ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Khalid ibn al-Walid who was also known as Sayfu I-Lhi I-Masll lived between 592 and 642. He was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia and he was also known as Sayfullah, meaning the “Drawn Sword of God”. His father name was Al Waleed. He was a wealthy chief of one of the villages in Makkah and a trader of the Bani Makhzum clan which was among the three noblest and leading clans of the Quraish People. (Mehar 12) His clan was in charge of war and they took care and trained war horses. They also arranged prepared, planned and implemented expeditions and provided for the warriors. Their officers were also the leaders in the battle fields (Akram25). After his birth he was taken to a foster mother in the desert as the custom demanded. He would grow strong and healthy in the clean, fresh, unpolluted and clear desert air. She nursed him and took care of him until he was about five or six years when he went back to his parents. His father was greatly proud of his family and he instilled that pride in his son teaching him about his family background and ancestry. He also taught him the character of Arab man-hood, the virtues of courage and bravery in fighting, kindness and generosity with much success. While he was still young Khalid learned how to ride not only trained war horses but also wild horses and camels, he become a perfect trainer of young horses and he was one of the best and famous horsemen of the Makhzum who were among the best horsemen in Arabia themselves. He could use all weapons but he excelled in the sword which was the most trusted and regularly used weapon. Khalid was also a lavish spender and a very generous man and this would later get him into trouble (Mehar 194) When he reached maturity Khalid became obsessed with war and he made up his mind to learn every art of fighting there was, soon he was among the greatest warriors in his tribe and in the whole of Arabia. He was noted in the Islamic world as one of the most strongest and successful military commanders (Nicolle 60). He gained his military experience through many years of war, from commanding the military forces of Muhammad the Islamic prophet, to those of the Rashidun Caliphate who ruled later; Umar and Abu Bakr in the seventh century. He was always successful in battle, he conquered forces which were many in number and had more sophisticated wea
Introduction The productivity of a workplace in any organization greatly depends on the environment that the workplace creates for its employees. Motivation of employees is one aspect that affects the productivity of an organization either positively or negatively. The emotional experiences affect the behavior of an employee in the workplace. Motivational strategies and concepts can be used to boost the morale of the employees thereby improving the productivity of the workplace. The goals of an organization should be set in a way that they are also effective not only to the organization but also to the employees. Proper orientation will help integrate an individual’s goals with the goals of the organization ensuring success on both the employee and the organization. A proper means of performance approval and management will motivate the employees to work harder. Rewarding the employees who do good work and contribute greatly to the productivity of the organization will help increase job satisfaction. This paper will seek to analyze job redesign for the nurses in a healthcare organization that will help increase the productivity of the organization. Current Situation in the healthcare The nurses in my workplace have some defined responsibilities and tasks where in most cases they attend to the patients giving them the necessary care. There exists a team of top management that designs the work that each nurse should take and the time that every nurse is expected to be at the workplace. There exists a gap between the top management and the employees and the nurses do fear individuals in the top management. The individual nurses are supposed to work on the specific areas where one has been assigned and the training and orientation concentrates on a specific job for each nurse. Very few nurses have been promoted to higher positions and those who have been promoted have been promoted on some doubtful methods and not on the basis of their performance. Most of the nurses have no space to manage their work or themselves but the management dictates what each nurse will do. They also have no options in monitoring their standards or even improving them. This makes most of the nurses feel frustrated since they neither have hopes of advancement to higher levels nor options on the work to take (Phil, 2004, p.80). The job is at times stressing and the individuals are never motivated to make improvements on their performance. Company-Wide Rewards The behavior of employees in an organization is affected by the trends in the organization. Rewarding the
Introduction Modern Jamaica is a prospering Caribbean island nation known for its beautiful environment, tourism destinations, and a diverse culture. Coming from a challenging history as a slave colony, Jamaica has made significant progress to define its identity in the region. However, despite a common perspective of the country being highly liberal and accepting, in some respects its society remains conservative and embedded in ideology of its colonial past. In the first part of the dissertation, the influence of the Offences Against the Person Act (OAPA) of 1861 was discussed on abortion practices and laws around the world, including Jamaica. Currently Jamaica maintains one of the most unique positions, with abortion being illegal officially, but still performed as part of the status quo in particular situations. The discussion around abortion in Jamaica is inherently complex, stemming from colonial influences on modern sociopolitical and religious perspectives. This paper will aim to examine the historical development and modern ideologies on both sides of the debate in Jamaica and provide an in-depth discussion regarding sociopolitical context for current and future aspects of the abortion access status quo and policy. Brief Background As explored previously, the OAPA was a law written and passed in the UK parliament in 1861. As Great Britain was a colonial power at the time, its legislative framework was taken as the foundation for legislation in multiple colonies around the world, one of which was Jamaica which adopted the OAPA to its full extent in 1864. OAPA was a very broad law encompassing many physical interactions between individuals, and while it outlawed obvious crimes of assault and murder, many sexual and reproductive rights were banned as well including sodomy and abortion. 