ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Limitation of crime is a necessary measure every government is obliged to take to provide safety for its citizens. Such an issue is urgent especially in the USA with its widespread homicide felony in each state. One of the most profound juristic implementations of the present is the “Three Strikes and You’re Out” law and its variations across the states. The three strikes laws force the offenders who convict a severe felony for the third time to serve a mandatory life sentence. The punishment implies an accumulative effect, as the harshness of a verdict increases respectively from the first to the third conviction. The three strikes laws were designed to deter crime by incapacitating serious offenders, and various researches demonstrate the states reached a certain success level in their purpose. Nevertheless, while the positive changes occur, the studies also prove the unjustified decisions against non-violent offenders and the law-triggered increasing felony to be a serious concern. The Deterrence Effect The overall positive impact from the implementation of the laws is hard to deny. The preceding level of severe felonies in the United States was critical, and the community considered the three strikes laws enrollment a necessity. After the enactment of the law in Washington in 1994, several other states followed the example and also voted for such law (Siegel & Worrall, 2018). The harshest punishment for the third felony was accepted in California (Siegel & Worrall, 2018). According to the state’s legislation, those who conducted two severe felonies and were convicted for them previously should serve a life sentence for a felony of any severity (Siegel & Worrall, 2018). Such measures against crime in California’s legitimate system are often criticized and debated on. Several studies prove the efficacy of such strict policy, providing the numbers of criminals being sentenced through certain timeframes. For instance, one study demonstrated a decrease in convictions for the second-strike felons by 20% and for the third-strike felons by 28% (Winter, 2017). Another research found proofs of a felons’ incapacitation effect of these laws: According to it, approximately 31,000 crimes were deterred each year, and the average prison time for a criminal increased to 16.6% due to the three strikes law in California (Winter, 2017). Despite the confirmation of deterring efficacy, the other findings of each research show downsides of the law implementation. Among its drawbacks, there was an increase in violence of felonies that would lead to the third conviction, as an offender would already anticipate the harsh punishment. Another described flaw was that the increase in a number of sentenced offenders caused overpopulation in prisons (Winter, 2017). The studies did not include the cases of life sentencing for non-severe misdemeanors like Lockyer v. Andrade case, which took place in California and caused negative reaction across the country (Boyd, 2014). In total, the improvements provided by the law are largely eliminated by its ambiguous effects. The Emerged Deterrence Iss
James Joyce cites that, Eveline Hill is a young woman who is around nineteen years. She sits alongside her window as she waits to leave her place of residence. During this time, she recalls many things surrounding her life that are making or driving her from home. Both her mother, Mrs. Smith, and elder brother, Earnest are dead while the other brother spends most of his time away from home in his church decorating business. She remembers how Mr. Smith, their father, mistreated her brothers. The story unveils that Eveline had limited loyalty towards the work that she used to do. A brief overview of the story shows that, even though Eveline falls for Frank who is a sailor, she does not accompany him to Buenos Aires just as promised (Joyce 3). This paper will seek to give a critique of Wendy Dennison’s student paper. Upon reading Wendy Dennison’s paper, it is observable that her paper is strong. To some extent, the reader understands that Wendy’s work possesses a huge grip of expressing ideas, which in turn gives satisfaction. Wendy’s paper has an analysis of the audience that makes it possible for easy message delivery (4). For instance, the paper does not contain difficult words such as protean and epitome. As such, the paper is strong because the choice of words is appropriate and the plot shares qualities of writing that are apparent to fellow classmates as well as the instructor. Additionally, having seen that Wendy knows about “Eveline”, it is truthful to say that she has carried out prewriting exercise. Literature studies indicate that a strong paper must have a prewriting exercise. Therefore, in this case, Wendy’s paper contains argumentative tactics, valuable word choice, and attitude, which explains more about Eveline’s essential timidity, self-doubt, insecurity, and capacity for her self-deception. On the other hand, Wendy’s paper needs a bit of polishing because literature writing and understanding involves learning the questions relevant to ask yourself as you write or read. In order to deepen comprehension, the writer or reader must examine and think critically about the components of the work. In this context, critical means the overarching evaluation, synthesis, and inference as well as analysis of all the discerning inquisitions and thoughts (5). Agreeably, the composition of Wendy’s paper provides unclear inference regarding the implications of certain elements such as tone, structure, and characterization of Eveline’s story. Thus, it is agreeable that Wendy’s paper requires some polishing in order to bring out clarification on synthesis and analysis as well as inference of the plot. Additionally, the discovery and development of ideas bring a sense of obviousness (6). A proper paper must give suspense, which in turn brings about a process of discovering ideas called invention. Inadequate employment of invention is one of the reasons as to why Wendy’s paper needs polishing. Conclusion In conclu
Introduction This company is in the film industry. The film industry is so dynamic and volatile to environmental changes, for one to survive, it has to be ever innovative in order to adapt. Most companies are increasingly becoming under intense pressure to change their operational styles in order to contest with their core business rivals. In a liberalized market economy, competition is the order of the day; products and services are almost the same. There are so many sellers competing for clients. It’s in the interest of a firm to significantly hold up a policy of employing highly trained professionals who are not only multi-skilled but are also innovative and enthusiastic enough to ensure that the company maintains its competitive edge. Fuji is therefore likely to suffer from the following challenges in the current changing global market. Competition In the modern market, environmental firms are have become so competitive. This is because of the changing consumer needs. If an organization is not able to respond to its customers, it will be very difficult to open up space both in the domestic as well as in international arena. Competition has become a tool for benchmarking organizations’ milestones to prosperity, determine their technological advancement, and lock in key potential buyers and suppliers. This is strategically important in the business industry. Fuji Film should ensure that it has the necessary human resource to drive the company to its edge. This can only happen when there are systems that are functioning well and therefore assure the management of future progress. Information technology The recent advancement in technology has revolutionized the manner in which business transactions and activities are done and carried out. The current global economic trend is that firms want to carry out business transactions and activities efficiently and effectively. This has led to organizations embarking on systems that are cost-saving, reliable, and productive. The use of information technology will ensure that there is efficiency in the production line by reducing the number of staff and increasing the output level. Most high-performance organizations are technology-oriented. Fuji film has gained a considerable domestic market share, and there
Introduction In the highly dynamic arena of business, strategic management through internationalization has been an increasingly discussed subject. With regards to internalization of business, strategic management can be generally described as the process of designing a long-term business plan that is aims at realizing organizational goals, sustaining organizational efficacy and producing a work plan that streamlines the operations of the business over a particular (Meldrum, 2000; & Hedstrom et al., 1998). In internationalization, the major focus is normally on expanding the tentacles of a business beyond national borders. This is mostly done for a number of reasons including (but not limited to): help increase markets for our goods and services, take advantage of technological advantages brought by venturing into other countries, help in reduction of expenditure costs while augmenting the making of profits and encourage business diversifications, among many others (Hurn, 2009 & Mintzberg, 1994). In this paper, academic spotlight is going to be on the internationalization of Elecdyne; a Japanese company located in Tokyo. Essentially, Elecdyne has been in operation since 1990 and it mainly deals with electronic consumer goods like VCR players, DVD players, hi-fi equipment, and Stereo equipment, among many others. Initially, the company began with as few as 5 employees. An increase in the demand for its goods and services, however, led to an increase in staff to over 100 workers so as to serve its many clients. Unfortunately, due to a number of challenges that this multinational company has been facing over the recent times, the managers are seeking to internationalize the operations of the company. In doing so, three potential countries—Brazil, China and Sweden—have been chosen for the purpose of this internationalization. A rigorous assessment of the country that is most suitable for this internationalization is going to be done below—majorly based on the relevant data that was gathered in assignment one. Even more importantly, appropriate analytical frameworks—the SWOT and PESTEL analysis—will be used to undertake a weighted internal and external analysis of these three countries while intermittently comparing them with Japan so as clearly show the country that will be best suited for the internationalization. All these explicative analyses of Brazil, China and Sweden, in relations to Elecdyne’s internationalization agendas, are succinctly done in the section below. Weighted analysis of the three countries (External Factors) In conducting a weighted analysis of the suitability of Brazil, China and Swed
Although it has always been known that laughter can lower stress levels and provide several other benefits, it is generally believed that kidding around and having some laughter in the workplace is not helpful at all with regards to employee performance and the general welfare of the organization. However, numerous studies into this issue have come up with findings that show that laughter plays a very important role in boosting employee morale and performance. It is very important to be friendly and in a positive state of mind to achieve better results. So, it goes without saying, that humor plays an essential role in this matter. Indeed, a study sponsored by an international temporary service agency made similar findings. It found that American executives believe that persons with a sense of humor perform their jobs better than those with little or no sense of humor. In fact, a massive 96 per cent of those interviewed said employees with a sense of humor performed better. Fun and humor have been found to be beneficial to the human spirit as well the body. But can we extend this fun and humor to the workplace, traditionally associated with serious-looking fellows who seem to deeply engrossed in their work? Thankfully, the answer is positive. Just as the old saying goes, laughter is truly a medicine that can help reduce stress levels among employees, boost employee confidence and morale, enhances cooperation among employees and teams, and perhaps even prevents burnout at work. Some people worry sometimes that they may have problems at the working places cracking jokes and using humor at working time. It is a big mistake to think like this. There is a range of advantages of using humor at working place that is shown in high results of increasing productivity of working, reducing of stress and improving interpersonal relationships (McFadzean & McFadzean, 2005, pp. 319). Unfortunately, fun and humor also have the potential to create a more hostile work environment that can result into lawsuits, all which may make the workplace a more stressful place to be in. Benefits for Workers Today, workplace stress is one of the greatest enemies to the success of employees. Stress can make employees depressed, irritable, and less productive. However, the cure to workplace stress is cheap and very effective: humor and fun. In their study of the role of humor in the workplace, Ford, McLaughlin and Newstrom (2003, pp. 21) report that those employees who are in a positive state of mind have less problems and troubles at their working places and, have corresponding friendly relations with their colleagues and bosses. It is proved once again by the idea, that it is very important to control one’s emotions and to think positively, do careful analyzes of the actions and do not everything close to heart. Fostering laughter is one of the forms of humor that may take place at the working place. Nevertheless, one should not forget that it is important to know the r
Introduction The whole construction industry including the subcontractors, contractors, owners, developers, suppliers, and chain vendors has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic to varying degrees. The scope and the scale of the impact depend on the location of the underlying projects and the respective businesses. The direct impact ranges from termination of projects, delayed payments of wages or no payments at all to the workers, and the slowdown of the available goods. As a result of these problems brought about by COVID-19, the members in the industry have been forced by circumstances to come together and draw short and long-term plans. The other challenges the industry is facing are the safety of workers ranging from occupational safety and health to COVID-19 safety issues (James et al., 2020). Covid-19 has adversely affected the construction more specifically the employees because their wages were stopped when the pandemic struck. Due to the general decline in the economic activities during the covid-19 pandemic, the financial institutions are not ready to give loans or fund the construction of projects. They make such a decision because they are not sure of the economic viability of the developments being undertaken. The likelihood of the projects not being economically viable is high at this time, which can lead to the money lent not being repaid or repaying delayed. When the economy is not doing well or when there is a recession l such as the one caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the banks exercise caution on whom to loan. If they lend carelessly, they are likely to put their financial goals in jeopardy because their profit projections might be affected. That is the reason why the financial institutions are not in a hurry to assist the construction sector. During the covid-19 period, the construction industry has not been doing well; therefore, they will be reluctant to advance money to the industry (James et