ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
About Tesco PLC Tesco PLC is the most successful supermarket in the UK and boasts of a 22.7% market share in the UK. Tesco is rapidly becoming one of the largest supermarket chains in the world (Aaker and McLaughlin, 2010, p. 126). The company is ranked 8 th among the top 10 groceries in the world. Tesco has effectively matched competition from other rival supermarkets by offering its customers a variety of products such as fresh food, groceries, compact disks and clothing lines. Tesco’s remarkable achievements are attributed to several key areas such as customer service, price, e-commerce, distribution, own label products and loyalty cards. Tesco strives to understand what the customers need and uses this information to add value to its products. Given Tesco’s success in UK, the company has diversified its operations to other countries. It currently has retail stores in several countries such as Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Ireland and Thailand (Haerifar, 2011, p.11). Tesco has launched aggressive marketing strategies to enter foreign markets (Dunn & Mason, 2004, p.2). The company’s international operations account for 15% of the group’s operating profits, 20% of the sales and 50% of the supermarket’s total floor space. Most of the company’s international stores are located in Central Europe and East Asia. In addition, the company has acquired substantial market share in foreign countries using the take-over strategy. This strategy basically entails acquiring supermarket chains, getting rid of everything in the stores, recruiting local staff and improving the existing distribution channels (Seth and Randall, 2011, p.50). Market Segmentation Tesco segments its customer base by selecting, preparing and packaging daily products in various ways- from raw ingredients to ready-made meals, from value packs to gourmet treats, and from fresh products to frozen ones (Seth and Randall, 2011, p.26). Tesco continues to invest in new lines of products in order to create more choices for its customers. For example, in 1999, it launched the Tesco Finest range which proved to be a huge success in the market. Tesco also re-introduced its Value packaging and launched new lines of clothing, Cookshop, groceries and stationery. At present, the company has over 1200 products in its Value range and approximately 70% of its clients purchase from Value brand (Morris, 2004, p.22). The 10 million Tesco’s customers are segmented as follows: Up-market (24%); Mid-market (53%) and less affluent (23%). The supermarket has also introduced new brands to target these segments. Some of these brands include Tesco Finest, Tesco Organic, Tesco Kids and Tesco Value (Seth and Randall, 2011, p.26). Although the private label products are labeled Tesco, the supermarket employs sub-brands to segment its market further. For example, Tesco Finest is made up of high value added products with super premium prices. This product label is designed to attract the up-market customers. Tesco Organic was launched to offer a complete basket for both upper and mid-market shoppers. In addition, Tesco brand
Brief Overview of Facts and Issues Art Springer was the head of the Bureau of License Enforcement. Springer worked under Anne Trotter, the agency director of the firm. Trotter on the other hand worked directly under the office of the Governor. Springer was given a free reign in his office. In the process, he made a lot of decisions without consultation of his junior staff. However, under certain circumstances, Trotter would intervene and give Springer some directives. These instances were considered as high profile situations (Miller, n.d.). However, even under these instances, the directives that Trotter gave were not different from what Springer would have done. In addition, Springer had no ethical issues that affected his work. William J. Smith held the office of the governor. Governor William was used to getting his way. He also had a habit of getting even with anyone who did not stand on his lines. Smith ensured that all his employees were loyal to him. The idea of loyalty according to the governor meant that all the employees would have to portray his administration in the best light. Working for the Governor came with strings attached. In fact, to be part of the administration, one had to be willing to sacrifice his reputation for the governor’s sake (Miller, n.d.). Springer realized that to survive at the state administration, he had to show his support to the governor. Moreover, Springer realized that Trotter would go along with anything that she thought would be beneficial to the governor. Springer thus began working shortly after Governor Smith was elected. In fact, Trotter, who was head hunting for the best people in the market to head the departments, recruited Springer as the head of bureau of License. At the present moment, Governor Smith is facing a tough re-election campaign and the media is all over the place “digging for dirt”. Hence, the media presence around Springer’s office has increased by at least 20% (Miller, n.d.). In a meeting, the