ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The way of reporting and discussing major political events relates to sources’ political orientation. Comparing two articles discussing the first report of the Supreme Court Commission (SCC) that opposes court expansion initiatives allows exploring this phenomenon. This paper will comparatively analyze the articles published by CNN and Fox News in terms of facts, language, visuals, and social influence. Facts The sources differ in terms of fact selection and presentation. In her article from a liberal-leaning media platform, De Vogue uses facts that emphasize liberals’ fervent desire to initiate the reform and disagreement with the SCC’s preliminary decision. Lee’s article posted on a conservative-leaning website utilizes other facts, including quotes from the SCC’s report that demonstrate the expansion’s hypothetical disadvantages. Unlike De Vogue, Lee does not include Democrats’ negative reactions to the decision. These dissimilarities in how the authors pick facts might stem from two factors. Firstly, Lee’s work was published two days ago, whereas De Vogue’s article has been recently updated to reflect the facts regarding the SCC’s conclusion. Secondly, the platforms’ political orientation might have influenced the selection of facts, making De Vogue depict the SCC’s disagreement with Democrats’ proposal as something that disappoints both Democrats and Republicans. The other author does not cover negative reactions to the SCC’s report. Language/Word Choice De Vogue uses expressive language revealing her ideological position, whereas Lee refrains from demonstrating any subjectivity. Lee relies on direct quotes from the SCC to sound more professional. He makes sure that every statement is based on someone else’s words, including reporting the finding that “the public does not favor court expansion” (Lee). Interestingly, despite failing to pay much attention to the pro-expansion point of view and the relevant arguments, Lee manages to formulate statements that divert any responsibility from him to the cited sources. Unlike Lee, De Vogue utilizes expressive language, including the statements that the reform is “desperately needed.” She also notes Democrats’ viewpoint that “the commission has no real teeth” and makes it clear that “no one is satisfied” by the SCC’s recent decision (De Vogue). Therefore, Lee’s language could be aimed at masking his personal position, whereas De Vogue opposes the moods prevalent in the SCC. Visuals The articles are similar when it comes to quotes from primary sources, but the uses of visual materials and hyperlinks are dissimilar. As for similarities, both Lee and De Vogue provide direct quotes extensively to capture one or both sides’ original reactions. However, Lee’s brief article does not utilize visuals that would be directly related to the topic. In contrast, De Vogue’s writing is supplemented by a four-minute interview with Joan Biskupic, CNN’s current Supreme Court analyst. Lee’s writing compensates for the lack of visual materials by in
The current environmental matters feature a variety of players including governments, private lobbyists, and international organizations. Various countries are experiencing conflicts in their policy formulation where national environmental policies appear to be on a collision course with international standards. The national interests of industrial countries such as Japan, China, and the United States have always served as a hindrance to international agreements on environmental policies (Black 2012). Observers have noted that the emergence of new economic powerhouses has also affected the institution of environmental regulation. Nevertheless, the main concern when it comes to environmental policies revolves around the need to institute regulations that apply to the entire world. Consequently, some observers have argued that the success of environmental regulation lies in the world’s ability to institute policies that have legal ramifications for all countries. On the other hand, it has been pointed out that the problems that apply to environmental regulation are not restricted to the contemporary international system. The achievement of a world government would have far-reaching effects on environmental regulation but it is not clear whether it would solve the current problems. Effective environmental regulation requires a major step towards attaining a world government because this move would harmonize various internal and external factors. Globalization has been cited as one of the determining factors of environmental regulation. However, this phenomenon has had limited effects on the current patterns of environmental regulation. For instance, most of the recent environmental proclamations have been modeled around the concept of globalization. However, none of these proclamations has had any significant effect on global environmental regulation. The Kyoto Protocol was hailed as one of the most significant environmental regulation proclamations in the globalized world. Nevertheless, this agreement has failed to achieve its fundamental goals. For instance, the Kyoto Protocol was modeled to work on the ‘good faith’ of the participating countries. Lack of a world government means that most countries are within their rights when they put their national interests ahead of international environmental commitments (Armstrong & Lambert 2012). A world government would solve this problem because the international commitments of various countries would be at par with national interests. The auxiliary authorities that feature in environmental regulation matters are subject to a number of national and intern
