ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
American society is currently changing very fast. With internet usage of ninety-seven percent, America is the most internet literate country in the world. Unlike common Americans who use the internet to socialize, members of the pop subculture creatively use the internet to make money. Members of this subculture also have a raised affinity for entertainment. Respected members of the group are those with a lot of wealth and not highly educated. Millions of youths around the world use the internet mostly to socialize and appreciate such social networking sites as Facebook, twitter among others. This American group, in addition to using the sites to socialize, has devised ways of generating income from other lovers of such sites. The overriding feature of this group is their immense love for money while at a very young age. Introduction This subculture encompasses both females and males between the ages of twelve to twenty-five years. These young people possess similar behavior and try to live up to a common goal. The street term “hustling” is one major objective that determines their engagements of the day. They use the term to refer to the daily routine of looking for money. They need the money and would do anything to obtain this precious commodity. This big craze for money compels these young people to do several things, some of which are not indeed admirable in society while others are good and within the parameters of legitimacy. The members of this subculture use the internet to socialize like any other teenager; however, they go further and come up with innovative ways of making money on the internet. They believe that in everything they do must in one way or the other generate money and generate lots of it. Therefore, on such social media like Facebook, Twitter, my space, youtube among many others, they are engrossed on such sites keeping posts and comments that are aimed at attracting people to get interested in certain pages and download corresponding links, videos or clips. In the process of doing it, their followers are charged with some money. Features of subculture These individuals are also known and characterized by their love for violence. The young men spend most of their time in the gyms building more and more muscles whose usage is never determined. They appreciate muscular and stronger bodies and they believe that the broader an individual’s chest is the sexier he or she is. They would thus give anything to acquire big and very masculine structures. This is a feature that they developed from their immense affection for the hip hop culture that prides itself in similar features. One more feature that the hip hop culture brought with it was the love for violence that has been picked up by another subculture. The hip hop culture was at ease with hooliganism and mugging as a means of “hustling”. This other younger generation does not mug and does not indeed pride themselves in the robbery but they have been known to cause havoc in several streets in the city of Philadelphia and its environs. They disrupt trade and the general peace of the populace with their ruffian attitude. This has in some cases l
Introduction This analysis focuses on the communists’ attempt at marriage reform in 1950s and the impact it had on the society. Importantly, the essay will detail the successes and failures that were witnessed as a result of the reforms. In essence, the paper will explore how marriage was revolutionized and the overall impact of the reforms, which were initiated in 1950s. To achieve this objective, relevant information will be sourced from authentic books, written by reputable authors. China’s Revolutionary Marriage In understanding marriage revolutionary under communism, it is essential to underscore the role of politics in the entire reform process, and how politicians used their positions to influence the society. For example, the People’s Republic of China was founded by students of Karl Marx, who believed that the marriage system was supposed to change based on the existing economic structure (
Discussing the details of the British North America Act of 1867, assess the kind of federal state the British North American political leadership was trying to create. What were the broad goals of Confederation? The Dominion of Canada, the principles of which were presented in the British North America Act of 1867, became a unique example of a new federal state. The Canadian federalism was developed by political leaders in opposition to the variant of the US federalism, and the leaders’ broad goals were associated with creating a strong centralized state aimed to overcome conflicts in the relations of the French and British Canadians. Referring to the details and principles presented in the British North America Act of 1867, it is possible to note that a unique kind of a federal state created by the British North American leaders was a highly centralized and powerful state where the federal government had the maximum power, and provinces have the minimal power. The focus was on the control of all the spheres of the economic life in the state in order to achieve the goals of the Northwest expansion and avoid failures associated with the US pattern of federalism resulted in the Civil War. The British North American political leaders had in mind not only the pattern of their developing state but also the reminder about the US failure. As a result, the Canadian political leaders became oriented to creating the opposite and most successful variant of the federal state. The powerful federal government was discussed by the leaders as the approach to solving a range of political, economic, and social problems. An idea about the powerful federal state was closely associated with the idea of centralization (Laxer Lecture 5 ). The Americans failed to build a centralized country, and they provided much power to the states. Instead, the Canadian leaders focused on the Confederation project according to which the Canadian Parliament was the centre in the created governmental system. In order to assess the success of the created federal state, it is necessary to refer to the principles reflected in the British North America Act of 1867. The Act includes enlisted powers of the Parliament and powers of the provincial legislatures (Laxer Lecture 5 ). While comparing these powers, it is possible to state that the main legal and economic instruments were controlled by the federal government. Thus, the federal government received revenues through direct and indirect taxes wh
