ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Communication between different people from different places is vital in life. People can pass information to one another in several ways. For instance the studies identify face to face communication and computer mediated communication as major ways through which people use to inform their friends about their personal information, whatever they intend to do or what they have done. There are various advantages and disadvantages of using face to face or computer mediated communications (Catalina and Jeffrey, 2010). Overall, they contribute toward self-presentation and appearance to colleagues. More so CMC (Computer Mediated Communication) and Face-to-Face (FtF) contain specific implications depending on how an individual use them. This paper intends to provide an elaborate and extensive aspect that relates to CMC and FtF as revealed in the previous studies. Self-presentation Self-presentation in online dating plays a crucial role in physical attractiveness, although it carries many limitations. Physical attractiveness greatly helps CMC and FtF communicators decide on how they present themselves. Most attractive online daters and in most cases women, are able to manipulate their appearance through computers to add or remove some features on their photographs. Other women and daters use older photographs to convince the other party that they are still in their youthful stages. In this context, they improve their presentation appealing to other CMC user online. This might be contrary to their immediate physical expression. When individuals form impression on others through the internet, they anticipate for an offline meeting. They are often concerned with their reliability of self-presentation that the other participant put forward. The warranting principle proposes that onlookers place credence on information concerning personal characters together with offline behaviors when the described person cannot manipulate the information. The testing of the warranting principle provides that the targeted individuals ostensibly generate both positive and negative information about a person. One did not create these targeted individuals. The Facebook can give real examples of such information. Social networks like Facebook, twitter and e-mail provide a single page where both users can show self-discretion and descriptions generated by other users. The best social network that can provide good examples is the Facebook. It offers better settings that can enable comparison of different types of information on different personal impressions (Jeffrey and Dunham, 2001). Warranting Worth of Information Most individuals according to the studies rely on information that has greater warranting value. Warranting in this case means the ability to make reliable conclusions between a presented person online and the real person in the physical world. In this context, when an individual presents himself online, for example, if a character cannot be identified, little justification can exist between the self
Introduction Brazil is located in Latin America and is the number one in terms of geographical size and population. Its people speak Portuguese, and it is the only country in the South America where people speak Portuguese. It is fifth in the world among the countries in terms of population and land size. It is a founding member of many unions across the world, for example, the G20 and is among the countries that are classified under the BRIC. It is a mega diverse country (one of the few in the world) with a variety of natural features, wildlife and habitat (Wagley 2003). Its total area is 8,514,877 km2, and its population is 191,376,496 (a 2011 estimate). Economy It is number six in the list of the world’s largest economies in terms of nominal GDP and number seven in terms of purchasing power parity. This is according to an analysis done for 2011; it is among the world’s economies, which are developing at a fast rate. According to a 2011 estimate of the purchasing power parity, the total GDP is 2,294 trillion dollars, and GDP per capita is 11,796 dollars. According to another estimate of 2011 for nominal GDP, the total GDP is 2,493 trillion dollars, and GDP per capita is 12,788 dollars. It has many sectors which are developed and sizeable like manufacture, agriculture, mining and service. The large population provides a ready pool of labor which helps in driving forward the economy of the country. It is one of the major exporters in the world, and this sector is rapidly growing due to the large foreign demand for their products. They mainly export food products (like coffee), textiles, metals (like iron ore), electrical appliances, vehicles, and aircrafts. It is number three in the list of exporters of agricultural products. Investment into the country from foreign entities is growing and is expected to continue soaring, thus, lifting the economy further. Mergers and acquisitions are common things in Brazil and are seen to be the norm among big and expanding enterprises. The economy has a variety of sectors providing diverse products and services to its population. It is number ten among the countries which are large consumers of energy. It is indicative of its economic growth which translates to increased demand for energy. This energy is from both renewable and non renewable sources. Among the renewable sources are ethanol and hydroelectricity, and the non renewable source is primarily oil (Schneyer, 2011). Recent discoveries of oil which are in huge amounts are projected to make it a major producer and exporter of the product in the coming years. Over the past thirty years, the economy has grown to make it a major part of the world market (Bradford, 2003). Culture The Brazilian culture has been influenced by Portuguese who colonized them. They were introduced t
Whole Foods Market, Inc. is a company selling organic groceries, with a chain of stores located in multiple US locations. The following is the SWOT of the company:   * Strengths: highest standards of quality, favorable trends of the food industry, positive public relations image, cooperation with local farmers, the absence of artificial and processed foods.   * Weaknesses: high prices, negative perception for overpriced products, dependence on the US market, few locations compared to other stores, profit drops, and controversial labor practices (Sainato, 2018).   * Opportunities: new store format with Amazon, the potential to lower prices, expansion of areas in the US, international expansion, reduction of production costs.   * Threats: competition from Costco, Sprouts Farmers Market, Wal-Mart, and Kroger; threats from online retailers, the lack of customer support, negative publicity, and overcharging of clients. A SWOT analysis can be a useful tool for strategic planning of businesses through identifying areas for improvement, thus leading to the development of concrete steps that the management can follow to overcome weaknesses and threats (Bull et al., 2016). The strengths and opportunities identified during analysis are helpful for improving the position in the marketplace that other companies may be unable to copy. Innovation is usually the main tool used for capitalizing on opportunities and developing a strategy that leads to success. Four functions of management include the planning of processes, organizing them, leading an organization, and controlling outcomes. The function of planning implies the setting of future goals, while organizing is associated with the coordination of available resources and activities (Griffin, 2017). Leading is the function of influencing people for them to reach a goal while controlling refers to evaluating and monitoring tasks. These four functions play an important role in the strategic decision-making process because they regulate the accomplishment of certain organizational goals.
