. The mathematical formulation for reconstructing an object from multiple projections was made by J. Radon (Hsieh, 2003.) Allan M. Cormack reported the findings from investigations of perhaps the first CT scanner that was built. In 1967, Godfrey N. Hounsfield developed the first clinical CT scanner in England. The first clinically available CT device was installed in the Atkinson-Morley Hospital in 1971, and a patient with a large cyst was scanned and the pathology was clearly demonstrated. For their pioneer work, Hounsfield and Cormack shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1979 (Hsieh, 2003.) Advances Some of the advances in CT scanners over the years include the development of spiral CT and multi-slice CT. The advantages of spiral CT are due to continuous data acquisition and short total scanning time. Spiral CT eliminates respiratory motion and interscan gaps. There is optimum visualization of small lesions. Intravascular contrast medium can be used more effectively. The detection of hepatic and pancreatic lesions is significantly improved (Prokop, Galanski, Van Der Molen, 2003.) Multi-slice computed tomography can acquire more than one slice at a time. This is possible because the detector system is composed of more than a single row of detector elements (Uffmann & Prokop, 2001.) There are many advantages of multi slice computed tomography like: reduced artifacts caused due to breathing and pulsation, the ability to get multiplanar sections through the lung parenchyma with a high resolution, and the possibility to simultaneously evaluate high resolution and standard imaging protocols from just a single data acquisition. Three-dimensional techniques like volume rendering and virtual bronchoscopy is also possible with multi-slice computed tomography (Uffmann & Prokop, 2001) CT uses A CT scan of the chest can detect infection, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, and an aneurysm. CT scan of the abdomen can find cysts, abscesses, infection, tumors, an aneurysm, enlarged lymph no
IOM future recommendations on nursing are concerned about the future of health care in general. The recommendations emphasize the important role that nurses will play in the industry by providing safe health services of high quality. In addition, they will play a critical role in ensuring that all patients in the health care system get quality services. The fourth recommendation talks about increasing the number of nurses with university qualifications, a target that should be achieved by 2020. I fit into this recommendation because I am studying for my BSN degree. This will equip me with the knowledge I require to manage, promote and oversee the administration of health services to patients. The recommendation focuses on equipping nurses with leadership skills and the ability to take over responsibilities that provide patients with quality services (Initiative on the Future of Nursing, 2011). Completion of my BSN degree will therefore make me fit well into this recommendation. By 2020, the fifth recommendation envisages a situation where doctorate degrees among nurses will have doubled. This recommendation aims at ensuring that the health care sector comprises professionals with the ability to come up with numerous changes in the sector and increase diversity. I fit into this recommendation because my ultimate goal is to acquire a doctorate. My decision to enroll for my BSN degree justifies my commitment to attain the highest professional level in nursing. Once I complete my degree, I will enroll for a master’s and eventually pursue a doctorate. By 2020, I will have fitted into this recommendation. In the sixth recommendation, nurses are supposed to learn continuously. This recommendation targets nursing institutions, accrediting bodies, and organizations that provide health care services. Different organizations should work together to ensure that health care professionals engage in lifelong learning to acquire the competency required to offer quality health care services. I fit into this recommendation because I am engaged in continuous learning. As a registered nurse, I am advancing my academic knowledge by pursuing a BSN degree. This will equip me with the competency and skills required to provide quality health care services to various populations. Since I am not intending to stop studying after acquiring my degree, I fit into the recommendation. For instance, I will enroll for a master’s degree after which I will pursue a doctorate. Learning for me will be a continuous process. Increasing my level of education will have positive implications concerning my competitiveness in the current job market. There is indeed stiff competition in the job market and only individua
What is so intriguing about fast food? Studies show that American men and women have realized significant gains in body weight over the years. In fact, a larger proportion of the gains in the body mass arise from the escalating promotional activities carried out by the fast-food producing companies such as McDonalds. In addition, the companies enjoy massive sales volume of processed and packed food. In this regard, many people continue to consume such foods thereby experiencing significant weight gains. Based on these factors, several food advocates in the American markets such as Hamburger Chef Jamie Oliver have continuously toiled to make the general society aware of the processes that are utilized by different industries to process fast foods. Further, the activist exposes the dangerous effects that are attributed to the increased consumption of such foods. Jamie Oliver, through documentaries, television shows as well as interviews has made major strides in explaining to the public the processes that the McDonalds Company’s products undergo before they are sold for consumption (Oliver, 2013). Jamie’s exposure on the processes used by McDonalds in the manufacture of hamburger has compelled the company to change its production procedures (Peters, 2013). Further, companies such as Burger King and Taco Bell have ditched the utilization of ammonium hydroxide components in their procedures. Due to the changes in the manufacturing processes by the companies, cases of obesity have been on the decrease across several states in the US (Peters, 2013). Most importantly, the fast food companies have flooded larger proportions of the American states. As such, the firms are taking advantage of the less cautious territories overseas. For instance, McDonalds Company operates in the UK as well as Ireland where the firm utilizes the meat from the local suppliers at lower price rates. In order to realize declining levels of overweight, individuals should circumvent the sustenance of companies that exploit populace for profit at the expense of individuals’ health implications. In addition, the families should also divert their eating habits to plant-based edibles. As such, the populace will be reducing the greenhouse gas discharges emanating from the livestock units.
