ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
An intelligent agent, or Bot, is a computer program that is used to run automated activities over the internet, that is, it does not require a human operator. Generally, bots perform activities that are simple and normally repetitive at speeds that would not be possible by humans. Bots may also be used in tasks that require very high speeds that cannot be achieved by humans, (such as in online computer games or internet auctions), or in situations where the emulation of human activity is needed, for instance, a company can use bots to chat with its clients over the internet. Commercial Uses Bots are used for a variety of purposes over the internet. A type of bot, known as chatterbot, is used in automated online assistants by businesses to interact with its customers through chat. This can help such businesses to operate on a full time basis without requiring physical human presence. This can be beneficial in reducing the organization’s operation and training costs. Consumers can also use bots to search for products and compare prices over the internet, and these are known as shopping bots. Apart from searching for specific goods over the internet, bots have also been used extensively in personal finance through personal finance bots (PFBs). PFBs act as “virtual financial intermediaries” that perform financial transactions and fetches information on financial products according to the information input by the user. Bots can be used to purchase tickets for various functions, concerts, and events. They are mostly used by ticket-brokerage companies that resell tickets. The bots are used to purchase unfairly, the best seats in an event while denying the public of a chance to have those seats. The businesses then resell the seats at a higher price. Bots are also used extensively in online games to hunt for resources that would otherwise take a considerable amount of time to acquire. This is an unfair tact and amounts to cheating as it goes outside the game program and give unfair advantage to the users. Consequently, users found to be using bots in such games are normally banned by the respective companies. Malicious Purposes Although bots can be used for beneficial purposes, some people can use it a malicious tool to gain access to a person’s computer. Once they gain access, an attacker is able to gain the users internet activities, steal credit card information, social security information, and other useful information, or even carry out DoS attacks against websites, servers, and send multiple email messages (spam). An attacker may also use malicious bots to send numerous advertising links to internet users. To carry out these malicious activities, a bot harvests email addresses from various sites that collect user information. To prevent malicious bots from gaining access to websites, sending spam, or performing other malicious tasks, several tools are used. One anti-bot tool known as CAPTCHA is normally used. This tool distinguishes between a human user and a bot by requesting the user to input an encoded human-readable text before proceeding with the task. Conclusion Bots, if used in the right manne
Admittedly, poets have always tried to answer very complicated questions in their works. One of the most difficult questions is, of course, what it is to be a human. Poets of the sixteenth century had their own vision. It is possible to analyze such works as Amoretti (Sonnets 54 and 75) by Edmund Spenser, Astrophil and Stella (Sonnet 2) by Philip Sidney and “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” by Christopher Marlowe. These works contain the answer to one of the most important questions for the humanity. Notably, these answers address different aspects of people’s life. For example, according to Marlowe, humans feel the beauty of the nature and get pleasure from observing such wonders of the nature as “valleys, groves, hills and fields, woods or creepy mountain yields” (Marlowe n.p.). Thus, being able to feel the beauty is very important. Edmund Spenser also stresses the importance of being able to feel. However, the author also emphasizes that people should also be able to empathize. Otherwise, the poet states that these people cannot be regarded as humans but they should be seen as “senseless stones” (Spenser n.p.). Besides, Spenser states that people should be able to “immortalize” “immortal thing” ( Sonnet 75 n.p.). People have a part of immortal light in them, so they should be able to immortalize things. Thus, people should create immortal masterpieces of art. For Edmund Spenser, to be a human also meant to be free. The poet states that humans should not “suffer tyranny” (Spenser n.p.). He notes that it is very important for a human to be free and be brave enough to enjoy this freedom. Thus, the three poets reveal three aspects of humanness. They provide a complete answer to the questions. According to their visions, to be a human is to understand the beauty of nature, to be empathetic and be brave enough to be free. Admittedly, there are a number of social and ethical implications of this definition. It is necessary to examine the ways these values are shared in the world. Works Cited Marlowe, Christopher. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love . 2013. Web. Sidney, Philip. Astrophil and Stella . 2003. Web. Spenser, Edmund. Sonnet 54 . 2007. Web. —. Sonnet 75 . n.d. Web.
