ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Art is a term used to describe a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities; it is however most understood to refer to painting, film, photography, sculpture, and other forms of visual media. In the broader more evolved definition of the arts lie music, theatre, literature, and dance. Mastery and skill were the chosen words in the earlier centuries used to describe what art was and it had no specific differentiation from the sciences and crafts of the time. Today, however, fine arts are used best to describe them as they have been set aside from the crafts and sciences which are acquired skills in general. Historical Context The twentieth-century arts were however divergent from the earlier centuries and therefore known as modern art. The twentieth century gave rise to numerous movements such as the Die Brucke in Germany who were a group of expressionists who had an interest in primitivist art and expressing extreme emotion through high keyed colors. Other movements were Abstract expressionism , pop art, and photorealism movements amongst others. Modern art drew a lot of criticism because of its seemingly divergent path from what art had come to be accepted by art critics and lovers alike. Modern paintings had moved on from having to represent an object or figure, but to be a tool for expression. Every aspect of human life evolves to fit the time we live in, art is no exception. Modern art was an art form of evolution in the twentieth century with post-impressionism arising in the early twentieth century. “The post-impressionists extended impressionism only without its limitations: they continued using vivid colors, thick application of paint, distinctive brush strokes, and real life subject matter, but they were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary color”. Roger Fry, a famous art critic and major supporter of post-impressionism concluded that post-impressionism was abstract “formal elements counted most-that alone were essential-so that a painting no longer had to represent an object or figure”(Fry 19, 27). Moving on into the twentieth century, photorealism was another movement that took shape in the late and early seventies where paintings were essentially drawn from photographs taken of people and places. “The use of photography symbolized yet another stage of the evolution of art where modern techniques and equipment were accepted by the art world”(Lidney 27-33). The movement has had criticism about its actual artistic value. Benjamin Genocchio it is an interesting thing to note such detailed paintings which “fail to hold much interest beyond the way they were painted”. It is to be stressed that when you have a closer glance at photorealist art, a kind of hyper formalism evolves. “It is all about form, technique and surface
Introduction The relationship between Social Protection and Economic Competition in the European Union reveals constant metamorphosis. With changing aspects of social realities, economic fluctuations, it is reasonable to assume that the Union itself is in constant flux between the two variables. Michael Porter identifies four main advantages of a nation’s competitiveness, which will be further discussed about Social Protection Policies within the European Union. Advantages in World Trade Porter states the following as important advantages in World Trade: Demand Conditions; Related and supporting industry; Factor conditions and company strategy, structure and rivalry (Porter, 2005). However, Porter also recognizes strategies employed by different nations to protect their own country’s companies by placing various restrictions on trade, these include Import quotas; Embargo’s; Tariffs, and Red Tape (Po
Lubna Olayan is one of the most prolific Saudi women of this new age. She was born in August 1955 and of age she has been able to acquire the title “most influential business woman in the middle east of all times”. She acquired this designation whilst working at her father’s company, the Olayan Financial; a business that operates in Riyad where she is the CEO. This company boasts being the most successful and efficiently run company in the middle east, with resources and operation consisting of manufacturing, investment (they are the largest stock market investor in Saudi Arabia), and distribution just to name a few. The company in essence is a conglomerate (Al-Ghazali and Sadi 9). Achievements and Leadership Style One of her greatest achievement took place at the economic Forum in Jeddah when she was invited to speak. This occurred in 2004 and it was a defining moment for her since she was actually allowed to speak in the presence of men in Saudi Arabia, which is unheard of in this region. In her speech, she reiterated the need for a fair open society where jobs are accessible by anyone willing to work despite their gender. She also spoke of the need for the country acquiring and maintaining tolerance to other countries despite religion, gender or creed. This according to Forbes Magazine was the deciding moment for the Muslim woman all over the world. As a result of her active role in advocating for women’s rights, she has been termed as one of the greatest philanthropic women leaders of all time. Her passion for seeking financial education and always clarifying the need for individuals to respect everyone despite of their gender has placed her in the world map as one of the most adored women leaders and role models. At reported in the Time website, although she has been actively involved in fighting for women’s rights, her humbleness has made her to downplay her constructive contribution on the perceptions of Arab women. She has always reminded people that all women can do and even perform better than men as long as they are given the opportunity (Talal Al-Saud 80-82). Generally, through her advocacy for social change, Middle East is slowly embracing the need for social change and creation of leaders who respect and appreciate the potential of peop
