ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The success of any country can be achieved in many ways considering that a state fulfills specific criteria. It seems that the idea of abusing power for people’s corrupt interests is as old as the world. However, its deeply penetrating social roots have severely hindered many countries from developing good institutions. Some may argue that having good institutions is not the essential element of achieving steady progress for a country. However, the main idea argued by Acemoglu and Robinson in their book Why Nations Fail? Contradicts this opinion. What Acemoglu and Robinson state is that the critical difference between developed and underdeveloped countries is that of inclusive and extractive economic institutions. The purpose of this essay is to embrace the argument of the book by Acemoglu and Robinson and develop it further to the extent of answering the question of how to get and keep good institutions. The Role of Extractive Institutions In today’s world, there is a clear distinction between success and failure, which sometimes turns into an obsession with always doing better and reaching higher. However, at the level of states, such obsession is necessary because they have to do their best for their citizens. The distinction, therefore, between the countries where the state puts an absolute priority on their people and ones where power positions are utilized for vested interests is tremendous. Acemoglu and Robinson, throughout the entire book, make the answer to the central question of it, which replicates its title, clear: the presence of extractive institutions in the “failed” countries. Although the answer may seem rather simple, it makes one understand in what direction to search for the root causes of underdevelopment. One of the examples made in the book covers Zimbabwe, the country which had been ruled by the same leader for three decades. The combination of extractive institutions rooted in the colonial past, together with tight political control and repressive regime, resulted in a crumbling economy in the case of Zimbabwe (Acemoglu and Robinson 371). Neither economic nor political institutions in Zimbabwe have ever been inclusive. Based on the Corruption Perception Index, Zimbabwe is one of the most corrupt countries in the world (Nyoni 285). Given the story of Mugabe winning a lottery in 2000, it is not shocking at all that the country is not characterized by the positive development of either politics or the economy. Democracy and Extractive Institutions To state that democracies are not prone to having extractive institutions is debatable. For example, Latin American has many cases of states where the democratic system hasn’t guaranteed economic inclusivity. For instance, the authors consider Colombia to be one such example of democratic countries with a lack of inclusive institutions (Acemoglu and Robinson 377). Taylor also finds Colombia to be a country having the necessary requisites to be
Introduction The United States of America has gradually been growing and developing as a unique, strong, and independent nation. While the history of the US cannot be called clean of controversy or bad decisions, it is generally agreed that the country is going in the right direction, with steady strides towards progressive policy and government rule. Speaking of the many periods of American history, the 1920s can be noted as a rather interesting period, as it brought a variety of changes with it, both positive and negative. The decade introduced America to an array of new cultural trends, traditions, and customs, as well as allowing the people to financially prosper in the booming economy. This period can also be classified as a time for recovery from World War I, as people were ready to lead normal lives again. Curiously, however, this period is regarded with the mixed sentiment in historic overviews, much to the credit of the ruling party at the time and the actions taken by the country’s president. Some consider the roaring 20’s to be a progressive period, allowing the country to develop in new, unforeseen ways and give people a much-needed period of peace, while others regard it as a starting point for the spread of conservatism in modern America. The statement leading to the creation of this paper is: “Despite popular conceptions, the 1920s is best described as a conservative era”. I think the statement is true and warrants a deeper look at the political, social, and economic landscape of that time period. In this work, an attempt to explain the conservative tendencies of the 1920s will be made. The Republican Government The 1920s were a period in the history of the USA when the democratic party lost its influence over the government, and the republicans had a period of active work. The American population had a rather extensive period of reform previously, and the counteraction to that process manifested in the politics of the ’20s. The three presidents of this period were Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover, none of which are explicitly remembered for their policy or competent management of the country. The politics of the time were mostly focused on returning to the sense of normalcy and the pre-war state of the country, with more conservatives approaches to leadership and policy (Jarmul, 2006). One of the major points of development in the decade was the freedoms and expansions given to business entities. Corporate growth was heavily encouraged, and the actions of big market players were unrestricted by legislation. This allows the businesses to prosper and develop, at the expense of the working class and the citizenry of the co
