ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Ozone, an allotrope of oxygen, with the chemical formula O3, is ‘a gas that occurs both in the Earth’s upper atmosphere and at ground level. Ozone can be “good” or “bad” for people’s health and for the environment, depending on its location in the atmosphere’ (Ozone 2010, para. 1). The ground-level ozone (ozone of the troposphere) has some negative effects on health, crops and vegetation in general. One of its negative effects on health is that it enhances manifestations of asthma. I will give consideration to the stratospheric or “good” ozone further in this work. The ‘ozone layer extends upward from about 6 to 30 miles and protects life on Earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays’ (Ozone 2010, para. 3), acting as a filter. It happens due to the ozone-oxygen cycle that results in converting the radiation to heat. Andrew Dessler makes the following statement about the significance of ozone: ‘the role O3 plays in absorbing these photons is crucial because a photon of 250 nm wavelength has an energy … enough to break chemical bonds in DNA or interfere in other ways in biological processes’ (2), causing skin cancer, cataracts, or weakening immune systems. The most obvious thing is that ozone layer protects people from sunburn. Chipperfield notes that ozone is formed in the stratosphere by ‘dissociation of O2 molecules by short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation’, and that ‘the distribution of ozone in the atmosphere is maintained by a balance between photochemical production, transport and photochemical loss’ (169). There are several causes of defection of this balance. The main of them are: emission of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and other substances that deplete the ozone layer. These substances are used widely as solvents, refrigerants, insulating foams, and so on. Thus, the depletion happens due to human-factor aspect, not due to some natural sources, as people used to think and blame volcanoes or oceans in releasing large amounts of chlorine. Nevertheless, this natural chlorine is easily dissolved in water, in contrast to CFCs. This problem of ozone degradation or of the depletion of the ozone layer has become a major concern of many scientists and governments nowadays. Today there exist various regulatory programs, the aim of which is safeguarding of the ozone layer. People started thinking about the need of control over chemicals and sign regional and international protocols. In the preface by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change it is written, that this international process has resulted in  1. elimination of production of most CFCs, methyl chloroform,
Introduction Implementation of information systems has helped companies in the management of their activities on a functional basis. The management has since considered managing of activities within the context of processes and sub-processes. This calls for the need of companies in improving both individual and entire set of activities for the purposes of obtaining positive results. Development of processes such as activity-based costing and activity-based management systems enabled easy management of activities within companies. Output comes as a result of activity input within same processes and sub-processes. The activities are connected in such a way a slight improvement in one activity could result into problems or efficiencies within downstream activities. There are several process-based management models which fall under process value analysis and process re-engineering (Construction Industry Institute, 1997, pp 113). Various changes are necessary within organizations in various departments such as financial, economic, and regulatory amongst others. This assists the organization in the process of meeting new changes within the business environment. The whole processes require reorganization of organizational structure of the real estate and development company through thorough restructuring. Changes are required in various fields including asset holdings, financial issues, management of leadership all of which assist in enhancing the firm’s competitive positions. Real estate firm requires integral management since it operates within an environment which is quite often faced by intense competition as well as technological advancements. The reorganization would involve property acquisitions, disposals, leaseback and sales; this helps in increasing the organization’s profitability since it enhances absolute changes in real estate holdings and reduces systematic risks (Burke, 1999). Table 1: The following table gives the general framework concerning real estate reorganization and restructuring Strategy                                                     Activities                                                                       Reorganization of Assets                                     Acquisitions, divestitures                                                       Creation of new overall ownership relationship               Split-offs, Split-ups, Equity carve outs                                         Creation of new individual ownership of organization assets  Organizing for private transactions as well as joint ventures                    Expansion                                                    Offering of tenders and mergers                                                  Reorganization of financial Claims                           Liquidation, exchange rate offers, level of bankruptcy and leverage inv