Introduction David is a three-year-old boy chosen for the study that aims to investigate the specifics of the child’s behavior and development. Permission to use his true name is given by his mother during an interview. Interview Results During the interview, the mother stated that every morning, David gets up and says “Hi” to her. Sometimes, he may just get in her arms, hug her, and smile without saying anything. Still, he always tries to find her as soon as he awakes and goes directly to her. After necessary morning exercise, the child admits that he wants to eat. The mother said that David likes spending time indoor in our open-air playgrounds. Depending on his mood, he may sit in a sandbox with his toys or runs with other children, climbs the ladders, and goes down the slides. She observes that David likes running fast and reaches the goal earlier than other children can. Finally, she explained that her son is usually active and communicative with different people (except in the cases when he is sick). He may talk to another person only if he gets visual approval from the mother. Even when David watches TV, he likes to repeat phrases and answer the questions instead of the main characters. He prefers short cartoons and advertising and cannot sit still during long-lasting movies. Child’s Development Biosocial Development David proves rather good results for the stage of his biosocial development. He recognizes his mother and demonstrates appropriate coordination in his attempts to find a mother and say “Hi” to her. The boy hugs the mother without any concerns being developed from the mother’s side. He likes running, and it does not make any difficulties for him. He has a good appetite as he never misses his breakfast. The parent and the childlike walking and playing indoor and outside. His smile talks about the kind and appropriate treatment of his mother to him. The child knows several general phrases and may express his basic need. The mother does not mention any medical records or health problems. It can mean that no evident physiological or biological problems occur. Cognitive Development The cognitive development of the child may be explained through such characteristics as an understanding of the events that happen around. David’s cognitive skills are properly developed regarding his ability to find his mother in the morning or use simple sentences in his speech. The boy develops attachments to his toys and can choose those t
Psychologists’ view on origin of motivation Motivation in sports fluctuates from time and from individual to individual. Its unpredictability has seen many mediocre sportsmen turn into champions and heroes while great sportsmen turn into mediocre villains. The complexity of motivation has led to several psychologists coming up with various explanations on the source of motivation. As early as 1889, psychologists such as Norman Triplett had posited that motivation is as result of social setting (Triplett, 1898; Carlson & Heth, 2009). Even though several years later many psychologists also tried to explain what causes motivation or lack of it from various viewpoints, one thing they unanimously agreed on was that human beings have no control over their motivation process at some point. The debates aside, motivation stems from both our biological make up and experience (Harrnstein, 1972; Maslow, 1987). Theories on motivation One theory on motivation is the goal setting-theory which postulates that many people are driven to success measured by finally reaching the desired definite end. Such individuals will work to achieve these goals especially if they are moderate in nature. This is because optimal drive to succeed is achieved as low or too high goals will only work to discourage the individual. That is, he will be driven to success by the close proximity and yet uncertainty of success which is very specific. Thus, tasks which are very specific, with moderate difficulty and proximity will be more motivating than those which are general and too difficult to achieve. Setting of goals is only possible because human beings have self determination to succeed. This is what is postulated by the self-determination theory to explain what drives human beings to achieve. This theory opines that humans are inherently driven to grow and develop and hence our source of motivation is somewhat inborn. However, this theory recognizes the role of external factors as the main activators of this innate drive to succeed. The need to control the events of our lives in order to feel connected to others and be competent in our skills is the primary sources of our motivation. Hence, human beings are able to control their thoughts and conscious and channel them towards striving for excellence (Murphy, 2009; Ryan &
