ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In Lame Deer , a Lakota holy man shares insights about his own and other Native Americans’ spiritual attitudes, along with his often funny perceptions of the behavior and attitudes of Americans of European descent. In the process, he reveals a great deal about Native Americans’ understanding of their place in the universe. His insights and stories of his own life and the oral tradition of his community demonstrate how different his view and habits of mind are from those of European descent. He shows in his stories of his family and the sad history of his fellow Native Americans how they approach to nature, family, and property ownership, among many other aspects of life. His insights demonstrate how much variety there is in the spiritual and religious beliefs and practices that motivate people on this continent. This book thus serves as a cautionary tale for a nation that is still attempting (often with little success) to help its citizens co-exist and cooperate with people from different religious backgrounds. The details of spiritual and religious beliefs and practices are demonstrated through the pages of Lame Deer: Seeker of Visions to actually shape the way Native Americans perceive and interact with the world. Thus, Lame Deer’s testimony is a reminder that religion thus affects every aspect of civic life, in spite of the legal separation of church and state. According to John Fire Lame Deer, Native Americans live and move through a natural world that is all alive and all holy. As he states, the very rocks are “sacred” (Lame Deer 188). Every single thing in nature is sacred to Lame Deer’s people, in fact, including the thunder, and water (Lame Deer 114). The living animals are considered kin to the Native Americans, as for example, when the author refers to Brot
The role of governance in influencing the strategic purpose of the organisation is always very critical. According to Deakin and Konzelmann (2004, p. 135), the events which took place at Enron demonstrate the lack of conformity between the role of governance and strategic objectives of the organisation. As Campbell and Yeung (1991, p. 18) note, it is the role of the management to believe in the strategic purpose of the organisation before it can influence its stakeholders towards achieving the set vision. In most of the cases, it is always the top managers that understand the vision and strategic objectives of a firm. These managers always know the specific issues that will drive the organisation towards achieving a goal set in the vision statement. They must believe in this vision for them to drive their organisation into achieving it. However, this was not the case at Enron. The top management knew that the firm was on its way to bankruptcy, but kept motivating its stakeholders that all was well at the firm. The management played a critical role in the path that the firm took in the market. It demonstrates that the role of governance was crucial. The only problem that comes out is that the management played a major role in consciously to make the firm fail in the market. The problem could have been addressed if the governance was
Introduction Despite the fact that formally speaking, Robert Sheckley’s short story “The Native Problem” belongs to the genre of science fiction, its clearly defined satirical overtones, associated with the notion of “White men’s burden”, point out to the fact that story’s motifs correspond more to a past then to a future. In it, author strived to provide readers with the insight on psychological anxieties, experienced by European (White) explorers and colonists, during the so-called Era of Exploration, when they were spreading the light of civilization all over the world. Main body When ships filled with White adventurers began sailing around the world in search for new lands that could be colonized, these people started to realize that it was namely their culture and civilization that represented an objective value, simply because native populations, encountered by Europeans in New World, consisted of primitive savages that were not even able to evolve beyond the Stone Age, over the course of millennia. Given the fact that back then, White people were not being instilled with the complex of historical guilt yet, as it is the case now, they would treat Natives as what they really were – an inferior beings, who could hardly be referred to as humans, in full sense of this word. The leader of Hutterite People Simeon had expressed his plans for colonization of “New Tahiti” in clear and straightforward manner: “There are an aboriginal people here, naked and savage, undoubtedly cunning, ruthless and amoral, as aboriginals always are… We will live in peace with them if they let us. We will bring them the fruits of civilization, flowers of culture…But always remember this friends: we cannot trust them, we must be forever on guard!” (Sheckley). Therefore, we can say that, even though Sheckley’s story does make fun of Hutterite People’s (White colonists) suspiciousness and of their unmotivated hostility towards those, they considered savages, it would be wrong to think of this story as promoting anti-colonial message, but rather as such that was simply meant to entertain the descendants of White colonists by
