ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The research process is cooperation The history of science witnesses many discoveries that greatly contributed to scientific research and scientific development.. Hence, in the second half of the twentieth century the most of the attention was concentrated on revealing the secret of a gene. Famous biologists and geneticists start their exploration fight in this field. Hence, the greatest discovery in the biological field was the discovery of DNA in 1953. In the course of the research, such scientists as Oswald Avery, Salvador Luria, Watson and Crick, and Rosalind Franklin studied this phenomenon. Some scientists regard scientific exploration as a race, others are determined that race hampers scientific progress; it looks more like a race for glory and fame rather than a race for the sake of scientific progress (Maddox, unpaged). Still, my strong belief is that cooperation and mutual support would significantly contribute to biological research. Three biologists were working on double helix research: Watson and Crick, and Rosalind Franklin, who was on the opposite sides of the study. The problem was that Watson and Crick believe that the research process is a race whereas Franklin denied that idea since she was confident and was more inclined to cooperate. In the film “Life Story” based on the facts, there observed the confrontation of the two theories made by Watson and by Franklin as far as the DNA structure is concerned. Thus, the former insisted on the three-chain structure and the latter was the supporter of DNA consisting of two chains (Jackson, 15). In this battle, the winner was Rosalind Franklin who proved her two-chain theory. Watson and Crick were disposed from the work in this field. The ban discouraged the researchers, but still, they try to keep pace with the inventions in this field. After returning to London, they start working in a group with a young scholar, Peter Pauling who justified their theory and disapproved of the two-chain model of the DNA. He was also confident in the existence of a helical structure. Consequently, Franklin’s offense of their theory and the ratification of the new theory triggered further research in that field. However, the bad side was that the scholars were encouraged only by the possibility of being famous. Their goal was to capture the first positions by unconventional approach in the research. In the film “Life Story” (Jackson), there observes a scientific competition that comes to the fore and DNA’s invention. Apart from this, the movie shows a negative influence of some social and political factors on the research. The fact is that it was not only a scientific competition; it was a personality competition as well. To my mind, this factor prevents a more fruitful work on the DNA structure. Blinded by the power and the success, Watson and Crick did accept the additional help from Franklin that an outright adversary of considering scientific work as a race. As a result, Watson and Franklin were not a
Figure. 1: Fleur de Lis most recognized today. The symbol at the right is the most used version of the Fleur de Lis, sometimes spelled Fleur de Lys. Its use can be traced back more than 1500 years. During the times of knights it was often used in heraldry, and is still seen on many shields and coats of arms. It was probably first used in France by Clovis, king of the Franks (466–511), (Britannica Online 2008), after which it was a representation of the kings of France. It figures often in church decoration and even on the vestments used for mass. “When Pope Leo III in 800 crowned Charlemagne as emperor, he is reported to have presented him with a blue banner covered (semé) with golden fleurs-de-lis.” (Britannica Online 2008) It became popular in England and even Scotland, because it was very decorative, yet not difficult to reproduce. Even though the common people in France despised it as a symbol of royalty for a while, they soon took ownership of this pretty symbol and carried it around the world. Today it is the symbol on the Quebec flag and the banner of the separatists. Figure. 2: Common form of the Fleur de Lis. The first mention of the Fleur de Lis, which means Lily Flower, is a story about “a lily given at his baptism to Clovis, king of the Franks (466–511), by the Virgin Mary. (Kipling 1998, 187)The lily was said to have sprung from the tears shed by Eve as she left Eden.” (Britannica On line 2008) It actually represents an Iris, part of the Lily family. “The use for ornamental or symbolic purposes of the stylized flower usually called Fleur de Lis is common to all eras and all civilizations. It is an essentially graphic theme found on Mesopotamian cylinders, Egyptian bas-reliefs, Mycenean potteries, Sassanid textiles, Gaulish coins, Mameluk coins, Indonesian clothes, Japanese emblems and Dogon totems. Most writers agree that it is not necessaruily a lily, but disagree on whether it might be an iris, the broom, the lotus or the furze, or whether it represents a trident, an arrowhead, a double axe, or even a dove or a pigeon. The essential point is that it is a very stylized figure, probably a flower, that has been used as an ornament or an emblem by almost all civilizations of the old and new worlds.” (Pastoureau, Michel 2006) Figure 3. Example from heraldry. Figure 4. Another example from heraldry. Figure 5. Philippe II’s seal. The Fleur de Lis is most recognized as the symbol for French Royalty or as a part of a coat of arms, used in many European countries, including England and Scotland. In France it became a hated symbol before and during the French Revolution. “Louis Philippe, who called himself the Bourgeois King’ and removed the Fleur-de-Lis from the Palais Royal to show people how nice he was. ‘Louis Philippe afforded France some of the happiest years in her history,’ wrote Andre Maurois, ‘but the French do not live on happiness.’ Once their contempt for Louis Philippe was aroused, they ignored the widespread prosperity of his reign and had a revolut