Introduction Healthcare organizations embrace the power of different concepts to support the needs of their clients. Such concepts have the potential to transform the quality of care available to many patients (Olaniyan, Brown, & Williams, 2011). Utilization management (UM) is one of these concepts. Utilization management is “the evaluation of medical appropriateness, necessity, and efficiency of the use of health care procedures, services, and facilitates the provision of applicable health benefits” (Johns Hopkins Healthcare LLCC, 2016, para. 3). Many healthcare organizations are currently using UM to improve performance, guide clients, and support the needs of their clients (Tubbs, Husby, & Jensen, 2011). This discussion describes Johns Hopkins Hospital’s utilization management plan. Johns Hopkins Hospital: Utilization Management Plan The targeted hospital for this analysis is the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The organization is one of the leading healthcare providers in the United States. The facility embraces various strategies and practices in order to support its patients’ health needs. The institution has powerful utilization management (UM) program aimed at ensuring that every client receives timely and sustainable health support (ProQuest, 2016). The UM program is characterized by “preauthorization (referral management), concurrent review, and managed behavioral health” (Johns Hopkins Healthcare LLCC, 2016, para. 1). Overview of Johns Hopkins Hospital’s Utilization Management Plan The institution’s UM program is characterized by different procedures in an attempt to ensure various health resources are used effectively. The UM processes focus on the best approaches towards promoting the efficiency and appropriateness of various health care procedures or services. The hospital’s UM program “is guided by the provisions of the applicable health benefits plan” (Johns Hopkins Healthcare LLCC, 2016, p. 1). By so doing, the hospital finds it easier to monitor and ensure every practice addresses the health needs of more patients. The first aspect of the UM program is known as referral management or preauthorization. The goal of referral management is to ensure various resources are used adequately to support more individuals. This management procedure is used to enter requests into the hospital’s claims systems. This is usually done for specific services that might not require health or medical reviews (Johns Hopkins Healthcare LLCC, 2016). Every request is examined carefully to attract more eligible people. A plan-specific criterion is developed to support coverage. These management procedures make it easier for members to identify physicians capable of coordinating care. The second phase of the UM program is preauthorization. The goal of this stage is to ensure various medical resources are utilized appropriately. This role is completed by the pre-service review team. The team examines “every non-emergent request for treatments for coverage” (Johns Hopkins Healthcare LLCC, 2016, p. 2). Preauthorization expectations tend to vary depending on the nature of the outpatient services. Preauthorization is mandat
Introduction This proposal outlines a research project that will investigate the ability of Gold Prince Motel to successfully manage their economic environment. It will also look at how marketing, human resources, empowerment, resource management and yield management are applied by Gold Prince. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to display how the concepts such as marketing, human resources, empowerment, resource management, yield management and sustainability apply to Gold Prince. Besides, the proposed project contains recommendations for management of the Gold Prince Motel concerning the main concepts related to hotel business pertaining to a small five-star motel. Background Hotel business can be characterised as a complex one comprising a number of different features related to the management, resources, employees and customers. As such, the work of a manager influences the quality of services provided by the hotel employees to the customers. As suggested in the study by Silva (2005), “continuous improvement should be second nature to everyone in an organisation” (p. 24). In this respect, a manager should be aware of the causes of customers’ dissatisfaction: Proper techniques in rating the customers’ satisfaction were reported by Jones and Lockwood (2002) to select the best practices in assessing the services and outlining further actions for management. Moreover, proficient management can result in a higher profitability rate and better services as well as high rates of room occupancy and overall rating of the hotel. It is necessary to make use of such practices as empowerment and creation of a web site for the motel in the framework of marketing measures. Ratings and the quality of services in combination with pricing techniques contribute to the overall value of the hotel. For instance, in China the hospitality industry standards are maintained through ratings and certification issued by the government ensuring that the level of services provided corresponds to the standards required by the government and expectations of customer (Yu, 1999, p. 94). Pricing control over the hotel industry products should be gained so that companies could influence the prices; moreover, the Internet enables companies to react to the changes in the market of hotel business adequately and in timely manner taking into account the popularity of resorts and room occupancy rates (Wood & Brotherton, 2008, p. 312). Finally, “The Internet is thus perceived as a potential
