ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Different literatures have postulated how the process of Europeanization has been perceived with great enthusiasm by some people, while others have perceived it with intense skepticism (Smits p.1). Since the advent of the call and much effort exhibited to the European integration process, both Europhiles and Eurosceptics in almost equal measure have argued their case that some time have motivated vigorous debates about the very nature of this European project (Smits p.1). What needs to be known is the fact that both the Euroscepticism and Europhilia base and pursue their different particular views of how largely citizens interests should be represented. According to many citizens of the countries that have formed the European Union, views and positions taken by leading advocates of Europhiles and Eurosceptics have influenced the positions taken by the citizens of the different countries of European Union. Within the European Union jurisdiction the key issues that have led to existence of these two schools of view revolves largely around the economy, politics, legal, financial system, identity, culture, and sometimes language. The point of note here is that European integration process has largely been perceived and regarded to be possible after integration of the above highlighted key aspects. Subsequently, the above highlighted key aspects constitute the very aspects that have divided citizens of EU into Europhiles and Eurosceptics, which each group arguing its case decisively for or against Europeanization. Therefore, the essence of this research paper is to explore in detail ‘Who are the Europhiles and who are the Euroskeptics’ within the perspective of the above-outlined aspects. Further issues of national identity will also be explored and how it has further influenced Europhilia and Euroscepticism ideas and dreams. Who are Europhiles and Eurosceptics? Definition of these two terms has been varied and multiple. For example, E
Components of the Preferred Physical Therapist/Physical Therapist Assistant Relationship There are diverse elements, which guide the mutual relationship between “Physical Therapists (PTs) and Physical Therapist Assistants (PTA’s)” (Dreeben-Irimia, 2011). The elements include trust, mutual respect, and appreciation for individual and conventional differences among others. The roles played by the PTA’s in this kind of association involve making proposals, providing responses, performing approved responsibilities, and ensuring open communication with the PT (Dreeben-Irimia, 2011). The free and open communication enables the PTA’s to provide their responses and express their thoughts regarding clinical issues and challenges. The PT and PTA jointly adjust the communication between them to provide appropriate treatment to clients, work together, guarantee suitable care under management settings, and provide education to clients, relatives, caregivers, and other treatment providers (Skinner & McVey, 2011). In the future, I plan to ensure that this kind of affiliation is applicable while working with PTA’s. The notable things that can be done include inviting the PTA’s to assist during initial examination services (Dreeben-Irimia, 2011). The PTA’s will help in collecting data about the clients. However, caution will be taken to ensure that the participation of the PTA’s does not violate legal, field of practice, and moral principles. It will also be appropriate to delegate some client intervention and management activities to the PTA’s. There will be continuous communication between the PT and PTA (Dreeben-Irimia, 2011). The PTA will be assigned to gather data about the clients while they provide them with care management services. The PTA will be instructed to share the findings with the PT for – examination. The PT will review the new data on the impact of treatment on the client. The reviewed information will be used to improve the care management strategy. The PTA shall implement the new client intervention strategy (Skinner & McVey, 2011). However, the PT will supervise the implementation process. Differences in the academic preparation of physical therapists versus that of physical therapist assistants provide the rationale for why these differences exist The training PTs obtain enables them to undertake “examination, evaluation, diagnosis, injury treatment, mobility difficulties, and disabilities” among others in clients (Skinner & McVey, 2011). Conversely, the training offered to the PTA’s enables them to provide care, support, and physical handling of clients under a management st
Kenya Introduction Located on the eastern side of the African continent, Kenya is well known as both a commercial hub for the Central and Southeastern parts of Africa as well as being a prime tourist destination due to its numerous nature preserves and Safaris. As such, this has enabled the Kenyan community to thrive from multiple sources of income, with the service industry, in particular, being responsible for a large percentage of the country’s income (Ronald, 2014, 71). Due to the warm and somewhat humid climate of the country, agricultural products are one of its main exports, which consist mostly of tea, coffee, and other various types of grains. Aside from this, Kenya also has a thriving manufacturing industry that accounts for 14 percent of the country’s GDP at present (Ronald, 2014, 71). PEST Political environment When examining the political environment surrounding Kenya, one of the most obvious signs of stability is connected to the country’s low CPI (Corruption Perception Index), which showed that as of 2012, the country was ranked 139th out of the respective 200 countries that were examined for corruption (0 being the highest and 200 being the lowest). Based on the work of Brännström (2012), which connected high foreign direct investments with greater confidence in a country’s government, Kenya can be considered as being well poised to take advantage of the good spring of positive sentiment