ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction  1. There are a lot of sources which can you help you find any information you want.  2. Aside from books, newspapers, TV programs, the Internet provides almost unlimited access to information, which can fuel any research.  3. It also can be used to study medical areas: diseases, their symptoms and risks, prevention methods. However, you need to be careful and use only verified information. Identifying Information   * Television: I’ve first heard about breast cancer and its risks on TV.   * The Internet: I’ve decided to search the Internet for more information.   * Medical Journals: I’ve limited myself to medical journals due to their credibility. Risk Factors and Prevention Methods for Breast Cancer   * Risk factors can be divided into genetic and non-genetic.   * Non-genetic factors include: increased age, high BMI, lack of physical activity, alcohol consumption.   * Main methods of preventing breast cancer: risk-reducing bilateral mastectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, lifestyle changes, use of medications. Article Evaluation   * Britt, Kara L. – Professor in Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre;   * Cuzick, Jack M. – Director of Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine;   * Phillips, Kelly-Anne – Founder of the Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk Management Clinic. All three authors actively working in the cancer prevention field, launching medical programs and writing research papers. The authors compiled an analysis of risk factors for the development of the disease and a review of cancer prevention. There a lot of reliable, relevant, up-to-date sources. There are practically no conjectures and guesses in the text. Article’s content is complicated, but professional, so its information is more reliable than medical blogs. Additional Research National Cancer Institute provides detailed breast cancer information, including prevention methods and risk factors that coincide with the article. National Health Service adopts a more general approach; however, lifestyle and treatment suggestions are the same. The Mayo Clinic, a US health non-profit organization, has a series of simple, but important advice on breast cancer prevention. The American Cancer Society demonstrates a little more professional approach, talking about exact measures and using medical terms.
Canadian society is diverse in many respects and it started its formation during the period of industrialization and colonialism. People from different cultural backgrounds have lived in the country that has been dominated by people of European descent. Admittedly, this affected the way the society was developing and the way gender roles were distributed. Capitalism and colonialism had a particular impact on family patterns and the way these patterns were (and are now) seen by white women and women of color (Dua 238). Interestingly, it is possible to single out several stages of the society development when views on gender roles were very different. For instance, women could hardly obtain education when it was a norm for a man to be educated. Women were also bound to focus on their households and could not run a business of their own (or even be employed). Sometimes women could not have property of their own. In the first place, it is necessary to consider peculiarities of gender roles in Europe (or rather France which started colonization of Canada) in the 16-18 th centuries. France was a state where principles of Catholicism were valued high and, hence, men were dominating in all spheres of life (Stevenson 52). Thus, men landed high posts in the government and could play a significant role in the community. Men played active role in the social life as they were engaged in politics, economy, science, education and so on. Only few women (representatives of privileged classes) could be educated or could take some meaningful role in the society. Thus, women could have gatherings and could donate to some things. Importantly, when the French started colonizing Canada, they did not intend to settle there. They were simply fishing and hunting and brought the results of their work to France. Basically, sailors, fishers and traders came to Canada. Therefore, women were rarely brought to the New World in Canada at that time. At the same time, indigenous people had particular laws and they saw marriage as a way to set trade and political relationships (Stevenson 51). Europeans had to follow these rules and often married indigenous women. It is noteworthy that Europeans preferred living in the new area that was free from strict European (and Catholic) rules. The society of indigenous people was not as hierarchical and women enjoyed significant freedom. Thus, females could have property and engage in certain business. Notably, these societal and family patterns were accepted well and European men seemed to support such freedom and such degree of equality between genders. The First Nations lived in a less hierarchical world and women were not supposed to complete household chores only. They were almost equal with men. Nonetheless, the change of the colonial policy of France and expansion of the English led to dramatic changes in the society of the First Nations. Thus, European women came with their husbands to the new country. They were seen as civilized females in contrast to savage indigenous women or children of the First Nations (Stevenson 55). European ideals of womanhood w
