ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Definition Grounded theory is a qualitative approach to research that encompasses the use multifarious iterative methodologies to carry out systematic analysis of social phenomena. The grounded theory methodology is explicitly applied in the generation and/or development of new theories with reference to interactive social inquiries. Creswell (2012) reveals that the grounded theory is suitable for seeking advanced knowledge about a specific social phenomenon. The grounded theory methodology uses abductive rather than inductive or deductive reasoning. However, abductive reasoning is a compromise of both inductive and deductive ways of thinking. Inductive and deductive philosophies seek the best explanation about the subject of study. This characteristic makes grounded theory research appropriate for analyzing intricate social occurrences in the society. Unlike many other theoretical concepts, grounded theory research uses data to develop theories. In this case, data is analyzed with a view of building a theory. The researcher is not expected to approach phenomenal data with a theory (Lawrence & Tar, 2013). Types of Grounded Theory Research Designs There are three types of grounded theory designs that include systematic, emerging, and constructivist grounded theory research designs. The systematic grounded theory design focuses on the utilization of open, axial, and selective coding techniques in the process of data analysis (Creswell, 2012). These systematic phases enable the researcher to develop a cogent archetype of the expected theory. On the other hand, the emerging design emphasizes allows the theory to develop from the obtained data. This type of grounded theory research does not use predetermined stages as in the systematic grounded theory design. Lastly, the constructivist design entails the analysis of respondents’ attitudes, values, expectations, beliefs, and philosophies. It seeks to examine individual experiences. Process of going about this Research Creswell (2012) explains the various distinctive stages that are involved in the process of going about the grounded theory research. The grounded theory methodology starts with data collection. Personal consultations, direct observations, and journal information constitute the different techniques that researchers use to collect grounded data. The method that is used to collect data depends on its ability to provide flexible information since grounded research is a dynamic process. The second step entails note taking. The keenness of the researcher is crucial to obtain relevant information. The sensitivity of the information that is collected in the process of grounded theory research determines the applicability of the developed concepts. In the third step, the researcher is expected to seek approval and permission to access information from relevant sourc
Introduction: The Significance of Using Organizational Resources and Capabilities Appropriately The gravity of a mistake made in the course of arranging the corporate resources is truly immense. Unless a company establishes a coherent framework for managing its assets, building a successful SCM strategy will not be a possibility (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 2015). To function properly and maintain cost-efficiency rates high, entrepreneurship needs to be sustainable. Therefore, managers must allocate the organizational resources and evaluate the firm’s capabilities adequately so that significant expenses and damages to the company should be avoided, and that the risks faced by the entrepreneurship should be mitigated. By introducing a combination of the analytical and the emergent approaches into the environment of an organization, one is likely to invent a strategy that will help use the available sources in a cost-efficient manner, improve the quality of the end product, and raise both customer loyalty and staff motivation levels in the firm. Analytical (Planned) and Emergent Approaches in Resources and Capabilities Usage: Analysis When considering the tools for maintaining the corporate assets in order and using them to the firm’s advantage, one must mention that several philosophies of resources and capabilities management exist. The analytical (panned) (AA) and the emergent (EA) ones need to be listed among the crucial frameworks. Although both offer a plethora of tools for making the company sustainable, they are the exact opposite of each other (Ehnert, Harry, & Zink, 2013). The analytical, or planned, approach requires that a detailed strategy should be built before entering the market. In my company, for example, the approach was inspired by the firm’s vision, mission, and corporate philosophy or ethics. As a result, AA represents the company rather accurately since the decision-making processes and the essential choices are based mostly on the necessi
Accounting Information System (AIS) The AIS is a computer system established in most businesses for purposes of collecting, processing, and storing financial information to track accounting activities and conduct audits. In the past, firms used internal customized accounting systems to cater to the specific needs of the company. However, developing such specific systems proved challenging and time-consuming especially with the development of general-purpose third-party systems such as Sage and Oracle (Romney & Steinbart, 2011). Reports processed using AIS allow decision-makers to formulate strategic financial policies in addition to giving stakeholders access to information regarding their financial positions. Modern AIS systems comprise three or more tiers separated according to functionality. The most common architectural tiers include user presentation, application processing, and data management. Such separation ensures the manageability of information, accuracy, and consistency during the processing and reliability of subsequent reports, especially for financial managers (Romney & Steinbart, 2011). Although most modern AIS systems result in reliable financial reports, fraud can occur through the manipulation of information and exploitation of loopholes present during the transfer and storage of information from one tier to another. The fraud may occur in different forms including alteration of information during processing, entering incorrect information into the system to obtain a desirable report, and delays in entering financial data in different processing stages and inappropriate storage methods that result in loss of crucial information. These improprieties make auditing difficult and often lead to loss of money to individuals involved in the AIS operations and sometimes the management officials of a company. The Enron Scandal: AIS failure to prevent fraud Enron, which was an American company in the energy sector, was involved in a fraud that eventually led to its bankruptcy after the October 2001revelations. The situation also led to the “collapse of Arthur Andersen, which was an audit and accountancy firm that was one of the five largest firms in the world” (Anand, 2013, p.64). The firm’s financial team failed to detect improprieties during the audit process, thus leading to its prosecution for fraud alongside Enron’s executives. Although the Supreme Court acquitted the firm of charges against it by Enron’s shareholders, the damage that the lawsuit brought upon the firm’s reputation led to the loss of most of the firm’s clients and its eventual dissolution (Eichenwald, 2005). One of the main reasons why the company’s customized AIS failed in preventing fraud is because the system existed in such a way that entry of information into the data system regarding sales, purchases, and investments happened internally and manually by people in charge of operating the system. Therefore, the system could not prevent fraud through fraudulent initial data entry. This aspect means that members of a firm’s finance team have to en
Introduction Lenovo Group Limited is a large Chinese multinational corporation that specialises in computer technology. It manufactures and distributes various electronic products in the global market. According to the study conducted by Zhijun (2013, p. 92), Lenovo was ranked the world’s leading vendor of personal computers in terms of unit sales. The company currently has active offices in over 60 countries around the world. Its products circulate in over 160 countries according to the report by the Global Reporting Initiative (2011, p. 88). Currently, the management of this firm has been working on ways of improving its supply chain management strategies. This has been done through the decentralisation of processing plants and management centres from Beijing in China to various locations around the world. The decision to decentralise production plants and management centres was influenced by the desire to shorten the distance between the manufacturing plants and the market. The management of this firm realized the need to end-to-end supply chain visibility as a way of improving efficiency in its product delivery method. Lean Six Sigma may be very useful to this firm in its efforts to achieve this sustainability. Not only will this tool help the firm improve the quality of its products, but also help in reducing the cost of production (Kamauff 2010, p. 56). In this study, the researcher will focus on determining how Lenovo can use Lean Six Sigma to achieve sustainability in its supply chain management. The first part of this report will be the introduction; the second part will be the analysis, while the last section will be a conclusion of the findings of the study. In this study, Lean Six Sigma refers to a quality management tool that seeks to streamline the processes in order to achieve near perfect products (Brockett & Rezaee 2012, p. 77). The study will determine how adoption of this tool will help enhance sustainability of Lenovo’s supply chain. Analysis Lenovo’s Supply Chain The management of Lenovo has been keen on streamlining its supply chain to not only eliminate costs but also improve the quality of the products they deliver to their customers. The firm has employed a number of strategies in its supply chain. However, in this study, the focus will be on End-To-End Supply Chain Visibility Strategy that was employed in 2013 using E2open software to enable the management to monitor all the activities in its supply chain (Qiao & Conyers 2014, p. 59). According to this scholar, Lenovo had previously been using various strategies to manage its supply chain. However, David Gillon, who is the current Executive Director of Lenovo’s Global Supply Chain, realized that besides having superior tools and equipments to improve supply chain at this firm, it was necessary to have a new system at the firm that will make it possible for the management to track down all the activities within the supply chain in real time. This was necessary so that the management can detect any problems within the supply chain as soon as they occur. As Lan and Unhelka (2013, p. 74) say, End-To-End Supply Chain Visibility strategy ha
Stereotype is a preconceived ideas and characteristics attributed to a certain group of members of a particular class or a sect, and the term is used mostly with negative connotations when referring to oversimplified, exaggerated or a demeaning assumption that a particular individual possesses and the characteristics associated with the class due to his or her membership in it (Angela & Yeh, 2002). Basically, stereotype lays the foundation of prejudice and boasting and it is used in the explanation of something which is real or imaginary which is brought by differences in race, gender, ethnicity, socio-economic class and other factors. In this connection, there are a number of stereotypes associated with the Asian/Pacific Americans and the African Americans. However, the most commonly used stereotypes associated with these people include educational stereotypes, personality and behavior stereotypes and finally, physical appearance stereotypes (Angela & Yeh, 2002). Educational stereotype is wider spread among the Asian/Pacific Americans and the African Americas. This type of stereotype identify these groups as being geniuses, overachievers, nerdy, great in math or science, competitive, and uninterested in fun (Angela, 2002 ). According to Angela (1996), the Native Americans identified students of these groups as being anxious and that they always portrayed high expectations to be identified of certain behavioral characteristics within their minority groups. In this case, the term model minority is used in reference to a minority ethnic, racial or religious groups whose members have a tendency of achieving a higher degree of success than the average population (Steel & Aronson, 1995). Any student who performs poorly feels embarrassed and seeks help from their group members. Because of educational stereotype, provisions of services and support to Asian/Pacific Americans and African Americans who are under-educated and not economically stable have decreased (Angela & Yeh, 2002). Personality and behavioral stereotypes associated with these people is that Asian/Pacific Americans and Africans Americans are submissive and proactive in their work and these stereotypic attributes make them take actions which influence their surrounding ((Angela & Yeh, 2002). Their physical looks is also another type of stereotype associated with these groups of people and it asserts that they are short, have slant eyes, they frequently wear eyeglasses, and that they are poor communicators of English (Angela & Yeh, 2002). Generally, all the above stereotypes are forms of social consensus and bond that bind people together. The Asian/Pacific Americans and African Americans are basically perceived to be poor communicators of the English language. One of these styles is the use of ‘youth street’ version communication style. This style is mostly used by the students who find it difficult to speak in a ways the pure American considers to be clear and fluent. The students tend to be trapped in the culture of their p
In 1993 New Zealand citizens voted, in a national referendum, to drastically amend their voting system from the British-modelled traditional first-past-the-post (FPP) to a Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) representation (Bowler & Farrell, 2006). The genesis of proportional representation (PR) in New Zealand can be traced back to the 1950s, when the political landscape of the country witnessed a gradual breakdown of public trust and confidence in politicians and parliament, followed by large-scale disillusionment with the old two-party system (National and Labour) among New Zealanders (Bale & Bergman, 2006; Newman, 2010). Although the PR system initially received accolades as a powerful political instrument capable of making New Zealand the most effective, most inclusive democracy globally (Little, 2005), it has continued to draw criticisms from varied quarters, with some critics suggesting that it brings into the limelight a situation where the ‘tail wags the dog’ (Vowles, 1998). This paper purposes to illuminate evidence to support assertions made by MMP’s critics that PR indeed results in the ‘tail wagging the dog.’ Simply put, PR is based on the notion that if a particular party gets 20 percent of the vote in elections, then it is entitled to 20 percent of seats in parliament. Consequently, the major driving principle of PR, according to Bale & Bergman (2006), is that political parties should be given power in proportion to the actual number of voters who vote for them. When it comes to the MMP system as practiced in New Zealand, each voter casts two votes, with one vote meant to decide their local member of parliament (electorate vote) and the other deciding which party they would like to represent them federally (party vote). Newman (2010) posits that “…under the MMP, the party that wins the greatest party vote on the election night is given the chance to form a government by…horse trading with potential coalition partners” (p. 1). As already mentioned, one of the major objectives of the MMP was to bring proportionality to the electoral system (Malpass, 2010), but this objective appears not to have been met even as New Zealanders prepare to go into the referendum to determine the effectiveness of the system. A number of situations can be used to demonstrate evidence that PR results in the ‘tail wagging the dog.’ First, the critics of MMP have argued that although PR originally meant to achieve proportionality in New Zealand’s electoral system, it inarguably led to a system whereby small parties wielded, and continues to wield, disproportionate power (Vowles, 1998; Bale & Bergman, 2006). One important consequence of such an electoral disposition is that the party with massive voter following must negotiate with other smaller parties in order to have important policies implemented. Consequently, and contrary to the maxims of a stable and representative government, it can be argued that the MMP as practiced in New Zealand permits coalition governments to form where minority parties have in their possession a disproportionate share of power, leading to a system in which the ‘tail wags the dog.’ A ca
Introduction Sexual orientation involves personal aspects like sex identity in relation with other people. Homosexuality entails sexual relations among members of the same sex, for example, between men or between women. It is a sexual orientation just like any other, for instance, heterosexual and bisexual relationships and it’s a normal deviation in human sexuality. Lesbianism is used to describe the sexual relationship and affiliations among women while gay is used to refer to the sexual relationships among men. Homosexuality is equivalent and should be treated in a similar manner as heterosexuality since the difference only comes in the gender of the participants involved. It is however a concept that is associated with a lot of controversies as some people admire and appreciate it while others condones it and they are against it completely. In India, homosexuality is condemned and those involved in the practice are not appreciated but viewed and treated with a lot of negativity (Abraham and Abraham 1). The government of India should therefore take measures to do something about violence, discrimination, torture, and harassment against homosexuals and lesbians in the country since they also have their rights just like the bisexual and heterosexual citizens and their choice for homosexuality is just a way of life. Reason for Lesbianism There are many reasons associated with the desire to be a lesbian and have sexual relationships with women as opposed to men. Some believe that women decide to become lesbians because of bad experiences they could have had with men, for example, rapes or other forms of mistreatments which creates fear and bad feelings towards men hence the choice of lesbianism as a better option of sexual expression and gratification. Others view it as a consolation or defence action against lack of good men who can be trusted in relationships and offer the emotional and sexual satisfaction required by the women. This is however not applicable to all cases of lesbianism as some just engage in it as they prefer having emotional and sexual affiliations with women (Rust 87). Indian Culture, How They View and Treat Homosexuality Different nations and communities perceive the aspect of homosexuality differently depending on their culture. Homosexuality is not an accepted concept in India. It is a practice that has been in existence for a long time in India but was first brought out and made known in 1998 in the amazing film titled ‘fire’ where two women, sisters- in –law, were lesbian lovers. As a result of this, many people against homosexuality protested and advocated for closure of cinema places that showed the film while lesbians and gay people also protested aga
Synopsis of the Movie The movie features a twelve-year-old girl living in Los Angeles, California. The girl’s name is Astrid Magnussen while her mother is Ingrid Magnussen. The girl hails from a single family since her father has never shown up since her birth. The girl seems to have a trouble life since she rarely interacts with others in school. Her mother is very irresponsible since she does nothing to ensure that Astrid enjoys life. In fact, the mother behaves as if she does not have a daughter at all. Ingrid dates a young man named Barry Kolker without taking precautionary measures. She later realizes that the man has been cheating on her with other young women. Ingrid becomes so annoyed on realizing that Barry is cheating on her. She wakes up one day and decides to poison Barry using a mixture of DMSO, an arthritis drug, and Oleander sap. Barry succumbs to the illness and Ingrid is charged with murder. Astrid is sent to a foster home after her mother’s sentence. Her new family is that of Starr, which comprises of a former stripper, Starr, and her boyfriend Ray. Astrid has an affair with Ray, something that angers Starr to an extent of shooting Astrid. Astrid moves to live with the Turlocks family, which is comprised of Ed and Marvel. Her experience with the second foster family is not good because she becomes a friend to Turlocks adversary, who is a prostitute by profession referred to as Olivia. Olivia teaches her all good things in life, including drinking and obtaining money through the sale of her body. One day, Astrid performs oral sex in exchange of drugs in a car park. The Turlocks cannot endure Astrid’s behavior, something that forces them to expel her in the winter break. Justification of the Axes Major Depressive Disorder In human life, there are moments that an individual feels confused and sad. This is a normal feeling, but its persistence is considered a sign of depression. Depression occurs when an individual loses something that he or she values so much in his or her life. Astrid suffers from depression because she lost the mother to the prisons. At times, depression affects the normal life of an individual because he or she cannot execute his duties in a way that befits him or her. This may lead to a psychological disorder referred to as the major depressive disorder (MDD), also termed as clinical depression. The symptoms of depression vary from one individual to the other, depending on the coping ability of an individual. However, the sense of hopelessness and sadness are some of the major symptoms of depression. Astrid shows this symptom because she does not see anything value able in life. The signs and symptoms of depression are divided into three major categories, including psychological, social, and physical. Social signs and symptoms include underperformance at the place of work, poor performance academically, avoidance of friends and relatives, keeping off from leisure activities, and being the cause of family problems. For Astrid, depression has affected her performance academically. In other patients, the symptoms associated with psychosis are notic