ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Ceramic art has a very long history in almost all civilizations and cultures. Ceramic products were used not only as products of the daily usage, but were considered to be the products of a fine and decorative art. As a form of art, the ceramic products express intentions and thoughts of the authors, as well as reflect social and cultural changes. Thus, each work of ceramics has particular context. These days, many designers, artists, craftsmen, or other practitioner in ceramics use ceramics to express their ideas and view. Ceramic design and creative practices are numerous and individual for each artist. Ceramic design can be analyzed through different critical perspectives and provide critical understanding of different values and approaches used by artists to embody their ides in different articles made from clay. In this paper, we are going to provide the analysis of ceramic design within a range of contexts. In order to understand different points of view and values, we will analyze works and practices of three “subjects” (contemporary ceramists) that have put different contexts in their works. The fists “subject” under consideration is a contemporary American ceramist Justin Novak. He could be located under tree headings in the Matrix: History (reference), Society (politics) and Belief (morality). Three relevant sources justify the location of the artist in the sections of the Matrix. The first source is the article by Justin Novak “The Disfigurine” in which he provides the descriptions of his works, explains why he uses particular techniques and methods to convey the meanings of his works, as well as his point of view on the meaning of the contemporary art and its function. The second source is the article in the magazine Ceramics Today in which we can find the information on the achievements of the artist, analysis of his works and statements by the artist in which he comments on the values of his creations. The third source is the interview with Justin Novak about his first works the 21st Century Bunny in which he told about his political views, and commented the themes of his works. Thus, the works by the author refer to history. His firs work the 21st Century Bunny has a unique
Introduction During and after the mid-20 th century, the United States sought to introduce large-scale urban restructuring projects to counter the many socio-economic problems arising from the diverse population of the region. This move was complicated and involving since amateurs, activists, lovers of landscape, and historical preservationists had to encourage citizens to seek some degree of control of the urban renewal projects. The public outcry to overhaul the urban restructuring served a restraining role, which required historic preservation and environmental protection measures. Historical preservationists needed heritage conservation and protection of historic fabric within the American cities. These movements were key in forming the basis over which current preservationist groups emerged. These movements used the preservationist approach as the underpinning factor against public and private large-scale developers seeking to achieve social progressiveness through urban
Introduction In the contemporary world, smoking has become an epidemic that poses various health and economic problems to society (Moini 158). Primarily, smoking has hazardous effects on both passive and active smokers, with the major effects ranging from medical conditions to psychological to another social stigma (Robotin, Olver & Girgis 9). The difference between passive smoking and active smoking lies in the fact that, the former involves the exposure of people to environmental tobacco smoke while the latter involves people who smoke directly. Generally, smoking tobacco leads to addiction to nicotine; and some of medical complications that can arise from smoking tobacco are respiratory, heart attacks or failure, dental and various types of cancer. Indeed, smoking can be fatal in the long run if not controlled. This paper will discuss the long-term effects of smoking, as well as the possible solutions to the problem. Effects of long-term smoking The most common substances smoked are tobacco, marijuana, and cannabis; and out of these, smoking of tobacco is the most common, through either commercial cigarettes or homemade rolls whereas smoking of cannabis marijuana is controlled in some nations. One effect of long-term smoking is in the case of expectant mothers where it leads to low birth weight, infant death or stillbirth. In this case, the children who survive are bound to have troubles with physical development, mental growth, and behavioral advances. In another perspective, long-term smoking not only leads to general deterioration of health, but also hurts the economy of a country due to the huge cost of providing health care and low productivity of the workforce. The toxic substances in the smoked substances (nicotine and carbon monoxide) weaken the immune system, leaving the person in danger of other infections. Other ailments are caused by damaging or altering the systems. Smoking also has profound effects on the psychological aspects of the users, which may be emotional, cognitive, or behavioral. Medically, smoking affects almost all vital organs in a person’s system inclu
