ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction International businesses are fronting new-fangled tests to their in-house communication formations as a result of key alterations produced by way of internationalization, scale backs, unifications and shared undertakings. Deficiency of cutthroat edge, in-house disagreements, pathetic working associations, misapprehensions, nervous tension, poor output and lack of collaboration are all spin-offs of pathetic inter-cultural communication (Roong, 2006). Inter-cultural communications professionals work with global firms to play down the aforementioned results of poor inter-cultural understanding. By way of such collaboration, these professionals have made out widespread challenges to effectual inter-cultural communication within firms. A number of these challenges are discussed here. Lack of communication This stands as the foremost hitch within organizations. Being short of communication with staff members is not exclusively as a result of oral conversation. Somewhat it speaks about contact with information. For instance, not providing response, notifying employees of resolutions and actions that will hinder their positions or inadequately communicating prospects are all means in which information can be kept away from employees (Hurdles to Cross Cultural Business Communication, 2009). This will in the end lead to a divided staff. Language Language presents challenges on two fronts. The foremost is use of unsuitable language. Language holds subconscious implications and significance conveyed by way of expressions, stress and pitch. The incorrect use of expressions or sentiments concealed behind expressions can convey meanings that impinge on staff ego-percept, self-belief and mind-set. Climacteric language results in poor social relations and low self-assurance while encouraging language has the reverse upshot. The other challenge with language is the use of far-off languages. With establishments having indigenous speakers of various languages under one roof, it is vital that they come up with a main workplace language (Ray, 2010, p. 102). This shuns segregation of staff that cannot comprehend other languages. Culture Global businesses having vastly varied personnel in terms of ethnic group and cultural backdrop countenance difficulties from the disparities in language, ideals, work moral code, work performances, protocol and prospects (Reynolds & Valentine, 2004, p. 34). Such discrepancies can unconstructively affect an organization in various forms, be it in group solidity or in staff output. Support that organizations need to offer to avoid major communication issues Inter-cultural human resource practices are the place to begin. Human resource touches on a broad array of business significant quarters that require cross cultural scrutiny. Reliable professionals may provide guidance on a number of quarters together with enrollment, repositioning, overseas assignments, employee retention and training programs (Cross Cultural Solutions for International Business, 2010). Inter-cultural team-building is vital for firms with staff drawn from varying cultural backgrounds. Pro
Introduction While some workplace conflicts are expressed openly and are therefore obvious for all, others are expressed in a subtle manner. This subtle expression is known as passive-aggressive behaviors and it is the most difficult to recognize and deal with since the perpetrator can always deny it. This paper will present a case study of passive-aggressive behavior at work in order to demonstrate what this behavior entails and how it might affect others in the workplace. An evaluation of how to effectively cope with such situations will then be given. Case Study of Passive-Aggressive Behavior SoftTech Inc is a fictitious, small software development company located in the US. The company engages in the development of novel applications for its clients. The project director has decided to develop a new mobile application to assist people to schedule their payments. Three of the staff at the company, Joanne, Chris, and Mike have been assigned to perform this task. Chris has been chosen to head the team and ensure that the end product is delivered on time. All the chosen members of the team are competent. Joanne is a very capable programmer but she is soft-spoken and avoids confrontational situations where she often lets her colleagues have their way as opposed to making her opinion heard. Joanne, Chris, and Mike arrange a meeting to discuss how the project will take place. On the day of the meeting, Joanne arrives late and remains silent throughout the whole meeting. When asked to provide input on the project, she acts confused and appears not to have anything to say. In subsequent meetings, Joanne is habitually late and appears distracted by something on her computer instead of following what Chris and Mike are saying. Joanne agrees with all the proposals made by her teammates but she never shows any support for the previously agreed on course of action and often comes up with implementations that are contrary to agreed on specifications. Joanne has also adopted the habit of not providing assistance even when she has superior knowledge and skills on the subject being discussed. She then complains about the lack of progress to other employees in the company. She is constantly deriding Chris’ leadership and Mike’s competence in the project. The project progress is, therefore, suffering due to her lack of support and to make matters worse, she is quick to pass judgment on Mike and Chris concerning what they did wrong. Specific Passive-Aggressive Behaviors Joanne is guilty of engaging in passive-aggressive behavior. Acting confused and like you do not understand what is going on even when this is not the case is a sign of passive-aggression (Hankins, 2008). Joanne also demonstrates passive-aggression by being habitually late and demonstrating little concern or
