ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“Decentralization had brought benefits such as innovation, flexibility, and speed of response to New Zealand public services. Now that a more unified and collaborative approach was sought, could compulsion be introduced without undermining these valued advantages?” (Norman, 2007) The above-mentioned words comprise the kernel of the problem presented in this case. This is the basic question it tries to answer. Since the beginning of the 1980’s the government of New Zealand has been engaged in a decentralizing reformation of the services it offered to the public and the various institutions comprising it on a local or central level. For more than 15 years decentralization has been the core policy of various governments especially labor party governments. But the need for innovation and improvements in the public sector and governance performance have led to the need for the implementation of e-government technology. The problem that arises is that the implementation of this technology, along with its needed policies, contradicts in many ways the existing decentralization reform policies. So then, how to achieve a structure adjustment; formulate a set of policies that do preserve the core of reforms, decentralization and e-government, in order to get the best from both of them? That is the core of the research paper discussed. The central and local government branches of New Zealand are the key players in this regard. The ministry of State Services is the representative key player for the central government along with the various central government institutions created in relation to these policies: the State Services Commission and the newly formed e-Government unit. Other key players are all those public sector decentralized institutions that deal directly with citizens. In a certain way, the entire public sector is a player in these reforms. Certain privately owned enterprises dealing with public service offerings are also important players. Due to the decentralization reforming policies of more than two decades ago they have been part of the public service offerings and now the new e-government policies impact directly on their work. As minister Annette King pointed out, there was a need for a ‘transformational goal’ in the system in order to make government ‘work for the people’ (Norman, 2007, p. 4). But this need for a centralized system in order to have the maximum performance possible out of the e-government technology implementation has become a key political issue in New Zealand. This is a two parts issue. First, the government decided to implement the e-government reform policy without major changes to the existing decentralization policies. This was the first stage of the implementation of e-government in New Zealand. Unfortunately, what this situation produced was less accountability and a decrease in performance from the decentralized local institutions which offered the majo
Mark Twain fills his novels with affective humor and literary excellence. The research focuses on Mark Twain’s use of humor persuades the readers to finish the entire novel. The research includes examples of Mark Twain’s creative genius. Mark Twain. creatively wove the novels to bring the real life issue of racism to the readers. Mark Twain, Samuel Clemens in real life, rose to writing stardom with his books Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain’s creatively wrote books using the humor literary style. His story entitled “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” was a creative novel based on Mark Twain’s boyhood years living in Hannibal . Mark Twain patterned two of the Tom Sawyer characters after his two real life schoolmates, John Briggs and Will Bowen. Likewise, Mark Twain created a sequel to the Tom Sawyer story, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain based the Huckleberry story on Mark Twain’s childhood best friend, Tom Blankenship. Mark Twain creatively wrote a third popular novel entitled “The Prince and the Pauper”. The third book did not have as much acclaim and popular demand as Mark Twain’s first two masterpieces, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn story finally catapulted Mark. Twain, as one of America’s all time notable writers. Sharon Rush emphasized (Rush 10) Mark Twain creatively touched on the serious topic of racial discrimination during his time. The Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn stores centered the abuse of the African Americans. Mark Twain’s books creatively focused on the serious issue of racial slavery that was normal in the American community during Mark Twain’s time. The Huckleberry Finn story included Mark Twain’s serious research on deep and enduring realities of American racism. Consequently, Mark Twain’s two books are mandatorily included in the American educational curriculum. The inclusion focused on bringing out the realities of racial discrimination of the pre-civil war days to the four walls of the classroom environment. Racism flourished in the United States from 1870s to 1960s. Mark Twain creatively wrote in the Huckleberry Finn novel Huckleberry’s humorous voice “a dissent er ing minister”. Mark Twain based the sentence on the Wilks episode that bizarrely closed with disinterring a corpse. Victor Doyno (68) reiterated one should consider looking at interviews with or texts by the author that describe his or her creative process. Mark Twain’s writing, especially on the Huckleberry Finn novel, included sparks of creative verbal wit, themes, and plot convulsions. Mark Twain admitted he allowed humor to drop in or stay out according to his moods. However, he fitted the humor situations to fill the aesthetic requirements of Mark Twain’s novels. Mark Twain intentionally added humor to the serious racial scenes to differentiate his characters on the minds of the avid readers. Mark Twain normally included the humor aspect of his novels when editing started. Mark T