The cyber-world has been often described in many books as a fascinating place and has been used as the basis for many computer games and movies. With the development of technology, including that of gaming consoles, the game world has become a form of cyberspace that people escape to. There is a lot of literature on this subject, as well as technological simulators of the “unreal” world. “Snow Crash” by Neal Stephenson describes a virtual world, in which people can upload themselves and lead an active lifestyle. Although this idea might seem farfetched and unrealistic 10 years ago, it is becoming easier and easier to imagine a world that exists in a computer-software program nowadays. The author describes the world as a natural, real but very different space. The purely black floors and walls create a surreal image. On the other hand, the author reminds the readers that this world is a virtual reality by indicating that people draw their characters in the computer world. The paradox is that these characters are actually sets of programming codes in a computer while connected to players who are real people. In addition, the line between different financial classes is drawn as it is in real life. The book “Snow Crash” reminds the readers that there is no escaping this division. Both the real world and the virtual one are created by people and so the attributes of the natural world trans
Introduction Background Consumers respond to packaging with a whole set of prejudices, reactions and individual preferences that help make some products winners and some brand managers choose early retirement. Packages allow manufacturers to talk. If advertising is the first word, then the package is the last one. The point of packaging design is to close the deal. Only about half the items on the shelves in the store are promoted by media advertising. The others have to catch the customer’s attention, and simply by standing there, persuade him or her to try them. It’s not easy to do, as the 90 percent failure rate of new products attests. At the store each box, can, jar, every stand-up pouch, tube, and squeeze bottle has been very carefully considered. Human test subjects have been strapped into pieces of heavy apparatus that measure their eye movement, blood pressure, and body temperature. Which package can make the connection? Will the packages be understood in a nanosecond? Psychologists even get people to talk about packages in order to get a sense of their innermost feelings. Packages have to induce a desire to satisfy a need. This has to be an impulse that forces a consumer to perceive an advantage in acquiring a particular product. The question of why consumers perceive the buying of a certain product as rational or reasonable in certain situations with reference only to the package and no prior knowledge of the product has lingered in marketers books for long. Complexities in marketing arouse the need to acquire a product which is a deviation from the traditionally recognised impulses, (Ellwood, 2002). Different sets of motivations lead to the decision to buy by a particular consumer. Packaging designs should motivate as many individuals as possible to be effective in sales. Marketers have to come up with package designs that strike a balance between the varied desires of different customers for a particular package to serve its purpose effectively. The decision to purchase a product involves complexities without a single criterion of which could be used as a measurer of the accuracy of a package to attract consumers. Of particular interest are consumers’ attitudes and beliefs since they reflect. Why is it that consumers with low income sometimes buy products with no regard to price? Consumers are known to make decisions out of their self image and it is important for marketers to consider a package that reinforces a buyers self concept. A package is deemed effective if it doesn’t conflict but rather reflects the image of the target market, (Foxall, 1981). In adopting this initiative, marketers are incorporating green packages or packages with environmental messages in their product lines. Visual elements on a package have always played a major role in consumer preferences and different people are stimulated differently by these element. This is more so in low involvement consumption and in impulse buying. How stimuli received throug
Introduction The five elements chosen for analysis are five Lady Gaga videos; these are videos of her most popular songs and they include: ‘Telephone’, ‘Bad Romance’, ‘Paparazzi’, ‘Poker face’ and ‘Just dance’. This pop icon was selected because she is the ideal representation of what Americans look for in pop culture as seen through her videos. Analysis The first is the Telephone video. Some critics have claimed that this video took pop music to another level. In the video, Lady Gaga shows up in prison attire where she has to enter her cell. A strip search is done and Lady Gaga remains with nothing but pasties. After the prison scene, Lady Gaga along with her co-singer Beyonce Knowles are spotted at a restaurant. While in the restaurant, famous celebrity Tyrese Gibbons is killed. As this happens, Lady Gaga and her co –singer get onto motorcycles with American flag like attires and appear to ride into the sunset (You Tube). The video goes on and on but these earlier portions are enough to give a reflection of pop culture and hence mass American culture. First, the ease with which violent scenes are enacted illustrates how American music consumers have become comfortable with such scenes. Also, half nude depictions of the singer indicate an over sexualization of females in pop culture. This video also depicts female strength since Lady gaga and Beyonce appear to ‘handle their own’ when they easily escape from the restaurant after the motorcycle scene (Donnelly, 15). The second video is Just dance. This video starts when Lady Gaga gets into a dull party. People can be seen sleeping and are visibly bored by the lack of music (MTV). However, Lady Gaga’s acquaintance switches on the stereo and this soon injects life into the party. All the people at the location start to dance. Most of the scenes in the video involve different dance moves and Lady Gaga herself. This video still propagates the theme of sexualization of women owing to her dressing. However, it also shows that Americans tend to appreciate self expression. The video is about being oneself and simply letting go without caring much about what others think. In the Paparazzi video, Lady Gaga is first seen with her boyfriend getting intimate; however, some paparazzi appear and try to get shots of them. She soon realizes that this was a trick by her boyfriend and confronts him violently about it (MTV). Eventually, s
