ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Main research question Reasons and consequences of the Indian Independence Act 1947 failure will be examined. Theoretical Framework The paper will start with an overview of the prerequisites for Indian liberation following the role of the Indian Independence Act (Venkatraman, 2019) (White-Spunner, 2017). Different perspectives on the liberation movement will be examined, among those, the one by Mahatma Gandhi will be especially scrutinized (Khan, 2021). The research will include a literature overview to provide an academic vision of the events. The paper will analyze why the Indian Independence Act was set this way (Roland, 2019). The act’s role will be studied, along with the events that led to the partition of India (Qadir, 2021). The article will examine the consequences of the act’s formation and the reasons for its failure to ensure peace after the partition (Ali, 2017) (Sardesai, 2019). The conclusions will be drawn regarding the effectiveness of the Indian Independence Act 1947. Additionally, the paper will investigate the Act in the light of nationalism, liberalism, foreign policy, social constructivism, and realism (Sharma, 2021). Thesis Argument The specific form of the act led to controversies in the regional division and, consequently, to conflicts. Supporting evidence The main principle of this plan was the self-determination of each region by the majority of the local population, which had to decide which country it would eventually enter. As a result, the “mixed” provinces of Punjab and Bengal were divided and today belong in part to India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) (Sharma, 2021) (Mathur, 2021). Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, said: “Our goal is peace inside and outside the country. We want to live peacefully and in sincere friendship with our neighbors.” Later, however, this concept tragically crashed against reality (Rizvi, 2019).
Introduction Argentina is going to be the center of the discussion and the area which is going to be the focus of our proposal about elections and political process program (Request for Proposals, 1995). Argentina is a federal state with an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The country is ruled by the president who is elected every four years. The administrative division of the country is 23 provinces and one federal district, each of which has its constitution and autonomous bodies. We are the company which deals with elections and the programs related to this topic. We proclaim democratic and fair elections, that is why our main goal is to teach the participants of the election campaigns the principles of fair competition and the ways how to conduct fair elections without law violation. Elections in Argentina Offering the elections and political process program for this country, we would like to offer the following facilities:   * We assist elections using offering impartial and professional administration of the process.   * We can help train the local companies which are created with the purpose to monitor elections.   * We provide information to the votes about their right and responsibilities in an understandable manner.   * We offer programs for political parties and the presidents who want to take part in the election campaigns devoted to the better and more effective competition in the interest of the public.   * We guarantee to help with training programs which are going to be directed at the newly elected legislators and other officials.   * We also try to proclaim the idea of women’s participation in the elections. Reference List Request for Proposals. (1995). US Agency for International Development . No. OP/B/AEP 95-006.
Information Interview “ Mr. S” is used in the paper for preserving the interviewee’s anonymity. Organizational Background The interviewee (Mr. S) currently heads his own company called Engadine (the name of a valley region in southeastern Switzerland). He is the head of business activities such as business relations, development, and project management. He works with alternative investment managers, whom Mr. S represents and whose businesses he helps to build. At the moment, he is involved in working with ultra-high-network individuals who are looking to develop a hotel and resort on the Dead Sea in Jordan; he is managing the development project on their behalf. His company in itself is not large; it is made up of Mr. S and several partners with whom he works. The partners are not employed directly by Engadine; however, depending on the level of the company’s activities, each partner can make significant contributions to the business. As a rule, Mr. S works on between three and four different assignments at a time and thus needs contributions from various professionals in different fields. He is planning to move to San Francisco in the next few months because his wife has been offered an amazing opportunity to work for Google. Mr. S is looking forward to the move and the new opportunities that it will create for him. Professional Background Mr. S grew up in New York and studied at a university in Washington, DC. Upon his return to New York, he started his career at Morgan Stanley, then joined a small private equity management firm called Seligman. He then worked for Citi Private Bank in Geneva (covering the Middle East), moved to Abu Dhabi for five years with Citi Private Bank, and then returned to Geneva and joined Coutts, where he was in charge of all of the UAE-related projects. He moved to New York three years ago and joined a company called Fargils, where he was in charge of both the Middle Eastern and the Benelux operations. Over the last year, Mr. S has set up his own company, which he named Engadine. Approach to Interviewing Mr. S indicated that it is always essential to prepare for interviews, no matter how expert you are in your profess
