ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Contemporary politics comprise an array of approaches, which show varying results upon long-term implementation. The relation between market trade and the involvement of the state from one of the primary aspects upon which such models are compared. The Washington Consensus was a popular policy at the end of the 20 th century, but it showed mixed results. Simultaneously, socialism was one of the dominant models throughout the previous century. Despite its large-scale collapse in the 1990s, it managed to survive into the present in a different form. Both policies demonstrate particular differences in the context of the balance between the state and the market. The purpose of this essay is to explore both models and compare their approaches to state regulation in the market. The Washington Consensus was an important political model of the 20 th century recommended for emerging economies. According to Moosa and Moosa, this policy was actively developed by organizations based in Washington, D.C., namely the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank (19). The primary points of the doctrine are neoliberal in nature, encouraging free market relations. The Washington Consensus promotes direct foreign investments, as well as market-determined interest and exchange rates. This model implies that the role of the government in the economy must be reduced, thus allowing the market to organize itself. These principles derive from developed democracies, such as the United States, which aimed at providing emerging economies with a clear framework of sustainable growth. Overall, the Washington Consensus made an attempt to introduce democratic, free-market values into the economies of developing countries. On the other hand, socialism has been an opposing force to capitalism and its principles. Gilbert states that this model aims at confronting the principles of neoliberalism, relying on the centuries-old dogmas of classical socialism and Marxism (33). Proponents of such policies claim the neoliberalist approach leads to greater labor market insecurity and increased individualism. According to Gilbert, the primary objective of 21 st -century socialism is to encourage people to work together, thus meeting the goal of networking (35). In other words, society must demonstrate a stronger sense of unity and cooperation in the economic context, whereas the state should regulate market relations to ensure stability. 21 st -century socialism opposes the dominant model of capitalist rule in the light of technological progress, promoting equal sharing of knowledge among all people. This approach dwells on the dogmas of its prior iterations while adjusting itself to contemporary reality. The two models discussed above share common human-centric ideas while being inherently different. Moosa and Moosa write that the Wash
Cloning has retained the position of one of the most fascinating subjects, drawing the interest of researchers, sci-fi authors, and philosophers alike. Such a notion is becoming conceivable enough to become the subject of heated philosophical arguments. Its ethical component may be scrutinized through the lens of two significant trends in rational thought such as utilitarianism and human rights to understand the presented issue thoroughly. The Subject of Cloning Before any discussion may be achieved, it is necessary to identify the definition of the issues brought up explicitly. Tooley (2016) defines two types of cloning, each having different aims such as the creation of either a separate, conscious entity or an unthinking organ bank. Each of the presented versions contains its intrinsic ethical issues, which stem from the purpose and execution of the concept. Human Replication When creating an unconscious organ donor, the operation’s significance is obvious: to ease human suffering should loss of a body part occur. “Reproductive cloning” on the other hand seemingly does not hold any immediate benefit, which however does not negate reasons for its existence (Campbell, 2017, p. 181). Focusing on the former example, which results in the establish
Gung Ho directed by Ron Howard is a movie which perfectly presents the clash of the organizational cultures. Watching the movie, Japanese people are unable to understand what is wrong, while Americans appear in confusion how it is possible to show productive performance under the supervisions of such managers. Considering the situation from the point of view of Japanese management, they did all correct as they implemented the rules and organizational culture they are best at. However, the running business in a strange country, Japanese managers were to consider the organizational culture of other companies to make sure that he employees are comforted and they are going to show great productivity and effective performance. Watching Gung Ho it is possible to mention several mistakes which are believed to be the worst and discuss the alternative actions. The first mistake Japanese managers made was the demand for regimentation and lack of creativity. American employees work much better when they are encouraged to work offering space for imagination and creativity (Prabhu, Sutton and Sauser 54). Routine work is not for American people who got used to complete different projects and use their creative thinking on work from their school days. Therefore, the Japanese managers had to encourage American workers for creative thinking rather then put those in strict frames. Americans got used to get the payment for the work they perform. All hours which were worked over norm are to be to be paid. The second mistake Japanese managers did was unpaid overtime. It is inadmissible to make American employees to work for free. To avoid this mistake, Japanese managers had either to offer additional payment for overworked hours or to give the employees extra days off. One of the most severe mistakes Japanese managers showed was the appraisal of the manufacturing productivity higher than the life and health of the employees. American employees got used to work in specific conditions where their life and health are prote