Introduction Technological growth has led to the emergence of social commerce, which is an “evolutionary type of business that is mediated by social media and mobility” (Al Saud & Khan, 2013, p. 59). Today, virtual shop owners use social media like Twitter to market their products in Saudi Arabia. Research has shown that Twitter helps business operators to build the business image, connect with other business operators, and strengthen ties with customers. The number of business operators who use Twitter to market their products and services in Saudi Arabia is growing. Al Saud and Khan (2013) allege that even though Twitter is mainly popular among online consumers, small, medium and big businesses profit from Twitter’s capacity. The majority of small business operators use Twitter accounts to link with potential customers in Saudi Arabia. Besides, Twitter serves as a virtual store for some business operators. Researchers should conduct further research to determine why, who, and how business operators benefit from Twitter. The study will assist researchers and business owners to appreciate the benefits of Twitter in e-commerce. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to find out how Twitter has made it easy for people to establish and manage businesses in Saudi Arabia. In addition, the study will assess how Twitter helps business operators to interact with customers throughout Saudi Arabia. Currently, a majority of entrepreneurs use social media for marketing their products. Hence, this study will evaluate how Twitter has contributed to the growth of small enterprises in Saudi Arabia. The project is intellectually worth doing because it will help scholars to understand what makes entrepreneurs use Twitter. Besides, the study will enable intellectuals to know the usefulness of Twitter in e-commerce and open room for further research. Thesis Statement Today, Twitter has enabled small and medium enterprises to market their products and services across Saudi Arabia. Indeed, the number of virtual e-shops continues to increase as entrepreneurs keep on understanding the benefits of Twitter in e-commerce. Twitter has made it easy for entrepreneurs to run their businesses through the establishment of virtual stores. Entrepreneurs do not require having physical stores to keep their products. The research will test a number of questi
Introduction The republic of Haiti occupies the western portion of the island of Hispaniola. It shares this end of the island with the Dominican Republic. A significant percentage of the country’s citizenry is made up of Latinos. The population of this group has been growing rapidly over the years. The increase has affected the nation both negatively and positively. Latinos are individuals who are originally from Latin America. The state of the foreign-born Latinos in Haiti is influenced by different factors. They include immigration and policies put in place by the government. The current population of foreign-born individuals in Haiti stands at 48,973 (Tovar et al. 360). The figure is equivalent to 61.7% of the total population. The number of native Latinos in Haiti is 30,392. It is equivalent to 38.3% of the population. The figure shows that the number of foreign-born Latinos in the region is higher than that of their native counterparts. According to demographic reports, the immigrants are engaged in both high-skill and low-skill jobs in the labor market. In this paper, the author will analyze the state of foreign-born Latinos in Haiti. The author will, among others, highlight the representation of this group in the general population and in the labor market. Their contribution to the socio-economic sector of the Haitian society will also be reviewed. Foreign-Born Latinos in Haiti Haiti is a low developed country. It is one of the poorest nations in the Americas. The population of this region is also lower compared to that in other nations in America. The presence of a high number of foreign Latinos in the region can be attributed to the historical backgrounds of the nations the immigrants come from. Haiti has encountered numerous natural calamities that have claimed the lives of many people in the region (Elo, Vang, and Culhane 2372). An example is the 2010 earthquake. Many foreign Latinos died in the tragedy. However, their number in the region still remains high. The economy of Haiti cannot support the entire population. In spite of this, the availability of jobs is regarded as the main thing that has influenced people to move into the nation. The graph below shows the participation of foreign-born Latinos in the labor force by age, sex, and ethnicity as of 2011: Figure 1: Participation of foreign-born Latinos in the Haitian labor force. Age Distribution The age distribution of foreign-born Latinos in Haiti is shown in figure 2 below. The median age of this group is 42 years. That of non-citizens in the country is 39 years. The figures show that the number of old persons in Haiti is high. Having many aged persons in a country is a threat to the economy. The fact that this group is large shows that the economy is growing at a slow pace. The majority of aged persons cannot work effectively to build the economy. Most of them are retired and are not engaged in any economic activity. On the contrary, the youth have a significant impact on the economy, especially when it comes to the development of a nation (Elo et al. 2375). A figure of 73% is high for old people in the society. The fact that the youth make up only 27% of the population i
Introduction Heart attack (HA) occurs due to the blockage of coronary arteries supplying oxygen-rich blood into the heart muscles (HM). Blood clots cause blockage in a section of the heart muscle. The blood clots result from rupture and build-up of plaques within the artery, which results in ischemic heart disease and finally a heart attack. The earlier treatment is recommended to avoid cell death of the section affected by blood clots. The recommended treatment for heart disease is aspirin. Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the prevention of blood clots. Mechanism of Action of Aspirin 1 Aspirin contains a hydroxyl group in its The hydroxyl group of aspirin is esterified into an acetyl group. The acetyl group irreversibly inhibits platelet cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) by inhibiting the production of thromboxane-A2 (Cadavid, 2). Additionally, the acetyl group is covalently attached to serine-529 on the active site of the COX-1 enzyme (Cadavid, 2). This inhibits vasoconstriction and coagulation of platelets responsible for the formation of blood clots. Cyclooxygenase is the enzyme required for the synthesis of prostaglandin and thromboxane. The ability of aspirin to covalently bind to serine-529 makes it a unique NSAID. 