ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The French Revolution was one of the most remarkable periods in French history, where the representatives of emerging bourgeoisie and people from the privileged classes wanted to underline their superiority. The crucial events started at the beginning of 1789, when the old regime was completely destroyed in order to make such concepts like reason and justice control the country. The French Revolution was divided into two considerable portions: liberal and radical. Liberal nobles sought to destroy royal absolutism, however they did not want to see an end of the ruling monarchy. Unfortunately, it was not enough for people to follow the example of liberals, and within a short period of time, the liberal French Revolution turned out to be radical, where radicals demanded freedom and rights from the government. The liberal and radical portions of the French Revolution had many similarities and differences: thought their representatives wanted some changes to be made, they used different methods to achieve their purposes, and radical approaches were more noticeable and effective for the country and its citizens. Discussion Origins of the French Revolution as the desire to see the changes. The end of the 1780s was a difficult period for many French people. More reasons to start a revolution became evident: widespread famine, considerable rises of prices, the desire of Louis XV to participate in wars that led to bankruptcy and spreading of internal trade barriers. There were no doubts that certain changes were obligatory for people. “The abuses attending the levy of taxes were heavy and universal. The kingdom was parceled into generalities, with an intendant at the head of each…” (Young 84) Both men and women comprehended that they had powers and ideas for giving a birth to a new age, a new period that aimed at realizing the principles of the Enlightenment. The peculiar feature of these ideas was its optimistic nature: prejudice and cruelty had to be replaced by liberty and inspiration. Oppression and tyranny should be stopped. This is what the vast majority of revolutionaries believed in. Of course, a hope that the presence of revolution promoted certain changes and made the government to think about the improvement of citizens’ lives and wellbeing was inherent to the French. However, it was not enough to proclaim the revolution as an event; it was also necessary to attract the attention of many people, help them unite, speak about their demands, and introduce the steps, which could be beneficial for them. The Liberal portion of the French Revolution as a good but a bit weak start. In order to present a thorough and informative comparison of the two different portions of the French Revolution, it is better to define the essence of each of them and clear up their strong and weak points. One of the remarkable steps taken by liberalists was the August Decrees according to which “The National Assembly hereby completely abolishes the feudal s
With the rise and development of technology, the process of building and designing is now under its influence. Even though integrating new technologies serves mainly for making the work easier and more efficient, it does come with different consequences. One may think that introducing BIM can only result in obvious benefits, but it is not that simple. It is possible to note that it “facilitates tighter comparative fee estimates in proposals”, which in turn “often reduces profit and strangles cash flow” (Dickinson par 11.). Therefore, it makes payroll more stressful, especially when it comes to smaller firms. There may be no more need in those firms anymore. As logical as it may seem, artificial intelligence cuts away the need for work done solely by humans. It is believed that due to the rapid development in technology, more and more designers will turn to practice on their own very soon. BIM is already widespread enough for architects to go fully freelance, not depending on a particular firm. If they start working on that basis with the help of technologies, it may promote substantial professional and creative growth. More designers choose flying on their own in the business world, as it is even more appealing while working on the creation of consultant relationships at the same time. Without the dread of the payroll every two weeks, they feel liberated and free to search for independent agents like them. According to Dickinson, these architects will have more creative power “bonding with other free radical professionals to mesh for a project here, reforming on another project over there, and maybe going solo in another scenario” (Dickinson par. 13). In the world of architecture, it means that we will be seeing fewer small firms on the horizon and more loners in the face of designers, who chose to be independent. Thus, the organized corporative structures have to compete with freelance market, as in such conditions of the gig-economy there are many specialists, who are able to draw customer’s attention. On the downside, the separation of duties in organized firms allows them to meet the shortest deadlines, that is why by choosing an individual contractor, in some cases clients may sacrifice their time. There may be certain limitations to this business model, as going freelance over a firm does have its risks. He or she has to deal with such mundane things as handling paperwork, calculating the architect’s fee for every project. The latter one has a lot of nuances that need to be taken into consideration since only the designer will be responsible for the final numbers. It is fortunate that now there is a new B101-2017 agreement, which simplifies all the calculations. According to