Introduction In analyzing any chronic patient’s situation, the quality of life, and health promotion will certainly dictate the kind of care to be administered to the patient. In most cases, the patient’s perspective to the quality of life may be very different from the physician’s. For instance, elderly chronically ailing people may perceive their lives to be of required quality. On the other hand, this may be the opposite when examined from the physician’s standpoint. Nursing plan Research indicates that the perspective of patients on the functioning of their own social, economic, emotional, and physical aspects affects their perspective on the quality of life (Janes and Lundy, 2009). Those who are in a position to manage both symptoms and negative side effects may regard their quality of life as exceptional and improved. In cases where relief from severe symptoms is not controlled with intolerable daily pathologies, the quality of life will decline drastically (Janes and Lundy, 2009). From Mrs. Thomas’ breast cancer situation, the quality of life can therefore be termed as low mainly because, since she was given a poor prognosis for recovery, she has been wriggling in pain daily, which is a symptom of the chronic breast cancer. This has also made her unable to go and continue working which could have helped her gather financial support for more medication and hence improved health care. Her inability to continue using the vicodin medicine that was given to her shows an increased need for health care since failure to use this medicine seems to have aggravated the cancer situation. The presence of other relatives and friends could have helped Mrs. Thomas to manage her cancer situation, but since five of them have been reported to have died earlier due to related illness, her situation requires proper care. This is also contributed by the fact that women tend to depend more on other female relatives and friends for care and support (Janes and Lundy, 2009). The presence of Mr. Thomas alone may not therefore improve her deteriorating situation despite the fact that he is her spouse. Even if Mr. Thomas could extend help, he may not do it effectively since he is depressed, thus hindering him from carrying on with other essential daily tasks. It is at this point that caring services of a community health nurse become inevitable. Strategies tha
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic is the most acute topic at the moment, as it has had a massive impact not only on the health of the population but also on social, economic, and political aspects. The quarantine measures undertaken by the US government have met with both criticism and approval from the public. The greatest disapproval was caused by the Trump administration’s lack of attention to the problem, as well as the provision of inaccurate information. The article “COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States” describes the opposing opinions which have shaped public perception. Rhetorically, the author uses logos and ethos to build a coherent and credible paper. Claims and support are also effectively used to discuss events and ideas. Although the article is descriptive in nature, rhetoric techniques are applied to convey implicit claims which the reader can easily identify. Text and Context The text of the article is academic writing in which the author uses formal constructions and logical reasoning. The structure is presented in such a way as to support the main thesis of the work. First, an overview of the situation is provided, including a brief description of COVID-19, its symptoms, and spread patterns. The author then goes from general information to specific figures for the United States. The last paragraph of the introduction is devoted to describing not only the threat to public health from the pandemic but also the social, economic, and political difficulties associated with it. It is noteworthy that the author further lists the main ideas of the article using bullet points, which makes it more structured. The background section includes information on the origin and history of the spread of COVID-19, as well as the government’s response to the US pandemic. The author also provides opinions in support and criticism of the decisions made by the administration. The next section provides information on restrictive measures and their social, economic, and political consequences. The last section focuses on the public image of the pandemic. In particular, it discusses the perception of President Donald Trump and the influence of his decisions on popularity among the population. Controversial information in the media, as well as politically motivated messages, are also considered in this part of the article. The author seeks to provide the most comprehensive information regarding various aspects of the impact of COVID-19 and the subtle difficulties which the public and the US administration had to face. This article is intended for a wide audience of readers who are interested in a more profound analysis of political and social processes. Since the text wa
