ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
When one lives in a small village where almost everyone knows each other, there are very few things which you can do without others knowing of your intentions. Chauncey (1995) notes that “in a home town you need to conform at all times to the social conventions of the community being the subject of the constant surveillance of the family and neighbors” (p. 131). The city gave more freedom and the Committee of Fifteen that was established a century ago already then warned of the dangers that cities posed for people (Chauncey, 1995). The fundamental mechanism of freedom in the city may be accounted for by the absence of the omnipresent neighbors. In a big city, one has no neighbors, and a man is unaware even of his close friends’ intentions. The man is free to lead the life he wants (Chauncey, 1995). With all the freedom that the city gives its dwellers, there are a number of compromises that people have to take when deciding to settle down in the city. Wirth (1938) presents an interesting contrast for readers saying that “Frequent close physical contact, coupled with great social distance, accentuates the reserve of unattached individuals toward one another” (p.16). This statement shows that city dwellers residing in densely populated areas are physically close to one another. However, in social terms, they are more reserved and distant from each other. Conversely, in a village people living far from each other may be more intimate and more socially interested in each other. Choosing to live in a city, one needs to be ready to adapt to the rapid tempo and the complicated technology characteristic of a big city (Wirth, 1938). Although Wirth wrote on urbanization and its effect on people in the mid of the 20 th century, his words are still relevant to this day. The big city life is hectic and demands quick movement from people. This gives way to irritation and nervousness which may be considered the attributes of big cities (Wirth, 1938). The biggest paradox of the city is that irrespective of the dense population and a majority of social groups, many people still feel lonely and don’t have friends that they can rely on. The loneliness and isolation are especially pressing for those who had lived most of their life in the village and opted to move to the city at an adult age. The hypothesis ‘the city air makes you free’, although introduced quite a long time ago, is still true to this day. However, the notion of ‘freedom’ may be understood in many different ways. Firstly, the city gives one freedom in terms of choices professional, educational, esthetical, freedom to interact with people of different cultural, political, and social backgrounds (Rocca, 2012). Admittedly, life in a small village ties a man close to the community, their views, principles, and opinions. On the contrary, the freedom of the city presents a man with a myriad of opportunities to choose from. Having said that, the hypothesis of city freedom is not as strong as it was in the early 20 th century. The age of globalization is making itself felt, and people who live in smaller
The Christian Identity Movement is a movement that includes the Anglo-Israelism, British Israelism, white supremacists, anti-Semitic, as well as other groups. This movement consists of “many extremely conservative Churches in Christianity, religious organizations, survival groups and political groups” (Brayton, 2009, para.3). The adherents of this religious movement are followers as well as churches, which are slackly associated with a racialized doctrine. They believe in Jesus Christ and that he died for the houses of Israel and Judah only. Therefore, people must receive salvation through both redemption and race for them to be accepted in the kingdom of Christ. The Islamist Movement on the other hand is a religious movement that also believes in God and do not believe in Christ. The Islamists hold that all political authority is God’s. Therefore, all their followers are obliged to create a political body that imitates their religious duty. All these movements hide behind religion and use violence to impose and achieve their goals, which they consider as being morally right (Juergensmeyer, 2000). This paper compares and contrasts the two religious movements. The Christian Identity movement believes that the world will someday end and that Christ will come the second time. In preparation for this, they believe in Armageddon, which is a war between God’s people, the white race and forces of evil. This, they consider, is part of the purification process required prior to Christ setting up his dominion on this world. The Christian Identity groups also believe in interpreting the bible in a conservative way. Through this, they have condemned some actions in the society. Some of these are the practice of homosexuality and disallowing other members of other beliefs. They see the white race as the superior race. In addition, they consider them as true Israelites since they believe that they are the real descendants of Adam and Abel. These people consider the other races to be satanic. These Christians believe that the original parents of this planet, Adam and Eve, were white. Therefore, these groups consider themselves the direct offspring of Adam and thus God’s chosen people. Many white supremacist groups adhere to these Christian Identity groups’ believes. The Christian Identity Movement has both political as well as social aims and goals they want to achieve. From the legal aspect, the groups want to bring the American laws and legal system into harmony with the legalisms of the Bible (Cline, n.d.). They also support political aspirants who advocate for their course for them to gain political power. The Identity followers look forward to the day when the human law will cease to exist. When the human law is in conflict with the divine law, these Christians disobey and resort to violence in order to avoid punishment. Further, the Christian Identity groups aim at forming religious groups that are insulated from the rest of the world. What is more, they intend to set up groups that express the view tha
Introduction The book “Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man” (1987) is written by Michael T. Taussig, Professor of Anthropology at the Columbia University who has acquired great academic reputation due to his seminal works on highly unconventional topics like devil worship, shamanism and state terror. His subject matter is inherently provocative by dealing with both evil and supernatural. He is also known for his unique style of writing called fictocriticism also known as ‘gonzo anthropology’ (Eakin 1). Fictocriticism blends “fact and fiction, ethnographic observation, archival history, literary theory and memoir” (Eakin 1) and Taussig’s books are more like novels than academic works. His first book appeared in 1980 and it was titled “The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America”. He later published “Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing” (1987); “The Nervous System” (1992); “Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses” (1993); “The Magic of the State” (1997); “Defacement” (1999); “Law in a Lawless Land” (2003); and “My Cocaine Museum” (2004). Michael Taussig is basically an anthropologist specializing in South America. In the book “Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man”, Taussig explores and explains the atrocities committed by the early-20th-century rubber traders in the Putumayo Valley by studying the phenomena of terror and shamanic healing in the region. Analysis Michael Taussig, an Australian by birth, studied medicine at the University of Sydney and sociology at the London School of Economics. He was deputed on duty to Columbia in 1969 to serve as doctor for rural Marxist guerillas during which time he took up writing and started keeping an account of his experiences. His first two books were ethnographies tinged with Marxist theory. He was motivated to write this book by a revelation he had while reading archival reports about the atrocities committed by early-20th-century rubber traders in the Putamayo Valley including the maiming and murder of dozens of Indians. He was both fascinated and repulsed by the violence and
Introduction Tourism is the activity of people travelling from their home or usual environment to other places where they stay for a period of not more than a year primarily having fun with the new environment. The purpose of the travel varies from group to group. It may include travelling for leisure, for business purposes, for educational purposes, and for work purposes. There are two types of tourism, outbound tourism and inbound tourism. Out bound tourism is when residents of a given area travel to areas outside their home areas whether as local tourists or as international tourists. In bound tourism is when people, local or international, come in to visit a local area. As the paper reveals, tourism and the environment within which it takes place are ever conflicting. How The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and the Environment by Holden and Fennel is a popular source that addresses the issue of tourism and the environment. According to Holden and Fennel, the two issues cannot be separated when one is discussing the issue of tourism because tourism affects the environment both positively and negatively with the later taking precedence in most discussions (23). Whenever there is tourism, there is always environmental conflict at a certain point of the tourism activity because the movement of people from one area in to the other area always upsets the balance of the destination environment no matter what the precaution that might be taken. The environment in this case can be described as something real with a life of its own. It can be something perceived in the minds of people having its own natural existence. Negative tourism impacts can be categorized into three major categories as follows: natural resource usage, pollution, and behavioral considerations. Natural resources are usually limited in nature. As an example to support the thesis, as pointed out by Nygard in his article, when an area is a tourist attraction point, it becomes an interest to people from outside who, in their pursuits of satisfying their interests of visiting an area, will also have to share in some of the resources like clean water (387). Some of these resources are common pool resources. Therefore, additional users might cause a strain in their availability to all other people in particular those the resources ought to be benefiting the most. This argument is informed by reason that most attraction areas usually attract tourists in droves at a particular time of the year. If tourists in some of these areas were distributed all year round with consideration for the existence of these resourc
Introduction Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) has been in operation since the year 1952. The agency was founded during the reign of King Abdulaziz (Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, 2015). Being the central bank of the Saudi, the institution is entitled to handle financial transactions affairs of the government, production of the national currency, strengthening Saudis currency, and overseeing insurance companies, finance companies, and exchange dealers. Analysis Before the establishment of the bank, Saudi Hollandi Bank used to act as the Saudis central bank. Saudi Hollandi Bank used to stockpile Saudis gold reserves. Similarly, the bank used to receive oil revenues on behalf of the Kingdom. With the launch of SAMA in the year 1952, the bank relegated the above responsibilities (Ramady, 2014). Apart from handling financial responsibilities, the institution operates a money museum (Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, 2015). The museum displays ancient Islamic and non-Islamic money, current currencies, resources