ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Decision making is a major managerial function in the sense that the attainment of organizational goals and objectives directly depends on the quality of decisions made by managers. In the same way the performance of line managers is judged by the quality of the decisions they make. Good management will be largely associated with quality and timely decisions (Williams, 2002). The kind of decision that Martha faced was an operational decision. These are decisions that need to be made in the course of day to day implementation of organization’s objectives. These are decisions made by middle level managers such as supervisors on issues that come up in the process of their work (Adair, 2010). Decision making challenges Group dynamics This refers to the study of groups and also the general terms for group processes. A group is two or more individuals who are connected to each other (Adair, 2010). For instance, task groups are groups which seek for solutions to a problem or generate decisions together. The inability of Martha to make a personal decision concerning the customer’s complaint without involving the task group that makes the company decisions posses as a challenge. Biases in perception This is whereby different people tend to view same issues differently depending on their frame of reference, expectations, selective exposure stereotypes or interests. For this reason Martha is faced with a challenge because her bosses do not seem to take the customer’s complain with a lot of weight as she does herself. Fallacies in reasoning A fallacy is essentially an error in reasoning. Fallacies are often repeated and may make one think they are true. In the case at hand, Herb has heard the customer’s complaint but he believes having marketed his fertilizer for 35 years, there should not be complains. This is a fallacy on his side, and it poses a challenge to Martha’s decision making. Personality differences This refers to the way people are similar and different in there thinking, feelings and behavior. In the case at hand, what Martha feels as a big issue is ignored by the top management posing some difficulties in the making of a decision. Recommendations The recommendations to this company are to come up with methods of problem solving so as to solve the prevailing problem. Some of the recommended methods are: Brainstorming This solution finding technique involves a group of people defining the problem, one per
The substantiation of marijuana and Hemp is a concern among the Americans. As such, the authorities focus on whether or not to legalize the growth, sell, or purchase of marijuana. Marijuana flowers contain “an active chemical compound known as cannabinoids” (Morgan 7). This compound is psychoactive, and its consumption is primarily for leisure and remedial purposes. It is important to acknowledge that there was no regulation of cannabis plants in the United States before the 20th century as Marijuana was a crucial constitute in medicines. The movement against alcohol in the country brought gave rise to the objections against Marijuana. The growing concern over wrongs and aggression associated with haulage of the drug made Marijuana illegal in the U.S. Legislation changes often occur in the United States when a new president takes office. The president’s beliefs stimulate the creation of these laws. During the term of president bush, he emphasized on enforcing laws against the marijuana drug. The federal agents thus medical dispensaries associated with Marijuana, doctor’s offices and marijuana gardens (Morgan 7). After Obama became America’s president in 2009, there was the conception of a new administration. According to the new administration, the federal agents would not plunder the Marijuana dispensaries thus complying with the state laws (Morgan 8). In addition, the federal agents would not chase the marijuana users and cases involving illegal possession or sales to the minors would undergo scrutiny. Legalization proponents know exceedingly well that the American public cannot accept the choice of policy they advocate for (Rogers 32). For instance, “ONDCP” outlines some reservations concerning the legalization of hemp being an agricultural product due to the potential for increasing growth and use of Marijuana. Majority of the other proponents concerned with legalization of hemp are not honest with their goals, as industrious farmers would like to grow the crop in order to support their families. A significant proportion indicates that legalization of therapeutic Marijuana would assist in preventing the demise of cancer patients. Legalization should be on the sale of the drug except for minors (Rogers 34). Whether people term legalization as harm reduction, it remains legalization. Arguments by proponents assert that legalization is the only cure for the nation’s drug deficiency. However, not all state decrees connect with the federal stipulations concerning Marijuana. For instance, California legalized Marijuana for restorative purposes in 1996. Reports by therapeutic professionals confirmed that Marijuana offers health benefits for individuals who are prone to migraines and nausea. These reports forced some lawmakers to alter their thoughts as they considered the use of Marijuana as detrimental to human health (Morgan 9). This conflicting information from the health experts leaves the majority of the pe
