ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Consecutive studies have demonstrated that stress is common among first year university students as they attempt to adjust and become accustomed to a multitude of new and sometimes conflicting experiences that have never been previously encountered (Ong & Cheong, 2009). Students abruptly experience new way of doing things upon joining institutions of higher learning, not mentioning the fact that they come to terms with unlimited freedom never encountered before such as absence of inflexible school regulations and the non-existence of dress codes. Upon entry into universities, students are expected to exercise a lot of independence in making fundamental decisions that directly or indirectly affect their lives. Experts have successfully associated such experiences with stress especially in scenarios where students are not adequately prepared to cope with stress (Flanagan, 1990). It is against this backdrop that this paper wishes to evaluate some issues of stress affecting fresher students on their transition into the university culture. Brief Overview of Stress and why it has become an Issue Stress can be defined as an individual’s overall reaction to environmental challenges or pressures (Ong & Cheong, 2009). A person is deemed to be stressed when his interactions with the environment exceed his maximum coping or adaptive thresholds to a point where such interactions become strenuous and a threat to his own wellbeing. According to Flanagan (1990), “…people experience stress when they feel unable to cope with the demands of their environment, with other people, or with their own self-imposed pressures, or unrealistic expectations” (p. 1). Each person identifies and deals with stress in divergent ways, and an individual’s reaction to stress ultimately depend on whether the stress-causing incidence is assessed as a challenge or a threat (Ong & Cheong, 2009). Systematic studies reveals that a challenging stimulus more often lead to constructive outcomes such as motivation and enhanced educational achievement while a threatening stimulus occasions anxiety, despair, social dysfunction, despondency and, in extreme cases, suicidal thoughts. According to UTS (2004), individuals grow and move forward when they are faced with situations which demand more from them. Nevertheless, such demands may become overbearing, leading to a scenario where the individuals are no longer able to deal with the demands effectively. This leads to stress. In the university setting, the fresher students encounter drastic changes in their experiences and interactions
Introduction Since most organizations now have an online presence, it has become important for them to design good websites so that their online users can access their products and services. As such, it is important to ensure that the general design, links, graphics, text, navigation bars and buttons are easy to use and understandable. Most radio stations now have an online presence and using their websites, listeners can listen to podcasts on different programmes. In addition, users can also follow news by the hour and leave their comments as well. Both the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the National Public Radio (NPR) have websites from where online listeners can listen to the different programmes, news, and debates featured by these radio stations. This report is an attempt to compare and contrast the BBC and NPR radio websites. In this case, the report shall describe the key design and navigation features of the two websites. In addition, the report also analyzes the elements of the two radio stations that appeals to him. Comparing And Contrasting BBC Radio Website: In terms of the design features of the BBC radio website, the background has not interrupted the text used. In addition, the text used is easily readable. There is also a perfect hierarchy of the contents of the website. The text columns are a bit narrow and consequently, the user can be able to read the text without straining. In terms of graphics, the website does not have big buttons, and for every graphic link, a matching text link has been included. For example, under the BBC Radio 1 link, there is a text link that when you click on it, it leads you to the various programmes in that particular radio station (BBC Radio 2011). The general design of the website is also very good, and the webpage opens up pretty fast. The different pages can also be downloaded quickly. Graphic elements such as subheads, photos, and pull quotes, among others have been used well and as a result, it is easier to break up large text areas. There are no observable dead links on the BBC radio website. Accordingly, the different links used on the different pages are in a good working condition. The BBC website is also compatible with different browsers, including Internet Explorer, Opera, and the AOL browser, among others. This means that regardless of the browsers one has, he/she can easily listen to and follow programmes on the BBC radio website. For any website, a good navigation design is vital because it enables users to access the site contents wit
