ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Literary works that describe relationships between the representatives of dissimilar ethnic or racial groups often raise the issue of prejudice on the basis of origin. At the same time, the way that explicit or implicit biases impact the balance of power in society is also emphasized. A Raisin in the Sun , the globally recognized play by one of the most prominent African-American playwrights, Lorraine Hansberry, is not an exception. Focusing on the life of a Black American family, the author discusses the problems of race-based prejudice, segregation, historical memory, and the role of generational gaps in racial minorities’ attitudes to injustice. In her play, Lorraine Hansberry places the key characters’ race and the resulting differences from the white majority in the context of everyday life and opportunities. Belonging to the middle class, the members of the Younger family have some money, but their most desired wishes are incompatible with their current financial position (James and Davidson 64). However, at the very beginning of the play, they are waiting to get ten thousand dollars, a life insurance payment, after the death of the father (James and Davidson 64). This money fills the family with hope, and the characters start thinking about their boldest dreams as if there were no race-related barriers to success in the mid-twentieth century (James and Davidson 64). The family members see a large sum of money as one of the best ways to pursue their personal goals. However, racial segregation still exists in different forms and places some de facto limitations on the family’s ability to exercise their rights. Hansberry manages to demonstrate the problems of race-based prejudice without negative stereotypes. Unlike many literary works of the time, A Raisin in the Sun was written by a representative of a racial minority. Therefore, it was not aimed at using a set of offensive stereotypes in order to amuse the racial majority (James and Davidson 64). The questions of race and biases related to interracial differences are not just among the key themes in work – they are literally at the heart of the plot. Interestingly, different critics, for instance, Harris, and Anderson, are convinced that A Raisin in the Sun exceeds the scope of stereotypical views of black womanhood by introducing second to none characters (Murray 283). As an example, Lena Younger referred to as Mama, is the embodiment of different archetypes of black women simultaneously (Murray 283). Despite the presence of recognizable traits and behaviors, literature scholars define her as an accurate prototype for what is considered to be stereotypical today (Murray 283). Therefore,
Background Jeh Charles Johnson was born on September 11, 1957, in the city of New York. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from Morehouse College and a Juris Doctor from Columbia University (Bone & Courage, 2011). Johnson started his career as an attorney in New York before serving as an Assistant United States Attorney in New York’s Southern District (Gilpin & Gasman, 2003). In 1998, he was appointed by President Bill Clinton as a General Counsel in the Department of Air Force where he served for three years. In 2004, Johnson became an American College of Trial Lawyers fellow. Under the administration of President Barrack Obama, he became General Counsel for the Defense Department, a position he served till 2012 (Gill, 2014). President Barack Obama nominated him to the position of Secretary of Homeland Security in 2013 (Corn, 2015). The illustrious career of Johnson in various governmental departments and as an accomplished attorney has often shaped his actions and predilections. He is a highly experienced person in the field of homeland security, defense, and intelligence gathering. He is also a brilliant attorney whose decisions are often based on the existing laws. His brilliance saw him serve in very senior positions in government under different administrations for the past two decades. The trust that President Obama had in him was the reason why he was named the designated survivor, a position that would have seen him become the president of the United States if anything were to happen to the incumbent and possible successors. Currently, he has gone back to private practice as an attorney in the city of New York. Analysis of Leadership Style Analyzing Johnson’s leadership style is very important because it will help explain how he rose to the high government position of Secretary of Homeland Security. Analysis of the approach that he has been taking to address problems and handle issues in his career clearly demonstrates that he is a transformational leader. He is a person who highly values communication as a way of ensuring that organizational goals are achieved. He often involves his junior officers in decision-making processes as a way of ensuring that everyone is involved in the activities of the organization he leads. On September 11, 2001, when the United States was attacked by Al Qaeda, Johnson was celebrating his 44 th birthday in his hometown of Lower Manhattan, New York. When he heard the news, he stopped his celebration and went to the streets to attend to the wounded and other survivors of the attack (Rose, 2009). At that time, he was not holding any government position. However, he felt personally responsible for the well-being of people of New York who were victims of this heinous attack. It was a clear demonstration that Johnson is not a leader