Introduction As the demand by consumers for safe and suitable food increases, food safety has become critical as it results in significant sickness and economic costs to society and countries. Concerns regarding food safety have grown because of dramatic occurrences of foodborne infections, accidents, and outbreaks, as well as the use of contemporary biotechnology, pesticides, food additives, and other toxins (Oplatowska-Stachowiak & Elliott, 2017). There is rising concern regarding the safety of certain regularly used legal food colorants, as they have been substituting natural materials with artificial synthetic ones. Additionally, various colors known or suspected of having carcinogenic, mutagenic, and genotoxic qualities are added illegally to meals (Oplatowska-Stachowiak & Elliott, 2017). Because of the increasing concerns about the food safety outbreak of foodborne diseases and other food contamination in the United States, sophisticated inspection-based procedures based on accurate detection technologies are necessary to ensure that food is free of hazardous colors. This paper will argue how the Food Safety and Modernization Act has helped to prevent food supply contamination. Food Safety Modernization Act and its Historical Importance The Food Safety Modernization Act significantly overhauled the United States’ existing food safety legislation. It entails a change in emphasis from reactionary controls to preventive controls for food manufacturing, harvesting, processing, packaging, and storage. According to current statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 48 million individuals (1 in 6 Americans) get ill each year from foodborne infections, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die (CDC, 2017a). This illness is a substantial cost to public health that is generally avoidable. The FDA dramatically reduces the public health burden by reforming the Food Safety Modernization Act. For example, the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) empowers the agency to safeguard public health by upgrading the food safety system (Zhang & Seale, 2017). It allows the FDA to emphasize avoiding food safety concerns rather than resolving them after they arise. Additionally, the bill empowers the FDA with additional enforcement capabilities to increase compliance with prevention- and risk-based food safety standards and to react more effectively and control food safety concerns when they arise (Zhang & Seale, 2017). The bill provides the FDA with critical new powers to hold imported
Congestive heart failure is a cardiac disorder that affects pumping of blood and supply of oxygen in the body. Health complications usually affect the elasticity of cardiac muscles and increase demand of oxygen in the body. According to Quaglietti (2000), although ventricular systolic dysfunction causes about 80% of the congestive heart failure cases, disorders associated with endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium sites contribute to the occurrence of congestive heart failure. In the case study, Mr. P is suffering from congestive heart failure due to cardiomyopathy, which has made him have difficulties in breathing, experience moist crackles in the lungs, and suffer from 4+ pitting edema. Basing on his medical conditions and family background, this essay describes appropriate care, recommends treatment plan, and explains the essential education method and teaching plan for the patient and family. Mr. P requires comprehensive care that will enable him to manage signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure and other complications of cardiomyopathy. Cardiac rehabilitation is one of the effective cares that patients with congestive heart failure require so that they can manage their conditions well. According to the World Health Organization, cardiac rehabilitation comprises “the total activities needed to ensure the best physical, mental, and social conditions that enable patients to return to their place in the community in order to conduct productive lives” (Eshah, & Bond, 2009, p. 132). Hence, Mr. requires physical exercise to alleviate his breathing difficulties, education for him to understand his condition and essential management strategies such as chemotherapy, modification of diet, and counseling for him to cope with social conditions in his family. Home treatment plan is critical for the treatment and management of congestive heart failure, which is experienced by Mr. P. Quaglietti (2000) asserts that, “counseling and education involving dietary modifications, activity, recommendations, medication management, self-monitoring, prognosis, coping skills, social support, caregiver stress, and spiritual needs are critical components in the management of heart failure” (p. 259). Counseling encourages Mr. P to gain a positive attitude about his condition because his family is unable to provide essential social support. Moreover, counseling enables his wife to gain hope about his recovery given that she has lost hope, thus provides essential social support to his husband. Likew