public information officer cautioned the Bureau Chiefs that they should not let anything to occur within the bureau that the media would deem as scandalous. The governor liked to be surrounded by his supporters despite the fact that in public, he portrayed the picture of a non-partisan politician. Moreover, the governor liked knowing that his administration was behind him. Most of his administrators understood the importance of supporting the governor. It happened that the governor was hosting a gala fundraiser in the state capital. Most of the mid level administrators expressed their desire to attend this event (Miller, n.d.). To facilitate the idea of mid level administrators attending the event, three of the four chiefs decided to hold meetings at the state capital. This would ensure that the mid level administrators attended the event. Moreover, their expenses to and from the capital would be reimbursed. The law is very clear on using the states resources for personal gain. Springer is sure that the idea of the three chiefs is against the law. In fact, his certainty was compounded by the fact that the chiefs have confided in him that there no real reason behind the meetin
Presently, approximately 8.7 million children of below 8 years belong to immigrant families or families with one immigrant parent. This is a drastic increase from the 1990 figure that was 4.3 million, a fact that research studies attributed to the drastic increase in the number of legal and illegal immigration before the U.S government enforced tough cross border measures to manage illegal immigration (Fortuny, Hernandez, & Chaundry, 2010, p. 1-5). As research studies show, although there is a group of immigrants who belong to higher social classes, mostly because of their formal education levels, most of immigrants belong to the low socioeconomic class, as most of them have to struggle to acquire the necessary experience required in the U.S labor market. Although Since 2000, there has been a general decline in the poverty level in the U.S., still most immigrants (more so the recent ones) struggle to sustain their families due to their low level of work experience (refer to appendix figure 1, 2 and 3). That is, immigrants account for the biggest number of poor U.S. citizens; hence, although the level of poverty among immigrants may reduce, the spills over effects of poverty are still persistent. In addition to lack of enough life sustaining incentives, as research studies show, more than a third of all immigrants belong to families of poor formal education backgrounds. This has greatly contributed to increase in the level of poverty among immigrants, as most of them are low-skill individuals hence, because their earnings are not enough to cater fully for their family needs, they mostly depend on governmental anti-poverty incentives to boost their quality of life (refer to the appendix figure 4). Therefore, because children are the most vulnerable members of the family, all spillover effects of poverty affect them directly, as most of them depend on their parents for sustenance (Rector, 2006, p.1). By 2004, the poverty rate among immigrant children was approximately fifty percent, as compared to non-immigrant children. Currently, More than a quarter of children belonging to immigrant families survive under poor living standards, as most of them have to sorely depend on the meager incentives earned by their struggling parents. One primary area that has been adversely affected by the high level of poverty of immigrants is the attainment of education of their children. As research studies show, as compared to natives, the enrollment rate of immigrant’s children is low, right from preschools to higher learning institutions. Although to some extent, currently, the trend is changing, because of the numerous governmental incentives, most children of immigra
The heroes of A New Hope are idealized white characters. Amidala’s characters and alien female characters, such as Twi’lek women, also focus heavily on the sexual aspects and stereotypical desires of women across races. Amidala introduces yet another white actor wearing an Asian costume, while the Twi’leks represent the sexual conquest of different races as status symbols. These examples confirm Berg’s (2009) thesis that stereotypes are applied with rigid logic and are simplistic generalizations. However, racial and gender aspects are redefined in subsequent parts of the film. Finn is important as a black man who was moral and courageous, not inherently unreliable and deceitful like Lando Calrissian. Rei also represents a significant and positive evolution of Star Wars female heroines. Instead of being trapped by a white woman’s sexualized or vulnerable stereotype, she is self-sufficient, brave, experienced, and strong. Thus, it can be assumed that the stereotypes displayed in the first Star Wars films were not used for racist and sexist purposes but were portrayed blindly. Work Cited Berg, Charles Ramírez. “Categorizing the Other: Stereotypes and Stereotyping.” Race and Gender in American Film , edited by Daniel Bernardi, Pearson Custom Publishing, 2009, pp. 3-20.
