ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Monopolistic competition is a situation in the market where there are multiple sellers with similar but differentiated products. These products are substitutes as they perform similar functions with the point of difference manifested in terms of branding, packaging, or any other form of differentiation capable of attracting consumers. This type of competition in the market is also characterized by easier market entry and exit for operators. The existing operators have cut their own niches and do not resort to restrict new market entries as they in no way present challenges to their market shares. The operators are also free to set the prices of their products irrespective of the competitors’ moves or reaction as the competition is based on non-price related factors (Deneckere and Michael, 1992). Monopolistic competition is best represented by the motor vehicle market. In a situation where there are many manufacturer selling cars, they will each have their own market segments depending on the nature of the differentiating factors they have incorporated into their products. The basic function performed by these cars is to move the users from one point to another. However, there are users who will prefer either fast, comfortable, four wheel drive, or even different colors for their cars. The manufacturers will differentiate the cars according to these factors in order to gain competitive edges to attract particular customers. Figure 1 In figure one above; the operator is initially experiencing high demand which is represented by the average revenue curve. As more competitors gain market entry, they will offer substitutes to the operator’s goods. Assuming the operator’s product is not differentiated further the new demand will now be at the marginal revenue curve showing a decrease in demand due to loss of customers to competitors. External costs and benefits These are the third party effects that arise in the course of production and consumption of output and which are not accounted for. This is simply because they are felt by individuals outside the market in terms of the spill over effects. External costs are those that are incurred by parties outside the market for which they are not compensated for. On the other hand external benefits are those that are enjoyed by parties outside market and for which they do not pay for (Murty and Robert, 2005). External costs can take the form of pollution by an industry caused by emission of toxic gases into the atmosphere. When this happens, there are various consequences that are felt by third parties. The toxic gases lead to acidic rain which corrodes iron roofs as well as destroying forests. Furthermore they also harm the ozone layer which leads to exposure to direct sun rays that can result in skin cancer. These costs are incurred by parties that did not participate in the initial activity that caused them (Pannell, 2008). On the other hand, external benefits can best be explained by the effects that research and development programs have on people’s lives. Normally very few people engage in or contribute to research programs. In the event that these programs yield quality inn
Confidence intervals are statistical tools that help measure the uncertainty of a sampled variable. Due to technical limitations and a lack of resources, researchers cannot use the general population, so they have to restrict themselves to small representative samples. Extrapolating the measured value from the sample to the population is risky, so confidence intervals can reduce this uncertainty (El-Masri, 2012). In the clinical sciences, the use of confidence intervals proves crucial because it minimizes threats to public health by specifying quantities. For example, when developing drugs in market quantities, it is critical to use the exact value of the active agent, and using a 99% confidence interval creates a requirement of near-analytical accuracy for calculating the mass of that substance. Another example is comparing the results of multiple patient-responder groups to develop preventive measures for reliable results (El-Masri, 2012). In fact, there are more opportunities to use confidence intervals of varying accuracy in health care. For population mortality counts, including COVID-19, it is critical to be consistent and provide the most reliable statistical measurements. A confidence interval allows us to cover the weakness in the form of uncertainties due to natural variation and dynamics. Thus, confidence intervals in the medical sciences are used to improve accuracy and minimize errors, the price of which can be equal to human lives and health. A convenience sampling method was used to collect the ten growth data, which consisted of interviewing the respondents most conveniently available to the experiment initiator. Not every person in the population had an equally likely chance of being selected for the study, and thus the likelihood of systematic errors and bias increased. Instead, I could divide the class into separate clusters so that they differed significantly from each other (McCombes, 2019). I would select 1-2 respondents from each cluster to increase diversity and representativeness: this is a stratified sampling method. However, it is not known for certain where and how the data was collected by the professor.   * For a sample of twenty respondents, the mean was 70.4.   * Using MS Excel, a 95% confidence interval was calculated for the previously calculated mean. This was as follows: 95% [66.6, 74.2].   * The 95% confidence interval was that the true mean height for the general population was between 66.6 and 74.2 inches. It is well seen that as the accuracy of the confidence interval is increased (up to 99%), the margins are more comprehensive because the probability of being confident in the location of the actual population value is increased. In other words, for a 95% confidence interval, there is a 5% probability of being wrong, but for a 99% interval, this probability is reduced to 1%. Consequently, the final interval must be wider to cover more values. The ME value indicates how much the calculated value will differ from the real value. When the confidence interval is increased to 99% (widening the range), the ME is naturally higher because the spread