Cyberspace never goes unnoticed by anyone. It offers a basis for driving innovation and improvements in the area of overall welfare in the world. However, wide access to a digital infrastructure that is not regulated in a way that is strict enough provides a major risk to the governments, private businesses as well as the rights of individuals. Thus, the government is the primary body that is responsible for addressing the strategic disadvantages of cyberspace and making sure that the country along with its citizens can use the full range of resources offered by the technological revolution (The White House, n.d., p. 3). The United States is facing a dual challenge that consists of both protecting the rights for privacy, promoting safety and civil liberties at the same time with driving innovation and efficiency Cyberspace is a global domain that exists within the environment of technology and is made up of an information technology networks that include the Internet, computer systems, and networks of telecommunication (Phister, 2010, p. 3).  1. The cyberspace has been a primary driver in transforming the worldwide economy and creating connections between people.  2. The architecture of the digital space has been created in a way that includes efficiency as the primary factor rather than security.  3. The private sector business is one of the primary targets of cyberattacks. The government should inform the global community about the seriousness of its intentions of facing the challenges posed by cyberspace While the government is interested in protecting the privacy rights of its citizens, it is interested in eliminating any barriers for innovation as well as the outstanding success achieved by the online community environment (The Department of Commerce Internet Policy Task Force, 2011, p. 6).  1. The government should increase its accountability and the federal leadership in the topics that relate to the cyberspace security (The White House, n.d., p. 5). Such an approach is closely linked to clarifying the roles related to security at the same time with making sure that the necessary coordinations are made in order for the roles to implement their missions.  2. The previous attempts of the government to secure the cyberspace only offered a temporary solution.  3. Because each agency and institution can bring its own views to the issue of cyberspace safety, the issue itself exceeds the jurisdictional purview (The White House, n.d., p. 6). By enhancing its cooperation with the private sector businesses in various jurisdictions, the government will be able to achieve success in the process of cyberspace securing  1. The government can look into f
Rehabilitation and Restorative Justice Theory Between 1980 and 1999, no less than 25 new theories of crime causation, rehabilitation and restorative justice caught the attention of penologists (Hay, 2001). Among these was Braithwaite’s reintegrative shaming theory (1989). The author thought to improve on a preponderance of strategies that emphasized shaming, labeling, using subcultures to “explain” criminality, overtly humiliated offenders, and likely bred such resentment as to foster recidivism. Hence, he proposed a general criminological theory suitable to a milieu of high crime rates, while asserting that reintegrative shaming can be an extraordinarily powerful and just form of social control. To effect reintegration and maximize restorative justice, Braithwaite’s theory suggested, the shaming approaches needed to:   * Emphasize a “moralizing approach” rather than punitive social control in order to be relevant to the postmodern American social context;   * Embody respect for the offender;   * Be generalizable from “sporadic” teenage delinquency (the early focus of restorative justice theory-building) to the more widespread social damage that white collar crime such as Enron and Bernie Madoff could inflict. Reintegrative shaming has by no means arrested recidivism in its tracks. As alternatives to incarceration, restorative justice theories or praxis in general have not achieved perfect reform yet. Nevertheless, the singular achievement of Braithwaite was to leaven legalistic deterrence with more humane sociological and social psychological thought about the wellsprings of delinquency and crime. As well, the theory was robust to permit scholarly exploration, testing and refinement. To understand reintegrative shaming is to realize, first of all, that restorative justice embraces a variety of theories and programs. An example is “humanistic mediation”, a “dialogue-driven” theory (Umbreit, 1998) operationalized in victim-offender mediation (VOM), the centerpiece of about 800 programs in North America and Europe. VOM is about a trained mediator mediating a meeting between the victim and offender. Both beneficiaries share their perceptions, settle their conflict and agree on a mutually satisfactory solution for the offender to “make right” the harm done to the victim (Van Ness and Strong, 1996). Variations on this are conferencing and “restorative justice” or “repair of harm” circles, involving participation by relations of both offender and victim and by disinterested community members. Other prominent approaches in the restorative justice repertoire are restitution, community service and victim assistance. When applied to the case of adolescent offenders, Hay (2001) reveals that reintegrative shaming does have an inverse relationship with teenage delinquency but mainly when there is pronounced parent-child interdependency and sanctioning exercised by parents. Propositions and Hypotheses Propositions embody relationships among concepts. It is essential that a proposition explain what is the logical connection between events, processes or organisms. An example might be, “Intermittent reinforcement