Introduction The US government has historically taken a keen interest in the health of its citizens. As far back as the beginning of the 1900s, President Theodore Roosevelt declared that “nothing can be more important to a state than its public health: the state’s paramount concern should be the health of its people” (Gallup and Newport 135). Despite these, the United States is classified as the nation with the most expensive, and yet inefficient, health care system among developed nations. An expensive health care system translates to an increasing proportion of the population being unable to access the much needed medical care. The New York Times reports that according to census survey carried out in the year 2007, an estimated 45.6 million people in the USA were uninsured and hence unlikely to receive comprehensive medical care from hospitals (1). Due to the perceived inefficiencies, there has been agreement that the current health care system is faulty and therefore in need of radical changes to make it better. Problem Statement Majority of American’s are greatly dissatisfied with the current health care system which is extremely ex
Introduction At the beginning of the 21 st century, Internet technology has increased the availability of television programming options for households. Particularly, specialty channels (e.g., news, sports, and music) have become quite successful. Web TV, IPTV technology, and Internet-based television have created new opportunities for both consumers and marketers to deliver their products faster and cheaper. The Web becomes so universal that a TV viewer can assess hundreds of programs from all countries in the world. There are hundreds of TV websites devoted to keeping viewers informed about a range of programs, related merchandise, news, and fun activities. Many websites have a TV calendar with up-to-the-minute scheduling information on the latest programs on web television, plus episode summaries, news, a ‘what’s hot’ gossip column, various games, e-cards, and bulletin boards. The Web TV, IPTV, and Internet-Based Channels ‘IPTV describes a system capable of receiving and displaying a video stream encoded as a series of Internet Protocol packets” (Anderson 2006). This definition allows us to the seat that television thrives on new formats, and, television often changes itself, feeding off successful genres and formats to create new hybrid programs. The industry terms of factual entertainment and popular web television are umbrella categories for a range of formatted as well as non-formatted programs and series. WebTV means a “thin client which uses a television for display” (Held, 2006). The main advantage of this technology is its low cost. This technology allows millions of viewers to assess TV channels and have an Internet connection. Following Noam et al (2004): “Internet TV is the adoption of an Internet-like interface in accessing and watching television —a new form of video navigation over the Internet. Internet TV is a more interactive approach to controlling the television experience with the ability to obtain all sorts of ancillary information while watching television, as promoted by Wink Communications” (p.4). For instance, American Cybercast wanted to develop a name brand in cyberspace for entertainment episodes the way TV networks have. But building strong online brands would not prove easy. Trying to accomplish such a feat when the Internet penetration was still relatively low, with low access speed and a broadcast business model was a heroic but doomed enterprise (Held 2006). Impact of the Web TV, IPTV and Internet-Based Television on Societies and Economies Economic change in the US syndication market is another factor in the success of reality programming. As a result of the deregulation of the financial interest and syndication rules during the past decade, larger corporations have bought up many local stations. Local stations provided a significant revenue source for independent producers, who would sell programs specifically made for local stations, and/or programs that had previously been aired on network stations. As long as Web TV and IPTV have become a mainstream items in Ame
The facility I have chosen to visit for this assignment is the United States Penitentiary Atlanta. At the time of writing this essay, the institution does not allow visits due to the coronavirus pandemic, and there is no information as to when the restrictions will be lifted ( USP Atlanta , n.d.). Since risking the health and wellbeing of thousands of people did not seem like a sensible option, I have decided to gain the required information from other sources. The facility is classified as a medium-security prison, which means that it houses people who have committed relatively major crimes and are mostly serving 10-30 year sentences. It also has a minimum-security satellite camp for less dangerous inmates, as well as a detention center; these units will not be the focus of the paper. The purpose of this paper is to observe the inner workings of a correctional facility and compare the information to what is presented in the course materials. Imprisonment has always been a controversial topic, and the federal bureau of prisons has generated many contrasting opinions. On the one hand, some people think that the life of inmates should not be easy or comfortable, as they are being punished. On the other hand, those who have been to prison describe the living conditions as gruesome and consider the