ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article Noninfectious Causes of Fevers in adults by Steele, Franco-Paredes, and Chastain (2018) summarizes that when a fever is detected in hospitalized patients, health workers begin immediate antibiotic treatment without determining the cause of the fever. This approach is incorrect since fever is not always associated with viral diseases. Therefore, before prescribing antibiotics, a healthcare professional must determine the cause of the fever. Excessive use of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance in a patient, which can be dangerous when identifying some diseases, the treatment of which is possible only with antibiotics. Fever is a symptom of an infectious process, although many noninfectious etiologies also cause fever. Scientists note that “in outpatient and inpatient settings, fever can be observed in 30-50% of patients, with the highest frequency occurring among those who enter the intensive care unit, which may be the result of many etiologies” (Steele et al., 2018, p. 38). Therefore, nurses should consider noninfectious fever through a detailed anamnesis and physical examination. Pathophysiology Pyrexia or fever is when the body’s thermoregulatory system becomes disrupted, allowing for an increase in body temperature. A healthy person’s temperature is 98.6° F (37° C) and can vary as much as 1° C throughout the body, rising or falling in some areas of the body. Thermoregulation of the body is controlled by the hypothalamic center of thermoregulation, which balances “metabolic heat production and heat generated by respiration and evaporation” (Steele et al., 2018, p. 40). Body temperature can deviate from the norm in case of violation of the mechanisms of thermoregulation. Hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature; hyperthermia is often called fever, although this is clinically incorrect. Fever and hyperthermia are two different conditions of the body. Fever can occur due to the “activation of neurons, which leads to vasoconstriction, diverting blood from the periphery to the internal organs to keep warm” (Steele et al., 2018, p. 40). In contrast, hyperthermia often results from a combination of external heat exposure and a loss of the body’s ability to lose heat when the body temperature rises above 105.8° F (41° C). At the same time, the average standard temperature for fever is 101° F (38.3° C) or higher. This temperature is often a sign of infectious disease; fever often results from complex interactions with microbial pathogens or “pyrogenic cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, ciliary neurotrophic factor, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and IF
Digital cable modem services often offer much greater access and speed than conventional telephone modems. However, the Colorado University Chemistry Department is experiencing problems with both these two parameters i.e. accessibility and speed. The paper shall look into possible causes and some recommendations are given about how to solve such problems. Possible causes One reason could be that Colorado’s University Chemistry Department’s connectors and splitters are in poor condition. It is likely that there are several users connected to one single cable line and those users are normally connected through a connector. Splitters are also particularly instrumental in allowing several cable inputs. These two types of devices are normally problematic when they have become loose or when some foreign objects are attached to them. Such connectors or splitters tend to cause losses in connectivity from time to time because of the noise interference that they may bring. (Boyes & Hellberg 35) Sometimes, there may be a problem with the computer itself that eventually manifests itself in the form of a slow internet connection. For instance, there could be some spyware that is operating within the Chemistry Department’s computers. Such spyware is often responsible for detecting internet usage and for sending ads to one’s computer. In the process of doing these, they mess up one’s processing power by using it up for noncore functions within the computer. When spyware has increased to unprecedented levels, then the internet connection can be extremely slow or the computer itself can shut down. Another problem that could have led to slow and sometimes unavailable internet is the issue of USB conflicts. Since the chemistry department has switched from an Ethernet connection to a digital cable modem service, then the type of cable used to connect its computers to a cable modem is probably a universal serial cable. Consequently, this method has eliminated the need to possess a network card. However, it has also created other problems in internet connectivity. In the event that the Chemistry department users employ printers or mice connected to USB ports, then it is likely that this could lead to a jangled-up communication system. Normally, the error message manifests itself in terms of unavailable internet or very slow connection. When computers utilize old firmware, then chances are that the cable modem may lack adequate support to be able to complete its functions in due time. The major difference between firmware and other processing software such as Microsoft is that they require frequent updates. If an internet user fails to update his or her firmware, then the
