ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Organisational growth and development is enhanced by various factors among them being cost effectiveness and development of operational strategies that respond to the emerging market needs. Such strategies should also be effective in helping an organisation to gain competitive advantage so that it can withstand competitive forces both in the short and in the end. The aim of this paper is to discuss various ways in which the Toyota Company treats the different topics taught in its daily activities of development and growth. In the effort to achieve this aim, five main topics are considered in the paper. These are operations performance, operations strategy, new products development, quality management, and inventory management. Operations Performance Analysis of operations performance for an organisation is important in the effort to ensure that it remains competitive in the market. According to Chase, Jacob, and Aquilano (2007), operational performance refers to the “performance measured against the standards or prescribed indicators of effectiveness, efficiency, and environmental responsibility such as the cycle time, productivity, waste reduction, and regulatory performance” (p.45). To satisfy these concerns of operational performance, the Toyota Car Company deploys various operations management philosophies to enhance effectiveness, waste control, and reduction. These philosophies include the just-in-time (JIT) production and kaisen approaches. Toyota Company adopted the just-in-time strategy as a manufacturing philosophy in the 1970s. The focus of philosophy is waste elimination together with reduction of inventory levels. The central mechanism for operation of the just-in-time approach is based on Kanban, which is a Japanese term that means a card. The key aspect of JIT embraces quality control, waste minimisation, reduction of production complexities and increase in transparency, and ensuring that production is done in small lots or batches. Increasing the competitive advantage of the Toyota Company through JIT approach is rested in the need to satisfy customers. According to Toyota (2012), this role is accomplished through “fulfilling customer demands efficiently and promptly by linking all production activities to real marketplace demand” (Para.2).This strategy underline the significance of considering customers in enchaining the performance of an organisation in terms of delivering the desired outputs, which satisfy the utilities of consumers. This case means that the operations of the Toyota Company are organised around building strong customer relationships. Ideally, the JIT approach is dependent on the processes, which are finely tuned so that an assembly sequence only makes use of materials, which are only required by the organisation. Such materials must be of the right quality and quantity. At the Toyota Company, there is a need to face the challenges of meeting an appropriate mix for production of various models of automobiles. The Toyota Company must select an appropriate product mix that will satisfy the demand besides ensuring production of the demanded automobile
Introduction The technology is often viewed as an incredible benefit to mankind. The invention of cell phones have greatly increased our ability to communicate. It conserves our time and money making business and personal affairs organized more easily. However, people often forget about the price we have to pay for that kind of benefit. Some researchers state that there are negative influences of mobile phones on human body in the psychological and physiological fields (Pall, 2013). Psychological Effects The psychological effects of the cell phone usage are similar to narcotic addiction (Augner & Hacker, 2012). Among the most common symptoms are aggression, unwillingness to perform everyday choirs due to engagement in games or chats, disconnectedness from piers, forgetfulness and other (Strasburger et al., 2013). It can be argued that such adverse effects stem from the inability of a person to cope with the information flow that started to surround the 21st-century person. However, it is, in part, the mobile phones that facilitated such flow giving every person the ability to access it by a pair of simple gestures. Physiological Effects It has been proven by experimental research that electromagnetic radiation that cellphones emit is sufficient to negatively affect the activeness of key enzymes in testicles thereby hindering the reproductive function. In addition, the studies show that active cell phone users are more likely to develop cancer (Corle, Makale, & Kesari, 2012). There is still argument about the interpretation of the data and connectedness of cell phones to the facts of physiological problems, but the harmful effect of long exposure to the electromagnetic radiation appears to be a fact (Akbal, Kiran, Sahin, Turgut-Balik, & Balik, 2012; Al-Damegh, 2012). Conclusion All things considered, some researchers are certain that there is negative influence coming from cell phones. Increased caution must be exercised in handling them. Especially it concerns cases of overuse as it poses the greatest dangers to both mind and body.