The management of electronic wastes is increasingly becoming a challenge in the contemporary world. As the world is being globalized, the emerging technologies are bringing new tools and machines that make life much easier. The problem is that this comes at a cost to the environment. The electronic wastes are the biggest threat to the ecosystem. They are threatening to ruin the natural habitat for various organisms across the world. The phones, personal computers, and calculators make the bulk of the electronic wastes today. These gadgets are very dangerous to the environment if they are not disposed carefully. It has been proven that most of the people who are most attracted to the above gadgets are the youths. The risk is that they rarely take into account, the threat that this move would expose them to. It is therefore necessary to create a four-unit course for the college students to create awareness among them of the importance to take care of the environment (Caulfield, 2011). They should be made to appreciate the fact that the electronic gadgets are dangerous to the environment and therefore should be disposed with a lot of care. Course Description This course would focus on the management of the environment. The focus will be on how well youths, and the entire society would be responsible for the maintenance of the natural habitat with the aim of ensuring that its existence is not threatened. It is dangerous to assume that nature will take care of itself, as most youths always do. It is therefore important that through this course, students be made to appreciate that the management of the environment is their responsibility. They should also understand that this responsibility should be taken collectively. The course would focus on the past human activities that have resulted in serious negative impacts to the environment. It will involve heavy case studies of places that were green and beautiful, but have been transformed for the worst. Of interest will be the deserts that have been created through careless actions of man. The case studies will also focus on other harm that the environmental degradation has caused to humankind. It is crucial that this course starts with practical factors in the natural environment that the student can easily relate to and comprehend. This way, they will have a clear mind of the lessons being taught and its practicality. It is also important to start with the immediate environment because this will allow the concerned students understand the objectives of the course. As the course develops, it would capture scientific facts that would require abstract reasoning on the side of the student. Bringing abstract reasoning at the advanced stage of the lesson is very important. This is because it would allow the student to relate the abstract reasoning with the information that was gathered at the initial stages of the course. The focus would now be on the effect of the radioactive materials that are emitted from phones. The course should specifically analyze the emissions from the electronic gadgets. The learners should be made to understand
Introduction The Peloponnesian war is still widely studied in the history of Western Civilization. It was the second war that lasted between 431BC and 404BC. Athens and her empires (Spartans) engaged each other fiercely in the war. The main catalyst of the war was intense conflict that had dominated Athens and Sparta. The very conflict was also evident during the earlier wars in Persia (McKay et al. 205). The genesis and progress of the war was heavily documented by Thucydides. He attributed the rising Athens imperialism power as the major cause of the war. One of the devastating impacts of the war was witnessed in Athens. The latter dismantled its empire, a move that divided the entire Greek state. The division left Greece powerless to prevent Persian Empire from reclaiming their Asian possessions (Encyclopedia Britannica (a) par. 8). Nonetheless, the works of an Athenian historian named Thucydides provides a lot of information on Peloponnesian war. Modern scholars have tried to make several interpretations to the war by critical reading of Thucydides account (Bagnall 122). Major causes of the war According to McKay et al. (555), any major war may be triggered by either known or unknown forces. In order to explore the rationale of this war, clhistorians have borrowed much from Thucydides’ writings. Thucydides, an Athenian General, wrote an account of the Peloponnesian War. However, some historians doubt if he ever took part in the war since some of his documented works are surprisingly vivid and coherent to qualify for a third-person narration (Encyclopædia Britannica (b) par.18). According to Bagnall (122), the major cause of the war as accounted by Thucydides was the indiscriminate expansion of Athenian power. The increased power, presence and authority of Athenian were by far and large, linked to economic dynamism and Periclean Imperialism. Moreover, the increase in Athenian power instilled fear on Sparta. The latter retaliated by developing a grudge that would eventually lead to war (Encyclopædia Britannica (a) par. 6). Besides, the Spartans had always enjoyed great power and since Athenians had overshadowed their presence in Peloponnesus, retaliation was the best way to go in order to resume the powerful position. According to McKay et al (566), the above explanation could be equated to Greek Culture at that time which viewed life as a perpetual struggle among human beings to gain advantage. According to Thucydides, Sparta army had no reason to fear Athenian rise to power since their army was larger and well equipped. At the beginning of the war, the Spartan army was estimated at 2000 cavalry and 30,000 hoplites as compared to Athens who had only 1200 cavalry and 13,000 hoplites (Bagnall 182). However, Athenian navy was stronger than Spartan although the interest of Spartans in the sea was limited. Their only passion was in Peloponnesus. As such, they had no reason to fear. According to Bagnall (192), the fear could be linked to Corinth, the Spartan leader who feared Athenian imperialism in contrast to fearing the size of the army. Imperialism had set a ground for Athens to compete on an equal basis with Sparta for Aegean and western