Introduction Historically many nations that people took to be superior fell due to many varying reasons. A good example is the Roman Empire, which historically people considered very superior and mighty. In addition, another great empire that rose and fell was the Greece Empire, which historically individuals consider as one of the origins of civilization. This is never different even in present times, where some countries that people perceived to be superior are falling and new empires rising. For example, the once called the Soviet Union broke down into different states that are fighting with much political, social and economic turmoil (Ames Para. 1-2). Majority of past empires ruled great territories, but simple mistakes and weaknesses led to their downfall. For example, majority of regions in the Middle East were under the rule of the Babylonians, whereby king Nebuchadnezzar had great powers, hence dictated everything he perceived as right for the people. The Rise and fall of Babylonia The past Babylonia is an empire that people knew to be mighty, rich, and harsh. Babylonia rose to power after destruction of the Assyrian empire. Its capital city (Babylon) was strategically located to the southern region of river Euphrates, hence making it a tower of power. The country had immense riches, and due to its monumental outlook that made many people respect it for they took it as a biblical center. Babylonia’s success is in most cases attributed to its strong leaders such as Napololassar and Nebuchadnezzar, who ruled Babylonia, hence helping it defeat its oppressors such as Assyria. During Napololassar’s rule, he helped Babylonia defeat its enemies by taking many treasures from countries he defeated. After his rule, Nebuchadnezzar inherited the kingdom hence developing it further using riches obtained during his father’s reign (Ancient Babylonia: history of Babylonia Para. 3-13). Even after Nebuchadnezzar’s fall, other incoming leaders embraced the same principles he used in ruling, hence making Babylonia more successful. In addition to immense wealth grabbed from other nations, many civilizations helped Babylonia rise to the top, because many countries considered it a center of civilization, hence accorded it a lot of respect. Adoption of better flood control mechanisms, gave the Sumer people a chance to develop their agriculture, which to larger extents promoted its economy. On the other hand, expansion of agriculture made Babylonia to expand its trade, production and manufacturing industry. Another main contributor to Babylonia’s rising was the unification of its people and strong support they accorded their army. Nebuchadnezzar used most of the prisoners captured during war as slaves to help in building his empire, hence providing free and enough labor to accomplish his projects. To protect his country Nebuchadnezzar cons
Regulations of the Occupational Safety Health Act In this case, the violation of the Occupational Safety Health Act (OSHA) laws and regulations was the center of the legal procedure. The legal issue was to determine whether Williams Construction Company had violated OSHA laws and regulations (Walsh, 2010). In the case, OSHA accused R. Williams Construction Company (Williams), a Californian company specializing in construction, of violating the standards of regulation at a sewer construction site. One employee was killed and another seriously injured. Before the case, Williams Company was carrying out a sewer construction project at Chumash Casino Project at Santa Ynez, California. On September 9, 2002, two of Williams’ employees, Jose Arguiniga and Adam Palomar, worked in the trench when it collapsed, killing Arguiniga and seriously injuring Palomar. Upon investigations, OSHA alleged that Williams had violated 29 U.S.C. Section 651-678 of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970. The study concluded that four areas of the law were violated:  1. It argued that the company (as the employer) had failed to provide its employees with prior information and instructions on recognizing and avoiding threats caused by hazardous conditions at the workplace (Walsh, 2010).  2. Williams did not implement the required methods to provide an easily accessible safe zone in the construction site.  3. OSHA alleged that Williams had violated the standards because it had failed to hire competent personnel with the required skills and trainin
Introduction The US prison system limits the rights and liberties of prisoners by refusing them any of the basic rights accorded citizens. These rights include the right to practice religion, court access, due process rights, mail rights, medical care rights, the right against overcrowding, and visitation rights (Prisoner Rights). The increase in the liberties of prisoners occurred against the backdrop of the historical abuse of power of the prison system, as well as the increased awareness of the need for prison systems to follow constitutional processes and procedures in treating prisoners. Main body The Prison Litigation Act of 1996 “severely restricts the ability of federal courts to ensure constitutional conditions for prisoners.” Many states have decided to follow the example of the federal government and have set up the same kind of prisoner restrictions. Also, the prison population in the US has tripled over the past fifteen years, and the incarceration rate in the US has become the highest in the world. The consequences of these are overcrowding, taxed health care, and increased violence (About the National Prison Project). These actualities point to the inadequacy of the rights given to prisoners to achieve better conditions of incarceration for themselves. Therefore, rights groups should be rightfully allowed to secure those better conditions through class action lawsuits intended to secure those “constitutional conditions of confinement” and strengthened prisoner rights (About the National Prison Project). During the 1960s and the 1970s, the prisoners’ rights movement swept across the country, with every aspect of correctional operations coming into judicial scrutiny (Jails and Prisons). The rise in litigation beginning in the 1970s is immediately attributed to the twin phenomena of mass incarceration and overcrowding in prisons that led to prison riots and revolts, with litigations focusing on getting relief from the conditions of poor health care and increased violence bred by those two phenomena (Vogel). Litigation on the conditions and overcrowding had the greatest impact, as seen by a third of all prisons in the country being ordered by the state and federal courts to address both issues. It is said that inmates do not have a right to privacy in their prison cells. The relevant Supreme Court case on the issue is Hudson versus Palmer in 1984, in which the ruling was that “society is not prepared to recognize as legitimate any subjective expectation of privacy that a prisoner might have in his prison cell…”, supported by a Second Circuit decision in the civil rights action Willis versus Artuz (No right to privacy in a prison cell). The non-privacy extends to mail, where prisons have historically served the role of mail censors who have the power to reject mails for a variety of banned content such as mail written in code, mail containing information on how to brew alcohol or make drugs (Prisoner rights). Inmates do have some degree of privacy rights, such as the right to medical confidentiality (Court upholds transexuals’ privacy rights). The law is not clear about the use of men offi