Introduction Extant literature demonstrates that leaders, through their leadership styles and practices, have the capacity to positively or negatively influence outcomes for business organizations, employees, customers and stakeholders. Indeed, in the business scene of the 21 st century, many organizations have remained afloat in the turbulent business environment due to effective leadership style demonstrated by leaders (Gittell, 2005). This paper looks into issues related to the leadership style, philosophy and effectiveness of Garry C. Kelly, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Southwest Airlines. Background Having spent almost two decades in the management realms of Southwest Airlines as a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Garry Kelly succeeded James F. Parker as the CEO of the company in 2004. Several years later, in
Introduction Rio de Janeiro is believed to be the second-largest city in Brazil in terms of both population and area falling behind only Sao Paolo. This city was the capital of Brazil for nearly two centuries when the country was a Portuguese colony from 1763 to 1822 the city was the center of the Portuguese Empire. When the county achieved independence from Portugal, Rio also remained the capital until 1960(Gilbert, 102). Main body The city is located at, 43 degrees 14 minutes west longitude, and 22 degrees, 54 minutes south latitude. The population of the city numbers approximately 6,136 652 people, it occupies an area of 1,182.3 square kilometers. It should be mentioned that Rio de Janeiro was founded on March 1, 1565, by Portuguese aristocrat Estácio de Sá. After 1720 (when the gold and diamonds were found in Brazil), the city became by far the most important seaport in the Portuguese colonies. There were numerous attempts to invade the city by pirates but these efforts were of no use because Rio de Janeiro was always protected by the Portuguese troops. Rio de Janeiro is usually divided into four parts. They are the Centro (the historic downtown), South Zone which is believed to be the main attraction for tourists, the North Zone which is a mostly residential area, and the West Zone. As far as the demographics of the city is concerned we may say that the population density is approximately 4.781 inhabitants per square kilometer/ We may also speak of cultural and ethnic diversity in Rio de Janeiro, it is quite possible to mention the Portuguese community that is the oldest one. As for the indigenous people, we can say that they mostly assimilated into the Portuguese community. It should be taken into account that the black community plays a very important role almost half of the population is either black or half black. As it has already been mentioned before Rio de Janeiro has always been an important seaport but since 1960 (the discovery of oil in Campos Basin) the city has attracted many international oil companies for instance we may mention bran
Introduction The issues related to illegal immigrants and foreigners arriving from other countries, cities, and regions are one of the urgent and acute problems of the modern USA. For example, more than a hundred thousand people from Latin America arrive in the country every month, and the flow of illegal immigrants still remains uncontrolled. This situation can lead to adverse consequences and a difficult outcome for foreigners themselves and native Americans. Millions of people will pour into the country, and undoubtedly, it can ruin it. Consequently, there are many specific reasons that have led to such a stir and boom within the country, which is now under the leadership of Joe Biden. The “attraction factors” of migrants, the reasons for their appearance in the United States, as well as the consequences of these actions are the key concepts that will be explored in this essay. Influence on “Push Factors” Several significant factors have contributed to the development of migration to the United States. However, the key aspects affecting the current situation are past and current US military, political, and economic interventions in Latin America. The most noticeable shocks that prompted the indigenous people of a certain part of the country to move North were military operations and coups by the United States. Therefore, continuous wars over certain territories and areas, covert operations, and the establishment of special regimes have greatly intensified the existing problems people seek to immigrate to nearby regions. For instance, At the end of the First World War, the degree of migration reached extreme peaks, and already during the Great Depression, this mark decreased significantly (West 3). Moreover, another example concerns the 1954 Guatemalan coup d’état, carried out by the US Central Intelligence Agency during a secret military operation, which contributed to mass repression, famine, and devastation (López and Getzels 11:40-24:22). Hence, a civil war broke out in the country, which claimed many lives, spreading to neighboring territories. This area still cannot recover from such shocks, and citizens are so poor that they have to look for food in garbage cans. It is also worth noting that the countries and regions of Latin America have been subjected to repeated political innovations and changes in existing internal moments. For example, the US colonization of Puerto Rico perfectly reflects how interventions can internally undermine certain territories’ habitual way of life (López and Getzels 4:10-11:39). Puerto Rico came to capitalism and imperialism, and the transformation of this territory into a state “under the wing” of the United States led to the loss of culture, tourism, an
