ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Gaius Octavius, popularly known as Emperor Augustus, is considered one of the most important rulers of Rome. He is the individual credited with founding the Roman Empire in 27BC after the collapse of the Roman Republic. Augustus was able to overcome the social and political upheaval prevalent in Rome after the ruin of the republic and his reign is considered to be a pivotal moment in western history. Furthermore, he embarked on a mission to restore the glory of the Roman state and achieved some considerable success. A major objective of Augustus’ reign was the restoration of traditional Roman values and morality in society. To achieve this goal, he introduced laws that were aimed at regulating marriage and sexual conduct among citizens. These laws were especially important since they were enacted at a time when Rome was experiencing moral decay. The legislations have set Augustus apart as the emperor who undertook the most dramatic steps to reform morality within Rome. Before these laws were passed, individuals were at liberty to monitor and regulate their moral conduct. However, the marriage and adultery legislation introduced by Augustus had an important impact on the social order in Roman society, which was at that time rife with moral corruption. The laws were enacted to deal with marriage avoidance, the preference for childless unions, marriage of lower class women by the Roman elite, and adultery, all of which threatened the continuity of the Roman aristocracy. Reasons for the Laws At the time Emperor Augustus established the Roman Empire, the state was in disarray due to political upheaval and decades of civil war. Rome had experience a political crisis that had led to wars between different groups. However, Augustus had managed to emerge victoriously and establish an empire in place of the late republic. In spite of this, the new government was in danger of falling since it faced some of the problems that had led to the collapse of the republic. Augustus was eager to restore the state and establish a powerful empire. The decline in moral conduct by Romans was seen as one of the main explanations for the political crisis that led to the demise of the Roman Republic. Therefore, dealing with the morality crisis that his empire faced was a cornerstone of Augustus’ plan for state restoration. Another reason for the implementation of the marriage legislation was the need to rehabilitate the marriage institute. When Augustus became Rome’s ruler, the marriage institute was experiencing a profound breakdown. This was especially evident among the elite who engaged in numerous extramarital affairs and divorced each other regularly. As a result of this, Augustus felt compelled to take action that would restore the integrity of the marriage institute within his empire. He was convinced that restoring the value of marriage would assist in the efforts to restore Rome’s glory.
William Cullen Bryant is a famous American author of the Romanticism era who focused on nature. His poem titled “Inscription for the Entrance to a Wood” describes the whimsical power of nature and its connection to humanity. Bryant appeals to the reader’s senses in this work, creating a strong and explicit message. Bryant believes that nature will outlive the man-made environment. The literary works of Romanticism are characterized by excessive attention to nature. The movement’s assumption is that “there is a division of negative and positive in the works of that time” (Oroskhan and Zohdi 30). In “Inscription for the Entrance to a Wood,” the author relies on such words as guilt, misery, crime, and sorrow to explain the negative side of the surrounding man-made world. Reading these words in the context of the era during which the author wrote made me imagine the world of Romanticism as an ungodly place. As I concentrated on imagining an average city existing back then, the first thing that came to mind was narrow streets, litter, and rags, which is very powerful, if unsettling, picture. Afterward, Bryant makes a soft transition to happy and more positive tones – “the rivulet sends forth glad sounds” (Bryant). He uses woods as a place of healing and sustaining for humans. Bryant uses words reminiscent of birds chirping in order to paint an almost Disney-like picture in the reader’s mind. The forest appeared to me as a place of physical and spiritual healing. Humanity came out of the woods and lost touch with its roots, which is the underlying reason for unhappiness. This poem, like most works from Romanticism, is concentrating on human nature, inner conflict, and emotions. In “Inscription for the Entrance to a Wood,” the author influences visual perception by writing, “enter this wild wood And view the haunts of nature” (Bryant). To me, it was like a fairy-tale, as in it creatures, plants, and birds live together like a big family rather than engage in a vicious struggle for survival. Bryant’s imagery also appeals to sounds – “and musical with birds that sing and sport,” “the rivulet sends forth glad sounds, and tripping over its bed.” Furthermore, he describes touch: “the cool wind that stirs the stream in play shall come to thee” (Bryant). Reading these lines allowed me to briefly travel into the whimsical and magical world of nature, detached from somber realities. I discovered that the best way to experience the sounds, the imagery, and the sense of touch is by closing one’s eyes and placing one’s hand at a trunk of a tree, a rough stone, or a similar surface, which was not polished or formed by human effort. The aspects of positive romanticism inspire the admiration of nature. The authors of the Romantic Movement, including Bryant, “were constantly searching for the meaning and spiritual refreshment” (Sultana and Islam 64). Overall, it encourages readers to remember where they