Executive Summary The purpose of the report is to provide the results of developing and evaluating the improvement strategy for Tim Hortons Inc., basing on the credible simulation model. Tim Hortons Inc. is a fast food chain which specialises in serving breakfasts with branded coffee and donuts and lunches with a great selection of soups and sandwiches. Lunches are discussed as the peak hours in the restaurants. The peak hours during the lunch time at the definite Tim Hortons restaurant are the focus of this study. The proposed and evaluated scenarios can be considered as not optimal or appropriate for checking during the other hours or at the other Tim Hortons restaurants which differ in their arrival patterns. To develop the credible model and evaluate several alternative scenarios to choose the most effective strategy for implementing in this Tim Hortons restaurant, the simulation program Simul8 was used. Referring to the simulation study results, it is possible to check the work of improvements and to choose the most appropriate variant for the Tim Hortons restaurant. Current Situation Tim Hortons is a fast food chain which provides the complex breakfasts and lunches for customers. The brand’s well-known coffee and donuts are served during breakfasts (Cormack 2008). Soups, sandwiches, and cakes are usually served during lunches. The lunchtime (11:00AM – 1:00PM) can be discussed as the peak hours because of the significant amount of customers coming to the restaurant. To design the simulation model, it is necessary to use the factual data related to the situation at Tim Hortons restaurants (Fullerton 2005). Regularly, five employees work with customers, serving the lunch. One or two of the servers are responsible to perform as cashiers. These servers have the duty to take small orders, spending few minutes to work with them. The other servers are responsible for preparing dishes to complete the orders (soups, salads, sandwiches). Customers who wait for small orders (‘type 1’ customers) can join the queue at the cash register. The cashier is responsible for taking and filling the customers’ orders. Ordering soups, salads, or sandwiches, customers pay for the products at the cash register. The next step is to join the other queue to wait for completing and providing the order. Objectives The spending less time per customer which leads to providing the service for more customers per hour is the main objective to develop the credible model. The expected outcomes of the strategy are the increase of the overall profit till 90% in 6 months because of working with more customers. It is necessary to concentrate on the average wait time for a customer which is no more than 1 minute before being served. The adequate workload of the employees should be taken into consideration. Assumptions To model the system and a credible variant to implement in the restaurant, influential assumptions have been discussed. 1. It is assumed that cashiers can perform the same tasks at the same rate. 2. Moreover, the servers of all types perf
Clinical interviewing of children The assessment of children presents several differences compared to that of adults. The clinical interviewing of children is associated with the fact that a nurse receives information from parents, educators, caregivers, and a child. The integration of the mentioned sources allows nurses to understand the child’s condition in an in-depth manner based on social, cultural, religious, and health data. Perese (2012) states that the approach targeting the child’s self-reporting is a beneficial way to collect the most relevant data. In particular, by posing proper questions to children and their families, nurses may contribute to relationship creation, mutual trust, and openness in the assessment process (O’Reilly, Karim, & Kiyimba, 2015). In this connection, it is worth paying one’s attention to the concept of communication as the information-gathering process. As a fundamental aspect of health care services, the pediatric interviewing should be sensitive and flexible. While assessing a child, it is important to pay attention to the cultural aspect that may include ethnicity, background, religion, and so on. According to the International Society of Psychiatric Mental Health Nurses (2010), children are especially sensitive to nurses’ attitudes, and sincere interest and engagement of caregivers are critical. It should also be emphasized that case formulation should be developed in close association
Introduction Throughout history, the public portrayal of mental illness has been subjugated by depictions of violence, seclusion, madness, loss, desolation, homelessness, personal failure, witchcraft and unsuccessful health and social outcomes (Henson et al 2009). Although the media have been credited for producing some of the most sensitive, educational and award-winning material on mental illness, the same institution is also blamed for generating a huge store of negative imagery with some of the most malevolent depictions of mental illness and horrendous illustrations of psychiatric treatments (Stuart 2006). It is acknowledged in the literature that not only does media framing of health related issues influences both public and political opinion and may consequently impact on health and social policy (Henson et al 2009), but framing of mental illness is oriented more towards depictions of negative imagery, which are more memorable and of enormous concern to individuals with mental health challenges, their family members and mental health professionals (Stuart 2006). The latter view is reinforced by Sieff (2003), who suggests that negative perceptions of mental illnesses are relentless in the mainstream media, in spite of advances in treatment and superior understanding of disease processes. The present paper uses secondary research to investigate key issues of how the media influence society’s view on mental illness. In particular, the paper aims to highlight how media framing of mental illness influence society’s perceptions in five critical areas, namely: perceptions of crime and dangerousness; negative connotations; community care options; stigmatization, and; social relationships. In recommendations, the central role of the media as allies in changing the negative perceptions held by society with regard to mental illness is highlighted with a view to advance greater awareness of the significance of advocacy in this area. It is important to note that the articles used to conduct the secondary research have been selected to exemplify dominant themes, present interesting examples and draw attention to the principal issues on how the media influences society’s view on mental illness. Consequently, no attempt has been made to avail all-inclusive listing, synthesis or critical and analytical review of all publications in this domain. Media Framing of Mental Illness & its Influence on Society Available literature reveals that “…television news and current affairs coverage of mental health/illness in Australia represents only 6% of items with a main focus on a specific health condition” (Henson et al 2009, p. 557). However, it is revealed in the literature that media framing of mental illness is a central theme of Australia’s National Mental Health Strategy, as clearly evide