used in the production of currencies, and images depicting how bills and currencies are produced. A board of directors supervises the functions of the institution. The board is made up of the governor, vice governor, and three designated associates from the private sector (Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, 2015). The terms of selection are four years for the governor and assistant governor. The years can be extended through a royal decree. The associates from the private sector’s terms of selection are five years. All members of the board can only be fired through a royal decree. The institution’s top management includes the governor, the vice governor, and five deputy governors. The image below is a table illustrating the institution’s organization structure. Fig 1: organizational structure of Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency. The figure below illustrates a bar graph indicating the institution’s balance sheet for the years 2014 and 2015 (Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, 2015). The document is denominated in SAR. The SAR is fixed at a certified rate of 3.750 compared to the USA dollar. Based on the figure, the Kingdom’s central bank balance sheet reduced to 2712925 million SAR in February of this year from 2791153 million SAR in January of the same year. The bank’s balance s
Abstract Companies should have a simplified approach of fusing their marketing efforts with the global sales to gain a competitive edge in the marketplace. The importance of a foreign market development plan is that it helps new or existing companies to create, expand, as well as promote successful business strategies in the foreign markets. As argued by Peter, Gabrielsson and Seppala (26), entering an international market depends on planning and research to achieve its business objectives. This paper develops the most appropriate foreign market development plan for Dairy Queen, an American fast food restaurant. This international market development plan will discuss DQ’s market analysis, product-offering menu, as well as the company’s competitive analysis and market positioning. Besides, this paper will also discuss the general market description and the major obstacles the company needs to overcome. This paper will discuss the most appropriate distribution channel for Dairy Queen. In conclusion, this paper will highlight key issues discussed in DQ’s foreign market development plan. Introduction The general assumption in businesses around the globe is that companies that do not have an active marketing may fail to gain a competitive edge in the marketplace. Teething problems in foreign markets may cost a new company a great deal of loss. A marketing plan helps to keep a business to its initial business objective (Peter, Gabrielsson and Seppala 25). The Foreign market development plan should be able to conduct a comprehensive market analysis. Key issues discussed in the market analysis include the relevance of the UAE markets and budgets that show capital costs and pro-forma income statements. Secondly, there is need to come up with the most appropriate product-offering menu. Product offering menu should include the most effective approaches of customizing the product for the UAE markets. Creating a competitive analysis and market positioning is also important. The competitive analysis and market positioning should include incomes, market size, position, target market, and the number and location of these stores. Coming up with a general market description i
A vulnerable population is a population that lives with an economic disadvantage, is in the racial or ethnic minority, suffers from a human immunodeficiency virus, is uninsured or homeless, and suffers from an incurable chronic health condition. The vulnerability of the population is usually outlined by race, gender, or ethnicity alongside with other factors like low income or lack of insurance coverage. The health issues connected to the vulnerable population are intertwined with the social aspects of their lives that include the absence of housing, poverty, or lack of proper education (“Vulnerable Populations: Who Are They?” 348). When it comes to the elderly as a vulnerable population, their vulnerability is often correlated with the term ‘helplessness.’ Some older people can be vulnerable to abuse, which is interpreted as something unstable about their health conditions (their physical state, a particular learning disability, the state of their mental health). The individual circumstances of their lives make them unable to protect themselves from cases of outside abuse (Clough 1). Because of the lack of awareness, the majority of cases of elder abuse and elder vulnerability have been overlooked. Moreover, there is a frightening number of cases of financial exploitation of the elderly, which means illegal use of the property or funds. Neglect is also a serious case of elderly abuse; for example, refusing to provide food or shelter for the vulnerable person may result in some tragic consequences. The Theory of Change can strongly apply in the case of the elderly population. The most important aspect is the importance of human rights. According to Joseph M. Wronka, “Human rights offer a kind of universal language and a set of agreements allowing those involved in helping to engage in a dialogue” (2). The proponents of the Theory of Change are keen on encouraging making changes in programs or specific requirements (Vogel 4). When it comes to the application of the Theory of Leadership to the vulnerable population of the elderly, the best aspect of it is the management of transformational theory. It is focused on the relationship between leaders and their followers. The elderly, due to their incapability and physical disadvantages, are unable to voice their opinions, thus, they are in need of a strong and engaging leader. Such a leader is able to motivate the followers to see the importance in themselves as w