Introduction There are several factors that influence effectiveness in a group. The concept of organization structure has changed over time. Teamwork has been embraced in almost all organizations. Teams are advantageous since they enable flexibility efficiency and knowledge sharing (Lizzio & Wilson 2006). Teams usually have high intensity and enthusiasm when carrying out their tasks. The cross functional sourcing and interaction relays support and commitment within the team hence it creates an effective and efficient group (Cohen & Bailey, 1997). Teams’ effectiveness and efficiency are essential in the well being of societal functions. Efficiency in the group is a salient factor in a group’s performance (Hare & ONeill, 2000). One of the factors that influence team effectiveness is team leadership. Effective leadership influences excellent team performance. Leadership enhances team effort and cooperation (Bass et al. 2003). Team leaders who use leadership theories are significant in the success of their groups. They commit a significant amount of time to the group. This positively affects the group since group members look upon the leader as their mentor. Effective leadership contributes to high achievement in the group’s performance (Lizzio & Wilson 2006). The team leader should be able to make the team responsible and committed to teaming effort. The leader should be Supportive and promote professionalism within the group. The group leaders should have designated profiles since it increases the group’s effectiveness (Bass et al. 2003). Leaders should not condone inadequate performance in their groups. In order to maintain an effective team, the leaders should do away with members who dilute the teams’ ability to perform (Cohen & Bailey, 1997). Most significant input factor on team effectiveness is the learning process and the dynamic environment (Kozlowski, & Ilgen 2006). These factors play a pivotal role in team performance. Having such factors in place it leads to a favorable outcome for the group. The groups’ outcome efficiency can be gauged by the tasks it accomplishes and the optimal team performances. Positive relationship among team members is a healthy sign for efficiency in the group (Greenberg & Robert 2000). Personal chemistry among members should be considered when selecting and issuing roles in the group. The social characteristics differ from individual to individual. Persons with similar social traits such as personality attributes should be considered when pairing or grouping individuals together (Greenberg & Robert 2000). Members who correlate well should be put together hence they can be able to handle the task effectively with much ease (Lizzio & Wilson 2006). More over the group should be subdivided into smaller group for the efficient functioning. It is difficult to manage a large team. There will be poor coordination and role confusion (Brodbeck 1996). Additionally members are able to develop proper communication and interaction. This promotes member effort and teams ability in achieving its goals. Ha
Nutrition is vital to people, and many are concerned about how to do it right to stay healthy. However, one aspect is often missed – food and its production affect not only humans but also the planet. Agricultural waste of resources on food production has a predominantly negative impact, exacerbated by high levels of social consumption. However, even though the consequences of industrial food production are extensive, everyone can contribute to protecting the environment by changing some eating habits. The food industry emits a significant number of harmful materials that negatively affect the environment. For example, plant cultivation and soil treatment destroy it, animals release methane, and production contaminates water. So all aspects of production – the cultivation and collection of plants, the maintenance of animals, the processing of products, their packaging, and transportation, affect the environment. Moreover, people as consumers are the driving force of these processes. Each aspect of industrialized food production has different negative consequences. Miller and Spoolman (233) describe such adverse effects as loss of diversity – various species of plants, fish, and animals die due to monocultures, emissions, and product protection. The soil undergoes erosion, and salinization and becomes barren, and the water, in turn, is wasted and damaged by pesticides. Greenhouse gas emissions pollute the air and lead to climate change. All these effects – pesticides, nitrates, dirty water, and bacteria in meat products – affect human health. Food production with so many negative consequences cannot continue and requires changes. Sustainable agriculture is a more profitable and environmentally friendly production option. It involves a decrease in soil erosion, crop diversity, a reduction in the excessive number of animals, and other consequences (Miller and Spoolman 247). Sustainable farming methods include crop alternation, non-tillage, compost use, livestock, and crop integration (“What is Sustainable Agriculture?”). Moreover, sustainable production can be achieved if people, in turn, also take action. For example, buying organic and seasonal products in local stores lessens the need for packaging and transportation, as well as the use of pesticides. Eating more vegetarian products will
Security has always been a matter of concern in the country. It is commonly understood as a state of how someone/something is free from danger and anxiety. Though USA had made a crucial step and was about to regain its strength in terms of defense, Ronald Reagan insisted that much was yet to be achieved for the sake of citizen’s safety. In the year 1985, there were several plane hijacks experienced in different countries such as Columbia, US, Malta and Italy. In political terms, it meant calamity to Reagan’s administration since it failed to maintain security consequently breaking promises. Even though it impacted negatively on the president and his administration, it also created an opportunity to improve security and win the citizen’s trust. The event was an opportunity for opposition leaders to criticize the administration for perceived political gains. As part of Reagan’s introductory address, he mentioned the urge for minimizing expenses on state security. This could be