ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Lead poisoning is a major health hazard and can have severe effects on Pre-kindergarten children’s health. Almost a million preschool-aged children in the United States have elevated blood lead levels. Toxicity rises with increased lead concentration in the blood. Biochemical and subclinical abnormalities occurs when the concentration reaches 10micro grams/dl to coma and death at levels over 100micrograms/dl (Markowitz, 2000). Lead poisoning is as a result of accumulation of lead metal in the blood caused by inhalation or ingestion of lead over a period of time. Children mostly affected are those between the ages of 1 and 4 years. The risk of lead poisoning increases in pre-kindergarten children because of the increased frequencies of hand to mouth activities (Wemp et al. , 2007). In 2008, 5000 children were found to have lead poisoning. National surveys show that more than 3 million children of six years and below have lead poisoning (Illinois, 2009). Lead poisoning is a public health issue which requires attention of the state, local and individual contributions. An analysis of lead poisoning reveals that Lead poisoning is a major health hazard to pre-kindergarten children. Causes of Lead Poisoning in Kindergarten children Lead poisoning in pre-kindergarten children mostly occurs from lead paints. The risk is higher at this stage because the child’s nervous system is at its rapid growth and development. This means the brain and the general development are likely to be negatively affected. When the brain of a child is affected, the effects may become irreversible. Unfortunately, lead effects are not felt at once and a parent may not be aware that the child is suffering from high lead amounts. Lead poisoning is a slow process of accumulation of lead in child’s body (Lead, 2011). Lead poisoning is caused by various exposures of lead containing materials to pre-kindergarten children. Major causes of lead poisoning are lead based paints and lead contaminated dust. Other sources of lead poisoning include soil, water, home remedies and toy jewellery. Most of it is ingested by hand to mouth action. Because of their adverse effects, lead-based paints were banned from use in 1978; this was a good measure but not good enough as an approximate number of 38 million housing units still contained lead based paints. When paints on walls last for a long time they start to wear o
Early reformers dwelt on correcting mistakes in the Roman Catholic Church’s doctrines. This was a dangerous undertaking because it led to persecutions sometimes. The Roman Catholic Church had already split before John Calvin defected from it. He was, therefore, a second generation reformer. There is a controversy surrounding John Calvin’s birth. According to Skoczylas (2001), Calvin was born in 1506. However other sources such as the Christian Classic Ethereal Library (CCEL) (n.d.) claim that he was born on 10 th July 1509 in Noyon, France. In his early years, Calvin was educated by the Roman Catholic Church (CCEL, n.d.). However, in 1533, Calvin disengaged from the Roman Catholic Church after establishing contacts with people opposed to its teaching (Roxborogh, 2001). Reformers before him gave little thought to spreading the word of God beyond the Christians strongholds. Calvin’s calling, therefore, embarked on correcting this mistake. His training on legal issues and his organization skills enabled him command a large and loyal following (Skoczylas, 2001). For that reason, Calvin’s teachings and writings form the foundation of many theological studies. This essay is, hence, a summary of the life of John Calvin and his impact on Christianity. Calvin spent his early life in a family of staunch Catholics. His father, actually, wanted him to join priesthood (CCEL, n.d.). CCEL (n.d.) adds that, as a fourteen year old, Calvin went to school at the college de Marche in Paris. This college was meant to prepare him for university studies. Before the end of 1523, he was forced to transfer his studies to College Montaigu (CCEL, n.d.). During his stay here, Calving started using the name Ioannis Calvinus. Ioannis Calvinus was the Latin form of the name John Calvin (CCEL, n.d.). As a student, most of his personal effects were paid for by the Roman Catholic Church. For instance, his education was catered for in part by a few small parishes (CCEL, n.d.). He later relocated to Orleans to join a law school. Calvin completed his studies on civic law in 1532(CCEL, n.d.). In 1553, he disengaged from the Roman Catholic Church and began studying on his own before embarking on a number of Christian writings (Roxborogh, 2001). Finally, Calvin continued with his writing, preaching and lecturing until he met his death on 27 th May 1564 (CCEL, n.d.). Haykin (2001) states that earlier reformers gave little thought to missions. It is obvious that they had no concern fo
