ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Workers are a fundamental component of every organization. These people are the primary machinery of the business and they are indispensible since they carry out the tasks necessary for the business or company. For this reason, people can be categorized as a crucial asset in every organization. They give the business a competitive edge over its rivals in the market and enable it to succeed in any given field. Without the workforce, the business or organization would not exist to begin with. From this realization of the importance of the human factor, all organizations have a Human Resource (HR) department that is charged with handling issuing concerning the members of the organizations. Personnel in the HR field assert that there are a number of factors which affect the performance of the individual in the organization. This assertion is backed by research by many experts in psychology. One factor which stands out is motivation. It is therefore of great importance for the organization to know how to motivate its workforce. This paper will discuss the importance of motivation in the workplace and give various ways that can be used to motivate workers. Why Motivation is Needed One fact about human beings is that they cannot be counted on to work on the same task consistently over a period of time and give uniform good results. This may be attributed to the fact that humans tend to tire after some time which is the difference between humans and machines. People experience a “burn out” from working for long periods especially if it is work that the individual finds routine or is unenthusiastic about. Because of this, every worker needs to be motivated in order to perform his/her work effectively. By definition, motivation is the process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals. Motivation entails providing a person with reasons or incentives to carry out the required tasks. A motivated person is one who is inspired to achieve the desired goal. The value of motivation cannot be overstated and motivation is of core value in all aspects of life. Two main kinds of motivation exist namely: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In intrinsic motivation, the person is internally motivated and they perform the desired tasks out of their own pleasure or desire. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation occurs as a result of external factors such as promise of reward or need to avoid punishment by the individual (Pan 2010). As a process, motivation involves engaging a person such that they show desirable behavior or perform certain required action. Motivation is an interdisciplinary issue and it is studied in: psychology, economics, political science, education and sociology. Denhardt et al. (2008, p.146) asserts that motivation acts on the
Introduction In spite of the fact that people focus much attention on gaining their academic degrees, they often choose careers that are not related to their qualification or field of knowledge. Indeed, in the United Kingdom, 30% of college graduates were inclined to view themselves as mismatched to their job positions according to a study in 2015 (Steed 2018; Universities UK 2015). Thus, many people often seem to be working in areas that differ significantly from spheres associated with their major, qualification, or degree. This situation is associated with the problems of skill shortages in some fields, or oversupply in others, both leading to economic unbalances (Cappelli 2015; Liu, Salvanes & Sørensen 2016; Polachek et al. 2017). Furthermore, some employees can occupy certain positions without actually being the best qualified for them. The key causes of this phenomenon vary quite considerably. They include the difference between the supply and demand for certain job positions and qualifications, unemployment rates, the level of development of certain industries, inappropriate student orientation at college, and young people’s uncertainty regarding their career choice (Abel & Deitz 2015; Figueiredo et al. 2017; Rowland, Ruth & Ekot 2017). However, it is useful to discuss this problem from the perspective of human resources management (HRM) employee orientation, training, and development applied in companies. Focusing on the idea of skills utilisation, it is important to understand how human resources managers can use the situation of mismatching majors or degrees and careers in their employees to influence orientation and training. Research Questions and Objectives The following research questions should be formulated for this study:   * RQ1: Why do graduates often work in fields and industries different from the areas they studied at college?   * RQ2: Why do graduates choose not to develop their career in the field related to their major and/or degree?   * RQ3: How can HR managers adapt employee orientation, training, and development practices to the situation of mismatching college specialisations and positions in relation to their employees?   * RQ4: How can employee orientation contribute to addressing and matching individuals’ and companies’ needs? The objectives set out for this research are to discuss the reasons for graduates’ working in fields and industries that differ from areas they studied at college and to examine graduates’ reasons not to develop their career in fields related to their majors. It is also necessary to study how HR managers can adapt their practices to the situation of mismatching college degrees and positions and how employee orientation can contribute to addressing employees’ and companies’ needs. Literature Review Graduates often choose not to work in the field associated with their major because they are not sure that they have made the right career choice. Another reason is connected with the inability to find an appropriate position in th
