ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Language proficiency is a level of language acquisition attained by second language learners. The current study concerns the children who learn English as their second language. It is necessary to differentiate between two skill levels associated with language proficiency; they are Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP). “The distinction was intended to draw attention to the very different time periods typically required by immigrant children to acquire conversational fluency in their second language as compared to grade-appropriate academic proficiency in that language.” (Cummins, 2003, p. 1) The terms were introduced to emphasize that the basic skills can be acquired within a comparatively small period, though children who have profound social English skills should not be considered academically proficient. The language-building activities can help children to master their language skills of both basic and academic levels. Language-Building Activities Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) The language-building activities which are aimed at developing basic language skills should be based on the interaction between people, should have an embedded context (which is of great importance for this level), and have to deal with social language (the one which is used for day-to-day communication) (Zwiers, 2007, p. 42). This means that language-building activities should introduce the context and a task within a definite context, enlarging the vocabulary is significant as well. The first assignment presupposes that children are inserted into a definite situation, for example, a grocer’s shop or a supermarket; they should be divided into two groups (customers and shop assistants). Remember that this task should be preceded by the vocabulary on this topic to make children aware of details and all information they might need. It includes both aspects important for basic language skills interaction and context, communication between different people. The second activity includes the safety rules and traffic signs; children should recognize which signs mean safety and which symbolize danger or warning. The third activity task implements the interaction aspect; a teacher should start the task by giving a definite role to each participant; the children should ask one another a range of questions to learn about age, name, profession, and other information distributed by the teacher. The fourth basic language activity includes watching and discussing a movie (easy in terms of vocabulary; perhaps, titled). Children should agree or disagree with some statements suggested concerning the contents of the movie. The fifth activity is as follows: ask children to display some words or actions without saying a word only with facial expressions, mimicry, gestures, and other non-verbal types of communication. Other children should name the word or the notion which was concealed behind the mimicry. Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) Language proficiency is a level that requires more than knowing basic interaction clichés and embedded into a
Introduction General Mills Company is one of the American best companies. Today, general mill is named in the fortunes top 100 best companies. It deals mainly with food production. Its headquarters is in Golden valley, Minnesota. They market many well known products. This brand portfolio is more than 100 United States brands. Business Processes Used by General Mills One of the processes applied is comprehensive record management. This helps it manage all its information. The company General Mills is one of the largest food manufacturing companies in the world. It also operates in more than 100 countries in the world. This means that it has to generate an enormous number of electronic records for its branches. Like any other global enterprise, it also receives massive number of electronic records from the branches. These records need to be managed with varying degrees of retention. They need to be managed in such a way that they are easily accessed by authorized users when need arises. General mills needed to come up with a system that would help it store, prioritize and manage its large volume of electronic record. Another process is the coherent record retention policy. Implementation of this policy was to help it manage its data center. It helps reduce cost and even save time at the data center. This policy also helps improve the ability of those working in the data center to locate and access the information the need. General Mill’s Business Strategy Open innovation strategy is one of the strategies that General Mills has created. This helps them to collect the brightest mind and the best ideas internally and externally. The company uses these ideas and minds to improve their products and services. This strategy helps them develop new products. Another business strategy that General Mills is using is connection with the suppliers. By connecting more effectively with the suppliers, the company is able to enjoy services like cost reduction from suppliers. Reduction of the cost by suppliers will make it easier for the company to reduce the production cost. This will lead to a lower price of their products hence attracting many customers. Giving offers to customers is also another strategy. Aging boomers is one of the offers where the company’s customer who are 55 years and above are focused. Kaplan (2011) says that the company is concerned with improving the customers’ health and wellness. The company is emphasizing the health benefits of some of its food products. It is also introducing more health oriented offerings and smaller portion sizes as part of its strategy. This will increase the sales of the products hence higher profit margin. Increase of the middle class people in the countries all over the world has made General Mills Company to come up with campaigns. The campaigns will involve product and marketing campaign aligned with local campaigns and distribution pattern. This will lead to a growth of the company’s market. The campaigns will also lead to an expanded profit margin. General Mills has a good corporate governance practices and board of Directors who are committed