Nowadays, our world consists of so many different societies, with their own preferences, interests, customs, and traditions. Culture of every society is unique indeed; it is a set of own values and goals, which characterize the society as a whole and separate institution. The representative of each society lives with his/her own ethnocentric attitude, the belief that his/her culture is much more superior than any other. In order not to become self-absorbed, it is necessary to train the sense of cultural relativism in the society and make certain differentiations between the idea of cultural relativism and ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is a tendency, when a person uses the cultural norms of his/her own society in order to judge some other culture and its representatives. In addition, ethnocentrism underlines the superciliousness of one culture among the others. Cultural relativism is another tendency, according to which personal beliefs and preferences are relative to another culture. Cultural relativism shows that there are not right and wrong standards with the help of which cultures may be compared. Taking into account such simple and comprehensible definitions, it is possible to say that the ideas of cultural relativism are rather opposite to the ideas of ethnocentrism (Ned-Seelye and Seelye-James, 1995, p 70). Without any doubts, ethnocentrism affects considerably the international affairs. Lots of people truly believe that America is one of the countries with too high idea of ethnocentrism. Of course, American ethnocentrism is known to many countries: some countries admire America’s power and abilities, however, some other countries cannot still understand what makes this country so powerful and dislike it a bit. “The image of the ugly American prevalent in the 1960s has become increasingly rare. Although an occasional traveler still behaves as if the world owes him or her tribute as an American.” (Stewart & Benneth, 1991, p 161) It is quite possible that Americans can do certain things better than the other countries. The Americans believe that they are able to do everything better: make films, create songs, dance, communicate, carry wars, etc. Of course, it is cool than the country is so sure about personal abilities and effects on other countries. However, it is necessary to remember about such a simple thing as cultural relativism in order to learn something new with the help of other countries and develop more and more. Let’s compare America with some other countries in a certain sphere of life, cuisine, for example. Americans can hardly boast with their own cuisine. In Italia, it is tasty macaroni and pizza, in France, it is croissants and brains of numerous animals, and, in Japan, it is rice and sushi. Of course, American McDonalds is something really amazing and attractive, however, it is not a kind of cuisine, but only a type of establishment, where fast food is presented. Another sphere that may be compared is dancing. Not every American can easily dance waltz or tango without any practice. For Austrians or Argentine, it will be rather easier, because these dances are in their blood. They just born to do unb
Introduction Civil society organizations in Cambodia started in the 1990s. Various agencies that brought about the civic societies in the country include the UN Transitional Authority (UNTC). What followed was a quick expansion of media outlets such radio, foreign, and opposition newspapers. Since then, the country has been experiencing a sharp rise of the CSO community. The primary factors that were attributed to the fast growth included flexibility of the CSO rules and regulations and external funding. The primary functions of civil society organization involve dissemination of health information, societal integration and progression, social authority, and development of marginalized regions among others. The main aim of the following paper is to investigate whether Cambodian civil society will be able to overcome stagnation and continue its development. Composition of Cambodia Civil Society The NGO Forum in Cambodia reveals that the principal aims of the existence of the civil society in the country are provision of policy advices, delivery of services, advocacy, facilitation of dialogues, and promotion of social consciences such as human rights (Marston 54). Agencies such as the Cooperation Committee of Cambodia (CCC) collaborate with various NGOs and donors with a view of monitoring and ensuring the progress of activities such as social welfare and development. Other organizations collaborating with CSOs in the country include the health sector’s MEDICAM that comprises 115 active CSOs and the Cambodian Human Rights Action Committee (CHRAC), which is made up of 21 CSOs dealing with democracy, human rights, and the rule of law in the country (Marston 31). The Cambodia Grassroots People’s Assembly (CGPA) organizes all informal grassroots networks (Marston 31). The informal group comprises diverse members of the society including activists, artists, singers, farmers, and singers among others (Marston 37).International donors fund CSOs in the country. The donors are international NGOs, foundations, or governments (Ung 76). The Government and Civil Society The government of Cambodia has a dominant influence on the activities of the country. Due to the significant magnitude of influence, the constitutional laws governing the democratic rights of people do not have full power (Ung87). According to Marston,Cambodia has no legislations governing the operations of CSOs(54). Nevertheless, existing constitution accepts different civil organizations. Despite their legal recogniti