Nonverbal cues are informative actions that are not purely verbal in content. A visit to the mall proved that several types of body languages exist. Noticeable nonverbal cues contain expressions of the face, head, stance, physique, hand, self, other touch, leg locations, interpersonal stare, straightforwardness, interpersonal positioning, interpersonal space, and imitation among individuals. Audio nonverbal cues include distinct nonverbal voiced sounds, such as sigh, as well as pronunciations, such as tone and tone deviation, intensity of voice, speediness, haste disparity, and tonal talents. A close analysis of the behavior of individuals in the mall confirmed that numerous extra characters are frequently involved in nonverbal cues, although they are narrowly connected to speech disruptions, gaps, reluctances, and hearer replies, such as “uh-huh,” expressed while another person is talking. It was observed through the visit that dressing, hairdo, decorations, as well as physical appearance, such as tallness or features of the face, are thought-out to be nonverbal cues. While people were engaging in conversations, all nonverbal cues used were to be understood by others, whether fairly or not, allowing interpretations or misinterpretations. The practice of drawing implications from nonverbal cues is regularly not in mindful awareness. The involuntary passage of veridical information over nonverbal cues is known as leakage. Studies show that non-verbal language plays a critical role in ensuring people understand each other very well. For instance, an individual is able to assess the moods of another person by looking at the face. Under verbal communication, it would be difficult to determine whether an idea has been appreciated since an individual might say yes yet the body shows something different. In the mall, posture was one of the first noticeable characters an individual could tell. People employ posture effectively in the workplace to express their ideas, views, and principles. In fact, some organizations are strict on posture meaning people are expected to stand or sit in a certain way. Eye interaction was an additional significant area of the nonverbal signals that was observed in the mall. In fact, the idea of eye contact is understood variously, as it differs from one culture to the other. In some cultures, keeping a close eye contact means confidence and attentiveness while in others it signifies rudeness. Eye contact helps the speaker in determining whether listeners are awake in the conversation. In this regard, speakers are urged to engage their audiences in the conversation by maintaining a close eye contact. Shaking and nodding the head in the correct directions implies lively listening and can improve the relationship between individuals if applied successfully, as it was noted in the mall. In some organizational cultures, the movement of the head in a certain
The Article “Global Warming: Neglecting the Complexities” by Stephen Schneider sets out to refute the views expressed by Bjørn Lomborg in his book “The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World”, which offers an optimistic prediction of the future of the earth’s climate conditions. Schneider begins by establishing himself as an authority on the topic of global warming. He notes that even with his expansive expertise in the area, he is unable to comment with any certainty concerning the outcome of the climate change issue. Schneider (2002) further on observes that other credible authorities on the subject have also taken the same stance, refusing to provide conclusive predictions of the earth’s future temperatures due to its uncertainty. Schneider (2002) derides Lomborg, who despite explicitly stating, “I am not myself an expert as regards environmental problems” proceeds to give subjective probabilistic estimate of future climatic conditions. While Lomborg makes use of numerous resources to back up his work, Schneider reveals that he cites too many secondary literature and media articles. The bulk of the peer-reviewed articles that he makes use of are those that support his view while those disproving it are avoided. Lomborg also interprets the data from studies in a way that is favorable to his view. When reporting on projections that give ranges of outcomes, he chooses the least serious ones and this leads to misinformation. Schneider (2002) categorically disputes the four basic arguments made by Lomborg in his climate chapter. He accuses Lomborg of making use of secondary sources in reporting and therefore failing to get some key concepts, which are contained in the original material. Lomborg also draws conclusions on matters of global scale b
