ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In 1469, the Crowns of Castile and Aragon united to form what would later be known as the Kingdom of Spain under Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Despite this union, the two regions maintained their local administrative systems. By 1492, the Crown of Castile had begun to explore beyond the Atlantic Ocean to discover the New World (Knowledgia 2018). This knowledge motivated the Spanish kingdom to effectively acquire these territories, hence expanding to become the world’s largest empire at that time. According to Atienza and Howden (2016, 1), “the discovery of the New World and the vast hordes of gold and new riches was a springboard vaulting Spain from a barely-known kingdom in medieval Europe, to the most influential global power of the day.” The union between Ferdinand and Isabella served to unify the Spanish territories, and even more, they extended their territory to Italy and North Africa. There have been controversies on the apparent dates when the decline process began. Earl J. Hamilton, a historian, claims that Spain thrived and expanded in the sixteenth century (1492-1550) and began to degenerate in the seventeenth (as cited in Kamen 1978). In his work, ‘decline of Spain,’ Hamilton says that historians have treated the whole subject of Spain’s decline for a long time, commonly referred to as Spanish economic decadence, with a lot of bias. Although the historians approve of the fact that there was a decline, they are not specific on the exact dates, which leads them to provide varying dates of the decadence. According to Kamen, by 1550, there was the lucrative wool trade at Medina del Campo in the Crown of Castile, and clearly, this instance does not depict a decline. Furthermore, Castile was engaging in a bullion trade with the New World, a significant contributor to the Spanish economy. During this period, there was a considerable increase in Spain’s per capita income, which could only be compared with that of Low Countries and Italy. Conflicting evidence such as Atienza and Howden (2016) claim that there was no increase in Spaniards per capita as only a few were involved in the trade with the Americas. Since Spain’s decline did not occur overnight, this article will consider some of the events and factors contributing to this decay. Factor Which Led to the Decline and Fall of Spain In assessing Spain’s downfall, it is imperative to note that the factors that led to the decline were not only foreign; some were generated from within the kingdom. According to Kamen (1978), the Spaniards were also aware of their looming and eventual decline, but they viewed it from a different standpoint from that of outsiders. T
A research team at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has developed an artificial leaf that is able to split water into its respective constituent element, Hydrogen and Water. The research team is composed of Daniel Nocera, the Henry Dreyfus Professor of Energy and chemistry at MIT (Chandler 1). The research paper was co-authored by a former student named Steven Reece. The artificial leaf is self-operating and self-operative when exposed to sunlight. The solar energy is trapped by the leaf and then used to split water. The leaf is made up of three thin layers. One of the outer layers is coated in a cobalt catalyst while the other outer layer is made up of a nickel-molybdenum-zinc alloy. The middle layer (core) of the leaf is a sheet of solar cells made up of silicon. These three layers are joined together into a single thin sheet in order to increase the effective surface area in contact with water. The leaf works through the generation of electrical energy from the sun’s rays and then using this energy to split the water molecules. When the sun’s rays hit the leaf, the silicon core generates the electrical energy which initiates the other processes. The cobalt catalyst layer then releases the separated oxygen from the parent water mass. The nickel-molybdenum-zinc layer releases the hydrogen which has been separated from water through electrolysis. The artificial leaf is not an economically competitive source of energy because a way of efficiently collecting the produced Hydrogen is yet to be devised. While the leaf is completely safe, it is not as efficient as other Hydrogen production processes. Currently, the efficiency is very low because the leaf only uses about 2.5% of the absorbed solar energy to produce Hydrogen. When the efficiency is improved, it is believed that the leaf will provide an economical source of Hydrogen for Fuel Cells in the future. Works Cited Chandler, David. ‘ Artificial leaf’ makes fuel from sunlight Solar cell bonded to recently developed catalyst can harness the sun, splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen , MIT News Office. Humphries, Matthew. MIT create an artificial leaf that can split water, power fuel cells. Geek.com .