The world of business is a complex environment that lives and develops according to its own rules and laws. The relations of tax payments, productions processes, and competition determine the success of every single company in the business environment. To maximize one’s chances for success, and to retrieve as much profit as possible, players of the business world developed the strategy of creating cartels, i. e. horizontal unions of companies operating in the same sphere of industry. The essence of the cartel behavior thus lies in the agreed cutting of output to create the market deficit and increasing prices. The game theory is the approach explaining the cartel behavior. The case of the shipping companies presented for the analysis in this paper has a direct relation to the notions of the game theory and the cartel behavior. As it is universally known, companies form cartels so that to reduce the inter-firm and outside competition and make the highest profit they can. The case under analysis describes the situation when two shipping companies Stolt-Nielsen SA and Odfjell ASA, i. e. players of the same market, decided to unite their effort in transporting chemicals by sea. Both companies agreed to bid for shipping business and cooperate in bidding operations by providing each other with bidding prices and publishing their income level changes before and after the union. Obviously, such a behavior can be labeled cartel behavior as shipping prices would inevitably grow if these two companies control them in a particular region. At the same time, one might argue that cartel behavior is not applicable to this particular case as neither of the shipping companies deals with the production of goods. Consequently, they cannot reduce output and exercise cartel behavior. However, this argument can be opposed by stating that shipping services are also products to some extent, and if both companies discussed limiting the access of their clients to their services, the prices for the latter will inevitably grow, thus illustrating the cartel behavior by Stolt-Nielsen SA and Odfjell ASA. Further on, the game theory, on which the analysis of the cartel behavior is based, presupposes that persons or organizations, or even the whole countries, unite to maximize profit and minimize competition. The brightest example of the large multinational cartel is OPEC, the union of countries that produce oil and can regulate its prices. Although to a much smaller extent, Stolt-Nielsen SA and Odfjell ASA can also form a cartel and be analyzed through the prism of the game theory, because the
Introduction The dynamics of the business environment has continued to complicate the way business is conducted through out the world, in terms of its competitiveness in differentiating countries economic growth. Mok (2006) observes that because the phenomenon of globalization has been extensively used in the world, specifically in admired discourses and policy issues, it describes ways in which the world is progressively more interrelated, organized, competing and interdependent through a set of socially reinforced processes. For instance, he notes that the global infrastructure which is technology based, developed as a knowledge base economy, increases and is a measure of competiveness (Mok 2006). Competitiveness, is according to him should be measured in Porter’s summery of processes including among others, integration of markets, nation states and technologies to a scale that is aiding individuals, corporations and distinct governments to access and ‘navigate’ the world much more, rapidly, deeper and by less costly methodologies (Mok 2006) Review of Countries Competitive Ranking On the whole the competiveness index does not necessarily represent the reality on the ground. Gray (2008) argues that it lacks both empirical and theoretical cut-and-dried approaches. On the other hand and to a great degree, the World Index Scoreboard is to a great extent on point and accurate. The industrialized countries listed as toping the indexing cannot be ignored (Gray 2008). This is because a country’s prosperity predominantly depends on growth in productivity often influenced by government policy intervention programs which largely define other measures outlined in Porter’s factors on evaluating and ranking a country’s competitiveness. The choosing by countries for higher living standards for the citizenry is an indicator of competitiveness and the desire to compete. Moreover, the World Competitiveness Indices seem to be in concurrence with the reality depicting most European Union Countries trailing countries like Japan and the United States, and showing that of the G-7 countries, Italy is at the bottom of the competitiveness. In summary, while the competitiveness indices are still imperfect and that their methodologies should be further worked on, they give very realistic figures as far as country ranking is concerned (Harrison et al. 2008) Harrison et al. (2008) reckons that the World Competitiveness Scoreboard evaluates competiveness of different countries in an arguably reliable way because it also includes factors such as executive opinion from various people holding managerial positions in international and domestic firms and corporations across the world. Indeed, even expert opinion indicates that the six Latin American States (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Venezuela, and Colombia) represent the most and significant component of the most competitive countries in the larger Latin America region. They capture not only most of the richest countries, but also most populous and largest countries (Harrison et al.2008). Overall, the World Competiveness Scoreboard takes into a count most of competitive fact