Brown v. Mississippi and Miranda v. Arizona are two landmark cases that strongly define how police officers should conduct their investigation after arresting the suspects. According to Emanuel (2009), sometimes security agencies may find themselves in an awkward situation where they have to rely on the evidence provided by the suspect. This is common in cases where they can determine the motive, means, and how the crime was committed, but are unable to present a witness to confirm the events which took place. Self-incriminating confessions have widely been used by the investigators as the only testimony that indeed a given crime was committed by a suspect. In this paper, the researcher will analyze the effect of Brown v. Mississippi and Miranda v. Arizona cases on police work. Analysis of the Cases Brown v. Mississippi was a case where three Black farmers Ed Brown, Arthur Ellington, and Henry Shields were accused of murdering Raymond Stuart, a White farmer. The investigators did not have any other witnesses to testify, although they were able to determine the motive of the murder. The officers, therefore, used torture to force the three suspects in their custody to testify. The three made self-incriminating confession in regard to the accusations leveled against them and their statements were used against them in lower courts. The lower courts accepted their confessions and used them as the basis to sentence them. However, the Supreme Court overturned that decision and held that any self-incriminating confession obtained from a suspect through torture violates Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause (Anderson & Brooks, 2007). Miranda v. Arizona was a case where Miranda Ernest was arrested and charged of kidnapping and rape of an 18 year old girl (Sonneborn, 2004). The circumstantial evidence that the investigators obtained linked the suspect to the crime, but the police officers were unable to get a confession from an eye-witness or stronger evidence that would eliminate any doubt that indeed he committed the crime. The officers, therefore, informed him to give an oral and written confession of his crime. At the time of giving his oral confession, the suspect was not informed of his right to remain silent and to get a lawyer as enshrined in the Fifth Amendmen
Researches, studies, and even stipulations of the spiritual books have all pointed out that the human being is made up of more than the physical appearance seen from outside. It has been found out that apart from the physical body, the real human being is an inner person that is pure and free from environmental formations. The self is therefore the identity or an individual’s own being as portrayed by a conscious reflection. It is an identity that is separate from the environment. To have a clear picture of what ‘the self’ means, several ways have been designed. Among the most common and widely used ways of self, the approach is self-esteem and self-concept. self-esteem refers to how an individual views himself from an emotional or affective aspect. This refers to how an individual feels about himself and also how the individual values himself. This can also be referred to as self-worth. On the other part, self-concept refers to the way an individual views himself from a thinking or cognitive aspect. Purkey, (1988) refers to it as, “…the totality of a complex, organized and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes, and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence.” While self-esteem and self-concept are slightly different, they are so closely related that some authors even use them interchangeably. In addition, they work so closely that one directly affects the other. Franken (1994) clearly points out that good self-esteem directly corresponds with a favorable self-concept. He further points out that an individual can maximize outcomes if he clearly knows himself because this can assist him to know his strong points and his weaknesses. It is from the self-concept that one develops his motivated behavior. This is because behavior motivation basically depends on the possible selves which are directly dependent on the self-concept. What does this mean to an individual’s behavior and vision? From this, it is possible to rule out that the way an individual views the world and his reaction towards the view dictates the boundaries from which he can estimate his possibilities. How is self-concept developed? As mentioned in the definition of self-concept by Purkey, it is evident that the self-concept develops from a “complex system of learned beliefs.” This means that self-concept develops through learning from self and from others. When an individual takes an action, he later looks back to reflect on what he has done. In addition, other people around him make their comments concerning the action taken by the individual. However, “self-concept” cannot be considered an innate phenomenon because it is a product of the individual’s environmental interactions and the reflections construed from the interaction. From the reflections of the interaction, one is able to ascertain the level of his capability. In addition, the individual is able to combine his own expectations and the expectations of others and the abilitie