Childhood Disorders: Classification Childhood disorders develop in childhood and may manifest in adulthood. These disorders are classified into three classes. These categories include behavioral disorders, emotional disorders, and developmental disorders (Mash & Wolfe, 2013). Different developmental pathways have been proposed as causes of these conditions. Children with early childhood maltreatment have been seen to have possible outcomes of mood disorders, eating disorders, and conduct disorders. Other pathways suggested include genetic patterns, familial characteristics, and environmental features that could lead to one or several disorders individually or combined (Mash & Wolfe, 2013). The causes of childhood mental disorders can be brain-based disorders or behavioral-based disorders. Most of the disorders are common brain disorders. Structural brain anomalies, in addition to irregularities occasioning neurochemical problems, are the main contributors to brain-based disorders. A child may be born with these abnormalities or they may arise, as a consequence, of emotional stress or physical stress. These can be demonstrated through familial characteristics since most of them are genetic. Conversely, behavioral problems are, as a result, of difficulty faced by the child either at home among the siblings or at school among friends, in a child who is physically healthy (Giel et al., 1981). Similar to brain-based defects, behavioral complications can also come from emotional stress. The limitation to this is that it is indecisive to point out these abnormalities because they may show similar traits making the treatment as well as the prognosis difficult. This causes a chronic form of the disease that spills to adolescence and finally to adulthood. The best integral approach is the equifinality approach where all the happenings of early childhood are analyzed in detail to find the cause of the condition. This helps the assessor understand all the possible causes of the disorder and any other related disorder (Mash & Wolfe, 2013). Main Body Data The federal bureau of investigations collects data for Uniform Crime Report (UCR) using two instruments: UCR1 aggregate survey and UCR2 incidence-based survey. UCR1 receives data summary of over one hundred crimes committed since 1962 while UCR2 is a continuous collection tool that collects each incident as they occur. The information is collected from the state police, traffic data as well as crime data. Data is in addition collected from all the states and analyzed in a central collection place. The respondent is called via telephone for clarification and correction (Biderman & Lynch, 1991). The importance of this information is that it profiles each criminal linking them to the crimes committed. It is easy to follow up with the criminal because the profile of the offender is posted on the website. Physical Abuse Physical abuse, whereby an injury or physical harm is infl
Introduction Choephori and Medea are the performances presenting the professional acting skills of their actors and differing from all others by their emotionality and deep psychological sense. Description of The Choephori Choephori directed by Peter Hall impresses by its expressiveness. Appropriate atmosphere reflected by the actors coincide with the style of the performance. One cannot but pay attention to the make-up and clothes of the actors. Ancient masks hiding the faces of the actors make the whole atmosphere mysterious and threatening at the same time. The basic element of the performance is psychological complexity presented by the actors. They managed to create tense and involving participation of the audience in the action. One of the strong points of the performance is the vocal quality; emotional, expressive and rhythmical pronunciation of the utterances transfers the mood of the actors to the audience. It is important to stress the significant role of the music which underlines a “blood for blood” atmosphere. Comparison of two plays The performance Medea presents a different from Choephori style. This performance was directed by Mark Cullingham and Robert Whitehead in 1982. The actors of this performance transfer the audience in to the time of ancient Greece. In comparison with Choephori the actors of this performance are made up more realistic and their eyes are open to the audience. Their play causes trust and sympathy for the leading performer of the story. Though the years of both performances almost coincide, one can notice a vivid difference in the manner of presentation. Medea is an example of a depressive story which is concentrated on the sufferings of a miserable woman. The involvement of children into the performance says about the necessity of atmosphere change. The mood of the Choephori is showed from the very first scene of Orestes whose emotional and tragic address to his father impresses greatly and makes the audience be involved into the deeply moving scene. Prays, oaths and threats of a brother and a sister provide tragic and terrible reality of ancient times showed by the actors. The mixture of additional voices presented by performers makes the scene more real and three-dimensional. It seems as if the actors address the audience rather than each other and call for participation, but they do it indirectly; while in Medea one can observe the direct address of th