2 Platelets are responsible for the formation of blood clots in the body. Platelet aggregation is the clumping of platelet cells resulting in the formation of blood clots. Patients 1 DM- diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risks for cardiovascular diseases. 2 Cardiovascular diseases include myocardial infarction (heart attack), other coronary heart diseases, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy (Peters and Mutharasan 1). 3 Aspirin helps prevent a second heart attack. Research has demonstrated a positive correlation between using aspirin as a secondary treatment to prevent a second heart attack (Peters and Mutharasan 1). Research has demonstrated an increased risk of developing heart attacks among patients with a history of alcohol abuse and smoking (Peters and Mutharasan 1). Some cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks are hereditary (Pet
The Department of Defense Architectural Framework (DODAF) is an architecture and infrastructural body which main responsibility is publication of materials. In fact, the department publishes information regarding development in the architectural field. These materials are usually submitted by any of its members to the editorial department. The editorial board works with authors to determine the appropriateness of information submitted by members, and after making the necessary changes, they ensure that the document is released to the public for use by architects and other stakeholders in the building and construction sectors. Compared to other Architectural Frameworks, such as Zachman one, it was discovered that the potentiality of the Department of Defense Architectural Framework was not very effective due to the absence of knowledge required to run the organization (Haynes 28). The knowledge necessary to support maintenance of the framework might be inadequate due to the rationale behind the architectural design. This happens if the original architectural works are not available at a seemingly approaching date when they need to be used. Thus, without a systematic design process, the architectural design and its quality would have highly depend on experience of the designer who might have gone and left no traceable marks at that time. A study carried out on this issue found out that some of the frameworks have specified the processes and methodologies used in the construction of viewpoints. In this case, framework, such as DoDFAF, suggested using tradeoffs while others, such as The Open Group Architectural Framework (TOGAF), specified on the use of capture of design rationale (Blanchard et al. 78). According to Zachman (Inmon, Zachman and Geiger 71), the motivation behind the Department of Defense Architectural Framework helps set primary goals which every architect in the organization is supposed to achieve. This will aid the organization in meeting its goals and objectives (Mathews et al. 228). Failure to set operational goals for the architects to achieve them will lead to worsening and violating the organization’s standards, in terms of both quality and quantity production as most of the tasks will not be performed in the required manner. This will not work for good for the organizations as failure in designs may be fatal when it comes to real applications on the ground, and thus this will appear as part of its shortcomings. It also acts as a crucial goal setting strategy in which all the firm’s aims are defined, and then the reference is made in accordance with a motive directed towards what the organization wishes to achieve at the end. The logic identifies and describes the rules which serve as important parts to ensure there is a continuous and clear recording of all entries (O’Rourke, Fishman and Selkow 87). The conceptual view identifies the chain of command of goals that is made or set to support the primary objectives. These rules and regulations are to be followed in the maintenance of long term goals. The entity “
The American Civil War is rightfully known as particularly intense throughout the country’s history. After the assessment of the historical facts and relevant readings, it becomes evident that the war was inevitable. According to Corbett et al. (2021), the conflict between anti- and pro-slavery factions that took place in the 1850s eventually resulted in civil war. The Compromise of 1850 refers to measures by the U.S. Congress which widened the gap between the states and factions (Holden, 2016). In particular, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was the Compromise’s integral part. It can be viewed among the primary causes that intensified the pressure between Northerners and Southerners and made the Civil War inevitable. Furthermore, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was another controversial bill that split the nation even more and aggravated the situation (Corbett et al., 2021). It increased the possibility of slavery expansion to territories where it had previously been banned. Therefore, the American Civil War became a fierce fight over the ethical problem of slavery. Apart from the American Civil War causes addressed in the initial response, other factors should be considered. For instance, the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 contributed to the conflict (Corbett et al., 2021). While Lincoln found slavery morally wrong, Douglas believed in the policy of popular sovereignty. The publishing of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” by Stowe in 1852 strengthened the abolitionism of the Northerners and convinced more people that slavery had no ethical justification (Holden, 2016). While these events cannot be considered direct causes of the Civil War, they shaped the public’s opinion. Nevertheless, a combination of factors that widened the gap between the South and the North made the war inevitable.