Introduction In the contemporary world, the utilization of metal stampings in readymade products has realized significant augmentation. For instance, consumer and industrial goods with sheet metal portions range from automobile and truck bodies to computer hardware. Within the continuum are products such as airplanes bodies, railway cars, farmhouse and building tools, machineries as well as office fixtures and fittings. The examples provided are conspicuous since sheet-metal form part of their exteriors. However, most of their internal components are also made of sheet metal. According to a survey conducted in the US, over 100,000 metal stampings could be found in the average American home during 1980s [1]. The commercial importance of sheet metalworking is significant. The three major categories of sheet metal processes are cutting, bending, and drawing. In order to isolate outsized sheets into smaller pieces and to shape a portion boundary, cutting is often employed. Additionally, cutting is invaluable in creating holes in portion bending. On the other hand, the construction of sheet metal parts into the requisite shape involves drawing. The study emphasizes on the procedures involved in drawing. Specifically, sheet metal stamping process, which is a well-designed process, is important than online SPC controls. Essentially, the SPC controls are the most famous and widely used tools in industries. The key concept here is the usage of control limits instead of specification limits denoted in the design drawing or manufacturing instruction card. Essentially, the use of traditional SPC charts in observing the process often leads to deficient adjustability in the process variable input settings of a sheet metal stamping procedure. Besides, when conventional SPC charts are utilized, out-of-control signals often designate the encounter of the process mean shift. In such situations, bending the mean response in an out-of-control condition is difficult. In principle, disregarding the signals is of greater significance. As such, additional expense might be incurred due to augmented service costs under warranty. Most importantly, the possibility of reduced sales is imminent due to the loss of market share resulting from customer dissatisfaction. Background research (Finite Element Method and its application in sheet
Article The article ‘Egypt risks the fire of radicalization’ is authored by Husain Ed. In addition, the article was written in Egypt during the protests against Muslim Brotherhood. The article is found in The New York Times. Synopsis The article discusses ongoing Egypt’s protests to oust President Mohamed Morsi. The article reminds the reader of the preceding events that brought the current president into office. From this context, the author revisits the establishment of Muslim Brotherhood and subsequent ascendance into power through a democratic process. President Morsi failures in office are described as unfortunate as they seem to anger millions of protestors in Egypt. The article questions the objective of the protest since the consequences are that Islam extremist will succeed the Brotherhood regime. The author attributes the Brotherhood remarkable shift of politics to positive ideologies. The author recommends a shift of attitude by President Morsi as a way of legitimizing his tenure in office. Main points and analysis The author denounces Muslim brotherhood as a wrong political outfit that politicizes religion. In this regard, the author claims that Islamism in Egypt has its limitations and benefits. Moreover, Egypt has been used in the article as an experiment of Islam radicalism. In addition, the author attributes Egypt’s violent history to the rise of Muslim Brotherhood since 1928. The article recounts how Muslim Brotherhood was viewed as extremist until June 2012 when the outfit won in a democratic election. However, the Brotherhood has resulted to attacks on religious minorities, corruption and socio-economic failures. Moreover, Salafist radicalism has been on the rise since President Morsi came into power. The author alleges that overthrowing a democratically elected president is a precedence of anarchy and military dictatorship. Moreover, the Brotherhood has made positive strides in integrating Islamism into the modern world. This has been made possible through fighting anti-Americanism in the Muslim world. According to the author, Brotherhood leaders perceive the United States as an ally, as well as Israel. Another important achievement of the Brotherhood is the increasing efforts to initiate peace between Arabic nations and Israel. The author believes that Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood holds the key to democracy in Islamist states. Therefore, the fall of the Brotherhood will subsequently cause outright radicalism in Egypt by the Salafists. Finally, the author recommends that President Morsi change his political ideology to ensure that the country does not suffer from radicalism. Lessons The article provides insightful information about Egypt’s ongoing protest. The article provides a historic
