ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The capability of moving from a sitting to a standing position is considered as an essential marker for functional independence (Gill et al ., 1995) as well as a determinant for risk of falls (Campbell et al ., 1989). Specific balance examinations have been designed to determine the agility of an individual in standing up from a sitting position. The score system employed in these balance tests is based on the time it takes to achieve the sit-to-stand action and an individual receiving a low score translates to a difficulty in standing up from a sitting position. The action of standing up from a seated position is an intricate action that is associated with the shift from one stable position to another through the engagement of technically all the parts of the body except the feet. Hence the simultaneous action of sitting and standing involves two major aspects in musculoskeletal control. Firstly, voluntary movement of several parts of the body facilitate in the transformation of a posture from sitting to standing. Secondly, control of equilibrium is also involved in change in posture because there is a change in the body’s centre of gravity (Cacciatore et al ., 2005). Such displacement is associated with the center of gravity moving forward and backward alongside vertical motion. Biomedical science has considered the entire mechanism of the coupled sitting and standing postures as a valuable standard in studying the principles behind the synchronization of posture and movement. Several reports have suggested the posture and movement are associated with elderly individuals hence investigators have studied anticipatory postural reactions during actions of the arms which are generally more slowly performed. The biomechanics of these postural reactions have also been investigated using a platform that was in constant motion and these studies shows variations in magnitude and timing of movement of body segments between healthy older individuals and young control subjects. Research regarding the action of standing up among young subjects revealed the different stages of movement using kinetic and kinematic data. Other research efforts described the influence of the trunk to the change in the center of gravity. It has been reported that the employment of a high seat and the facilitative use of hands for pushing results in a lowering of the torque in the hips and knee joints. The standing position involves balance control as well as variations in the speed in performing the act and termination restrictions with changes in the standing position. It was observed that the center of gravity was controlled in a horizontal direction and this represents an essential factor in maintaining the dynamic balance while performing the movement. Investigations regarding the succes
Introduction The major issue with BASF was finding a way of differentiating its products in the commodity market. By 1998, the market for BASF packing grade expanded polystyrene (P-grade EPS) in China was small and less developed. Its future was uncertain, as many firms were still using analogue machines. A similar condition affected the flame retardant (F-grade) EPS, which was not a popular product in the Chinese construction industry. The products made by BASF were of premium quality and had a high price tag compared to substitute products available in the market at the time, despite the low demand. The challenge for BASF was to retain its premium brand reputation and grow its market share in the country (INSEAD 1999). Case background Styropor, a trade name for EPS foam, was a patented product of BASF from the year 1950 to the year 1980. It was a major source of global market dominance for the firm. It commanded a 25 per cent world market share. The end uses for the F-grade and P-grade EPS were different and the separation depending on the use essentially created two market segments; the construction and the packaging segments. BASF experienced comfortable market leadership in China, with a 60-70 percent market share in the 1980s. The key competitors at the time were Japanese producers. The product itself would take 3 months to arrive in the market from Germany. There were competitors from Taiwan who offered the same product, but at a lower price because of its lower quality of packaging. It also took less time to ship. China grew the demand for EPS in the packaging industry, which was four times the demand for the same in the construction industry. The numbers were different in Europe, with the construction industry having the highest demand (INSEAD 1999). Towards the end of the 20 th century, new forms of materials were becoming available for use as substitutes. Taiwanese rival companies had also improved the quality of their product significantly in comparison to Styropor. Environmental friendliness was also used as a reason against EPS and alternative packaging materials like paper. However, the reality was different, as EPS was equally environmentally friendly. One problem for the Chinese market was the lack of consumer education. Technology was a key differentiator of BASF products, but the Chinese market was not keen on technology because labour costs were low. There was a growing trend in the adoption of vacuum moulders due to joint ventures between the Chinese and multinational firms. The capital requirement for switching to vacuum moulders was high and responsible for the slow pace of adoption (INSEAD 1999). Key marketing issues for BASF This section outlines key issues that face the marketin
Abstract Despite numerous attempts at exploring schizophrenia, its nature remains an elusive mystery. The existing symptoms of the disorder include, but are not limited to, hallucinations and changes in social interaction patterns. Addressing the disorder may become a problem due to the complexities associated with the retrieval of informed consent from patients and their legal guardians or family members. Nevertheless, the problem can be handled by introducing a combination of treatment and medications so that the parent’s behavior could be shaped and that their hallucinations and delusions could be vanquished. DSM-V Diagnosis Schizophrenia: Diagnosis Schizophrenia is a severe chronic mental condition that has become increasingly widespread (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016). Schizophrenia typically manifests itself in a radical change in the way of processing information, social interactions, etc. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Hallucinations and delusions are typically listed among the key indicators of schizophrenia. However, because of the similarities between schizoaffective disorders and schizophrenia, the process of diagnosing the latter may become complicated (Tandon, 2014). Furthermore, negative changes in data processing quality and the accuracy of patient’s movements can be viewed as the signs of schizophrenia (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Historical and Political Roots of Schizophrenia The history of schizophrenia as a mental disorder is long and rather convoluted. It can be traced to ancient India, where various aspects of health were singled out, and the emphasis on the balance between them as the foundation for health was placed. Particularly, Vedas specify the necessity to maintain a balance between Bhuthas and Doshas, which are the elements that constitute a person’s physical and mental health (Ashok, Baugh, & Yeragani, 2012). However, it was not until the early 20 th century that the disease was acknowledged as a mental health issue. In 1908, the very term “schizophrenia” was coined by Eugen Bleuler, who used the word to describe impairments of physical functioning (Maatz, Hoff, & Angst, 2015). Particularly, the professor emphasized that the term “dementia praecox” could not be deemed as legitimate since the disorder could not be related to either dementia or precociousness completely (Maatz et al., 2015). The split of physical functions of an individual, in turn, was declared to be the primary characteristic of the phenomenon (Maatz et al., 2015). Thu
Alex Tew’s idea with pixels integration to the page was great for the Internet of 2004, where any regulation or restrictions to maintaining the balance between the space for content and advertising were absent. The idea was straightforward and easily applicable; however, the online advertising industry was at its lowest level at the begging of the century. Today, The Million Dollar page’s legacy is the pixels-based advertising and crowdfunding services allowing people to raise money for their ideas, realization, or help. The most successful ideas tend to appear and become successful when the time is the most suitable, and for The Million Dollar Homepage, such a period was the early 2000s. The idea worked mainly because the Internet users started to be more involved in online experiences. It could not become so viral in 1999 because the Internet’s availability was lower as not all devices included the proper connection. Consequently, the necessary level of virality and interest would not be reached, even though word of mouth has already been a powerful promoting tool. Another obstacle to creating a Million Dollar Homepage earlier is people’s perception of paying for something online. In 1999, such projects as x.com had just been created, and making financial operations seemed unusual. Online advertising banners existed since 1993, however, they only appeared in the trusted sources, and the payments for them could still be physical between the client and the ads provider. Moreover, people of the late 1990s thought of the Internet as something they do not know well enough, therefore only the bravest could believe that they would build any sustainable business there. Lastly, online advertising’s effectiveness was still questionable and difficult to measure; thus, in 1999, Alex’s idea would not get enough customers to fill the one million pixels.
Introduction Modernism can be broadly defined as comprising of modern wider thoughts, practices and modern characters. It is a description of the modernist movement set up by tendencies in culture and movements within the culture it originated from resulting in changes which are far reaching especially in the European and western society in the late 19 th and early 20 th century. Modernism was a revolution against the conservative nature of realism which was the highest paradigmatic motive reason for the rejection of the traditional ways and their reprise. This led to the incorporation of revision, rewriting, recapitulating and parody in new forms. It generally rejected the belief and the certainty in enlightenment thinking with a consequent rejection in the belief of the existence of a powerful and most compassionate creator-God. Modernity encompasses the thoughts of those who believed in the daily activities of traditional literature i.e. they believed that literature, architecture ,forms of art, social organization and daily life were growing outdated and out of favor in the new socio economic and political society that was fully industrialized and had experienced an advancement in technology. Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d Avignon 1907 Les Demoiselles d’Avignon meaning the Young Ladies of Avignon and which was originally titled the brothels of Avignon is a large oil painting done in 1907 by a Spanish painter called Pablo Picasso. This artistic work portrays five nude prostitutes on a carrier in a brothel in the city of Barcelona. Each of the figures has a portrayal of a confrontational state and none of them portrays feminine characters as they show figures which are disjointed and menacing. Two have faces with African characters and the other three seem of Iberian origin as the case with Pablo Picasso. In this work, Picasso makes a radical change from the traditional way of painting in the European environment. He adopts abandonment of perspective and uses primitivism in favor of a flat and plane two dimensional formats. The creation of this work led to an artistic scandal because from the appearance of the drawing, one could see it as a group of naked women involved in some kind of gathering or assembly. The name of the work represents a street in Barcelona called d’Avignon which was famous and notorious for brothels. In this work, Picasso distorts the human form ridding it of the soul, concern and emotion but he portrays what h