45 The use of legislative frameworks was complex aimed at establishing greater colonial control and manipulation of reproductive rights for racial purposes. Ever since the adoption of OAPA, Jamaica’s law on the matter of abortion has remained unchanged even after its independence in 1962. Currently abortions are officially illegal and can be persecuted to the full extent of the law. resulting in significant prison time for patients, physicians, or other parties that are enabling the abortion procedure. However, the status quo in Jamaica is that abortions are performed unofficially for large sums of money in clinics that are willing to risk the procedure. As established in the first part of the dissertation, there is an ongoing discussion in Jamaica regarding the status of the OAPA law and abortion rights. 46 Due to the status quo of abortion access in the country, it is leading to extensive harm to the population as abortions are performed by unqualified personnel or in unsanitary conditions, with multiple cases garnering public attention. Although increasing abortion access has generally more support, the country is still relatively split between the ideologies of liberalization and conservatism, driven by Protestant church has a strong influence on the country and its leadership and remain a vocal opposition t
Introduction For almost two thousand years, the earth was believed to form the center of the solar system. However, in early 16 th century Nicolas Copernicus (an astronomer of the Polish origin) proposed a new perspective that, the earth was just a planet like any other and did not form the center of the solar system. He rather proposed that, the sun was the center of the solar system; he called his model the heliocentric system. His findings were written in a book called “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies” which was published after his death. This paper will give an in-depth analysis of the Copernican model, the Ptolemaic model, and then give a comparison between the two models. Copernican model Nicolas Copernicus designed his model of the solar system to achieve the greatest simplicity, within his physical and philosophical axiomatic framework. He sought to eliminate the unnecessary hypothesis of the Ancients concerning coincidences and correlations of planetary orbits by explaining these orbits in terms of his heliocentric approach. The Copernican model of the solar system consists of the central star sun surrounded by a family of planets in concentric circular orbits. Whether we accept Copernican model or the multi-star model of the solar system is a philosophical choice rather than a scientific decision. He came up with a new ordering of the solar system as illustrated in the figure below (Anon. “ The Copernican Model ”1) From Copernican order of the solar system, we realize that, the Earth is placed in third position from the sun and that the moon goes around the earth it’s an orbit. The Earth goes around the sun once every day causing the stars to rotate around it in the other direction. Copernicus was able to prove that the sun and not the earth was the center of the solar system but held unto the assumption of circular motion. He found that, all the planets rotate around the sun in a circular motion but the time taken by each planet to complete one rotation differs. The planets which are closer to the sun take a shorter time as compared to the ones further from the sun. Each planet has an orbit called ellipses in which it rotates around the sun. Despite all the research, Copernicus had carried out, he feared publishing his book because he did know how the other astronomers and the church would react. That’s why; his book was only published soon after his death. However, for over one hundred years, his book was widely accepted and used in the study of astronomy. Other astronomers emerged later to criticize his findings but were not able to completely do away with his work and it still forms the basis of the study of the astronomy. The most commonly used aspect of Copernicus’s model is that the solar system is heliocentric. That is, the earth, moon, and planets relate around the sun in a uniform circular motion. This appr
For hundreds of years, the wind was harnessed to generate electricity. The windmills that use air currents for the conversion into mechanical energy date from and possibly beyond Medieval Europe. Today, the wind energy sector is the world’s second most rapidly growing source of energy and one of the most advanced technologies to build renewable energy sources. Efforts by the elite members of the society enlightened the global countries about the benefits of renewable energy sources in conserving the environment prompting the need to consider wind energy (Lacal-Arántegui, 2019). Interestingly, the advancing technology played a crucial role in promoting the goals of environmental conservation. For instance, pultrusion technology was critical in promoting ecological sustainability and ensuring that the industry utilizes the limited financial resources towards achieving their mutual goals. By linking a spinning rotor with a generator, wind turbines transform it into electricity. The wind moves through the aerodynamic rotor blades and generate a higher pressure area on both sides of the blade. Due to the variations in air pressure, lifting and drag forces are created. The former is greater than the latter, so the rotor attached to the generator rotates. The energy is then provided by moving from the aerodynamic to the generator rotation. Whereas the number of offshore installations has increased in recent years, particularly in Europe, wind energy generations are generally land-based (Lacal-Arántegui, 2019). It is costlier to locate offshore wind turbines and larger installations to boost the power generation capacity. The fact that many of the best sites have been occupied has made offshore locations’ production more preferable. In conclusion, the shift to wind energy as a renewable power source is the key to promoting society’s sustainable existence. Moreover, wind turbines produce enough electricity to serve a significant number of people. Reference Lacal-Arántegui, R. (2019). Globalization in the wind energy industry: Contribution and economic impact of European companies . Renewable Energy , 134 , 612-628. Web.