The subject of slavery and its different forms had been a thorny issue before the American Civil War. The country was divided into two factions. The South favored the slave labor system in which slaves were the property of their masters who took care of them. On the other hand, the North was in favor of the free labor wage system in which individuals were paid on the basis of their work done. According to Orestes, in due consideration, the slave labor had several advantages over free labor (Dolbeare, & Cummings, 2010). This paper looks at Orestes’s argument in favor of slave wages which is summarized in the following statement, “The laborer at wages has all the disadvantages of freedom and none of its Blessings”, and draws support for this stand from the works of Debs contained in the ‘Revolutionary Unionism’ (Dolbeare, & Cummings, 2010, p.208). From the very beginning, Orestes says that the freedom enjoyed by a slave laborer and a free laborer is the same (Dolbeare, & Cummings, 2010). The only exception consists in the fact that the free laborer is exposed to all the misgivings of slavery unlike the slave laborer. It is not uncommon for people willing to work to pursue job opportunities for several days in a free labor market. At a glance, it may not be easy to justify Orestes’s point of view because one would assume he advocates for slavery (Dolbeare, & Cummings, 2010). He highlights the pains of a person who wants to meet the expectations of his/her family yet he or she is unable to meet them (Dolbeare, & Cummings, 2010). At times when people volunteer to work just for food, such pleas fall on deaf ears. In fact, it seems that the free labor state has offered an opportunity for the capitalists to enjoy all the advantages of slave system without imposing the expenses and the abhorrence of being a slave holder (Dolbeare, & Cummings, 2010). Eugene in his speech, “Revolutionary Unionism”, depicts the picture of free labor system in the strongest derogatory terms (Dolbeare, & Cummings, 2010). He correctly underlines the issue that the working men are responsible for their wealth. They do this through a great deal of sacrifice not because of the endurance of privation, but because of reduced choices. The sacrifices they endure encompass the mind, the limb, as well as life. In contrast, Debs maintains that the laborers live in wretched states of poverty and dependence (Dolbeare, & Cummings, 2010). I have to agree with the author when he further points out that, even though people labor in different jobs, their circumstances are always the same (Dolbeare, & Cummings, 2010). I support Eugene and Orestes that, what the labore
Mass media plays a critical role in the contemporary world as it reflects the modern culture and preferences of a particular audience. The rise of the popularity of multiple trends or ideas coincides with the emergence of some notions in society or the dominance of certain brands. The investigated article “Hybridity and the Rise of Korean Popular Culture in Asia” by Doobo Shim is also devoted to one of such cultural phenomena as it tends to explain the growing popularity of Korean content, its character, and factors contributing to the spark of individuals’ interest to it. The main objective of the given review is to improve the understanding of the topic by analyzing and critiquing the paper. Summarizing the selected work, the author’s emphasis on the growing popularity of Korean popular culture should be admitted. Offering the idea that at the moment, food, music, TV dramas, and celebrities originating from this country become more popular, Shim tries to explain this process by admitting the hybrid character of all these aspects (25). The author is sure that globalization can be considered one of the factors that shaped Korean culture and transformed it into the cultural phenomenon that is demanded in various countries across the world. Moreover, the researcher mentions the powerful impact of American pop culture, which became a part of the globalization discourse and affected individuals in various regions significantly (Shim 29). For this reason, modern Korean products can be considered the result of several cultures’ fusion and have a hybrid character. Analyzing the paper, it is critical to determine its central purpose, issues, and whether conclusions correspond to the introduced goals. Hence, the primary ai
The Purpose and Function of Money Many transactions use money because it is the most acknowledged medium of exchange. The purposes incorporate a store of value and universal acceptability. Paying money enables people and institutions to acquire goods and services. It is notable that money facilitates exchange-trading activities (McEachern, 2009). It is also noteworthy that money plays a significant role in measuring value. This makes it possible for people to use it in deciding the rate of exchange on diverse purchases. The fact that money is acknowledged universally enables it to function as a store of value. It is non – perishable, thus making it store the value of any property (McEachern, 2009). Money also functions as a standard for future payments. This enables people to undertake future transactions based on the value money holds. The transfer of value of the property and other assets also takes place based on money. This makes it possible for individuals and institutions to transfer property from one person or institution to another and vice versa (McEachern, 2009). How the Central Bank Manages a Nation’s Monetary System The central bank plays a critical role in managing a country’s monetary system. The bank implements the chosen monetary laws and regulations in every nation. For example, the Federal Reserve is charged with the responsibility of implementing the chosen policy associated with monetary systems (McEachern, 2009). The Fed alters the interest rates charged on money given to financial institutions. It is notable that higher rates make money exorbitant. Lending institutions shy away from borrowing money from the central bank (McEachern, 2009). Conversely, setting lower interest rates on money the Fed lends to financial institutions creates a good business opportunity for banks. The banks rush to the Fed to borrow money for business activities such as loaning (McEachern, 2009). The central banks also determine reserve requirements. This entails the maximum value of money that financial institutions can keep based on their loans. Stated Direction of Recent Monetary Policy The recent monetary policy was prepared based on how the economy expanded in the year 2012. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) noted that the rate of joblessness remained high, and other people engaged in part-time work (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2013). The committee noted that keeping suitable monetary accommodation would promote the economic escalation towards maximum job availability and price constancy. The FOMC offered more monetary accommodation as a way of promoting its goals. The committee strengthened its forward control of federal funds and sanctioning more asset purchases (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2013). FOMC pronounced that it would carry on its program to lengthen the average development of its treasury assets. Furthermore, it would start buying more agencies assured mortgage-backed securities. The committee planned to buy more assets as well as use other policy tools in a suitable manner. This would continue until the period when the position o
Introduction Today, Wal-Mart faces a variety of publicities especially form the media, either negative or positive, depending on the point of view or topic of discussion. One of the most common topics is that of favouritism that faces incomprehensible thoughts within the corporate structure. In analysis of various normative theories in what is commonly referred to as Sidgwick’s Stratagem, Henry Sidgwick shows existence of intuitionism, just egoism (“Egoistic Heronism”) that supports chase for personal contentment and Utilitarianism (“Universalistic Hedonism”) supporting trail for universal just (Frost, 2009). Although Wal-Mart top executives have different opinions over these claims, indications that the issue of favouritism is deeply obscured aspect within the corporate culture is evident. This paper forms an analysis of the ethical issues raised against or for Wal-Mart Corporation and the potential outcomes of some of the negative or conflicting views about the firm. Wal-Mart’s Ethical Issues Ethical Issues The co
Introduction: Standing at the Beginning One of the most legendary and, at the same time, controversial historical figures of the XX century, Mao Zedong was keeping his personality behind a closed door for quite long. He was considered the “evil genius” of revolution by practically everyone; however, a closer look at his career and the evolution of his views, as well as his influence, may make historians change their minds. Although Mao Zedong is often referred to as the great dictator of the XX century, he, in fact, was considerably less harmful to China and its residents than the members of the political movements that were brewing in the state at the time (Cheek 116). China in the XX Century: Development Specifics Discussing the evolution of Mao Zedong, one must mention the environment, in which the aforementioned evolution took place. There is no secret that China was under the aegis – or, to be more exact, absolute control – or Japan, which had a deplorable effect on the state economy and was clearly leading to the country’s downfall. It should be noted, though, that Mao did not break new grounds in suggesting a different pattern of political behavior for China – several attempts at rioting have already been undertaken by a range of activists, though with little success. Negative emotions concerning the rule of Japan over China had been brewing for centuries up until Mao Zedong embraced the possibilities of socialism and the progress that it promised (Cheek 118). Mao Zedong Emerges: What a Newspaper Article May Spawn The fast pace, at which the principles of socialism were spread and accepted, was beyond shocking. Though one must give credit to Zedong’s political savvy, his success was predetermined by the desire of the Chinese citizens to make a change and shift from being an insignificant rudiment of Japan to a self-sufficient state with its own political strategy and economy (Cheek 125). The Transformation Begins: Mao Zedong and His Reforms However, like any other person, who is provided with unlimited dower over the state, its population and economy, Mao Zedong soon lost the ability to restrain his desire to shape the state policies to his will. As the study explains, once Mao Zedong realized that he finally reached the peak of his reign, he started abusing the power that he was trusted with by the Chinese people, and that can be considered the point from which the economy and politics of the state went downhill: Comrade Mao Zedong’s prestige reached a peak, and he began to get arrogant at the very time when the Party was confronted with the new task of shifting the focus of its work to socialism construction, a task for which the utmost caution was required. (Cheek 217) There is no surprise that shortly after Mao Zedong’s death, the above-mentioned Gang of Four emerged in order to seize control over the state that was literally falling apart. It is remarkable that Zedong’s principles of tyranny and total control not only failed to consolidate the state in the course of his reign but also contributed to the country’s faster decay after the great dictator rest in peace. In ot