ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“The pirates of Caribbean: dead man’s chest” is an intriguing film that highlights the theme of supernatural. Directed by Gore Verbinski, the film describes the struggles that people undergo to achieve a personal goal. While Julia Kristeva’s essay, “something to be scared of”, highlights desire as a major anticipation of human beings. Kristeva uses three archetypes, viz. the child, mother, and father, to give a detailed description of the subject of desire. On the other hand, in Levi Strauss’s article “the structural study of the myth”, he elaborates on the subject of divinity and other human practices that fall under myths. Whereas the aforementioned essays allude from the Gore’s film, they draw key similarities and differences from each other as expounded next. Kristeva uses the family relationships to elaborate the nature of human beings. Using the nuclear family, she expounds the idea of desirability. According to her, the human heart is full of desires, but their urge always lead to fear (Kristeva 1982, p. 34). In a family, a child needs a mother for survival while a man (father) desires a woman for his physical satisfaction; however, nobody fulfils the mother’s desires. The man as the lawmaker and head of the house obstructs all the efforts of the child and mother in achieving their dreams. Comparing with Gore’s film the desire for the key (power) puts Jack and Will’s lives in danger, Kristeva confirms that each person’s passions not only breaks family ties but instils fear in case of failure. Jack’s urge is to get the key to the dead man’s chest, while a child’s dream is to overcome fear. On the other hand, the society struggles to unravel the mystery behind myths. In life, everyone pursues a unique dream. The main theme in Kristeva’s essay is fear. For instance, “Han is afraid of horses”, he fears castration, the loss of his mother’s and own sexual organs among others (Kristeva 1982, p. 34 &39). The inborn fear that a child possesses immediately after birth, drives him/her to love the mother, who acts as a shield to his/her phobias. Secondly, she gives an example of a girl who fears dog bites but sometimes peoples phobia develop into hallucinations (Kristeva 1982, p. 44) while some use the language to cover up their fears. Therefore, level of fear determines an individual’s actions or characters. On the other hand, the main theme in Strauss’ paper is about interpretation of myths in the society. He analyses the myths in respect to the cultural theory. Strauss believes the minds of all people across the world are similar. The different cultural myths have a close connection or linkage. He uses the structural theory to explain the mystery behind myths. For example, the binary opposition says, that “Two opposite and opposed terms with no intermediary always tend to be replaced by two equivalent terms which admit of a third one as mediator” (Strauss 1963, p. 224). Mythemes is the next element of structural theory, which includes the compartments that build up a myth. They assist an individual in studying a myth. According to the
Introduction The essay is a critical analysis of when a shape qualifies to be registered as a trademark under the Trade Marks Act 1994. In addition, the essay brings forth the special problems that usually arise from the registration of shapes as trademarks. It is worth noting that in this competitive business world, individuals, small as well as bigger organizations are trying to cut themselves an edge in the market with the quest of maintaining their customers and wooing those of their competitors 1 . There are indeed various ways of doing this but the issue of trademark has historically played a bigger role. Trademark refers to as an indicator, sign, shape, symbol, word, logo, phrase, image and or a combination of all these things that make one person, company as well as other entities that are legally recognized to associate with service(s) and product(s) they offer r to end-users 2 . Trademarks have been used to help differentiate goods and services from the various legally identified entities. The 1994 Trade Marks Act is a replacement for the Trade Marks Act of 1938. It is a law that governs trademarks issues in the UK and Isle of Man. The Act puts into action the First Trade Mark Directives of 1988; it also makes Madrid Protocol for International Registration of Marks an effect. The act is in four parts and three schedules 3 . It is also important to note that registration of trademark I a way of protecting intellectual property rights, this plays a major role in ensuring that competition especially in the business world and for the profit-oriented organizations and individuals are fair 4 . Part and Schedules of the Act As mentioned elsewhere in this paper, there are four parts and five schedules in the act. Part one, which constitutes fifty sections absolutely; deal with trademarks that are registered. It entails what a trademark is, the basis for refusing to register a shape, proceeding for infringement, trademarks that are registered being termed as property, licensing, how to apply in registering a mark, the expiry time of a registered mark/shape, surrender, revocation, collective, certification and invalidity. Part two addresses the issues that relate to community trademarks, Madrid Protocol as well as the provisions of the Paris convention that I associated with trademarks. The third part of the Act carters for the register, his/her powers, tasks duties, and responsibilities. Additionally, it provides for Trade Marks Registry, agents, border control of infringement of goods and articles as well as offenses and forfeiture of contrabands products. The last part is interpretation parts as well as a number of miscellaneous and other general provisions. It is worth mentioning that the schedules address issues relating to collective marks, certification marks and transitional issues, consequential and repeals and revocations in that order. Registration of shapes It is worth noting from the onset that the UK Tr