Scientific experimentation is the source of significant discoveries that can be attributed to modern technological advancement. Ethical consideration was an important aspect to scientific work, especially when it involved potentially harmful procedures such as testing the outcome on human beings or any other animals. Nicholson and Carlisle are the scientists of 19 th century, who are responsible for discovery of electrolysis while Ken Warwick is a modern day scientist responsible for creating cyborg that integrates human and artificial properties. Both scientists tested the outcomes of their scientific work on themselves and sometimes on close relatives. Based on the form of self experimentation, there are no significant ethical differences between the two categories of scientific work. Nicholson and Carlisle developed a voltaic cell using salt solution, zinc and copper as electrodes and generated a continuous stream of electric current similar to that which had been emitted by mechanical generators (Calvert, 2002). The current was discovered to cause electric shock when tested on the person. In this case, these two researchers tested the effects of the current on their sensory receptors leading to inference that electric current causes sensory change to all receptors except olfactory cells responsible for smell. They later used the same knowledge to develop electrolytic cell that was used to split water into constituent elements: hydrogen and oxygen (Calvert, 2002). Kevin Warwick is the professor of computer technology who has performed experimentation to test how the human body would integrate computerized information and how the information would affect response to the environment (Warwick, 2002). In the first experiment, a silicon chip was surgically inserted above his wrist joint and was used to monitor movement and operate items without necessarily using fingers (Warwick, 2002). In cyborg2.0, a nerve tube was connected to his median nerve fiber and used to transmit nerve impulse to external objects such as an electric wheelchair. In another procedure, a similar nerve tube was connected to his wife Elina and used to monitor how thoughts and emotions could be transmitted form one person to another through electronic means, such as internet (Warwick, 2002). In both experiments, results are tested on self-exposing of the researcher to possible risks, which could include death. Informed consent without coercion is a major ethical consideration for any science based on medicine experiment (Gorski, 2011). The volunteers have the right to accurate information of the risk they are taking and how it is going to be managed and fill consent forms. In this case, the research has access to optimal information on their experiment projects, hence their consent is based on rational evaluation of the possible risks.
Purpose The purpose of this report is basically to assess the feasibility of using a 3D operating machine in New York Hospital. Problem The number of patients who have been checking in for internal scanning and those who have already been earmarked for cancer operation at the New York Health Facility, is more that what the facility can handle with a reasonable period of time (Finkelstein 2008). The main reason is because doctors at the facility rely on an inefficient MRI ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machine to carry out delicate operations in their theaters. Operations using these kinds of machines take a long time to finish and also they do not show internal organs clearly (Finkelstein 2008). With MRI machine, procedures like brain surgery, heart operation and infant operations usually cost patients a lot of money. In addition, they are time consuming, with just one operation being carried out daily. This means that the hospital can only serve close to just 300-360 patients a year. The number is very small given the number of people who are waiting to have similar services. Practical solution The hospital has actually decided to purchase a 3D operating machine. Unlike MRI machines, which rely on 2D technology, 3D operating machine uses a robot, which allows surgeons to carry out precise operations particularly in patients suffering from cancer. This machine helps surgeons to reach some places they cannot reach with MRI. In addition, the tools, making this machine can be used for up to ten operations before they are serviced or replaced. In addition, one machine can actually execute more than five hundred procedures in a year. By far, these machines are much better than the MRI machines. Scope 3D has been in the market for some time now. Its feasibility will be assessed using the following criteria: Availability, cost and performance. Discussion Cost Explanation The cost, in this case, is both the “street” price of acquiring a single 3D machine and the price that each patient is supposed to pay to use the services that come with this machine. Data Based on the available information online, the price of a 3D operating machine ranges from $2 to $3 million (Zhang 2013). In addition, the cost that to be paid by the patient ranges from $1700 to $3000. Testing Facility         Test Type   Average Cost New York, NY Facility A  3D machine  $1,785       Dallas, TX – Facility B  3D machine  $3,624       Raleigh, NC              3D machine  $3,001        Interpretation The price, in this case, does not represent quality. It only represents the cost of the equipment both production cost and goodwill added to it. From the above simple data, New York facility is much cheaper than other selected facilities. Therefore, New York facility will be highly competitive in the industry. Availability Explanation Availability, in this case, refers to the time taken right from purchase to installation (Finkelstein 2008). The machine must be av
The Boston Tea Party is one of the most famous and most important events in the history of the American colonies’ opposition to the British Parliament. Disagreement with the imposed tea tax and other measures of the Tea Act, which endangered independent traders’ existence, was one of the last drops of patience (war-history, 2015). The tactics of confrontation chosen by the merchants are distinguished by their uniqueness and ingenuity, making them want to agree with them. First of all, I would like to note the saboteurs’ creativity who disguised themselves as Indians to carry out this act. While such action endangered the native population of America, it was also intended to help hide the merchants’ identity. Secondly, the very concept of destroying a valuable commodity seems savage at first glance. However, it must be understood that this was done to eliminate the East India Company’s monopoly. Finally, the third crucial tactical move was the presence of many people who saw this act of sabotage with their own eyes. If it were not for the crowd on the coast, this action could have gone unnoticed and not suffered such an impact. Reference War-history. (2015). History channel the revolution 01 Boston bloody Boston [Video]. YouTube.
