ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Ethical Aspect of the study Psychologists view forgiveness and reconciliation as two parallel phenomena; this difference, they say, is adaptive, such that one may forgive a deceased person without necessarily returning into (the) relationship (Frise & McMinn, 2010). In this case forgiveness has happened, but reconciliation due to the prevailing circumstances or simply a matter of personal choice, has not. As obvious as this argument may seem, the relation between forgiveness and reconciliation is not as simple as such. On the contrary, there has been debate over this matter, especially piqued by disagreements from Christian theologians, suggesting that reconciliation is necessary for true forgiveness. This is the ethical aspect that this research paper investigates. Strengths, Limitations and Suggestions Like most quantitative studies this research study is limited by the virtue of its research design through study biases; the major types of bias in quantitative research are undercoverage, non-response bias and voluntary response bias all of which are present here (Adams & Schvaneveldt, 1985). Undercoverage bias occurs when a sample size does not meet the minimum number of cases of the larger population leading to under representation of the population. Non-responsiveness occurs when significant numbers of sample cases that have already been chosen fails to respond by answering the required information. This compromises the quality of the research study and complicates the data analysis process. Finally, voluntary response bias occurs when sample cases are selected based on their voluntary choice as is also the case in this study. This is largely because the study opted to use survey as it research design. Based on the research design there is evidence of measures put in place to control against most of these biases which strengthens the study findings; this is the strength to the study. Lastly, because the researchers had no means of verifying the identity of the cases sampled since the form were electronically filled online, anyone could have impersonated the intended subjects and filled the same form. I therefore suggest that verifiable means of intended subjects be put in place. Design This study utilized both qualitative and quantitative research design where case-control groups were used in investigating the objectives of the study. This study design lacks a critical component of research studies; that of randomization. Participants The participants for this research study were not randomly selected, rather they were chosen through what we refer as purposive sampling because in this case only subjects of particular profession were being considered. The implication of this approach is that the study findings might be limited and cannot be genera
Introduction Supercomputers are computers that can make calculations much faster than those computers we use every day. Also, supercomputers can store and process much more data. They are needed to solve complex mathematical and practical problems, such as physical problems, modeling of complicated systems, such as structures of materials and chemical substances, and simulations in which a lot of factors need to be considered. The practical benefits of supercomputers’ work include forecasting the weather, analyzing economic situations, and testing things that people will use, such as airplanes: to see how safe they are, complicated simulations are performed by supercomputers. Although most people do not encounter supercomputers in their everyday life, it is important to understand that supercomputers are crucial not only for science but also for making possible things that all people use, such as weather forecasts or the production of fuel. To understand the design of supercomputers, their types should be described, hardware and software should be explored, and the way their performance is measured should be considered. Types One of the main criteria by which supercomputers are divided into groups is the way memory is stored in them. Two major ways of storing memory are shared and distributed. Distributed memory means that each processor has its memory; shared memory means that there is one memory space used by all the processors. When distributed memory is used, there is usually a processor and a memory unit, and there is the need to interconnect them so that programs on different processors could interact. One of the methods to establish this interconnection is a point-to-point circuit that functions as a communications channel with two permanent endpoints similar to a tin can telephone. Another method of establishing interconnections is using hardware acting as a network switch (Hwang, Dongarra, & Fox, 2013). There is also the combined distributed shared memory type, in which each node (i.e. each element of a network) can access and retrieve data from a shared memory but also possesses its own limited memory that is not shared with other nodes. The advantage of shared memory is that it implies the existence of a unified space from which all the necessary data can be retrieved; however, different processors usually need access to certain kinds of data that they regularly retrieve while rarely accessing other parts of the memory space or never accessing them at all. Therefore, the advantage of distributed memory is higher efficiency because the initial design considers which processors will need which memories, and redundant interconnections are excluded. Also, from the point of view of hardware, machines that will use distributed memory are easier to design and build. On the other hand, the advantage of shared memory supercomputers is that they allow parallel computing, i.e. a method of solving complicated problems that are based on the assumption that complicated problems can be broken into simpler ones, each of which can be solved concurrently instead of consecutively, i.e. at the same time instead of one by one. Parallel computi
