ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
According to the stated ethical principles associated with the fields of biological and medical research, people can participate in the study only after providing their consent. Moreover, the consent should be informed. Thus, informed consent from participants in the ethical requirement for conducting the necessary research ( Basic ethical principles, 2012). The critical principles connected with the concept of consent are provided in The Canadian Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans. The main idea of the articles in which the issue of consent is discussed is to state the importance of the person’s autonomy and free will while deciding to participate or not in research. The participant’s consent is obligatory for starting the study and developing the project. Thus, the ethical principles provided in the definite articles of The Canadian Tri-Council Policy Statement concerning the issue of the participants’ consent can be discussed as the moral protection for persons against the inappropriate usage of the personal data of any kind during the research. The necessity to state the ethical principles on the participants’ consent is based on a lot of examples of manipulating the personal data or involving persons in the research without their will. From a philosophical perspective, any person has the right to decide about his or her actions. Moreover, this decision should not be imposed or affected by the other persons. Thus, respect for the person and human dignities are the central ethical and philosophical notions with references to which the question of the consent can be discussed (Brownell & Brownell, 2002). However, focusing on the issue from the historical perspective, it is possible to state that these ethical principles are often violated. It is essential to refer to the example of the Tuskegee experiment conducted in the USA and to many publications in the US academic journals related to 1952-1965 which presented the results of the studies the participants of which did not know about their participation and the life-threatening harm of the experiments ( Research ethics boards, 2004). As a result, Canada presented the first strategies and approached to control the research ethics in 1978 as a reaction to the problematic situation regarding the medical ethics over the world ( Research ethics boards, 2004). The next attempts to contribute to the current regulations developed and improved the ethical principles adopted in Canada, and the main focus was made on the question of consent because of the necessity to protect the participant ( CMA: Code of Ethics, 1996). That is why the development of strict and precise ethical principles regarding the participants’ consent can be discussed as an effective measure to overcome further ethical issues. The articles on the consent proces
Introduction The falling standards of education in American public schools have increased demands for accountability and performances in schools. Consequently, school administrators evaluate ways of improving academic performances, such as tutoring programmes. There are a number of tutoring programmes like peer, volunteer, one-on-one and cross-age tutoring. There have been growing evidences with regard to volunteer tutoring. Consequently, this paper presents a systematic review of The Effectiveness of Volunteer Tutoring Programs for Elementary and Middle School Students: A Meta-Analysis by Ritter and other authors. The review of meta-analysis seeks to establish the effectiveness of volunteer teaching programmes that aim to enhance the academic skills of student in public schools of the United States. The review also aims at establishing who can benefit from tutoring, and factors that influence the effectiveness of tutoring. These constitute the main of objectives of the studies by Ritter and other authors. The authors used 21 studies consisting of 28 distinct cohorts in their studies in providing guidance for assessments of the effectiveness of volunteer tutoring programmes. Through these assessments, the authors concluded that volunteer tutoring had a positive effect on students’ performance. They discovered that students who had tutors got higher marks in specific sub-skills such as oral fluency, letters and words, and writing. However, students who had no tutors scored relatively low marks compared to their counterparts with tutors. The authors used several search strategies to gather evidences to support their studies. These sources included academic sources, primary sources, middle search sources, collections of professional studies, research in the field of psychology and behavioural science, literature in sociology, education information database such as ERIC , and proquest database. At the same time, these authors used selection criteria based on randomised field trials. The authors used these methods to enable them make comparisons with the control groups that did not participate in the studies from the year 1985 to 2005. Meanwhile, the authors were careful to include only studies that had academic effects, and ignored other vital factors such as emotion and behaviour. The study included programmes for students in grades of K-8 with the adult non-professional volunteers. 1 Summary The authors based the results of the review on information from the 28 cohorts in the study using 21 articles and reports. The results of the analyses, mainly consisting of small samples, indicate that volunteer tutoring and coaching have positive effects on reading and language in students. Examinations of the overall consequences of volunteer tutoring programmes on reading outcomes of student showed improvements. The authors used 25 studies to assess the reading outcomes and effects of volunteer tutoring programmes where