Introduction Criminals that commit violent crimes are likely to be skilled manipulators, and they develop these skills through learning how to approach different people. The same was said about Ted Bundy (born Theodore Robert Cowell, 1946-1989), one of the most notorious serial killers in the criminal history of the United States. Many of his friends or acquaintances who reflected on their interactions with Bundy mentioned that he was always friendly, charming, and seen as “one of the guys.” As disturbing as such recollections may seem today, as the world knows of his crimes, manipulation and the ability to be liked by everyone is one of the most prominent traits of psychopathic antisocial behavior. Main body Through exploring Bundy’s past, it becomes evident that he was not born a psychopath. The series of events that occurred to him in his childhood made it more likely for the boy to start exhibiting behaviors that would eventually contribute to violent crimes. The true identity of Ted’s father has never been known, and the boy was raised believing that his mother was his sister (Dimitropoulos, 2018). After his mother married John Bundy, Ted lived in the shadow of his stepfather’s real children, not getting enough attention and support from adult authority. The lack of authority made the boy fantasize about being someone else; he mimicked the voices and accents of politicians he heard on the radio and had dreams of becoming a powerful politician himself. Slowly, the boy started developing the qualities of a master manipulator. In high school, he had some outstanding aspirations of becoming a president and wanted to convince everyone that he was the one to be dealt with. Some of the most recognizable characteristics of psychopathic antisocial behavior, which can be attributed to Bundy, exhibited included the desire for power, viewing others as puppets in his ‘game’, manipulation, the gratification for having listeners (an audience), strategic planning, sexual satisfaction in choices that he made, and the feeling that something was operating inside him (Puder, 2019). In his taped interviews, Bundy seems to be reflecting on his actions from a third-person perspective. When speaking of himself, he says “he decides upon young and attractive women being his victim,” as if referring to someone else who had committed the crimes (Berlinger, 2019). In this quote, it is evident that Ted distances himself from his acts and plays the role of an analyst rather than the one who committed crimes. In addition, such a stand
The accident on the United States Navy battleship USS Iowa became one of the disputable issues and triggered multiple debates. On April 19, 1989, the Number Two 16-inch gun turret exploded and preconditioned the death of 47 crewmen (Thompson II 12). The investigations of the given event were focused on determining the cause of the explosion; however, they provided different conclusions. The first one stated that Kendal Truitt used a chemical or electronic detonator (Thompson II 55). However, the results of the analysis performed by Sandia concluded that the disregard of the existing rules and overarm of powder bags preconditioned the disaster (Thompson II 78). Moreover, the state of the battleship was unsatisfactory after the repair. This case can be analyzed by applying engineering ethics as one of the tools to prevent such accidents. In general, ethics is a broad concept with multiple meanings. Thus, considering the context, it presupposes the ability to think critically and independently to use moral thinking in diverse situations that emerge in practice. For this reason, observation of the central ideas of ethics is vital for avoiding accidents and improved decision-making that will help to behave ethically. The problems of public safety, bribery, environmental protection, and other contexts are covered by the term. In such a way, applying the basic concepts of engineering ethics, it is possible to investigate complex or disputable situations, such as the explosion at the battleship Iowa. The professionalism of engineers and their ability to make correct decisions depend on observing certain codes of ethics. They should be used as the guideline for analyzing various situations and thinking about the consequences of actions performed by a specialist. Engineering codes of ethics assume that engineers should be accurate and objective in their statements, do not make false claims, or hide some problems or flaws in a project that might be dangerous for individuals. Disregarding the engineering code of ethics might cause serious social harm. For instance, on battleship Iowa, the disregard of the real condition of the ship, problems with a gun turret, and the use of inappropriate amounts of powder can be viewed as a violation of the code of ethics. It resulted in numerous deaths and serious economic damage. Engineering societies in the USA have their own codes of ethics to help specialists who work in the sphere. These codes emphasize the need to promote safety, public health and preserve the state of the environment. At the same time, the work of an engineer presupposes the emergence of multiple ethica