Introduction The section of psychology that studies human development is based on building theories with a help of observing behavior. According to Miller (2011), the critical distinction of a developmental theory is its focus on changes that happen over a certain period. Its tasks include describing changes that happen in a chosen behavior area, comparing them to other areas, and explaining them. Developmental theories are valuable since they organize facts and give meaning to them while offering direction to future research works (Miller, 2011). The process of formulating a theory starts with making assumptions and hypothetical constructs, which are not tested and cannot be observed, though they relate to visible behavior (Miller, 2011). The next step in creating a theory is to formulate hypotheses – “tentative statements about the relations among events, objects, properties, or variables” (Miller, 2011, p. 3). Finally, when a hypothesis is supported by research, it becomes a statement or a law. Most developmental theories deal with the issues of human nature, quantitative and qualitative factors of psychology, the effect of nature and environment, well as discuss the object of development. Main body The general idea behind building a developmental theory is observing an individual’s behavior, making notes about it, and putting distinguished traits as a basis for supporting a hypothesis. It must be said that psychologists often belong to one of the so-called schools of thought, or perspectives, which explain human behavior from different systems of scientific beliefs. For instance, the Piagetian focus on behaviorism contradicts at some point with Freud’s psychodynamic approach. In this way, theory construction is initially influenced by the culture and beliefs of a researcher. Some researchers believe that previous studies in the field of developmental psychology focused on objectives that could not be properly evaluated. For instance, Newman and Holzman (1997) propose that, instead of studying conversations, theorists must switch focus to the performance of conversations. Children learn the language through a “relational activity of creatively imitating others” (Newman & Holzman, 1997, p. 129). Traditionally, psychological research on development is carried out in groups of children or adults that need to solve a number of problems. Researchers design a method of testing those groups before the event, collect data and analyze it to find results that match or contradict their hypotheses. Based on how well participants deal with a problem, conclusions are made on their mental abilities. However, models for research are often formal and their main limitation is that the psychology of participants is evaluated using the same characteristics for everyone. This approach might work well with neuroscience studies, but development theories should also consider the individual and collective differences of people. As Miller (2011) mentions, theories in textbooks do not fully describe the real behavior of people, which usually “proceeds in a much messier, irrational fashion” (p. 5). This fact is especially important when connecting devel
Evaluation and assessment of individuals’ behavior are critical to help them to evolve in an appropriate way and acquire the social skills needed to remain integrated with society and cooperate with peers. To determine the existing problems and find appropriate ways to solve them, a counselor, as a specialist responsible for the in-depth assessment of persons’ cognitive, developmental, and communicational skills, should devote special attention to unusual behaviors, inappropriate or undesired patterns, or other threatening signs. For this reason, counseling sessions become a potent tool that can be used to communicate with a client and determine his/her current problems using strategic approaches and specific skills demanded for the critical analysis. The given paper presents a transcription of a counseling session with Kenry Lambert, a 7th-grade student. He is Cuban American, Catholic. He grows up in a nice family that does not have signs of violent behaviors or other inappropriate patterns. He has a younger sister and a caring mom. The addressed problem is the boy does not want to share the ball at the gym and plays by himself. Last Friday he had a fight with his best friend Mike because of the ball. Kenry punched the friend on his face. It shows the existence of anger issues. The given transcription outlines communication between the counselor (C) and the student (S). The dialogue between the specialist and the boy is presented in detail because of the necessity to understand utilized techniques and make a conclusion about the existing problems and the further need for actions. Transcription and Analysis Verbatim Transcription
Introduction Many female offenders share common features that resulted in their criminal behavior. Hence, an analysis of these common psychological and social factors can determine what treatment approaches and treatment outcomes prove to be the most successful ones. Common Features Life stories of women offenders reveal “physical and sexual abuse, poverty, and substance” (Salisbury and Voorhis, 2009, p. 543). Thus, psychological and social factors have a crucial impact on the future criminal behavior of women. According to study conducted by Salisbury and Voorhis (2009), common psychological characteristics for female offenders include “childhood victimization” and “relationship dysfunction” (Salisbury & Voorhis, 2009, pp. 546, 556). The majority of adult women (more than 50%) and even greater number of juvenile girls (more than 60%) experienced “physical abuse” in childhood (Hanser, Mire, & Braddock, 2011, p. 282). However, there is no qualitative or quantitative evidence proving the fact that experience of any physical or psychological form of abuse directly led to the criminal behavior. Nonetheless, “childhood victimization was an indirect influence as an impetus for psychological sequelae that in turn created five distinct paths to recidivism” (Salisbury & Voorhis, 2009, p. 554). Moreover, according to Burnette and Newman (2005), “the presence of unusual destructive behavior in girls, even in the absence