Introduction The history play Henry V depicts the life and destiny of one of the English kings and draws his historical portraits. If Shakespeare presented this play to an Elizabeth theater he would centers on the ambivalent presentation of Henry’s character, an aspect of the play that has invited the most critical controversy. The main principles of the Elizabeth theater were conservatory and religious nature typical for the social life of this epoch. The audience consisted of both low class and upper class citizens. The audience expectations of the play would be a comedy. Henry V would not be read either as a full endorsement of a heroic monarch triumphing in a splendid military campaign or as a sustained ironic critique of the King and his war. Main text In general, the term ‘hero’ can be defined as a man who possesses immense strength and wisdom to compete in the battle field and fight with his enemies protecting the native land. In the play, Henry does not act as a hero when he tried to maintain justice as a violent cause against thieves; he does not accept responsibility for the war in France (Champion 34). Also, he uses any method to reach his goals and fulfill his strategic aims. As the war conflict develops (Acts III and IV), alternating scenes are arranged so that the French come across as arrogant dilettantes, overconfident of success, while the English are humble and serious about their endeavour. In scene ix the Archbishop of Bruges delivers a “tun of tennis balls” from the Dauphin, explaining to Henry that “My lord, hearing of your wildness before your father’s death, sent you this” (144-45). The King does not forget the insult. At Agincourt he tells the herald that he hoped the Dauphin would be there to complete the tennis match (“I have brought tennis balls for him” [xii. 361]), and in the play’s final scene the silent Dauphin is made to kiss Henry’s sword (Champion 29). In the first act of Henry V Shakespeare follows this source rather than Holinshed, to connect the tense moment of Henry’s receiving the present with his decision to invade France (Taylor 92). In Act III Shakespeare changes Holinshed’s account of the siege of Harfleur. Holinshed reports that the town was sacked: “The soldiers were ransomed, and the town sacked, to the great gain of the Englishmen.” In Henry V the King’s threat to sack Harfleur is never carried out. Instead the brutality of such a sacking is contained within Henry’s imagined projection of it, and after the surrender of the town the King is careful to tell Exeter, “Use mercy to them all” (III. iii. 54). part from the personal anguish he expresses over Scroop’s betrayal (II. ii) and in his two soliloquies (IV. i), his motives and underlying emotions remain hidden from the audience. The Chorus, in a loftier image that enhances Henry’s status as a conquering hero, refers to “famine, sword, and fire” crouching at Henry’s heels like hounds on a leash (Prologue, 6-8), while Henry envisages his soldiers as “greyhounds in the slips” (III. i. 31). This helps make sense of Henry’s sudden and often perplexing rushes of piety after
Introduction The study of trait theories is a branch of psychology that essentially is the study of human behaviour. The point of focus is the ascertainment or the measurement of human traits. By traits, it is meant the emotional predisposition of a person, the thought processes of the same, and his or her habitual patterns. From this, there has been the emergence of different schools of thought that have tried categorizing and explaining people according to their types of behaviour by the adoption of scientific approaches. One of the most common scientific methodologies is the use of statistics in the field of psychology to classify behaviours. Examples of the schools of thought that have come up include the Three-Factor Model that was put across by Eysenck. Eysenck lists the three main factors in human traits and behaviour as extroversion, neuroticism and psychoticism (Coleman, 1994 pp. 99). Alongside the Eysenck school of thought is the Five-Factor Model which lists and explains the factors that determine human behaviours as being; openness, agreeableness, extroversion, neuroticism and conscientiousness. However, in the field of the study of human traits and behaviour, all these factors must be used to distinguish and predict human patterns of behaviour. There is also the Trait theory and other approaches that have been developed and accepted as the conventional ways of analyzing human traits and behavioural patterns. Some of these approaches include phenomenology, personal contract, psychodynamics, person-centred, and behaviourism. This paper will however streamline its scope of analysis to Trait theory and behaviourism approach in order to; assess personality, account for the extent to which these approaches can be said to truly guide the development of the human person from the primordial state of childhood to that of adulthood, in relation to what can be considered as normal or abnormal behaviour. Trait theory The trait theory is mainly an approach that is normally common to the professional world than to the psychological analysts. Although this theory was developed earlier, its development and fame actualized in 1947, following the work of Stogdill who took to elaborating and refining the concept, in that same year. The theory posits that people inherit traits or characteristics, this theory having been built on extensive researches on leadership, with the aspect of psychology heavily in view. To this effect, the theory postulates that there are particular traits that are suited for leadership, while others are not. Therefore, individuals who display good leadership do so because they have a combination of the required traits in their repository. Much focus is placed on the assumption that if the traces of these leadership qualities are identifiable in an individual, then this individual could also make a good leader (Hastie and Dawes, 2001 pp. 109). Some of the traits that are por