Introduction An increased pace of globalization particularly since the last quarter of the twentieth century has reaffirmed the inevitable need for all societies across the globe to interact and relate well with other people of different cultures (Justen, 2009, p.12). The Asian societies such as Saudi Arabia, which hitherto have been relatively closed to the outside world despite the fact that they were colonized by the Western colonial powers, have not been spared by the intensified wave of globalization. Within the Saudi Arabian society, globalization has mothered the need to communicate with international visitors among the Saudi citizens (Azhar, 2011, Para. 1). There is, therefore, a research gap on the challenges that may hamper Saudis desire to communicate well with global visitors. The urgency of this form of research study is compounded by the fact that the majority of Saudis can speak and write in their native Arabic language only. Furthermore, majority of Saudis are, until now, Islamic conservatives who may find pressure to maintain cultural purity especially from the intolerant Islamic clergy, which is an enormous challenge to their desire to communicate with global visitors (Albughuli, 2011, p.13). The aim of this research Communication is essential for successful and satisfying public, interpersonal and now global interactions (Wertheim, 2008, p.1). This reality has necessitated the need to acquire and put into practice vital communication skills in a world that is increasingly socio-economically, politically, and culturally globalized. The purpose of this research study is to:   * Explore Saudi citizens desire to communicate with international visitors   * To measure the level of ethnocentrism which may affect their ability to communicate well with people from other cultures and   * To find out social, political, cultural and technological challenges that may hinder the Saudis’ desire to communicate with global visitors. Literature review Since time immemorial, inherent interdependence resulting from limitations of people’s homeland environments and other factors such as population increase, natural calamities and technological progress has made interaction across local and national boundaries inevitable. In the past, even neighbouring protagonist communities would establish peaceful zones, which both sides guarded where they would trade and engage in other social activities like fighting games, conduct ceremonies, and hear cases involving parties from either side. This explains the prevalent trend of cultural borrowing that is evident throughout the history
State and local health departments play a critical role in helping national health agencies to provide more precise and localized healthcare services based on the needs of the population and region. Each state and jurisdiction organizes, finances, and maintains its own health departments that have the authority and competency to secure public health. They provide health services, coordinate health-related programs, and promote state-wide health objectives. Most often, state and local departments maintain a close relationship to coordinate health policy, communicate standards, and divide public health responsibilities based on the resources of each department. State and local health departments often have intertwining responsibilities on which they collaborate or implement on different scales. These include keeping physical environments safe and preventing the occurrence and spread of disease. It is done by minimizing health hazards and targeting disease outbreaks. The departments are also meant to respond to any disasters or emergency, having the emergency plans and resources to provide first responder services. It is the role of both local and state departments to promote and protect community health. This is done by providing access to healthcare services and infrastructure. Also, using public health initiatives such as vaccination, education, and elimination of any health-influencing hazards are all critical. The departments coordinate policies, funding, and training to ensure all these services (UNC Gillings, 2015). The Florida Department of Health has the primary mission to “protect, promote & improve the health of all people in Florida through integrated state, county, & community efforts” (Florida Department of Health, 2014, par. 1). It does so by participating in public health by identifying risks, maintaining a safe environment, detecting and preventing disease, and promoting healthy lifestyles. Its three pillars are health protection, health promotion and disease prevention, and health treatment. The department focuses strongly on providing access to healthcare, ensuring adequate response to a crisis, and engaging in disease prevention through public health programs. Local programs build on this by implementing community-based initiatives such as immunization programs, educational seminars, and population-based health promotions. Local departments can work with schools and community centers to reach populations much more directly than state-level programs.