Introduction Change and innovation are crucial aspects of management in any organization. Worley Parson’s management seeks to create improvements in its operations to allow change and innovation to have a positive impact. The firm’s management seeks to include all stakeholders in this vision to ensure that the company’s work systems improve. Therefore, it is necessary for the management to consult workers and make them prepared of changes which they will face while working in the organization (Thomke 2003, p. 45). They need to encourage workers to be more open to changes in operations to make their work environments conducive for various innovative practices. This will make them resilient and open minded to different situation at the work place. This paper will make recommendations on how Worley Parsons Company needs to initiate change management and innovative practices. Worley Parsons’ management needs to make all employees understand that change and innovation have a positive role to play in the organization. There are various external and internal factors which drive an organization to change its processes to make it more competitive in the market. The firm’s managers need to take an active role in preparing their organizations for change to create a culture of continuous learning in the organization (Thomke 2003, p. 49). They need to act as change agents to encourage employees to improve internal work procedures which have a direct contribution to performance and growth. Worley Parsons’ managers need to understand external and internal forces, which require the organization to change and innovate its operations. These forces determine the direction which the firm moves and the manner it is likely to operate in the market. External Forces External
Introduction Acetone is one of the most widely used solvents in the world and can be used as an intermediate for several commercial products such as acrylic plastic, bisphenol, polycarbonates and epoxy resin, paints, and adhesives among others. According to Tremoulet et al. (Para 2), Acetone is often a by-product of phenol, with scientists capable of producing acetone from a variety of materials including propylene, cumene, and isopropanol. In industrial production acetone is an organic compound with a chemical formula of (CH 3 )2CO. Tremoulet et al. affirm that during production of cumene, “hydro peroxide generated from this process undergoes slicing to engender phenol and acetone” (Para 2). Where scientists require a high concentration of high-purity acetone, they can undertake Catalytic dehydrogenation of isopropanol as a substitute method to manufacturing acetone. As a fresh engineer and based on knowledge in chemical engineering, this paper seeks to design an acetone plant that produces 50 thousand tons per year from isopropyl alcohol. Problem Statement For several decades, scientists have consistently tried to incorporate knowledge to individuals on how to produce simple acetone, with the importance of acetone becoming widely known. A research documented by Rahman indicates, “The catalytic hydrogenation of acetone is an important area of catalytic process to produce fine chemicals” (113). The fine chemicals are useful since the form key element in the conversion of liquid or gaseous fuels as well as having important application in the heat pumps. Typically, scientists have developed vast number of homogeneous complexes and heterogeneous catalysts that have existed until the date for the production fine chemicals, with little knowledge existing in the production of acetone using isopropyl alcohol (IARC 479). For this reason therefore, this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive report on the chemical production of acetone using isopropyl alcohol as the main material. Physical properties of all components Acetone is an organic compound having several physical properties during the entire process of production. Following the procedure in the production of acetone, the several materials emerge during and after the production. To begin with, in the feed drum there are normally three materials in this mixture. The mixtures found in the feed drum as described in the production process entail recycle stream, water, and isopropyl alcohol. This mixture has a number of physical properties noted as colourless, moveable, with mildly pungent smell and liquid in nature (IARC 481). The mixture goes through all other procedures including processes in the vaporizer, heater and reactor the mixture maintains similar physical characteristics. However, flammability of the mixture is eminent throughout the process and engineers should take caution during the chemical production of aceto
According to Hauser, Sastry, and Meyer (2014), the design characteristics of an airplane define the degree of its stability, control, and maneuverability in response to forces acting on it, return to its altitude if disturbed, and remain straight level in normal flight without the corrective action of the pilot. Hauser, Sastry, and Meyer (2014) point out that stability is an aircraft’s design attribute that enables it to maintain its equilibrium conditions while in flight as it responds to externally destabilizing forces in a chosen flight altitude. Control defines the ability of an airplane to respond to the controlling actions of a pilot and the ability to produce the desired displacement of altitude in flight. Both controllability and stability are inherent characteristic design features of an airplane where a more controllable aircraft shows greater stability and vice versa. On the other hand, maneuverability defines the ease with which the altitude and flight path of an aircraft can be maintained. The results show that a tradeoff must exist between stability and controllability for an airplane to be easy to maneuver. Here, a more stable airplane is less controllable. In aviation, Castaldi, Mimmo, and Simani (2014) argue that airplanes achieve positive, neutral, and negative static stability while in flight when acted upon by lateral and vertical forces. When an airplane is acted upon by positive stability, it can return to its original position when the force has been removed. However, an aircraft can’t move away from the original position if under negative stability. An airplane experiences static stability due to the ability to return to its original position when disturbed by externally acting forces after a series of dampening acts. However, a suitable level of stability and control can be achieved if a tradeoff occurs between the control and maneuverability, which varies according to the directional, lateral, longitudinal axis. On the other hand, maneuverability enables the pilot to control the airplane by withstanding the action of forces due to its size, location, and we
Research questions The aim of this study is to find out whether offering on-job training leads to increased productivity of casual workers within the University. Essentially, the study will explore the impact of offering on-job training on casual workers’ performances within the learning institution. In other words, the intention of this study is to examine empirically the impacts of on-job training on the performance of casual employees within the University. Though the literature point out the importance of the relationship between the on-job training and employees’ performances, empirical studies have not been conducted to ascertain the premise on casual workers. The study is distinct and original since the study focuses on the casual employees. In addition, the effects of on-job training on the casual employees’ performances will be tested empirically to determine the validity of the variables. Further, the study is undertaken to add more knowledge on the literature that have been written in this subject area. The study will be looking into two variables, the impact of on-job training as an independent variable and the casual employees performances measured in terms of job outcome as the dependent variable The study will tend to answer the following questions   * Is on-job training among the university casual workers lead to increased productivity?   * What are the effects of on-job training on the casual workers’ job outcomes? University casual workers lag behind when it comes to the improvements of skills through on-job training. In fact, on-job training is considered among the best methods through which workers improve their skills, which translated into improved productivity. Among the college employees, casual laborers are given little attention. In most instances, programs that enable improvement of their skills are limited. Currently, some of the departmental managers have realized the relevance of on-job training plans to casual employees, but they are yet to experience the benefits of adopting such strategies fully. Additionally, most of the departmental managers are still looking at such programmes as a short-term strategy. Conversely, the university is yet to emphasise on the on-job training programme for casual workers as a major human resources management component that could lead to long-terms benefits. Both the casual employees as well as the organisations do not understand the relevance of attaining the required skills through on-job training strategies. As such, only a fraction of them is tapping its full potential. A need for increased performance on the casual workers necessitates more research into the area. Furthermore, there is need to motivate the casual employees towards their job performances. Therefore, understand relationship between on-job training and the productivity of casual employees will be critical in enhancing the general performance of the organi
Introduction: A Descent into Madness with a Cigar in the Hand On the one hand, there is little in common between the problems of schizophrenia among men and women and the effects of nicotine on human muscular system. However, each of the issues is topical at the moment, and each offers a unique problem which needs to be researched. Once learning the effects which nicotine has on people’s health and the relation between gender and schizophrenia, one can possibly find the ways to prevent the latter and to protect the people in the high-risk group from the development of schizophrenia. Blowing Rings of Smoke: the Paradox of a Cigar Box It seems that smoking has always been among the worst habits ever. Considered to be harmful not only for the health of smokers, but also for the people who are forced to inhale the cigar smoke when being around a person with a cigar, smoking has been labeled as a no-no for years. However, according to the recent finding, smoking can possibly boost one’s reaction, which gives a reason to reconsider the effects of the given habit. Nicotine as a powerful stimulus: the source of energy There is no doubt that nicotine is a substance that a lot of people are dependent on and claim to be their performance enhancer. Indeed, according to the research conducted by Umezu, nicotine can have an effect of a stimulus. A t least, when tested on mice, NIC has had an impressive effect: “The present study revealed that NIC at 0.25–2mg/kg acutely reduced ambulatory activity in ICR mice under the same experimental condition for evaluating effects of psychostimulants BUP and MP and depressants HAL and FLU” (Umezu, 2012, 5). Therefore, it can be considered that the use of nicotine can possibly improve one’s performance, boosting one’s energy and enhancing one’s activity. The above-mentioned change in human’s reactions can be explained by the increase of the dopamine hormone. As the results of the research conducted by Froeliger, Beckham, Dennis, Koznik & McClernon state, “Nicotine-induced increases in reactivity to emotional stimuli in the striatum may be due to increased dopamine transmission in this region brought on by nicotine administration (or decreases in dopamine neurotransmission in the absence of nicotine)” (Froeliger, Beckham, Dennis, Koznik & McClernon, 2012, 5) Activity alert: entranced by a cigarette However, it can also be argued that using nicotine as a performance enhancer will be a mistake. According to the research results, the key effect of nicotine is to boost emotional activity. Hence, it can be considered that nicotine can only be used for enhancing one’s reaction to certain emotional stimuli, but not to improve the physical or mental reaction. As Froeliger, Beckham, Dennis, Koznik & McClernon claim, “The observed patch x group interaction in SFG suggested greater reactivity to emotional cues in this region when smokers with PTSD were in a nicotine-deprived state. The SFG plays an important
Introduction Approximately 60 years ago Morgenstern and his counterpart von Neumann started the study of game theory. There is a mathematical result as an indication of equilibrium. This is in the sum game of two players. This model is where one agent’s gain is the loss of the other agent. This led to Dantzig’s linear programming system for optimization problems, as well as Yao’s principle for solving algorithmic lower bounds. Sometime in the last century, Nash proposed to explore the general multiple agent game-model, and where it was proven that mixed strategies exist called Nash-equilibrium point, one for each agent, such that no agent can benefit if it changes its strategy. Nash equilibrium Nash equilibrium is a name derived after John Forbes Nash who proposed it. It is a game theory, which is a solution concept of a game that involves two or more agents, where each agent is taken to know all the equilibrium strategies of the other agents, and no agent benefits by changing only his/ her strategy. If an agent has chosen a strategy and no agent has anything to gain if he/she alters some rules while the other agents do not change their ones, then the set of strategic decisions and the payoffs will create Nash equilibrium. Bayes – Nash equilibrium is then a strategy aspect that states that no agent can get a higher expected utility if he/she departs from a strategy that is different from the agent’s beliefs about the dispensation of some cases from which other agents are excluded. In Nash equilibrium, there is an assumption that an agent is using the strategy the other can do no better than using herself. It is not applicable in a negotiation setting. This is because it needs a utility function for both sides. It is, however, of interest to designers of automated agents. It avoids a need for secrecy by the programmer. There is a publicly known strategy for an agent, and the other agent designers cannot exploit the information by choosing a different strategy. The strategy should be public (should be known) to avoid inadvertent conflicts. This is helpful in the field of agreeing in the game theory. The players’ strategies are very important and hence there is a need for them to be accepted as they are played. Pseudocode for the Nash equilibrium algorithm These algorithms for Nash Equilibrium may be explained as follows:  1. Choose a set of strategies S where one can choose to search from the range [0 ; 1]. (Note: for the Large payment rule, a more reasonable search set is [¡:5; 5], as the rule provides incent
Summary of the Book The central theme in Toni Morrison’s book, “ Song of Solomon” , is the quest for self-identity. In the novel, the author narrates the life journey of a young man, “Milkman” Dead, who lacks enthusiasm for his life, is alienated from his relatives, his cultural roots and his community. At first, Milkman appears psychologically and spiritually enslaved, but later, his aunt, Pilate, and his ally, Bains, help him to embark on a journey of self-discovery. It is through his quest for spiritual and physical restoration that Milkman is able to relate to his inner self and regain his sense of self-worth. The events of Milkman’s journeys span over thirty years. In part I of the book (Chapters 1-9), Morrison narrates Milkman’s early life in his hometown, a small town in Michigan. From his birth to his early thirties, Milkman is spiritually empty; his aunt’s conservative tendencies and the father’s worldly lifestyle could not help him grow spiritually. At one time, Milkman’s father and his sister, Pilate, are forced to flee their home following their father’s killing over land. Later, following a disagreement, they go separate ways only to meet again in this small town in Michigan. The two still have a grudge against one another and could not communicate. Towards the end of part I, Milkman sets out on a quest to find his aunt’s hidden gold, which, according to his father, would become his inheritance. In part II, Milkman travels to the South ostensibly to search for gold (his inheritance). His quest leads him to a farm in Danville, Pennsylvania, his grandfather’s home. He would later trace his lineage to a small town, Shalimar, in Virginia and go there. It is in this small town that his quest ends when Milkman meets his paternal relatives and discovers his true self-identity. Developing Milkman’s Quest Morrison uses many narrative elements in part I in developing Milkman’s quest in the American South in part II. One such narrative element is setting. The South harbors Milkman’s past history particularly slavery in the South. Morrison uses the name “Southside”, Pilate’s residence in the town, to denote their southern ancestry, the origins of the Black population. Thus, Pilate’s place gives Milkman a direct emotional connection to his ancestors in the South. Also, Morrison predicts the importance of Milkman’s journey to his southern ancestral home when he states that Milkman’s walk in the Not Doctor Street was dreamlike and strange following his quarrel with his father. His quarrel with his father marks a turning point in his life as he learns of his father’s materialistic tendencies over family traditions. Also, in part I, as Milkman walks down this street to his aunt’s Souths