Criminal offenders have existed in the society for as long as the history of mankind is concerned. Different measures have been put in place to ensure that criminals are brought to book and prosecuted accordingly. In the United States, numerous criminal justice systems have made attempts to ensure that there is social order at all times. However, some of these systems have received criticisms from a cross-section of the society as far as their effectiveness is concerned (Schmalleger, 2005). The parole system is one of the criminal justice approaches with the longest history in some countries, particularly the United States. It refers to supervised conditional release of an inmate from prison which is granted way before the elapse of a given prisoner’s court sentence (Hoffman, 2004). This system, however, varies in application from one state to another in America. For instance, in some states, any person convicted of serious crime like murder or rape is not considered for parole. Since parole is granted under strict terms and conditions, the slightest violations result in its revocation and subsequent re-incarceration. The essay discusses the general history and purpose of the parole system in the United States. The negative as well as positive effects of this system on the society are also discussed. Moreover, the various functions of local, state and federal parole agencies are highlighted. The federal parole system is emphasized in this essay. Although law enforcement agencies work hard to keep criminals off the streets, while the prisons house them, it is the responsibility of the parole agencies to ensure that the offenders stay out of trouble and get the help they need by providing community resources to help them socially reintegrate into the society after being released. Persons convicted of any given crime receive appropriate sentence from the criminal justice system applicable in that jurisdiction. Imprisonment for a specified period of time has been one of the ways of rehabilitating convicts (Parent, 1994). The length of time may range from a few months to life imprisonment. However, as defined above, parole creates an opportunity for the inmates to be released on specified terms and conditions before they complete their sentence in jail. Usually, the parolee is under regular supervision and is still under the initial sentence. The activities of the parolee are restricted by an appointed officer, particularly when it comes to place of residence, associates, and day to day occupation with an aim of curbing a relapse into criminal activities. The procedure of granting parole is regulated by the statute established in the authorities of the United States (Dolgoff & Fieldstein, 2008). In some states,
Outline Every minute of the global day, there is a great deal of loneliness and fantasy fulfillment taking place or yearning for satisfaction. Patterson (106-7) offers this treatise about how adult Web site offerings have unalterably changed the nature of porn consumption. Strong Support Offered for Primary Argument As a teacher who inhabits the intersection between arts and digital culture, the author offers an analysis that is a mix of familiarity with information technology and interpreting human want and desire. He brings to the subject matter sustained exposure to the beginnings of Internet pornography; that much is obvious. Perhaps the strongest argument Patterson offers for the altered experience of pornography is that intimacy on the Internet has expanded the boundaries of participation. Repeated references to amateur sites offering continuous access to “A day in the life of ___” and to Web chat rooms inhabited by strippers are valid discoveries about “remote intimacy” never before available on any medium. But then, this ponderous academic piece was written long before Twitter proliferated in the world of Web 2.0. A Critique of Weaknesses Beyond the obvious quibble that, five years after the article in question was published, much has changed in the public’s experience of the Internet, Patterson is afflicted by a lot of misconceptions about the nature of the pursuit of pornography and the role of Web access in this evergreen human desire. With respect to the less important weaknesses of the article, the author shows himself decidedly overawed by art as a subject, by the illusion of sophistication being preferable to clarity in choice of words, and by the role of the computer as “alien interface” when it is in fact just one more medium for display of pornography. Patterson stretches the Time magazine cover graphic as a metaphor for the alienation inherent in Internet porn and the power of machine over man. Why, he asserts in “Categorization and the Truth of Desire,” Web-based porn actually provokes a bodily response! But we are disappointed to discover he meant solely keystrokes and mouse glides. The author is also quite mistaken in interpreting delayed gratification as vital to the consumption of pornography in this context. He ascribes undeserved importance to the sign-up process and to search for just the right class of fantasy one desires as intrinsic to sexual satisfaction. In the age of broadband access and YouTube, we know now that the author was merely rationalizing the narrow b