Introduction A systematic review is a very important aspect of evidence-based nursing practice. It entails gathering, evaluating, and synthesis of a clinical problem so that appropriate conclusions can be drawn on the most effective practice to adopt. The contents of this paper have been prepared about a systematic review of a study on antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy. Discussion The report has not clearly stated the research problem. This is because, as given by Polit & Beck, a research problem or question is a mysterious situation that needs to be addressed through a disciplined inquiry. The research question or research problem should be narrow, focusing on a certain kind of intervention and associated outcomes. This report assumes a retrospective approach that is not easily manageable because a specific kind of intervention has not been proposed for investigation. The scope of the project is not appropriate in that penicillin is not the most preventative measure to prevent the occurrence of congenital syphilis. The report gives a big picture of the various causes associated with syphilis thus using penicillin as the solution does not seem to solve the problem. The topic of integration is not important for nursing because it does not give an account of the effects of penicillin on patients. A topic of integration as earlier mentioned should have an intervention and associated outcomes which, apparently are lacking. Randomized controlled trials were used in identifying the appropriate treatment regimen associated with penicillin in the treatment of syphilis. This approach is approaching because the study is retrospective. The report does not define the concepts and variables appropriately. This is because the project is not specific about the king of variables it seeks to examine. In addition, this can be attributed to the fact that the integrated approach has not been adequately described (Polit & Beck 2008). The report has described the criteria used for selecting some of the primary studies. On the other hand, it is quite evident that most of the primary studies are not associated with a reasonable criterion for selection. Most of the time, the reviewers have just stated the use of studies in obtaining findings but the criteria used for selecting the studies is not known. There i
Introduction As a result of the school’s earthquake and fire crises, half of the classes were damaged necessitating temporary relocation. Also, 25 families were adversely affected and may not have a place for shelter; therefore, the school will have to take care of these families until a better solution is established. More so, the students, staff, children and existing families will be put to programs that will assist them to recover from the psychological impact of the crisis. The following actions will help to restore the school to normalcy within an estimated period of two weeks. Recovery Phase In order to allow for a faster recovery, full activities will be initiated by the third day after the occurrence of the crisis. During this stage, students will be provided with emotional support in order to reduce the levels of stress (Pines, n.d). This will ensure that a smooth transition into the school’s routine is achieved and everything is back to normal (U.S. Office of Safe and Drug-free Schools, 2007). The under-listed departments (figure 1.0, Appendix 1) and individuals will aid in the recovery process as described: The Mental Health Officer (MHO)   * In collaboration with the medical department, the mental health officer will help in the coordination and provision of mental health resources during recovery phase.   * The MHO will start offering the services from day one and may continue offering psychological (stress management) recovery activities for several weeks.   * These services are expected to help the student
Abstract Evident from previous research and casual empiricism, application of 3D ultrasound technology across many healthcare centers demonstrate much promise. This shift in philosophy has forced researchers to keep an eye on current technological changes. 3D ultrasound application in the modern medical world is inevitable and may be considered to possess both positive and negative impacts. The methodology in this research utilizes 3D technology of capturing multiple-dimension images on pregnant women while focusing on the progressive development of the fetus in its entire gestation. Introduction Technology has improved the way medical specialists diagnose diseases. The newly introduced technology such as 3D ultrasound has increased the likelihood that tissue abnormities can be detected with no much effort. Evidently, modern 3D surfaces have demonstrated clinical utility. Ultrasound is an emerging modality and research argues that its application to have improved diagnosis in human organ soft tissues that would have otherwise missed by standards MRI procedures. An extrapolation from 2D ultrasound technology, 3D imaging has undoubtedly increased the evaluation of standardization of ultrasound evaluation. As 3D ultrasound continues to mature, this research will investigate specific 3D ultrasound application to clinical set ups. Evidence-based practice is the basis of work for most practitioners, in which the same evidence is used but is being applied for different purposes. 3D modeling technology has provided avenues for a variety of technological development, especially in the medical field. The technology has been embraced by a wide variety of ultrasound laboratories as a useful diagnostic tool. Widely applied in management of pregnancy, 3D technology non-invasive procedures have made is easy for parents to know the sex of the baby as well as rule out any anomalies. 