al., 2020). This state has been compounded by the bad financial situation the industry was in. At this time, resolutions have to be made prudently because the environment that the industry is operating in is unknown. It, therefore, means that any decision that has to be made must be thoroughly thought before it is implemented (Jenn, 2020). The teams which have the necessary legal and industrial experience have to be consulted so that they can give their informed advice. Making sound and practical decisions is a priority in the construction industry. Although it is a fact that the Covid-19 pandemic has brought financial constraints in the construction industry, the owners are also capitalizing on the situation in order not to pay the workers and general contractors their dues. The general contractors will also manage claims dishonestly so that they can delay in paying the subcontractors. The m
Introduction Societies in the contemporary times face different social issues like class and gender stratification among others. Works of fiction seek to highlight some of these issues via different mediums. In the movie, Hunger Games, the director airs some of the prevalent issues in a futuristic fictitious nation called Panem. Even though the movie is fictitious, the issues of social stratification raised are prevalent in the contemporary society. In Australia, the issue of social stratification has been prevalent for a long time. Apparently, Australia is among the top five developed countries with the most social inequality in society. This paper will compare and contrast the social stratification in Panem and Australia with reference to different social theories. Social class Panem and Australia According to Mack (2002, p. 79), social class ‘is a society’s categorisation of people into socioeconomic strata, based on their occupation and income, wealth and social status, and derived power.’ Australia is allegedly one of the most egalitarian nations in the contemporary world, but this presumedclasslessness exists only in theory. According to Karl Marx and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, societies should embrace egalitarianism, which promotes equality for all especially in property ownership. Mack (2002, p.106) reveals that Karl Marxonce said, “from each, according to his ability; to each, according to his need’. Marx’s statement vouches for socialism, where wealth is distributed equally in society. This form of socialism has no place in Australia and Panem. In the two countries, capitalism defines the economic structures, and thus the haves and have-nots is a deeply entrenched phenomenon in the society. In Australia, social stratification mainly occurs due to disparities in earnings (Henslin 2014). In the last decade of the 20 th Century, the wages of those at the top of the economic hierarchy increased by four times as opposed to those at the bottom of the scale (McGregor 2001). According to the Marx’s theory of alienation, people lack humanness the moment they start living in a stratified society. By 2001, the rate of unemployment in Australia stood at 7.2%, which accounts for close to 1 million jobless citizens (Graetz2002). Conventionally, the unemployed individuals will not have the monetary resources to fit in some social spheres. Therefore, this form of inequality creates classes as people are classified according to their financial well-being.In a functional capitalistic country, wealth and property ownership is a reserve of the few who have mastered the art of manoeuvring the system through hard work or corruption. Children belonging to the first class citizens stand a better chance of getting the fine things in life as opposed to kids born in poor families. In Panem, the rift between the rich and the poor is outraging. Workers in some regions, which are known as Districts, do n
Barr-Anderson, D. J., Adams-Wynn, A. W., Alhassan, S., & Whitt-Glover, M. C. (2014). Culturally-appropriate, family- and community-based physical activity and healthy eating intervention for African-American middle school-aged girls: A feasibility pilot. Journal of Adolescent and Family Health, 6 (2), 1-15. This article evaluates an intervention aimed at improving African American females’ dietary habits and physical activity levels. Twelve adult females and twelve school-age girls participated. The participants had a positive view of the intervention and its effects. The intervention involved a 3-month physical activity program including sessions concerning healthy eating. The intervention was also associated with positive changes in the participants’ dietary habits and physical activity. This valuable source provides insights into the use of an effective intervention. It can help in developing a similar intervention. Davis, K., Wojcik, J., & DeWaele, C. (2016). A comparison of the fitness, obesity, and physical activity levels of high school physical education students across race and gender. The Physical Educator, 73 (1), 15-31. This study aimed at comparing obesity, PA levels, the fitness of high-school students of different genders and races. The study involved 413 participants. Male participants scored better on PA, body fat, and fitness data as compared to females. African American students had significantly poorer results than the participants of othe