An organization needs to uphold the essence of ethical standards to realize effective and efficient operations. In the workplace setting, ethical dilemmas arise from various issues. Thus, the employer and employees, among other stakeholders, need to manage such situations in the most appropriate way (VanMeter, Grisaffe, Chonko, & Roberts, 2013). The appropriate handling of ethical dilemmas curtails the emergence of conflicts that can undermine the realization of beneficial interactions within the workplace environment. Nonetheless, the ethical dilemma may present opportunities for the organization to flourish. In this respect, ethical dilemmas present both positive and negative implications to the performance of an organization. They prompt the consideration of various ethical theories to facilitate an in-depth understanding of such controversial situations. Through the integration of ethical theories such as Kantianism, util
Introduction There is a variety of positions for mutual funds, index funds, and ETFs can be compared between one another. The first point of comparison is the capacity to be bought and sold at will. For Index Funds and ETFs, real time trading and pricing throughout the market hours is fully available (Ben-David et al. 2016). Mutual funds, on the other hand, cannot benefit from such an option. In terms of sales charges, Index funds and ETFs typically do not feature any, aside from various brokerage commissions if such services have been used (Elton et al. 2019). Mutual funds, depending on the conditions of negotiation when opening them, may have sales loads as well as purchase and redemption fees. When it comes to minimum investment, there are none for exchange-traded funds, as the investor can buy a single share. Index funds’ minimum investment varies between 0 and 3,000 dollars, depending on who is offering (Dannhauser 2017). Typical investments in mutual funds are high, which explains their attractiveness to large companies rather than individual investors. Expense ratios for ETFs and Index funds are typically low, varying between 1.5%-2%. It is not the same for mutual funds, however, as expense ratios in those differ based on the management style (Elton et al. 2019). In regards to liquidity, ETFs are traded like normal stocks and can be used intra-day. At the same time, Index funds and mutual funds are traded at the end of the day, because of a system called Net Asset Value, which sets the price per share of a portfolio (Stowell 2014). Its value is calculated when the trading day is about to close. The choice of fund dictates the consequences of purchases and sales. ETFs, when selling shares on the secondary market, typically do not affect security prices. They also do not impact tax efficiency and do not trigger capital gains and losses on the underlying securities. Purchasing a large number of shares using a mutual fund, or redeeming them, however, could cause a variety of issues (Stowell 2014). For example, it can affect the underlying security prices during purchasing or selling of shares. It can affect the fund’s NAV and returns, trigger capital gains or losses, and affect tax efficiency (Stowell 2014). ETFs, due to their nature, are more transparent than mutual funds, having to report their holdings on a daily basis. T
Poverty is a word that has always been a part of people’s lives at different stages of the development of human society. The most common definition of the concept is associated with the absence of basic resources for an individual’s life. In terms of sociology, poverty is divided into two important concepts: absolute and relative (Van Krieken, 2013). Absolute poverty is defined as the absence of “the material resources” needed to meet people’s needs (Van Krieken, 2013, p. 221). Relative poverty is often defined as the lack of material resources needed to have the lifestyle acceptable in society. In the western world, when people speak about the concept, they mean relative poverty as the vast majority of the poor have certain resources although they cannot afford a lot of things that are seen common and necessary for proper living. In many South Asian or African countries, poverty is often absolute as thousands of people strive as they do not have food or money to buy it. As has been mentioned above, poverty has always been a part of human history. As for modern times, poverty is often associated with capitalism. Capitalism can be defined as an economic system “based on private ownership” where resources are distributed by the laws of a free market (Tischler, 2013, p. 402). Many theorists and practitioners have criticized this economic framework heavily. For example, Marx stressed that capitalism was an unfair world order that is doomed (Fracchia, 2017). However, some economists and sociologists have been less critical. Fracchia (2017) notes that Bernstein called capitalism an effective system that would be used for many decades or even hundreds of years. Irrespective of these differences in opinions, researchers, and practitioners agree that capitalism contributes to the spread of poverty in certain regions. It has been acknowledged that this world is characterized by a relative lack of resources or rather different access to them. Wealthier nations have access to almost all resources scattered across the globe while poorer countries cannot extract their resources to address poverty (Thompson, 2013). The United States has always been associated with capitalism and can be seen as an example of the major vices of this system. People focus on the accumulation of resources, which means that stronger, smarter, or simply more assertive people manage to receive and often take resources from others. Such ways and practices contribute to the spread of poverty as some people find it difficult or impossible to find resources for their proper living. Historically, certain classes managed to obtain a major part of the available resources, which enables their children to retain this position. Capitalism was often associated with the lack of morality and ethical choices, which led to disproportionate allocation and use of resources.