directed towards it by business groups that see potential in a regional trading hub with low levels of corruption in the government (Brännström, 2012, 63). Legal environment The legal environment is relatively stable, with no major issues that would impede investments into the country. Economic environment One of the main detriments towards the continued improvement of Kenya’s economy lies in the inefficient nature of its agricultural sector, which accounts for 24 percent of the country’s GDP yet hires nearly 75 percent of its workers. In comparison, its manufacturing and industrial sector employ only 25 percent of the local labor force yet actually contributes more than 75 percent of Kenya’s GDP due to the implementation of efficient methods of production such as assembly lines and the use of advanced machines to aid in the manufacturing process (Lwenya & Yongo, 2012, 569). Further examination of the state of the agricultural industry reveals heavy usage of manual labor tools that hampers efficiency and productivity, especially when taking into consi
Introduction In 25 March 1947, a blast in Centralia, Illinois highlighted several failures in Public Administration. This once peaceful town was rocked with a coal mine explosion, that had deadly consequences. The buildup coal dust was ignited by a charge, causing an explosion on the mine that had been very essential in providing coal during World War II. However, this incident did not come as a surprise to the federal agencies and other professionals. This is because there was an accumulation of letters and complaints from inspection results reiterating the hazards posed by the mine. The mine companies as well as the mine safety agencies had been notified by safety professionals about the danger in the mine. These notifications had been made in several occasions. Amidst calls from the mine’s union to correct the identified hazards, no action was taken. One hundred and one people lost their lives in the coal mines after the explosion (Hartley & Kenney, 2006). Logistical options for Scanlan “The 1974 coal mine disaster in Centralia, Illinois changed how mining laws and regulations were enforced” (Hartley & Kenney, 2006). Scanlan, who was the district inspector at the time, identified the hazards surrounding the coal mines and reported his findings about a possible explosion to other relevant professionals. However, these professionals failed to observe the law and the safety procedures recommended by Scanlan. Scanlan should not have taken heed to the words of the director of department of Minerals and Mines. He should have taken his concerns and findings to State Mine Board or the Governor of Illinois so that further investigations are done on the matter. The logistical options that he should have dealt with include corruption, responsibility, communication and time. Scanlan had trouble when communicating with people who were able to impose laws and regulate activities in the mines. After sending many reports to his seniors without getting any response, Scanlan should have sought face-to-face meetings in order to resolve the issue about the reports he had filed. It was also clear corruption was rampant during the time when Scanlan worked as inspector. The officers high in authority would bend some rules for corrupt businesspersons to run their agenda. This is evident by the fact that some mine owners partied with some inspectors. Scanlan also took a lot of time trying to communicate with his seniors. However, a lot of time was wasted as he waited for the implementation of his reports. Scanlan also wanted the responsibility for the conditions in the mines to be taken by someone. More than a hundred people lost their lives because of lack of responsibility from the relevant authorities (Fanning, 2007). Scanlan’s motivation towards the Constitution (the law) Scanlan knew that it was his responsibility to provide the mineworkers with fair working conditions, representation as well as equality. He knew about the misappropriation of funds within the mining companies as well as the discrimination that was being practiced against the mineworkers. Scanlan’s bureaucracy Scanlan’s job was to oversee safe and regulated practices in the m
Introduction Sustainable tourism is defined as “satisfying current tourism and host community needs, while protecting and improving future opportunities” (Pineda & Brebbia 2004, p 34). The aim of sustainable tourism is to avoid or reduce negative effects on the economy, environment, as well as, the cultures of the local communities. Sustainability ensures that tourism facilitates development that is beneficial to the local communities, tourism firms and the tourists. Sustainable tourism promotes effective management of resources in order to meet economic, social, as well as, aesthetic needs (Cohen 2002, pp. 267-276). Sustainability is achieved when these needs are met without interfering with the cultural integrity, ecological processes, as well as, biological diversity of the tourism destination. This can be achieved if best practices or sustainable tourism practices are adopted at all levels of tourism business management. Best practices are corrective measures which ensure that tourism causes the least possible negative impact; the quality of tourism product is improved and tourism businesses become more efficient. In the last three decades, several initiatives have been implemented to promote best practices in tourism. However, best practice is yet to become the main focus in the tourism industry. This paper analyzes the extent to which disagreement among stakeholders on how to improve sustainability of tourism destinations hinders adoption of sustainable tourism practices. The Need for Sustainable Practice The rationale for adopting sustainable practices is demonstrated by the impacts of tourism on the environment and local communities. The impacts of tourism include the following. To begin with, tourism has negative impacts on the environment (Hunter & Shaw 2007, pp. 