Introduction A bacteriophage is a virus that can infect and replicate within a bacteria 1 . Bacteriophages are made up of up of proteins that surround a DNA or RNA genetic material. They replicate within the bacterium cells after the injection of their genome into the bacterium’s cytoplasm. They can only replicate within the bacterium cells and are recognized as one of the most abundant biological agents on the earth 2 . The bacteriophages are species-specific and only infect a specific strain of bacteria species. Once a bacteriophage gets attached to the host, it undergoes a lytic or lysogenic cycle 3 . These are the two replication cycles that bacteriophages undergo when attached to the host. They bind to the host’s genetic material leading to either the incorporation into the host cell or destruction of the cell. In a lytic replication cycle, the bacteriophage introduces its genetic material into the cytoplasm of the host 4 . In this cycle, the bacteriophage kills the host and lyses the bacterial cell wall. This lysing causes zones of clearing in the agar plate with the bacterial cells. The lysogenic cycle causes the insertion of its genetic material into the bacterial cell’s DNA 5 . The bacteriophage and bacterium thus replicate together, and therefore no lysis is evidenced. Thus, the lysogenic pathway can be applied in genetic engineering because it can insert genes into the host’s DNA material. Techniques to identify and distinguish lysogenic from lytic strains are therefore fundamental in the field of medicine. In this experiment, two strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis (A108 and A109) were used. The bacteria species is part of normal human flora. The strains used were either able to undergo a lytic or lysogenic pathway. It is a gram-negative bacteria and one of the many species belonging to the Staphylococcus genus. A temperate bacteriophage can undergo both the lytic and lysogenic processes 6 . The temperate phage’s infection can lead to the bacterium’s death or incorporate the temperate phage genome into the host’s cell. When the temperate phages enter the lytic cycle, they can serve an advantage of killing infectious bacteria within the cells of human beings. It can thus help in neutralizing contagious agents. The temperate phages in the lysogenic cycle can be used in recombinant DNA technology to design essential genes that can be used to create crucial biomolecules like insulin. The lysogenic bacteriophage can thus be used to insert vital genes in the bacteria, and the genes can be replicated on a grander scale. The disadvantage of temperate phages is that through the lysogenic cycle, they can insert into the genes of the bacteria, making them mutant. The mutant bacteria may be resistant to antibiotics. It may make it hard for the pharmacolo
Introduction There has been generally positive feedback and acceptance of The Kite Runner book of Khaled Hosseini published in 2003. It was made into a movie three years later and released in 2008. It garnered the South African Boeke Prize and other citations while Nielsen BookScan declared it the United States first best seller for 2005 (Lea, 2006). Afghanistan has not produced a lot of books in the past and it was an achievement for Khlaed Hosseini to be able to come up with a best seller in a western setting. Summary The Kite Runner is the story of Amir, his childhood friend Hassan who was poor, his indomitable father Baba, and how Amir went through his life with them and others. Despite the loyalty of Hassan by sacrificing for the sake of Amir, Amir felt jealous of Hassan as he noticed Baba giving Hassan more attention than him. Baba, on the other hand found Amir as a weakling, and this was aggravated further when while serving Amir, Hassan was raped by a bully Assef. Amir felt guilty and in fact started to distance himself from Hassan, until he made a scheme accusing Hassan as theft. Hassan and his father Ali left from the place of Baba until chaos reigned in Afghanistan. Amir and Baba fled to Peshawar, Pakistan and then later to the United States at Fremont, California. While they lived in abundance in Afghanistan, in the US, they were forced to stay at an old and dilapidated apartment. Baba worked as a gas station attendant. In their Sundays, they sold used clothes in flea market where Amir met Soraya Taheri who soon became his wife prior to the death of Baba. However, the couple could not bear a child. He soon received a call from Baba’s best friend and business partner in Afghanistan – Rahim Khan. Rahim Khan told Amir about Hassan’s fate, Hassan’s true father who is also Baba, and Hassan’s son Sohrab taken by Assef who already became a Taliban member. Amir worked through the adaptation of Sohrab, and after a decade-long of difficulty, finally able to bring Sohrab with him in the U.S. Research The Kite Runner depicts both social and political scenario in Afghanistan in a time frame that includes pre-Russian invasion when there was relative peace in the area. Enterprising individuals such as depicted by Baba were able to put up livelihood and commerce. During this time, however, as any other society, classes of peoples were already at p
Definition of the Injury Lateral epicondylitis is a condition where the muscle at the elbow experiences minor tears (microtrauma) mainly as a result of repetitive stress on the muscle. The annual incidence of this condition ranges from 1% to 3% among the general population. Lateral epicondylitis is more prevalent among persons aged 35 to 54 years and has an incidence of 4 -7 cases in 1000 patients (Lebrun, 2008). Some of the activities that may result in such trauma include: using heavy hand-held tools, undesirable throwing mechanics, and overuse of the elbow especially in tennis backhand with overuse of one hand common in racquet sports. This is one of the reasons why lateral epicondylitis is commonly known as tennis elbow. This is however a misleading term since it has been found out that only 5% to 10% of lateral epicondylitis patients play tennis at all (Renfree, 2007). The condition is also prevalent among mechanics, house cleaners, and gardeners. Mechanism of Injury Lateral epicondylitis