The transformation of European societies has attracted the attention of many historians and sociologists. This issue was particularly important for the thinkers of the Early Environment because they wanted to identify the factors that could contribute to social change. This paper is aimed at discussing Voltaire’s collection of essays called Letters on England. This book is important because it is a valuable primary source on the history of Western civilization. In particular, it shows how different aspects of politics, science, education, and economy contributed to the development of a middle-class society that could make the government accountable to people. Additionally, Voltaire described the citizens who could resist the encroachment on their rights. One can argue that Voltaire was able to identify some of the trends that later influenced the development of many countries. The ideas of the author are important for understanding various complexities of the modern world. There are several things that are very important for Voltaire. In particular, he pays attention to science and education in England at the beginning of the eighteenth century. This author speaks in great detail about the works of Isaac Newton and John Locke. Certainly, they represent different fields of study. Newton is renowned for his incredible achievements in mathematics and physics, while John Locke can be credited for his contributions to political science. Voltaire accepts that the work of these people differed in many ways, but they changed contemporary science. In particular, they showed that it should be based on rationality, verified evidence, empirical methods, and logical reasoning. This is how Voltaire describes the work of John Locke, “Instead of concluding at once what we know not, he examines gradually what we would know” (Voltaire 63). This tentative and critical manner of discovering truth lies at the core of modern science as well as political debate. This issue is of great interest to Voltaire because the strategies developed by Locke and Newton shaped the work of educational institutions, especially colleges and universities of that period. The thinkers showed that the rhetoric of scholars should be based on reasoning, rather than superstition, stereotypes or blind convictions. Moreover, this view on education changed political discourse in England, because people were more willing to discuss contested issues and examine different arguments instead of using violence or coercion. This trend identified by Voltaire is
Driving Force Multimedia is a combination of computer software and hardware. It provides opportunities for integration of video, graphics, animation, audio, and text resources for efficiency (Zimmer, 2003). Advent of technology use in the classroom has been due to the development in communication and innovation of new communication channels. These new avenues aid in improving the learning and interaction platforms for students and teachers leading to the improvement of knowle
Introduction The concept of authority can be described as the link between administrators who determine the main points of a particular policy and people who take full responsibility to follow and perform that policy in a proper manner. However, the nature of authority has changed throughout many years. It differs from the originally intended concept due to various reasons. Determining of exact meaning is vital. It will help to track how the authorities change throughout our history from ancient times to present days. The history is full of examples that depict a transformation of policy modes and preferences of main organizational forces. Those examples highlight how religion and other factors influenced authority changes and how those changes affected people’s lives. Though the term still represents static ideas, original concepts are expanding while new ones are added. Ancient Times It is commonly known that the Roman Empire was one of the most powerful civilizations in humans’ history. It dominated major part of the Mediterranean lands and beyond. Many consider Caesar as the defender of the world and the harbinger of peace and prosperity for every citizen. Caesar Augustus appeared to be the first ruler mentioned in the New Testament. It is mainly due to the fact he took the throne when Jesus was born. Caesar became an emperor in 31 BCE. That was the period of severe political unrest. The Emperor, who was considered to bring salvation, freedom and justice to people established “near dictatorial authority” (“Behind Luke’s Gospel: The Roman Empire During the Time of Jesus” par. 3). This fact can be observed when the Roman authorities faced the new cult in the face of Christians. Th
