ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Natural law is a theory in the viewpoint of classical pragmatism and it is very important. The natural theory is not created by human beings, it is based on reality and it is the same at all times for all human existence. Natural law is a rule or a pattern that cannot change; it is for the people to discover and in nature, it is an inevitable moral law. It is a way by which people can logically show themselves to their good Main Body The natural rules are discernable by the human being because they have reasoned. It is therefore expected that human beings should use their reasoning and then act according to the laws. In the natural sense, human beings have the natural urge to feed, drink, sleep and have children. These deeds are necessary for species to exist and produce offspring. For this reason, the activities related to these laws are morally right, and all the activities that act in opposition to these laws are considered to be morally wrong. The theory of natural law can be taken and used in the conduct of a believer and a nonbeliever. The nonbeliever reasons to discover the rules that govern natural events and use them to decide on human actions. For the believers, there is a deity that brought everything into existence including the laws also, therefore obeying those laws that are given by deity is the morally the right thing to do (Kirk 118). According to the doctrine of the natural law theory of morality things that are said to be natural have functions and purposes. It is believed that the whole benefit of something is the realization of its benefits and its purposes. Happiness and excelling in life is good for human beings, it is a fulfillment of the human unique nature, which is what we do best by our character. For our wisdom, nonfigurative knowledge, deliberative decision, thoughts, companionship and social cooperation based on a sense of fairness among others involves the expansion and exercise of our abilities. Our true nature is characterized and fulfilled by moral virtues like bravery, fairness, goodwill, self-control among others. The life of taking drugs is taken to be bad, the reason being that it is not in agreement with our natural purpose (Kirk 234). Natural law is a laydown of the truths about honesty and justice; they are rules that we have to keep in order to get a prosperous life. We can discover moral principles by the ways of single-handedly human reasoning. Immoral deeds are known to violate the natural rule therefore the immoral behavior is taken to be going against nature hence it is against our main purpose and is not traced anywhere in the natural human race. Virtuous manners are said to be natural, for example, not speaking the truth is unnatural because the purpose of truth is to air what is in our brains
Introduction Teenagers are most commonly referred to young adults by many people. They are young and energetic and therefore they are always exploring new ideas and new things and therefore they always end up getting into trouble. Teenagers however energetic, they still need to be under the care of their parents because they need help in knowing what is right and wrong and they also need to be guided. Teenage years can be tough because this is where a person is going through a discovery process or discovering many things in their lives and they are always tempted to try out new things whether harmful or not. Teenagers are also full of life and passion and they have a big drive in doing new things and therefore controlling them is always hectic to people who are responsible in their lives then like their parents and teachers. Parents therefore always have a great responsibility and task in raising teenagers in the best way possible without limiting their abilities or being too harsh on them and also without spoiling them. Parents therefore have to know what the teenagers want and try to provide it without giving them too much freedom and also without being too strict on them since teenagers who live under strict rules tend to be tempted to explore and they always end up messing up. Thesis This paper researches on the possibility of teenagers to cope without support from their parents. It also researches on the effects especially psychological effects of parent problems on teenagers and the effects of lack of support from parents on teenagers. It digs deep on the reasons why teenagers should not be left on their own by their parents and how they will become and behave when left alone Relationship between parents and teenagers The parent to teenage relationship is a very complicated one. It is very difficult to maintain and very hard to deal with. Teenagers are explorers in themselves and they always like to try new things. The relationship between parents and teenagers over the years has been very difficult deal with because both parties do not understand what the other wants. Parents however should know how the teenage life is because they have passed through the same stage. A lot of responsibility is therefore in their hands because they know what is at stake during the teenage life and they are also mature and they should guide the teenagers. Some teenagers however are very difficult to handle because they always see themselves us mature and they always think that they know what they want. Balter and Tamis postulate that the relationship between parents and teenagers can be improved by both of them knowing the needs of the other and trying to cater to those needs in the best way possible for example parents should know that teenagers need to be free and allowed to make some decisions for themselves and teenagers need to know that parents need them to be respectful and disciplined (Balter & Tamis 218). With such an understanding, there will be improved communication between the two parties and therefore a healthy rela