46-56). Over-consumption of resources such as water by tourists discourages sustainable development. Tourists compete with local communities for scarce resources such as food, and this can increase inequality and injustice. Transport systems which support tourism leads to pollution through greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, tourism-related activities such as water sports and mountain hiking interfere with fragile ecosystems. Tourists are normally unaware of the impact of their behavior on the cultures of local communities. Thus, they often engage in inappropriate behaviors that may offend the locals. Finally, the economic benefits of tourism can only be sustained if best practices are adopted. The tourism industry contributes nearly 10 percent of the global GDP. The industry also supports approximately ten percent of jobs in the world (Gossling, Hall & Weaver 2009, p. 78). On average, a tourist spends $ 700 in a tourism destination. These statistics indicate that tourism plays an imp
Introduction Japan has made progressive steps in economic growth since the beginning of the 19 th century to the present (Wan 234). Gigantic steps in economic growth over the last two centuries have seen the economy of Japan become the third largest in the globe (Ohno 78). Unlike the economy of her Japanese neighbor, which had a significant leap in growth during the last two centuries, the Chinese economy was mostly stagnant during the past century (Wan 234). A range of elements (that were both present in China and Japan during the past two centuries) resulted in different economic progress for the two economies during the past century (Wan 234). Among the most important parameters that have influenced the economic paths of China and Japan include pre-existing conditions before the onset of westernization, the role of western powers, the pace of embracing new ideas and technology, political stability, business environment, and globalization (Hayami 18). Western powers began an aggressive process of increasing their wealth and power at the start of the 19 th century. During the 1800’s, the Japanese population had already acquired a spectrum of behavior that is closely related with the aggressive and enterprising spirit of the western world (Johnson 124). Here, the Japanese population could be described as well educated, hardworking, well organized and disciplined (Ohno 78). These characteristics formed a favorable pre-existing environment in Japan which would later contribute to high economic growth there. Once a link was established between Japan and the western world (following the aggressive expansion of western colonies into the Asian region), Japan obtained an important opportunity to learn new ways of expanding her economy from her western counterparts (Hayami 18). Therefore, Japan had a population that was more ready to initiate high economic growth than China. Unlike her Japanese counterpart that has enjoyed relative peace and stability in the last two centuries, China has had many years of war and instability in the past two centuries. Between 1839 and 1842, a protracted war between China and Britain over opium trade destabilized China (Steinfeld 87). Rebellions from the Taiping , Muslims, among other quarters were then to follow the opium wars. Protracted wars between China and Japan also contributed to the destabilization of China. There was also the Chinese civil war which lasted from 1945 to 1945 (Wan 234). A study of Chinese history reveals that there was no decade of peace in China between 1839 and 1945. Moreover, autonomous provinces that were under warlord’s control fragmented China. Continual Conflicts in China at the time thus created an environment that hampered Industrial development there. Although Japan had its fair share of conflicts, wh
Introduction The Daoism and Confucianism have some similarities and differences. The research paper will be comparing and contrasting both through what they share and what they differ. Various aspects like their origins, their theories, dynasties and major focus will be discussed. The paper starts with differences: The history of origin Confucianism is a philosophy that was introduced by a Chinese philosopher by name Confucius. This philosophy mainly based its arguments on the idea that logic and reason can create a solution to all challenges facing human beings (Yao 189). The Confucius opposed the excessive application of human emotions and superstition. According to the teachings of Confucianism, the use of early Chinese traditions is the best and most appropriate way of having an organized community. This philosophy also valued the traditional rituals and music as they maintain the harmony in the society. However, Lao Tzu initiated Daoism and its ideas are based on human beings living a balanced life according to the nature (Tang 76). According to Lau Tzu, he conceived the natural world as a teacher through whom human beings can obtain wisdom if only they observed and shaped their lives depending on the nature. He had a main goal of avoiding conflict and human beings to move according to the flow of things. Human cooperation and connection of nature The Confucianism is mainly known to encourage the cooperation among the human beings. It discourages the individualism as it teaches on the benefits of staying together as one community. The teachings of Daoism encourages on how one can survive well if only he or she associates well with the laws of nature. Even without the assistance of the fellow human beings, Daoism insists that anyone can survive in the society. Despite the fact that Confucianism encourages loyalty of leaders and superiors, it also gives people some rights to fight and oppose those rulers who are corrupt and treating other people unfairly (Renard 113). On the other hand, Daoism does not teach people on such aggression, as it calls for peace, humility and inaction. Dynasties believe in both Daoism and Confucianism The people in china have different believes as far as Confucianism and Daoism are concerned. A group believes in Confucianism while others believe in Daoism. This is facilitated by the fact that both have some truth and reasonable ideas that attract individuals. For instance, for those who follow Daoism, they believe that the most important aspect of a rational human world is not that matters a lot than the cosmic world of nature (Little 108). However, the followers of Confucianism value much the occurrences and events that affect people in their normal lives. Confucianism has a perception of human beings to enj