There is a tendency among large corporations to sponsor some f volunteer programs, but in the overwhelming majority of cases, they are not directly involved with community groups and yet according to the sociological data there is much benefit to be derived from it. First, it should be taken into consideration, that corporate volunteer programs usually cover a great number of social issues; therefore, it is quite possible to establish them within the large corporation itself. Moreover, we should say that such phenomena as volunteer programs could be mutually advantageous, not only to the community but also to the company, which is of the utmost importance. On the one hand, the companies may help the community to solve some of its problems and on the other hand, it will be of great use for the company. Then the question arises, what are the benefits of such programs. First, it should be mentioned, that they create a positive image of the company in the eye of the community. To some extent, it is quite possible to say that it is a free commercial. Naturally, such an argument cannot be overestimated (Wild, p 202). Moreover, participation in such programs gives a good opportunity to form more flexible and skilled staff. It also helps to improve leadership skills and teamwork. Besides, by means of such programs, the staff can improve its morale and create a friendlier atmosphere, which will also contribute to the productivity, especially if we consider the long-term effects. It is worth mentioning that employees may find an entirely different application of their skills and knowledge with the help of corporate volunteer programs because as a rule, they are busy with some routine work that gives practically no chance for self-improvement and it comes as no surprise that the employees can be sometimes inclined to do some volunteer jobs. Now that we have discussed the benefits that the companies can derive from the corporate volunteer programs, we should concentrate attention on the personal level. In other words, what attracts the employee himself to suc
Cats are felines. Feline means belonging to or pertaining to the cat family. Felidae, which includes, besides the domestic cat, the lions, tigers, leopards, lynxes, jaguars, etc. (Barhart, 1959). Feline also refers to catlike characteristic of animals in the cat family – sly, stealthy, treacherous. Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats is a lovely and entertaining look at the amusing antics of cats and the foibles of people. The cat owner will recognize many instances of familiar feline behavior and the perceptive reader will see numerous parallels to human attitudes and behavior. By comparing and contrasting the musical Cats with Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats (referred to as “Possum” from hereon), we hope to discover similarities between cats and humans. Moreover, since the poems generally portray both the virtues and the failings of the cats being described, T.S. Eliot’s book of poetry should increase the reader’s tolerance, sympathy and awareness of his fellow creatures. More than any of his contemporaries, Thomas Sterns Eliot influenced the poetry of modern times on both sides of the Atlantic. Of Puritan New England stock, he was born in St. Louis Missouri on September 26, 1888. he was educated in Harvard and concluded his studies in Sorbonne and Oxford. In 1914, he took residence in London, subsequently becoming a British subject in 1927. He taught at a boys’ school, worked in a bank and became an assistant editor. During his infrequent leisure time, he composed poetry and wrote critical essays. (Untermeyer, 1942). “Possum” is an absolutely marvelous rendition of Eliot’s poetic classic, written for his godchildren and friends in the 1930’s which inspired the musical Cats. The tales of Mr. Mistofflelees, the Trickmaster; old Deuteronomy, a laid-back cat; Rum Tum Tugger, a contrary cat and Macavity, the famous master criminal are dramatized in Cats.” (Dudley, 1997: 115). “Possum” covers fourteen different characters and plot lines. Each character has his/her own poem and is thoroughly discussed. There are also two poems focusing on the naming and addressing of cats. These chapters do not introduce any character but serve as introduction and conclusion, respectively, of the work, thus effectively acquainting the reader with the character of cats whose characters range from very practical to highly impractical. “From ‘The Naming of Cats’ to ‘The Addressing of Cats’, Possum includes fourteen charming cat poems. The poems extol the characteristics of individual cats. While T.S. Eliot’s cat poems are not as well-known as his Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, the Hollow Man, etc, they should be familiar to cat enthusiasts and general readers alike. These poems are the basis for the lyrics of the 1982 Broadway musical Cats.” (Selvyn, 1983: 1245). Cats was first shown in London’s West End at the New London Theatre on May 11, 1982. It was originally produced onstage by Cameron Mackintosh and Andrew Lloyd Webber and directed by Trevo