achieved by holding tranquility talks with the Soviet Union. Negotiations carried out aimed at inclusive disarmament of nuclear weapons (Infoplease, 2009). Such an achievement will not only mean security achievements in USA but also to the world. As a matter of certainty from danger of nuclear attacks, Reagan confirmed his approval for research intended to create a security guard capable of destroying a missile before meeting its target. As added by Barrack Obama in his inaugural speech, he remained optimistic on an endless approach in the fight against nuclear weapon. This will make Americans live without threats of insecurity. He further declared combat on terrorists who carry their activities at the expense of people’s life. In light of an awful racist history, Americans were experiencing a transition illustrated by equal opportunities for everyone. This was noted in 2009 when Barrack Obama assumed the role of president. In political terms, it was an opportunity to test whether a black president would offer good leadership in curbing insecurity issues. As a way of surrendering arms, disarmament is the act of eradicating weapons. Reagan’s approach to disarmament was nonviolent and a less expensive one. This is evident in holding peace meetings with the Soviet Union aimed at not only minimizing nuclear weaponry but also completely eliminating them (Infoplease, 2009). According to Jimmy Carter, the world was full with armaments as evident in the emergence of lethal weapons among potential enemies. He argued that the approach that would limit weaponry was to let intelligence and patient prevail when handling such a sensitive matter. In 1977, a concurrence to reduce nuclear armaments was signed between US and Russia. This was an attainment by Jimmy Carter, a situation that gave him an edge over his political opponents. At the ex
The action οf nineteenth-century novels begins upon the common ground: a security οf types, places, dealings, and values. Kleist’s Michael Kohlhaas, whose terrible battle to force justice into being rent his family and his world, is a decent, law-abiding salesman οf horses. Melville’s narrator, the lawyer who employs Bartleby, is an unambiguous, comfort-loving Wall Street type. Often, the safety surrounding strangeness is so safe that one οf the tasks οf the fiction is to push us off into a distress οf interpretation. As readers, we are a bit like Louis the Fourteenth in C. F. Meyer’s short novel Sufferings οf a Boy. Louis has just chosen a new confessor, and his old physician, Fagon, narrates to him the sufferings this confessor once inflicted on a simple boy. Fagon wants his story to alert the king to the baleful influence the confessor will exercise and the harm it will do the nation. Louis listens with pleasure, is entertained, even moved. But nothing more. The telling has only nature οf fiction: it is beside the real point οf life. The king’s complacency and his choice remain. And we as readers share the exemption: our order will not be much threatened by fiction. (Gordimer, pp. 9-10) For reading, indeed, in order. It allows the imagination to play with deconstructing
Introduction Determining the variances between masculinity, gender and identity are complex. One has to have a profound understanding of the social, cultural, environmental, and biological concepts to emphasize the differences. Consequently, the primary goal of this essay is to gain in-depth insights into the formation of the social aspects highlighted above. In this case, acquiring information from books such as Young Masculinities: Understanding Boys in Contemporary Society by Frosh, Phoenix, and Pattman, Male Impersonators: Men Performing Masculinity by Simpson, and The Making of Men: Masculinities, Sexualities and Schooling by Ghaill will assist in seeing the role of educational sphere in the development of masculinity by highlighting the importance of emotions, affection, fluidity, and lively experience of this social aspect. In the end, the conclusions are drawn to summarize the primary outcomes of the paper associated with the new insights of masculinity. Gender, Identity, and Masculinity Gender, identity, and masculinity are highly dependent on external factors such as culture and social constructionism theory of gender. Despite the contrary, the differences tend to exist. For instance, in comparison to sex, gender is not a genetic phenomenon, and it is dependent on a plethora of circumstances. The physiological features of an individual do not determine it. The key definers of gender are its performativity and relational nature, as an individual interferes in the social interactions associated with the particular gender role (Frosh, Phoenix & Pattman 2001). It is a socially constructed phenomenon due to the well-established perceptions of femininity and masculinity in the community. The primary issue is the need to perform it and act and dress as a representative of a particular gender (Ghaill 1998). The society accepts the deviations from gender’s commonly recognized norms and contributes to the fluidity of one’s perception of self. As for the identity, it is highly based on the cultural dogmas and their collaboration with historical events and levels of power (Ghaill 1998). The development of identity is a continuous process, and the masculine self-identification pertains to the presence of dominant features associated with the manhood reflected in culture (Ghaill 1998). Thus, the sense of masculinity is highly connected to social institutions such as schools. For instance, the majority of researchers refer to the fact that “masculine perspectives are pervasively dominant” (Ghaill 1998, p. 2). Despite the essence of education institutions, the perceived male’s behaviour is affected by ideologies and dogmas of a particular culture (Frosh, Phoenix & Pattman 2001). The externalities are the primary differences that influence the definition of identity, masculinity, and gender. Gender is highly dependent on social norms while being altered by the behavioral patterns common in soci