Introduction Robert Rosenberger is a renowned scholar, who works in Georgia Institute of Technology as an assistant professor in the field of philosophy. The two main areas that Rosenberger deals with in the School of Public Policy, which is part of the institution, concerns philosophy of technology and philosophy of science. Remarkably, Rosenberger has dwelt on areas that concern the mind and simulation of devices such as phones, televisions, and other audiovisual gadgets. In his article ‘Hands-Free Technology Does not keep Drivers Safe’ his main focus is on the effect of phones and the distraction they pose on drivers when they are behind the wheel. The purpose of this essay is to undertake an incisive analysis on the effectiveness of the article using points such as accuracy of information, clarity and language use, as well as logic and organization. From the aforementioned arguments, it is clear that the article is effective in that it presents its information in a rational manner. Summary of the Main Point The author presents his main point from the onset of the article. A quick look at the introduction of the article gives one the impression of what the author intends to put across all through the article. For instance, in the first page, Rosenberger (2015) begins by presenting the readers with an advertisement aired by commercial televisions regarding the essence of hands free phones built in Hyundai Veloster vehicle. After reviewing the message that the advertisement puts across to the viewers, he quickly asserts that there is a problem, which requires redress. The problem according to him emanates from the scale of distraction that phones have on drivers. In the last paragraph of the first page, he categorically states that people in several countries around the globe think that using hands free communication when driving is safer than using handheld phones. Points to Evaluate Accuracy of Information The information provided by the author in the article is factual and practical in several aspects. Imminently, the factual nature of the information transpires because the author is an assistant philosophy professor in the field of science and technology (Rosenberger, 2015). By being an assistant professor in the field that concerns the relationship between the mind and audiovisual devices such as phones, the author provides information based on his in-depth research undertaken, while in the course of work. It is very clear that the author understands what he is communicating to the readers, and thus, he ensures that the target audiences, who comprise road users, grasp every bit of information that the article contains. To substantiate the essence of his arguments, the author uses research from renowned bodies such as the National Transportation and Safety B
Environmentalism The issue of environmental conservation is critical in modern society because it has a tremendous effect as far as climate change is concerned. Because of the urge to strengthen the global economy, as well as local financial systems, developing countries are keen on establishing industries without necessarily following the regulations set out by the environmental regimes, such as the UNEP (Preston, 2013). The rain patterns are unpredictable, leading to losses among farmers. The ongoing drought in many parts of the world is attributable to the changes in climate. Several philosophers and theorists posit varying views on the current problem of climate change. In this article, utilitarianism and deontology would be compared to determine which one of the theories best explains the step that should be taken to save the environment. Several ethical questions emerge as far as environmentalism is concerned, including the human obligation towards the atmosphere, the extent at which human beings should go to preserve animal and plant species, and the level of intervention, both locally and globally. Comparison of the Theories Utilitarianism is a form of consequential ethics suggesting an action is determined whether it is right or wrong by looking at its effects. In other words, an action should guarantee happiness to the greatest number of people for it to be termed right. In this regard, climate change does not maximize happiness meaning mitigation strategies must be formulated if society is to be guaranteed happiness (Preston 186). The activities that a
Prompt I The misery index was a combined total of inflation and unemployment rates which was beleaguering the US economy in the 1970s. Carter realized their negative effects and sought to dedicate his economic policy to reducing these indicators. At first, Carter used a Keynesian approach of federally funded programs meant to grow the economy and reduce unemployment. However, it had little effect while leading to hyperinflation of 13 percent by 1980 (Moss and Thomas 2012, 202). Carter then appointed a new head of the federal reserve, Paul Volcker, who introduced severe monetary restrictions. In the short term, inflation declined, but interest rates and unemployment rose dramatically. In the long term, inflation began to rise again. This also had a negative outcome in combination with ongoing energy crises and the economy was in a recession. Carter then aimed to introduce deregulation to the oil and airlines industry. This had some positive effects such as lowering prices, lessening barriers to entry, and expanding passenger traffic. There is heavy criticism of Carter’s presidency, but it often overlooks the success of his energy policy. The US being an industry-heavy country at the time, energy was an integral part of the economy, which Carter understood. He worked with Congress to pass the Emergency Natural Gas Act that allowed regulate energy suppliers, allocate interstate natural gas, and introduce new sustainable sources of energy. Joint-ventures were created with private businesses in the oil and natural gas industry which greatly increased the supply of energy (Strong n.d.). It can be argued that although the misery index did not improve during Carter’s short one-term presidency, the economy is naturally a long-term prospect. Carter inherited an economy wrought with mismanagement, poor policy, and burdens of the Vietnam War. His short-term policies had little effect, but long-term impacts such as energy policy success contribu