Introduction Oscar Wilde’s play, The Importance of being Earnest, deals with several aspects of Victorian life and social manners in a humorous way. It is sometimes called a Victorian melodrama or a sentimental play. It was very common for the writers to take the theme of fallen women or abandoned children and to present it in a witty and philosophical way. Wilde too does it, but in his high satirical tone. Therefore, the play is a satire, or it can be called a comedy of manners. This paper gives focus on the moral paradox in the play, as seen reflected through the characters. Main body The title of the play itself is very paradoxical. Wilde uses the name of his character, Ernest, in a mocking way to echo the word earnest. Though the key meaning of this word is honesty and sincerity, Wilde intends to convey the false attitudes of the Victorians. Therefore, the word embraces their false morality in several ways, like their smugness and the pretension of their sense of duty. In other words, the play is about the Victorian morality and the constraints it imposes on the society. The play is also a double-edged criticism of the conventional preoccupations of the middle and upper middle class society in the nineteenth century Victorian England. The outward appearance of virtue and honor of his characters is not only artificial but is also fictitious. As Lady Bracknell says “We live, I regret to say, in an age of surfaces” (Act, p. 111).The play, thus, becomes very interesting as it mirrors the Victorian flamboyant style of dress, their hypocrisy, and their shallow life altogether. The real moral paradox is shown through the central characters named Jack Worthing and Algernon. Jack is shown as a gentleman, a justice, who pretends to carry with him all the Victorian virtues. He makes others believe that he is earnest in his life. The truth, however, is different. He maintains a fictional self, an alter-ego, and it is though this other self that his suppressed desires seek an outlet. It is for this reason that he visits his fictional brother frequently in the city of London. This enables him in indulging in an amoral life. In other words, his fictional brother helps him to escape from his limitations imposed by the society on an upright man. When Gwendolen falls in love with him, the play touches its highest watermark of satire, because her fixation is on his name, Ernest, and not on the person. In short, everything is pretentious, even love, under the mask of earnestness, revealing the moral paradox in the play. It is Algernon, the autobiographical figure in the play, who is more interesting. He is a dandy, an idle and charming bachelor. He always talks epigrammatically and paradoxically. He too has a fictional character named Bunbury. He tells Jack, “You have invented a very useful younger brother called Ernest, in order that you may be able to come up to town as often as you like. I have invented an invaluable p
Smoking is a habit that has been on a rise especially amongst teenagers and young adults. One of the factors that have contributed to a rise in the number of smokers in this age bracket is the popularization that has been created by media advertisements (Ali, 2007; Bonnie, 2007). In the time starting 1980, the number of cigarette advertisements on both broadcast and print media has gone up, with most presenting smoking as cool. Most cigarette and sheesha advertisements depict the smokers as highly successful individuals, with the men in the advertisements being associated with beautiful women and the women who smoke being regarded as classy. This coolness aspect has particularly led to an increase in the number of teen smokers, most of whom would like to be associated with poplar groups. Another reason as to why smoking has been on a rising trend is the easy access of cigarettes and tobacco. In some retail outlets, individuals can purchase single sticks of cigarettes, making the product affordable even to individuals who do not work (Bearman, Neckerman and Wright, 2011). Weak by-laws which allow individuals to smoke virtually anywhere also encourage those who have started smoking to keep up the trend. Smoking affects both the physical and social health of the individual. According to studies by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 443,000 deaths happening in the United States every year are caused by or are linked to smoking (Brannon, 2009). These are more than the combined deaths caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), drug abuse, alcoholism, road accidents, suicides
Introduction Each community or country faces numerous health problems regularly. Some populations are ready to find a solution to their problems in a short period of time, and some people have to work hard to gather enough information, consider the available examples, and make a final decision. Unfortunately, health is a field where neither delays nor excuses may be accepted. All information has to be gathered fast, evaluated properly, and used effectively. The reports of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show that human health depends a lot on such factors as communication challenges, diagnostic errors, inadequate judgments, and unavailable techniques (Makary and Daniel 1). Many hospitals in different countries are in need of effective technological solutions. This paper aims at discussion a technological solution that may be offered to Indian hospitals in their intentions to improve the methods of gathering patient information by replacing personal oral reports by special patient history databases. Population Healthcare services have been considerably improved in many developing countries. The healthcare system of India is in need of certain improvements that may influence the quality of services offered to patients, promote information, and enhance performance (Bhat et al. 99). This country is under the universal health coverage, and such organizations as National Rural Health Mission or National Urban Health Mission promote the development of healthcare reforms in terms of which information technologies have to be implemented in order to cut costs and improve efficiency (Pera et al. 75). However, such innovations and improvements are observed not