ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Lake Tahoe, which is located between the Carson range and Sierra Nevada Mountains, ranks as one of the spectacularly clear and blue alpine lakes in the world. Its clean water enables a substantial amount of sunlight to reach greater depths. During the period ranging between 1968 and 2000, the lake’s clarity declined at an average rate of 9 inches annually. This aspect pushed the lake into losing 33 per cent of its unique clarity. In 1975, a standard to improve the lake’s clarity with a margin of 100 feet was formulated. The lake’s decline in clarity hinges on an increment in the volume of pollutants. Additionally, studies conducted by scientists reveal that Lake Tahoe is experiencing and environmental emergency. The emergency emanates from increased destruction of the watersheds and wetlands. Due to increased environmental degradation and pollution, it has become difficult for the lake’s ecosystem to cleanse itself (Schladow Para. 1). Overview of the paper The paper entails a comprehensive description of the environmental issues being experienced at Lake Tahoe by analyzing the clarity of the lake and the major pollutants causing loss of clarity. The paper also carries out an analysis of strategies to deal with the environmental issues coupled with describing an economic rationale of the strategies implemented and the available options to deal with the issue. Description of the environmental issue Clarity of Lake Tahoe: One of the main reasons that have contributed to Lake Tahoe’s clarity emanates from the fact that 40 per cent of rainwater falls directly on the lake’s watershed. The remaining water drains into the lake through meadows and marshes, which are very effective in filtering foreign particles. In 1968, the clarity was at its best with a depth of 100 feet. However, developments within the lake basin are facilitating disturbance of the filtering system, hence culminating in a decline in the clarity of the lake water. Currently, one can only see up to a depth of 70 feet, which means that the lake is losing its clarity at an average rate of 1 foot per year (Schladow Para. 7). Major pollutants causing Lake Tahoe’s loss of clarity Recent research conducted on the quality of water at Lake Tahoe revealed that the lake is increasingly losing its clarity. Currently, Lake Tahoe is undergoing cultural eutrophication, which entails excessive algal growth. The main pollutants include fine sediment particles and algae production (Schladow Para. 4). Over the past few years, Lake Tahoe has experienced an increment in algae production due to increased nutrients, which include phosphorous and nitrogen. The increment in the volume of fine sediments particles is increasingly reducing the amount of sunlight reaching deeper waters. The sediments deposited are microscopic with an approximate thickness of human hair. The fine sediment particles emanate from the watershed. In addition, the application of road abrasives and other activities causing soil disturbance are also leading to an increment in the volume of fine sediment particles
Summary Character education is a necessary element of school education, but it also carries some risks. Improper character education can turn into religious or ideological propaganda aimed at students. Therefore, the teacher has a great responsibility for choosing the ethical and moral basis. I believe the Golden Rule is the most beneficial aspect of character education. According to Puka (n.d.), “the most familiar version of the Golden Rule says, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” (para. 1). There are several reasons why I chose this aspect of character education. This ethical concept is one of the most widespread; most of the world religions and several minor ones postulate this principle. The Golden Rule is very easy to understand for all age groups of students. Moreover, it does not lead in any way to any ideologies, unlike, for example, utilitarianism. One can see that the Golden Rule is one of the most inclusive and safe ethical concepts. The Problem of Subjectivity of Character Education Differing ideological, religious, or cultural motives are the problem with character education that worries me the most. It is no secret that each teacher has a unique background that consists of different cultural, religious, and even ideological elements. It leads to each educator teaching students differing discrepant virtues and vices. Diverse values positively affect philosophical discourse, but the lack of consensus on common ethical principles that all members of society would follow could lead to conflicts. Moreover, the worldview of the teacher can differ significantly from that of the students. It means that some students could be offended by what the teacher tells them, which often undermines the student’s entire learning process.