The modern American society is very demanding of people in their workplace. Very often, time spent at work is greater than that at home or at leisure activities. There are several reasons that offer explanations to such a trend. The way of the “American life”, people’s personal goals and work demands, all lead to extra work. The society and the general population of a country are the moving force in the workplace. The article “Americans Work Too Much and Have Too Little Time for Play: Here’s How to Slow Down ‘The Great Speed-Up” offers explanations that are related to the demands of the society and gives ways to avoid being caught up in the workplace. Even though the wages stay the same, so there is no clear incentive to stay at work longer, individuals still contribute extra hours to their jobs. This can be attributed to the society and the American way of life. The country is a very fast paced environment where industrialization has created many opportunities and avenues for people to work. There is a large number of professions that exist and so, people are able to choose any type of activity they like. This, in turn, leads to the replacement of leisure time by working hours. This happens not because people are forced to work but because there is true enjoyment in work. A person can take pleasure and pride in their profession and this is very much representative of the society. The education provided is very differential, which gives people a very diverse selection of jobs they can dedicate themselves to. Not only has work become more interesting but it is now a place of social life and self-representation. People are appreciative of their jobs and thankful to have one. Of course, financial reasons and the natural pull of society to have more resources is another factor. As social life creates conditions that require more money to be spent on life, people feel forced to spend more time at work (Jason par. 2). The personal goals of a person play another significant role. Psychologically, a person can be greatly focused on their job. It is a place where they can practice and display their skills, gaining respect for themselves and from others. A determination to have a better way of life, to have higher quality of products acquired and services enjoyed will without a doubt lead to more hours spent at work. “The American way of life” is often associated with a dream where people are able to afford pretty much anything. The society allows for a great number of pleasures and people are very attracted to the different activities they can participate in. This makes an individual become a victi
Primary Diagnosis The primary diagnosis is occupational asthma; the causative agents of the indicated type of the disease are located directly at the person’s workplace. Michelle notes that a worsening of the symptoms develops on weekdays, and when she gets home, they decrease. According to Vandenplas et al. (2017), occupational asthma symptoms are similar to those of non-professional bronchial asthma. It is characterized by wheezing, coughing, chest compression, and shortness of breath. Asthma attacks appear under the influence of industrial allergens. Therefore, to make a diagnosis, it is necessary to establish the type of allergen present in the work environment at the time of the onset of an asthmatic attack (Vandenplas et al., 2017). The patient has seasonal allergies, which determines the predisposition to the development of the illness. In terms of Michelle’s case, she works in a bakery, so occupational allergens significantly increase the frequency and severity of a pre-existing disease. Symptoms, often more serious during work and in the evening, improve on weekends, and return to work, however, they may deteriorate towards the end of the workweek. The patient may notice that particular activity or certain substances present in the work environment cause multiple symptoms. Treatment Plan Treatment of occupational asthma consists of medical and preventive measures in the workplace. The process begins with an accurate diagnosis and identification of the factors causing the disease. As long as occupational asthma is provoked by exposure to sensitizing substances, lowering the contact with such substances does not always lead to the complete disappearance of symptoms. Severe asthmatic attacks or progressive deterioration can be caused by vulnerability to low concentrations of the essence; therefore, it is recommended to permanently stop this exposure (Bernstein, 2016). For a patient, a timely planned rehabilitation leave or retraining can become an integral part of treatment. Bernstein (2016) claims that if it is impossible to stop the direction entirely, it is necessary to reduce its level, accompanied by careful medical supervision and control. Medication therapy for bronchial asthma includes the basics required to continuously control the disease, including oral and inhaled glucocorticosteroids, and symptomatic, designed to attack drugs that relieve spasm of bronchial smooth muscles – β2. Considering that asthma being a chronic disease, the duration of therapy is determined by its course, and treatment can be continued throughout life. Singulair can be used in combination therapy with other prophylactic drugs. It prevents bronchoconstriction in response to trigger effects, improves the broncho-dilating effect of salbutamol on lung function, and reduces asthma (Trivedi et al., 2017). The inhalation form is the most effective and safest as the medicine is delivered where it is needed. The action develops quickly; the highest concentrations are created in the respiratory tract. Many medications can only be used in inhalation because, when taken orally, they