3D models imaging technology works by transferring media images into health and diagnostic procedures enabling parents view video of their child prior to delivery. This study is aimed at identifying both positive and negative influences of computer technologies as important diagnostic tool. The methodology is based on secondary data, statistics were provided as well as primary data in form of a questionnaire that will be given out to several participants in order to form a qualitative empirical analysis on this topic. The survey will be measured in a Likert scale that will enable patients’ rate their opinions regarding use and application of 3D ultrasound technology After gathering the replied surveys, the aim of the study is to compare and contrast the results between hybrid pregnant women and real expectant mothers as well as with the literature review in order to make clear to the reader how innovative technologies in the modern world, how it is changing with evolving healthcare and finally examine if such applications have positively influenced activities of sonographers. Literature Review Applied as a m
The United State is one of leading consumer of fossils fuels. Being a high consumer of petroleum means that US government spends a lot of money to import the petroleum since its local production is not sufficient to meet its demand. The united State of America has initiated various incentives as a strategy to cut down the consumption of fossil fuel in the country. Among the incentive that it has implemented is giving credit tax to consumers that purchase automobile or install gargets that use alternative sources of energy (Guinness, 2007). The US government should continue offering such incentives to consumers that turn from petroleum designed products to use devices that use alternative sources of energy as a strategy to motivate more Americans to adapt the renewable energies, since they are more economical and environmental friendly. The use of alternative energy is more advanced and widely embraced in many European countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain among others. These countries foresaw the impending risks that were associated on over dependence on fossils fuel and opted to enhance alternative fuels. For instance, Germany offered huge incentives to its citizens early enough to boost the demand for solar modules in the country. In addition, similar incentives were given to promote installation of wind power in farms and to support the biofuels industries. Germany was success in implementing the alternative energy adversely due to its progressed alternative energy policy framework that enabled it to develop alternative intellectual property and alternative energy technology in good time (Guinness, 2007). The development of the alternative energies in these European countries early enough was a very strategic move for them. This meant that these nations have succeeded in cutting down the huge expenses that are associated with the importation of petroleum energy from the Middle East countries. In the cotemporary world, the demand for alternative sources of energies is very high due to the huge cost associated with fossil fuel and its negative impacts on the environment. Thus, those European countries that are already advanced in the technology will get a lot of money by exporting this technology and intellectual property to those nations such as US that are currently adapting alternative energies (ECONorthwest, 2001). Adaption of new technologies is often a big challenge. Thus, appropriate incentives are instrumental to inspire consumers to use them. Some of the incentives that are commonly used to boost the use of new technologies include tax credits like the one offered to American consumers that turn to the use of renewable source of energies. Use of subsidiaries is another form of incentives that is also highly influential in convincing consumers to adapt new technologies. A part from
The purpose of the study is to evaluate research methods in two articles by Bouchard (2011) and O’Connor, Monk, and Fitelson (2014) devoted to the investigation of prenatal development. The analysis of research constituents will help to identify the correlation between research instruments, internal and external influences, ethical considerations, and overall research outcomes. Research Design Bouchard (2011) employed the experimental research design for the investigation interrelations between the psychosocial variables and prenatal attachment. In this case, the psychosocial variables included neuroticism, quality of union with partners, and attachment to family members (Bouchard, 2011). The researcher assesses the given indicators in the sample of 161 adult couples in the third trimester of pregnancy to find what influence they have on the quality of the current attachment to the unborn child. The experimental study allowed Bouchard (2011) to analyze the effect of alternative, independent variables in distinct participants on the dependent variable of prenatal attachment. In their study, O’Connor and colleagues (2014) investigate the relationships between the variables of maternal mood and developmental outcomes in infants. The authors obtained information about the multiple study participants from the databases. They didn’t have the opportunity to alter the independent variables to evaluate the cause-and-effect interrelations between maternal anxiety, depression, and the adverse outcomes in children. It means that the researchers applied correlation design. Research Methods The sampling technique in the study by Bouchard (2011) is convenience sampling. The data collection tools include the different scales for assessing