Increasing the money supply in the economy should be done with the key objective of benefiting the whole economy and ensuring that it operates at an optimum level. We should therefore exercise a lot of restraint when it comes to reducing the reserve ratio and printing more money. Increasing the supply of money in the economy will lead to the devaluation of the currency and its related consequences. Normally, increasing money supply will lead to a depreciation of the currency which might boost domestic real income, increase output and enhance the competiveness of the country’s exports; However, more often than not, it will lead to other far more adverse implications. Increased inflation is one consequence that will occur as a result of depreciation of the currency. Inflation will lead to a reduction in the purchasing power of the country because of the increase in the price of basic commodities. Therefore, consumers will bear the brunt of this monetary policy because their paychecks will be less as a result of increased costs. Besides, it will discourage investment, especially in key instruments like bonds and currencies. It will also be hard for the country to import goods and services from other countries because of the fall in the value of the currency. In the events that these imports take place, then the consumers will suffer because the importers and producers will pass the higher costs of importation to the consumers. The “end result is a “cost-push” inflation that might trigger the possibility of a wage price spiral” ( McCallum, 1999). Hence, currency devaluation will bring about inefficiencies in the market and therefore companies might find it difficult to make long plans in terms of budgeting. The inflation will also reduce productivity of the companies as most of them will start concentrating on profits and losses as a result of currency inflation and neglect products and services. The second reason as to why increasing money supply and the consequent currency devaluation should be discouraged is that it will lead to a reduction in foreign direct investment. Many international investors will be scared to invest in the country because of the unfavorable conditions brought about by the devaluation. They will be less willing to hold to government debt due to its low value. A reduction in foreign direct investment means that local firms will be less competitive because foreign investment encourages competition between local and foreign firms with the resultant effect of increasing the quality of goods produced as a result of the competiveness that is brought about by the FDI. Currency devaluation will also lead to a reduction in income generated by the government as a result of loss of revenues that accrue from foreign dir
Biorefinery concept Biorefinery concept revolves around the facilities and processes that convert biomasses to biofuels and value-added chemical compounds (Cherubini, 2010; Taylor, 2008). Photosynthesizing plant materials provide excellent sources of energy and chemicals (Rabelo et al., 2011). By adopting renewable sources of energy, it implies that the world will never run out of energy for domestic and industrial purposes. Biorefineries produce many products at the same time by taking advantage of the chemically diverse compounds found in biomasses and their intermediaries. However, research demonstrates that biorefinery is under-exploited, and the concept of energy production has many research and business opportunities. The concept utilizes knowledge from microbiology, biotechnology and physics (Menon & Rao, 2012). Biorefinery processes A typical biorefinery could involve the following four processes:  1. Pre-treatment  2. Enzymatic hydrolysis  3. Fermentation and bio-reactions  4. Separation and recovery In the first process, biomass is fed into a biorefinery plant. The biomass could be algae, grass or water hyacinth, among other photosynthetic materials. At this stage, the biomass is mixed with chemicals and the product from the pre-treatment tank is biomass pulp. The biomass pulp is directed to the second biorefinery process where grains and enzymes are fed into the tank. This second process involves the enzymatic breakdown of the biomass pulp by enzymes. Enzymes that are used to digest the biomass pulp are chosen based on the properties of the biomass raw materials. It could be easy to predict the properties of biomass pulp based on the raw materials used. The enzymatic process leads to the formation of simple sugars. The simple sugars are fed into the third stage of the biorefinery plant (Octave & Thomas, 2009). The processes at the third stage involve fermentation and bio-reactions. Microorganisms are mixed with the simple sugars to initiate fermentation and bio-reactions. The fermentation and bio-reactions lead to the formation of bio-products which are fed into the fourth and final process of a biorefinery. The final process involves separating and recovering the major products of the biorefinery (Octave & Thomas, 2009). The end-products could be renewable fuels, feed products and/or specialty chemicals. The four processes discussed above are well designed to ensure that a biorefinery plant is economically viable. In other words, a cost-benefit analysis should prove that a biorefinery plant produces products that have higher economic value than the production cost (Octave & Thomas, 2009). Biomasses in our project Microalgae Research demonstrates that some species of algae could be utilized as biomass in biorefineries to yield ethanol (Efremenko et al., 2012). Ethanol is a source of energy for domestic and industrial uses. There have been issues that limited research exists in the utilization of microalgae in ethanol production, and more research is needed to fully utilize the benefits of algae in biorefineries (Parmar, Singh, Pandey, Gnansounou & Madamwar, 2011). Algae are either autotrophic or heterotrophic. Autotrophic