“There was something in the air menacing her peace. It was at first too subtle to grasp” (Chopin 109). This extract from the story reveals a lot about Desiree and how she unconsciously failed to realize that her baby was a quadroon. During the visit by Madam Valmonde the issue of the baby being black cropped out amid their discussion, although Desiree was unable to notice. The sudden change of behavior of her husband also gave the implication that he had noticed that the baby was a quadroon but still Desiree could not figure it out. The black race in the story is an accursed race to slavery, although in the home Armand blacks were treated nicely during his father’s rule and a repeat of this happened after the baby was born until a few months later. “An air of mystery among the blacks” (Chopin 109) implies that they were thinking that the child is one of their own. There had to be one among the two: Desiree and Armand, who has a black origin. It was still a mystery in the air among the black servants. There are unexpected things in the story that are foreshadowed by the phrase “unexpected visit from far-off” (Chopin 109). How it became obvious to Desiree that her baby is black is one of the things. She did not expect that her baby would be a quadroon and when she realized it, it hit her out of surprise. She also did not expect that her husband would be cruel to her after the revelation and this made her want to die because she truly loved him and she thought the same about her husband (Rosenblum). Lastly, Armand also did not expect that he came from a lineage of black people whom he perceived as cursed into slavery. Even though there is no specific place in the story where it is said that Desiree committed suicide, there are several instances where this notion is implicated. After getting to realize that her baby was a quadroon and Armand being unexpectedly cruel to her, she immediately wrote a letter to her mother Madam Valmonde stating what she wants to do. She emphasized the point using repetition “I shall die. I must die. I cannot be so unhappy and live” (Chopin 110). From this statement, the option of suicide was something that she was considering. Desiree is also portrayed as a very weak character who wants to constantly be loved and cared for (Peel 225). It seems as though she has never experienced rejection and so she did not know how to respond to her husband’s cruelty. It is also said that she never returned meaning that no one ever knew of her whereabouts. There is therefore a possibility that she might have committed suicide. In case she indeed committed suicide, then I think that option was inappropriate to explore. It may be as a result of her weakness. Even though she lived in a society that greatly values the purity of race and the black race was considered accursed race, she could have gone back to her mother with the baby where they were all accepted (Foy 91). She is not the only charact
The present paper focuses on the Hamlet and Oedipus comparison – the two literary characters who seek the murderer of their father. They are the central figures of two famous classic tragedies: Sophocles’ Oedipus the King and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet . So, who is more resilient – Hamlet or Oedipus? In Sophocles’ play, King Oedipus appears a persistent seeker of the truth who disregards the dangers this truth might bring to him. Shakespeare’s drama discloses Hamlet as a doubting philosopher whose search for truth destroys his inner balance and necessitates a change in his personality. Oedipus and Hamlet shall be compared in this essay. Oedipus Rex From the summary of the play, it is obvious that King Oedipus is a type of character who initially attracts by his desire to solve the problems of his state at any cost. When he hears that the reason for the terrible plague epidemic in Thebes is the unfound murderer of the previous king Laius, Oedipus reasonably wonders at why the perpetrator has not been found yet. Since the Sphinx curse has been solved, Oedipus decides that it is time to settle the present troubles, “… I will start afresh and once again / Make dark things clear” (Sophocles 12). In his speech to his brother-in-law Creon, the proud king voices the desire to find the murderer to secure not only the wellbeing of his state but his safety as a ruler as well. In the compare and contrast essay on Oedipus Rex and Hamlet , it is necessary to mention that, on the way to discovering the truth, King Oedipus demonstrates remarkable persistence. He uses every chance of finding out the details that might lead to the answer and interrogates every possible witness to the case of Laius’ murder. First, he questions the blind prophet Tiresias, then he hears his wife Jocasta’s story of Laius’ murder, and finally has the courage to let a shepherd tell the true story of his origins. Hot-tempered and decisive, King Oedipus appears not to possess any political duplicity since he strives for the truth, even facing the danger of losing the throne and his life. Unaware of the terrible curse put on him by gods, he is sure that he is doing the right thing by trying to reveal the truth and thus acting according to his conscience. In a dialogue with the chorus warning him about the circumstances of Laius’ murder, King Oedipus states that “Words scare not him who blenches not at deeds” (Sophocles 19). This utterance demonstrates the assuredness of his righteousness and the desire to know the truth since the truth cannot harm the innocent. Hamlet In Hamlet vs. Oedipus comparison, it is clear that in contrast to King Oedipus’ persistence in seeking the truth and his active life position and attitude to solving the existing problems, Hamlet appears a much less energetic character. It is not that he does not want to find out the truth; on the contrary, he desires it strongly since he suspects something is not right with his mother marrying so soon after his father’s death. However, Hamlet is more a philosopher than a warrior, and therefore he precedes hi