Introduction Sociology is the study of different societies. The goal of this field of study is social welfare and it can be at a personal level or at a systems level. Nowadays, sociology is molded through many channels including the internet, law, health class, religion, and military among many other disciplines. A subculture is a group of individuals characterized by different norms and values that is unique to the rest of the broader society it constitutes. Subcultures are constantly evolving, changing with times to reflect new developments; others die off whereas others reemerge after years of being alienated. It is therefore very difficult to assess exactly how subcultures are divided using a standard means. Some subcultures are specific to a certain geographic location while others are specific to an era. It can therefore be a mistake for a sociologist to generalize and stereotype any subculture. One must delve into the specifics of an individual subculture in order to draw conclusive and accurate information about it. Subcultures are mostly subject to commercialization (Blair, 1993, p. 22) making them loose their specificity. Their styles are adopted by mass culture as fashion and once this happens, they tend to be assimilated into the main cultural practices loosing the title of subcultures. Alternatively, the subculture may be forced to alien itself from mainstream practice in a bid to remain relevant and avoid imminent death. After the hip-hop subculture was adopted by businesses for commercial purposes, others started facing the same threat. It was shocking when the punk subculture’s way was introduced into the mass market because it was characterized by non-conventional ways of dressing and jewelry. Like Duchamp’s ‘ready mades’ – manufactured objects which qualified as art because he chose to call them such, the most unremarkable and inappropriate items – a pin, a plastic clothes peg, a television component, a razor blade, a tampon – could be brought within the province of punk (un)fashion…Objects borrowed from the most sordid of contexts found a place in punks’ ensembles; lavatory chains were draped in graceful arcs across chests in plastic bin liners. Safety pins were taken out of their domestic ‘utility’ context and worn as gruesome ornaments through the cheek, ear or lip…fragments of school uniform (white bri-nylon shirts, school ties) were symbolically defiled (the shirts covered in graffiti, or fake blood; the ties left undone) and juxtaposed against leather drains or shocking pink mohair tops (Guins and Cruz, 2005, p. 361). The American society is very diverse in race, religion and in class. This makes it one of the most unique cultures with differing opinions and lifestyles. The subcultures of the American society can be classified according to the most popular aspects such as slang, music, arts, politics and clothing. To a large extent these aspects are the ones which almost solely divide the larger culture into smaller ones. You are what you wear Dressing is one of the broadest areas t
The success of a business depends on the ability of the management to analyze the market trends, the culture of a country, its political climate and other external factor. This issue is particularly important when this company operates at an international level. The case of MyGym shows how an organization can increase its presence in various countries. While evaluating the market of a country, the management of MyGym considered such factors as benefits, cost and risk factors. At the initial stage, the management of this organization focused on those countries where the English language was spoken. This policy was adopted in order to reduce the cost of translating slogans or commercial. Moreover, English proficiency was critical for hiring new employees. Therefore, in this way, they attempted to avoid extra expenses. Additionally, they paid attention to the culture, especially the way in which parents approached the education of their children. This factor was also critical for the success of the company. Additionally, the company also made some considerations of the benefits that they would get from entering a new market. For instance, they strived to enter those countries in which customers could be familiar with their products and services. This strategy can be best illustrated by the company’s move to Mexico. This step was beneficial since the Mexicans already knew about MyGym. This is one of the details that can be identified. Risk factors were also taken into account by the company during the scanning stage. The management focused on those internal and external factors that could undermine the work of the company. These risks can be related to the political climate of the country and vulnerability to economic hardships. The strategies adopted by MyGym indicate that a company, which is planning to enter a foreign market, has to consider the risks during the scanning stage. In turn, the failure to do it can result into serious difficulties such as inability to capitalize its investment. The successful expansion of MyGym can be partly explained