Rationale Modern world requires from people be educated and use foreign knowledge in work. The competence in English is one of the main requirements for most employees in the world. The problem of English learning may be easily decided by means of English second language courses. The programs of ESL usually take place on the basis of colleges and Universities and may last either one semester, one semester including summer, summer, one year, or two years long (Peterson’s, 2009). The numbers of the educational establishments that offer the ESL programs increase from year to year. One of the main reasons for this is a high demand on the ESL programs in the world explained by the necessity of English awareness. Securing support from the stakeholders and Identifying those who will be involved in the process The programs are usually supported by the colleges or Universities which already deal with language educational programs. These educational establishments offer their classes and staff for the lessons. The students from the surrounding area are going to be the target audience. Moreover, the existence of the campus where students can live for the period of learning is the additional point for effort to attract. The purpose of the evaluation One of the main purposes of the ESL programs evaluation is to understand its effectiveness and present the results of the comparison of different colleges that work in the field. The ESL program evaluation will help some educational establishments make conclusions and change something in their system if necessary. The main points that are going to be evaluated are the teachers’ staff, methods and programs for education, the groups’ organization and the effectiveness of the use of time while lessons. The process of the ESL programs evaluation The necessary information may be collected either by means of documentary check or via communication with the learners. The collected data will be analyzed, the results from different educational establishments gathered and compared. Moreover, the questionnaires may be used, as well as the personal presence on lessons and detailed analysis of the failures and achievements. The criteria for evaluation There are no specific criteria f
The Bicycle Thieves is an award-winning film that was produced in Italy in1948 by Vittorio De Sica. This essay offers a succinct analysis of the film in terms of plot and theme developments, character analysis, use of sound and images as well as the overall context. It is one of the typical examples of a neo-realistic film that was created after the end of the Great World Wars. The film depicts a gritty and cumbersome world in several ways. The grainy films were shot in various settings using hand-held cameras. Antonio Ricci’s life has been explored in the film. To bring out the intended meaning, a realist approach has been used to depict the endeavor of the persona as he strives to get back his stolen bicycle. Moreover, a realistic plot has been created in the film using basic and daily occurrences in life. The audience is only in a position to obtain the projected meaning due to the raw emotions used in the film. The lead roles in the film were portrayed by Enzo Staiola and Lamberto Maggiorani. They were non-actors in the film. In this particular analysis, the scene that will be explored runs from 01:19:00:00 to 01:24:00:00. The scene shows a crowd chasing a bicycle thief who has just stolen a bike from the side of a street. The son of the thief runs after him as he cries loudly. Both the father and the son are then embarrassingly frog-matched by the crowd along the street to the police station. This is the most intense and dramatic section of the movie. The emotionally erratic son opts to run after his father because he notes that a crowd of people is barging him. Intense emotions and ideas have been excellently displayed through the body language of the non-actors in the film. A feeling of empathy or being sorry cannot escape the mind of the audience at this point due to the sadness, tears, and worried expressions that can be seen all over the face of the unhappy son. The scene also contains several shots that can be considered to be terrific. However, the shots can be considered to be accidental bearing in mind that improvisation is a common technique used in most neo-realistic movies. The camera creates a fantastic shot as it spins close to the unhappy son of a thief who is starring as events unfold. The movement of the bicycle is similar to camera work. This redirects the attention of the spectators to get the impression that the father is being looked at by the son. The boy appears to be worried and angry simultaneously. The camerawork at the portion is rather shaky. The ensuing actions are rapidly being followed by handheld cameras. To some extent, it resembles a shot in documentary footage. Such a shot psychologically convinces the audience on the realistic nature of the film because people have quite