Introduction “Epilogue: China in Larger Contexts” is a chapter from the book A History of Chinese Political Thought written by Youngmin Kim. It focuses on Chinese history from the period when the Qing dynasty began its ruling and was replaced by the Republic of China. This era was characterized by the formulation of Chinese identity, the status of “central efflorescence”, and the relationships between East Asian countries, including the Korean Chosŏn, Vietnam, and Japan, before and during the expansion of European countries. This chapter tells about China’s growth regardless of the challenges and concerns that existed between the neighbors and was based on various political and cultural allegiances (Kim, 2017). To become the strong Republic of China, the Qing dynasty had to contribute to the foundation of collective identity and establish its operational power in a large context. Main body The author offers to consider the rise of China as a global power through the prism of its relationships with the nearest neighbors. For example, it is said Korean Chosŏn cherished its political hope for the Ming dynasty’s return to China (Kim, 2017). In the beginning, they used the concept of “central efflorescence” as the ideology that introduced a “weapon of the weak” in the hands of the Qing dynasty (Kim, 2017). With time, when the Qing demonstrate its military power and global intentions, even the most confident intellectuals of the Chosŏn accepted a new dynasty and its ideology as a possibility to unite the whole nation that was free from barbarians and open for new negotiations. In addition, some Asian countries wanted to strengthen their positions in the face of the coming European expansion. Vietnam was afraid of the French conquerors, and Japan did not want to lose its stability and independence from the outside world. Conclusion To survive a fast-spreading European impact, China had to improve its understanding of place and identity. The Qing used the idea of “central efflorescence” as a new center of civilization (Kim, 2017). The flow of capital, new technologies, and globalization were used to promote market-oriented progress. The Republic of China followed the principle of collective intentionality according to which the population became able to create new standards and make the world follow them. The history of the Republic of China was based on contradictions, doubts, and high expectations that strengthened its people and proved its power in the eyes of the neighbors, friends, and enemies. Question The age of globalization and the spread of new technologies have a considerable impact on the rapid rise of Chinese powers around the whole world. Still, what is the exact role of such factors as identity, self-understanding, and “central efflorescence” during the expansion of the European empires for China, in general, and for the Qing dynasty, in particular? Refe
Introduction Improving quality of healthcare services is one of the key areas of management in many hospitals. According to Bergeron (2006, p. 37), whenever patients visit a healthcare facility, it is always the expectation of everyone that their problems will be addressed adequately to their satisfaction. In an effort to improve the quality of healthcare services, scholars have conducted researches on indicators that can be used to determine whether a given hospital or department within a hospital is performing as per the expected standards. These indicators help in identifying the gaps that might exist in a given department when offering services to the patients. It is appropriate to focus on specific departments when analyzing the indicators. In this study, the researcher will focus on the surgery department at Sheikh Khalifa Medical City. This department was chosen because of its strategic importance and sensitivity. They handle patients in acute conditions and they require highly specialized equipment in order to deliver quality services. The researcher will look at ten indicators falling under the categories of structure, process, and outcome. Structure Indicators Quality manpower The first indicator in this category is the quality manpower that is needed to address various surgical processes. The rationale for selecting this indicator is to ensure that the surgical department at Sheikh Khalifa Medical City has the right team of experts that can deliver quality care to patients. This indicator has a rich source of literature given its relevance in healthcare institutions. Data was collected from journals and books. According to Marr (2014, p. 73), the surgical department requires a team of highly qualified and experienced professionals with the capacity to handle delicate processes in this unit. Sheikh Khalifa Medical City has some of the best qualified surgical doctors and nurses in this region (Challis & Clarkson, 2006). This indicator is classified as a structure because it defines the capacity and preparedness of this department to address various surgical procedures. This indicator included patients who were unconscious at the time of the surgical process. Those who are conscious- especially because the surgical process is simple- were excluded from the study. Data collection was done after every three months by auditing the manpower within the department. The target goal for this indicator is to have the right manpower within the surgical department with the capacity to meet the needs of patients. Equipment and supplies The second indicator in this category is the equipment and supplies within the surgical department at Sheikh Khalifa Medical City.