“The True Story of How a City in Fear Brutalized the Central Park Five” by Jim Dwyer was published in The New York Times on May 30, 2019. The informative article tells about five men who were imprisoned wrongly in their teens for gang-raping and inflicting grievous bodily harm to a woman. That happened thirty years ago, ten of which on average passed in prison, before the untruth was finally revealed. The author highlights that the recent series by Netflix under the title “When They See Us,” which is based on the men’s biographies, fictionalizes the happenings. This means that the warping of reality continues, which is doubtlessly not appropriate. Therefore, the article is worth reading for a wide audience, including not only active Netflix watchers or crime story lovers, but everyone who is for justice. Seeking to be objective and avoid all types of bias, Dwyer relies upon facts rather than opinions. To write the given piece, he analyzed critically “parts of the trials in 1990” along with the previous resources regarding what went wrong during the investigation (Dwyer 2019). Thus, according to him, the confessions of the Central Park Five, under which name the boys became known, did not correspond to the real-time and place of the assault. This drives the conclusion that the suspects were forced to admit the crime. The intended audience of the article is apparently that of the newspaper. In consonance with the statistics by Djordjevic (2021), 90% of The New York Times’ readers identify themselves as Democrats, and 63% are under 50. This allows assuming that the key purpose of the article lies in attracting the attention of the younger and more liberal population to the case. The main idea is the importance of using facts rather than hypotheses and speculations when deciding whom and how to punish. Generally, the article under the review promotes positive communication by enhancing and maintaining awareness. The author tells about attacking Trisha Meili who was jogging in Central Park that gave its name to the five convicted teenagers. Notwithstanding their participation in less serious wrongdoing in the park, they were not guilty of the given crime but were still arrested in connection with it. In 1989, hardly anyone attached significance to the “weakness of [their] confessions” (Dwyer 2019). Dwyer guesses that racial prejudice played a considerable role in sending the teenagers to prison,
The rising complexity in health care has compelled practitioners to learn, as well as understand ways to improve the patient’s care based on the medical terminology. In this respect, this paper considers the system-based practice/program. This is one of the key competencies where medics should be proficient in order to deliver quality and safe patient care. Systems-based practice is seen as a way through which society can be examined. The system is linked with the metaphor ‘village,’ which implies that the practitioners are supposed to work with a community of care provider in delivering optimal care to patients. To begin with, the systems-based practice competence requires practitioners to be well versed with the relationship between patient care and health care systems. This is crucial in determining how the system guarantees safety and quality of patient care. The system current effort is based on medical education (Croskerry, 277). This focuses on mastering of medical terminology, as well as treatment. This results in preoccupation with the system elements. For this reason, the system all together plus its impact on a patient’s care remains visible. The systems-based practice is necessary in providing broad awareness about the health care system (Abrams and American Medical Association, 32). This is achieved using the aspect of systems thinking. System thinking is regarded as the foundation of how organizations such as a health care organization perceive their environment. The safety of the patient is used as a main entry point into this system-based practice/program. In this case, its concepts regarding safety, errors, and harms identified, all have an effect on the patient or provider within this framework. Additionally, this program fosters the ability of identifying the input of this system, which is significant to medical physicians and patients in the delivery of safe and quality care. The systems-based program best targets the community residents. Its main focus is to make the residents aware of and responsive in the larger context of health care systems about patient care. This is enabled through their participation in establishing faults and executing probable resolutions to the health care systems. In addition, the system is meant to test the resident’s ability to call on the other resources of health care systems in the provision of optimal patient care successfully. Based on the system-based practice, the residents are entitled to work effectively in assisting and coordinating delivery of patient care. In addition, they should consider certain aspects related to the patients. One of the aspects is the cost awareness. The other is a risk-benefit analysis. Moreover, the residents should champi
Introduction Conflict Theory is one of the approaches developed and used in sociology. The purpose of the article is to compare and contrast gender differences in cultural capital and educational programs opportunities. The connection of a conflict theory to gender differences is that of means to end. Gender differences are the issues; it prizes mental freedom and responsibility, and a tolerant and humane spirit. The article concentrates on the role of habitus in cultural capital and differences between boys and girls. The hypothesis is that gender and motivation are the main determinants of different achievements and outcomes of educational programs (Wallece and Wolf 2005). The author underlines that this means-end association should be clarified in curricular deliberations for 8th grade, it needs conversation in higher education programs. Interestingly, cultural capital is not necessarily a purely general one, since a free and