Decision-making is one of the most difficult responsibilities held by managers at different levels of an organization. Finney (1) believes that information is political and controlling it gives the manager power in the organization. According to Schuman (1) today’s Chief Information Officers (CIOs) at large organizations have restricted direct power as compared to most other top-level executives. They therefore have to push IT/business agenda through persuasion, as well as, maintaining positive relationship with other stakeholders of the organization. In Overstock.com, Shawn Schwegman, the CIO, wrote a letter to the company’s key business partners explaining the technologies failures experienced by the company as a result of lack of upgrading/updating. He explained several system problems which were experienced in the organization giving his opinion on how best to solve the problems, as well as, asking them for their support and understanding (Strassmann 3). The information sent to the company’s partners included what Schuman (12) says is what every company yearns to hear from their distributors CIO; an impending system updates. However, when the information leaks out, he claims that the meaning had been misunderstood since he had simplified technical information to enable non-technical stakeholders to understand. This incident demonstrates communication challenges that a Chief Information Officer has to handle especially in organizations which are privately/publicly owned. The course of action that was taken by Schwegman was not a good organizational politics since it was politically risky even though he had provided valuable information to business clients. According to Schuman (13) the CIO communicated too much information to the stakeholders. Much of what he had presented was negative news and could have led to his sacking. This case represents Schwegman’s pessimistic nature though he is regarded by the company as a technology veteran. Given that the CIO is an engineer who understands Overstock.com’s Information System and therefore can diagnose any glitch within the system, and begin figuring out ways to improve the system without involving other stakeholders which included the company’s organizational buyers (Qais International 3). As the CIO, he should have given the problem a mental approach. He should be able to anticipate problems within the company’s information system since he is considered as an ultimate programmer. His external communication with outside stakeholders generated a conflict between the company’s top executives and Overstock.com’s partners. The information that he unofficially sent to the company’s partners was misinterpreted and created discomfort among them, having informed them that the upgrading could create some problems for them during initial stages of implementation. One major question that worried the partners was: what if the whole upgrading project goes off course? Honesty may sometimes be the best political move but not always. The information Schwegman passed on to the partners was also not a good organizati
Evaluating Organizational Structure   * The organizational structure of a company is the pattern according to which the company executives control and coordinate the affairs of the company on a daily basis.   * The organizational structure is influenced by the objectives of the company and tailored by its marketing strategy (Berkowitz & Wolff, 1999). The ideal organizational structure would require less stress for its smooth transition from one business year to another. McDonalds Burger King is a company that produces fast food around the world. Their control and management of production and sale are influenced by the organizational structure of the company. The case of McDonalds Burger would be used to analyse the term. MacDonald’s Burgers supplies junk food globally and the chain of supply would be consistent if the company would have a competitive advantage (FAO Corporate Document Repository , 2003). McDonald’s Organizational Structure McDonald’s Burger utilizes a central strategic plan that operates on a geographic organizational structure. Thus, the operations of the company are centralized and similar in different regions. However, implementing strategic decisions could be risky. For example the market survey in China requires that junk food should be served with plenty meat while this is different in the United State. By implication, the production department would be tailored according to the business strategy in a particular region. The control of information, job description and responsibilities, communication between different departments and the smooth operations of the company are products of a good organizational structure (Unterman & Davis, 1984). Features of an Ideal Organizational Structure  1. Control: It is a structured hierarchy that controls all the decisions and policy change of the company  2. Organizational culture : This consists of regulations and rules that bind the company. This rule regulates the operations of the employees in the company.  