Introduction Thomas Jefferson was the first person to articulate the concept of race in the United States. His words appeared to justify slavery in that while he was promoting freedom and democracy, he supported the system of slavery and exploitation of people who were not white (Pasch, 2019). Moreover, scientists expanded on the ideas about human dissimilarities showing Caucasians as superior and the Blacks inferior furthering the concept of racism. This paper discusses the slave quarters, slaveholders’ justification of the quality of housing, and how slaves created privacy and control within their spaces. The Big House and Slave Quarters Arrangement The slaveholders developed permanent architectural dwellings that were called the big house, and the slave house was built from hewn logs, covered with clay or mud of the region, and looked fittingly primitive to whites (Wright, 1981). The cabins were sometimes scattered randomly along the plantation edges. However, many slave owners had the quarters arranged in a village-like grouping at the back of their big house to survey the activities of the slaves on their spaces. Slaveholders Justification of the Quality of Housing Built for Slaves The slaveholders justified the quality of housing built for slaves, as the enslaved were dirty, promiscuous, morally and socially undeveloped, resistant to disease, and illiterate. This assumption correlates to the scientific racism that portrayed whites as the superior race and the blacks as inferior. Therefore, slaveholders believed that God created the enslaved to be slaves. Scientific racism increased their perceptions of the difference in the races. How Slaves Created Privacy and Control over their Spaces Slaves ensured privacy and control in their spaces in the plantations. First, they would hide their houses behind the outside wall so that the slaveholders would not be able to see their activities. Second, they would hang up their clothes to establish boundaries, and others built partitions from scrap wood. Third, parents designed modified trundle beds to create privacy during lovemaking. Finally, they used a horseshoe or magical objects to bar people from entering their homes. The enslaved created ways in which they had boundaries from one family to the other within the plantations. Conclusion In conclusion, slavery had always been pre-existent, but it was not associated with physical appearance. Over time, the whites, convinced that they were more superior, dictated the way the slaves built their homes. They also justified conditions of the slave houses based on inferiority. However, the enslaved created ways of ensuring privacy and control within their side of the plantation from one family to the other.
Kellogg’s incorporation of specialist transportation and storage companies to cater for the logistic aspects of the business is a good mix within the Supply Chain Management. This has helped in the reduction of distribution costs and also ensures that consumers receive goods in time. Incorporation of major retails within the system assists in distribution purposes and also maintenance of good relationships with customers. Just-in-time system assists in the management of the inventory ensures balance is maintained at each section of the supply chain. This is done through efficient distribution system brought about by the relocation of warehouses (Kotler and Keller, 2007). There is elaborate restriction on companies within the supply chain allowing them to concentrate within their line of specialization. Also the incorporation of computerized warehousing enables efficient manufacturing and distribution of products, eliminating the sense of delay. Kellogg’s organization within the supply chain ensures easy identification and implementation of necessary solutions towards marketing opportunities. The idea of incorporating appropriate computerized measuring tools assists them in the process of gaining full control of supply chain. This has enabled the company to easily partner with efficient retailers, technology and processes towards improvement of competitive advantages (Godsell et al, 2006). Improvement can be made in the management of inventories within the supply chain. This requires involvement of adequate technological processes and incorporates proper management of supplies from manufacturing processes to delivery. Implementation of right kind of inventory determines profitability levels, since inventory velocity plays integral role in the success any business (Kotler and Keller, 2007). At the same time efficiency can be reinforced within manufacturing by the use of Business Score Card which assists in making important changes within human resource and manufacturing. This implies that the overall efficiency of the processes should be improved by more than 10%. Besides focusing on quality expectations from consumers, the various aspects of production should encompass cost of production and nature of delivery. The use of supply chain order matrix should be implemented to reveal the real nature of the company’s organization (Godsell et al, 2006). Table1: Supply chain Order Matrix Metrics                              Reliability  Responsiveness  Flexibility  Cost  Assets Perfect Order Fulfilment             z                                                      Order fulfilment Cycle time                       z                                         Upside Supply Chain flexibility                                   z                         Upside Supply Chain Adaptability                                  z                         Downside Supply Chain Adaptability                                z                         SCM Cost