The title of an article is an important component or section. It introduces the article to the reader, provides some idea about the work carried out and inferences reached. In other words, the title of an article plays an integral part in getting the attention of a reader. Therefore, a comprehensive and strong title is very important for reading an article with a higher frequency. Although, the timing of conducting a study cannot always be given in the title location of a study, country, or city, provides additional and interesting information. The authors of this article have developed a title that provides important information about the main idea of the article. Still, this title could have been improved. An abstract summarizes an article. It facilitates a reader whether to read the whole article or not. A good abstract is brief but comprehensive enough to capture all the important aspects of research work. The abstract written for this article is comprehensive and provides a good idea about the article in a brief. After the abstract, the introduction is the first part of the original article. It is the section from where detailed documentation starts. The author tries to explain the topic on which research was carried out and which is being presented in the current article. Through the reasonable size of available sources which describe the topic, authors move towards building the real scenario of their aims and objectives. The current article starts with an account of the topic in the title. The authors have utilized various sources available to strengthen their viewpoints. Literature review in an article helps in understanding the strength of the work carried out in the current research and the level of expertise of the authors. The literature review also helps in refreshing and updating the knowledge of the readers on the topic in the debate. While presenting any work carried out on the topic by the time researcher presents his/her research work should be unbiased. The authors should bring into account all the positive and negative; supporting and opposing pieces of evidence. The writers have tried very hard to address important aspects through literature view. But the all evidence provided in this section is not current; sizable evidence has been provided through sources that were published even ten years back. The current evidence or one from the recent past makes more sense; the rationale for the current study is built based on the evidence if the evidence is old then it loses its importance. The literature review also moves the debate in the direction of developing a well-built rationale for the
Epigenetic refers to the numerous changes in gene expression or phenotype caused for the presentation of biological mechanisms or DNA sequence in a human body. The term includes any process that changes gene activity by keeping the DNA sequences unaffected. Epigenetic processes are of different types containing ubiquitylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, and sumoylation. Embryo adoption and donation are based on a donor and recipient. Here the donor chooses an adoptive family and the adoptive mother undergoes the Frozen Embryo transfer. The exciting news is the role of epigenetics or influence of the adoptive mother’s body has on the DNA of the embryo as it grows using the mother’s nourishment, energy, and systems. New research is emerging, giving scientists’ new view about the performance of mechanisms inheritable alternations. The role of mechanism underlying epigenetic memory has great importance in human development and disease. There are three major categories of signals that direct the formation of a sturdily heritable epigenetic state in the life of a human who was born through the process of embryo adoption. The first one is Epigenator which promotes an environmental indication can show the way to an epigenetic phenotype. This also plays the role of an intracellular pathway. Epigenetic Initiator is the second one which accelerates the process of establishing the local chromatin context at a structured and limited location. The third and final one is Epigenetic Maintainer which helps to sustain the existing epigenetic chromatin state in the initial generation. Epigenetic signs are not all the time entirely erased from one generation to the other. Current studies give numerous evidences of the
The Issue, the Alternative, and the Recommended Solution The issue that the Coca-Cola Company faces is the need to introduce reusable plastic bottles for its carbonated drinks. The initiative is meant to address the problem of massive environmental pollution that is affecting global society. This initiative was seen as a solution to emerging environmental problems. The alternative to this solution would be to continue using glass bottles as was the case in the past. However, glass bottles are delicate and heavier than the proposed reusable plastic bottles. As such, it is recommended that the company should embrace the reusable bottles initiative. The alternative to the primary solution is more expensive. Handling delicate bottles, as Morden (2017) observes, is not only expensive but also demanding in terms of the labor force needed. This solution is supported by Theory Z, as explained in the previous assignment. How This Theory Helped In Developing a Solution for the Feasibility Study As a manager, Theory Z helped in developing a solution for this study. This theory emphasizes the need to ensure that employees are loyal and remain committed to their work. One of the ways of ensuring that workers are committed to the firm is to engage them actively when making decisions. As a manager, I am always committed to enhancing employees’ engagement in decision-making processes. I found this important in determining the feasibility of the study. By making it easy for employees to share their thoughts freely, it was possible to identify ways of implementing the sustainable initiative in the most appropriate manner possible. They gave their views about the proposed initiative, what they believe should be considered, and how the management should introduce it at the global level. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Chosen Theories Theory Z has advantages and disadvantages that are worth discussing in this assignment given that it will inform critical management decisions. One of the advantages of this theory is that it promotes employee empowerment. According to Hill, Jones, and Schilling (2017), employees are critical assets to any organization. The success of a company depends on how well they complete assignments given to them. When empowered, as explained in this theory, their produc