3. Job description and responsibilities: This aspect consists of the responsibilities of each employee and the division of labour for each department. The workforce could be temporal or permanent, full-time or part time. Division of labour influences the success of the organization. Job description and responsibilities can be subdivided into four categories. They include:  1. Policy maker: These groups of individuals decide on the working conditions of the business and fashion out an alternative method of marketing through quality research.  2. Transformation point: The individuals in this job division transform the policy to market strategy.  3. Integration process: The job description of the group of individuals consists of integrating the policy and the market strategy of the company.  4. Support personnel: They render support to the entire workforce that drives the organizational mechanism. Features of productive organizational structure The common features of different organizational structure include organizational change. This is the process whereby the company changes plan and strategy over time in order to meet the desired objective. Ch
Introduction Market orientation has seen the improvement of hospitals’ services. Patients are receiving fair services thus few cases of collision with between the staff and the patients. It should therefore be encouraged and made an international goal. It has also boosted the level of employment and marked a certain standard of marketing. Hospital services have developed a sense of competition thus more quality in the provision of services. The type of hospital community orientation activity is a “community-based excellence enhancement” program. This involves the cooperation of hospitals with business, public health organizations, and others to improve public health status by the distribution of information on quality of care and costs.Thus a community orientation is the natural product of a commitment to progressive quality development (Stavins, 2004). What created the change The change was as a result of massive complaints of health cases.Provision of poor services that saw patients die when the alternative could have saved their lives. The public health organizations and NGO’s saw to it that the individual governments adhered to the complaints that involved health issues. This activity started in the more developed countries like the United Kingdom and proceeded to the developing countries. International agencies such as the World Health Organization fueled this change.This they did through aid of basic equipments and machinery and equipments. Doctors attended forums and went through further studies to acquire the knowledge and skills for this change. The business aspect also played a major role in this change. They contributed their skills in marketing to the health organizations (Fottler et. al, 2006). How the quality of service changed and reasons for the change Hospital provision of preventive and health support services became positively associated with joint project membership and network involvement, the distribution of such services among hospitals, the use of the public health status information, and hospital magnitude. Hospitals’ strategic importance changed considerably between the years; 1996-1997 and 2000-2001. Before this hospitals basically competed on price by means of “wholesale” strategies (Noonan & Savolaine, 2001). Non-price competition was becoming adversely necessary and was enlivening “retail” strategies; this meant that provision of services to attract independent physicians and their patients. This change was due to the less than expected selective astringent and capitated compensation plans. The hospital market is more strenuous and price rivalry remains comparatively significant as compared to the 1970s (Nelson, Weeks & Campfield, 2008). As a CEO of the Hospital, I would Approach the Marketing Issues as follows: First and foremost, I will need to put into consideration the recent and updated marketing strategies. Issues such as marketing method, strategic planning that is effective enough to survive the competitive health market is highly essential. I will need to formulate plan
Web Architecture: Establishing Recovery Solution for Tony’s Chips Website The modern externally-hosted Web services are vulnerable to redundancy and downtime. The concerns primarily refer to the Internet pages that represent famous marketing companies. Tony’s Chips store, which specializes in fast food delivery, receives much attention of the customers. Consequently, a secure and elaborate site is required so that the clients of the industry had a chance to get acquainted with the products, prices, and delivery regulations through the Internet. Moreover, the Internet-mediated ordering of production is a facet of any fast food industry since it ensures a consistent economy of the clients’ time. Therefore, this paper targets a strategy of a redesigned internal website development. The web distributed system planning regards several principles that ensure its security. These are performance, availability, scalability, manageability, cost, and reliability (Matsudaira, 2012). Thus, the improved website project has to account for fast response rates and instant recovery, for even some short-term downtimes can result in the company losing its customers. Moreover, a considerable space for traffic handling must be developed as well as a precise system of search engines has to be optimized. The site system should be available for easy surfing and managi