ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Boston is a great city that can proud of its pieces of public art. In the current paper, I will consider the two of them, namely, Boston’s Quest Eternal and The Ether Monument. Humanity has always been seeking knowledge and depicting this thirst in this or that way. The two sculptures under consideration stand to represent humanity’s noble pursuit of knowledge (the first statue) and the moment of getting the knowledge needed (the second one). The theme of knowledge that the two works are concerned with unites them and shows the problem through the two different perspectives. The 5-ton bronze statue Quest Eternal stands next to the Hynes Veterans Memorial Convention Center on Boylston Street. It is created by Donald Harcourt De Lue (1897-1988, born in Boston). The sculpture demonstrates links to both Greco-Roman and late Renaissance sculptors. The figure is composed of mannerist proportions, its musculature is articulated. The sculpture presents a classically strong man, his muscled left arm stretches skyward. It points to the top of the Prudential Tower, where a glassed-in Sky Walk on the 50th floor affords views of the White Mountains humped up in the north; the Atlantic’s blue horizon stretched across the east; and there in the west, almost in the shadow of the Tower, one can peer into Fenway Park (Carbone). Jonathan L. Fairbanks, Emeritus Curator of American Figurative Sculpture Catalogue, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, claims that De Lue was inspired by the mature Michelangelo and “emulated the exuberant gestures and energetic composition such as those found at Pergamum” (Donald de Lue). The author himself states that his work is traditional, but at the same time it is a tradition of his own (Donald de Lue). The Ether Monument stands in a prominent spot in the Boston Public Garden. It is a 40-foot tall monument that commemorates the first use of ether as an anesthetic under the Etherdome at Massachusetts General Hospital On October 16, 1846. The statue was erected in 1868 when the ether debate still continued. It does not commemorate the ether inventor, Thomas G. Morton, but presents a “Good Samaritan” holding the unconscious body of a young man. The statue suggests that the ether breakthrough took place in classical Greece but not in 19 th century Boston (Ether Monument). Under the monument’s Gothic arches four reliefs are hidden. They show an operation under anesthesia and an angel of mercy that descends to relieve a suffering figure. The inscription from the Book of Revelation reads: “Neither shall there be any more pain.” (Pathetic Fallacy) Also, there are four lion-heade
Introduction The National Programme for IT was launched in 2002 by the National Health Service to reform how NHS used information (Burr 2008, p. 2). According to Nieuwenhuizen and Erasmus (2007, p. 45), information is very critical at institutions of health. Cases where doctors repeat medications that a patient has already received are common when the concerned doctors are not able to share data. It is also common to find cases where attending to a patient’s need takes long because or re-diagnosis. The National Health Service realised that a lot of effort was going into waste because of the poor information management system at most of the public health institution. As Levine (2002, p. 74) notes, in most of the cases, patients were forced to register afresh every time they visited public hospitals. This was not only a waste of time for both the patient and the concerned health officers but also a waste of resources. Successful referrals were also hindered because of the poor information management system that largely depended on handwritten records. When handing over a patient from one health officer to another, patient data must be part of the handover process. However, this was not the cases. This meant that the receiving doctor had to start
It now became a commonplace practice among many political scientists to refer to at least a good half of African countries, as ‘failed states’. After all, it is not only that, after having gained independence, these countries failed at improving the living standards of ordinary citizens, but also many of them in fact regressed back into the primeval savagery, while being turned into nothing short of a battleground for the never-ending tribal warfare. One of the reasons for that, is that regardless of what happened to be the specifics of their political views, African leaders do not seem to understand what the concept of ‘statehood’ stands for, in the first place. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, in regards to the Nigerian film Do or Die Affair , while explaining my reasons to believe that neither of the characters of politicians, featured in it, can be considered a good model of leader for African countries. Probably the main psychological trait of a true leader is his or her ability to prioritize the interests of nation/people above all. This is the reason why ordinary people tend to think of individuals who exhibit such a trait, as being somewhat odd – even in their private lives; these individuals tend to spend most of their time thinking how they can contribute to the well-being of their co-citizens. Film’s politicians, however, represent an entirely opposite breed of people. All they do, throughout the course of the film, is trying to seduce each other’s wives and figuring out the ways to blackmail their opponents. The very external appearance of these politicians (with the possible exemption of the character of the President), betrays them as being just about anything but leaders, as they are clearly overweight. This is because those who expect that they will be able to serve their people, while in the position of a leadership, must be capable of keeping their animalistic urges under control – including the urge to turn consuming food into their main preoccupation in life. Another trait of a true leader is his or her ‘existential sovereignty’. That is, people who aspire to become leaders must not allow their