Shopping cart software is a special application on a server that enables users “to select items for eventual purchase” (Farris et al., 2010). It takes its name from its similarity to a real-life grocery store shopping cart, and is often represented by a shopping cart icon. When a person opens his or her own online store, they are looking for ease of use. A perfect eCommerce platform for a beginner does not confuse him or her with advanced features and sophisticated dashboards; it should be plain, simple, and comfortable to work with. According to Zorzini (2016c), the most notable eCommerce shopping carts that answer these demands are Shopify, Bigcommerce, Volusion, 3dcart, and Big Cartel. This research is based on articles by Catalin Zorzini – a web design blogger, a journalist, and an eCommerce platform user himself. He compares and describes the most profitable and notable eCommerce shopping cart software. One may call him a professional eCommerce reviewer, as he does have much experience using shopping cart applications. Shopify is one of the most popular eCommerce shopping carts. Its biggest advantage is that it is significantly user-friendly: it has a convenient dashboard, gives the user instructions along the way, helps the user import products from one store to another, and can stand up under heavy traffic. Some of the users of this application include Github, the Foo Fighters, and Amnesty International (Robie, 2016, par. 2). Bigcommerce is similar to Shopify in a lot of ways. However, its current pricing policy makes it difficult for users and companies to manage their profits: “If you start to make more than $125,000 in revenue, Bigcommerce pretty much forces you to switch to an Enterprise plan” (Zorzini, 2016c). This can increase the user’s cost from $900 to $1,500 per month, which is not convenient, even for the customers who agree to work with reasonably expensive plans. On the bright side, both Shopify and Bigcommerce have the widest range of applications and add-ons to choose from (over 100 different kinds) that are always easy to activate. Volusion is notable for its minimalistic product creation screen and its cheap pricing plans (one of the least expensive among the eCommerce shopping carts). Its dashboard is simple and does not force the user to search for additional instructions on the Internet. Volusion’s functions are plentiful, including special tools designed to allow users to sell products via social networks like Facebook or Twitter. Its multitude of built-in features can give the user quick access to blogs, newsletters, and email (Zorzini, 2016c). 3dcart “has a powerful API for integrating with various other apps and tools” (Zorzini, 2016b) and can link your online store to other stor
Introduction No matter what goals a company might pursue and what industry it functions in, it will necessarily incorporate at least some elements of analysis into its strategy. Moreover, most companies typically appreciate the opportunity to develop forecasts and create tools for taking a glimpse into the foreseeable future. This paper will consider the reasons for companies to introduce forecasts and the related analytical tools into its framework, examining their impact on a company’s performance. By introducing forecasts into its design, a company becomes capable of modeling the situations observed in the target market and, thus, make informed decisions based on the observed behaviors and trends. Why Are Forecasts Important to Organizations? The role of forecasts in a company cannot be underestimated by any means. Providing a clear and accurate account of the current situation, forecasts allow hypothesizing about the future changes to be observed within the organization. For instance, financial forecasting, specifically, changes in cash flow, allows shaping the corporate strategy accordingly and ensure that the extent of customer motivation and engagement remains the same by pointing to the weaknesses in the current approach. Namely, indicating a drop in the levels of cash flow on a certain time slot, forecasting tools guide one to the specific decisions made at the given point in time, thus, outlining the issues that may have caused the current state (Makridakis et al., 2020). As a result, an organization can change the framework in question and adjust it to the market demands more accurately. The Role of Regression Analysis in Business Decision-Making Among the key tools used in the corporate setting for modeling the observed market relationships and predicting future trends, one should mention regression analysis. The specified tool provides an especially precise assessment of the relationships between specific data pieces or factors, which provides solid grounds for a thorough analysis and the further development of a competitive and sustainable market strategy (Gill et al., 2018). Therefore, applying the regression analysis in a corporate setting informs the decision-making process by offering the participants a specific vantage point from which a proper understanding of the situation can be built. The Important Properties of Regression Coefficients Apart from the general understanding of the regression analysis, one should also delve into some of its nuances in order to create a proper business strategy. Denoting relationships between the variables, regression coefficients are used to demonstrate relationships between the key factors within a particular model. As a result, decisions concerning the further choices to be made by an organization within a particular industry can be made. Moreover, scale represents a crucial property of regression coefficients. Specifically, allowing the target audience to observe the changes occurring to certain environments and behaviors of specific audiences, the tool in question allows modelling and forecasting the future changes based on the specifics of the present environment. Dist