Introduction A trademark helps consumers identify a product or service of a business or an organization. The trademark is like an identity of an organization. Trademarks vary from a name, letter, shape, resonance, sign to a logo. Some businesses will combine some of the elements to ensure that their trademark is unique. A trademark also protects a business or organization against imitation of their products by competing enterprises. There are some incidences where another party duplicates a trademark. However, the owner may not be able to defend the trademark if it is nor registered or if it does qualify for prior rights. The United Kingdom has rules that protect trademark owners from infringement. The Trademark Act of 1994 is one of the acts that protect the ownership rights of a trademark. Section10.1 of the act states that a trademark violation occurs when a business sells or buys goods using that have the same sign as the one registered. Violation occurs when the business or person sells goods that are similar to those sold by the owner of the trademark. Section 10.2 states that infringement also occurs when an organization uses a trade mark that is indistinguishable from a registered one, (Kase, 1974.pp 312). The same applies for goods and services. A business might produce the same goods as those of a business that owns the trademark. The implication of these actions is confusion in the market concerning the authenticity of the products. Section 10.3 of the 1994 act also considers the use of a similar sign as an act of infringement. An organization might use a trademark similar to a registered one. There are some cases where an organization uses the same sign, but produces different products. However, if the business uses it well, without ruining the reputation of the trademark, then this is not infringement. Consequences of registering Pointymint The application for registration of a trademark for the Pointymints has different effects to the owner of the supposed trademark and the owner of toblerone. The two businesses produce the same product that is chocolate. Although the pointy mint wants to modify their trademark to a pyramid from the triangle, it still committing infringement. This is because the trademark they want to use is similar to the one used by the toblerone. The consequence of the registration of the trademark will be confusion by buyers. However, the Pointymints Company might not be able to get their trademark registered. The Trade Marks act of 1994, section 10.2 does not permit this move. The pointy mint company plan to make chocolates which
Emirates Airline is one of the largest companies in the Middle East. The company’s headquarter is in the city of Dubai and it employs over 28,000 people from all over the world (Graeme 36). According to Abeyratne, it is estimated that this firm carries over 27.5 million passengers and 1.6 million tons of cargo every year using its fleet of A 330-380 aircrafts (94). The global airline industry is highly competitive and this company is always under pressure to deliver superior services to manage the rivalry in the market (Jannie 78). The airline has been keen on differentiating its products from those which are by the rival firms. One way of doing this is to uniquely modify its services to meet needs of its diversified customers (Winur and Winur 53). The firm has developed a customized entertainment system for all the passengers on board. Each passenger can now choose the kind of music to listen to or a movie to watch while in the plane. The company has also employed some of the best engineers, pilots, waitresses, and other cabin crew members who understand how to offer unique services to clients. The effort is geared towards ensuring that this firm offers top quality services to its clients at all times. The report by Bamber, Hoffer, and Nordenflycht shows that Emirates Airline has improved its efficiency by embracing technology at the booking offices, luggage management, and flight checking to avoid long queues at the airport (45). Customers can now book their air tickets remotely as long as they have the internet access. These unique services have their disadvantages such as increased costs of operations. However, the advantages such as increased customer base and high profitability outweigh the disadvantages. This unique strategy explains why this company remained profitable in 2008 global economic recession when other firms around the world experienced economic problems. To maintain this success, Momadu advises that this firm will need to remain innovative in its operations (11). Works Cited Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. Regulation of Air Transport: The Slumbering Sentinels . New Jersey: Wiley, 2013. Print. Bamber, Georhe, James Hoffer, and Dennis Nordenflycht. Up In the Air: How Airlines Can Improve Performance by Engaging Their Employees . New York: Cengage, 2014. Print. Graeme, Wilson. Emirates – The Airline of the Future . London: Media Prima, 2014. Print. Jannie, David. United Arab Emirates yearbook 2005 . London: Trident Press, 2013. Print. Momadu, Ahmed. Airlines of the United Arab Emirates: Emirates, Etihad Airways, Emirates Sky-cargo, Air Arabia, Daallo Airlines, Rak Airways, Fly-Dubai, Rus Aviation . New York: Cengage, 2015. Print. Winur, Jack, and Jane Winur. Travel Industry Almanac Airline, Hotel & Travel Industry Market Research, Statistics, Trends & Lead
Benefits of using calculators Calculators are crucial because they enable students to cover the syllabus in time. This is because with the use of calculators it becomes fast to solve mathematics problem in less time and by use of little energy. Students are enabled to solve problems within given time. Students are able to practice a lot making them perfect problem solving. This makes teachers and students to cover their course work in time. Calculators ensure accuracy is achieved in calculation. Students are relieved worries about mistakes which result in multiplying, dividing and carrying out of other operations manually. This ensures that the answer they obtain when using calculators is correct one. This boosts their grades making them achieve their future dreams. A calculator makes mathematics to be enjoyable. Tedious paper work makes students hate mathematics but with the use of calculators students are able to solve mathematics easily. This makes them have a positive attitude towards mathematics which makes them perform well in this subject. Use of calculators makes students focus on steps needed to solve a problem which is believed to be important as the actual answer. Some calculators such as graphical calculators in the classroom extend problem solving and mathematical comprehension by combining both practical and possible a crucial theory referred to