critical intelligence is developed by the researcher of just one or a few particular subjects. Indeed, the subjects included in a modern educational programs were relatively small in number. Discussion There are, of course, impressive reasons to think that educational programs are a good basis for cultural capital. But a conflict theory is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for learning. Hence, researchers return to philosophical foundations in order to understand what main factors enable a conflict theory to be liberating. Actually, there are two separate conceptions of why general studies should compose cultural capital, each based on a different desired outcome. There is one distinction between these two conceptions of conflict theory. The approach holds that there are certain themes and truths which every learner should study, whereas the rhetorical one holds that it does not matter much what learners study as long as it relates to society. A conflict theory, for the cultural program, means that there should be a broad base in knowledge essential to our humanity, in learning which pertains to the large, perennial issues of human thought and action. The learner should be brought to consider certain pervasive concerns about the nature of the universe, the meaning of life and our common duty–as a prelude to working out his or her own frame of reference. The article identifies Bourdieu as the main theorist who explains gender and cultural differences in learning. On the rhetorical scheme, a conflict theory means that there should be broad contact to as many different viewpoints as possible, a learning which reflects the diverse opinions extent in the modern world. This view denies that it is significant for learners to know about anything in particular and considers dogmatic the claim that certain kinds of facts are more worthwhile or more humanizing than others. In recent decades, during which schools have seemed to opt for this model, researchers have seen course offerings for an educational programs include transcendental thought as well as psychology, While these examples are a bit extreme, they nonetheless expose the insolv
Introduction Several books have been written and each of them presents different themes and characters with specific objectives that should be fulfilled. Every author has a message to convey in these writings. The message may be political, social and economical, among others. Moreover, a number of authors use different styles in conveying their messages. These include parables, poetry, satire, and many others, depending on the theme and plot of their story. In order to identify the author’s message from a story, it is quit important to analyze it. Characters should be identified by their roles in the story as well as the theme of the story. Through this, it is possible to draw inferences from the author’s mind and explore the possible ideas and messages presented. Character analysis is therefore a key component of showing adequate understanding of the story. This paper will attempt to asses the characters in the following set of books and plays: The New Testament , Oedipus the King , Shakespeare Hamlet and Shikibu the tale of the Genji (Lawall et al. pp.3-67). The paper analyzes the characters as they are portrayed in the stories
The government is the body that is very important in a country. It controls most of the things that happen. A society without any guidelines can merely do anything productive to a country. No farming, industrialization, education, technology etc. due to lack of social cooperation. The government is required to provide protection and development to a country. It can do this because people give up their freedom and give the government the mandate to set up rules and regulations governing them. Participating in the government involves standing for government election, voting, consulting members of parliament and being involved in other government activities. Good government requires citizens who are actively participating in government policy formulation and implementation. These policies govern the lives of the citizens. There are various forms of government of which democracy is the most common. In this form of government, the people select the governing power either by-election, direct referendum or consensus. Freedom and equality are practised in this form of government. Pluralism theory explains why people do not participate in government. Here are multitudes of people, not all people govern the country. The minor part of the public is allowed to participate thus most people act as bystanders. Pluralists believe that direct democracy cannot work because the public doesn’t have information about good governance and have their life dedicated to other activities like work, family health etc so they should not be involved in government. In pluralism, the people who make policies are the top government officials and they don’t involve the public. People do not participate in government because they are too busy. They feel that they have more important work to do than being involved in elections that will benefit the politicians who have their special interests in government. The politicians do not even talk to them so why shou