Facts of the Case Dial Corporation was an international company that manufactured canned meat. All the newly employed workers in Dial Corporation would be referred to the packaging department, where they would lift loads of meat and transport the loads across a specified distance. The constant lifting and physical transport of meat resulted in a number of work-related injury complaints. These claims were higher in the packaging department than in any other department. Therefore, the company came up with a solution, which entailed testing all applicants before hiring them in an effort to reduce work-related injuries. The test was called the Work Tolerance Screen (WTS), where the candidates would carry loads over a specified distance to see who would bear the weight. The test eliminated all who would not withstand the weight. This test seemed to favor men; more men than women passed the test due to the physical build of men. Thus, very few women were employed after the WTS test was introduced. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) took Dial Corporation to court, claiming that the WTS test resulted in discrimination against women because it disadvantaged women who desired employment in the company. Procedural History The District Court ruled in support of the EEOC, which sued on behalf of women who had been denied employment because they could not pass the WTS. The court held that the WTS test was discriminatory against the female applicants. The court argued that Dial Corporation had not adequately shown the importance of the test to its business. The decline in injuries reported could have been caused by the other changes the company had implemented to ensure the safety of the workers. Therefore, the company failed to prove that the WTS test had caused any improvements in weight-related injuries in the company. Key Issues Dial Corporation brought a physiology witness, who testified that the WTS test was relevant to the business in an effort to prove that the test was not discriminative. The witness testified that the skills that were tested were appropriate for the type of work they were to do if they qualified. Moreover, the number of injuries had reduced as a result of the WTS test. The witness argued that the decrease in injuries justified the fact that the test was disadvantageous to women. The EEOC argued its case using the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act , 1964 on sex discrimination (Brauer 38), where it claimed that it was discriminative to set a test that discriminated against women who applied for employment. The EEOC brought a witness who testified that the test was relatively harder than the actual work the employees did in the company. The Commission also presented statistics to show a decrease in the number of women employed since the introduction of the test. It argued that men and women worked together comfortably before the test was implemented. Dial Corporation clai
Learning Styles Introduction Various researchers and pedagogy experts have defined learning styles in various ways depending on the intended use and the context of either the study or the discussion (Cassidy 2004, p. 421). However, there exist apparent commonalities in the understanding of what constitutes learning styles despite the various definitions, which will be outlined to give credence to the primary assumption in this essay. Also, it is crucial to note that learning styles have been used interchangeably with the phrase cognition styles. This paper will endeavor to distinguish the two phrases based on the existing research and study on the same. Of particular interest in the essay is the Honey and Mumford learning style that is the result of the work done by Peter Honey and Alan Mumford. The Honey and Mumford style is a development of Kolb’s style. However, it is more applicable in an organizational or industry management setting and hence its preference in this paper (Honey & Mumford 1986). This derivation from the purely educational or academic application into the management application is one of the distinctions that set apart Kolb’s version from Honey and Mumford’s style. However, due to the brevity of this essay’s content, the researcher will not go into a detailed comparison between Kolb’s and Honey and Mumford’s styles expect to indicate the direct similarities while delineating the causes for criticism of Honey and Mumford’s style, which is a lesser heir to Kolb (1984) strategy. It is noteworthy that researchers and experts of the learning theory have looked into learning styles for more than four decades now. However, the motivation and content that researchers and experts look into this field have varied over time. Initially, only psychology and pedagogy-oriented experts would look into learning styles. Today, experts from all sorts of fields, including industry and management, are interested in learning styles. Each new researcher has different aims, with their different fields of study naturally indicating that they have different ways of going about their research including their selection of sources. This has ultimately led to the jumbled array of information on learning styles that can be consuming and ambiguous at a superficial level. However, to move past the ambiguities, it behooves the researcher to seek out commonalities across the various available research in the effort of coming up with a working theory. Definitions In this spirit of progression, this paper begins by defining primary terminologies. A learning style is a position taken by the researcher to address a certain issue to a targeted audience. The learning style indicates the manner of featuring individuals’ preferences or inclinations when faced with a learning opportunity. It is widely accepted that this manner has a bearing on the individual’s performance and the success rate as far as the learning objectives are concerned. Felder and Spurling (2005, p. 109) define cognitive style as “an individual’s typical