ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Sarwat Jahan and Ahmed Saber Mahmud wrote an article “What Is Capitalism?” for the International Monetary Fund journal Finance & Development in 2015. Its main idea is based on the discussion of capitalism characteristics and its impact on the modern economy. The authors state that the development of free markets in society may have its shortages, but its implementation remains one of the best options for today’s business. In the chosen article, capitalism is defined as an economic system where private organizations control and manage their property regarding their interests. To understand its progress in society, it is important to remember several critical pillars, namely private property, competition, self-interest, and freedom of choice. Depending on the economies’ types, capitalism may influence human activities and business relationships differently. For example, in laissez-faire economies, no regulations are observed, while in mixed economies, markets dominate. State-guided, oligarchic, big-firm, and entrepreneurial forms of capitalism are determined by power concentration. Despite the intention to introduce the best form of ownership and not challenge freedoms of choice, economists cannot come to the same conclusion. On the one hand, economic growth under capitalism is evident due to the inability to predict or avoid competiti
In the recent past, the rate of crime has been high in most cities in the country. Various people have lost their lives, properties, and other valuables through robbery, burglary, murder, and theft. The safety of citizens is at great risk because most individuals do have insight information about areas that are prone to criminal activities within the states. The local police departments have been structuring and storing data in their databases to aid in identifying the regions most likely to experience any form of violence. This paper will analyze the crime maps of Detroit, Michigan, and the available information in the Detroit police department. The data accessible include violent crime rates for robbery, rape, assaults, and murder. There is also information on property criminality like burglary, theft, vehicle theft, and arson. Furthermore, the document contains other types of delinquency, such as drug crimes, vandalism, animal cruelty, and kidnapping. Moreover, the data also encompasses regions and the rate of any type of criminality that are likely to occur. The services provided by Detroit Police Department are assisting victims of the crime, enhancing civil rights, and promoting community and police advocacy (“Police Department,” 2021). It also facilitates cease-fire and receiving and recording reports, gun permit information, Project Green Light Detroit, and senior citizens’ 911 profiles. The data provided contain valuable details that can enable people who are not familiar with the city of Detroit to have an overview of places that require protection. The information encourages accountability since the local police have pinpointed sites that are not friendly (“Police Department,” 2021). Furthermore, the analysis covers various aspects of crimes and their rates, hence giving insight into what is happening on the streets. The site is easy to navigate and highlights key issues covered. Therefore, it is user-friendly. The mapping is essential since it provides important information about the nature and areas of criminal activities. According to the information provided, I would use the data when making the decision to visit the city. They have also included contacts that can enable citizens to reach the police. To conclude, having statistics about criminality on a platform that people can easily access gives people adequate information, thus enhancing vigilance amongst individuals in such areas. Reference Police Department | City of Detroit . (2021). City of Detroit. Web.
Introduction Big Drive Auto has three alternative strategies to consider so that the company properly navigates through the turbulent economic future. One of its top strategies is cutting back on prices to keep up with expected competition from the rail and air industries. Improved infrastructure in other transportation modes is therefore likely to drag the company into cutthroat competition with other service providers. Secondly, the company has the alternative of taking advantage of the credit market, but with much care in ensuring the company does not suffer high credit costs due to high interest rates or inflation. These extra funds are expected to pay off the company’s debts and safeguard its future profitability. Finally, Big Drive Auto has the option of complementing economic growth especially in light of increased unemployment rates from
A legal entity that is formed by an individual or a group of individuals who are its shareholders is referred to as a corporation. A corporation is a legally separate body from its employees, directors and shareholders. Incorporation is advantageous to businesses in that, it shields their shareholders from liabilities as a result of its business operations (Furmston, 2007). A corporation as a legal entity can carry out business activities; enter into a contract with an individual, group of individuals or with business organizations. It can also be sued or sued, without its shareholders being affected. The key advantage to incorporation is the principle of limited liability. This shields its employees, directors and shareholders from liabilities the business suffers while conducting its business functions. A corporation is thus a separate entity and limits the responsibility of its owners and their personal properties. Solomon versus Solomon (1897) AC 22 is a historical case in relation to incorporation law. The decision, in this case, shed more light on the relationship between a corporation and its owners. In this case, it is clearly revealed that the basic thought to become acquainted with when starting a business organization is the concept that the business entity has a legal persona in its own right (Mancuso, 1996). This is especially when the business entity assumes the form of a Corporation. This is to say that, if an individual or a group of individuals starts a business as a corporation, then the company takes the form of a legal entity with a different legal persona, separate from those who created it or its shareholders. Legally incorporation is different from its workers, directors and owners. The case of Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd, tells us one simple thing about incorporation, that in eyes of laws a corporation is a separate legal person, which is distinct from its owners and directors. In this case, Aaron Salomon a merchant who was residing in Victoria in England started a limited liability company with a minimum of seven shareholders (his wife and children). Solomon as a secured creditor gave a loan to the company and borrowed more from the company. In the eyes of law, the issue was who should be compensated first, that is whether it is the company’s workers and firm’s debts (unsecured creditors) or Solomon who was a secured creditor. The England court of appeal decided that Mr. Solomon was a liar and his firm was a con. However, the court of the house of lord maintained that the company was an asset created and thus there was no cheating, and therefore Mr. Solomon was a separate entity distinct in relation to the company. This decision has been used in a number of cases from that time (Borofsky, 1998). Ever since, Solomon versus Solomon (1897) AC 22, corporations have been legally taken as independent entities separate from their workers, directors and their owners. Only in special cases whereby this principle of limited liability does not apply. For instance, where it has been held permissible to remove the corporate cover e.g. where the firm in question, is a mere façade, workers acting as such will be ans
Kawasaki disease, as the name suggests, is an illness that is common in the Far East areas of Korean and Japanese realms. Nonetheless, with its name many may be deceived to think that the disease is localized within the two realms and that it specifically affects the people of Japanese and Korean origin. In essence, this disease is also reported in Europe with UK reporting a prevalence of eight children per a lot of every 100,000 children suffering from the condition each year. However, the big question forming the core of this essay is: what is Kawasaki disease? Consequently, the rest of the literature will try to establish the syndromes, the vulnerable group, the causes, complications, and finally the treatment. Kawasaki disease is an illness that attacks the entire standard-sized arteries of a victim’s body, with the coronary arteries that serve the important muscles of the heart notwithstanding. This condition manifests itself as swellings on the muscles that form the aforementioned arteries. Since the extent of damage of this disease goes beyond the arteries, attacking the skin, the entire mucous membranes and the lymph nodes, it became to be dubbed “mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome” (Fuyama & Hamada 1996). A victim suffering from this condition exhibits symptoms that can be scary, for instance, peeling of the skin. Moreover, the victim experiences high fever; the fingers and toes turn red, rashes develop and the lymph nodes around the neck area swell. However, the good news is that this condition is curable without any further complications. As it has been mentioned before, kawasaki disease is not ethnic-based disease, however; it is hypothesized to be rampant in people exhibiting certain genes. This condition has been researched to be age-biased, common in children below the age of five years. Moreover, research indicates that it is gender-biased, attacking more boys as opposed to girls. Importantly, a research performed in England between 1998 and 2008 revealed “a prevalence of 72% in children below the age of five years suffering from the condition with one-and-a-half times more common in boys than it is in girls” (Yang & Thompson 2009). The cause of kawasaki disease is a mystery. However, it is hypothesized by certain quarters that the disease is caused by viruses. Nevertheless, while others link it to bacteria, certain quarters believe that it is linked to the environment. Vitally, research indicates that the condition is not contagious and that it is common in people exhibiting certain genes. Kawasaki disease is among the primary causes of cardiovascular diseases in children, however; with eff
The contention that alcoholism is a disease is slowly getting popularity globally but the question remains whether it is really a disease. The universal definition of a disease is anything that is capable of causing an imbalance in the body’s nervous system thus, going by this definition then it is a disease, but in this century whereby there are many sorts of addictions hence, it is difficult to conclude which of them are diseases.If it is really a disease alcoholics require medical treatment and not moral sanctions as it is now in many societies. There is a model that has been created to handle alcoholism as a medical condition; it is known as the dispositional disease model also known as “disease concept of alcoholism.” It is based on the psychological disposition affect which is the personal ability of an individual to react to issues in a steady manner which may be positive or negative. The model therefore helps alcoholics to perceive the condition in a positive way. It does so by enabling them to accept some recovery prerequisites which are: accepting that one is suffering from alcoholism, one should also aspire to transform, admit that there is no personal ability to change by themselves, and finally one should be ready to accept recovery help offered. The model proposes that alcoholism can be considered as a unitary disorder; that one can either be an alcoholic or not and that the condition is qualitative not quantitative hence it does not matter how much you drink. Secondly the model suggests that alcoholism is