Abstract This paper will attempt to give a detailed account of John Gordon Lorimer and his Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and central Arabia. The paper will further give reasons as to why he produced Gazetteer and also provide some account about his history in the United Arab Emirates. The paper will finally give some insights into the Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Arabia. The paper concludes by attesting the importance of John Gordon Lorimer to the development of the history of the Persian Gulf by addressing importance issues such as slavery, trade, geography among others. Introduction John Gordon Lorimer was an Indian civil service official. He used a lot of his personal knowledge of the gulf to give a detailed account of the history of central and Eastern Arabia. Information on this area was rare at that time and his account was a masterpiece. The Gazetteer is characterized with geographical statistical, historical, and sociology information of the gulf. He moved to the US in the early 1900 and extensively published this information 1902 -15. The information later became a source of historical information of the Gulf region, comprising of central Arabia and Oman. These publications were carried out in secret because of political situation that prevailed between the local, the sultan kingdom and the British colonial administrators. Lorimer also got his information from various sources besides his personal knowledge of the countries of the Gulf. It is said for instance he also got the information from a couple of confidential sources, residency reports, commercial agencies’ reports and even from other publications. The intention of compiling the Gazetteer was to help the British agents with information that was important for their interests there. This would actually aid in policy making and also make them maintain a tight grip in area. The Gazetteer was actually a single most source of material on the Gulf of Arabia and Saudi Arabia. Lorimar was such a strickler to detail and in the volumes he produced no detail was left out. His love for detail could be described as obsessive. To achieve this, he was armed with other ten researchers with whom they went through government archives in Bombay and Calcutta. He also organized field trips to gather information from informants. The Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and central Arabia The Gazetteer took two perspectives: historical and geographical. For the historical angle the Gazetteer dealt with information concerning the regions and their political orientation. The information was quite detailed too. It also looked provided detailed of the genealogical trees, maps of the ruling families etc. This information as earlier on suggested, was very important as it would talk specifically on issues such as the sultanate of Oman, Arabistan etc. No other publication has proved essential to history like this account. The historical material could even go further and talk of the periods of arrival of the Portuguese in 15
Media is a powerful tool of communication that has a great impact in changing the perceptions of the people worldwide. Since the media has earned credibility over time, the current society relies heavily on its information. Hague admits that, “the world has witnessed the powerful tool of the global media; it has been one of the major sources that questioned and defined cultures, social and political movements and has enabled the world to break through the barriers of differences” (2006, p. 1). Despite breaking international barriers of differences, the global media has received severe criticism due to its biasness in reflecting dominant political and religious issues of the western world. Although the media has the ability to objectively shape the society, it has failed to reflect the Islamic religion objectively. The media has demonized and portrayed the Islam as a religion of violence and terror in the society. The stereotyping of the Islamic religion as a religion of violence and terror in the whole world is due to the misrepresentation by the media. Following September 11, 2001 attack on the Americans by the terrorists, the media has constantly attributed it to the Islamic religion and “it is now clear to the world citizens that the western media has launch a concerted campaign against Islam in the name of a campaign against terror” (Haque, 2006, p. 5). The western media has influenced the world media in depicting Muslims and their religion as potential terrorists. According to Haque, “a major factor which contributes to Islamic stereotyping in the West is due to media’s selection of their words that describe Muslims. Some common names heard or seen in the news about Muslims are “extremist” or “terrorist” (2006, p. 7). The use of such negative words to describe Muslims has led to the worldwide perception that Muslims and terrorists are one. Salient issues affecting the citizens are reported first by the media hence the media is very reliable in first hand and credible information. McLuhan argues that, “medium is the message that has great influence on the readers and audiences” (1964, p. 301). Given the biasness of the media in depiction of Muslims as terrorist, it results into great negative influence on the minds of the citizens since any information from the media seems credible to the citizens. ”the media has virtually turned the world into a global village of