The Rhetorical Triangle includes the interconnecting elements of the speaker, audience, and situation. These three factors can determine how successful a presentation will be. There must be an equal balance of all three elements. The speaker must be credible, enthusiastic, proficient, trusted, and influential. They must personally believe in the information they are sharing with the audience. The speaker must be able to maintain the interest and enthusiasm of the audience. As important as it is for the speaker to be competent, the audience also has responsibilities. The audience must be alert, have an interest in the presentation, and feel as they are an important part of the presentation. The situational aspect involves the environment. Factors of room temperature, number of audience members concerning the room size, distraction levels, furniture comfort, and even the colour of the room play a role in the success or failure of a presentation. When anyone area of the communication triangle fails, the entire triangle may fail (Nugent, 2008; The Rhetorical Triangle). In a video series containing the titles How to Smooth the Base of Whiteface Clown Makeup, How to Define Eyebrows for Hobo Clown Makeup, and Tips for Applying Clown Makeup , the presenter teaches the application of clown make-up. These videos are presented by a speaker that has enthusiasm in his presentation; he enjoys his role in applying clown makeup and instructs in a way to draw the audience into his presentation. In his instruction, he tells the viewer why he takes the steps he does as if they were there to ask the questions. Adding to his presentation, he informs in an upbeat manner, giving instruction and reasoning. He also adds his credibility as part of the ABC Circus at the beginning of the video; letting the audience know that he is competent in his instruction. The environment of the presentation is well lit and allows for proper viewing. The videos for applying clown makeup follow the Rhetorical Triangle elements of a competent and engaging speaker which involves the audience in a real situational setting. The lighting and acoustics complete the triangle to meet the situational goals (Anderson). The video, Easy 4 th of July Crafts for Kids, demonstrates how to make an easy craft for children to complete with their parents. The beginning of the video shares the credentials of the presenter as an art teacher. She has a soothing voice in a well-lit, neutral-coloured room. The instructions begin with a list of supplies to ready the audience before instructions begin. The presenter goes step by step, completing the project herself as she teaches. She gives measurements and paper sizes; she also gives the reasoning for
According to Fontaine and Ahmad, the process of leading an organization can be compared to driving a vehicle. On this basis, we can draw parallels between a leader/manager and a driver, a route and a strategy, other cars on the road and competitors, etc. I find this analogy cogent and well-thought-out. First of all, it describes the key points of managing an organization in simple and understandable words, which, in its turn, makes the whole concept comprehensible for everyone, even for people who are not familiar with this field of study at all. Besides, with the help of this analogy, the authors easily win and keep the readers’ attention. It is interesting to continue reading and find out what parallels have been drawn, which concepts have been compared, and so on. On the other hand, this analogy is rather superficial; it encompasses only the most important points and ignores many details. Even the authors write, “we realize that this analogy is far from perfect” (Fontaine and Ahmad 4). However, when it comes to analogies, details do not really have so much value. The second paragraph of this section describes the difference between conventional and Islamic strategic management. I think that this duality is justified – although conventional and Islamic perspectives have very similar goals, the ways to achieve those goals are too different. Conventional strategic management focuses on the aim, the probability of success, and the least possible time for which this aim can be achieved. Even more, since the time has to be minimized, the rights of the stakeholders (or the passengers, according to an analogy with driving a car) are to be of minor importance. Islamic perspective, on the other hand, implies that “the rights of all stakeholders is a shared moral duty” (Fontaine and Ahmad 4). Islamic management would never sacrifice those to achieve the goal quicker. So, while the conventional approach is goal-oriented, Islamic strategic management focuses on people in the first place. Thus, it is people-oriented. By the way, that is where the analogy is extremely useful. Pushing out a stakeholder seems to be not a big deal in management since it is just a business, and there is nothing personal about it. However, if we use other terms (a driver instead of a manager and passengers instead of stakeholders), the situation turns out to be not so natural and fair. Finally, analyzing the comparison of management and driving a car in detail, we can notice that there are some missing elements in this pattern. Firstly, companies and organizations do not exist separately; all of them cooperate with each other. To coexist successfully, they have to follow some general rules, government regulations, etc. However, that is not enough. On the road, there are s
