ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Healthcare marketing is a relatively new concept. Considering the fact that it so long to recognize the role of marketing in the field of healthcare, one would have serious doubts when it comes to the use of the Internet in healthcare marketing. Yet, the growing use of the net in healthcare marketing appears to be the living testament to the popularity of the practice. Another major component of e-commerce related to health issues involves online pharmacies. Consumers are now looking for convenience and cost savings when making a purchase decision. Internet drugstore is a major convenience for the consumer as it lets them shop quickly and easily, day or night. It also allows a consumer easy access to the vast retail drug store market where they can even do a price comparison without driving or calling multiple competing stores. At present, online pharmacies offer a wide array of prescription drugs, over the counter (OTC) drugs, and health and beauty products. (Michael, 122) A consumer can shop for intimate or personal items and even e-mail a pharmacist for confidential advice or research drug information and disease states, all without loss of confidentiality or leaving the comfort of their home or office. Some online pharmacies also offer value added services such as, reminders when it is time to order refills, discount coupons, price comparisons, health information, and quick refills. The benefits of and concerns related to online pharmacies and healthcare marketing are discussed in brief below. Advantages Rapid Information Transfer Capabilities Before the advent of Internet technology, the dissemination of information and products from one part of the world to another used to take a tremendous amount of time. The primary mode of information transmission and product requests was in the form of printed materials, such as product purchase forms, mailed to the consumer and vice versa. Telex, telephone, and telegraph are also some other forms of information transmissions and delivery but they were not only available to only a select group of people, but also they were quite expensive. (Kanungo, 49) The same was true for fax. As compared to these Information transmission techniques, Internet is relatively cheap for both the consumer and the marketer. Internet access is readily available in most countries, which are often called developed countries. Rapid advances in the telecommunications technology have in the recent years made Internet accessible to
Introduction The existence of God is one of the most challenging topics, the defense of which is extensively discussed in theological literature. The atheists and those who identify as undecided reject the presence of God, arguing that there are no physical, audible, or other confirmations. In turn, the proponents build their arguments on such concepts as the meaning, value, and purpose of life. This paper aims to explore various philosophical underpinnings with regard to the problem of evil in theism to explore the arguments against and in favor of God. Philosophical Similarities and Differences in Readings The idea of immortality is one of the key themes that are discussed in theism in terms of the problem of evil. In “The Absurdity of Life without God,” Craig (1994) states that there is no ultimate purpose without immortality, and the absence of God means that there is no reason for living. The human race, accordingly, is not immortal and meaningless. In this connection, people can be seen as a by-product of evolution and a result of the cosmic accident. Similarly, Thomas (2018) considers that a Neo-Darwinist approach reduces life without God to mere genetic replication and the survival of DNA. The immortality of DNA does not mean the same for people, who become blind and indifferent since their life would end in the grave. The readings by Thomas (2018) and Craig (1994) have one more similar point that is the purpose of living as one of the arguments that support God’s existence. According to Thomas (2018), who discovers the concept of purpose through the discussion of suffering, God helps to recognize reality. On the contrary to science, Jesus’ suffering and that of ordinary people illuminate the necessity of pain and its purpose. For example, females have to ensure enormous pain during labor, but the appearance of a baby eliminates that suffering and grants happiness. Craig (1994) claims that it is inconsistent to think that people live for no purpose, and their actions occur by chance. The mentioned author criticizes biological determinism, claiming that this approach equalizes a person and any laboratory specimen, which means that human life is nonsensical. On the contrary to the arguments that were presented above, Habermas (2008) provides the views of Hitchens and Harris, who examine the goodness of God. They state that there is no objective ethics as they follow from the developmental perspective. The questions about the impact of the Holocaust, Hurricane Katrina, and deaths of innocent children are posed by atheists. According to this point of view, the problem of evil is not addressed by God, which challenges His existence. Objective Meaning and Good Life A person’s life cannot have objective meaning without God as it is meaningless: there are no unprejudiced right or wrong issues. Craig (1994) argues that people should believe in and value objective meaning, thus understanding that war, oppression, and crime are the expressions of evil. In a universe without God, the very existence of people is meaningless. Only some personal, cultural, and historical values may determine the way of life, but love, equality, and brot