Claim It seems reasonable to state that body shaming has become a pressing issue today, given the rapid development of social media – starting from Instagram and ending with Twitter. The users of these platforms impose the standards of how people should look, which leads to the mentioned phenomenon. Body positivity and its promotion may be considered as a significant answer to such a considerable problem. Reason 1 Body positivity has become a movement that is founded on activities that deal with the current crucial adverse trends in social media. Explanation As mentioned above, body shaming comes from the imposed standards imposed by the online community, which worsens some inevitable psychological problems. Evidence Adolescents pay more attention to what makes them unique and, unlike others, paying special attention to appearance. During pubertal adjustment of the body, there are prerequisites for dissatisfaction with their body (Gam et al. 1325). Raised in a prosperous family, the child still faces difficulties in forming a positive image of his or her own body. Evidence In the social sphere, the image can have both positive and negative aspects. The positive is that every effort is made to achieve the goal through the presence of the image of the desired. At the same time, it can be dangerous at the social level if a personal conflict arises (Martínez-González et al. 6630). When society sets strict limits, teenagers lose themselves in efforts to be within these limits. Explanation of Evidence The described problems seem to be the basis of why body shaming has such a negative impact today. Reason 2 Body positivity is the only way to face the body-shaming challenge today. Explanation It seems that there are no other efficient alternatives to address body shaming. Evidence Coyne et al. demonstrate the significance of body-positive music (5). Evidence Pickett and Cunningham explore inclusive physical activity spaces, referring to the case of body-positive yoga (336). Explanation of Evidence A plethora of scholarly studies demonstrates the effectiveness of body positivity practices. Works Cited Coyne, Sarah, et al. “Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: The Effect of Lstening to Body Positive Music on Implicit and Explicit Body Esteem.” Psychology of Popular Media , vol. 10, no. 1, 2021, pp. 2–13. Gam, Rahul Taye et al. “Body Shaming among School-Going Adolescents: Prevalence and Predictors.” International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health , vol. 7., no. 4, 2020, pp. 1324–1328. Martínez-González, Marina, et al. “Women Facing Psychological Abuse: How Do They Respond to Maternal Identity Humiliation and Body Shaming?” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, vol. 18, no, 12, pp. 6627–6644. Pickett, Andrew, and George Cunningham. “Creating Inclusive Physical Activity Spaces: The Case of Body-Positive Yog
The Uniform Hospital Discharge Data Set (UHDDS) is considered as a standard form of patient data collection created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Garvin et al. (2009) cite UHDDS as the only tool for collecting data about race and ethnicity, helping examine health disparities of minorities. In this article, limitations of UHDDS in relation to race and ethnicity are discussed, and the main purpose is to disclose the implicit issues within the healthcare system that obstruct people from getting universally high-quality care. The relevance of UHDDS is connected to its uniform use and comparable patient data categories, allowing to use of information from UHDDS with other data sheets, for example, with Uniform Ambulatory Care. Two items that I learned are the different treatment in terms of care quality that people of varied ethnicities receive and the changes to the datasheet that need to be made to capture the ethnicities correctly. Garvin et al. (2009) mention that previous studies using UHDDS targeting the problem of quality of care for minorities revealed that they typically receive a lower quality of care. These outcomes compared people of minorities with other individuals receiving healthcare services and accounted for factors such as insurance, income, and others that could affect the results. The second thing is that some people may not understand the difference or relevance of categories ethnicity and race or use broad categories, for example, Asian , making it necessary to adjust data sheets such as UHDDS to collect data more accurately. Reference Garvin, H. J., Jones, T. D., & Washington, L. (2009). Data collection and reporting for healthcare disparities . HIM Body of Knowledge .
Introduction Nepotism is a deeply rooted and widespread practice in the UAE. It is viewed by many as an easier and quicker way of pursuing a personal or group agenda. Nepotism refers to favoring an individual on the basis of his or her social ties, nationality, or family relationships. It is inspired by the feeling of mutual trust. “Wasta” is the name that is commonly used in Arabic, Urdu, and other languages in Dubai to refer to nepotism. It is an acceptable and normal procedure within most of the businesses in Dubai. This is because the practice is deeply rooted in almost all sectors of the UAE economy and society (Kindsiko, 2013). Nepotism in the UAE Nepotism is widely practiced in business and media-related events. The event organizers always invite professional speakers who are either their relatives or close associates. This leaves little room for diversity in such events that have gained publicity in the UAE today. Nepotism is so even in UAE that the preferred speakers in business or media events are not adequately qualified to discuss the subject of the event. This is because they always advocate for specific ideologies and principles through various platforms that they are privileged to use when sharing their ideas. Furthermore, the constant faces that dominate these events create a monotonous environ