Introduction Masdar City is an innovative urban project to construct an ecological, fully sustainable city in the Abu Dhabi. It is meant to be a forward-thinking initiative with architectural and technological developments that pioneer the “greenprint” for the urbanization through reducing waste and relying on renewable energy. The city houses organizations and companies such as the Masdar Institute and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) that promote environmental sustainability (Masdar, 2017b). The project is developed by Masdar based in UAE. Masdar City is owned by Mubadala Investment Company. It is primarily controlled by the Abu Dhabi government. The company is an international corporation as well as a regional leader in renewable energy and sustainable urban development. Masdar seeks to be a primary industry player in transitioning of UAE towards a technological and information-based economy (Masdar, 2017a). The purpose of this report is to identify, analyze, and propose solutions to a complex problem that Masdar is experiencing in the development of the Masdar City project. The main issue identified in the project is the slow expansion and population growth of the city, primarily caused by its lackluster infrastructure and the failure to achieve anywhere near the 100 percent renewable energy power supply that was heavily advertised. The urban development concepts and management are inconsistent and causing Masdar City to be labeled as a “green ghost town” since the innovative nature of the project has experienced setbacks (Liu, 2018). It is necessary for Masdar and the Abu Dhabi government to form a realistic, comprehensible, and competent management plan for the evolution and promotion of Masdar City as a sustainable urban project that justifies the multibillion-dollar investments made into it over the last decade. The Analysis of the Problem When the project was announced by the Abu Dhabi government in 2008, it was considered almost utopian. Masdar City was planned to be the first urban development without any negative environmental aspects, having nearly untraceable amounts of waste and carbon emissions. Furthermore, it promised completely renewable energy and the use of recycled water. From its initial stages, the project had two major concerns, its excessive cost and the social culture of the UAE that had been engulfed in lavish, high-waste (from an environmental perspective) lifestyles. However, the soaring prices of oil guaranteed to fund for Masdar City, while UAE leadership sought to implement various initiatives to diversify the country’s economy, focusing on innovative technological developments. Nevertheless, the economic and global climate has drastically shifted the dimensions affecting the city (McArdle, 2018). This led to the utopian dream meeting the harsh realities of the real world that drastically changed the dynamics of urban development in Masdar City. The
Introduction It is important to discuss the concept of pregnancy before delving into what teenage pregnancy really is. Pregnancy, in broad terms, is a condition whereby a female human being carries a fetus in their womb. This is because of the fertilization caused by fission of the male sperm and female egg in the fallopian tube. The fetus grows gradually in the womb eventually becoming a human species with all organs well developed after nine months after which the baby is born. It is also crucial to note that this development can happen in the body of any woman who has menstrual cycles irrespective of the woman’s age (Kaplowitz, 2006). Teenage refers to the age between thirteen years and twenty years. This is the period when most, if not all human beings, are at their puberty stages and are very sexually active. At this stage though, neither the female nor the male are ready to assume the role of parenthood as they themselves are still considered as minors. Unfortunately, most teenagers are so curious and most have the urge to have sex at this early age. Since most of them are, do not have much knowledge regarding sex, most female teenagers end up being pregnant at this minor age. This is what is referred to as teenage pregnancy as the women in question are not yet above twenty years old. Teenage pregnancy in many countries is considered illegal. This is because the pregnant women are still minors who should be at the care of their parents. In most cases, these minors become pregnant without their conscious knowledge and most are not ready to carry pregnancies at this age. There many cases reported of teenage pregnancies in not only the United States but also the world over. These cases vary from one region to another depending on the region’s economic status. It has been recorded that the poorer the region the higher the rate of teenage pregnancy. This therefore means that teenage pregnancy is more prevalent in the developing countries than in the developed countries. A study showed that out of every 143 teenagers become pregnant out every 1000 in sub Saharan Africa. This compared to 2.9 teenagers out of the same number in south Korea is an alarming rate and can be reason enough to say that poverty is a major contributor of teenage pregnancy as countries in the sub Saharan region are poor. It is alarming per se according to research that about 13.5 million children are born of teenagers. Majority of these teenagers are mostly in the developing countries. Effects of Teen Pregnancy Among the issues stated earlier, there are more causes of teenage pregnancy rather than curiosity and being sexually active. Studies have shown that teenage pregnancies in the developed countries are associated with lower economic status, lack of education and are in most communities a taboo. Most of these teenage pregnancies are outside marriage as it is very unusual to find a minor in this case a teenager being married in the developed world. Teenage pregnancy in the developed world is highly stigmatized and is considered a social ill (Macionis, 2010). On the other hand, though not as socially accepted, communities in the developing coun