Modern tendencies in the progress of all the aspects of our life require our quick reactions to them and proper examining of their peculiarities. That is why it is necessary to find new approaches to the analysis of many aspects of our everyday life. From this point of view, critical thinking is one of the most effective ways to consider the facts, events, phenomena and situations of our present-day society. There are some aspects of critical thinking according to which people can set definite objectives for their further realization. They can be realized with the help of means of critical thinking which principles can be available for everyone. Thus, present-day reality gives us a lot of possible objectives for developing of our ability to critical thinking. What are the reasons for becoming a better critical thinker? The necessity of improving of our skills in critical thinking greatly depends on the requirements of our private life and our studying process or career. When we set definite goals in our life we should analyze their priorities, and we should determine the approaches for their achievement and make some conclusions. Thus, we should be rather objective or think critically. It is important to remember that “critical thinking starts with logic. Logic is the unnatural act of knowing which facts you’re putting together to reach your conclusions, and how” (Robbins, 2005). Moreover, logic often determines the majority of studying and business processes. That is why it is significant to develop your logical abilities to achieve higher results in your professional life. We should also be able to think over all our successes and failures critically to set next goals more objectively. Moreover, critical thinking is necessary for your making right decisions. When you should make some choice it is important for you to make the right one (Robbins, 2005). There are a lot of situations in our life when we must choose and make important decisions or react immediately. To be sure that you are right, it is necessary to think over all the advantages and disadvantages of two or more factors or things among which you should choose critically, with analyzing of all the significant points. Furthermore, the ability to think critically can help us to learn the principles of determining of the key aspects of definite things, situations, and phenomena. It is very important to know how to pay much attention to the most important aspects and not to think over less important ones. Such skills can increase the level of your productivity at classes or at the workplace greatly, and it also can help you to be more aware of the circumstances in your private life. It is especially effective, if you learn how to determine the truth in different kinds of the information which you get and also determine truthful actions or reactions to the situations (Robbins, 2005). One more important aspect or objective for improving of your critical thinking is the necessity to consider every situation in your life from different frames (Robbins, 2005). Why is it necessary? To have the whol
Contemporary conditions in which the Intelligence Community (IC) is functioning force its leaders to change their tactics in training and personnel management. The rapid development of technology and changing demographics are pushing for a reexamination of the characteristics that need to be possessed by the leaders who will be at the head of the Intelligence (Dugan, 2017). The purpose of this paper is to discuss why situational leadership is the kind of management that will be best suited for handling this transition in implementing innovative and effective learning and training solutions. Discussion According to lessons learned from the public and private sectors, situational leaders are those managers who will be able to train staff in new approaches. That is, they will ensure the stuff possesses skills needed for using new tools that will be crucial because they are high-tech and intensive. The continuum of leadership behavior implies that the IC leader needs to choose one of the possible behavioral patterns depending on the strength of their influence. They include the leader, their followers, and the current situation (Richelson, 2018). People working in the Intelligence Community have the ability to self-government and work effectively in the conditions of proper motivation. In this case, the leader gets the opportunity to take part in the management, and the goals, means, and policies are determined by the leader themselves. Moreover, the model of situational leadership allows predicting the effectiveness of a working group led by a leader (Dandaura-Samu, 2018). The model uses situational variables that make it possible to determine the degree of auspiciousness or controllability of the situation for a certain leadership style. To measure the approach to the implementation and management of innovation, it is necessary to use a developed scale of characteristics. One of the key factors of situationality is the adaptability of followers, which is determined by the degree to which people have the abilities and desire to fulfill the task set by the leader. The initial premise of this approach is the assumption that employees are satisfied and productive when there is a strong connection between their efforts and work results. There is a direct relationship between the level of leadership effectiveness and the level of the motivational power of expectations that followers have (Northouse, 2018). The ideal scenario is when the input is fully consistent with the result. An effective leader helps subordinates follow the path leading to the des