Rudeness in the American business environment is explored by many articles, each of which considers this topic from a different perspective. The paramount question is whether Americans tend to be ruder in their interactions at the workplace or not. It is essential to pay attention to the modern context and people involved in communication to understand the identified topic in an in-depth manner. In the US, workplace incivility is detected in various forms and interactions as found in the systematic review of the recent literature performed by Schilpzand, De Pater, and Erez (2014). In particular, the authors provide the review of more than 20 articles and conclude that workplace incivility is largely caused by sexism and racial discrimination. At the same time, several incivility forms are explored, including witnessed, experienced, and instigated (Schilpzand et al., 2014). The communication with coworkers, partners, and supervisors tend to become ruder because of conflicts associated with culture, role ambiguity, job satisfaction, organizational issues, and so on. Discussing the results of the study by Schilpzand et al. (2014), one should note that it provides a rather detailed excursus to understanding the overall workplace incivility in the US. These findings seem to be useful to be utilized in the future research, thus coming up with relevant strategies on the reduction of rudeness. Most importantly, the attitudes of perpetrators and situational antecedents discovered in the article outline the key issues to be taken into account while working on the problem. Such outcomes as work exhaustion, distrust, a lack of reciprocity, exclusion, exchange partner quality, et cetera should be targeted in terms of workplace incivility elimination. Driven by the global changes, the American business environment also largely applies the benefits of the digital world. Washington, Okoro, and Cardon (2014) explore the perceptions of business professionals regarding the use of mobile phones in formal and informal contexts. Based on two studies, the authors state that workplace use of smartphones is considered inappropriate during business meetings even though they are perceived as an integral part of the modern world. Another trend is that young workers accept mobile phones during formal meetings more than others, while women reflect less approval for checking messages and calling (Washington et al., 2014). Thus, the study shows that workplace rudeness, as reported by participants, may be expressed in mobi
A consumer survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has shown that a majority of North Americans are not aware of the infectious diseases they are at risk neither of nor of the immunizations that can prevent them. The national survey found that only 2.1%of 18-64 year olds have been immunized for tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough. Even more alarming was that immunization as a preventative against shingles for people over the age of 60 was as low as 1.9%. Further recognized was that influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates among the elderly have fallen very short of the 90% set for national targets. The National Foundation for Infectious Diseases (NFID) has made a call for physicians to increase the use of immunizations amongst older citizens so that unnecessary illnesses do not develop which drain economic budgets for public health (Ebersole, Hess, Touhy, Jet, & Luggen, 2008). The CDC suggest that older adults be immunized against a variety of infectious diseases: chickenpox, diphtheria, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus/cervical cancer (HPV), influenza, measles, meningococcal disease, mumps, pertussis (whooping cough), pneumococcal disease, rubella, shingles and tetanus. It may be that the frequency for shots are part of the hurdle to meet national targets, with time being short people may not have adequate access to a GP to obtain or update their immunizations (Melillo, & Houde, 2005). For example, the vaccination against cervical cancer for women is a three-dose course. Whereas tetanus need only be re-given every 10 years; chickenpox, measles and mumps are considered to be one off vaccinations’ and influenza an annual one; hepatitis and meningococcal usually require more than 2 doses. Turning now to preventative gerontology the focus shall be on telehealth or telemedicine. The USA has a rapidly increasing population of older citizens (Halter, 2009). More older people are seeking medical aid as compared to any other age group. As such, how the health care system and society in general care for the aged is a huge challenge for future health and social care systems (Field, 1996). Thus technological alternatives and automating of some processes to better enable independent living, safer living, more meaningful living and a high standard of coordination and information updating for nurses (Hazzard, 2005). Information technology (IT) is now a given part of nurses training at university and in the field. Technology and networks of computers able to utilize a variety of software enable preventative medicine to be taken to a whole new level. Patients/clients can monitor themselves or the nurse has an alternative form of real-time measurements (Gardiner, 1995). It is no longer necessary for face-to-face consultations as tele-diagnostics and even operations can take place. Hence, future medicine in the USA is heavily dependant on the use of technology and the implementation of telehealth for preventative gerontology. Telemedicine can help with GNP in educating patients and clients about lifestyle risk factors