as multiple linked representations. With calculators students are able to work with large numbers and decimals with ease and get accurate answers. Teachers can use resource from the everyday life such as figures from supermarket sales and ask the students to solve. This makes students well equipped to face challenges found in real life. It also makes them see the relationship between calculations in class and real life situations. This cannot be possible without the use of calculators (Joseph, 2008). Disadvantages of using calculators Calculators are considered to encourage student laziness. Many students take their calculation with little seriousness due to use of calculators. Students are aware that calculators are fast and; therefore, they spend most of their time idling instead of concentrating in grasping the concepts needed to solve problems. Calculators simplify calculations a thing that make student with a disability to solve mathematics without difficulties. Visual nature of calculators’ display enables students to develop their own mental portraits making them recall how to solve a certain problem easily. Calculators make students be used to them; this makes the students unable to solve mathematics in the absence of calculators. Students become fully dependent in calculators that they are unable to solve even basic problems without using calculators. This is not a pleasant thing because students do
Abstract The study will seek to find out why ESL Asian students are reluctant to speak English once they are out of classrooms as compared to their European counterparts. Although there is correlation between speaking English outside class and proficiency of the same language, it has come to be realized that some student have negative perception on using the language out of classroom (Barkhuizen, 1998). The study will utilize qualitative and research approach to bring to light such factors as frequency of using English, skills used to perfect the language, challenges the students faced and eventually the strategies that can be implemented to encourage student use English outside classrooms (Cohen & Manion, 1994). The findings will be of essence to a myriad of stakeholders ranging from students to the government. Introduction Due to globalization a concept used to describe free movement of people, goods, services and capital the world has turned into a global village with a higher rate of interconnectedness (Chan, Spratt & Humphreys, 2002). As people interact, it was realized that there was differences not only in culture but language. For this reason, of all languages in the world, English is being sort after as a language that will unify the world in day to day activities. Initially, individuals used to visit countries that offered English languages but as a result of technological advancement individuals can enroll and get lessons in their home country, a case in point is Taiwan which is in the Middle East. According to Mitchell & Myles, 1998 despite the efforts from all relevant stakeholders it has come to light that many ESL learners in Asia are faced with a situation that they are afraid of using English to communicate with people especially when they are out of classroom (Nation, 1997). ESL learners in Asia are usually too quiet and do not have much self-confidence to speak up their opinions and thoughts. How to motivate ESL l
Money and banking Money is a commodity used as a medium of trade whereas banking on the other hand is the process of accepting and safe guarding money. Ten year treasury security is a long term security and therefore less volatile with very little if not nil risk. On the other hand a three month treasury security has a higher degree of risk given that it’s a short term asset and highly liquid. On these grounds it is a safer investment to invest in the two securities but even safer with the ten year treasury security. Further, the five percent three month security is even more expensive given the short notice and the high liquid and volatility of such financial assets (Elmerald, 2006). The loss on investors based on anecdotal evidence is explained to be based majorly on the fluctuation on the rates of return on the securities invested on by the investors. The rates of return in this case are majorly the rates of interest in the monetary and the securities market. With expected inflation one would rather be a depositor than being a borrower because by being a depositor the investor is likely to receive returns in the future rather than losses in case of inflation. Being a borrower in this case would lead to payment of the loan at very high interest rates which would be very costly for the borrower. At the same time it’s also, when it’s appropriate for the borrower to borrow it’s also coincidentally appropriate for banks to lend expecting high returns in future if inflation occurs (Elmerald, 2006). As shown above borrowers suffer the expense of high interest pay on borrowing s in case of inflation or change in interest rates against the borrower. With fixed interest rates, it may be at a trade off to both the borrower and the lender but to an extreme an advantage to the borrower because he would pay back the loan cheaply. To the banks as a result of fixed interest rates their profit margins are narrowed. White- collar crime According to Elmerald, P. (2006), “A white collar crime is, A crime committed by a person of respectably a high social status in case of his occupational duties” These are the criminal acts that are the financial crimes that are grossly committed by corporate heads in the course of their leadership and managerial duties accorded to them by the owners of the respective companies. The wrong acts committed may affect the companies negatively as the company itself or as the company and their shareholders who normally are the owners. The crimes may include crimes like financial frauds, money laundering, embezzlement or even insider trading. Insider trading in this case explains a situation where a member or members of top management like the directors colluding in order to hide information from the rest of the stakeholders for personal gains. The information hidden is normally likely to affect the shareholders in terms of reducing their