ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the modern world, the role of adult learning becomes more and more important because a growing number of people want to acquire new knowledge and skills either for professional or personal reasons (Rose, Kasworm, & Ross-Gordon, 2010, p. 13). This is why it is important to understand the factors that can affect their education. Overall, teachers have to accept the idea that many traditional methods of instruction may not be applicable to these people because they can have different cognitive abilities and needs. This is the main issue that should be discussed. One can argue that cognition and memory have the strongest impact on people. Teachers should bear in mind that as people grow older learning strategies can change due to various factors, especially age. First, according to the findings of psychologists, memory of a person is inevitably affected by age, even if there are no pathologies such as dementia (Nilsson, 2003, p. 7). For instance, the research indicates that older adults, especially those ones, whose age is fifty or more, do not perform very well when they have to face the tasks requiring simultaneous storage and processing of information (Nilsson, 2003, p. 11). Thus, educators should remember about this issue when they work with adult learners. Additionally, psychologists report that such cogni
Introduction Sometimes temporary differences occur in accounting periods which usually affect taxable income and accounting income. Causes of temporary differences include expenses deducted from both taxable income and accounting income and expenses deducted from taxable income before being deducted for accounting purposes among other reasons. The differences lead to deferred tax that requires a special method of appropriation (Bragg, 2010). As a result, firms usually publish incomes and expenses in one period for the purposes of financial reporting and in a different period for tax reasons. In this regard, interpreted tax allocation is a method of accounting used in reporting deferred tax liability. Though this method has various advantages, there are people who have criticized it based on a variety of reasons (Bragg, 2010). The method applies different approaches namely, comprehensive allocation, partial allocation, and no allocation. Comprehensive Allocation It is a form of interpreted tax allocation where the net effect of taxation is based on all book income transactions within a given accounting period. The main idea under this method is that deferred tax reporting procedures are supposed to reflect tax effects of all temporary differences, regardless of the period. It should however be noted that the amount of tax that is supposed to be paid, is not necessarily income tax of a single financial period (Jarnagin, 2008). Consequently, due to the emergence of temporary differences, deferred tax should be recognized. It makes no difference whether the period being analyzed under comprehensive tax allocation falls in one financial period or not. Comprehensive tax allocation is very crucial in determining the tax effects of a period that cuts across different fiscal years. Partial allocation On the other hand, partial allocation does not include deferred tax in its reports unless the amount is expected to be paid in a short period of time (Jarnagin, 2008). Proponents of this method argue that deferred income taxes only serve to create indefinite postponement of tax. Therefore, this method recognizes part of the temporary differences that lead to deferred tax, but not all the differences hence the name partial allocation. Consequently, the amount of tax reported during a particular period under partial allocation is the same as the tax payable during the same period. It is important to note that partial tax allocation only takes into account deferred tax that results from material temporary differences that are non-recurring. However, critics have disregarded this method arguing that it goes against the accounting principles of accrual (Bragg, 2010). No Allocation Under this method, the current income tax of a specific period is considered as the income tax expense of that period. Deferred tax is considered inconsequential because
Executive summary IBM is a multinational organization. It manufactures and sells computer software, hardware, mainframe computers, as well as nanotechnology. The company is among the leading computer and electronic organizations based in New York City, United states. It owns and operates numerous franchise companies and multinational businesses across the globe with major branches in the United Sates, India, and Australia. The ultimate goal of IBM is to dominate in the global market with novel computer and consultation products. Its toughest competitors include Microsoft, Dell, Google, Hewlett- Packard Company, and many more. The presence of these key players in the PC industry makes the competition intense for IBM. This has forced the company to work out its competitive advantages so as to remain relevant and competent in the market. This is a critical provision in the realms of technology and business expansion. Its objective is to substantially address the needs of its customers. The modern marketing strategies demand organizations to create considerable business provisions (Williams, 72). In fact, IBM is very good at meeting the needs of its clients despite the challenges. This is how the company has attained its competitive advantages in the global arenas. However, as it continues to grow, IBM has become highly recognized with its brands. This has allowed the company to remain top in the industry. In the context of management, auditing is a critical provision in the business context. Lack of internal auditors has led to misappropriation of funds in several companies and organizations. That is why several companies and organizations have adopted it to help in bringing accountability. Leadership management pattern at IBM has really