Labor and work, right to work and obligation to do so have always been controversial points in the human society. With its historical development, the mankind has transformed the ideas about who is to work and how these people are to work. The issue of the female work is of special interest in this context as far as the very right of a woman to work has long been doubted and rejected. However, when women obtained the right to work, soon it transformed into an obligation that women perceived with aversion and insecurity. The novel Maggie: A Girl of the Streets by Stephen Crane considers the issue of women’s work in the late 19 th century United States, and the main focuses of the novel are the unprotected work and social position of women in the then society. Thus, Crane’s novel is the realistic picture of the life of the American working class in the late 19 th century. This novel is called the first sign of naturalism in the American literature as it depicted the reality of life to such an extent that the author had to fund the book publishing himself as major publishing houses rejected the too naturalistic and realistic work of art. One of the points that make the novel so real is the account of women labor and the actual imposture of the working duties upon women as they “edder got teh go teh hell or go teh work” (Crane, 2004, p. 18). Maggie, the main novel’s character, was forced to work, but when she had ideas of career development her plans were destroyed by the unprotected status of women in the society and the love affair with Pete. In this aspect of the novel another point about women’s labor representation can be observed. Maggie was affected by Pete’s attitude towards her and saw no alternative but being with this man. However, the overall public scorn and Pete’s betrayal made it impossible for Maggie to restore her social position and reputation in which the excessive dependency of women on males in the described period of time can be observed (Crane, 2004, p. 42). Finally, the oppressive attitude of Maggie’s mother and brother vividly describes the labor reality of the time when a girl could be told by her own mother to “go teh hell” and “git out” (Crane, 2004, p. 34). As a result, the lack of hope for the better and the absence of any developmental perspectives lead Maggie to prostitution. Thus, Crane (2004) shows how the consequences of the unprotected women labor and the society’s being not ready to perceive women as the rightful social life participants lead to women’s descending in the social structure and being forced to earn money for living by such publically scorned means as prostitution (Crane, 2004, p. 67). Maggie’s death at the end of the
The case of the Farrow’s Bank is a vivid example of managerial hubris executed by the head of the company. Nonetheless, Thomas Farrow employed such a conduct due to a number of reasons that lie both in the inside and outside bank environment. The purpose of this paper is to review the case and analyze the strategy applied by Thomas Farrow. Corporate Culture, Leadership, and Motivation It should be noted that various factors have influenced and contributed to the emerging managerial hubris exhibited by Farrow. In general, the bank lacked effective corporate culture. The senior leadership disregarded the daily supervision and adherence to the essential practices, which gave latitude to the emergence of hubris. Apart from that, Farrow was overly conscious about the way others perceived him and was incapable of outlining the company performance with the business setting (Hollow, 2014). However, most importantly, he did not abide by the existing policies and regulations, which resulted in non-compliance with the law. For instance, he tried to conceal his losses by preparing misleading balance sheets that did not correlate with the reality. When accused of fraud, he would refuse having committed anything wrong, which evidenced his arrogance as both a manager and a person. As stated by Hollow (2014), Farrow had “an overwhelming concern with his own self-image; a pronounced tendency view the world in heavily moralistic and grandiose terms; a total disregard for rules and regulations; and an increasing detachment from reality” (p. 174). The underlying cause for such conduct was the desire of this individual to maintain a particular image he could not lose under any circumstances, which led him to conviction. Another significant factor was the weak or insufficient external control mechanisms over the company, which had given him an immense power over the bank and its affairs. For example, the bank had more loose auditing regulations than its rivals did (Hollow, 2014). Many years of unfair competition resulted in his strong belief that he was above the law. Ethical Decision-Making Importantly, ethical decision-making and managerial hubris are two mutually exclusive domains. Ethical decision-making implies that the company leadership outlines the behavior and company performance with the postulates promoted by such corporate culture that is based on the common human values. In addition, it enables all the key stakeholders to become active participants in decision-making, which, in return, provides the leadership with the variety of different ideas and options (Shaw, 2013). Managerial hubris disregards the opinions of others and centers on the manager’s conduct and solutions. In the case of Farrow, he did not consider the opinions of the co-workers due to existing vacuum. Apart from that that, his decisions were unethical since he provided misleading information and based the further course of action in accordance with the initially false data. Therefore, it can be assumed that managerial hubris employed by Farrow gradually led to disruptive business p
The idea that we have to pay for music is rather a controversial one, and to rebut it the following arguments can be presented. First of all, it is said by the supporters of the above-mentioned idea that artists creating their pieces of work have exclusive rights for their usage, and the phenomenon of Copyright is designed by mankind to prevent the unlawful use of those artistic works. However, this point of view demands serious and close consideration as far as the Copyright can be exercised not only by the actual authors of music but also by those who steal it from other people in order to make revenue on it. This fact can also be supported with the idea that Copyrights can be sold by the authors of music to the performers but then claimed back by the authors. To exemplify this point of view, numerous cases can be considered. For example, the issues with Copyright have always pursued the field of show business in the European countries where the artists make use of the famous hit songs by American stars and steal their ideas in respect of music or lyrics for the songs. This often happens in countries whose artists do not have access to worldwide promotion and are not aware of the possible penalties for Copyright violations. In the USA, however, the famous cases of the stolen pieces of music include Jay-Z and Beyonce’s song “Me and My Girlfriend” whose idea was stolen from Tupac Shakur’s song of 1996 album “Makavelli the Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory”, and some others. Accordingly, copyright does not protect artists from their music being stolen or illegally used by ordinary people for private or commercial purposes. Further on, the Copyright can protect artists from the existence and operation of numerous free music sharing websites that are established by dozens throughout the World Wide Web. These shares are directed at the mass distribution of the most popular musical works around the world and are usually free for their users. To be honest, these shares are impossible to eliminate from the Internet, as well as it is impossible to control their performance and make them compensate artists for their works used. And, frankly speaking, any form of control over these sites would be wrong as people have freedom of choice, and those who want to buy licensed CDs will do it despite any accessible shares and free downloading possibilities. At the same time, those who do not buy official CDs will find a way to obtain pirate music either from their friends or from the Internet. Thus, the Copyright argument attempts to prove that people do not have to pay for music. They rather have to be free in their choices and decide personally which way of access to the music they prefer. As a result, the issue of the compensation for the artists whose works were used or accessed illegally arises. The supporters of the paid music claim that artists should receive payments for their works used in this or that way according to the above-mentioned Copyright. Neverthel
Bill Hull’s book “The Disciple-Making Pastor” is dedicated to the ways of encouraging people to join the church and helping them to initiate a positive change in their lives. Across nine chapters and 300 pages, the author discusses and shows evidence for the issue of disciple-making. The book was first published in 1988, but the newer edition contains reflections from the author he makes 20 years later. It is quite interesting to juxtapose the insights of younger Bill with those he develops in his 60s. The present paper is intended to provide a more detailed summary and review of the writing. Primarily, the author notes that the church is enduring a crisis associated with the multiplicity of ideological influences on the average citizen and the problem of choosing among them. The church itself has also weakened and now depends upon artificially built relations with the parishioners, which can even be categorized as marketing: “The evangelical church has become weak, flabby, and too dependent on artificial means that can only simulate real spiritual power. We have proliferated self-indulgent consumer religion, the what-can-the-church-do-for-me syndrome. We are too easily satisfied with conventional success: bodies, bucks, and buildings” (Hull, 2000, p.12). As one can assume, the author rejects the existing institutional model of church as the “value in itself,” whereas the church and actually its parish as well are postulated as the means to end, in which the end is a harmonious society that lives in accordance to the Christian principles. The author indicates that the major problem with the local churches is the lack of training for Christians, which originates directly from the lack of means of helping parishioners learn and comprehend God’s word and prepare them for using it in their secular life. According to the book, “In the relationship between clergy and laity, the clergy have become professional performers and the parishioners the audience. The better the show, the larger the crowd. All this proves is that outstanding performance attracts people. It means little more than that; in no way does it faithfully reflect the priorities of Christ for His Church” (Hull, 2000, p.25). At the same time, few priests appear to be authoritative and strong personalities in managing relationships with their community, so the author places focus on the pastor’s personality and role in bringing new disciples. However, there are several major areas of challenge local church leaders should struggle with within their disciple-making practice. First and foremost, modern people have a number of lifestyle options and appear to be distracted from the church and community. However, Hull notes that involvement with community and spiritual life are amongst human psychological needs, so the majority comes to the necessity of the involvement either sooner or later. The lack of motivation for and interest in spiritual search