occurs when repetitive microtrauma does not repair completely leading to chronic tendinosis. Lateral epicondylitis is an inflammatory lesion that principally affects the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle. However, degeneration occurs at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus origin due to overuse of the muscles. Sometimes it is possible to have the involvement of the extensor carpi radialis longus as well as the extensor digitorium communis (EDC) involved (Weiss & Weiss, 2008). It is important to note that since lateral epicondylitis is a condition that affects the tendinosis located at the origin of common wrist extensors (on the lateral epicondyle), the ECRB, the EDC, the extensor digit minimi as well as the extensor carpi ulnaris are also closely involved (Evans, 2010). Despite being termed epicondylitis, which implies inflammation, inflammation is rarely seen. Signs of the Injury Some of the clinical signs that are observed in lateral epicondylitis cases include localized tenderness at the ECRB’s attachment to the epicondyle of the humerus. Upon asking the patient to perform wrist supination against resistance combined wi
Strategic issue There are several important issues that affect Google. Yet, much attention should be paid to copyright challenges that this corporation currently encounters. These problems arise due to such services of this organization as Google Books and YouTube which enjoy enormous popularity among viewers. Currently, this company faces many lawsuits because many publishing houses, recording companies, and production studios accuse Google of copyright violations. In particular, one should mention that this company copies and displays millions of books on the Internet. Furthermore, the company features millions of videos and some of them can be the intellectual property of individual authors or organizations. As a result, this company has to resolve a significant conflict. On the one hand, the use of these copyrighted materials can be vital for the competitiveness of Google and its ability to attract users. However, at the same time, such practices can result in significant legal problems and financial difficulties, especially if this corporation is forced to pay reimbursement to copyright holders. Moreover, such lawsuits can tarnish the reputation of the company. This is one of the main challenges that should be identified because it can significantly affect the relations of a company with other businesses. Possible course of action In order to address this problem, Google should take a series of steps. First, this company should reach a settlement with the major film studies, recording companies, and publishing houses since they are the most important copyright holders. Admittedly, this decision can lead to significant expenses, but in this way, this corporation can avoid many lawsuits. This compromise can be a decision that can benefit conflicting sides. Provided that this settlement is not reached, Google will need to remove various multimedia materials belonging to these organizations. These are the main elements of this strategy. Application of the ethical analysis It is possible to identify several stakeholders who can be affected by this issue. For instance, one can mention the stockholders of Google. These people want to ensure that their investment generates sufficient revenues. Therefore, these people and organizations want to make sure that Goo
A leader plays an important role in the achievement of the results. Gryglak revolutionized the engine’s features by utilizing unique approaches (DuBrin 344). The abilities of Adam Gryglak allowed him to be able to use the right power strategy to assure the achievement of desired performance. In this case, Adam Gryak used a legitimate power, as he was a chief engineer in the organization (DuBrin 338). The leader used information power, as the knowledge of the concept allowed him to manage other people’s actions (DuBrin 339). In turn, Gryak used personal and prestige power to encourage the works to complete the tasks by using his charisma (DuBrin 339). The results revealed that legitimate power has to be utilized while combining it with attractiveness to achieve selected outcomes. I believe that personal characteristics and attractiveness are the key definers of success. Wal-Mart’s CEO used his personality to reach success, and a similar situation is depicted in the presented case (DuBrin 339). In the end, choosing the right type of power helps achieve incredible results. The leader has to combine the types of power to propose an efficient leadership style. Nonetheless, personal charisma is the core instrument to encourage employees. Team spirit plays a vital role in the achievement of the goals. Nonetheless, the leader has to motivate a team to reach the results. Adam Gryglak understood its significance and achieved the selected organizational goals. The leader’s performance is highly dependent on the actions of the team members (DuBrin 348). In the context of the case, the teamwork was viewed as an accumulator of the company’s success, as the team members helped the leader to achieve the organizational goals (DuBrin 348). In this case, self-leadership and empowerment allowed the workers to enhance their performance by increasing enthusiasm (DuBrin 348). I believe that teamwork played a critical role in the development of the engine. I claim that there is a substantial interdependence between the leader and team, as the team members are used as a tool to maintain the company’s success. Lastly, it is widely known that the employees are regarded as a critical asset in every company due to the substantial contribution to organizational achievements. In the end, teamwork was important for the achievement of success. The team activities increased enthusiasm and empowered the employees for self-leadership. The workforce was regarded as an instrument for the realization of Gryglak’s ideas. Work Cited DuBrin, Andrew. Principles of Leadership , Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing, 2012. Print.