Born Albert Chinualumogu Achebe in November 16 1930, Achebe is an African novelist, poet, and critic of Nigerian origin. His writing style and fiction from novels to short stories are patterned after the Igbo people oral tradition of which local folk tales were woven in addition to his own creativity and style (Killam, 1969; Wikipedia, 2008). Achebe’s most popular story is Things Fall Apart , apparently written in 1958 about a traditional village, the leader Okonkwo, and his downfall. It acknowledged the interdependency of the masculine and the feminine or community values such as the earth and sky. Things Fall Apart centered on Okonkwo, an ambitious and powerful leader who relied mainly on physical strength and courage. Okonkwo is considered blessed, with large compound, peaceful wives, fertile garden that grows yams, and respected by his fellow villagers. Okonkwo accidentally killed a clansman and banished from the village but his downfall his refusal to accept change. Set in the 1890s when western missionaries and colonial government colonized Igbo society and the rest of the eastern countries, Okonkwo fought alone against colonialism (Killam, 1969). Achebe’s stories are also known to use proverbs that incorporate the values of the rural Igbo spread throughout the narratives and highlighted in conversations. Anjali Gera (2001, p 32) said that “Arrow of God” seem to “serves to create through an echo effect the judgement of a community upon an individual violation.” The 1994 Arrow of God is said to have been set in the 1920s with the protagonist Ezeulu a priest. While Ezelu gained respect of the English district superintendent for sending one of his sons to missionary school, he failed to defend their local traditions as “he is unyielding, unable to reach a compromise, and afraid of losing his authority,” (Book and Writers, 2002). Nevertheless, proverbs and folk stories do not sum up the oral Igbo tradition as Achebe integrated it with philosophical thought and public performance such as that of Okwu Oka or “speech artistry.” Individual excellence is much a part of the Igbo tradition as seen In Things Fall Apart where lead character Okonkwo through his friend Obierika pronounced an impassioned oratory. In addition, folk songs and dancing is also incorporated in Achebe’s works, such as No Longer At Ease where Obi the lead character is met by women singing “Song of the Heart”. Both Igbo and English were used by Achebe, thus: “Is everyone here? / (Hele ee he ee he)” (Gera, 2001, p 25). Things Fall Apart also painted vividly the ceremonial dancing and the singing of folk songs as an Igbo reality and practice. Ogede (2001) suggested that Achebe’s short
The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) became a rather important milestone in the history of technological innovations because of the increasingly high number of valuable interventions. The majority of use cases are related to business and manufacturing, making it much easier for organizations to make sure that their improvements are beneficial to business [1]. Three areas are examined: personalized customer service, unprecedented automation opportunities, and prediction capabilities. When discussing personalized customer services, it may be safe to say that the implementation of AI earnestly appealed to the customers. The latter could easily find any product they needed with the hints from the system that guided users through all the available resources to let them purchase everything they needed plus something else [2][3]. Customer behavior has changed significantly since the implementation of AI mechanisms because consumers are willingly spending their resources on products they like (even if they do not need them now). On the other hand, there is the concept of automation that makes it easier for businesses to computerize operations that were previously completed by human workers. For example, automated warehousing software prevents the local stores from running out of stock and ensures that consumers are going to receive personalized offers based on their previous purchases [4]. This i
Customer Value Stores (CVS) Health is an American health care innovation company that aims to help people improve their health. Its major goal is to grow into one of the most customer-centric company in the health care industry. It owns several subsidiaries, including CVS Pharmacy, CVS Caremark, and Aetna among other brands. The corporation was founded in 1963 by Stanley Goldstein, Sidney Goldstein, and Ralph Hoagland. Upon its founding, the company operated as a provider of health and beauty aid. Seven years later, it added pharmacy services. Expansion was facilitated by a merger with Melville Corporation. The two worked together throughout the 1980s and the 1990s, until CVS Corporation became a standalone brand in 1996. It has been criticized for engagement in deceptive business practices, corruption, and privacy violations. The company’s leadership can be cited as one of the primary pillars of its success. Top Leadership Traits The complexity of the company’s business model and its evolving growth strategy require highly skilled leaders who possess vast knowledge and experience. Moreover, they should be able to perform exceptionally in order for the company to attain its mission and vision. The company maintains that leadership can be nurtured. In that regard, leaders must master new competencies that are out of their comfort zones. Relying on natural capabilities is a strategy applied by poor leaders who fail to achieve their goals. CVS Health believes that leadership development is a process that incorporates three factors, namely coaching, feedback, and evaluation. Accountability One of the leadership traits that can be identified in CVS Health is accountability.