In her novel The Color Purple, Alice Walker challenges many of the conventions that are related to the sexual identity of a person and gender norms. To a great extent, this goal is achieved with the help of such a character as Shug Avery who exemplifies such values as moral independence and courage. It is important to show how this woman is portrayed in the book and the screen version of the novel directed by Steven Spielberg. Overall, it is possible to argue that the film adaptation makes this character less subversive and controversial; nevertheless, in both cases, Shug plays an important role because she helps Celie discover some important qualities such as dignity and self-sufficiency. This is the main thesis that should be examined in greater detail. At first, Steven Spielberg depicts the intimate relations between Shug and Celie in a different way. One should note that Shug clearly identifies herself as a bisexual person. Moreover, Alice Walker explicitly states that these characters start sexual relations. This issue is closely examined by the author. In contrast, the film only hints at this possibility. This argument is particularly relevant if one speaks about their sensual kiss ( The Color Purple ). Nevertheless, this issue is not explored any further. Therefore, the viewers are expected to reach their own conclusions about the degree of intimacy between these women. This is one of the differences that should be taken into consideration. Additionally, much attention should be paid to Shug’s relations with her parents. In the book, Shug is virtually denounced by her parents, especially her mother. Shug recognizes that her values and lifestyles are not acceptable to her mother, but she does not intend to reconcile with her. To some degree, she disagrees w
Abstract Cerebral palsy (CP) is a major condition affecting many children in different parts of the world. This condition is caused by a number of factors such as asphyxia, accidents, birth complications, and pregnancy-related diseases. This paper, therefore, gives a detailed analysis of this condition. It begins by describing the epidemiology and etiology of CP. The major signs and symptoms of the condition are also described. The best treatment and prevention methods for CP are also discussed. The essay also discusses asphyxia and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Defining Cerebral Palsy Carr (2005) defines cerebral palsy (CP) as “a general term given to different neurological conditions that affect child coordination and movement” (p. 507). The conditions are characterized by persistent movement disorders. Physicians believe strongly that cerebral palsy arises from various problems affecting some parts of the brain that control coordination. This fact explains why abnormal brain development or damage can result in CP. Brain damage can occur during or immediately after birth. These conditions make it impossible for the affected individuals to have normal lifestyles. A study by McAdams and Juul (2011) indicated that one in every 400 citizens in the world was affected by this condition. Children “with cerebral palsy tend to exhibit at least one co-occurring condition” (McAdams & Juul, 2011, p. 6). For instance, 41 percent of individuals with condition exhibit cases of epilepsy in the United States (Novak, 2014). A small percentage of children with CP also show signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder (Novak, 2014). This means that children with CP have increased chances of having epilepsy or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Similar trends have also observed in different parts of the globe. Epidemiology of Cerebral Palsy According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cerebral palsy remains the leading cause of motor disability in many young children across the globe ( Facts About Cerebral Palsy, 2016). Studies have indicated that around 1 to 4 babies in every 1,000 births portray signs of cerebral palsy ( Facts About Cerebral Palsy, 2016). The affected children encounter a wide range of movement difficulties. A study conducted by the CDC in 2008 indicated that over 58 percent of individuals with the condition were able to walk without any support ( Facts About Cerebral Palsy, 2016). The study also showed that 30 percent of the babies lacked (or had limited) walking abilities. The remaining percentage was observed to walk using different hand-held devices. CP is therefore one of the most common causes of childhood disability. New studies have also been undertaken in order to understand the prevalence of this condition in different parts of the world. For instance, statistics from the US indicate that over 0.7 million people (children and adults)