Introduction There is no doubt that the 20 th century is probably the most remarkable in the history of mankind. It is remembered by the developments in technological innovations, which have had some positive and negative impacts on humanity. The 20 th century is renowned for numerous innovations and discoveries. It is impossible to narrow down to the most significant inventions. This paper will explore some of the technological developments that have been regarded as the most remarkable achievements in this century. However, due to the huge number of innovations in the 20 th century, some inventions have been omitted. This research paper will focus on the technologies that have had the most significant impact on humanity. The 20 th century is considered to be the most successful era with regard to innovation and technological development. Nuclear power The invention of nuclear power can be equated to the steam engine that was developed in the 19 th century, which was a significant transformation. This innovation provided the human race with a source of power that did not cause pollution to the environment. This energy is considered to be particularly effective and unlimited. However, nuclear energy also has a negative side to it. This innovation has also been used to develop the most deadly and devastating weaponry that mankind has ever seen. The magnitude of the destruction caused by a nuclear bomb is a significant hazard to peace and survival of human beings. Nuclear plants are also known to have spilled harmful radioactive substances. These substances have rendered certain regions uninhabitable for decades. A good example is the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. However, nuclear power also has its positive impacts. For instance, the fear of the mutual ability to cause destruction deterred the super powers from starting a third world war. It is also an efficient and cost-effective alternative for energy capable of providing electricity to the entire world (Bulliet 502). The computer It is impossible for the human race to think of the world in the absence of computers. This machine has been in existence since the Second World War. However the earlier versions of the computer were very costly, slow in response and clunky. The subsequent introduction of the apple version of computers by Stephen Jobs and Steve Wozniak revolutionized computer innovations. In this modern world, these machines are found in every sector. Human beings have developed a dependency on computers such that the lack of one makes life incomplete for most individuals. Computers are used as a source of livelihood. They are used to organize personal and corporate finances (Bulliet 381-382). The internet The development of t
Introduction It is possible to state with certainty that the contemporary globalized economic environments pose considerable challenges in terms of employee retention and engagement. Because the labor market, as well as the market in general, becomes highly competitive in numerous industries, employers have to implement policies that aim at providing competitive pay advantages for their employees. One of the well-recognized approaches to the successful completion of the mentioned goal is the development of market-competitive compensation (MCC) systems. MCC systems are an integral part of nearly any company’s compensation strategy, which is ranged from an administrative function to a strategic function. Corporate compensation practices include such aspects as pay-for-performance, intrinsic and extrinsic compensation, incentive pay, merit pay, seniority pay, and several others. This paper aims to critically investigate the identified topic to understand its principal characteristics and future implications as well as to provide recommendations for organizations for the future workforce relative to this topic. A comprehensive conclusion will also be included. Analysis of the Structure of Market-Competitive Compensation Systems First of all, it is essential to overview the principal characteristics of market-competitive compensation systems. In general, the concept under consideration is the part of human resource management as well as the organizational behavior process (Gupta & Shaw, 2014). It is decided to use the classification provided by Martocchio (2016), as the author provides reliable and concise information on the topic. The overall purpose of developing an MCC system is to create a compensation policy that would increase the company’s competitive advantage by promoting the retention and engagement of valuable employees (Martocchio, 2016). According to the classification by Martocchio (2016), MCC systems have four primary elements, or activities, as the author titles them. These activities are the following: strategic analysis of the market, completion of compensation surveys, integration of internal job structure with external market pay rates, the recommendation of the most suitable pay policies that are following the company’s standing and competitive strategies (Martocchio, 2016). It is essential to dwelling upon each of the mentioned elements to understand the particular function that they perform within the market-competitive compensation framework. Primarily, Martocchio (2016) suggests that the initial step in developing a highly efficient MCC system is to conduct the strategic analysis, which includes two primary aspects. Firstly, the company’s analysts are required to research the external market context of the company. This context is determined by the following factors: industry profile, information on competition in the market, long-term prospects, and other factors (Martocchio, 2016). Secondly, internal factors related to the company itself should also be taken into account. Particularly, such aspects as the fi