physical and not biological. Its proponents argue that the causes are physiological and they originate from the genetics of a person and this are; abnormal metabolism and brain chemistry. They argue that it is the reason as to why some races suffer from alcoholism than others. Psychological and social problems are considered as the outcome of alcoholism not the cause. “In reality, an abnormal physiological reaction is causing the alcoholic’s increasing psychological and emotional problems” (Miller, 33-34 ). Loss of control is a highly considered symptom in the model and it is very common in all cases of alcoholism. Alcoholics’ lose control of their ability to stop since it is influenced by physiological factors that cannot be changed by morals or punishment. The fourth component of the model is that alcoholism cannot be reversed, once it has happened that’s it; the condition is incurable. Any treatment that does not advocate for complete abstinence is not allowed in this model because one drop of alcohol will return the former alcoholics to where they started. Perceiving alcoholism as a disease is a beneficial step in stopping alcoholism because people will realize the ser
Recovery harder in this recession The article under consideration is titled “Recovery harder in this recession,” written by Howes (A16). The article has its basis on the recent global financial crisis, which started in the United States and spread to other parts of the world. The author argues that Michigan is showing signs of recovery from the recession, which include: increased employment opportunities by the private sector, increased levels of consumption by consumers, record profits by car makers such as Detroit’s, and giving of donations by companies. All these are signs that the economy is slowly on the recovery path. Nevertheless, the author argues that these signs are minimal, and it will take quite a while before the tangible signs of recovery are witnessed. The discussion is based on the automaker’s industry. Giving an example of General Motors, the article argues that although the company is doing well and its assets were protected from bankruptcy, the management is wary of any action that would raise the firm’s costs, such as mass employment. The company is thus doing its best to minimize its costs, as much as possible. It is because the Michigan state was badly affected by the recession in that its gross domestic product fell by 5.2 percent compared with the nation’s decline of 2.1 percent. Because Michigan is known for its automaker’s industry, the industry was also adversely affected, and, thus it would take time for it to be where it used to (if ever that will happen) before the recession set in. This argument is true because for a country to recover from a recession, it would require higher rates of consumption, savings, and government spending than initially, and this may take a while to be realized. Moscow must cut the deficit or face inflation The article is titled “Moscow must cut the deficit or face inflation, says IMF,” written by Clover (3). The International Monetary Fund argues that Russia needs to invalidate the stimulus package it provided during the global economic recession. Without reversing the stimulus, the IMF thinks that the country will experience stagnated growth and high rates of inflation. The Funds argues that the non-oil budget deficit of Russia increased tremendously due to an increase in government spending vis-à-vis its revenue. The expenditure was mainly in form of pensions, which increased by 4.5 percent of the country’s gross domestic product between 2009 and 2010 and which were given due to high unemployment rates to stimulate the economy and stabilize the country’s political climate. The challenge with Russia’s stimulus package is that it is a permanent commitment made by the government, and it, therefore, cannot be reversed easily. The only solution is thus to cut down on government spending in other sectors of the economy, but such cuts should not affect the country’s growth potential. On the monetary side, the Funds proposes an increase in interest rates by the monetary authority
Introduction: Interest in EI Emotional intelligence (EI) has been discussed for two decades so far. Stough et al. (2009) note that the interest in EI has increased recently and the concept of EI has been applied to a variety of fields including workplace, psychiatry, neuroscience, education, health, cross-culture and sport. For instance, Cassady and Boseck (2008) consider a variety of ways to apply the concept in psychology. Brackett et al. (2011) also stress that researchers exploit the concept of EI in various areas and this usability has created a need in defining the concept. Notably, there are different approaches to defining EI as each definition addresses peculiarities of a particular field. Researchers also focus on different characteristics of EI. Remarkably, the most heated debate is concerned with use of EI in different areas. Defining the Concept In the first place, it is necessary to note that the definitions provided by the researchers share the idea that EI is associated with people’s cognition and intelligence. Thus, Caruso (2008, p. 2) claims that, in terms of the ability model, EI is “a standard intelligence”, while according to Mayer-Salovey approach it is a form of the intelligence as “reasoning and thinking operate on emotional information”. Gardenswartz et al. (2010) provide a more complete definition which addresses the issues concerning diversity. The researchers claim that EI is “the ability to feel, understand, articulate, manage, and apply the power of emotions to interactions across lines of difference” (Gardenswartz et al., 2010, p. 76). Clearly, the definitions focus on the same characteristic of EI, i.e. the ability to perceive certain kind of information. The major distinctive feature of EI is that it is concerned with emotions, unlike the intelligence which is associated with processing facts and stimuli. Major Components of EI Researchers claim that EI is complex and consists of a number of components. Wharam (2009) stresses that acceptance and awareness are some of the major parts of EI. The researcher emphasises that it is crucial to be able to recognise and accept one’s emotions to be able to control them. Hughes et al. (2011) also point out that acce