Today we can observe the tendency of a constant development of the sites which provide visitors with the opportunity to share their videos with the other people in order to find the necessary and interesting information or to have fun. YouTube is one of the most popular sites among those users of the Internet resources who are interested in different kinds of online video. The level of the competition among these sites depends on the question of the popularity of Google resources and YouTube among the users. What are the reasons for such a rapid progress of YouTube? It is obvious today that YouTube became “synonymous with online video sharing thanks to its brand strength and loyal user base” (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). Moreover, the popularity of YouTube became to increase quickly from its opening in February of 2005 by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. YouTube was worked out as a site where people could upload, view and share their personal or professional videos (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). The trends in our modern society accentuate the people’s desire to share their thoughts, ideas, and the peculiarities of their everyday life with the help of social networks and sites with online video. In spite of the fact Google had its site Google Video which “allowed users to search captions from TV shows”, it was not as popular as YouTube because there was no opportunity for visitors to “provide the actual videos” (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). Thus, there appeared the necessity of changing of the policy of Google concerning Google Video, of making more effective decisions and working out more effective strategies. The site was greatly developed. However, in 2006 there was made the revolutionary decision by Google to buy YouTube. “Google purchased YouTube for $1.65 billion” (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). Thus, what are the peculiarities of developing of YouTube as the part of Google? We can determine several significant aspects of the development of the site. All the intentions of Google executives are aimed at the further growth of the possibilities of the site. Nevertheless, “Google planned to retain YouTube as a stand-alone service while continuing to nurture Google’s existing video service” (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). The advantages of YouTube are in the fact that people can upload videos of different formats there, comment them, share with their friends, and give the annotations. The changes in the work of the site and a lot of innovations are directed toward the 19- to 35-year-old group of viewers of online videos who shares video clips with their friends and put links to them (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). However, the commercial success of the site depends on the effective advertising policy. “Google executives believed the deal would help transform their company into a global media powerhouse and provide new audiences for the targeted advertising that was the lifeblood of Google’s earnings” (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). That is why “in October 2007 Google introduced a program to include advertising within
Pain management is a significant concern in many areas of nursing practice, including oncological care. Adequate pain management leads to improved quality of life by reducing cancer patients’ symptoms following chemotherapy treatment. Although opiates are used as the primary pain management strategy, cannabis-based treatment could also be effective. The chosen PICOT question is, “In cancer patients(P), how does Cannabidiol (CBD) (I) compared with opioids (C) affect pain(O) over chemotherapy treatment? (T)”. Study Population The selected population includes cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. This type of treatment is associated with several unwanted side effects, including peripheral neuropathic pain (Park, 2014). Cancer patients can also experience pain for other reasons, and the pathophysiology of cancer pain is often poorly understood (Fallon et al., 2018). The primary need of patients with cancer who are in chemotherapy is to maintain the highest possible quality of life. Pain often prevents them from being socially active and interferes with coping, which may lead to poor mental health outcomes. Patients with cancer pain that cannot be managed using non-opioid analgesics usually receive prescriptions for opioids (Fallon et al., 2018). Nevertheless, opioids are highly addictive and pose threats related to overdosing. This can inhibit the beneficial effect of pain management on cancer patients’ quality of life. Hence, considering other options, such as cannabidiol, would be helpful. The Theory The key nursing theory that can be applied to cancer pain management is Katharine Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort. This theory posits that nursing is the process of assessing patients’ need for comfort and meeting it using appropriate care plans (Puchi, Paravic-Klijn, & Salazar, 2018). There are three types of comfort described in Kolcaba’s theory: relief, ease, and transcendence. This theory is relevant because cancer patients experience the need for all of these types of comfort because they experience both physical and psychological challenges. Successful cancer pain management aims to provide lasting relief, thus meeting patients’ comfort needs. Practicing by Kolcaba’s theory also requires nurses to address patients’ mental health needs, for instance, by referring them to a qualified counselor or offering recommendations for achieving higher levels of social support. Research Design Evidence-based practice is the key to successful pain management because it enables nurses to use research to develop appropriate care plans (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019). Evidence-based practice usually relies on results from quantitative studies because they provide statistically sound findings (Turner, Balmer, & Coverdale, 2013). Hence, determining the comparative effectiveness of cannabidiol and opioids for cancer pain management requires the use of a quantitative method. In particular, it would be useful to conduct a randomized controlled trial by measuring patients’ numerical pain rating