The Letter of James or the Epistle of James is one of the twenty-one didactic letters in the New Testament. It is an epistle of an uncertain age that was written approximately between 42 and 100 A.D. There is little information about this document, and it itself does not provide many clues as to for whom, when, and where it was created. Moreover, its authorship also causes many debates and discussions since it is not obvious who precisely wrote the Book of James. There are several possible options, and each of them is doubted by certain scientists and religious people but has a number of proofs that make it reliable. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the authorship of the Letter of James. This didactic text’s writer never actually identifies himself as to which precisely “James” he is. The first line simply states: “James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ,” who writes to “the twelve tribes scattered among the nations.” Therefore, the fact that the author of this holy text is actually a person close to Jesus and God and is their servant is quite enough for some believers to follow its advice and lessons. Such a person can never lie or write some non-trustworthy ideas since he serves the Lord. However, the presence of a specific name makes people curious and willing to find out who the real author is. One of the versions that seem pretty reliable is that it was James the half-brother of Jesus who wrote this didactic letter. This version is traditional, and it has many proofs that point to its truthfulness. During the Savior’s time on earth, this James was not Jesus’s follower, but he finally became an apostle in Paul’s vein. James was the one who had believed in and seen the post-resurrection of the Lord and became one of the Jerusalem church’s leaders. After comparing James’s letters and speech with the text of the book of James, it is possible to find a number of similarities of phrasing and language. Moreover, the brother of Jesus was an essential figure in the church, well-known by a significant number of people. Therefore, he did not need to clarify his personality, and that is why the author names himself simply “James.” Another version that seems to me rather reliable is that the writer of this didactic letter is James the brother of John, who is also the author of many holy texts. James might have written this book after the Jewish Christians scattered around 35 A.D. and before he died in 43 A.D. However, if it were him, he would have probably clarified his personality since he was not as well-known as James the brother of Jesus. Moreover, John’s brother more likely would have called himself not a servant but an apostle of Jesus Christ. These small inconsistencies are severe enough to make this version less likely. To draw a conclusion, one may say that the authorship of the Book of James will probably remain a secret. However, is it actually that important to know the real author of this didactic letter? It already has a significant influence on people, and the members of the Christian comm
Introduction Global use of tobacco is growing rapidly and consequently contributing to the global burden of disease. Currently, 50% of men and 9% of women in developing countries smoke, as compared with 35% of men and 22% of women in developed countries. According to WHO report, tobacco was ranked fourth among the ten leading risk factors in terms of avoidable disease burden and remains high on the list in the 2010 projections (Lloyd, 1998). Many cases of illness have been reported to be caused by tobacco and nicotine smoking. In the year 2000, tobacco alone contributed 5% of lung illness. In addition, males have been more prone to smoking illness especially in the United States and United Kingdom. The main reason why smoking is widely used is the immediate effects that result after smoking. People smoke for the pleasure associated with it while others smoke for social reasons. In the recent decade, vast research on smoking has widely improved our understanding of human physiology and behavior (Goodwin & Hamilton, 2002). The research has further reported that addition is a biological brain disease which can be chronic or relapsing in nature. The main reason wh
Introduction The cosmological argument presented by Clarke differs quite significantly from that provided by other well known philosophers even though all of these arguments are based on the fact that every being has a cause. Clarke’s argument stands out because the author draws a very sharp contrast between contingent and necessary beings. This paper looks at Clarke’s cosmological argument. Specifically, it provides a thesis and proceeds to give a discussion on the argument, objections, and responses by different scholars. Key points are summarized toward the end. Thesis The opinion expressed in this paper is in line with Clarke’s argument which alleges that all beings are dependent on one being that has been in existence for several years, with other beings considered to be contingent or dependent on it (Slater 185). In addition, there exists a very solid reason to explain the existence of every event or thing that has come to be. For this reason, there is nothing that can exist without a good explanation for its existence. According to Taliaferro, Draper and Quinn (116), the general understanding based on Clarke’s argument is that every being must have a cause. Argument To a large extent, Clarke’s argument is based on the claim that every single truth is based on the fact that it must be true in the virtue of something that is quite distinct from it, and also on the assumption that some propositions would be necessarily true even in the absence of finite minds (Taliaferro, Draper and Quinn 118). Consequently, it follows that necessary truths could not be true in the virtue of facts regarding human psychology alone. Arguably, all truths are true in the virtue of the forms existing outside of any mind. In his argument, Clarke endeavors to show that at least one independent being has been in existence for eternity. According to Clarke, every being is either a dependent being or an independent being. The assumption that every being is dependent is thus false. Consequently, there exists an independent being as well as a necessary being. Generally, there are at least three different ways of looking at the expression “necessary being”. First of all, it is alleged that a being is factually necessary if it does not casually rely on any other being and all other beings depend on it. This is the feature of necessary being that is vital to theism. As it applies to things or events, contingent implies dependent or caused. In other words, one thing or event is contingent upon another. On the contrary, necessary refers to the fact that one thing or event does not in any way depend on another. Moreover, it is necessary for other things to depend on it. A certain thing is regarded as being necessary if it happens to be indispensable. This kind of necessity is referred to as factual necessity. Being a theist implies that one has a strong belief in the existence of God, who is factually necessary with all other things being contingent or dependent on him. Clarke’s version of the cosmological argument depends upon a very general version of the principle of