Abstract Screening for inborn metabolic errors began in the early 1970s; tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) is an improved technique of mass spectrometry. It has the potential of performing one test to detect many inborn metabolic errors. The question of cost-effectiveness is an obstacle to extending its use as a first-line screening tool. This essay aims to provide a brief yet comprehensive review on the use of tandem mass spectrometry in screening for inborn errors of metabolism. Introduction The theory of mass spectrometry (MS) is to spawn ions from a substance (organic or inorganic), separate them according to their mass-charge (m/z) ratio, and finally, quantitative and qualitative ion detection based on their m/z ratio. The substance is called analyte and might be ionized thermally, electrically, or by the impact of high-speed electrons, protons, or ions. The resulting ions can be single, clusters or fragments of molecules. Thus, a mass spectrometer has three main parts, an ion source, a mass analyzer and a detector; all operate under high vacuum conditions (Gross 2004, p. 3). Principle of Tandem mass spectrometry Tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) is an improved technique of mass spectrometry where a four-pole (quadrupole) mass filter selects the intact ions produced from the analyte stream of ions. When the original ions stream passes through the collision cell (into which argon gas flows at a slow rate), the energy produced by collision results in fragmentation and rearrangement of the analyte stream ions to productions. Next, the productions go to a second quadrupole filter, allowing selected defined intact ions to the detector (figure 1, see appendix) (Vogeser et al, 2007). The need for vacuum is to minimize the pressure with the spectrometer well below atmospheric pressure to prevent ions’ collision with air molecules. The basic idea of quadrupoles is through them, in a specific frequency pattern, only ions of a specified mass can pass. In the detector, ions’ analysis depends on their different accelerations, which depends in turn on their mass, in an electric field (Vogeser et al, 2007). Inborn metabolic errors Sir Archibald Garrod brought the term inborn error of metabolism to attention, for the first time, during his lecture at the Royal College of Physicians in London in 1908. Sir Garrod identified alkaptonuria, benign pentosuria, albinism and cystinuria as a group of diseases that appear to occur because of failure in some steps of chemical changes constituting metabolism. Sir Garrod added these disorders present at bi
Our planet is a cosmic body, which has heoyid form and the surface with approximately 510 million km². As a result of the differentiation of the Earths matter, the division into geospheres has happened. The object of geotectonic study is lithosphere, which includes the Earth’s crust, and is usually the top layer of the mantle up to ten kilometers. The total capacity of the lithosphere varies from 5-25 km in mid-ocean ridges, volcanic arcs and continental rift zones. 100-200 km is on the periphery of oceans, continents and, in particular, on the ancient shield platforms. The lithosphere development is influenced by the endogenous and exogenous processes, such as tectonic, magmatic, metamorphic, accumulation, and nutrient (Hess 388-390) The major structural units of the lithosphere plates are limited areas of the maximum tectonic, seismic and volcanic activity. The largest of them are Eurasian, American, African, Pacific, and Antarctic Indo-Australian. According to the theory of the tectonic plates, the plates under the influence of convection move with speed from the 1 millimeter to 10-20 cm per year. This move causes the destruction and the rupture of the continental blocks in the tension areas, their horizontal displacement and the young crust formation in the bed of newly formed oceans; accumulation, accompanied by thrust, folding and mountains forming – in the areas of compression. There are two main types of crust: continental and oceanic, which differ in their composition, structure and capacity. The continental crust is formed of three types of layers: sedimentary, granitic and basaltic. In the oceanic crust, the power which usually does not exceed 10.2 km, granite layer is absent (Carey 176). The continents are large amounts of the continental crust type, much of which appears above the surface of the oceans, and peripherals are offshore zone and the continental slope. There are 6 continents: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia and Antarctica, but in previous geological epochs their number was markedly lower, up to a single continental block Pangea, which was divided initially on Laurasia and Gondwana, further fragmentation and subsequently given the current configuration of the world. The main ancient platforms are Eastern European, Siberian, Sino-Korean, Arabian and Eurasian, African, Australian, Antarctic, North American, South American – on the respective continents. Platform cover is usually labor bedding, power up to 5 km, which increases in flat cup-shaped depressions or Syncline and decreases in the same flat elevations – anticline (Hess 377-380). Synclines can be formed over the central parts of the panels (Syncline Hudson Bay in the Canadian Shield, of Bothnia in the Baltic) over peripheral (Caspian syncline in southern Russian platform), or joints is a special type Syncline gangway type Tunguska on the Siberian platform or Parana on American platform, with powerful basalts’ cover. Anticlines examples are Voronezh and Belarus to the Russian platform Anabas on the Siberian, Central Kansas, Nashvil-Tsyntsinati in North American. Specific types of platform struct