Introduction A rectal drug delivery is a virtue by which a definite cure is administered by means of anal route, so that to achieve desired effect for patients. It is made with the help of rectal drug delivery devices for straightforward and continuous intake of pharmaceuticals. History of the Route of Drug Delivery The history of rectal administration practicing is known to be first implemented by various tribes in order to perform main rituals with appropriate physical effects. Balché, alcohol, tobacco, peyote, and other hallucinogenic drugs and entheogens were used as the effective treatments or activators in order to achieve a desired outcome after initiation. [1] During last few centuries people began thoroughly develop their knowledge as of medicine. One of the main things touched upon the effectiveness of the cure within examined routs. Many scientists and doctors from the eighteenth till twentieth centuries thought that many of diseases were caused by the accumulation of fecal. [2] Drug delivery can be intruded into the organism by several ways (routes). Most common methods of delivery include the preferred non-invasive peroral (through the mouth), topical (skin), transmucosal (nasal, buccal/sublingual, vaginal, ocular and rectal) and inhalation routes. [3] Devices used to Achieve Drug Delivery Drug delivery devices are the specific means for ingestion of a pharmaceutical medicine through a definite route of administration. The main approaches about designing drug delivery devices are connected with micro patterned structures. Microelectronics and biotechnologies are used to invent and provide current and new devices. According to rectal drug delivery the main device is still enema. Doing of such procedure, first, presupposes extracting feces out of colon so that to clean the rectal region for better absorption of the pharmaceuticals. [4] Advantages and Disadvantages of the Route Advantages Provides better work of bowel, prevents constipation; can be administered to an unconscious patient; can be given to patients having gastrointestinal upset such as diarrhea and
Extreme Programming and Agile Methodology The concept of extreme programming is essential in an organization and can be applied in management through team work. Asking managers to work as a team enhances time management, improves discipline, promotes honesty, breaks communication barriers, enhances performance through sharing of ideas, and reduces interruptions that are common when people work as individuals since it is difficult to interrupt teams (Brake, 2008). Pair management for distributed teams is more effective than co-located teams because it promotes global presence of the company, develops outsourcing option, and access and taps global talent. Globalization has played a key role in opening up business environment.Through computer revolution, communication has been made more convenient and so teams can interact easily and share ideas that are important in running of businesses. Programming teams, through distributed channels, have managed to utilize global computer networks in enhancing their functions in the organization through sharing of information (Cohen,Lindvall &Costa,2004). According to Beck (2008), extreme programming is one of the most creative inventions aimed at promoting teamwork in programming. Teamwork enhances inter- social relationship as people are free to interact with each another thus creating a good working environment (Brake, 2008). Although most of the organizations utilize correlations that enhance communication in teams, organization strives to get more customer and high quality human resources that can be obtained cheaply by outsourcing work. In the contemporary world, outsourcing has become a popular trend because it minimizes cost, promotes interaction among groups of different cultural background, and enables the organization to tap unique talents (Nemire, Beyerlein & Bradley, 2008). The Roles of Programming Teams Within an Organization The roles of programming teams within an organization are software development, testing and debugging of computer programs, writing programs, and maintaining computer programs. Integration of programming teams within other aspects of the organizations is important in strengthening the coordination of programs in different departments within the organization. This can be achieved by developing programs that are compatible with each department’s visions thus avoiding conflicts on the application of the established programs. In my organization, there is full integration that involves application of continuous integration using team foundation building. This integration is vital because it minimizes confusion when using programs and promotes interdepartmental harmony (Turner,2008). McBreen (2009) states that programming team is essential in IT department of an organization. Programming teams have many roles to play in d
Baillargeon Jacques, David Paar, Thomas P. Giordano, Brian Zachariah, Laura L. Rudkin, Z. Helen Wu, and Ben G. Raimer (2008): Emergency department usage by uninsured patients in Galveston County, Texas: Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center); 21(3):236–242. There has been an increase in the number of uninsured people in Texas who depend entirely on emergency departments as their sole source of healthcare services. This has affected the quality of care given to these patients since the drive-in this department is acute care; compared to outpatient services which have other services such as primary prevention and patient education. Additionally, these departments have been heavily burdened by patient load; and hospitals encumbered by billions of dollars of uncompensated costs. This trend can be attributed to lack of the insurance prerequisite in emergency-departments common in other hospital departments. Luthy E. Karlen, Neil E. Peterson & Joey Wilkinson (2008): Cost-efficient treatment for uninsured or underinsured patients with hypertension, depression, diabetes mellitus, insomnia, and gastroesophageal reflux . Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 20; 136–143. The increase in the number of uninsured and underinsured patients in the United States has posed a challenge to nurse practitioners; who must strike a balance between the quality of care and the cost of medication prescribed to the patient. There is proven ability to reduce the cost of treating hypertension, depression, diabetes mellitus, insomnia, and gastroesophageal reflux without compromising the clinical outcome in the patient; through the prescription of cheaper yet equally efficacious drugs. Rowland Diane and Adele Shartzer (2008): America’s Uninsured: The Statistics and Back Story . The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. Volume 36 Issue 4, Pages 618 – 628. In 2006, about 47 million people were uninsured in the United States; this population can be characterized based on age, gender, socioeconomic status, and racial/ethnic/cultural extraction. This has enabled the recognition of the causes, predisposing factors and susceptibility of an individual and a population to the lack of health insurance. The American healthcare system is a complex system made up of overlapping roles held both the public and private sectors; which are not only involved in providing cover for the majority of Americans, but also for responsible for the failures in providing cover for the uninsured and underinsured. The hope is that the current debate and widespread discussions regarding the issue will result in permanent solutions for the problem. Silverman D. Ross (2008): Access To Care: Who Pays For Health Care For The Uninsured And Underinsured? A Symposium Introduction and Overview : The Journal of Legal Medicine, 29:1–9. There are about 47million uninsured Americans; however, a more alarming trend is the increase in this number; and particularly the increasing occurrence of uninsured individuals in the moderate and higher-income familie
Dear Ann, Thank you for asking me such a question! You know, I just read a brilliant article about how Steve Jobs writes emails. The easiest thing to do right now is to start using greetings and sign-offs. Sure, it may seem there is no need for it, but it does make sense, making contact with the person you write to. The next rules are a little more complicated, but I’m sure you’ll cope with them! As Justin Bariso (2018) says, the email should be:   * Well-thought: you need to make sure that the letter fulfills the purpose for which you write it, telling no more than necessary. To do this, you need to think about how to express the idea in such a way as to influence the reader as you need it. Imagine that you are the recipient and read what you just wrote — what impression does the text make? The ‘super-email” portraits you as a human (it’s better not to use formal and too complicated jargon) and goes straight to the point (lists can help).   * Well-written: rules of capitalization, punctuation, spelling, grammar, syntax and all the stuff go here.   * Emotionally intelligent: “Make sure your communication partner feels they’re a part of the process, not just a pawn in your game. Be willing to listen to others, to consider their concerns, and acknowledge mistakes.” (Bariso, 2018). And that’s all! Hope you’ll do well! Yours, Diana. Reference Bariso, J. (2018). Steve Jobs Knew How to Write an Email. Here’s How He Did It. A detailed look at an old email from Steve Jobs teaches some important lessons. Inc. Web.
Introduction The management of the aviation industry requires information sharing among different departments. Additionally, there is a need for cross-border communication to guarantee seamless transportation of cargo and people across nations. The fact that the aviation industry transcends national boundaries calls for countries to work together for the success of this mode of transportation (Tubigi & Alshawi, 2015). The airline sector has instituted numerous regulatory requirements to promote the safety of the next generation air transport system (NextGen) and system-wide information management (SWIM) among others. This article will discuss the integrated safety management system (SMS) and service-oriented architecture (SOA) as some of the regulatory requirements used to protect NextGen and SWIM respectively. Regulatory Requirements Integrated Safety Management System (SMS) The aviation industry promotes the safety of NextGen through SMS, which helps to identify and mitigate possible dangers. They include organizational, systems, operational, and equipment problems. Chen and Chen (2014) aver, “NextGen uses a formal, top-down approach to manage safety risks, which includes systematic procedures, practices, and policies for safety management” (p. 379). The SMS constitutes numerous components, which include safety policy, safety assurance, safety risk management (SRM), and safety promotion. The safety policy outlines the responsibilities, accountabilities, and requirements of the SMS. The SRM facilitates the identification, assessment, analysis, and mitigation of potential risks. The safety assurance is the SMS procedure control function, which methodically guarantees that NextGen satisfies the requisite safety requirements. Chen and Chen (2014) hold that safety assurance encompasses the measures used to promote security such as evaluations, audits, data tracking, inspection, and information analysis. Safety promotion entails training, communication, and sharing of security information to facilitate the success of NextGen. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) Service-oriented architecture (SOA) refers to a security archetype used to guarantee the safety of the SWIM program. The safety mechanism helps in the systematization and utilization of distributed capacities that are under the management of diverse users. MacLennan and Van Belle (2014) allege that there is no universal definition of SOA. Nevertheless, it is considered that “the partitioning of functionality into unassociated, self-contained and, therefore, reusable services that can be discovered by potential users is a key feature that differentiates SOA from more traditional architectural paradigms” (MacLennan & Van Belle, 2014, p. 78). SOA facilitates information sharing among SWIM stakeholders. The paradigm achieves this through the use of interlinked registries that outline the available services and the requirements for their use. The Aviation industry prefers SOA because it support