Objectives Exercise-induced bronchonstriction (EIB) frequently occurs in individuals with the overtly displayed respiratory symptoms that appear as a result of strenuous exercise. It has also been found that half of the EIB diagnosed patients are athletes, among which 20 % are children (Randolph 25). The study has also reported that almost 48 % of parents recognize the fact that children suffering from asthma have higher probability of the emergence of the typical symptoms of IEB. In the paper, the scholar explores possible treatment techniques, prevention, chronic pharmacological therapy, and summary of other approaches and medications used to reduce the frequency of EIB cases. Methods To explore the underpinnings and precursors of IEB, the author provides an extensive review of literature to contrast and compare various treatment techniques that refer to medical and psychiatric interventions. The testing procedures have been carried out by pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry. One research indicated that children possessing asthma have higher probability to suffer from EIB. Additionally, there are also surrogate-testing procedures that impose a number of challenges on the participants. Prevention techniques relate to the controller therapy implying the intake of inhaled steroids. Use of inhaled-acting beta-agonists that are often preceded with tolerance, a decline in the effectiveness of preventive and protection mechanisms. Treatment procedures are associated with non-pharmacological, pharmacological for chronic asthma and for elite athletes. Results Individuals with normal spinometry results could relate to inhaled steroids therapy. The most effective intermittent agents refer to the use of beta-agonists. Long-term therapy of EIB is carried out by inhaled corticosteroids. Children suffering from EIB should undergo repeated testing to determine whether inhaled steroids provide efficient treatment. Additionally, physical fitness is an important condition for controlling and preventing EIB because it diminishes the occurrence of severe forms of the disorder. Nevertheless, the recent research studies have not proved that physical fitness has a positive effect on EIB severity. Conclusion It has been discovered that EIB occurs in patients with recognized asthma, as well as in athletes without evident symptoms of asthma. As per surrogate challenges, specific attention should be given to mannitol issue and EVH, which are more relevant for diagnosis. Treatment techniques vary from non-pharmacological interventions to dietary techniques and inhaled steroids. Finally, beta agonists could be optional drugs for protecting against asthma. Non-pharmacological intervention includes face mask and improvement of physical fitness. All these approaches are efficient for diminishing the severity of exercises-related asthma. The focus is made on children whose treatment should be considered. Works Cited Randolph, Christopher. Exercise-related Asthma in the 21 st Century. Clinical Perspectives. (2012): 24-28. Print.
The protagonist in the story is a young police officer stationed in Burma. He is facing the biggest challenge of his career because a rogue elephant is wreaking havoc in a poor village, close to where he has been stationed. The antagonist is the British colonial administration, whose oppressive rule in the country has made natives resent its authority (Orwell, 2013).. The story is set in a small urban quarter in Burma, inhabited by poor natives. They use tamed elephants to perform labor-intensive tasks. They live in squalid conditions and do not have access to basic amenities. This setting shows the country’s imperial rulers are not doing enough to improve the living standards of natives in the country. This setting shows the failure of the British administration to help natives live a comfortable life (Orwell, 2013). The protagonist is facing a psychological conflict because if he kills the elephant, its owner will suffer a major economic loss. He realizes that laws put in place by the British administration are not favorable to many native Burmese. The story highlights the consequences of British imperial rule in the country. Native Burmese resent British imperial rule because it restricts their freedom (Orwell, 2013). The narrator is considerate because he does not want to kill the elephant, yet he sympathizes with the plight of the man trampled to death by the beast. He is isolated because he is mocked by natives behind his back whenever he meets them. He becomes remorseful after shooting the elephant, which is a valuable asset to its owner, even though it threatened the lives of many people. The British imperial administration is a symbol of oppression for many natives. The young narrator takes note of the fact that a tamed elephant is a revered asset in the country because it helps natives perform many difficult tasks. The narrator also describes the way he resents Buddhist priests, which shows that many natives have strong faith in Buddhist religious teachings (Orwell, 2013). Orwell uses the chilly and gloomy weather in the morning to set the tone for events that are going to take place later in the day (2013). He shows how the imperial administration is not concerned about the plight of natives. This is revealed through convicted prisoners who are confined in inhumane living conditions. He feels he is made to bear the burden of misguided policies because his duties entail cracking down on any form of dissent from natives. The story shows many flaws in British policies, which deny natives an opportunity to live freely in their own country. The elephant metaphorically refers to the British administration’s oppression of natives, who resent its authority. This makes natives live a life full of desolation (Orwell, 2013). The narrator argues that the elephant is out of control and has to be killed to prevent it from causing more damage. The elephant has already killed one man, which