contributed to its success. An overview of the company Modern business practices especially in the computer technology have gone global. Technological breakthrough is certainly the major contributor to the expansive and ever growing computer industry (Williams 76). A number of companies are finding computer industry a lucrative venture thus creating a greater opportunity for computer technicians who range from programmers to engineers. Computer manufacturing is a diverse industry that incorporates a wide range of specializations. This includes but not limited to software development, hardware development, and developing network infrastructure. According to Williams (77), the revolution in the Information Technology (IT) has forced majority of organization across the globe to equip their workforce with latest IT devices. This has translated to a major boost in the computer industry. In the previous decade, IBM enhanced its investment quests in the computer industry. Evidently, different players continue to flood the industry with novel products and ideologies in order to take advantage of the emerging markets and enhance their market divides. It is noteworthy that American companies for a long time have been controlling the global computer industry (Wi
Introduction Everybody has seen Braveheart (1995) or at least heard of it. An iconic movie with Mel Gibson portraying William Wallace – a charismatic and cunning leader of the Scottish rebels, provides great entertainment value even 23 years after being first released into movie theaters across the world. It was truly ahead of its time, having not only scored over 210 million dollars in the box office, but also winning five academy awards: for the best picture, director, cinematography, makeup, and sound editing (“Braveheart – Awards”). With such a stunning and impressive list of features, it can truly be considered an all-time classic. Despite being considered old by modern standards of cinema and having certain flaws and loops in the storyline and historical accuracy, Braveheart can easily be considered one of the best movies of all time, enjoyable even by the modern standards of cinema in 2018. Story Synopsis The movie follows the tale of William Wallace – a freedom fighter who rose to liberate Scotland from the rule of King Edward “Longshanks” following the death of the king of Scotland, who died without leaving an heir. The motivations of Wallace, as well as his supporters, are just and noble. King Edward was a cruel king, who offended not only the Scottish people but their noblemen as well by granting lands to his lords and enabling various offensive laws and regulations, such as the “First Night” privilege, where the ruler of a fief would be granted the right to bed any bride before the wedding (“Braveheart”). Wallace joins the rebellion after the English soldiers execute his wife for resisting their attempts to rape her. Braveheart is built around sequences of battles with scheming and politics in between. While William Wallace rules the battle scenes, Longshanks dominates the stage with his Machiavellian view of the world, dry wit, and refined cruelty. He would stop at nothing to defeat Wallace, especially after the battle of Stirling, which results in the British army being crushed, and the city of York burned to the ground. Only the treachery of Lochlan, Mornay, and later Robert the Bruce help defeat Wallace (“Braveheart”). He goes out like a true freedom fighter. Even during his last scenes, when he is drawn and quartered, he shouts out “Freedom!” which became an iconic line of the movie, sowing fear in the English and creating a long-standing memory in Robert’s son, who was later inspired by the memory of William Wallace to betray the English and conquer freedom for its people (“Braveheart”). The Good One of the strongest points in Braveheart is the battle scenes. The majority of moviegoers did not go to watch the movie because they were interested in the intricate and elaborate politics of 13th-century Scotland. No, they came to watch the movie to see Mel Gibson fight giant battles and swinging that two-handed sword. Braveheart delivers just what the posters and trailers promised – gritty medieval large-scale battles, involving foot soldiers, archers, and cavalry. Mel Gibson did a great job at por
Introduction America has a long history that characterizes its development as home to diverse groups of people such as Native-Americans, Africa-Americans, Asian-Americans, women, and the LGBTQ community. Specifically, this paper discusses this history while at the same time comparing and contrasting the struggle for equality among the afore-mentioned groups. History Native-Americans are said to have settled in America thousands of years ago (Rutman 59). Besides, their consequent contact with the Europeans had a thoughtful influence on their history. Native-Americans observed a Clovis culture that is mainly detected by the use of a fluted spear point. Black Americans consist of a group of Africans who were compulsorily taken to America where they were held hostage from 1555 to 1865. It is argued that most of the Negros originated in Africa. In addition, African-Americans comprise of Blacks from the Caribbean whose descendants settled in the US during the slavery period. Slaves came from different ethnic groups, primarily from the west and central Africa. However, they lived a similar way of life, despite having different customs, religious beliefs, and language. According to Rutman, the Asian-American history is mostly connected with racial and cultural groups from the Asian descendants (60). Asian-America was an impression conceived in the 1960s. It was destined to bring together Japanese, Filipino-Americans, and Chinese for calculated political drives. As time passed by, other Asian groups, for instance, Koreans, South Asian-Americans, Hmong, and Vietnamese were included. The Chinese, Hmong, and the Japanese came to the US to provide labor in places such as gold mines