5 Most Annoying Things about Common Blog Post Titles Blog titles are your first introduction to your reading public. They are your siren call to your potential customers and clients. In a Google search, especially on a small screen, the title – limited in length to a few tens of characters, in many cases – may be all that your reader knows about you before clicking on your link. Thus, they deserve as much attention and care as every other portion of your blog, website and other elements of your marketing efforts. There exist some really annoying ways to construct a blog title, virtually guaranteed to irritate your audience. You can avoid these by being considerate of your reader’s limited time and aesthetic sensibilities. Misuse of English words The English language is arguably the richest world language in terms of vocabulary. Although there are some few concepts that do not have a specific word to express them, these instances are rare. If a writer exerts some effort, the right word, or at least the correct phrase to express almost any concept awaits your finding it. There is thus simply no excuse for the use of the wrong word. This applies as much to blog posting titles as much as it does to more formal types of writing. It is so irritating to see a blog title that was clearly composed with enthusiasm but little in-depth knowledge of the vast range of word choice options. Misuse of English phrases English has many idiomatic phrase constructions that are vivid and instantly evocative of images and ideas. However, as with any idiom, misuse of these phrases is a dead giveaway that the writer is either not literate or not an English speaker. One example of idiomatic constructions that are often (and irritatingly) mistaken is that of colloquial pairs. Phrases such as ‘prim and proper’, or ‘by and large’, are virtually incomprehensible except as idioms that one simply memorizes. These phrases resist decoding of some of these phrases means that they are risky to use unless one has checked their meaning and applicability. Here again, a less than literate or fluent speaker is likely to ‘come a cropper’, or ‘lay an egg’, to use two phrases meaning make an embarrassing error. What is the solution to the two problems noted above? One is to be literate oneself. This involves reading constantly, and reading high quality material in a variety of fields and genres. Thus, for example, if you are a businessperson, try reading outside the financial press. Additionally, you should not only cast your eyes on the New York Times Book Review section (or another book review source) from time to time (in addition to the business section), but also actually read some of the books that are reviewed. This will expose you to the vocabulary and locutions employed in other areas of study and expertise. With time and increasing breadth of reading, you will be able to distinguish incorrect use of phrases more readily. Another solution is to hire writers who
Executive Summary The waste assessment was conducted to identify the waste generating processes and how to minimize waste at Nowra Chemical Manufacturers. The assessment indicates that wastes are mainly generated during the production of various chemicals. Specifically, wastewater is produced in the process of cleaning the manufacturing facilities. The wastewater is collected in a single waste tank where the chemicals in it mix to form solid waste (sludge). Thus, the main waste minimization opportunity is to eliminate the formation of sludge. This can be achieved by installing at least three different waste tanks to collect wastewater. Wastewater that contains a specific chemical will be collected in a particular tank to prevent sludge formation. This strategy will enable the company to reduce the cost of waste management significantly. Description of the Facility Nowra Chemical Manufacturers (NCM) is a medium sized producer of various chemical products in Australia. The company has employed 45 people who are specialized in various disciplines such as chemical engineering. The company produces “over 200 specialty chemicals, which include various detergents, cleaning products, and disinfectants” (NCM 2014). These products are manufactured in the company’s production facility that covers 5 acres of land. The company’s production site is located in Nowra, New South Wales. The site has three sections, which include the administration block, the storage area, and the factory. The factory area has 24 reactor tanks that are used for various chemical processes (NCM 2014). It also has 38 mixing vessels that are used to blend various chemicals and raw materials. The capacities of the vessels vary from 200 to 20,000 liters. The factory has 20 tanks that are used for bulk storage of raw materials and finished products that are in liquid form. Currently, the company’s waste management practices focus on reducing discharge of effluent into the ambient environment. In this regard, the company has built bund walls to prevent spillage of wastewater and chemicals. The company also recycles wastes and steam to reduce pollution. Moreover, it strives to reduce the wash down water that it uses to dispose wastes from 50KL to 30 KL per week. These practices cost the company $60,000 annually (NCM 2014). Rationale for Waste Assessment The reasons for conducting the waste assessment include the following. First, it will help the company to comply with the regulations in its industry. The government of Australia requires all manufacturers to submit annual reports on the amount of wastes that they discharge into the environment (Chauhan 2008, p. 57). Manufacturers are also required to report on the actions that they have taken to reduce pollution. Second, the assessment will enable the company to achieve its desire to reduce wastes. The assessment has identified the areas that require improvement in terms of reduction in waste production. It has also recommended strategies for reducing the wastes. Third, i