ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Over the centuries, several security challenges have threatened the existence of governments, institutions, and other authoritative bodies. Terrorism has been a focal point in the security issue due to the existence of insurgent groups in many nations. Many countries have countered these groups that try to overthrow governments while they advance their causes. These groups have been known to undertake their attacks on national and transnational levels. Despite the establishment and implementation of counterterrorism strategies, operations of these terrorist movements have adversely affected the world economies, people’s way of living, and general security. Al-Qaida, a middle-east established terrorist group, is renowned for its radical insurgencies and perpetration of terrorist causes. The most significant attack perpetrated by Al Qaeda in the September 2001 attack of the World Trade Center. Al-Qaida was established in Pakistan and has transformed into a global movement with diverse forms of operations and independence. It was formerly headed by Osama bin Laden, who acted as a principal source of authority. The current head, known as Ayman al-Zawahiri, succeeded Osama’s leadership while training new recruits and spreading propaganda (Atwan, 2006). The leaders are related to conservative Islamic groups who adopted militant views. Associates within other countries who perpetrate terrorist causes in countries like Somalia have since joined the group. Al-Qaida’s affiliates have diversified its activities, which the original group pursued while they continually perpetrate violence-related activities against the United States of America and its interests. Al-Qaida’s existence is perpetual, which is evident after the former chief executive Osama died. However, his death weakened the central leadership of the movement and reduced its capabilities to perpetrate large-scale attacks. Osama’s death and decentralization of the movements’ activities created an increased dependence on affiliates and allies in carrying out its activities. The monetary funding and political motivation provided by Osama also considered having waivered in the current regime. Other leaders have been arrested or killed by military operations, while the key associates have been significantly weakened. In the recent past, the operatives have tried defending its reputation despite the recantations of its popular members (Gunaratna, 2009). Al-Qaida’s way of financing its operations has been a cha
Identification of the main points of the literature review The current paper explores the issues of sustainable tourism with special reference to New Zealand. Specifically, the paper examines the existing correlation between sustainable tourism in this country and the Resource Management Act. The paper begins with the traditional requirements for tourism planning which include a physical-spatial approach, boosterism, a community-oriented approach, and an economic-industry approach (Page & Thorn, 1997). It then narrows down to sustainable tourism planning as the fifth and more recent approach. This choice has been necessitated by its impact on the environment and economic development, long-term concern for resources, and a desire to fulfil both the current and future needs. Nonetheless, certain conditions must also be fulfilled before the tourism planning approach can be achieved. They include industry co-ordination, co-operation, non-sustainable options, consumer awareness regarding the issue of sustainability, commitment to the sustainable goals, and strategic planning. The existence of sustainable tourism hinges on the ability of the tourism industry to embrace growth and development, along with var
Introduction It won’t be an exaggeration to say that prior to 9/11 nobody would have imagined that the terror machine can go to that extent. Perhaps the US government had not realized the extent of damage that some of these groups could have done to US and its interests around the world. Though there were a number of instances in other countries where US establishments were targeted by such mischief makers, but such instances were considered mainly as failure of those nations in safeguarding the interests of USA, and nobody actually thought that one day, two US commercial flights full of passengers will collide with its own twin towers and result in killing around 3000 citizens of the world. They were office workers, waiters, police, firemen, moms, dads, friends and neighbors. 9/11 and subsequent events brought the issue of terrorism in the forefront of world politics. This proved to be a turning point towards considerably revamping the US international relations with countries in different regions in general and the Asia pacific in particular. India, for example has been at the receiving end of the terror plots for quite a while now, but it was considered a regional/ local issue by the international community. The 9/11 strike proved that terrorism is an international issue requiring international cooperation for a lasting solution. The description of situation about Taliban Afghanistan has been in news since early 1970s, but for all the wrong reasons. Earlier, it was a battle ground between the forces supported by US and the erstwhile USSR. Once the USSR was forced to withdraw from Afghanistan, and particularly after the demise of the government of President Najibullah, the country went into the hands of fundamentalist Islamic forces, known as Talibans, who ruled the country with iron fists. Some historian term the Taliban rule as a Jungle raj, because it was during their regime that the rights of citizens were taken off in the name of establishing Islamism. This led to confrontationist situation with verbal duals between the western governments and the Taliban regime. Since USSR had disintegrated and USA was the only superpower left, the main target of Taliban regime was the interests of US and its allies. This led to the situation in which people like Osama-bin-Laden were provided shelter by the Taliban regime. After the September 11, 2001 attacks US government started taking steps to decimate the terror network and disrupt their fundraising activities. That is how the Taliban regime came into direct conflict with US. Since the Taliban refused to cooperate in tracing the terror suspects, US led forces attacked Afghanistan on Oct. 7, 2001 in through an operation codenamed as Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) 1 . The key issues in OEF were destruction of the terror network and freedom of Afghan peop
While speaking about the phenomena of Playboy and Bunnies, it is possible to agree with Hugh Hefner’s words regarding the triumph or power of sexuality in this context. However, it is important to state that women’s sexuality and men’s sexuality should be viewed differently when referring to the role of Bunnies in the development of this concept. The sexuality of Bunnies as “free-spirited” females seems to be promoted and accentuated. Their sexuality and attractiveness are emphasized to represent them as objects associated with provocativeness and pleasures. In this context, Bunnies’ sexuality is “artificial,” and women should address certain standards and rules in order to look and behave sexually ( “Bunny Training”). On the contrary, Playboy has contributed to the development of men’s “real” sexuality because their “male gaze” is associated with their actual reactions to observed women and feelings of possession and domination. The phenomenon of Playboy has contributed to viewing women as sexy objects of men’s dreams. Kathryn Leigh Scott has noted that Bunnies were viewed as promoters of the sexual revolution, and their activities added to the social change (“ The Bunny Years”) . The reason is that women were represented as friendly and attractive. Still, it is possible to note that such ideas were developed to mask the “male gaze” and the problem of objectification in the male-dominated society. Therefore, sexuality should be defined as certain reactions to sexual objects, and this definition can be supported with reference to males’ visions of accentuated femininity. While stating whether sexuality is associated with power, it is important to note that the answer is “yes” when one speaks about men. Playboy or different sexual images emphasize the power of males in terms of sexuality as the public opinion regarding women and their right to sexuality is usually contradictory. On the one hand, women’s sexuality is promoted; on the other hand, it is condemned. While responding to the post on the phenomenon of Bunnies and sexuality promoted in the 1960s, it is important to concentrate on some key points: the perception of women’s sexuality with reference to Bunnies; the objectification and the male gaze; and the definition of sexuality. It is possible to agree with the author of the post that Bunnies were traditionally viewed as embodiments of female sexuality because their behaviors and actions were associated with women’s beauty, freedom, and control. It is also important to agree that the reason was in the fact that sex and sexuality were not openly discussed for many years, and such revolution in people’s views added to creating the phenomenon of Bunnies. However, the author’s ideas regarding the objectification of women and the male gaze are also interesting and important to be discussed. Some people agree that each social phenomenon has two opposite sides. On the one hand, women, and Bunnies, in particular, were declared to be free in r
The Stranger is a novel written by Albert Camus that was published in 1942. It was first written in French before it was translated into English. Meursault is the main character in the book; he is a young man, who is narrating the readers about the things that have happened in his life. He lives in Algiers, the capital city of Algeria. He started to understand and perceive events in life from the time of his mother’s death. The mother died while Meursault was working in town. She had been living in the retirement home in Marengo. Meursault’s behavior during the funeral is distinct from his ordinary one. He feels sleepy throughout the journey on his way to Marengo. On arrival, he refuses to view his mother’s corpse despite pleas from the attendants; he is only concerned with his selfish interests. For instance, he dozes in the night while keeping an eye on his mother. His strange behavior continues when he complains of the heat during his mother’s burial ceremony; people wondered why he was not mourning at his mother’s death. Meursault tries to distance himself from the everyday troubles in his life; in other words, he does not want to get involved in the course of life. His behavior at the funeral characterizes him as an escapist that is a person, who does not want any of life’s troubles or events disturb his world. Actions similar to those at the funeral shape most of he believes and thoughts regarding life, which is clearly evident when he refuses to view his mother’s body before burial and does not try to remember the events during the funeral despite the fact that he attended the burial ceremony. He refuses to commit himself to his lover, Marie. When Marie asks if he is going to marry her, he retorts that he would marry if it pleased her. Furthermore, Meursault refuses to abide by the standards and moral ethics set by society. He goes ahead and kills for no clear reasons. By doing this, he challenges the conventional standards of society. Such behavior disappoints his lawyers because he refuses to be remorseful over his actions during the trial. Meursault shows noncommittal characteristics, which make him see the world objectively. He is indifferent to the sufferings of others. It seems that his life has been destined. During the trial, the focus shifts from the murder case to exploring his attitudes and beliefs towards many things in life. The jury and the audience find it unacceptable that Meursault never grieved during his mother’s funeral; what is more, after the trial, he went out on a date and watched a movie. The prosecutor, in the end, fails to comprehend this behavior. Meursault does not have faith in anything; he is an atheist. He presents himself as a man who is interested in the physical world, meaning that he does believe that there exists life after one’s death, which in turn may be the result of his lack of social and emotional attachment. For example, he complains too much of the heat during his mother’s burial, yet he does not grief. He did not wish to see the corpse of his mother at all. The other indicator is his explanation as to w
Introduction Belize is located in the northernmost part of South America. On the western part of this beautiful country lies Guatemala while on the northern border lies Mexico with the Caribbean Sea occupying the eastern stretch. Its society is made up of people who speak many different languages and therefore culturally diverse. Some of these languages include Creole, Spanish, Garifuna, Chinese, and Hindi. This makes Belize a country of many faces and cultures but this does not separate its citizens as they live as one people in one nation. Belize is the only country where English is the first and official language. The first settlers arrived in Belize about 50,000 years ago. These Asians had migrated from Asia to America using the Bering Strait that existed between the two continents. It has gone through early civilization, colonization and now it is an independent country with a rich heritage of cultures and languages. Early Civilization in Belize The Arawaks The Arawaks together with Caribs were the earliest inhabitants of Belize. They were skilled farmers having acquired their skills about 9000 years ago (Johnson and Melissa 599). They cultivated yams, tobacco, cassava, maize, cotton, and wild seed fruits. They also had skills in angling and hunting. The Maya The Maya civilization existed between 1500 B.C and 800 A.D. “The peak of this civilization occurred during the classic period which began about 250 A.D” (Bolland and Nigel 72). The Maya society comprised of people with different languages who settled in different areas of Belize. These people include Yucatecan in Lamanai, Ch’olti’an in the lowland and Caracol in the south and centre of Belize. The economy of the Mayans was diverse. It comprised of farmers, artisans, merchants, priests-astronomers, and warriors. The farmers grew various crops such as cocoa, Chile peppers, beans, corn, and cotton using labor-intensive irrigation and shift-to-virgin-land agriculture. Their crops were used to feed the other specialists such as the artisans who specialized in sculpture making. The merchants traded by land and by sea. They traded in various commodities produced by the farmers and others such as artisans. The priests also played the role of astronomers. They were very important people in their duty of predicting seasons. They had the knowledge to study the movement of the planets, sun, moon, and stars that enabled them predict seasons and come up with calendars. The artisans created sculptures using stones some of which had images of their gods and heroes. They also specialized in pottery, carving, and weaving. They made clothes from cotton before dying them with big bright patterns. The Mayan society was organized into ranks that comprised of ruler, farmers, and merchants. Their lifestyles varied depending on the rank and this included their diets. The supreme rulers held the highest rank in the society. They inherited these positions from their relatives creating a monarchial form of governance. The merchants were also important people who wore jewelry and feathered headbands like the rulers. The farmers ranked the lowest. They wore simple cotton dresses and sandals. Their diet compr
Summary A comparison between two project management methodologies will be provided in the present report: PRINCE2 and Agile. Moreover, personal recommendations and reflections on employing PRINCE2 provided by ILX Group will be presented. PRINCE2 or Projects In Controlled Environments is a project management methodology based on a process (originally created for the IT industry to manage existing projects), widely used by many companies worldwide. It is employed by many governmental structures, including in the UK, European countries, and Australia. Furthermore, it is actively used in the private sector for delivering effective project management. Concerning Agile, it is a methodology created in 2001 and focused on developing a product or a service. PRINCE2: An Overview PRINCE2 methodology is based on a process, and its primary goal is to advance all stages of a project, including organization, management, and control. The approach is more concerned with the final result rather than with planning (Digital Workplace, 2020, para. 1). PRINCE2 methodology is based on seven essential principles, which allow the control of all stages of a project. First of all, it is vital to determine a clear goal, objectives, targeted audience, and financial activities. A proper plan is needed in order to stay focused on a project. Secondly, one of the main principles of the methodology is a continuous learning process. The team should review new information and experience at each stage and make sure they implement acquired knowledge further. Thirdly, it is essential to distinguish responsibilities inside a team strictly. It appears to be critical, as it allows to measure each team member’s effectiveness and keep employees motivated. Fourthly, the approach suggests a smart phase-wise approach in order to track all stages and stay motivated (Digital Workplace, 2020, para. 6). Each project should be divided into phases with clear goals. Moreover, it is essential to note what has been learned and what can be done differently in the next stage. Fifthly, baseline metrics should be introduced in order to manage projects in an efficient way. Sixthly, managers should keep their focus on product quality, as it can be lost while solving other issues. Lastly, PRINCE2 is easily customized, as it is suitable for almost any type of project. Moreover, it is essential to consider seven processes, which are the core of the PRINCE2 methodolo
Introduction Selective abortion and neonaticide often occurred in the past when a child was unwanted either through the limited economic means of the parent, potential pariah status of having a child out of wedlock, or the gender issues in particular countries (ex: Saudi Arabia and China). However, the paradigm surrounding abortion and neonaticide has slowly been shifting wherein the concept of aborting a baby due to perceived genetic abnormalities is now considered as “acceptable” in some countries. Due to its very nature, abortion is considered illegal in many countries; however, when framed under the concept of a child being born with a deficiency that would make them unable to become a productive member of society, what was once considered as illegal becomes legal. In essence, this promotes the concept that what gives a fetus the right to live is attached to whether they can contribute to society or not. Those that are perceived to be a potential burden are viewed as “less than human” so to speak which supposedly justifies their apparent premature death via abortion. It can be argued that it is more humane to ensure that a fetus with severe genetic abnormalities is not born since this would prevent them from suffering in the future. However, several perspectives should be taken into consideration before acknowledging this as a practice that should be condoned. Quality of Life and Genetic Abnormalities The article Selective Abortion in Brazil explains the case of justifying selective abortion or neonaticide in cases where the capacity for a fetus to survive outside the womb is impossible. The article showed a case of a fetus having an abnormally severe case of anencephaly which would prevent it from being able to function properly once born (Diniz 65). The argument, in this case, is that abortion becomes justifiable given the emotional torture that the mother would experience simply to give birth to a baby that medical science states will die. The article does have a good point since the right to life applies to the experiences, events, and actions that an individual will have from the moment they are born to the day that they die. In cases where they will die once they are born, the right to life does not necessarily apply given the lack of experience that will occur. However, by agreeing to the point of this article regarding quality of life being equated to the right to life, then it can also be argued that fetuses born with severe genetic defects that will allow them to live but would require extensive resources to do so should also be subjected to an abortion. What the actions in this article hint at is the potential for the practice of genetic examinations occurring resulting in fetuses being aborted due to genetic defects. This is close to the practice of eugenics yet is applied to the unborn rather than those that are considered as “inferior.” Admittedly, the practice does have some logical sense to it since eliminating fetuses with genetic a
Over the past years, the notions of business and communication have become closely interrelated in both relationships with the end-user and within the companies. In business, communication is primarily focused on conveying information to the customer to hear the feedback in return. The trends of such communication, however, are sometimes hard to track due to the rapid changes the world community undergoes. In today’s market, the major ways of communication are the business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) models. While the first model is focused on enterprise communication, the latter aims directly at the end consumer (Rėklaitis & Pilelienė, 2019). The fashion industry, as one of the most progressive business sectors, is also based upon these communication processes. Thus, in the course of this report, major B2B and B2C communication trends in the fashion industry will be introduced and analyzed on the subject of their relevance. Communication Trends in the Fashion Industry The notion of trend is quite familiar with the fashion sphere, as various brands and designers all over the world shape and set fashion trends consumers follow each season. Although the communication trends are not as fast-changing, they are still difficult to follow. Having done the research on the topic of current industry trends, the FIDE (