and rail construction among others while the rest of the Asian-Americans came as slaves. As Morrison reveals, the history of women in the US can be traced in the colonial eras that happened during the colonization of America (88). Women who found their way to America mainly migrated from England and Wales. They had come as settlers. A few other women came from Scotland and Ireland. For example, in New England, immigrants came with their integrated religious culture that created a social arrangement that upheld the issue of submissiveness among women to their husbands, including their commitment to nurturing children with good morals. On the other hand, the way women were treated depended on their ethnic backgrounds. For instance, England settlers’ wives never worked with their husbands in the field while German and Dutch women immigrants enjoyed more control of their husbands’ assets. According to Lin, LGBTQ history in America traces its roots to the period immediately after the country’s independence (573). In the 19 th century, many states in America limite
Gustav Fechner Gustav Fechner is the scientist credited with laying a foundation for the introduction of cognitive psychology. Before his groundbreaking work in psychophysics, it was presumed that the scientific investigation of the mind was an impossible undertaking. However, Fechner was able to engage in a number of scientific experiments that measured the relations between objective changes in physical stimuli and subjective changes in the internal sensations the stimuli generate (Keil & Wilson, 2001). Fechner’s systematic experiments provided proof that mental events could be measured and their relationship with physical events quantified. As such, scientific psychology, which until then had not been possible, could be carried out. Wilhelm Wundt Wundt’s published the groundbreaking book “Principles of Physiological Psychology” in 1879 and he was the first person to refer to psychology as a unique field of study. He established the first laboratory dedicated to the study of psychology. Through this lab, Wundt was able to come up with well-defined experimental procedures in psychological research (Sternberg, 2008). In addition to this, Wundt introduced structuralism theory. This theory advanced that when studying mental events, the analysis should be broken down into the three mental functioning aspects of images, feelings, and thoughts. Wundt also promoted the method of introspection, in which psychologists were to analyze their own thought processes as they performed various cognitive tasks. Edward Titchener Titchener built on the ideas proposed by the German Pioneer Wilhelm Wundt. He is credited with introducing and popularizing psychology, as presented by Wilhelm Wundt, in the United Sates. Titchener built on the theory of structuralism since he also believed that
James Deetz was an American anthropologist who researched the early life of the first groups of Americans upon settlement. In this text, it is prudent to identify how he developed multiple techniques and data items to establish a detailed historical account of the early Americans. It is crucial to specifically discuss the tobacco industry, its factors, and how history played up to being what it was. James Deetz came up with a method to know the tobacco industry’s growth extent by measuring the bore size of the olden tobacco stem (pipes). In the area known as Flowerdew hundred, James Deetz excavated a couple of tobacco stems in their research. He noticed that there was a variation in the size of the bore stems and thought to himself that maybe there is a correlation between the bore stem size to the year it was created in the past. Therefore, this initiative led to various discoveries that James later made. True to his words, he matched the bore sizes to historical data that was available, and it all matched up different bore sizes belonging to different periods in history. This data was amassed, and the formula was created, the earlier the bowl, the wider the borehole: from 4/64ths of an inch to 9/64ths of an inch “(Deetz, 2010). Flowerdew was an area known for its large farms used to grow tobacco. During its course of time, it changed hands a couple of times from a large farm owner to smaller farm owners, then back to its original size after it was bought up and amalgamated back again (Mcmillan et al., 2014). The planters were of African origin and slaves offered free labor to the large farm owners. In the late 1700s, a boom in the tobacco market began; American tobacco farmers took to their heritage and named an area of farm Georgia. This was after a string of British kings who ruled from 1719 to 1800. Tobacco was now grown for a profit rather than a way of living for the common folk. This resulted in a significant cultural shift among its folks. The system of operation was transitioned from an asymmetrical point to a balanced position. Previously farming was left to huge corporate groups, but now individuals who owned farmlands did it (Shott, 2012). In the former times, also known as the medieval times, the farm owners did the farming labor, but now it was done by the African slaves, who were a cheaper source of labor than their Caucasian counterparts. In medieval times, the farming system was traditional with no new technologies being applied, but the farming systems were modernized after the transition. The major market of the former farms was the local population, and as time passed, a new market was discovered, the whole world, so it gradually changed from local to global. Different markets operate in various ways; the markets of the past operate in the mannerism of the past, and it is no lie that intermediaries of that time had no huge market, but with time their stroke of genius came to them, and they discovered that they had a huge market (McMillan et al., 2014). Therefore, they changed from organic buying of tobacco to bulk ordering, as it was cheaper for their endeavors as businesspersons.