treatment of convicted felons inhumane (Lawton, 2020). The paper will use the extensively documented experience of such people to compare the current state of USP Atlanta to general information about it. The inmates’ views on the correctional process differ, but there are some issues that many seem to agree on. First, the living conditions are harsh at best, with the bare minimum comforts available at limited times. Personal and overall hygiene is maintained relatively well, and supplies are available for inmates to clean their cells and bodies (Lawton, 2020). The food is severely affected by budget constraints, and as a consequence, its quality is far from what most people would consider good. The issues of spending priorities are affecting both state-owned and private prisons in the US, and food seems to be one of the major areas where these institutions try to minimize costs. Another important part of the prison system is healthcare, which also does not seem to be of the h
Introduction Symbolism and foreshadowing are two significant literary devices often used by writers of literary works to achieve certain goals. Illona (2010) defines symbolism as applied in literature as “something a writer uses to represent a complex or larger thing.” In this regard, a writer uses a symbol to refer to something indirectly. Foreshadowing is a literary device which a writer uses to cause a writer to figure out what the text will focus on. The style enables a writer to tell the story in a coherent way by reflecting both forward and backward. This paper will discuss the two literary styles as used by William Shakespeare in Romeo and Juliet. The discussion is backed up with quotes of examples of symbolism as foreshadowing as used in the book. Symbolism Shakespeare embraced the use of nature’s symbols such as “stars, flowers, birds, darkness and light” to stand for certain meanings in the book (Lehmann, 2002). He likens Romeo to a rose flower, considered nature’s most beautiful flower. Besides the beauty, the rose flower also has an attractive scent. The comparison implies that Romeo is handsome and sweet to love just like a rose flower. Lady Capulet equates Paris to a stunning bloom that no nature has endeavoured to produce. The unique flower compared to Paris demonstrates how distinctively beautiful the lady is. The love of Juliet to Romeo at the early stages is described as the “bud love, expected to grow into a beauteous flower” when the two meet later (Lehmann, 2002). When Juliet learns of the death of her cousin Tybalt who was killed by Romeo the man she fell in love with, she described Romeo as “serpent hid with a flowering face” (Shakespeare, 2002). The serpent in this statement refers to the character in Romeo that caused him to kill her cousin. The flower, on the other hand, refers to the character in Romeo that made her fall in love with him. Shakespeare recognizes flowers to signify the personality of Romeo, the love of Juliet. As a serpent, Romeo goes ahead to hatch a plan to kill Tybalt, who is Juliet’s cousin. The symbol of flowers is also used in the instance where Juliet took Friar’s concoction and died. The writer, in this case, compares the bridal flowers to the flowers used at the funeral as the bouquets. Shakespeare also used stars to create symbolism in his text. Romeo and Juliet are likened to “star-crossed.” The common belief was that a person’s fortune was dependent on the stars. The “crossed-star” in the text implied that nature would work against the love relationship between Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare widely used stars to bring out the belief that stars determined people’s fate. While preparing to attend the Capulet party, Romeo points out that “my mind misgives some consequences hanging in the stars” (Shakespeare, 2002). More symbolism of the stars is where Juliet thinks of chopping Romeo into small stars to make everyone be in love with the night. Romeo on his side, likens Juliet’s eyes to two very b
Organization’s culture plays a major role in the implementation of any policy or analysis method. Every organization has its culture that defines how operations within take place. These are the values, norms, traditions, and how people relate in order to make things work (Schein, 2010). Successful managers carefully consider such issues before implementing any policy in an organization. It should also be noted that any organization with a history has already developed a culture that it subscribes to. Failure of putting this into consideration in the process of leading an organization is normally detrimental. Schein (2010) points out that assumptions that have been tested in the past, have been found to be effective form the basis of that organizations culture. This is what should define leadership. Successful leadership makes policies depending on the organization’s culture. This is the only way the entire organization owns what is being implemented. Such organizations are rated as top performers because the workforce identifies with what is being implemented. Many managers have failed to provide good leadership failing to acknowledge this fact (Handy, 1976). The newly appointed managers have in most of the time failed this test. It is necessary that any new person in the organization takes time to understand the culture of the place. Learning how things operate in the new station should be the first thing to do. Unfortunately, many new managers come into an organization with preconceived ways of working. What works in one organization may not work in another. Every organization has realities of how they