Concentrate Producers Bargaining Power of Buyers In light of the fact that there are many similar products available for the target market, the bargaining power of consumers is very high. Although there are several distinct characteristics that set Coca-Cola apart from the rest of the brands with similar products, substitutes can be easily found. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Since sugar is a commodity, the bargaining power of suppliers can be considered to be at a medium level. Suppliers tend to secure pricing; as a result, the price is affected by a range of factors and, therefore, is prone to frequent changes. Furthermore, since most of the ingredients required for the product are rather basic (e.g., coloring agents, flavor additives, caffeine), the bargaining power of suppliers is also very low. However, the companies that provide sugar and other ingredients necessary to produce Coca-Cola are not the only suppliers with which the organization has to cooperate. Apart from the active use of food resources, the firm also needs to consider the available packaging services; at this point, the bottlers factor in as the essential suppliers. They provide the packaging services that Coca-Cola requires to be able to represent its product successfully. Seeing that there are a plethora of bottling organizations that are ready to provide their services to world-renowned companies such as Coca-Cola, their bargaining power is comparatively low (Yoffie, 2009). The threat of New Entries Although Coca-Cola and PepsiCo remain powerful brands, the possibility of a new entrant taking over the market is moderately high. The rates of competition in the non-alcoholic beverage (NAB) market environment make it quite difficult for new entrants to gain prominence and take over the target market. However, given the opportunities that the identified environment offers—such as unique drink flavors, health benefits, and other characteristics that can be used as selling points—the competitive advantages of SMEs becoming a part of the global market may become very high, and the product may be welcomed warmly by the target audience (Porter, 2008). The threat of New Substitutes As stressed above, the product delivered by Coca-Cola is far from being unique. Therefore, despite the dominance of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo in the target environment, there is a moderate threat of new entries offering a similar product that customers will be enthusiastic to try. Therefore, the threat of new entries can be viewed as moderate. Competition Moreover, the competition rates are very high in the identified environment. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo remain in the spotlight of the market with brands that have been around for decades (Yoffie, 2009). Therefore, to draw the attention of members of the target population, new entries will have to be very creative in the design of their products, as well as the tools for marketing them (Porter, 2008). Intensity of Rivalry With corporate giants such as Coca-Cola and PepsiCo dominating the NAB industry, the rivalry rates are quite high. As a result, there is a constant need for Coca-Cola to improve its competitive advantage. Bottlers Ba
Introdution With the advent of globalisation and corporate that have selling and manufacturing activities in different countries, the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has assumed a new dimension and urgency. Simply put, when the multinational giants shift their manufacturing base to the developing countries, they need to look at CSR as a hard edged business decision and the potential savings of low cost labour should not be a signal for exploitation of child labour. The paper examines the concept of CSR with reference to three companies, Nike in Southeast Asia, Leo Mattel in China and how the increase in tea prices that consumers pay has really not helped the tea workers even by a small percentage. When we speak of globalisation, we refer to companies that source components and materials from one part of the earth and then market it in different parts of the world. The Price of Coffee Coote (1998) speaks of the tea and coffee industry that have been plagued by price upheavals. This industry is truly gloabalized as the raw material is grown in one apart of the world, bought and consumed by people from other parts of the world. Consequently, the ramifications of any CSR that are practiced will relate to operations on a global scale and not just isolated pockets. The authors narrates the events of 1989 when the prices of Coffee fell by a very wide margin but sadly, the consumers still paid the same price as before. The author argues that the main reason is the processing, manufacturing, distribution and marketing channels involved that make the price go up. The stakeholders in the tea business are the consumers, producers, workers, brokers, packers, distributors and each party has its own woes and troubles. According to the author, the consumption of tea has been falling steadily since the past few decades and with the advent of teas bag, the sale of loose leave tea has further dropped. Tea is grown in south East Asia, parts of Africa. The tealeaves once they are picked need to be processes immediately and there is no value addition in terms of increasing the taste or appearance. The author suggests that on the spot processing is required after picking the tea leaves and this is done in factories attached to the estates and this is where funds and financial strengths come not play. The tea workers lot is the worst as their day begins at 4 am and goes till late evening and they are paid about 0.5$ per day for this work. The workers are marginalized, exploited and regarded as slaves and third grade citizens. Thy depend on the company for food, medicine, education and are not able to leave the estate and seek work elsewhere. The Company officials cite poor margins, irregular sales, low prices and express a general unwillingness to improve the