Business Description My perceived form of business is a hotel business which shall offer food, alcoholic and non- alcoholic beverages and outside catering services. The hotel shall have a restaurant, a coffee shop and a bar. The hotel’s name shall be Delicacy Hotel and Restaurant and shall be located at 9 East 89 th Street in New York City. The target market of the business shall mainly be students and staff from neighboring schools, such as The Dalton School. The type of food sold shall mainly be fast foods which shall be packaged in environmentally friendly materials. A ’la carte meals shall also be prepared to customers on request. The restaurant shall offer assisted services to the guests. The projected date of commencement of the business is 1 st January, 2014. The business shall employ the services of other staff members. The composition of staff shall be a full-time general manager, finance controller, 3 general cashiers, an executive chef, 4 cooks, 6 waiters, one storekeeper, 3 floor attendants and 2 security personnel. This staffing plan shall be efficient for a fast-food business concept and will ensure that the business is neither over-staffed nor under-staffed. Form of Business The business shall be a limited partnership business comprising of two business partners. One of the partners shall be actively involved in the day-to-day running of the business in the capacity of the General Manager while the other shall be a quasi-partner who will only contribute capital to the business and share from its profits. This partner is the investor being targeted through the creation of this business plan. The capital contribution and profit-sharing ratio shall be 1:1 between the partners. I also target Citibank as the provider of funds in the form of a bank loan. This form of business ownership shall offer the following benefits to the business:  1. Decision-making shall be fast, making the business take advantage of short-lived business opportunities (Schneeman, 2013).  2. The liability of one of the partners shall be limited, meaning that his/her personal assets shall be viewed separate from the assets of the business especially in the case of liquidation (Schneeman, 2013).  3. There is no double taxation as the case is with Corporations. The partners’ share of profits shall be treated as personal income and taxed as such. Chart of Accounts for the Business The following are the accounts to be maintained by the business, owing to its nature: ACCOUNT NAME                ACCOUNT  ACCOUNT NAME              ACCOUNT                               TYPE                               TYPE       1. Furniture and Fittings  Asset     1. Promotion             Expense    2. Kitchen Equipment       Asset     2. Electricity and gas   Expense    3. Pick-up truck           Asset     3. Salaries and wages    Expense    4. Computers               Asset
Introduction Project-based learning was a reform that shifted the focus of science education on learning through activities. The two primary aspects of it are: participation in science and learning about how science functions (Krajcik, McNeill, & Reiser, 2007; Marek, 2008; Simon, 1994). Project-based education allows students to understand how scientists gain and utilize knowledge as well as its connection to the natural world. National Standards This plan is created with the use of the Learning Cycle, and its first phase lies in the identification of national standards. National standards K.8A, K.8B, and K.3C will be the focus of the plan (“Instructional focus document,” 2017). K.8A and K.8B are focused on observation and exploration of patterns of change, while K.3C introduces the role of scientists in the research of the natural world. Development of Learning Performances The eighth unit titled “Day and Night” of “Texas Go Math!” will be utilized for additional student resources. Students will observe the sky during daytime and night time. Then they will explain if they noticed the changes in patterns between the times of the day. Students will have to compare the skies during different times of day to show what they learned. Then, they will take their form to register further observations. Contextualization During circle time, the students will be connected to the learning goals of the unit through conversation and discussion. The topic of discussion will be “What is in the day sky?” Students’ observation forms will be used to discuss the information they gathered. Students will pay attention to the environment that surrounds them and examine it through the tasks provided by the teacher. The driving question of the class is “why does the sky change?” Learning Tasks The learning tasks will include materials from the unit. At first, it will be the earth rotation task. It will be used to introduce students to the concept of living on planet Earth. Its rotational cycle and how it can be observed from the ground will be discussed. Subsequently, weather changes and seasonal changes will be observed through the same tools.This alignment of the goal will allow students to better appreciate how concepts can be utilized. Specifically, the concepts of repeating patterns in nature, their monitoring, and the reasons behind them, will be explored. Such topics as earth rotation and perspectives will be discussed in the video attached to the unit. These tasks are designed to teach students the basics of scientific theory, astronomy, and meteorology. In the future, they will be able to use these skills to monitor experiments and the movement of stars in the sky. Instructional Sequence Patterns of change will be examined over a 20 lesson period, with 45 minut