The Delian league was initially meant to wage a revolution against the Persians’ intrusion of Greece. However, unknown to other Greek states that had united to form the league, Athens had a different motive (Starr, 1987). Characteristically, numerous factors are behind the Delian league turning into an Athenian Empire. First, the Athenians were accorded “hegemony” (supreme power) by most of the Greek states based on their past victories against their key enemy; the Persians (Starr, 1987). Second, the league’s treasury (Hellenotamiai) was primarily composed of ten Athenian treasurers, giving them an exclusive opportunity to favor Athens (Starr, 1987). Third, to manage the empire, the Athenians utilized settled families’ clumps on the potentially rebellious subjects and garrisons to act as traveling inspectors (episkopoi) (Starr, 1987). The role of the inspectors was to ensure that citizens paid the tributes. The “state pay for state services” was impactful in cementing the Athenian empire. First, it enhanced the loyalty of allied states and encouraged reverence for Athena’s imperial decrees (Mcgregor, 1993). Second, the tribute provided by each state was used to establish and sustain the naval fleet under the leadership of the Athenians. As a result, more funds were channeled to Athens in support of military initiatives, increasing its defense forces and making the Athenians dominate the Delian league (Mcgregor, 1993). This form of collecting duties from states to support the central government’s activities is still prevale
Introduction Over the past two decades, the information technology sector has become very competitive. Google Incorporation and Microsoft Corporation are some of the largest companies that operate in this sector. Considering the dynamic nature of the business environment, a firm’s management teams should not only base the success on the effectiveness with which they offer their product and services. However, they should also take into consideration the complex and dynamic nature of the environment. To succeed in the long term as going concern entities, it is critical for firms’ management to consider integrating effective business model (Lynn, 2007, p.354). Business model is considered as the building block that contributes towards a firm’s success. It is composed of different elements such as customer attraction and retention, ability to meet the customers’ needs, and to increase its market share. Every business has a business model. This paper compares and contrasts the business model adopted by Google Incorporation and Microsoft Corporation. Analysis of the business model Core business In its operation, Google Incorporation has focused on two main areas which include internet search and advertising. During the early 2000s, Google identified an opportunity whereby individuals were increasingly using the internet to search for information. Google developed a database to help customers’ meet their needs. The company has experienced significant growth in the number of users who search for information using its search engine. Google has also integrated advertising as one of its core businesses (Hill & Jones, 2008, p.87). Due to an increment in the number of companies that are integrating online advertising, the firm has experienced significant growth in its profitability. For example, at the end of its 3 rd quarter in 2011, Google earned $ 2.7 billion from advertising (Financial Report, 2011, para. 1). On the other hand, Microsoft Corporation has integrated several core businesses. These include developing Operating Systems, Software, and Office Applications. The firm also deals in licensing of software products and designing servers. Leading products and services According to Oz (2008, p. 43), it is paramount for firms to develop products and services that enhance their competitive advantage. One of the ways through which they can attain this is by diversifying their product and service offering. In their operation, Google Incorporation and Microsoft Incorporation have incorporated the concept of product diversification. Google manages and maintains several Web sites to meet its user’s needs. Some of these programs include the AdSense program, AdWords, Google Display, DoubleClick Ad Exchange, and You Tube (Yahoo Finance, 2011, para. 1). Google has also ventured into the mobile phone industry by developing Google Mobile. About internet search, the company has developed Google Search Appliance. This product enables individuals to search for information from a wide range of sources such as online printe
Intoduction The popular belief within the general public is that the abolition of slavery in the United States was the result of the adoption of the Emancipation Proclamation and then the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Berlin expresses the view that “freedom’s arrival was the product not of a moment or a man,” but was a natural consequence of the many historical preconditions and actions of many people involved (2015, p. 8). Indeed, even the most prominent supporters of the slave liberation, such as Abraham Lincoln, did not come to this idea at once and were not always convinced of the reasonableness of such a measure. Moreover, the emancipation process began long before the civil war in the United States and did not end with the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment. This paper is intended to demonstrate that the Thirteenth Amendment was the formal culmination of the emancipation process, but the abolition of slavery itself had begun long before and continued thereafter. Historical Background of Slavery in the U.S. Slavery in the Atlantic World was a complex system with several variations and conditional differences. According to Roberts, enslavement could occur as a result of being taken as a captive, debt non-payment, or punishment for crime, and could be permanent or temporary (2016, para. 2). Racialized plantation slavery developed as a result of the conquests of colonial empires and the trade gain promised by the sale of raw materials extracted in the Americas