Leadership is a multidimensional phenomenon that has many implications. The context of the leadership concept usage is broad – it includes the characteristics of domination, and it can be used for the reference to the governing forces in the life of society. The social leadership primarily performs the social functions that may be defined by the human capability of the conscious goal formulation, decision-making, and achievement of objectives within the political institutions. And it is possible to say that the particular forms and methods of leadership fulfillment depend on the cultural maturity and background of the society. Throughout the history, many philosophers attempted to define the ideal of leadership. It is considered that the citizens can have the decent life only in the ideal state, where the leadership is characterized by high moral standards, compliance with ethics, and aspiration for serving and defending people. In this way, leaders are not merely the representatives of the nation, but they may be regarded as the main force influencing the development and prosperity of the society, and it is important for the rulers to strain after the ideals of leadership as a philosophic concept. Valuable Qualities in Leaders The style of leadership and its essence is largely affected by the personality of a ruler. The main political views, motives, political background and conditions play a significant role as well. The review of the historicists’ works describing the lives of different leaders from the different epochs and cultures made it clear that the devotion to the higher molar and spiritual principles is of significant important for the rulers’ success both from the universal and subjective points of view. The universal point of view implies the global historical perspective while subjective means the perspective of the leader’s subordinates and a particular period of his/her governing. The rule of Charles the Great at the end of the 8 th century in Europe and the rule of Sultan Saladin in the 12 th century in the Middle East region can be considered the examples of successful leadership. According to the writings made by the Monk of Saint Gall, it is possible to say that Charlemagne was largely concerned with the establishment of the integrate
Hardly a single issue causes as much confusion as ethics. While ethics is often taken for granted, when a complicated problem arises, its principles appear to be quite hard to interpret and apply to a particular situation. To make the matter worse, there are different types of ethics, which should also be taken into account. However, the variety of ethics types serve only the purpose of helping one solve a particular problem with a specific ethical approach. Taking a closer look at the four key ethics types will help specify their significance and learn in which case each is applied. There is no secret that most people spend a significant chunk of their lives at work; therefore, it is reasonable enough that professional ethics should be the first type of ethics to have been developed. Also known as mandatory, this kind of ethics prescribes the moral rules according to which a real professional must work. While certain ethical principles are listed in professional regulations for certain specialists, the issue remains somewhat vague, since every single case should be considered separately, and there is practically no book for the right behavior in a specific instance. According to the official definition of mandatory ethics for counseling, “Mandatory ethics entails a level of ethical functioning at which counselors simply act in compliance with minimal standards” (Martin, 2007, 200). However, the given definition raises such questions as to what minimal standards are and whether these standards can provide maximum justice in every single instance. Therefore, mandatory ethics alone does not seem to work efficiently enough, even though it offers decent foil for one’s professional development. Compared to mandatory, aspirational ethics is defined even more vaguely. In contrast to the previously described type, aspirational ethics does not refer to any particular realm of one’s life and offers general instructions on the right course of conduct. As Martin puts it, “Aspirational ethics pertain to striving for the optimum standards of conduct” (Martin, 2007, 200). Not referring to any sphere, in particular, aspirational ethics offers general information about what is ethical and what is not. On the one hand, the given type of ethics is preferable to the one mentioned above, since it concerns not some particular realm. Still, one’s entire life and, therefore, is more demanding in terms of making ethical choices. The downside of aspirational ethics, though, is that it is even less specific than the mandatory one. Making one pursue some “high ideals (Martin, 2007, 200), aspirational ethics does not describe any, which means that every person has to define his/her ethical model. In its turn, the means above, that the code of one’s aspirational ethics depends on one’s understanding of good and evil. Another two types of ethics tha