Introduction Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily” is a short story that holds the readers’ attention despite the fact that it tells of a rather boring tale of a woman who lives in a small town. The narrator effectively describes the characters in such a way that the readers clearly visualize them in their minds’ eye. Essence Emily is a white girl from an aristocratic family in the south, the Griersons. The story chronicles Emily’s life from her girlhood, when her parents selfishly prohibited her from dating men, as it seems all men were beneath them. “The Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were. None of the young men were quite good for Miss Emily and such.” Being so, Miss Emily has grown to believe that she occupies a special position in society, even to her old age when she refused to pay her taxes, having been privileged by a former Mayor who owed the Griersons favors. The narrator depicted a small town where the ladies had nothing better to do than gossip about the high and mighty Grierson family. They were like vultures, who, in their minds, keenly follow the drama that happens behind doors. Miss Emily has always been an enigma they desperately want to demystify one of these days. Miss Emily’s tragic fate and deep sorrow gets felt throughout the story that the readers get to sympathize with her character….only to be shocked at the end. Her assumed insanity was to be expected after all the things she has endured – the loss of a mother while growing up, the death of a father, the sudden loss of a charmed way of living….but not to the extent of murdering her lover and sleeping with his corpse until the day of her death. The protagonist is born to wealth, yet had no mother to guide her in her growth. She was reared to think she was better than others, being a Grierson – “She carried her head high enough—even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson, as if it had wanted that touch of earthiness to reaffirm her imperviousness.” Miss Emily lived a pathetic, lonely and empty life. To the end, she clutched to her last hope of feeling real love. When Homer Barron was assumed to reject her in marriage, it was suggested that Miss Emily poisoned him with arsenic so he would not have a choice in the matter- “The body had apparently once lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long sleep that outlasts love, that conquers even the grimace of love, had cuckolded him.”. Miss Emily, although reared in luxury, was not adequately trained to adapt to the culture she belongs to. Her elitist upbringing created an imaginary wall between her family and the real world. She is not adept at mingling with the masses (except for her lovers) and following their rhythm. She was not even trained to keep her own house in order…. how much more her own life? Her psycholog
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a crucial moment for America and its Chinese immigrants. This act prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers, which was a severe social issue for the whole country. Thousands of people lost their jobs, and many families disappeared. Even though this event had clear social outcomes, it is still possible to analyze it through the lens of the natural and applied sciences. Applied and Natural Sciences Analysis To begin with, one should note that the natural and applied sciences can help identify a social commentary on the event. As is clear, the Chinese Exclusion Act resulted in the fact that 40,000 people of Chinese origin left the USA (Chen, 2015, p. 301). Among them, there were students, officials, merchants, and even teachers. These changes could not go unnoticed, and the event had a significant impact on institutions of the family and workforce. In addition to that, one of the natural and applied sciences, mathematics, could predict these possible consequences. According to Ardila (2015), behavioral analysis is another applied science, and it can be used to resolve the issues because this science addresses the subject of racism. Thus, there are at least two natural and applied sciences that can be used to analyze and resolve the issue under consideration. The Chinese Exclusion Act was a crucial social issue that influenced various spheres of life. Despite its evident social nature, the given phenomenon can be analyzed with the help of the applied and natural sciences. Thus, mathematics and behavior analysis can present a comprehensive review of the issue and its consequences, while the latter scientific variation alone can result in information on how to resolve the issue. Analyzing the Issue through the Lens of the Social Sciences The Chinese Exclusion Act was a crucial issue for the social life of the USA. Many people suffered from this event, and its consequences influenced their lives considerably. Based on the information above, it is clear that the social sciences can be used to analyze the issue under consideration. Thus, the social science lens can evaluate the meaning of the Chinese Exclusion Act and its impact on society. Social Sciences Analysis The social sciences study society and the relationships between its separate members. The issue under consideration introduced significant changes to the lives of people; that is why there is a strong interaction between the social science lens and the given subject. All those social sciences, including sociology, anthropology, psychology, and others, can also articulate a deeper understanding of how the Chinese Exclusion Act was connected with other social issues. Thus, Williams (2019) states that some members of society had broad anti-Chinese sentiments, which increased the importance of the problem. Furthermore, Dinesen and Sønderskov (2015) point out that less diverse comm