Abstract DNA microarray technology is an influential, as well as a newly flagged device for studying genetic appearance in many life forms. The microarray technique authorizes quantitative scrutiny of RNAs copied out from known, as well as from unknown genes. DNA microarray technology is quickly tuning out to be a vital platform for useful genomics. This appraisal portrays the experimental plan, as well as array manufacturing and its use in gene invention, as well as its expression (Afshari et al.154). In this assessment, the latest progressions in DNA microarray technology, as well as their applications are scrutinized. The many assortments of DNA chips and also DNA microarray schemes, as well as strategies, are elaborated along with their methods of manufacture and their purpose. This embraces both the low-density microarrays for a range of analytical applications and the higher-density microarrays that are designed for high-throughput program appliances. Application analysis of hybridization in DNA microarray consists of vital vicinity of gene appearance sturdy, short tandem replicates, single nucleotide polymorphism and genotyping for point mutations. The review also entails the vast applications of microarray diplomacy, as well as schemes for drug interventions, tumor diagnosis, and hereditary diseases, and also for pharmacogenomic research. Introduction DNA microarray technology refers to additional skills applied by scientists in order to examine a lot of genes at once. DNA microarray is a set of minute DNA spots that are attached to a solid façade (Collins 684). These DNA microarrays are used by scientists in order to determine the appearance levels of a big number of genes, and also to the manifold region of a genome. They also use it to provide knowledge on which genes are active, as well as those which are inactive in diverse cell kinds. It is of great assistance to scientists as they are able to understand how these cells are impinged on why these genes do not function as they should. The human body cells have analogous genetic materials, but these genes are not active in each cell. A diverse number of genes, including their products that are the proteins and RNA, in a living being function in a complex and coordinated manner that generates the secrecy of life. With the interventions of DNA microarray technology, the researchers are in a position to scrutinize the entire genome on a solitary fragment, hence having an enhanced illustration of the relations among thousands of genes at the same time. Earlier techniques used in molecular biology could only examine one gene in an experiment making it hard for scientists to analyze different functions of these genes. There have been technologies that have been used to
Introduction The Nazi rule in Germany is considered to be the most oppressive and discriminative rule in modern times. During this rule, which lasted until the end of the Second World War, the Nazi engaged in widespread discrimination against European Jews. This deep anti-Semitism resulted in a master plan created by the Nazi to exterminate all the Jews of Europe. To carry out this task, the Nazi regime built many concentration camps and extermination camps where the Jews could be killed in large numbers. The most infamous Nazi death camp was Auschwitz concentration camp, where at least one million Jewish prisoners were killed. Before being killed, the prisoners were taken through a process of dehumanization by the Nazi guards. The book “Survival in Auschwitz” by Primo Levi provides an in-depth narration on the dehumanization process carried out by the Nazi against the Jewish prisoners. While Levi assets that all the action carried out against the prisoners were meant to dehumanize them, some actions were more striking to me than others. Dehumanization Process Language Used The Nazis manipulated language in order to de
Introduction There are many reasons for the high rates of employee turnover in certain companies and industries. One of the major reasons is bad bosses. In that regard, there are three main classes of bosses that compel employees to quit. They include the bully boss, the micromanager boss, the workaholic boss, the by-the-numbers boss, and the divisive bosses (Adair 2010). Bad bosses increase employee turnover by lowering the motivation, morale, productivity, and performance of workers. They cause disengagement among employees, job dissatisfaction, and unwillingness to cooperate with other employees in the attainment of organisational goals and objectives (Branham 2012). The largest percentage of the people I Interviewed left because of bad bosses. The behaviours of their supervisors lowered their morale and caused pervasive dissatisfaction because of poor leadership, ineffective interactions and relationships, and negative personalities. Poor interactions and relationships Some employees cited poor interactions ad relationships with their bosses as one of the reasons why they left their organizations. Interactions between employees and supervisors are critical because they determine the quality of communication and the responsiveness between the two parties (Adair 2010). According to the leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, leaders develop different relationships with their employees (Hughes, Ginnett & Curphy 2012). In the out-group, relationships are primarily based on the need to fulfil contractual requirements and get the job done. In contrast, in-group relationships surpass the need to fulfil contractual obligations and incorporate symbiotic interactions that involve aspects such empowerment and mentoring (Hughes, Ginnett & Curphy 2012). Leader-employee relationships are usually formed after a