For an individual who is either standing or sitting, the vertical position of his/her mandible relative to the maxilla remains fairly stable. This position is very critical in the field of dentistry and is called the ‘rest’ position. Due to its role in establishing the height of artificial full dentures, the highest occlusal plan of the upper and lower teeth must be placed so that the lower denture is not dislodged by the tongue. There should also be an appropriate space between the upper and lower teeth so that the teeth do not click together when the subject talks, and the height of the face is maintained for aesthetic and functional reasons. In addition, the reconstructive maxillofacial surgeon may also use the rest position. The rest position is defined by the Glossary of Prosthetic Terms as ‘’the postural relation of the mandible to the maxilla when the patient is resting comfortably in the upright position, and the condyles are in an unstrained position in the glenoid fossae’’ (1977). On the other hand, Yemm (1975) defines the mandibular rest position as a state of equilibrium between the elastic components of the opposed groups of elevator and depressor muscle. Various procedures and devices have been used in an attempt to establish a reproducible rest position. Rest position has also been explained clinically and graphically. Although the exact mechanism of the clinical rest position is somewhat elusive, three explanations have been suggested based on muscle tonus, myotatic reflexes, and gravity-elasticity. Moyers defines rest position as the contraction of the postural muscles of the mandible resulting in a rest position of balance between the opening and closing muscles. He also states that the rest position is likely to be a position of least muscular activity and not a true rest position because postural muscles are very rare. On the other hand, Ramfjord et al (1971) found gravity elasticity to be another physiological explanation for the rest position which means that there is a force between the effects of gravity and the elastic nature of the soft tissues (mainly the muscles) surrounding the mandible. This force then affects the mandible. All these explanations are relevant. Wagner did a comparison of four clinical procedures of obtaining the rest position. Each method produces different rest positions; simply resting position produces less high and low readings, saying ‘’mmm’’ produces the largest RVD, and swallowing the smallest. This would suggest that simply resting is the most reliable technique. However, other research studies found all these methods to be unreliable and as such, care is required. The majority of dentists today would use the Willis gauge, a pair of dividers, or a ruler to measure the distance between two r
Despite the success and public appraisal, Facebook is still reluctant to become public. The IPO opportunities and advantages for the public, however, will still be enormous because can also share this success with the company. However, the profit of distributing share among individuals can be beneficial for those who buy shares, but for a short period of time. The point is that if Facebook become a public company, the social network it created will become a place of advertising, but not a place where individuals could communicate (Jacobs 199). So, being a member of an online community, I would be annoyed with other information posted on Facebook since many users buying shares could use it for other than communication purposes. Facebook should be aware of the fact that the IPO can have a great number of advantages. This is of particular concern to the problem of confidentiality and information security since many other social-networking companies can have a wider access to the innovative concepts introduced by Facebook. Legal and accounting cost can also cause problem because the social network has been considered one of the largest companies. It is impossible to predict whether the success of Facebook, as a financial project will continue to grow or not because many other social networks emerge, gaining competitive advantage. At this point, the risk of failing while buying shares of the company is huge because of shifts that might occur to the company shifting to a public organization (Jacobs 200). Hence, there is no guarantee for Facebook as a public company to succeed in its domination over other social networks, such as MySpace, another network that can soon become serious competitor for the company (Jacobs 200). Therefore, there is no need to buy shares of companies whose success eventually dependent on its unique private status. Receiving share of the company, one can face the risk of lawsuits because the possession of the company’s asset imposes a legal responsibility on all activities and operations carried out with Facebook. Therefore, the company is not a good choice to be invested. Recently, the company launched its campaign on gaining money from introducing mobile devices. However, the majority of investors are very concerned with the way company gains revenues from the constantly increasing mobile audience. At the same time, Facebook is a promising company that has proved its prime position on the market. Therefore, investing money into the company could be significantly beneficial. Although the official Fabook’s IPO has recently been introduced, there is a great risk of being overpriced (Jacobs 211). The point that when investors buy and sell shares on private markets and contribute to massive prices augmentations in companies, there are no shares left upside. Shares released through IPO can receive momentum as soon as accumulate new markets, which provides new economic perspectives. However, becau