in all healthcare organizations, and medical workers have to deal with numerous problems and challenges in their cooperation with patients. Health Problem There are many hospitals that lack electronic medical databases in the country. Indian citizens have to memorize past medical history, and Indian caregivers should rely on the information given by ordinary people. Such exchange of information may lead to a number of negative outcomes, including the representation of false information, missing some important facts about patients’ allergies or past treatments, or making wrong diagnoses. There is also a possibility to take several tests which may be harmful to people without considering the appropriate time periods. Finally, not all patients are able to interpret the results of their past diseases or lab tests. However, they like to share their own understanding of a situation. Caregivers have nothing to do but to use the information offered and develop their own treatment plans. Technology Solution Background
Waterstones is one of the largest bookstores in Britain. Like any other business, it is affected by environmental factors that influence its marketing operations. In order to understand these factors, we shall use PEST analysis based on the case study, Can you judge a book by its e-cover ? Organizations do not have control over pest factors (political, economical, social, technological, and legal), but they can control internal micro environmental factors influencing their operations. Political factors affect organizations in several ways. Some political environments create opportunities while others can create obligations that affect organizations. According to Brassington and Pettitt, organizations must exist and operate according to the laws of the societies within which they conduct business. They must also conform to general laws of the industry. The roles and influence of national government have direct impacts on marketing mix of organisation. Regulatory bodies also use their statutory powers to influence the laws that organizations must follow (Brassington and Pettitt, 2005). Political factors affecting the operations of Waterstones in the UK are mainly marketing regulations, trade agreements, and tax (VAT) issues. In this case, Waterstones must conform to copyright and patents protect laws. Copying eBook is a copyright infringement by pirates and other online eBook users. Copyright laws differ from country to country. There are some laws restricting the number of copies made and experienced. The UK has copyright terms that seek to be in line with other European countries by raising it from 50 years to 70 years, after the end of the year in which the author died. Such laws aim to protect booksellers from piracy. Consequently, booksellers like Waterstones will ultimately benefit. Currently, the UK is recommending changes to Copyright, Designs and Patent Act in order to cope with future development in the book industry and curb illegal file sharing. According to the case study, the explosion of online file sharing has increased market demands for digital rights management (DRM). This is a watermark and a secure distribution system. It enables the publisher to trace books at any time in the future. This system scrambles and encodes books such that only the paying recipient can use them. However, such pre-determined business regulations control the number of copies made, and the number of copies that users can share. The UK government has reviewed its tax system to march those of other EU nations. Currently, the government has exempted tax on physical books. However, eBooks sold have a standard rate of 20 per cent. According this case study, eBook retailers in the UK will no longer have the previous disadvantage in comparison to their EU counterparts following the EU decision to impose VAT on eBooks, games and music. This is both a case of tax and trade agreement influencing the operation of retailers like Waterstones. Such
The importance of youth sports in educational institutions cannot be underestimated because they allow some teenagers to fulfill their potential or improve their personal qualities. Moreover, appropriate physical development is the goal that any education system sets. However, it also is borne in mind that youth sports may also have rather adverse effects especially on a persons psychological state. It is not quite possible speak about negative influence of youth sport in particular. Probably it would be more prudent to analyze some stereotypical patterns of our behavior that make youth sports work against teenagers instead of helping them. The underlying cause is that we attach too much importance to competitiveness. In order to substantiate this statement we should first give definition to such notion as “sport” In its most general sense it can be understood as any kind of competitive activity, which is aimed at achieving certain objective. The word “competitive” becomes crucial in this case because competitiveness may also have its negative side. Naturally, some people may object to this statement, by saying that it is a necessary condition for further growth and development. The main problem is that competitiveness among children may easily result in social exclusion (Odland, 220). Perhaps, it would be better to trace the geneses of this process and its manifestations. Michael Collins in his book “Sport and Social Exclusion” singles out several types of this phenomenon. First, he focuses on the so-called “gender exclusion” which means that teenagers tend to separate from one another because girls and girls do not always in the same sport activities. The thing is that sport is very often viewed as a sym