Introduction The world requires power in order to sustain its energy needs and requirements. The main source of power in the world is the Sun. This source of energy powers all the natural systems in the world. The Sun is the sole source of energy that plants use in the process of photosynthesis in order to manufacture their food. This is an essential process since plants are the primary producers in the food chain in the world. The Sun also maintains favourable temperatures in the world that make it possible to maintain life and other biological systems. Therefore, without the sun, there would have been no life on the Earth. As man evolved, his needs and desires have increased. These factors brought about an increased demand in power. The first source of fire that people discovered is fire. This was the achievement of the cave men. They used fire to keep themselves warm, cook and hunt. However, with the development of civilization and industrialization, the energy requirements of humans for domestic and industrial use were gradually increasing. As a result, people had to seek for alternative sources of energy. Firewood, coal and petroleum were the main sources of energy. However, because of their negative environmental impact, these sources of energy are not been advocated at the present moment. Scientists have developed energy sources that are clean, renewable and environmental friendly. Hydroelectric and nuclear powers are good examples (Davis, 2006). Hydroelectric Power Hydroelectric Power is the most common method of generating electric power nowadays. People advocate for this form of power generation because it is a renewable source of energy. As long as there is running water, electricity will be always generated using this method. HEP power production is also an environmental friendly method of power generation. It has minimal negative impacts on the environment as compared to petroleum, coal and firewood that pollute the environment. Variable amounts of energy can also be generated while using this method. Finally, this form of power generation can be used in any part of the world. There are, however, some drawbacks associated with this method of power production. The building of dams that act as water reservoirs may cause floods on flat basin. HEP power plants are also a danger to fish and other aquatic inhabitants that are found in rivers. Due to limited water movements, its salinity increases as well as rates of decay, and finally, there are always sudden changes in water le
This paper seeks to analyze and discuss whether Australia’s federal system needs reform. A federal system presupposes the independence of each state while allowing the federal government to be the final ruler above certain state decisions. A change if any would seem to presuppose making the structure of government more centralist, hence giving more power to the central government. Viewed in this context, this paper will try to evaluate the situation of Australia if such is change is necessary. If one will try to trace the history of Australia, one may find that it has been the federalism structure that has been the focus for reform. There have been referenda that have been conducted in the past and that from about forty-two (42) referenda about more than one-half have proposed a change to the structure of the Australian Constitution. One recorded evidence of strong desire to prove about moves for reform in the structure includes that Gough Whitlam making his famous criticism in 1957, that the Australian Labor Party (ALP) ‘has been handicapped… by a Constitution framed in such a way as to make it difficult to carry out Labor objectives.’ (‘Chifley Memorial Lecture’,1957) As to what has caused Gough Whitlam to have made such comment must have a basis in fact and law. First, it would appear that one part of the Australian system that has been clamoring for constitutional change appears to be coming from the ALP. Such or attempts or moves for change from the ALP are not therefore surprising since the party has the interest to clamor for change as the party believes it. To argue for a change of structure would however seem to change the foundations of the house under which the building was built and it could connote changing the very philosophy of the original framers of the Constitution and substi
Article description The study by Simmons et al. (2019) investigated whether there was a gender gap in entrepreneurs’ reentry decisions after a business failure. The researchers used a sample of 8171 entrepreneurs with business failure experiences coming from 35 countries. The researchers found that women were less likely to enter business than men regardless of whether it was the initial entry or reentry after entrepreneurial failure. Another finding was that the public stigma of business failure increased the gender gap in reentry decisions. Finally, the researchers discovered that high public fear of business failure decreased the odds of reentry for both male and female entrepreneurs, but the decline for females was greater. The study contributes to the literature by emphasizing the elements of entrepreneurial ecosystems that may hinder entrepreneurs’ reentry intentions and providing directions for future research in the field of entrepreneurship. The research also has policy implications, underlining the need for community support of entrepreneurs. Addressed Gaps in the Literature During their literature review, Simmons et al. (2019) found that prior research revealed the influence of formal and informal norms existing in an ecosystem on entrepreneurs’ decisions to enter, exit, and reenter business. The researchers aimed to expand this body of knowledge by investigating how environmental conditions affected the personal cost of entrepreneurial failure. Simmons et al. (2019) focused on such environmental factors as the public stigma of business failure, which was a formal norm supported by national laws, and public fear of failure, which was an informal norm. The researchers also discovered that the question of entrepreneurial ecosystem diversity was understudied, so they decided to explore how differently the aforementioned environmental factors affected males and females in their response to business failure. Ideas and Arguments Found Stimulating The first argument found stimulating is a quote retrieved from a study investigating the gender differences in business entry motivations. It said, “If a man fails, people sympathize. If a woman fails, people ridicule” (Simmons et al., 2019, p. 520). This quote suggests that gender stereotypes persist in modern society and discourage women from entering the business. As a result, the world loses potential female entrepreneurs who might have valuable business ideas but refrain from realizing them because of stereotypes. Another argument found stimulating is that public and private communities can reduce the effects of gender stereotypes by providing equal nonmonetary support to female and male entrepreneurs. This idea is important because it suggests directions for entrepreneurial policies. Questions and Concerns with the Main Claims The authors’ first claim is that formal and informal ecosystem factors influence entrepreneurs’ decisions. However, the researchers expressed concerns about the level of analysis – national, regional, or loc
Sociology is the science that helps people disclose and understand how individuals are affected by the surrounding communities and how one person can impact the whole society. These processes occur under different circumstances and might raise broad discussions. An example of such a situation is ten-year probation instead of 20 years in prison sentence for a wealthy teenager Mr.Couch who killed four people by driving drunk (Fernandez & Schwartz). This post aims to discuss the approaches of sociological theory that can be applied to the case. Firstly, the social-conflict approach can be utilized to revise Mr.Couch’s sentence because the affluence of the defendant’s family raises inequality and questions the judge’s decision if the teenager was not wealthy. Society cannot be viewed as a whole in this case because the class played a significant role there (Macionis). Secondly, the symbolic-interaction approach is suitable for the case because it occurred at a micro-level of society. Individuals might contact differently, and the discussed case is necessary to be examined from the involved persons’ perspectives instead of the broader society’s point (Macionis). Lastly, manifest and latent functions can be applied to the judge’s decision on Mr. Couch’s case (Macionis). The demand in making a final decision forced Jean Boyd to choose a manifesting strategy as the nationwide reaction was not expected. There was no sociological perspective in the decision-making process because it did not consider the teenager a social group represented in general. Sociological perspective includes multiple approaches, and applying them for a given case can help analyze the judge’s sentence. Although society has a louder voice and authority than an individual, several situations require assessing a situation separately from social biases and standards. The probation sentence, instead of prison for killing people, revealed that class inequality and age are the factors that lead to nationwide discussions. Works Cited Fernandez, Manny, and John Schwartz. “Teenager’s Sentence in Fatal Drunken-Driving Case Stirs ‘Affluenza’ Debate.” The New York Times , 2013, Web. Macionis, John J. Sociology, 17th Edition. Pearson, 2019.
Introduction Traditionally, the key focus of the education system has been to give knowledge and assess the student’s ability to think. More than anything in history, the need to impart knowledge defines the very existence of learning institutions. The world has been in constant need of minds that continue to think critically. Acquiring this art of critical thinking has primarily involved training of the “mental muscle” to memorize facts, learning to relate events and personalities. Such one-dimensional method in the last few decades has been under constant scrutiny, and a variety of theories have advanced. The very essence of the process has been questioned as well as more methods that involve direct experiences with teaching aids, social and physical products and interrogation of all the end product. Background Not all the students think in the same way and as such it is hard to assess them by making them perform the same assignments, grading them with a standard rubric, expecting them to have the same hearing ability and feelings. Students give various answers to the same question, possess varying fantasies and have varying levels of knowledge absorption. Answering the needs of different students by a standard approach has been one of the challenges of 21 st -century curriculum (McKenzie 173). Howard Gardner questioned the educational curricula along those lines in 1983 and came to the conclusion that “ instead of one kind of general intelligence, there are at least seven different types, which include verbal intelligence, musical intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, spatial intelli