by the fact that the management developed an effective method of evaluating different countries. MyGym used the multi-domestic generic strategy when venturing into the markets of other countries, especially when entering Mexico. The main peculiarity of this approach is that an organization attempts to adjust its products to the needs of particular clients, language, or culture. For instance, one can mention that the company translated its marketing materials into Spanish while working with Mexican clients. Additionally, they established separate headquarters in this country. This branch of MyGym establishes the policies and gives directions that are relevant to the market of this country. This strategy helped the company to integrate into the new market since the local employees knew more about the peculiarities of consumers’ behavior. This is one of the issues that should be considered because it was vital for the success of MyGy
The article contends increase in American population will make it difficult to use one marketing strategy to reach the target market. This will be due to the segmentation of the market by different nationality and spending behaviors. In the future, alternative communities are likely to share common values and passions. The projected increase in the population of Hispanics implies that the niche market will become a mass market. There are possibilities of shortage of resources since the increased population will stretch the natural resources. There are expectations of companies shifting their attention from the 18 to 34 demographics in the next 25 years (Wellner, 2004). A company like Pepsi believes that the target market is not made up of youths only but it is multigenerational. The article reveals that people over 50 are never old as had been the notion. This implies that people between the age of 50 and 74 will dominate the market; however, the American companies will still consider the 18 to 34 demographics. Companies, therefore, have to strategize on how to reach this group of people in the next 25 years. In addition, the expected decrease in the White population makes companies to reorganize their potential target market. It means that firms that already targeting the nonwhites will gain competitive advantage in the future. Evidently, the changes in the demographic trends are likely to come from the increased number of the old generation and the reduced number of white Hispanics. Companies that had been targeting the white consumer market will have to change their market focus. The market will be composed of multigenerational demographic hence forcing firms to create ageless multigenerational brands. Companies are also facing major challenges of producing products that target specific races or producing multiracial products. Since one racial group no longer controls the American market, companies will have to grasp and understand matters of cultural identity through ethnography. Demographic trends analyze the alterations that can transpire in a demographic population over a given time (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius, 2012). Demography is the scientific study of variations of the human population in terms of size and structure. Some of the parameters that alter the size and structure of a population include migration rates, death rate, and birth rate. Demographic trends focus on why there are emigrations, geographical mobility, and immigration. In marketing, the entire concept touches on the characteristics of the entire human population, which include the employment status, level of income, age, and disability. Demographics offer adequate information about members of a given group hence assisting marketers to understand the traits of the hypothetical collective. After visualizing the characteristics of a specific group, marketers then develop effective marketi
Introduction The primary principle in contract law is that agreements must be of a legal nature. The basic idea revolves around the belief that the law cannot sanction illegal actions. Concisely, contracts should be based on aspects that are enforceable by courts. Further, if a provision in a contract violates the laws of the place, then such a contract would become void. Based on the contract law literature, some contracts may be invalid due to a lack of intent to establish a legal effect. This leads to three types of invalid contracts, unenforceable, void, and voidable. An unenforceable contract reflects an agreement that is valid but lacks certain aspects that are necessary for the contract formation process. A contract is void when it totally lacks any legal effect from the very beginning. On the other hand, a contract is voidable if one or two parties fail/s to ratify an agreement. At a different level, it is noticeable that disputes are inherent in contracts. Disputes may arise based on a breach of contract or disagreements among parties. When one party breaches a contract, damages are awarded to compensate the other party for the loss incurred. The case It is indicated in the case that an employer has requested a contractor to send a proposal to build a factory. The contractor responded to the request by sending a quotation that the request was accepted under the FIDIC 1999 red book terms. However, the employer accepted the proposal given some modifications (20.1). Two weeks later, the two parties entered a contract stating that:   * total project cost,   * duration of the contract,   * subject matter, and the statement were agreed on the basis of the FIDIC terms. From the illustration above, the employer has shown an intention of creating a contract by extending an offer to the contractor. After going through the offer, the contractor sees the need to introduce some amendments. Thus, the initial offer is rejected as a new one is formed which the employer accepts. Concisely, the contractor presents a counteroffer that the employer accepts. Hence, the terms of the counteroffer take effect