Introduction Education, whether formal or informal, is an important aspect of every society. Each society has its cherished cultural norms, which pass from one generation to another through education of young members of the society by older members of this society. As such, education should not destroy positive cultural practices. Instead, it should enhance positive aspects of culture. Unfortunately, education differs from one society to the other with some considering their education systems as superior to other’s and propagating foreign cultures to recipients of such imported education. The United Arab Emirates region boasts of several foreign schools, that teach the foreign curriculum. However, such schools do not enhance the local Islamic and Arabic culture leading to concerns of Islamic scholars and authorities as well. This essay seeks to reflect on the effect of foreign schools on Islamic and Arabic culture in the United Arab Emirates. Foreign Schools Foreign schools in the United Arab Emirates admit students but completely exclude Islamic and Arabic cultural aspects from their curriculum. To make such education more relevant in the United Arab Emirates, designers of foreign education systems should take into consideration the prevailing culture and its importance in the lives of certain region inhabitants. So, a foreign education system should integrate cultural studies so that students identify with such a system more and more (Ahmed, 2013). Failure to incorporate Islamic and Arabic culture in foreign-based school programs leads to a loss of national identity, which refers to a sense of belonging to a certain political jurisdiction. The lack of national identity leads to a decrease in patriotism and can even hamper economic growth and development (Ahmed, 2013). Every culture instills values in members, and thus, foreign education in the United Arab Emirates should seek to enhance such cultural values in students who hail from the area instead of trying to instill foreign cultural values. If schools engage in intellectual imperialism, they become breeding grounds for rebels in society (Ahmed, 2013). Young people educated in such systems may look down upon their elders and despise them, which can be called a recipe for chaos in society. Coherence arising from members of all ages in a society guards against a situation where societies break down and lag in all aspects. Islamic and Arabic cultures have produced various individuals who students can emulate in terms of behavior and approach to life. Such individuals become vivid examples to Muslim students studying in foreign schools in the United Arab Emirates. For instance, Sheikh Zayed is a critical example of an Islamic leader who exhibited leadership skills and sobriety to issues of life (Ahmed, 2013). Therefore, students need to imitate such an individual in their future endeavors. Islamic law is all rounded, and as such, students should be well versed in Sharia as well as integrate i
Introduction The Bible has always been regarded as the main book of human existence. However, although it is the most frequently translated book, the Bible’s perception remains difficult for many people. For this reason, an outstanding number of modern authors take the gist of the book and interpret it to make the main ideas available to an average reader. It is also crucial regarding the fact that most belles-lettres works, songs, and feature films use allusions from the Bible with the hope that the recipient will understand the reference. One of the most famous Bible-oriented writers of the 21st century is Nancy Guthrie, with her book Even Better Than Eden in particular. The main objective of this essay is to examine various reflections of the ideas expressed in the book mentioned above in sermons, literature, and music. Main body The widespread usage of references from the Bible has always been an integral part of literature. Even though it may seem that the era of Biblical allusions ended with Dostoyevsky’s works, modern authors also use motives from the Bible. Still, they are not as apparent as previously. A great example would be the novels by Stephen King and especially his book The Stand. The plot is centered on the story of the post-apocalyptic world, where the humans themselves provoked a collapse (King). The story is full of references from the Bible, where the protagonist is called Mother Abigail. The woman of faith often opens a discussion of various Bible motives, claiming that there will always be a battle of evil and good in the world. Thus, Guthrie’s work, where she describes how various Biblical topics develop throughout scriptures, is crucial in terms of understanding the greatest book of all times and its appearance in many life aspects. Among all the nine chapters in Even Better Than Eden, I would single out the chapter called “The Story of a Dwelling Place” (Guthrie 108). The section seems to be of crucial importance for people, especially the youth, because of its relevance. The story dwells upon the topic of actual connection with God and His intention to live among the people. Nowadays, people very often lose or doubt their faith because they do not feel the connection with the Creator and hence, lose the sense of belonging to the common purpose. According to the chapter, this purpose implies creating a world where God could finally keep His promise to settle down among His people. Sometimes people do not realize or tend to forget about this promise. Rather than making the world we live in a better place, they desperately wish to flee from the harsh reality and find a place for themselves in the Garden of Eden. However, the primary purpose will always be to create Eden on earth and eventually connect with God when He comes down to the people to dwell among them. Various modern interpretations of the ideas expressed in the Bible are presented to a broad audience nowadays. Biblical allusions appear in music, film, and literature fields. It goes without saying that various sermons also bring Biblical doctrines to the masses. For example, the speech of Matt Chandler, held in 201