of other antisocial activities, may be a pathognomic sign of later and persistent personality pathology” (p. 429). Therefore, traumas that women offenders experienced as children resulted in depression, anxiety, and later criminal behavior. Similarly, “relationship dysfunction, unhealthy, non-empathic relationships with their partners” also serves as indirect cause for future imprisonment (Salisbury & Voorhis, 2009, p. 556). Moreover, relationship hardships result in “adult victimization, reduced self-efficacy, depression and anxiety, and addiction” (Salisbury & Voorhis, 2009, p. 557). Hence, there is a high risk of recidivism for women offenders who experienced painful and offensive relationship with their parents and unsatisfying and abusive relationship with their boyfriends or husbands. In terms of social factors, many female offenders “suffered from various stereotypes and discrimination” (Hanser et al., 2011, p. 291). For example, Asian women are “thought to be submissive to males in the household”, so when these women try to “break out of this role, conflict typically emerges” (Hanser et al., 2011, p. 291). Moreover, problems with education, employment or financial support contribute to “low self-efficacy, relationship dysfunction, and reduced family support” leading to criminal behavior (Salisbury & Voorhis, 2009, p. 559). Thus, financial needs derived from unemployment and lack of decent education together with relationship problems and childhood abuse culminate in criminal behavior. Treatment Based on Common Features According to Salisbury and Voorhis (2009), successful treatment of female offenders who experienced childhood abuse will be those “with strong skills for coping with previous
Introduction Nike, Inc. is a sportswear company in the United States dealing in clothes and sports paraphernalia like shoes, jerseys among other sporting equipment. When the company came into the market, it was first called Blue Ribbon Sports. It was founded in 1964 by the one Phillip Knight with the assistance of Bill Bowerman who was his coach in track field athletics at Oregon University. During its inception into the market, the company only produced tack running shoes but has diversified now to produce such things jerseys, shoes and shorts for all types of field and track sport. In addition, Nike produces clothes and shoes for ice hockey, soccer, tennis, cricket and baseball. This was not the end of Nike since the company has constantly unleashed in the market sportswear for different sporting activities and the most recent premiers by Nike in the market are skateboarding shoes (which are called Nike 6.0, Nike SB and Nike NYX), basket ball shoes (called Air Jordan XX3) and shoes for playing cricket (which are called Air zoom Yorker) (Lee, and Terrence 123). The importance of the Just Do it Slogan for Nike Referring to the first symbolic assumption, The Just Do It Campaign advertisement came out back in 1988 and it became universal since it was a slogan that is short, simple, clear, direct, memorable and concise (Lee, and Terrence 201). It invites dreams and speaks of sport. It encourages people not to give excuses and to do something; it is all possible if you put your heart into it since it makes one eccentric, exceptional and courageous (Lee and Terrence 67). This slogan can also be taken to mean just make it happen . The corporate logo that was designed by Carolyn Davidson is sufficiently meaningful for the company and satisfactory in its capacity to convey the company’s slogan. The logo represents the wing of the Greek goddess which represents victory and signifies the corporate identity as its frame enlarges. Fig.1 Nike’s logo (Nike 1). People have multiple interpretations of the slogan as people experience life differently. Nike being one of the most famous sports brand worldwide, the young people view the brand as a sense of being cool. A consumer may see the logo and easily interpret it as meaning ‘this is my only choice. I will buy it and wear it’; and a business man may view it as ‘try it’. There are a host of meanings that can be attributed to this slogan when used in daily living. A typical interpretation has been where the slogan has been taken to mean always “do what you heart tells you to and remain vigilant and persistent till you attain success” (Lee, and Terrence 133). Usin
Modern communication is diverse and surrounds youth daily and, therefore, impacts the interpersonal communication of individuals. Today, people are free to access almost anything on social media. While some reckon it is customary to believe in everything they see, others are more cautious about the readily available information. Unfortunately, the modern media is filled with hatred and false claims, which are not filtered and negatively impact youth in Egypt. To begin with, everyday people see advertisements, famous people’s tweets, and memes, so they are led to believe in everything they encounter. As we know, social media is made to attract users’ attention, and thus, adolescents might notice only the negative aspects which provoke their bad traits and increase their interest. For instance, advertisers might claim that smoking damages your health and, at the same time, insert the clip of a person smoking cigarettes. It is evident that watchers might not focus their attention on the end of the clip, stating, “Quit smoking, live better,” instead, youth happens to be unconsciously manipulated into acquiring this bad habit. (“Mohamed Salah is a Liverpool player and declares he is not smoking”) In fact, it is the main aim of paid promotion since it would increase cigarette distributors’ sales. Furthermore, such advertisements would be discussed among youth and impact a significant amount of people. Such manipulations can be traced in other social media variations like tweets, memes, radio programs, and television. To sum up, modern communicative means yield only unfavorable impacts on the youth in Egypt since they tend to include damaging implications and undertones. Consequently, it leads to people acquiring bad habits and character traits that considerably affect their well-being on the whole. Reference “Mohamed Salah is a Liverpool player and declares he is not smoking”. YouTube . 2019. Web.