successfully operate. Impediments to Understanding Organization’s Culture Morgan (2006) points out that the greatest obstacle to learning culture is considering organizations as images or metaphors. These are preconceived methods that most of the time fail to deliver in most organizations. Failure of adapting the flexibility, a situation demands have always led to the authoritarian leadership. This, in most cases, is the cause of low productivity in most organizations. There was a change of management in our organization few years ago. The new manager was a person who believed that an organization was like a machine. He never took time to understand our work culture. We were a fast growing organization that embraced dynamism. A culture of innovation was already inculcated in the workforce. Therefore, coming up with new ideas of working was always a welcome thing by the management. We had shorter working shifts to ensure that we were more productive. Our products were rated highly in the market due to the high quality. Our new manager never had time to study the situation in our company. He was a person who believed in the systems that were fixed. He believed in planning, organizing and controlling (Morgan, 2006). He could go to great lengths of ensuring that what he wanted was achieved. He, therefore, appointed and authorized supervisors to be vigilant on their duties of ensuring organization’s success. This scenario created a
Franklin D. Roosevelt came into power at a time when America was going through difficult times the great depression. During his first one hundred days of rule, he came up with a series of proposals to create the legal and institutional framework that governed America during the New Deal period (1933-1938). As a response to the great depression, Roosevelt came up with three R’s, namely: relief, which was about aid for the poor; recovery, which was about uplifting the economy and; reform, which was about changes in the financial sector meant to prevent such a depression from happening in the future (Colasanti and Ference par. 1). This essay, therefore, presents a discussion on the first 100 days of the New Deal, focusing on the three Rs. Relief The great depression affected America in such a way that one-third of the urban population was left poor. To address this problem, Roosevelt came up with the Federal Emergency Administration (FERA), an institution created under the Federal Emergency Relief Act of March 1933, to offer relief support through providing grants to projects targeted towards job creation as well as provision of relief items (Harrell and Gaustad 890). The grants were given to state-owned projects, which could then use the funds to provide food and employment to the poor in their respective states. For example, FERA established the Civil Works of Administration (CWA) to create employment through the construction of roads, dams, bridges, schools, airports, and hospitals, among others (Colasanti and Ference par. 3). FERA also supported projects focusing on the production of consumer goods, thereby creating jobs and ensuring that Americans had access to necessities. This approach solved two problems, i.e., unemployment and development of the country. The dams constructed did not only take care of flooding but also provided water for irrigation and electricity. South Americans were the worst hit by famine, hence considered were the first to be resettled and supplied with electricity and good roads. Apart from the Civil Works of Administration, Roosevelt also established the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to provide jobs through massive land reclamation and conservation of natural resources (Berkin 630). Workers under the Civilian Conservation Corps planted trees, controlled floods, and reclaimed areas in areas where there was massive soil erosion. Roosevelt’s focus under the Civilian Conservation Corps was in the agricultural sector in Federal lands because he believed that the economy would only regain its lost glory if the agricultural sector was revamped. This approach did not only provide employment to the rural poor but also conserved natural resources and ensured food availability. The results of the relief efforts became clear by the end of 1933 due to the use of the right techniques and tools in agriculture and development of the infrastructure. Further,
Introduction Benchmarking is a managerial tool which enables business organizations to compare their current productivity with those of the others. Through benchmarking, the businesses can adopt improvement initiatives in line with the other prosperous organizations (Damelio, 1995). Benchmarking uses qualitative and quantitative techniques. Quantitative techniques provide numerical outcomes, while qualitative techniques generate the best practices (Bogan & Michael, 1994). Benchmarking seeks to identify, understand and embrace organizational practices and procedures that have successfully worked for other companies. Why benchmarking has become popular with a lot of companies Benchmarking is popular with business organizations because of its simplicity. Through benchmarking, a business aims at identifying standards to adopt in order to measure and improve its productivity. Benchmarking is a simple four-step procedure. According to Damelio (1995), the first step in benchmarking is to define the business operations to be benchmarked. Secondly, the business defines the level of improvement desired and the targeted results. These are then communicated to the involved stakeholders. Thirdly, the business measures the actual results. Finall