Emerging technologies in pharmacy The developments that led to the invention of vaccinations and other drugs like antibiotics resulted in improved health and there were reduced loss of lives (Chapman et al 1999, p.1). Emerging technologies indicate that some medical conditions, disorders and diseases can be treated by manipulating the human gene. Although most of the new technology is under research and there is a possibility that they could lead to a cure for incurable diseases with fewer side effects, there are moral concerns due to the processes involved. This essay will discuss Pharmacogenomics, Gene Therapy to treat Disease and Gene Therapy for Cancer Treatment. It will also discuss Stem cells Possibilities of Stem Cell therapy and Overview of cloning ethical issues. Pharmacogenomics The American Association for Clinical Chemistry (2011) defines Pharmacogenomics as “the study of how drugs are metabolized in the body and the variations in the genes that produce the metabolizing enzymes” (p. 1). Genes generate enzymes that are essential for the metabolism of the drug. The metabolism of the drugs is diverse in different individuals and thus doctors will prescribe drugs depending on the rate of metabolism. People are diverse in metabolism of drugs depending on their weight, age and whether they are taking other drugs. The doctor may adjust the amount or decrease the amount depending on the metabolism. Some drugs are metabolized very fast and fail to perform their function or they are metabolized slowly hence overstay and may cause other problems. Other enzymes may actually make the drug more active or is deactivated by the enzyme. The patient’s age is considered when prescribing dosage because metabolism varies in different people in different ages. Besides age, doctors use sex and weight to prescribe drugs, this can be replaced by pharmacogenomics where informed decisions can be made. Another importance of the technology is that correct drugs will be administered. This is because some patients fail to respond to some drugs and end up being given another drug. The dosage is also accurate and reduces adverse effects. The process of testing takes a few hours. The patient is given a sample of drugs. The enzymes that are tested include “The Cytochrome P450 family, N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase” (The American Association for Clinical Chemistry 2011, p. 2). Challenge lies in the interpretation of results. Patients have many genes which makes the process difficult. Some of the tests available are the gene variants for: UGT1A1, CYP2C9, 29 CYP2D6 and VKORC1 (The American Association for Clinical Chemistry 2011, p. 3). Gene Therapy to treat Disease Emerging technology on gene therapy demonstrates that gene
Abstract The issue of the executive pay raises heated debate today considering the gap differences in the civil income. For instance, assuming example of the U.S. government, President Obama governance faces public fury over the huge pay packages accorded to the executives. (Andrews and Bajaj, 2009) The issue of prohibiting extra bonuses for the top executives beside their hefty basic pay and other stock dividends is therefore under high consideration beside the rules imposing reductions. If imposed, the rules will be the toughest ever forcing the executives to accept deep reductions. Arguably, considering a $500,000 annual compensation would be draconian considering the lack of bonuses or annual dividends. The recruitment process would be very difficult due to competition especially from the private sector offering over $1 million. The U.S president seem to advocate for the pay regulations considering that this is the time the government is struggling to bail out prominent collapsed financial institutions. According to Andrews and Bajaj of the Times Newspapers (2009), the National Economic Council is considering pay restrictions to all the companies under the Federal help of economic recovery. The executive’s compensation ware not under particular specifications, the rule applied earlier on bailed out banks failed because of the government’s failure to impose a strict follow up mechanism thus living the executives to reward themselves with the heft bonuses without considering the deterioration of the economy. The question many people ask is whether the executives should make the much they do. Introduction The high pay may appear to be very little in comparison to the huge company’s profits the top executives deliver at the end of the financial session. In line with Daft et al, (368) when the company’s profits measure up to the executive’s pays then it seems too low and therefore reasonable. Probably it would make sense to reward the executives who are directly involved with the capital of the company. They are usually under a lot of pressure to deliver and although it may seem ironic, their pay is excessively little, compared to what they deliver. This