To many firms, the interviewing process has always been a challenge to most of the human resource personnel in charge of this section in the employee recruitment process. As a result most of the organizations try to take the initiative of improving employees by taking their human resource personnel through the appraisal process. This process is aimed at improving the employee’s ability and efficiency in carrying out an interview that enables the organization to recruit the desired individual with the desired skills. In this appraisal session, the trainer uses speeches to communicate with his/her audience, giving out brochures and video clips were necessary to explain his points (Laakmann, 2011). It is first of all necessary for the interviewer to be prepared before the actual interview is started in order to ensure that the best candidate is selected with minimum errors. To start with the interviewer should be on the right track, he/she must be able to identify the goals of the interview and understand them clearly. This may be formulated through the identification of the present state of the firm, its needs in terms of the manpower, the quality and integrity of the preferred personnel. The interviewer should further be able to estimate the expected expenditure in the process, and expressly specify the estimated cost to be incurred on the employed personnel by the firm. This should be estimated based on what the firm can be able to afford at the time as salary to the additional employees, and the anticipated productivity of the individual to the output of the organization (Laakmann, 2011). After the preparation of this information, it should be passed to other colleagues in order to improve the performance and coordination of the team of interviewers. As the team of interviewers, we should be able to review the material presented by the applicants taking note that a resume will always give more information about the applicant than an application letter. The next step includes the systematic classification of all the application letters and resumes initially received from the prospective interviewees, following the posting of the job in an advertisement (Glasser, 2007). The material should be screened for consistency of information between the application letter and the resume. At this stage of the process, the personnel should be able to avoid generalization errors like the qualifying
Central Asia is a unique region in terms of natural resources. Several countries, including Kazakhstan, have the abundance of oil, natural gas, and several metals. However, the huge potential is almost undeveloped on a commercial scale, leading to the emergence of the so-called “resource curse.” This paper is aimed at determining the causes of the phenomenon, as well as exploring the potential solutions to the problem and outlining future economic development. The resource curse is the adverse economic condition that arises from natural resource abundance without proper development of its potential. It usually has the social, economic and political background as its reasons. Termed by Karl as “paradox of plenty”, the process starts with the steep rise of the income in the relatively undeveloped state, which results in the unprecedented power granted to its government (1997). This power is often used ineffectively, which, coupled with faulty taxation, leads to massive adverse effects. After Kazakhstan has left the Soviet Union and discovered its vast oil reserve shortly afterward, it was expected to make use of its natural resources abundance to promote economic growth in Central Asia. When the discovery was made, there was indeed a rapid increase in the Kazakhstan’s economy, but since the economy is only driven by the natural resou
The history of African American music is long and rich in content. This is why the question about who qualifies as the greatest African American musician of all time always elicits big debates. When it comes to the greatest African American musician of all time, more than a dozen names come up. There are those who came earlier like Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and Charlie Parker. Then there are later participants like Al Green, Jimi Hendrix, and Marvin Gaye. Both lists feature personalities of great talent. Most of these musicians qualify for the title of the greatest musician. However, when it comes to modern music, I believe Jazz musician Miles Davis deserves this title. Miles, a Jazz trumpeter has his origins in Missouri. This paper will trace Miles’ roots, his career, his contribution to African American music, and his influences. Unlike most African Americans of his time, Miles was brought up in a wealthy household. He was born in 1926 in Alton Illinois. His father Henry Davis was a successful dentist. His family owned a big town house as well as a 100-acre ranch. In his younger days, Miles frequented the ranch where he loved to ride horses. When he was young, Davis’ mother wanted her son to learn how to play the piano. However, when he was about thirteen years old, his father gave him a trumpet. After noting the young boy’s interest in the instrument, Miles’ father decided to hire a tutor for his son. Therefore, St. Louis’ musician Elwood Buchanan became Mile’s first trumpet teacher. Buchanan was the one who taught Miles how to play the trumpet without vibrato. Miles used this style throughout his career. Miles Davis was once quoted commenting on the role music played in his life. He said that music was “like a curse” to him because it dominated his every thought. However, as a young boy Miles dreamt of being a baseball player. This all changed when his father gave him his first trumpet. At Lincoln high school, Miles’ talent was well known. It is said that his first encounters with jazz were on St. Louis-Mississippi’s riverboats where artists were paid to entertain commuters. Miles showed great talent when it came to playing the Trumpet. By the time he was seventeen years old, Miles had already managed to penetrate the music society. When in high school, Miles used to follow the performances of Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. Finally, the two musicians asked Miles to replace a sick trumpeter in their band. This incident marked Miles’ first appearance with a popular band. After a few gigs with Charlie Parker’s band, Miles moved to New York to study music. This was right after he had graduated from high school and Miles thought that a chance to study classical music at the prestigious Juilliard Music School would help launch his career. After arriving in New York, Miles sought to continue his music relationship with Tony Parker. After he succeeded in doing so, Miles would be a student in the daytime and a professional musician at night. It was