Participation in class discussions and online activities is important in any learning endeavor because it promotes effective learning activities, stimulates creativity, and instills confidence. Active contribution to discussions is a reflection of competency of the skills I have gained in class. This paper provides a self-reflection on course participation concerning various learning elements. All-Over Class Participation I participated adequately in class and online discussions (High rating). I only missed one out of the 12 on-campus sessions. However, my contribution to the attended sessions was up to the recommended standards. I stuck to the objectives of the course throughout the sessions. Consequently, I posed questions meant to complement the learning objectives to engage my classmates during discussions (Akkaya & Demirel, 2012). I avoided using ‘leading questions’ that could otherwise prompt the answers and in so doing enhanced critical thinking and creativity. I also avoided asking ambiguous questions that could lead to unnecessary discussions and wastage of time (Etemadzadeh, Seifi, & Far, 2013). I tried my best to provide precise answers and made a habit of giving other students a chance to speak without interruption. Listening and Reading Skills Listening and reading are important in grasping and mastering the course content. Listening requires focus and concentration with the ability to analyze different situations critically while reading requires internal listening. Therefore, poor listening and reading skills are indicators of failure. Throughout the course, I demonstrated an interest in my peers’ and instructors’ contributions. During the class sessions, I used keywords to note down the ideas presented by others. I also strived to make eye contact with my audience during discussions. Class Preparation I prepared for class by completing required readings (High rating). Before every class and online session, I read ahead on the topic to be discussed as suggested by Ding, Kim, and Orey (2017). The designated course readings were useful in this regard. I found that this approach prepared me for the discussions because the preparation helped me to anticipate various questions on the discussion topics. Quality of Contribution Though I made significant contributions to the class, I was not able to answer all questions posed to me as comprehensively as I had wished, which indicated that my preparation was not as thorough as I thought. I had small problems in linking some of the readings to the discussion. These problems may have been caused by internal interferences such as mental state and nervousness (Staveley-O’Carrol, 2015). Nevertheless, most of my answers were accurate. Therefore, I rate myself as high in this aspect. Impact on Seminar My contributions were useful in stimulating new ideas and setting the base to recognize the strengths of other people. Therefore, I grade myself in the high category in this aspect. The use of real-life examples and happenings i
Analysis of External Factors Fiat Chrysler automobile company faces a lot of challenges even though most financial analysts believe that the merger was a significant step towards improving the performance of the parties concerned. Sergio Marchionne, the chief executive officer of Fiat, offered an expensive bet to companies that wanted to merge with it (Carney 2009). Most critics expected this offer to attract successful companies like DT Dobie and Ford. However, they were shocked when Chrysler’s offer was accepted by this company. The following issues are important in explaining factors that forced Fiat to merge with Chrysler even though it knew its financial challenges. Michael Porter argues that threats of substitute products that arise due to changes in technology are serious problems for companies (Bainbridge 2012). The automobile industry is evolving and this means that all companies must realign their strategies to ensure they manage these challenges of changes in market trends (Sherman 2010). Porter explains that the presence of rivalry between suppliers make them to use unethical practices to have competitive advantages over others. Chrysler was unable to withstand competition from other companies including Fiat; therefore, it was quick to accept Fiat’s offer to merge with it to ensure it reduced competition in the automobile industry. Thirdly, the need to manage Fiat’s brand forced it to merge with Chrysler to ensure it is associated with a company that has a rich tradition in car manufacturing; therefore, this was an effective way of managing threats of new entrants (Miller 2008). Porter argues that threats of new market entrants force companies to merge to have competitive advantages over others. Moreover, Fiat had a poor customer care department and it was necessary to improve the services of this sector by merging with another company (Williams 2011). Lastly, Fiat did not have adequate funds to finance its operations because of the challenges it experienced between 2007 and 2008. The power of suppliers as presented by Porter forced these companies to merge their operations. Chrysler had adequate funds to finance its operations, but did not have market for its expensive products (Maynard 2013). Therefore, it was necessary to combine their efforts to ensure they supported each other in different processes. Chrysler produced expensive automobiles that were beyond the consumer’s ability to buy them. Porter explains that when the bargaining power of buyers is low companies should merge their operations to reduce costs and lower the prices of their goods or services. Chrysler’s Competitive Advantage This company had a dark past and this had forced most people to despise its products because of poor financial performance. The merger with Fiat will ensure it streamlines its performance and this will attract clients to buy its products. It is necessary to note that the merger led to changes in the brand names used by these companies (Bainbridge 2012). They dropped their former names and adopted the new brand name that symbolis