to the Old World. The plantations were large enterprises with a vast territory, which constantly needed a self-renewable workforce. The primary income of the plantation economy depended on the slave labor required to collect the raw materials supplied to foreign markets. Roberts state that plantation owners have used extremely violent methods and punishments to maintain control over enslaved African populations, limiting “their workers’ mobility and dehumanizing them to a status nearly akin to livestock” (2016, para. 3). It stands to reason that the justification for such cruel measures required specific ideological and legal frameworks. The regulatory basis for this was the slave codes, which formalized and institutionalized racism and slave labor rules. These codes regulated the conditions and procedures of work on the plantations, methods of punishment, and condemnation of slaves. However, most importantly, they confirmed “that Africans would normally be lifetime slaves” (Roberts, 2016, para. 32). The theories and ideologies of racial inequality were the ideological foundations of slavery. The doctrine of physiological and mental disparities between Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans was very widespread and was act
Introduction Myths and stereotypes are passed on from one generation to the other. In literature, adverts, culture, traditions, and interactions with other people, nationalized myths and stereotypes are made known. Stereotyping refers to the act of attributing some characteristics to an individual because of his or her membership to a certain group. For example, it becomes a stereotype when one believes that Asian students perform very well in math or if it gives the description of how girls and boys are supposed to be. Myths, on the other hand, refer to stories that have a meaning in a community. They exist in each and every community. Myths may contain some truth. Myths and stereotypes are important in transmitting national identity through stereotypes and myths people develop mental images that may be known all over the world. Myths have the power to a times control our lives. They neither have a specific time for their occurrence nor a specific place that they occur in (Lim, 2006). Myths vary; there are myths that give an account of how the earth came into existence, myths explaining how human life came into existence, and others that talk of different heroes. There are many myths that are in existence in various cultures today. These myths have been in existence since the beginning of life in the world and are present in all cultures. Myths and stereotypes are related and they have both negative and positive impacts on human life. Stereotypes try to give an explanation of the occurrence of certain behaviors and experiences in life. Gender One major area that has been influenced by myths and stereotypes is Gender. People in various cultures tend to believe that that there are some differences
Introduction The relations between white and black citizens of the United States always attract the attention of different representatives from the press and TV. One of the most significant events, which affected a lot the rights of African Americans and other not “native” citizens of America, were the 1992 Los Angeles riots. The background for those riots was the arrest of one African American man, Rodney King, by white police officers on March 3, 1992. The point is that the black man was beaten before the very arrest. Numerous injuries and wounds, a videotape, and numerous depositions were the strongest arguments of the officers’ guilt and their carelessness. Rodney King had to pass through three plastic operations to look like a normal man, as he was before the arrest. (Smith 46) However, April 29, 1992, was the date when four of five police officers were acquitted, and only one of them, Laurence Powell, was accused. In response to such injustice, numerous riots broke out in a moment on the streets of Los Angeles. Even if the Los Angeles riots lasted about 5-6 days, their effects were rather considerable: lots of innocent families and children faced losses; they were scared both to go outside and to stay at home because the anger of African Americans and other minorities in the United States had no limits and distinctions. 1992 LA Riots: the Beginning In fact, at the beginning of 1992, people faced numerous problems: high unemployment, car culture, and race inequality. Any of these factors may serve as a good starting point to the rebellions and riots. People did not get opportunities to earn for living and use their potential to develop. However, the verdict against the police officers was that very straw that evoked all anger and misunderstandings among society. The participation of the press and the publicity of the case and its details provided people with the opportunity to follow the events and analyze who was wrong and who was right. “The LA riots erupted on 29 April 1992 after a jury acquitted four LS police officers accused in the beating of Rodney King, a black motorist who, while driving under the influence of alcohol, had led California Highway Patrol and Los Angeles Police Department officers on a high-speed chase and subsequently attempted to assault the arresting officers.” (Fastabend et al. 90) During those days, one of the most terrible disturbances made by the civilians took place in the history of Los Angeles. At the very first day, more than two dozen rebels were admitted to the room of Martin Luther King Center; and about eight people were killed (Los Angeles Times). It was on