Introduction Purchasing power is an important criterion for evaluating a particular market and its sustainability regarding the relationship between supply and demand. If a customer base is large enough, sellers and marketers may rely on substantial profits through the rapid sale of goods. However, in addition to demand parameters, there are other aspects that characterise purchasing power and, at the same time, cannot be predicted and calculated properly. To this type of purchasing, impulse buying refers, which is a separate area of ​​study and research. Such activity has unique features, in particular, unpredictable nature, and it is advantageous for marketers, advertisers, retailers and online deliverers. In order to analyse the characteristics of impulse purchasing from an academic point of view, a corresponding study will be conducted in Qatar to determine the motives driving customers and the nature of this phenomenon. As a methodology, a quantitative research method will be used, and as a tool, a survey will be utilised. Based on the responses obtained, corresponding statistical reports will be compiled. Such a term as impulse buying may be justified from different positions and criteria, and in each of the cases, the unique features of human habits manifest themselves. Academic Background Impulse buying is the area of ​​research that can help determine the nature of unplanned purchases and, thus, understand how consumers are subject to spontaneous desires to acquire a particular product. Suryawardani, Swastika and Hanifa (2017, p. 59) define this phenomenon as widespread and cite the results of the survey of 2012 where they found that 76% of shopping in stores was unplanned. Rook (1987) also considers this term and argues that the parameters of certain products affect consumer interest significantly, forcing them to make spontaneous purchases. In order to consider impulse buying in detail, it is essential to analyse the historical context of its occurrence. Historical Context of Impulse Purchasing Scholars began to consider the concept of impulse buying in the 20th century when certain trends were observed that affected unconscious consumer purchases. At the same time, as Shapiro (2015, p. 76) remarks, “after 40 years of research, impulse buying is still a poorly understood concept”. Despite significant progress in the field of merchandising research and consumer psychology, it is hard enough to trace the characteristic motifs and factors that uniquely affect the interests of the target audience. In the 21st century, researchers began to pay great attention to the influence of various media as stimulating factors, and Aragoncillo and Orus (2018) view this trend in the context of social networks. Kalla and Arora (2011) focus on a psychological background and also explore impulse buying in a historical context. In general, much attention is paid to this phenomenon in academic literature, despite its insufficiently disclosed nature. Nature of Impulse Buying Impulse buying is one of the consequences of internal behavioural motives
The three main procedures in criminal investigation pertain to identifying the criminal, locating and apprehending him and proving his guilt in the court. While investigating, the investigator has to rely on the three chief means of instrumentation, information and interviewing and interrogating. While Instrumentation enables the investigator to detect or rule out a suspect, information is converted into intelligence reports to detect, search and apprehend the criminal. Interview and interrogation is an important means to carry the investigation further when there is no significant physical evidence available. The main difference amongst interview and interrogation is that interviews are conducted in a pleasant and friendly manner to make the subject feel psychologically and physically comfortable while in interrogations the suspect is questioned in an interrogation room, normally under psychological pressure. The interrogator is at a psychological advantage and is said to succeed only if he gets a confession or facts of the case from the suspect. Interrogating is an art and a good investigator may not necessarily be a good interrogator. An interrogator has to act well and have good knowledge about human psychological behaviors since every suspect could be different psychologically. The subjects are made to answer specific questions during interviews as asked by investigators about the crime and other matters related to the crime. Interviews are a form of non threatening preliminary enquiries where the subject’s verbal and non verbal behaviour is observed and rapport built with them in order to extract maximum possible information in a cordial atmosphere. If the interview does not result in getting the required information despite the subject being conclusively involved in the crime, he is sent for interrogation to extract additional facts from him. Interrogators aim at bringing the investigation to a close by using varied skills in asking the subject to make statements instead of asking him questions. Interrogators do not seek information but aim at obtaining admissions and confessions (Aubrey, 1986, pp.37). However obtaining the required information is no easy task since guilty suspects often get away from the interrogation without making any confession and criminals are able to go unpunished in remaining free to commit crimes again, to the ultimate detriment of society. Successful interrogators are able to control the subjects in terms of the environment and the topics discussed. Interrogations should be conducted only when privacy and control of the environment can be guaranteed so that there is no distraction. The interrogation roo