John Locke is the author of the extract under analysis. John Locke was one of the most prominent representatives of Enlightenment. He was an English philosopher. Locke is often regarded as the founder of classical liberalism. John Locke wrote “A Letter Concerning Toleration” in 1689 in Latin. He wrote this letter to anonymous “Honored Sir”. The letter is divided only into paragraphs. The part that should be analyzed was taken from the middle of the paper. “A Letter Concerning Toleration” was written due to the urgent issues that were spread in England in the period of Enlightenment. The primary concern referred to the idea that Catholicism would take over England. There was nothing worse than the potential dominance of Catholicism for the British government. One of the most significant features of the seventeenth-century England concerned the strong anti-Catholicism movements. It should be noted, that this issue was important not only for the church but to the government as well (Coward 2003). The peak of the reformation of religious life in the country took place in 1685 when James II came to the throne. A new King was a devoted Roman Catholic. He had a strong intention to reestablish Catholicism in England. This idea had numerous opponents. Thus, his enemies secretly organized the invasion of Protestant Mary to London. Consequently, James II slipped away from the country (Hager 2009). That was the absolute victory over Catholicism. John Locke was a philosopher who realized the threat of being too prejudiced towards other religions. This historical context predetermined the manifestation of “A Letter Concerning Toleration”. John Locke comprehended the necessity to assuage the national anger towards Catholicism and other religious and cultural diversities. In his paper, Locke dwells on the idea of the need to separate church from the government. He claims that the state handles external dimensions of the society while church should be concerned with personal beliefs and the idea of salvation. Before the passage, the author argues about the lawfulness of various religious traditions. He states that sacrificing of infants is against the law. Still, the idea of idolatrous religion seems almost the same for the British magistrate. Locke displays his opinion that Church should not dispraise other beliefs but show tolerance. The passage that is under analysis is an example provided to prove his idea. He proceeds to his analysis of the interrelation between law and church after the passage. The significance of the passage provided to the work as a whole can be explained by the fact that it provides a vivid example of author’s ideas. First, the passage is a summarization of the general notion — nobody should be punished because of his or her faith. Second, people should be allowed to wo
Introduction and History Film and music piracy have become more advanced and handy than in the past, with the piracy users having the convenience and ease to access the illegal films and music they are looking for. Some years ago, one could see many shops selling pirated CDs, VCDs and DVDs in Shenzhen of China and currently, three biggest video-sharing sites are prevalent in China and even overseas. They are Tudou.com, Youku.com and 56.com. 1 In these sites, the internet users can simply watch the film online without downloading it and they do not have to pay a dollar, for pirated CDs, VCDs or DVDs even if they can afford to. For music, people can just go to Baidu.com, the notorious illegal music search engine in China, and download whatever songs they want. To understand the present situation of the current practice of film and music piracy in China, there is a need to look at the past and trace its historical development. Generally speaking, the rise of the pirated CDs, VCDs and DVDs in China can be attributed to its restrictive policy on importation of foreign films which led to expensive, limited and outdated supply of foreign films. 2 As to how the controlled importation on foreign films became a practice in China is basically connected to its historical and cultural background. Historically, China was so much influenced by Confucius idea which advocated “shared intellectual past”. 3 In 1910, Qing dynasty had formulated laws regarding intellectual property; however, due to the downfall of the Kingdom, the law was never implemented. The short-lived National Government seemed not able to do much on the implementation either. In 1949, People’s Republic of China was established and implementing intellectual property law was ill-times too since the Communist Government viewed that “own property is tantamount to sin.” 4 This cultural ideology affected the country until the Deng Xiaoping era, when the open-door policy compelled People’s Republic of China to enact more intellectual property laws in order to set up commercial ties with foreign countries and develop China’s own national economy. The necessity to have protection for intellectual property was therefore a necessary consequence of opening up the economy and sustaining it accordingly. In 1979, bilateral trade agreements with United States were signed due to the US pressure which will be discussed in details below. On the whole, since 1990s, China started putting effort in protecting intellectual property rights. In the same year, the People’s Republic of China incorporated international standards and enacted its Copyright law, but was found to still incompatible with Berne Convention. It was not until September 30, 1992 that China’s Be