Introduction Corruption is a widely known social phenomenon that is regarded as a problem in the modern world. In this instance, it could be said that the occurrence of corruption can be seen in almost every country, as it is not difficult to set in motion, and many countries lack the kind of well-established legal system that will sufficiently control this wrongful state of affairs (Krivins & Vilks, 2013). The importance of eliminating such social blemishes as corruption and bribery cannot be underestimated. These activities adversely affect a society’s moral principles while intensifying the popularization of an “economy of greed” and causing a general disregard for ethics (Kriekebaum, 2008, p. 82). Meanwhile, it has a deleterious influence on the understanding of the principles of equality, liberty, freedom, and democracy while building a strong association between the rise of corruption and the democratic nature of the state (Canache & Allison, 2005). Based on the factors discussed above, it could be said that a combination of these aspects depicts the essentiality of minimizing or eliminating this issue, as its consequences tend to affect the economic and social condition of a country destructively. In the context of this paper, it could be claimed that in Latin America, the frequency of the occurrence of corruption and bribery tends to rise in response to the malfunction of inherent power mechanisms and as an intrinsic part of the area’s business culture. Furthermore, any prevention strategy should involve implementing a sequence of steps to minimize the incidence by prioritizing the cultivation of changes in how business is allowed to function in the area. In this instance, the primary goal of the paper is to increase the awareness of issues related to bribery and corruption by addressing theoretical concepts and applying them in the context of the situation in Latin America. Meanwhile, it is vital to determine the key drivers, which lead to the encouragement of this phenomenon and offer insights into the potential negative effects on the prosperity and well-being of society. The profound analysis of the mechanisms and structure of corruption and bribery will contribute to the understanding of their functioning and potential influences on the world. In turn, various prevention strategies are proposed while using the scholar’s and practitioners’ viewpoints as a basis to determine the most efficient tactic for implementation of strategies to improve conditions in Latin America. Lastly, conclusions are drawn to summarize the key findings of the paper and recommend a practical and relevant approach in the case described. Theoretical Concepts and Theories: Definition of Corruption and Working Mechanisms The term corruption is difficult to define due to the presence of a plethora of dissimilar theoretical concepts, which make this phenomenon “a risky and much-disputed endeavor” (Fletcher & Herrmann, 2016, p. 16; Hill, 2015). However, the definition
Introduction Besides modern-day business and distributed learning, telemedicine is all poised to be the next big beneficiary of the wonders and advancements in the field of telecommunication and digital technology. Technological innovations facilitated the development of sophisticated medical equipment and systems on one hand and also reduced geographical barriers on the other, enabling collaboration and transfer of expertise, knowledge, and ideas between medical experts from different locations. Today, expert physicians can even supervise & execute surgery, i.e., telesurgery, on patients physically staying far away. So, a patient from one country may seek treatment from a doctor of a different country or region and thus, telemedicine is expected to be a good form of trade. However, the telemedicine trade is not much overwhelming as of now and it is concentrated in some of the developed countries only. Taking on from here, this chapter proceeds to take stock of the present situation and assess how telemedicine has evolved as a trade-in in recent times especially considering today’s unprecedented developments in the field of information technology and e-commerce. Telemedicine-Scopes & Dimensions Broadly speaking, telemedicine is an umbrella term encompassing various technologies as part of a coherent health-service information resource management program ( JMS, 1995 ). Telemedicine involves providing patient care and medical diagnostics services at a distant site away from the service provider with the aid of telecommunication technology. Telemedicine has technological diversity as shown in Figure-1.1 and the main involvements here are capture, display, storage, and retrieval of medical images and data thereby creating a computerized patient record. The telecommunication aids generally used for telemedicine include everything from standard telephone service, high-speed connections, and wide bandwidth transmission of digitized signals to computers, fiber optics, satellites, and other sophisticated peripherals ( NASA, 2007 ). Telemedicine is not a new concept; it has been around for the last 25-30 years. Marking the first step towards telemedicine, doctors, long back, started exchanging opinions over the telephone and fax regarding the appropriateness and accuracy of medical examination and treatment geographically remaining in different places or locations ( Pachanee & Wibulpolprasert, 2004 ). This practice intensified following the progress on the Internet and the mobile networks and this lead to an increase in data exchange with more accurate imaging