Abstract The adolescence is one of the most important stages of development that comes with a number of challenges and personal needs. This research focused on analysing the needs of a 14-year old girl who is a younger sister to the researcher. Physical, intellectual, psychological, social, and emotional needs were analysed by observing her behaviour at home and in school. A direct interview with the young adolescent, the parents and her teachers was also conducted to help validate the observable characteristics. Moral and ethical characteristics of these needs were also analysed. Introduction The adolescents have a number of needs that should be understood by the parents and teachers in order to help them pass this developmental stage successfully. According to Rose (2007), early adolescents are always unaware of how to deal with the physical and psychological changes that take place within their bodies. The adolescent boys start developing deep voices that they are not comfortable with. Girls start the menstrual cycle that forces them to take the responsibility of managing it. Both girls and boys at this stage start experiencing other developmental changes in the body that may be confusing. The aim of this research is to determine some of the needs of the early adolescent girls and how they can be met. The context of the study was defined in order to create a clear understanding of how the data was gathered (Balen, 2004). The research was focused on a 14-year old girl who is a family member of the researcher. It was easier to conduct a research on her than other adolescents outside the family because the researcher could easily gather some of the information about her without necessarily asking her questions. The guiding question that was used in the research was to determine some of the needs that are unique to the early adolescents from various perspectives. The researcher also used the secondary sources of information in order to support the findings made from the primary data. Context According to Balen (2004), defining the context of a research is very important in a case study because it enables the readers to develop a picture of what is being investigated. The researcher based the study on three main settings. The first setting was at home where this girl spends most of her time after school, especially in the evenings, holidays, or weekends (Blake, 2008). The school was the second setting where the girl spends most of her days, while the community was the third setting. The community included the friends that the girl interacted with outside school or home setting. This was necessary to ensure that all the factors that affect the adolescents are captured. Choosing a 14-year old adolescent was perfect because it is at this stage that they start experiencing
Diagnosis: Crohn’s Disease Crohn’s disease is a chronic relapsing inflammatory intestinal disorder classified as an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) alongside ulcerative colitis. The incidence of Crohn’s disease varies strongly on geography, environment, and ethnic composition of the population. The annual incidence in North America is 3.1-20.2 per 100,000 individuals and prevalence of 201 per 100,000. Crohn’s disease is a heterogeneous disorder where the combination of genetics and environmental influence result in its manifestation (Gajendran et al., 2018). Crohn’s disease presents a variety of symptoms including abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, fever, anemia, and weight loss. Chronic diarrhea is most common but not necessarily applicable to all patients. Patients will also experience additional symptoms such as fatigue and fever. Abdominal pain is present in the right lower quarter of the abdomen. Anemia is characterized by vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Crohn’s disease is clinically diagnosed since there are no unique pathognomonic features. It is necessary to have endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic evidence of chronic intestinal inflammation alongside laboratory tests to arrive at this diagnosis (Lichtenstein et al., 2018). Differential Diagnoses The first differential diagnosis is ulcerative colitis which is also categorized as inflammatory bowel disease. However, this condition is characterized by inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract. It is very similar to Crohn’s in clinical presentation, particularly symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain that develop over time. Ulcerative colitis only affects the colon and the inner lining of the colon, while Crohn’s disease can occur in any part of the digestive tract and affects all layers of the bowel walls (Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation, n.d.b). The second differential diagnosis is appendicitis which is the inflammation of the appendix nearby the colon. Similarly, to other conditions, appendicitis creates sharp pain in the lower right abdomen, gradually becoming severe. Appendicitis should be investigated as it is an urgent condition that may require surgery. However, in many symptoms, and a radiological exam should easily identify differences as to which organ is inflamed (Mayo Clinic, 2019). The final differential diagnosis is an intestinal obstruction which is a condition that prevents normal digestion by creating a partial or total blockage in the small or large intestine. If not treated immediately, this may result in pressure building up and rupturing the intestine, becoming a life-threatening com
Change is the process of making someone or something to look different from its original view. Hence, change management is the application of techniques that deal with change, whether in an organizational setting or individually. Change is a complex aspect that is hard to adapt, despite it being constant. It is also a broad topic that needs to be split for easy understanding. There are different types of change. There are three types of change: developmental, transitional and transformational, Ackerman (1997). Developmental change is usually planned for and it involves the techniques applied so as to develop a process or skill at a certain angle in an organization. Transitional change seeks at the implementation of a new idea, totally different from the existing one being used. It is also planned. Transformational change is an assumption based type created by the members of an organization. These transformations make an organization differ in terms of its structure, strategies and its processes. There are various theories that have been put forward to explain the origin of change. There was the general Contingency Theory . It uses the principle of “it depends”. For example, when the best leadership or management has to be put forth, it would depend on the situation or institution being considered, For instance, in a hospital or university, a more participative style has to be considered since there is a lot of consultation