Many MNEs (multinational corporations) are deeply concerned about the prospects of trade and environment included in a new round. Overall, world trade has continued to expand more rapidly than world gross national product, thus contributing further to the importance of international markets. China responds to political and economic changes in order to compete in the world’s market attracting foreign partners and FDI. In contrast to European countries, China has weak legislation and legal protection which create difficulties and risks for MNEs to enter this country. The legal environment is defined as “Industrial and commercial property rights such as trademarks, patents and copyrights gives their owner some protection against the competition by giving him monopoly rights for a certain period of time as a reward for his endeavour or acquired goodwill in his product“ (Steiner and Woods 2003). Intellectual property abuse is one of the main problems in developing countries like China. The case of Transrapid Shanghai portrays that an international corporation needs a strong legal rules abd patent ptotection to operate in China nad remain competitive. The main problem for international companies is a difference between EU and Chinese legal laws and regulations applied to trade operations and business practices. Today, trade and intellectual property in the EU is rules by the following laws: 2004 First IPR Enforcement Directive (Civil Enforcement), international convention and Second Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Directive Criminal Measures (2007). In comparison with EU regulations, Patent Law in China is not well developed. Addressing the relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and environment, the CTE focuses in its deliberations on two main issues: the generation of, access to, and transfer of environmentally sound technologies, and the contradiction between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity. In regard to the first issue, the question concerns what happens if TRIPS put such technologies beyond the reach of developing countries. This would undoubtedly have a negative impact on the environment and on the stringent efforts developing countries are making to cope with the environmental requirements (www.wto.org). It is true that Article 7 of the TRIPS Agreement stipulates that patenting should encourage the promotion of technological innovation and the transfer and dissemination of technology, to the mutual advantage of producers and users and in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare Chinese legal environment is subjected to WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization), Paris Convention and Madrid Agreement. Before TRIPS, countries like
Anti-social behavior is the knowing or unknowing disregard for others, which leads to intent to damage lives or negligence. Persistently, this behavior leads to anti-social Personality Disorder. Pro-social behavior is the antonym for anti-social behavior. It refers to a comforting regard for other peoples’ welfare and consequently society. People with pro-social behavior volunteer more and are generous contributors to good causes. Factors Influencing Pro-Social/Anti-Social Behavior Media Media plays a critical role in developing social voluntary giving. Studies show that children, who watched children related channels and programs at an early age of less than five, develop a giving habit. They also volunteer more than kids who watch mainstream media. Therefore, it is clear that TV content, which promotes violence and social misdeeds, fosters anti-social behavior. Internet is the newest source of all information. Social media is a mixture of people with different intentions. A child may get exposure to unwanted material easily. This is the same case with all other internet content. Too much focus on violence, killing and inhumane acts in blockbuster films is another factor that leads to anti-social behavior. All these are harmful to a child’s young mind (Helliwell and Putnam, 2004). Family and Social Life This is another critical area of interest. The role of individual members of the family and the birth-position are also critical factors. Firstborns are generally responsible for others compared to lastborns. However, lastborns from a family with a volunteer habit tend to copy and follow the same route. Social life, on the other hand, defines educational life from the onset. Psychologists argue that children who grow up in a generally philanthropic environment tend to volunteer as adults. This environment is only possible where children invite each other for birthdays, sleepovers and other social gatherings (Valsiner, 2007). Others Genetic factors can also influence social behavior. A person may be born with such tendencies. Secondly, environmental stressors may reduce a person’s regard for others and resort to bad behavior. For example, extreme poverty promotes selfishness. The child grows up knowing that he has too little to share. An upbringing with affluence, which suddenly changes confuses a child and could lead to anti-social behavior. A need to feel acceptable after a life of unacceptability in family is another factor (Helliwell and Putnam, 2004). Findings and Suggestions Social media is a big contributor to behavior. Some people have an anti-social inclination, which is natural. However, this behavior grows. Therefore, media should lay a huge emphasis on ensuring that content does not advocate for or foster anti-social behavior. Governments should formulate policies geared towards making media responsible. For example, filtration of certain content at times. The upbringing of a child should entail more than just parental passiveness. Involvement of both parents is a plus in this quest. Children who grow up with both parents exhibit more social behavior than those growing up in single parent families