Language is a complex phenomenon which can be viewed from different perspectives. On the one hand, the simplest view of language is that it is a means of communication and rendering essential information. On the other hand, not only language itself but the way it is used can bear significant meaning as well. Mastering a language in written and spoken word testifies to a certain social standing of a person. Therefore, for some people language is a privilege that allows them to rise not only above animals but also above other people whose command of language is lower. On a certain level, knowledge can become painful to its bearer, depending on the kind of information acquired. Frederick Douglass’ experience shows that the skills of reading and writing do not always bring peace to mind. Once Douglass could read, he learned about the flagrant injustice towards the black population. This knowledge tormented him and he “would at times feel that learning to read had been a curse rather than a blessing” (Douglass 97). However, the desire to escape from the “mental darkness” he was doomed to by his white owners still prevailed in Douglass’ heart (Douglass 95). Mastering the language in reading and writing helped him to realize the true state of things. For Douglass, literacy started to associate with the notion of freedom, since through learning to read and write he grasped the basic ideas on human rights infringement and the necessity for abolition of slavery. Language as a privilege of the educated upper-class serves as a token of social success and recognition. For Amy Tan, there exist several “Englishes” which differ depending on the situation of speaking and on the people who take part in the conversation (Tan 249). On the one hand, there is her mother’s “broken” English, a random compilation of words not linked with each other grammatically and barely making sense to an unprepared listener (Tan 250). On the other hand, there is the grammatically and lexically perfect English Tan speaks to native speakers. The contrast between the two languages is obvious not only in the outward sentence structure. It can be observed in the way those two variations of language are perceived by other people. In a conflict situation with the hospital staff, it appears that speaking “broken” English downgrades a person to a level of a statistical unit. And only showing one’s education and social standings through perfect English earns respect and access to the appropriate social benefits. Certain words have great power and meaning in a language. The intricate ways language works is shown by Andrew Sullivan, who demonstrates the forbidden nature of the word ‘marria
Temple Grandin , a 2009 film, is a captivating composition of Christopher Monger assisted by William Johnson. The movie is founded on a book written by Temple Grandin, featuring the account of her life. Steered by Mick Jackson, the film stars characters like Julia Ormond, David Strathairn, Claire Danes, and Catherine O’Hara. Through these characters, the movie brings to light the interesting story of Temple Grandin, a young woman who rises beyond what is expected of autistic people. The missy Grandin becomes a performing proficient veterinary despite her mental disorders. According to Jackson, the student life of Grandin, the film is an illustration sufficient to confirm the old adage ‘Disability is not inability.’ The film is a journey through the life and calling of Temple Grandin, a qualified physician, conversant with the field of livestock industry. Her compounded reputation is attributed to her efforts in advocating for the issue of autism. Being an autistic woman, Grandin discovers a machine that assists those suffering from autism. Despite the achievements, Grandin’s entire life stands dominated by her functioning autism. The film features the struggles encountered by Grandin’s mother in her endeavor to raise her daughter normally. Because of the disorder, Grandin cannot join her normal friends in school, a situation that forces her mother to find an academic institution that best accommodates Grandin. Grandin’s endowments stand in the film when she invents some cattle treatments, which work against the pains experienced by livestock during the slaughtering process. This invention is highly applied in America today. However, Jackson does not neglect the other side of Grandin’s life. He technically brings clear the trials and sufferings faced by the young Grandin. The film unveils the mistreatments experienced by the girl, through not only her friends and classmates, but also her very own family members owing to her disorder. As a result, Grandin’s pronounced courage dominates her when she chooses to walk in the direction of her dreams. She imagines of a day when the situation will be better, which marks the reason behind her autism-related intelligence that drives her towards inventing the hug machine that eases the struggles of autistic people. This machine takes after another she had seen from her auntie, used for calming cattle. The most appealing episode in the film is the interesting presentation by Claire Danes, who plays the part of Grandin. Danes precisely fits herself into the shoes of the afflicted Grandin, physically, spiritually, as well as emotionally. It proves hard for the viewer to tell Dane from the real Grandin in that, she suffices to highlight th