Introduction In his book Cooked: My Journey from the Streets to the Stove , Jeff Henderson shows how people can perceive their successes and failures and how they can respond to the difficulties that they may encounter. To a great extent, his memoir illustrates a very old proverb. In particular, it is often said that “when we think we’re rising in life, we’re really falling and when we think we’re falling, we’re really rising” (“All 4 Cooked Lessons”). This proverb may seem paradoxical; moreover, this may be easily accepted by people because it is very counter-intuitive. This is one of the issues that be taken into account. However, this argument is perfectly illustrated in Jeff Henderson’s autobiography which shows the transformation of a person’s values. In particular, the writer shows that in the course of his life, he reached the state of moral degradation, recognized the causes his downfall, and profoundly changed many of his worldviews. This is the main argument that should be analyzed more closely in this paper. Jeff Henderson’s transformation At first, one should pay attention to Jeff Henderson’s behavior, especially before his imprisonment. When he was engaged in criminal activities, he was firmly convinced that he could easily achieved prosperity and success without having to bear responsibility for his decisions. He was unwilling to think about the dangers of his behavior and its long-term implications for his future. This is one of the aspects that can be identified. Additionally, he believed that the police officers would be unable to find evidence against him (Henderson 72). To some degree, this person thought that he had been almost infallible. Only later, he learned that police had been watching him for a long time (“All 4 Cooked Lessons”). In this case, it is possible to speak about the illusion of invincibility which usually results in many errors. On the whole, he believed that he could be impervious to any outside factors. It should be kept in mind that at the age of twenty-one, Jeff Henderson could gain approximately $ 30000 within a week by selling crack cocaine (Henderson 5). This is why the author sought that he could soon reach the pinnacle of success without any difficulty. Yet, this conviction was just an illusion. One should bear in mind that it did not occur to him that his activities could endanger the life and health of many people who became addicted to drugs. Thus, one can argue that his alleged rise was not driven by any moral compass (“All 4 Cooked Lessons”). These examples illustrate the first part of the proverb. Jeff Henderson failed to notice that his lifestyle was self-destructive and delusionary. This form of existence could not last for a long time. This is one of the arguments that can be put forward. It
Introduction It is hard to doubt the statement that reading skills are crucial for an individual today. However, many high school learners and even college or university students lack reading skills (Fitzhugh, 2011). In this paper, results of a survey pertaining to reading and administered to high school students will be discussed and analyzed. Based on these results, some recommendations related to high school classroom will be made. Analysis of the Results The questionnaire was completed by 16 high school students, 8 of them male and 8–female. The results were gathered and analyzed for patterns and discoveries pertaining to the reading habits and attitudes of students. A number of tendencies are apparent from the analysis. First, students rarely stated that they disliked reading; their attitudes were somewhat skewed towards the “disagree” option in response to the statement “I hate reading.” Similarly, more students disagreed that “reading is boring and a waste of my time” than not; however, there were some learners who agreed with this statement as well. Interestingly, very few students agreed that they enjoyed going to the library; most responded that they either disagree or strongly disagree with this statement. Few students agreed that “only nerds like to read.” Simultaneously, the number of respondents who agreed that they read outside of school was greater than the number of learners who liked going to the library, and significantly greater than the number of students who did not dislike reading or thought it boring and a waste of time. Thus, few students explicitly dislike reading or think that it is a waste of time, but the number of students who actually read is also small. Because the number of students who read outside of school is larger than the number of learners who like going to the library, it might be assumed that students often try to obtain their books elsewhere, e.g., on the Internet. Also, because students stating that they read outside of school did not specify what they read, it is possible to hypothesize that they read different types of materials, for instance, some texts which can be found online or, e.g., in newspapers. This can be confirmed by stressing that some students struggled to remember what the last book that they read was (simultaneously, most of them could name their favorite TV program). Furthermore, only one girl stated that her favorite thing t