The organizational theory implies that all executive body has to be in the hands of the president. In other words, it is an American constitutional law stating that the president controls the whole executive. The current Bush administration has fully embraced the organizational theory into assisting in governing since 2001. Unitary executive It lies upon the approach of the departments and coordinate construction. Besides, the unitary executive is a doctrine that favors almost unlimited presidential power. President Bush used the unitary principle 95 times, signing legislation into law since he came to office in 2001. In some cases, President Bush used the term various times. For instance, when he signed in “The controversial Medicare and Prescription drug act,” he complained about the two actions’ interference with supervising the unitary executive branch. He also established the “Citizens health care work group” for all Americans to obtain health and affordable health care (MacKenzie 198). The following is the pros and cons of the unitary executive theory: Pros and Cons Battleground This is whereby any candidate has a chance of winning the state’s electoral votes. In this case, the unitary executive theory is of help to the president of the United States. The president must enforce signing into law by the president no matter the situation. The president takes an oath of the president’s office to defend the United States’ Constitution to his/her level best. Works Cited MacKenzie, John P. Absolute power: how the unitary executive theory is undermining the Constitution . New York: Century Foundation Press, 2008. Print. Response to unitary executive theory The president owes all the executive powers and can control all the executive members. For example, he can elect the Attorney General, ambassadors, and many others. The president has the constitutional authority to supervise the unitary executive branch and encapsulate information disclosure, which leads to impairing of foreign countries and national security. President Bush protected his citizens from torture by terrorists. Despite this, he violated the terms of the Federal Intelligence and surveillance Act (FISA) when he spied on executive members. (Yoo 1) When defending its national security policies in court, this administration prefers to rely on Congress’s Sept. 18, 2001, authorization to use military force against those responsible for the 9/11 attacks rather than the president’s inherent powers as commander in chief and chief executive. President Obama may agree with George W. Bush on the usefulness of military commissions to try some terrorists, but
Publicity To a business unit, publicity is extremely crucial. Many companies spend millions of their profits in order to create a massive awareness about their products and brand. For a long time, businesses have always been forced to set sizeable portions of their profits to ensure that they reach out for the market with their brand. A strong brand name for a product or a company in general is extremely beneficial. A strong brand will help the firm gain and protect its market share. It is also true that a strong brand also allows a company to have easy access to various other services. A company with a strong brand will easily get financial support from financial institutions if they need it because such institutions have faith that the firm will easily recover and that they will be able to regain their position in the market. The argument that, “any publicity is excellent publicity” is a terribly dangerous reasoning to a business unit in the current business world. Currently, a business firm would struggle to ensure that the market views it fairly. When companies like the Coca Cola Company spend hundreds of US dollars on publicity, their aim is to convince the market that they are the best. They try to convince the market that consuming their products gives the best satisfaction to the customers. They use both the mass and social media to reach out their target market with a message that is meant to convince them to buy their products. They do not go for any publicity. They seek publicity that would make the market buy their products in the end. Domino’s case may help discuss the argument that any publicity is excellent publicity. Dominos Pizza had experienced a massive growth over the years. It had managed to capture a large market share, and it was the leading pizza supplier in the world. Business was doing well, and it had opened franchised units from various locations in Europe, North, and South America, and some parts of Asia (Staub-Bisang 72). Then there came the doom day of July 13, 2009 when it suffered a serious blow. Two of their employees were captured preparing pizza at one of the Dominos shop in an unusually unhygienic manner. The video was horrible showing the public how unhealthy the pizzas they eat from Dominos are. This negative publicity almost brought this firm to its knees. This video circulated remarkably fast in the YouTube. Many of those who watched the video shared it with their friends. Some television stations also aired the video in the news bulletins, cutesy of YouTube. The result was a massive shift of consumers from this product to some other. In less than 40 hours since the posting of the video, all the branches of Dominos Pizza had experienced a more than 70 percent drop in their sales. The sales were sliding at an alarming rate, and the firm faced an eminent closure (Staub-Bisang 72). It took much effort of the chief executive and the entire marketing team to convince the market otherwise. Although this firm managed to restore its position in the market after using large sums of money, they are yet to recover their outstanding image. The most memora