Introduction The main challenge associated with the nuclear energy is the disposal of the resultant waste. Although several ways of storing nuclear waste have been established, nuclear waste disposal remains to be a major issue as none of the available alternatives are comprehensive enough in their solutions. The biggest challenge emanates from the fact that storage of the nuclear waste requires an incredibly long time, running into thousands of years. The question of nuclear waste management remains a challenging one given that projections indicate a possible rise in the use of nuclear power in the future. The already existing nuclear power stations have a big stockpile of the nuclear waste, with permanent disposal still unresolved. This paper seeks to discuss the question of nuclear waste disposal and the challenges faced by the developed countries relying on the technology for their power production. In particular, this research will analyse the different ways through which other countries deal with the problem, determine whether Australia can adopt a better alternative in disposing its nuclear waste, and elaborate on two alternative methods through which nuclear waste disposal can be done. Literature Review Up to one-third of Europe’s electricity is sourced from nuclear power reactors. Europe had 145 reactors operating across 15 countries in the continent by 2007, with an addition of eight more reactors being planned (European Commission Joint Research Centre, 2010, para 2). These nuclear reactors have already disposed of a significant amount of nuclear waste into the environment. The problem of nuclear waste will prove to be a complicated situation as the numbers of the reactors increase. Japan is dealing with the nuclear waste disposal challenge by shipping waste to Rokkasho processing plant for storage. Although the country has a special policy addressing disposal of nuclear waste, its plans have fallen way behind the schedule. The policy concerns the closed-fuel-cycle that governs the disposal of its close to 1,000 tonnes of nuclear waste. Plans are underway to establish a commercial fast-breeder scheme by 2050 (Bream et al., 2006, p. 8). An underground repository is being constructed for the disposal of radioactive waste in Finland. The country intends to place its old nuclear fuel bars in steel canisters before encasing them in copper (Bream et al., 2006, p. 8). The UK government has obtained recommendations from its appointed body to bury its nuclear waste deep underground. In the case of the USA, a similar waste disposal method has been established, where the Yucca Mountain has been selected as the right site for undertaking the disposal. Although the site had been identified back in 1957, controversies had been slowing the actual undertaking of the programme. However, 2017 has been selected as the official date when the disposal activities will take place (Bream et al., 2006, p. 8). Method This research has mainly focused on secondary sources of data to form its basis of discussion and analysis. The sources of information used include research reports on the same topical issue, journal articles published mainly
Introduction The Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution in China was one of the most significant changes in the country in recent history. It happened from 1966 to 1976, and in general, presented as a brutal purge movement in the social and political contexts. It was dedicated to the abandonment of capitalistic and traditional Chinese features and the establishment of communism. Mao Zedong’s ideas were actively promoted as the state ideology, and Mao was rendered with the major political powers in the country. This essay aims to reveal the goals and objectives of the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution and its impact on Chinese society, people, and culture through the discussion of three primary sources. The Purpose of Revolution The Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution had several goals and objectives. Its primary purpose was the eradication of Western capitalistic features from China’s political and social lives and the establishment of communism as the dominating political force. The revolution also aimed to promote the abandonment of old Chinese traditions and customs that favored the prosperity of the bourgeoisie and the working class’s inferior position. Finally, after the Chinese society was purged of its capitalistic characteristics and the working class was put in the position of power, the establishment of new culture and traditions in the country could begin. Overall, the cultural revolution intended to build a new Chinese society free of capitalism and western influence. In this regard, Mao’s ideas were highly appreciated and were perceived as an efficient guide for establishing the new world order. Numerous authors view
Analytical writing gives concise and informative details that make readers understand the intended message very easily. It involves an analysis of firsthand information into concise and succinct conclusions for the targeted audiences to comprehend easily without any undue confusion. “Crime analysis writing is effective when it incorporates the elements of good writing, including sufficient supporting details, clear purpose, logical organization, communicating a sense of completeness, and demonstrating an understanding of technique and style” (Bookover, 2004, p. 12). Customization of the information to suit diverse kinds of audiences is imperative to enhance effective communication in the field of crime analysis. In the crime alert website, the logical organization of the wanted criminals and the missing persons in a limited space attracts the attention of the viewers as described ineffective crime analysis and presentation chapter readings. The crime alert website is informative because it gives concise details that do not cloud the minds of the readers. The crime website is overwhelming because if many people can log onto it in every part of the world, they could aid the Federal Bureau of Investigation in tracing the suspects and the missing persons. In some instances, the images of the suspects or the missing persons are not available thus compels the police to draw their images.