paternal and maternal attachment indicators to the fetus. Other instruments included neuroticism subscales, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Adult Attachment Scale, and the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy (Bouchard, 2011). The instruments were applied to accumulate the global scores and correlate them with the associated prenatal attachment. O’Connor and colleagues (2014) collected data from large databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, etc. The data analysis tool implemented in the research is the selective literature review. The authors included various quantitative papers in their review to evaluate prenatal maternal mood’s relevance to the psychological, cognitive, and biological development of infants. O’Connor and colleagues (2014) introduce the theoretical and historical background of the problem and focus on empirical evidence linking the study variables. Summary Bouchard (2011) found that both paternal and maternal quality of prenatal attachment is affected by their previous experiences and emotional states but in a different way. A high level of partners’ union quality was correlated with women’s strong prenatal attachment only when the participants were not characterized by a high level of attachment to their caregivers, and their neur
Target Market The target market for Columbia Roxx Company, which produces sparkling water in different flavors, is likely to consist of customers who value variation when selecting their beverages. Such customers include families with children, teenagers, as well as the elderly. The population of Columbia, South Carolina is 100% urban, with males making up 50.7%. The median resident age is 28 years, which means that the company’s marketing efforts should be predominantly focused on the representatives of the Millenial generation (City Data, 2015). The estimated income per capita in Columbia is $25,323, which is an average earning for the majority of Americans. Thus, Columbia Roxx has more opportunities to target lower- and middle-class customers by offering lower prices. According to the data provided by Statistical Atlas (2017), the white population prevails (48.4%) in the region, with Black population making up the second largest ethnic group (42.3%). It is essential for Columbia Roxx to focus on inclusivity in its marketing campaigns to attract as many customers of different backgrounds as possible. Since the company is also planning to sell beverages at grocery stores, it is important to mention that Food Lion, Whole Foods, BI-LO, and Harveys are the highest rated stores in Columbia. Market Competition The current competition in the market of non-alcoholic beverages is larger in Northern America and Europe, with large corporations such as Coca-Cola Company, Danone, Nestle, PepsiCo, and Danone leading the sales (“Global non-alcoholic beverage market,” 2017). As the global concern for improving health has encouraged customers to choose non-alcoholic drinks over alcoholic beverages, the leading manufacturers try to come up with innovative ideas to appeal to consumers’ desires. In 2015, the global market size of non-alcoholic beverages was $154.5 billion and was expected to grow at the 4.4% annual rate (“Global non-alcoholic beverage market,” 2017). Since competing against such giants as Coca-Cola is intimidating for a young company such as Columbia Roxx, the strategy for addressing competition in the non-alcoholic beverage market should focus on differentiation and finding of a unique market niche. Close connections between Columbia Roxx and potential customers will allow the company to analyze the needs of consumers and develop non-alcoholic beverages based on the forecasted demands. It is proposed to extend the range of beverages and introduce seasonal drinks, which is similar to the strategy implemented by Starbucks. While Coca-Cola or Pepsi only change the packaging of their cola drinks (e.g., for Christmas or the World Cup), Columbia Roxx will rather focus on flavors. The fall season will be associated with flavors of apples, cinnamon, pumpkin, and pomegranate, summer flavors of the drinks can range from coconut to mint. Based on customers’ suggestions and pre
Abstract The European Union and the United States form appealing specimens for study because of their obvious incompatibilities or differences in orientation. The appeal is derived from understanding how these different and rival unions manage to trade so well with each other. This is because the EU and the US are nearly each other’s most loyal clients and rivals simultaneously. A quick illustration of such differences is illustrated in the more obvious descriptions or make-up of each respective state. It is the position of this paper concerning the European Union, and the United States, particularly in the light of the political implications on policymaking in the Agricultural Sectors, that both the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the US’ Farm Bill need some internal adjustments to adapt them to meet the demands of the 21 st -century agricultural environment. Such adaptations should achieve the objectives visualized by the policy architects and so breed success according to globally acknowledged measures of managing production. State intervention can take various forms including service provision, which features the provision of certain ‘public’ goods and services primarily by the state. An example of such public good is communication (Blandford & Orden 2011, p. 100). Secondly, intervention could take the form of regulation, whereby a state or government establishes and/or develops property rights and sets up policies that encourage market competition. Thirdly, the intervention could happen in the form of taxatio