required. According to this theory, some factors had to be considered before implementing the change that had been planned. Under management, the “depending factors”, which contribute to the change, are dependent on an organization. Other theories explaining the origin of change management are either contemporary or historical. Contemporary theories of management Systems theory has a direct impact on the adaptation of change in an organization. A system is a unified entity comprised of several single units linked together to form the complete entity. The withdrawal, as well as introduction of one aspect of the company causes a noticeable change. A system is formed by four main aspects. These are inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes, all of which bring common feedback to the system. Inputs are the resources that are first considered in the organization. After completion of the processes, outputs such as services and goods come about as a result. Outcomes would be maybe the improvement of the quality of life by the targeted group using the latter. Feedback would be the reactions of the human resource group who undertook the overall running of the processes. It could also be from members of the public who used the service or product. The external environment could also provide feedback; for instance, policies from the governmen
Introduction Management is a vital role of the HR department that ensures that an organization has what it takes to accomplish its goals and objectives. It comprises interrelated social and technical functions and activities that pull people and other resources together in a formal organizational setting in the effort of facilitating the achievement of the goals. Management principles refer to some strategically developed guidelines and set timelines that are used to organize staff, maintain organizational structure, delegate authorities, and/or establish policies and procedures in the view of implementing the vision of any organization. Henry Fayol, a Frenchman and a coal-mining engineer, developed fourteen management principles that form the basis for today’s effective organizational management. Fayol’s management principles help managers in terms of making crucial decisions towards the accomplishment of individual and organizational objectives. Apparently, management and leadership go hand in hand in the process of running an organization. On the other hand, Stauffacher describes leadership as an interpersonal role of an individual to influence and provide purpose, direction, motivation, and support of other people in the achievement of the mission. Leadership is an essential element of the management process. However, acquaintance, skills, and experience culminate into an effective manager. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to discuss Fayol’s management and Stauffacher’s leadership principles. Besides, it shows the relevance of these concepts in contemporary organizations. Fayol’s Management Principles Fayol identified fourteen universal doctrines of management from his long experience in the industry (Anupkumar 5). Fayol derived these ideologies from five fundamental aspects of management. The first element, which he identifies as forecasting and planning, implies that a manager needs to look ahead, examine, and make future provisions for the organization. The second element is organizing. This concept is very similar to planning, despite the fact it being a rigorous process that puts together all the elements systematically to accomplish the overall plans of an organization. The command is the third function. This element ensures the execution of all drawn plans. The fourth element of management control, which is concerned with ensuring that every step conforms to the set procedures that govern task performance. Lastly, Fayol describes co-ordination as a crucial factor in the survival of an organization. The importance of coordination is to make sure that all elements of management work together harmoniously to accomplish a common objective (Anupkumar 3). However, for the five elements of manag
Introduction Today, much attention is paid to the role of formal and informal education in children’s development. Their correct development is their opportunity to succeed in this life and take all options available (Ware & Beischel 2013). Therefore, educators try to introduce new techniques and investigate all fields of education in order to combine different fields, choose appropriate activities, and learn how to interact at different levels. There are many methods that can be used by teachers in the classroom to promote student development and support the improvement of their skills and knowledge. Discourse analysis is a method used by language teachers to examine writing, spoken, and reading activities of students. This process involves looking at language form and function and analysing its main characteristics, cultural factors, and social norms. Rationale Discourse analysis may become an effective tool for teacher development (Rumenapp 2016). People live and communicate using different languages. A language cannot exist in isolation. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors that can influence the development of this process. With the help of discourse analysis, it is possible to determine the level of professionalism in the relationships between students and teachers through contextualising learning experiences and engaging students in a learning process (Domalewska 2015). There is a thought that a gender is a factor that influences the relations between students and teachers in the classroom. Female and male teachers can demonstrate different approaches and levels of understanding of their tasks and opportunities. Students can also have different attitudes to the work of male and female teachers. Therefore, politeness strategies developed by the teachers of different genders may have different characteristics, and the task is to identify them. Statement of the Problem International education, multiculturalism in education, and online learning are the recent improvements in the academic field where students get new opportunities, and teachers are exposed to new standards. It is not always easy for teachers and students to understand what steps should be taken and what decisions have to be avoid