There is no use denying the fact that education is very important in the modern world. Living in the age of blistering development of some traditional issues, it is impossible to be able to process the torrent of information which a person obtains every day without a good knowledge base. Education is the phenomenon which helps to create this very base and promote personal development of a person. For ages, it has been taken as the privilege of noble and rich people. Thus, nowadays in the age of tolerance, education is supposed to be affordable for everyone. Unfortunately, things are not so good as it is supposed to be. Very often education remains unobtainable for certain groups of population. Especially keen this issue became after the world financial crisis which stroke many households and made their financial state rather complicated (Campos para. 4). That is why, nowadays the question whether the college tuition costs very high or not becomes very important. With this in mind, it should be said that under modern conditions the policy of the formation of tuition fees should be rethought in order to make education affordable for everyone. First of all, it should be said that if to take into account modern statistics, the necessity of the reconsideration of the issue of college tuition becomes obvious (Anderson para. 2). According to the latest findings, tuition at some private educational establishment costs an average of $31,000 a year (Davidson para. 2), while people very often do not earn the needed sum. The given facts can be taken as the best evidence of the existing problem. Coherent society proclaims that tolerance and equal possibilities for everyone should become the main aim which should be achieved, however, education still remains something very expensive and exclusive. Resting on these facts, it is possible to say that the main aim of the policy of the government in the given sphere should be the significant decrease of tuition fees for people to be able to obtain education and satisfy their need in knowledge. It is obvious that these steps will be met with great enthusiasm as there are many people who will benefit from it. It should be said that the necessity of the changes in the sphere of college tuition is also proved by the fact that the targeted audience is rather big. Nowadays, the smaller part of the population of the USA can pay for education and guarantee it for their children. The lack of access to high education results in the change of the lifestyle of the middle class (Rucke para. 4). Being very important, education is still not the guaranty of a good job and position in society, it is just one of the factors which could help to
Abstract Research shows that divided attention leads to false recognition of encoded information. Such studies rely on the popular Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Participants are usually presented with lists of semantically related words under full or divided attention conditions, after which they are tested for recognition and recall abilities. This study involved 139 (103 females and 36 males) students of a cognitive psychology class based on the DRM approach. Their ages range from 18 to 34, and the mean age is 20.3 years. The participants are divided into two groups and presented with four 10-word lists to listen to, while the second group is instructed to write down random numbers at the video’s beat. After that, the participants are given a recognition test based on word lists. An independent-samples t-test was used to analyze the results. From the results, it was found that divided attention reduces correct and false recognition. When people study a list of words, they are often susceptible to falsely recalling or recognizing a non-presented critical word (from now on referred to as critical lure (CL)) which has a strong semantic relationship to the words studied. The observation is based on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm pioneered by Deese in 1959 and reviewed by Roediger and McDermott in 1995 (Coane et al., 2020). The DRM remains a commonly used model in memory research, as observed by Coane et al. (2020) and Finley et al. (2017). In investigations involving the DRM methodology, participants study lists semantically or phonetically or associatively related to a single non-presented CLs (Finely et al., 2020; Pardilla-Delgado & Payne, 2017). The CL is falsely remembered at high rates on subsequent recall or recognition tests, often approaching realistic rates. Usually, the robustness of the effect can be intensified by warning participants about this potent memory illusion, although it will reduce but not completely eradicate false memory degrees. There are other theories whose basis augments DRM studies’ findings, namely, activation-monitoring theory (AMT) and fuzzy-trace theory (FTT). According to AMT, which Roediger and McDermott developed in 1995, processes occurring during encoding and retrieval affect the accessibility of CL and recognition errors (Coane et al., 2020). It implies that participants make errors of source monitoring during recall or recognition tests and falsely regard them as old. The source monitoring is likened to recognition discrimination proposed by Cann and Ross in 1989, which they argue results in increased recall accuracy when the study odor is restored (Isarida et al., 2020). The FTT posits that participants encode two study items: verbatim traces and gist traces (Reyna et al., 2018). Verbatim traces preserve contextual details of particular items, while gist traces refer to the list’s overall subject. The DRM recollection error occurs when participants falsely recall or recognize CLs since they are related to gist trace