Introduction Crito’s apology is an essay done by Socrates, a Greek philosopher; where he seeks to express truthfully his beliefs. His apology, which is rather a statement, is viewed as one full of meaning and truth as he addresses his close friend, Crito. Socrates is a critical thinker who is dedicated to moral character and he questioned the beliefs of the youths in Athens who trusted in opinions which were not necessarily true. Socrates got a death sentence out of his political activities, which apparently corrupted the youth and the religious practices. The apology details how his disciples tried to aid his escape from prison and how Socrates brought up an argument on whether it was a good idea as he worried too much about the repercussions (Kemerling, 2006). Thoreau Civil Disobedience is the work of Henry David Thoreau who was a nature enthusiast. He wrote the essay titled ‘civil disobedience’, which won many politicians hearts. This essay seeks to find out why people of a state will subscribe to unjust governance without complaining. Thoreau exercised disobedience when he refused to pay poll tax whose returns offered support to the slave trade and the Mexican war, which he so detested and this led to his imprisonment (McElroy, 2005). This case study seeks also to compare and contrast between the essay for Critos apology and Thoreau civil disobedience and stage a personal argument. Similarities between the Critos apology and Thoreau’s civil disobedience Both essays are associated with the way their governments of the day used to function and they also seek to change the mindsets of the people though at different levels. Socrates wants the people to be submissive to the government while Thoreau warns the people who follow the laws of the state blindly even if they are infringing on their own rights and they do not reflect what is right in their own view. Thoreau and Crito’s essays believe in morality of human beings. They feel that human beings have the moral authority to be just if given the chance. They feel that no human being would want to default knowingly and it is sad that people still commit injustices even armed with a moral conviction. (Term papers, 2005). The other striking similarity with these two essays is their writing while these history makers were in jail. Thoreau’s incarceration resulted from disobeying the laws of the land and it was while in jail that he wrote the ‘civil disobedience’ essay. Socrates was also in jail serving a term awaiting the death penalty for corrupting the youth and discrediting the state preferred religion when he wrote the apology (Term paper, 2005). In both essays, we have philosophers who sought to bring change through defiance. In the apology, Socrates is seen as a highly ethical man who sought to interrogate and discuss the laws before subscribing to them and he question
The renaissance period can be described as an era in which great works of art, especially paintings by great artists, were produced. This paper endeavors to compare and contrast two paintings from this period, one appearing on a website and the other from a study textbook. The two paintings are The Last Communion of St. Jerome by Sandro Botticelli, and The Adoration of the Magi by Leonardo da Vinci. The comparison will look at the paintings’ form, their subject matter, their content, and how they fit into the context of that particular time period. The Adoration of the Magi is a two-dimensional painting that was painted using oil on a wood panel measuring 246 by 243 centimeters. The exact date of the painting is not known, but is estimated to have taken place sometime between 1481 and 1483. The technique that Leonardo da Vinci used in this painting, therefore, became a trendsetter in the art revolution of the time. This is seen in the manner in which figures are given a presentation in the painting. In this painting, Mary and her son easily come out as the center piece, surrounded by many people at the scene. The colors used in the painting are yellow, ochre and brown (Delahunt, 2010). In comparison, The Last Communion of St. Jerome is a three-dimensional painting that was painted on wood with gold and tempera, with dimensions of 34.3 by 25.4 centimeters. Its exact date of painting is also not known, with estimates placing it at sometime in the early 1490s. The suffused lights filtering through the hut’s grayish green wicker frame highlight the sense of concentration and intimacy in the painting. In contrast, the furniture and fabrics are depicted by vibrant colors. The green-brown robes worn by acolytes put emphasis on the grey-freckled, dark brown tunics of the two young monks. The priest’s red planet is repeated with a stronger shade in the cardinal’s hat. In addition, the priest’s gold and blue dalmatic echoes the blue cloth that the saint kneels on (Frank, 2010). The Adoration of the Magi definitely has a strong subject matter. This painting shows Mary and her son Jesus surrounded by a crowd of men and women and the tree of life. One can also see knights in combat, an indication of the fall of paganism and the rise of Christian faith. The painting is an abstract work of art. This is because it has been taken out from elements that are found in the observed world, but no longer represent a particular person or object that can be found in this observed world (Delahunt, 2010). On the other hand, in The Last Communion of St. Jerome , Botticelli depicts the last moments of the life of St Jerome attempting