Introduction Al Tayer Group is a diversified company that operates more than 5380 stores worldwide with over 492000 employees. The company continues to expand its operations and this increases its customer coverage. It however continues to experience business problems in the course of this expansion. These problems have had a significant influence on the company’s business structure, company culture, organizational structure, as well as its financial status. The main objective of this paper is to understand how Al Tayer Group can solve business problems using information systems. Main text Al Tayer Group manages complex networks with its suppliers and customers due to the various businesses it operates. Information systems play an important role in managing complex networks by providing information required by the supply chains. The systems will also provide the necessary communication links between partners in supply chains. Information systems will enable the company to attain global coordination with the ultimate aim of attaining operational flexibility (Laudon &Laudon, 2007). Solving business problems using an information system entails a four-step process: problem identification, solution design, choice, and implementation (Laudon & Laudon, 2007). For Al Tayer to effectively solve its business problems, the company has to first identify its exact problem and causes. Possible actions on what can be done regarding the problem should be developed based on the available resources of the company. Possible problems that may affect a business include inability to meet business needs, unclear business strategies, and fluctuations in interests. In solution design, many possible options should be developed to give a wide range of alternatives to choose from. The business problem may need to be solved using various mechanisms for it to be eliminated. Solutions will therefore need to be integrated with other options to provide the required effects. A suitable solution should be developed that will address a specified issue. The solution should be cost-effective, easy to implement and solve problems of the company amicably (Wilson, 2001). Various factors have to be considered before making a choice. The cost of the developed solution, length of time available for implementing the solution, and its feasibility based on the available skills and resources in the company must be given great consideration. The company has to consider whether necessary skills required to implement the solution are available. This will help in choosing an appropriate solution that is easily comprehended therefore ensuring the problem is solved. In the implemen
The situation with Angela requires the use of addiction assessment tools. The client has several interlocking conditions, and a clinical assessment tool may lead to confusion since it is likely to accumulate much raw data that will need interpretation. Additionally, clinical assessment tools provide information with the focus on the physical condition of the patient, which seem irrelevant in the situation. While such tools are appropriate for the diagnosis of comorbid conditions, the primary goal in the described scenario is to confirm or disprove Terrance’s supposition about Angela’s substance abuse (Samet et al. 20). Therefore, the use of addiction assessment tools is imperative in this situation. Terrance is to use two assessment tools: the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). DAST-10 is a ten-item yes/no questionnaire that evaluates a client’s involvement with drugs, not including alcoholic beverages (“Drug Use Questionnaire” 4). Since the screening tool does not provide any insight on alcohol misuse, it is to be complemented with an additional source of information. AUDIT is a simple way to screen and identify people at risk of alcohol problems (“Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test” 1). It includes ten multiple choice questions and a score over eight signal about harmful drinking behavior. The two tools described above are optimal to help Terrance in the scenario. Even though SAMSHA offers numerous substance abuse screening tests, the combination of these tools seems to be the most effective due to their simplicity, cost efficiency, and the amount of time they take to complete and evaluate. According to Rockne et al., the combination of these two tools allows to identify substance abuse disorder and provide timely intervention for at-risk patients (1187). Additionally, DAST-10 and AUDIT utilization “may reduce future medical disorders and hospitalizations associated with problematic substance use” (Rockne et al. 1188). In short, Terrance is recommended to use these two tools for a quick and low-cost assessment of Angela’s possible drug abuse problem. Works Cited “Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.” SAMHSA-HRSA Center of Integrated Health Solutions, Web. “Drug Use Questionnaire.” SAMHSA-HRSA Center of Integrated Health Solutions, Web. Samet, Sharon, et al. “Assessing Addiction: Concepts and Instruments.” Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, vol. 4, no. 1, 2007, pp. 19-31, Web. Rockne, Wendy Y. et al. “Identification of Substance Use Disorders in Burn Patients Using Simple Diagnostic Screening Tools (AUDIT/DAST-10).” Burns , vol. 45, no. 5, 2019, pp. 1182-1188. Web.