Introduction The juvenile court was first implemented in 1899 based on the understanding that juveniles were different from adults and should be tried separately from adults. The juvenile court system has changed significantly since its original formation. While court decisions have granted minors more rights, the proliferation of drugs and guns as well as other changing social conditions has created a rise in juvenile crime that has in turn led to tougher laws and increased the number of juvenile transfers to criminal courts. Both factors have caused the juvenile court system to behave more and more like criminal courts over the years and until now the system is almost indistinguishable from its adult counterpart. Whether one favors emphasizing rehabilitation efforts for juvenile offenders or taking the route of punishing those who break the law, both sides have expressed the opinion that the current system need to be changed. This paper looks into the problems (social, economic, and financial) experienced by the juvenile courts that make them unsuitable for handling delinquent behaviors among juveniles. It also explains why discipline rather than formal punishment is the best way to deal with juveniles. Social and Economic Problems in Juvenile Courts Regardless of the small number of teenagers in the society, the fraction of young people processed through the juvenile court and the juvenile corrections system continue to rise. This rise is owed to more official and corrective juvenile justice policies that create more court transfers and extended use of confinement and juvenile imprisonment. Declining resources in the child welfare system have driven more upsetting adolescents to the juvenile justice system. The demand for institutional beds and out-of-home residency is mounting. A case in point is the large proportions of youths held in custody in a number of large California counties pending the accessibility of foster or group home beds. Because many juvenile justice clients and their families also are served by child welfare agencies, the dwindling social service budgets lessen the juvenile court’s already scanty treatment resources (Hess, 2009). These demographic, economical and fiscal forces mean that the juvenile justice system will handle many more intensely distressed adolescents in the next couple of years. The solution to this problem would be the introduction of discipline measures such as in-home supervision rather than confinement in prisons which often lead to congestion. Congestion Problems and Dwindling Resources The nation’s experience with prisons and jails demonstrates that exclusive dependence on building new beds hardly ever solves congestion. Above and beyond problems with overloaded and out of date buildings, the juvenile justice system faces the pressing need to employ and train new personnel. The juvenile
Introduction Scholars may only rely on Adam Czerniakow’s Warsaw diary if they combine findings from the source with other materials on Nazi Germany. The diary is a vital source of information, but it brings with it the biases, fears and the limitations of the author. To overcome those biases, scholars must use information from other sources in order fill in missing details as well as to extract meaning from the tests. Usefulness of the diary as a primary source Adam Czerniakow was a renowned Jewish leader. He held many positions in his professional as well as his civic life. This means that everything he wrote was in a way related to his leadership responsibilities. A scholar who is interested in learning about the Nazi regime would find his entries quite useful because they were written from a communal, not a personal perspective. Since he was at the centre of the Jewish Council of elders in the ghettos, he was in touch with new developments in his community. One should note that the Nazi regime ousted Jews from their homes and placed them in ghettos. In order to speed up the execution of their commands, they appointed a council of elders, of which Czerniakow was a part. Many analysts assert that the Nazi government absolved themselves from blame by pointing fingers at the Judenrat (Jewish council). However, that this was mere propaganda: Czerniakow and other members of the Judenrat were committed to the freedom and rights of their people. Other opposing groups such as the Thirteen arose in Czerniakow’s jurisdiction. And as he states in his 25 th February entry, he despised this group’s leader (Abraham Gancwajch). [1] Perhaps this is one of the influences that scholars ought to think about when using Czerniakow’s diary as a primary source. Given the fact that the ghetto was disunited, it is likely that Czerniakow wanted to paint his opponents in a negative light in these entries. Another way one may look at his biases is with regard to his associations with the Nazi officials. Since he was the president of the Jewish Council, his position was like that of major. As such, he had to interact with the Nazis more than others. Adam was in a very difficult position; as a president of the Jewish Council he could not oppose or fight against the Nazi regime directly. On the other hand, as a community head, he needed to demonstrate strong political leadership, which could entail direct confrontations with the Nazis. These divided tensions may have caused him to refrain from talking about Nazi deficiencies. One can thus understand why his diary contains very little information about the wickedness of that empire. The government Commissioner in the ghetto needed to act cordially towards Czerniakow since he was quite powerful in the Jewish community. He may have feared the reactions of such a man if he knew all their secrets. In one instance, the Ghetto commissioner went to discuss critical matters at the Nazi headquarters. He did not inform Adam about this development, and it was only later when they announced that they would execute massive resettlements on 19 th January 1942. [2] The Nazis