Among the many organizations around the world, Amazon stands out for its scale and innovation. It is the largest e-commerce and cloud computing company. The purpose of Amazon, like any other similar company, is to maximize profit. In this regard, the organization is famous for its harsh working conditions, forcing workers to act to the limit of their capabilities. Such a policy is typical for corporations of this level; however, the executive director, Jeff Bezos, has his vision for Amazon’s future. According to him, it is directly connected with the prospect of all humankind. He is trying to advance promising technologies as far as possible. Bezos wants to create a safe and comfortable future for emerging generations in which they will not have to worry about anything. Bezos’s distant goals include the creation and development of the space program. However, it is necessary to accumulate enough funds and collect enough technology. Like any other organization, Amazon’s strengths and weaknesses can be analyzed internally and externally. In the case of Amazon, its strongest point is its executive director, as well as the accumulated capital. Due to its broad reach and a massive marketplace for goods and services, Amazon has secured a strong market position. At the same time, the entrepreneurial leader Bezos is continuously expanding the company, conquering new areas of activity. It helps Amazon steadily grow and increase its capital and influence in the international market. However, the complex internal structure is the weak point of the organization. Since Amazon currently owns many formations, managing them at the same time can be extremely difficult. Thus, the size and complexity of Amazon’s structure may be an internal weakness of the corporation that impedes its operation. From the outside, a massive number of company divisions allows it to feel confident in the market. At the same time, it is not even necessary for Amazon itself to purposefully search for new contracts. However, the company’s size and policy are weak points that threaten its further development. Very often, an organization is criticized because of its strict monopolization of the market, as well as of the exploitation of employees and harsh working conditions. Thus, because of its desire to achieve maximum profit, the company allows itself too much, and this is its weak point.
Though we live in the 21st century and our society is considered to be democratic, there are many prejudices associated with race. When it is spoken about democracy, the notion of multiculturalism cannot be avoided. These days, this theme is significant because, in many spheres of our life, people are still defined by color. Race is important for admitting students, hiring employees, and selecting a jury. This problem is highlighted not only in the sphere of politics but in literature too. Diana Abu-Jaber is known for her novels on Arab-American themes. In her captivating books, she invites the reader to the world of unanswered questions and alienation. Diana Abu-Jaber was born in upstate New York. Her father was Jordanian; he convinced his daughter that she was “absolutely” Arab. But she understood that the things were not so unequivocal, because she had green eyes and pale skin. As for her novels, most of her characters are people from Jordan and Iraq. When people hear her name and find out that she writes about Iraq and Jordan, they think that her works must be politicized. But the truth is that she still struggles with prejudices about her identity. She feels relieved when she finds that her novels are referred to as literary, not purely political (Muaddi Darraj, 59). In her novels Arabian Jazz and Crescent , the problem of remaking of identity of Arab Americans is depicted. Ethnicity and race are crucial for Abu-Jaber’s characters. It is important to mention that the problem of multiculturalism became a topical one in the end of 19th century when the stream of immigrants moved to the USA from Europe and Latin America. Later with the beginning of conflict in the Middle East, lots of immigrants came from there. Most of present-day Arab Americans were born in the USA. The major characters of Crescent have Iraqi roots. One of the main characters is Sirine, who is also, like Abu-Jaber, unsure of her identity. Like in Abu-Jaber’s family, Sirine’s mother is American, her father is Iraqi. Her parents died in Africa working for the Red Cross; Sirine was just nine years then. The person who cared for her ever since was her Iraqi uncle. Though Sirine has never left the US and doesn’t speak Arabic, she feels somehow connected to Iraq and is interested in her ethnic and cultural identity. She cannot get rid of painful memories about her parents. But life still goes on. Now Sirine is an excellent chef at Nadia’s café and she is satisfied with her lifestyle, because she is independent. The frequenters of the café are expatriates from Iraq and Jordan. They love the café because the spicy food tastes of home. But many non-Middle Easterners regularly eat at the café too, because the food is really very delicious. Though Sirine is an intelligent and good-looking woman, she is not married. But she has lots of friends: Um-Nadia, café owner, her daughter, Nathan, Aziz Abdo, a photographer, and many homesick café frequenters. The owner of the café understands the loneliness of the immigrants: