ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary Topic and Research Questions The topic of the dissertation reviewed is Parents Involvement in Transition Planning for Their Young Adult Children with Intellectual Disabilities . Seven specific research questions guided this study, including “What are the desires and expectations of parents for their children’s post-school options in education and employment? What school-sponsored information and transition planning resources do parents of youth with intellectual disabilities access? What are the other information and transition planning resources parents of children with intellectual disabilities access? Where do parents go to get information and resources for transition planning?” (Martinez, 2009, p. 26). People or Data Sources The survey respondents were parents of students with intellectual disabilities (aged 14-22 years) in Northern Virginia (Martinez, 2009). A purposive sample (N=61) was determined based on the 2005 census information deposited in a database. Where and When The study took place in Northern Virginia. The participants were drawn from two counties – Arlington and Fairfax – and three metropolises, i.e., Falls Church, Alexandria, and Fairfax (Martinez, 2009). The survey was conducted between May and June 2007. Data Collection and Analysis Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using closed and open-ended questions, respectively (Martinez, 2009). The data collection methods involved web-based and mail questionnaires as well as phone interviews. The analysis of verified quantitative data included descriptive statistics on SPSS, while qualitative data handling involved transcription of the respondent’s comments and open and prior coding to identify general themes. Data triangulation was also done to enhance the validity of the results. Results and their Importance The study found that parents favored formal channels of communicating transition plans for students with intellectual disabilities (ID). Further, although most respondents would want career preparation for such learners, parental access to information about higher education opportunities is limited (Martinez, 2009). The significance of these results is that they reinforce my premise that parental support and involvement are critical to effective transition plans and the post-secondary success of students with ID. Critique Appropriateness of the Design The mixed-methods design is appropriate for this study to address the research questions (RQs) that require subjective and objective data. The quantitative (correlational survey) and qualitative methods fit with the closed (dominant) and open-ended (less-dominant) RQs and help the researcher to triangulate and validate results (Martinez, 2009). The first approach could explain behaviors or predict outcomes, while the second one helped add insights and advance the quantitative theories based on respondents’ comments. The mixed-methods design is worth modeling in my research to ensure a comprehensive inquiry into the independent (quantitative) variables – income status, level of education, and social status – and underst
Introduction The working legal system in the United Kingdom covers four countries where each of the four countries form three independent jurisdictions consisting of their own court and legal system according to Sawyer (2005). The countries that make up the United Kingdom commonly known as the Great Britain are England, Wales, Scotland and Britain. The United Kingdom was founded in 1801. The present states were as a result of the partitioning that occurred in 1922. The decision to join the European Economic Community was done by the political leaders in 1973. The European Economic Community is currently known as the European Union. The entrance of the UK to this union forced it to integrate its laws in order to merge with the EU laws. Since then, there have been a number of reforms that have been done by the labour government of the United Kingdom. Devolution in the UK The labour government has also instituted devolution in some areas of the countries making up the United Kingdom. These devolutions have seen the formation of the Scottish Parliament and Welsh national Assembly through the referendums done in the country. In Ireland, there was an existing Assembly though not functional at the time of the devolution process. In England, the parliament is often known as Westminster. These devolved constituents of the United Kingdom make their own decisions based on their separate Assemblies or parliaments. Nature of the UK law and legal system The United Kingdom has no written constitution; the Queen is regarded as the head of state in the U.K. In practise however, the government of the day is the main decision maker in matters that concerns the country. The legislature of the United Kingdom is essentially a bicameral in the way its parliament is structured. There are 659 members of parliament in the House of Commons who are elected by majority vote after every five years. The Government has the supreme power to call an election earlier than the stated five year period and thus it will ensure to state earlier in order to give the electoral a reasonable advantage. On the other hand, the House of Lords constitute of life members, members given the chance as a result of distinct public service and hereditary members whose patrician birth dictates so. Notably also, the U.K. has integrated the Human rights act which was passed by an act of parliament in 1998 to the law rights of the United Kingdom. This thus means that cases in contrary to the European Union can be administered by the United Kingdom courts of laws. In issues related to business, there are specialised tribunals which have been formed to administer appeals related to either public or government
Introduction Unilever is one of the most significant consumer goods companies offering cleaning agents and detergents. This report analyzes the opportunity to target the low-income segment in the Northeast of Brazil the company has. It presents the argument for the actions the organization should take, discusses Unilever’s brand portfolio, and addresses the aspects of repositioning. Moreover, the paper provides a Marketing Mix, discussing the details of the new product’s formulation, packaging, promotion, and distribution. Finally, the report features personal thoughts on the presented case and possible recommendations. Targeting Low-Income Segment in the Northeast It is possible to say that Unilever should target the low-income segment of consumers in the Northeast because they represent a large and unengaged market that has a distinct customer base. The case study reveals that there are almost 50 million customers coming from economically disadvantaged backgrounds in the area, which is a significant population segment the company can work with (Guimaraes and Chandon 3). Moreover, low-income customers tend to use soap and laundry detergents frequently, although less than 30% of them have washing machines (Guimaraes and Chandon 3). It is evident that doing laundry is a significant part of the community’s life, as it is considered a recreational activity. Notably, the Northeastern region is one of the most appropriate segments for targeting the country. The reason for it is that the consumers value the perceived power of the detergent, its smell, and the ability to remove stains (Guimaraes and Chandon 4). At the same time, they do not consider the product’s impact on color fading and packaging as significant factors affecting its quality. These preferences can be considered beneficial for Unilever because the consumers from the low-income segment may be interested in the products the company already offers, which means that it does not need to develop a new brand. The detergent market is notable in the area, too, as it has shown more than 15% of growth and is expected to grow more (Guimaraes and Chandon 5). Unilever is one of the strongest competitors in the market, which means that it has all the resources needed to target the segment. At the same time, it is vital to mention that the population of the Northeast region has a relatively low level of income. It comprises only $2,250 per capita, which is similar to the income of individua
Cognitive psychology can be defined as a theoretical perspective that focuses on the realms of human perception, one’s memory, and thoughts. It can be used by learners as an active processor of information. It assigns critical roles to the knowledge and the perspectives which students bring to their learning. Learning of cognitive psychology in schools can have a wide impact on the students since it’s through cognitive psychology that we are in a position to know the nature of our emotions, feelings, thoughts, and their role in moral life. It’s also through cognitive psychology that we are in a position to understand ourselves. It’s through cognitive psychology that we can control our emotions which sometimes might lead us to certain mistakes. When students are taught cognitive psychology in schools and colleges, you find that these students will be in a position to live a different life which is different from a student who has never been taught cognitive psychology. You normally find that, cognitive psychology can improve one’s behaviors, how one interacts with others in society. You find that these students have good behaviors and can interact with another well in schools and also in the societies they come from. It can change your life from bad to good. Cognitive psychology has an impact on social interactions with students. It’s through this discipline that students are in a position to know how to interact with their parents, teachers, peers, and neighborhoods. Students learn how to cope and interact with groups of people so that one is in a position to live a moral life in our societies. Good behavior can be accorded to one’s personality as far as our thoughts, feelings, and emotions are concerned. (Flanagan, 1991). Cognitive reasoning refers to turning negative thoughts into positive thoughts, and healthy aspects of living. You find that the life we are living today is full of so many hurdles and we need to make certain decisions that are supposed to be positive to succeed in life. Disappointments can be seen as a bump in the road, new challenges, or catastrophes and hence as a result we need to think positively to overcome these challenges. You need to choose not to let it eat at your soul. You find that when these great hurdles come our way, it is with the help of cognitive view which will help us sit down and put our feelings into writing. We should always think in a way of “I can do it” no matter the challenges. We should also be in a position to release our emotional trauma at the correct time and stop bottling feelings since this can lead to stress. As a result, one needs to be in a position to attempt those hurdles. Should also quit from been an emotional spectator by flexing and expressing our emotional feelings. We should be in a position to even attempt the most unpleasant ones. Happiness in one’s life can be achieved by properly mediating w
Introduction Theories of change have broadened since 1970s to include family and society as integral components of psychotherapy. Like other therapists, I have realized that therapies should be responsive to the needs of individuals, families, and communities for clients to change according to their social and physical environments. Research has proved that therapies are effective if they are applicable at family levels since social and physical environments are significant determinants of the outcomes of a given therapy (Fuller, 2004). Hence, I suppose that by targeting families as social environments that catalyze changes is a critical step towards effecting changes among family members. According to Fuller 2004, “when family members are desperate, they change, but when they are not desperate, they stay the same” (p.178). Since clients are family members who are desperate, they are in dire need of change, which lies deep within theories of change. Therefore, in this view, I am interested in applying theories of change in families to address problems and issues that family members are struggling to resolve. The theory of change comprises a series of interventions that help clients to recover in a gradual process. Anderson (2005) states, “Theory of change is the product of a series of critical thinking exercises that provide a comprehensive picture of the early and intermediate-term” (p.12). A comprehensive theory of change outlines the assumptions of the change process and describes the steps through which change occurs. As a therapist, I tend to apply change theories such as the solution-focused family therapy, narrative therapy, and structural family therapy in resolving problems within families because they are effective in causing required change. Additionally, since these theories have common assumptions and functions, I have developed an interest of implementing them during therapy because they provide necessary tools and skills, which are of great importance in family therapy. Therefore, this essay focuses on the theory of change by examining goals, assessment strategies, assumptions, principles, and views of therapists. Goals of Therapy The central goal of therapy inside a therapy room is to empower clients to be strong and overcome trauma. Clients usually seek therapy when problems that they face in life become too heavy for them to endure alone. Hence, the major objective of therapy is to relieve the clients’ emotional and psychological burdens using appropriate psychological interventions. The goal of the solution-focused therapy is to enable clients to resolve problems using their own strengths. Greenberg, Ganshorn, and Danilkewich (2001) posit, “Solution-focused therapy recognizes that even in the bleakest of circumstances an emphasis on individual strength is empowering” (p.2289). Despite the fact that an individual may be too weak to endure and resolve a given problem in life, solution-focused family therapy maintains that, an individual has residual
This article, titled “Transforming Curriculum for a Nursing Leadership Course: A Collaborative Approach”, written by Barbara B. Desimone describes a project that intended to enhance course participant’s competence perceptions and satisfaction using collaborative teaching strategies. The author formulates the meaning of transformational leadership, by stating that transformational leadership is a process of mutual motivation and morality increase by leaders as well as their followers. The duties of transformational leaders include teaching, commitment, inspiration, application of change, and representation of the group. In the eyes of his followers, such a leader must be the right and proper person for this function. The article notes six capabilities that should be possessed by transformation leaders: communication, association, sanction, delegation, initiation, and achievement of external legitimacy. The author describes the purpose of the Nursing Leadership Course curriculum transformation. It is confined to strengthening transformational leadership abilities of the nursing students through including every course participant’s perceptions of this topic into the Nursing Leadership Course curriculum. To do this effectively, the students and faculty evaluated each other’s capabilities by filling out a Leadership Performance Competence Profile that was later used to direct the course activities and teaching strategies. The Profile demonstrated that the competence of sanction was believed to be a mutual weakness among all the students. After the course had ended, the Profiles were filled out once again, and the results revealed an increase of all six leadership capabilities. The article indicates the purpose of the project, as intent to influence group competence perceptions of transformational leadership, after those perceptions have been included in the curriculum of the course. The project, however, was not designed to formulate one precise theory of leadership. After determination of each other’s strong and weak aspects, the requirements and objectives of the course were established. These objectives consisted of a change project, clinical activities, clinical practicum, and oral presentation. The results of the Profiles were used as guidelines for evaluation and integration of each objective, particularly the clinical activities and clinical practicum, as they were implemented into this course for the first time. Teaching strategies directed to strengthen such competencies, as a sanction, delegation, initiation, and external legitimacy achievement were developed and introduced. The methodology called “interactive teaching”, which included the sequencing of classroom discussions, classroom questioning, and the lecture was being followed by the participating teachers. A change proposal project was designed, implemented, and evaluated by each student in order to evaluate the individual ability of transformational leadership. Every pro
John Adams John Adams was a United States of American politician who was born 30 th October 1735 and died in July 1826. He was also a political philosopher who became the first vice president of the United States between 1789 and 1797; he served as the vice president for two terms and later became second president of the United States of America in the period running from 1797 to 1801. In 1776, John Adams participated in convincing the Congress to make a declaration of independence besides assisting Thomas Jefferson in the process of drafting the declaration of independence of the United States of America. Needless to say, John Adams was father of the sixth president of the United States o f America, John Quincy. John Adams largely wrote the new constitution of Massachusetts that was ratified in 1780. He can be credited with his zealous participation to have the declaration of independence of the United States of America, a state that the United States takes pride in and enjoys (Adams, 1977). Bill of Rights A bill of rights is a constituent of the most crucial rights granted to the citizens of a country. The main purpose of the bill of rights is to defend such rights from being abused or infringed by the government or the state agents. The term originated from England where it was used to make reference to the Bill of Rights of 1689. The bill of right can either be entrenched and therefore cannot be adjusted by the legislatures of a nation by use of the normal procedure; in this case, any modification of such rights requires the use of supermajority is a conducted referendum or the rights can be unentrenched where they are considered as normal statutes and therefore, does not require a referendum. This implies that the legislators of a country can freely amend or modify the rights at will. In the United States of America, Bill of Rights is used to refer to the first ten amendments that were done to the constitution of the United States. At the time of the amendments, the rights provided citizens with freedom of worship, speech and expression, assembly and association. Because of the bill of rights, the United States of American people have continued to enjoy these rights and freedoms (Adams, 1977). Declaration of Independence Declaration of independence is an affirmation of independence of a hopeful state or states. Regions are normally declared from a part the whole of a territory of another country. Sometimes a declaration of independence can also be done on a failed state or a territory that has broken away from a larger country or state. In the case of the United States of America, the declaration of independence is a proclamation that done was done of July 4, 1776 by the Continental Congress. The declaration of independence announced the independence of 13 American colonies which by then were in conflict with Great Britain. The States of America no longer were part of the British Empire. It meant that the American people would no longer be under the rule of the British besides offering inspiration that contributed to French Revolution. The dec
Introduction Aramex Delivery Unlimited pioneered in1982 and it mainly focused on offering express services. Currently, Aramex offers transportation coupled with logistical services. Headquartered, in Jordan at Amman, the organisation also provides services such as domestic distributions, express services, forwarding, and freight services among others ( Aramex Delivery Unlimited 2014). Aramex is now a global brand recognised by customers through the provision of customised supply chain services. This paper discusses Aramex Company by strategically mapping its supply chain with a view of pinpointing areas of risk within the supply channels. It also proposes how to manage the identified risks. Finally, the paper offers recommendation on the risk areas in the supply chain management approaches for Aramex. Aramex business and strategic goals The success of Aramex in its global business depends on the development of effective supply chain management, which is consistent with its strategic goals. Supply chain management refers to overseeing the movement of goods and services, finances, and information from the point of production to wholesalers and then to the end users, viz. consumers. Ketchen and Hult (2006, p. 573) note that it also encompasses ‘coordinating and integrating these flows both within and among companies’. Supply chain management is an important function in an organisation. According to Ketchen and Hult (2006, p. 574), ‘organisations increasingly find that they must rely on effective supply chains or networks to compete in the global market and networked economy’. The main goal for Aramex entails facilitating the achievement of these functions of effective supply chain management on behalf of its clients who are mainly organisations seeking to transport and distribute their products and services across the globe. Aramex believes that supply chain management occupies its epicentre for operational efficiency. This value helps in the development of an important goal of the company, which entails ensuring smooth and efficient movement of goods coupled with services from manufacturers to retailers and then to the end users. Aramex Delivery Unlimited (2014, par. 4) states that customised solutions ‘have helped clients in reducing inventory costs, increase transaction speed, and improve sales by implementing customer requirements more efficiently’. This assertion implies that Aramex’s main strategic goal ensures that its supply chain management system, which is utilised by the company’s clients, reduces the cost associated with supplies. This goal measures up to the concerns of effective supply chains, which focus on availing products and services whenever they are required and in a manner that ensures the increasing numbers of products that need to be availed in the market are sustainable (Ritchie & Brindley 2007). Aramex explores sustainability in chain supply management as a business strategy. The company engages in corporate social responsibility (CSR) to drive its sustainability business strategy. Integrating CSR in supply chain