might be the only logical way of rewarding these employees for their tremendous work. It motivates them to ensure success and future developments. Payment should always reflect performance and this is most certainly the reason why the American government advocates for pay regulation especially among the financially assisted companies. Thesis Statement “Reasons behind the hefty pays of the Chief Executive Officers” Problem definition This paper explores the issue of the compensation that the top executives receive the reasons behind the pay and it offers the suggestions for improving the system. Do the top executives deserve their pay? It is evident that top executive receive exorbitant remunerations and most people feel that majority do not deserve the compensation. Some of the executive end up performing a mediocre job and still manage to rip off
Executive Summary Current trends in education show that Mobile learning (M learning) has significantly redefined learning processes. However, at the heart of its adoption lie serious concerns about the benefits, limitations, and implications of M learning. This paper explores these concerns by evaluating the issues that surround the adoption of M learning and its potential ramifications for students and educators. Based on the challenges and responses given by educators, regarding the adoption of M-learning, this paper predicts that more educators will adopt the M learning technology beyond the current integration of learning processes. Introduction Mobile services have increasingly become part of everyday life. Indeed, it is normal to see the dominance of technology on most aspects of human life. This trend has also gripped the education sector because instructors and students today use technology to teach and learn. This trend has slowly crept into the education sector because technology today is more portable and affordable than in the past years. For example, many mobile devices, such as cell phones and PDAs, have increasingly become affordable and accessible to most people because their prices are relatively reasonable, as opposed to other technological device such as computers. It is for this reason that MacCallum & Jeffrey (2009) say, “Features such as the facility to make phone calls, take pictures, record audio and video, store data, music, and movies, and interact with the Internet all provide opportunities that could be harnessed in the educational context” (p. 602). The availability of technology has brought new opportunities in learning, especially concerning the easy access to information communication technology (ICT). Mobile learning (M learning) is one such platform that uses tec
The endodermal development, which is the basis of elucidating pancreatic beta cell development, is critical in the treatment of diabetes. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of signaling pathways indicate that exogenous and endogenous coupled with genetic expression regulate endodermal development. DE differentiation into pancreatic progenitors is under the regulation of Nodal, WNT, BMP, and FGF pathways. The development of endocrine cells from DE involves transcription factor-mediated NOTCH, HEDGEHOG, and EGF signaling pathways. The signaling pathway involved in the regulation of pancreatic β cell development entails transcriptional modulation of genes involved in pancreas development and differentiation factors. Activin A and FGF initiate differentiation of hESCs into mesoderm, and further unite to activate a pathway made up of Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. NODAL pathway, activated by Activin A, leads to the production of SOX 17, FOXA2, PDX1, and NK6X.1 transcriptional factors that regulate pancreatic development. BMP inactivation leads to differentiation of hESCs into pancreatic progenitors, with PDX1 further directing differentiation into endocrine progenitors. NK6X.1 is responsible for β cell maturation and functionality, as PAX inhibits ARK and glucagon, increasing insulin production. Diabetes mellitus results, due to the failure of the beta cells of the pancreas to function properly. Empirical evidence focusing on mice deficient of FoxO1, which mediates β cell proliferation and functioning, reveals that β cells’ inability to regenerate causes hyperglycemia and diabetes. Introduction The development of pancreatic beta cells follows the pattern of endoderm formation during embryonic development, forming the basis for developing cell-based therapies. The induction of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) such as mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) make them differentiate into pancreatic beta cells. 1 The differentiation mechanism of PSCs is subject to signaling pathways and genetic expression. Signaling pathways, such as Nodal, FGF, WNT, and BMP, regulate the differentiation of pancreatic cells and the development of endocrine cells. A close review of the literature elucidates the mechanism by which PSCs differentiate into functional pancreatic beta cells. Understanding the Signaling Pathways Regulating the Development of the Endoderm Endodermal formation during embryonic development Endodermal formation is a complex cellular and molecular process that occurs during embryonic development. Primarily, it involves the diff