According to Pitkin (137), technology is one of the most significant engines of the modern society. It plays a significant role in shaping the future and the present. There are critical questions regarding the impact of technological changes to organizations and individuals as well as the exact role of the individuals in managing the impact of the changes. The choices we make regarding the emergence of these technologies have a significant bearing on our success and the journey into the future (Pitkin 137). Online games are technology based entertainment. Many computer games presently are made up of a virtual environment imitating real life atmosphere as well as scientific and fictional activities. Playing online games has become a major homework and business across the globe. Many individuals young and old sit like statues before the computers and handsets during work, after school or after work play the online games. Today, it is not strange to see individuals spend the whole day browsing the internet seeking for games (Nejati, Shafaei & Nejati 518). The increasing recognition and attractiveness of online gaming and the live transmissions of leagues on television and internet streaming has accelerated the development of online soccer games. The rapid advancements in the online soccer games are greatly attributed to the media broadcast and the prevalence of cable television transmission channels. Particular internet protocol televisions and web portals are fully devoted to the game competitions. This has attracted several individuals and professional game players to become celebrities and fans (Ivory 223). The use of web-based games and simulations has raised a lot of concerns due to the impact it has had on the lives of the students and the lives of individuals at home and at the workplace. The new gaming technology consumes significant amount of time and has potential harmful impacts such as exposing of young minds to unhealthy commercialism, sex and violence (Ivory 223). Engaging in the online gaming has both psychological and behavioral consequences. The consequences include impact on the moods and one’s psychological state. In the workplace, boredom is disadvantageous to the organization. When the individuals engage in the online gaming activities for example and loose in a competition, it affects their concentration in the workplace because of the negative and unpleasant emotional sta
Introduction Information Technology (IT) is becoming a fundamental requirement for people with desires to align with the modern world. It has been established in a multidimensional perspective that incorporates a variety of fields. These advances in IT are facilitated by mass media, cloud and mobile computing, business analytic, and social media among others (Voss, 2011). Apparently, the development of IT will continue integrating, advancing and producing quality outcomes. Social media are among the most developing areas in IT. It has contributed significantly to socialization, information dispersion, advertisement, sales, and business development among others. Consequently, this analysis report will pay particulate attention to social media (Facebook) that have enabled business development. Facebook Description Facebook is a social network that allows interaction of signed users. It was implemented by Mark Zuckerberg in the year two thousand and four (Decarie, 2010). The initial target was to enable students’ interaction in universities. However, the development of the network assumed a broad dimension that facilitated global interactions. A person registers for free and meets friends from various backgrounds for interaction. It allows users to post ideas, comment, request friendship, create pages, and chat among others. It has managed to collect users throughout the globe since 2004. Furthermore, Facebook has brought people together for communication and interaction. They allow businesses to advertise their products and services through a section referred to as the business page. Facebook has a patent that allows partnership with other profit making organizations. This depicts that there are opportunities to develop businesses through this popular network. In fact, most businesses have identified the opportunities and applied them for developmental purposes. Current Capabilities Popularity of Facebook has managed to bring people together and allow business activities. These services are being offered for free to users. Consequently, it can unite many people regardless of social class and distance between them. The large number of people logging into Facebook facilitates the advertisement and announcement through social sites. Consequently, it can collect worldwide data and information to display the prevailing issues. It is potential of accessing the globe and retrieving information in a fast manner. For instance, the arising issues about violence appear in Facebook within minutes. People post current issues freely without the necessity of confirmation. In the recent Boston bombing, people were able to distribute the threats and suspicious activities throughout the globe. Consequently, people understood conversely about the exact occurrences at the place of bombing. Finally, it has the capacity to restrict information meant for specified people. Facebook can prevent people to access confidential information. This could be facilitated by the request of the posting user. Strengths Marketing is an area that relies on advertisements facilitated partly by the social media (Waters et al, 200