Jane Austen’s novel titled Persuasion is a captivating must-read chef-d’oeuvre that presents an expression of the profound concerns she raised about the use of persuasion and the levels at which individuals use it in her society. Persuasion has proved a working tool based on how it influences an individual’s choices. Although the book was tilted by her brother after she died, persuasion as a title suits it as the working theme of the entire story. Therefore, from a cultural point of view, as the paper exposes, Jane Austen highlights in the book her deep-seated concerns on cultural flaws through the voice of the heroine that determined the choices and the moral suasion of young women in her days. Jane Austen recognized that the society she lived had flaws some of which deserved moral questioning but remained unquestioned. Although she was herself lucky to receive a quality education, which led her to start her writings early in her life, Jane Austen, in this novel, expresses her concerns about the various flaws in the society through the story of the heroine Anne Elliot and entire Elliot’s family. In this society, a person’s identity was majorly based on class and not other factors that matter in the contemporary society such as intellect, ambition and abilities. For instance, choosing a suitor for a woman who wanted to marry was principally based on class. Seven years prior to the opening events in the story, Anne Elliot who was in love with the young navy officer by the name Fredrick Wentworth was persuaded to leave him on the basis that he was poor and did not belong to the gentry. This aspect of viewing people based on their social standing is among the cultural issues at the time that Jane Austen was raising concerns against in her book. As the documentation of her life reveals, Jane Austen refuses to be part of the machinery with which people around her made their decisions. The character Anne Elliot was influenced trough persuasion by her confidante to break the engagement with Fredrick Wentworth who later came into her life with his context totally changed and this time rich and successful. Anne Elliot struggles with her emotions and attraction to Fredrick when they later meet while staying with the Crofts. Fredrick had never forgiven her for rejecting him as it is revealed by the uncomplimentary comment he issues about Anne’s changed appearance. It is this social branding that trouble people later in their lives that Jane Austen was highlighting in the novel. To Jane Austen, persuasion faces moral dangers, as the decisions made afterward may not be to the person’s interest in the future. In Jane Austen’s society as depicted in ‘persuasions’, a person’s place in the society was different from the manner it is in today’s society. An individual was not conside
Discuss the above statement, feel free to agree or disagree with it. How can you relate Deming’s theory of profound management, called the system of profound knowledge in your discussion? The above statement is not correct given the context of management in the contemporary world. Various scholars around the world have come up with theories stating the drastic changes that have taken place resulting in a transformed society. These theories have challenged some of the existing beliefs, coming up with radical ideas of how the world has changed. This may, however, not hold some truth given the above assumptions. The first assumption of reward and punishment has been one of the best managerial tools for centuries, and it is still very relevant. People work because they need to get rewarded. The reward may come in various fronts which include a rise in rank, direct financial benefits, a fully paid holiday, or a vocational tour to a desirable location. These are still what employees are looking for even in the contemporary world. They work hard with the aim of getting the notice of the top management hoping that the hard work will be rewarded. Given the nature of human beings, this may not change any time soon. On the other hand, it is still important to make employees realize that for every action they take, there is a consequence that is attached (Pike & Barnes, 1996). Employees must be responsible for their actions in order to make them achieve the best of results. This does not involve instilling fear but making employees feel responsible. Managers in the contemporary world know that it is important to ensure that make sure that every process within the organization is successful because it is the individual processes that make up the entire system. Every process in the system has a role that must be fulfilled in order to ensure that there is an overall success of the system. When any part of the system fails, the entire system will fail because there will be a lack of coordination in the components of the system. Deming’s theory of profound management confirms the fact that results are achieved by setting objectives. In Deming’s 14 points, the first point is about setting up a mission statement and committing to it. This is a clear demonstration that there is a need to define the path to be taken clearly before embarking on the journey (Grady, 2010). The setting of the objectives enables all the components within the system to know what is expected in order to realize the overall goal. Every component within the system will, therefore, have a set target that should be achieved within a specified period of time. It is generally believed, and it is a fact that when given a smaller task to perform with ample time, then chances are always high that the task will always be a success. Quality and quantity are inversely related. When the management of a firm gives focus to quantity, then quality may be compromised. This is because every single unit within the syste