Violence in movies has been a topic of a heated debate for many decades. Some people claim that violence in movies negatively affects people (especially adolescents), whereas others argue that violence in movies does not lead to violence in life. However, there is one thing researchers agree upon: movies only reveal trends existing in the contemporary society. It is agreed that violence in movies appear as it is a part of the human society. Thus, the cause of violence in movies is quite clear, but its effects are still unidentified. The ongoing research provides quite controversial data on the matter. However, it is necessary to note that violence in movies does affect many people (especially adolescents) as some start seeking for more violence in media or real-life, some become ‘inspired’ by the films or may feel depressed for a while. In the first place, it is necessary to note that adolescents are the most vulnerable group. Reportedly, adolescents tend to seek for violent imagery more than adults do (Kirsh 90). A number of surveys show that “individuals who are high in sensation seeking find violence in television and film more appealing than do their low sensation-seeking counterparts” (Kirsh 90). These adolescents prefer watching films with more violence. This need is yet to be explained. However, researchers agree that adolescents tend to be more aggressive than adults. In other words, researchers note that adolescence is the period of the human life that is associated with most aggression. Notably, watching violence on TV can become insufficient for some adolescents who will start seeking for it in real life. Apart from watching violent scenes, some adolescents can become eager to participate in such scenes (and video games will not be enough). Some may even wish to initiate violent episodes to get new experiences. At this point it is necessary to mention another possible effect of violence in movies. Researchers claim that violence in media can affect adolescents’ self-efficacy. In other words, young people can feel more confident when they associate themselves with certain characters created by filmmakers (Kirsh 102). Thus, watching superheroes or ‘tough guys’ coping with difficulties can positively affect adolescents’ self-efficacy. Apart from this, sometimes these adolescents can feel like exercising their power and initiate some violent episodes. Watching films containing violence can provide young people with ideas how to exercise their power. Some films can be regarded as a guide full of tips. Adolescents can try to repeat actions and ‘amusements’ revealed in a film. More so, Simmons provides a detailed analysis of reception of two films which contained a lot of viole
Since “The Phantom of the Opera” was first shown in October 9, 1986 at Her Majesty’s Theatre in London it does not stop to attract the attention of the audience. What is the reason for the musical being so popular for so many years long? How did the character of the ivory white mask manage to become immortal? We suppose that the problems discussed in “The Phantom” and the way the director used the effects to reveal them contribute to the musical’s success. The threadbare topic of love has acquired some new interpretation in the work under consideration. The theme of personal sacrifice for the benefit of the lover seems to be one of the most debatable among the themes which the musical touches upon. Does to love someone mean to sacrifice? This is the question that “The Phantom of the Opera” asks the audience and this is this crucial theme that makes the work undying. Love triangle is no longer surprising. The relationships among the main characters of “The Phantom” are quite ordinary: Raoul and Erik loved affectionately the beautiful Christine, but she never knew about her real feelings to both of them. Was it love that she felt towards Raoul, or, did a mere remembrance of the past lead her feelings? Was it a passion that Christine felt to the Phantom, or, a mere feeling of sympathy? When the day of decision came, she needed to become honest with herself and answer these questions for the benefit of all three. The decision was closely related to Christine’s ability to sacrifice to preserve her feelings both to Raoul and to Erik. This decision was not made just at the end of the musical. Christine attempted to take it all performance long. Revealing the controversial issue of sacrifice was possible due to the effects that were used in the musical. We consider the effects of light in its various forms to be a necessary component of the production that helped the director to create particular moments on stage that contributed to the main theme. The interior of “The Phantom” looks like a 19th-century opera house. The audience observes a chandelier; this is the most significant component of the light system created by the director. The chandelier is used in the show intentionally for two purposes. First, the broken chandelier conveys the dreadful state of the Paris Opera House. It makes the audience anticipate something awful to happen. The audience still does not know what to expect but understands that the dilapidated chandelier spells trouble. Second, the scene when the chandelier is ruined by the Phantom serves as the climax of the musical. The image of chandelier is one of
Introduction Nowadays, a number of students face certain difficulties and concerns about their education. Still, not all of them are ready to ask for help and clarify true reasons for their difficulties. Besides, not many students want to accept the fact that their mental health and mental well-being are closely connected to their behavior, future grades, and the possibilities to use their knowledge in practice. In their article, Laidlaw et al. (2015) find it necessary to explore undergraduate students’ understanding of such concepts as mental health and mental well-being and investigate the situations when students find it necessary to ask for help in order to solve their mental challenges. Key arguments The authors underline two key arguments for developing the study. First, it is necessary to comprehend that higher education is a time when a number of transitions and challenges occur in students’ lives (Laidlaw et al. 2015). The authors explain that the ages from 15 to 24 introduce the period when students would like to develop new help-seeking strategies and find the answers to their psychological, biological, and mental challenges. Second, students should have a good portion of understanding of such terms as mental health and mental well-being challenges in order to know when to ask for help and whom to address for help. Though many students report high levels of distress, their level of knowledge remains to be low in the chosen field. Research evidence Moreover, to strengthen their project, the authors rely on the statistical data and introduce the numbers taken from such credible sources as the Higher Education Statistics Agency (2013), the National Centre for Education Statistics (2013), and the Royal College of Psychiatrists (2011). Undergraduate students introduce a considerable part of the population. If they have some mental challenges and concerns, they have to know how to solve them in order to work and study effectively. Besides, Laidlaw et al. (2015) suggest paying attention to the definitions of such concepts as mental health and mental well-being and proving the existing differentiation between them. They use the article by Suldo and Shaffer (2008) as evidence to prove this difference and the necessity to improve students’ understandings of the chosen concepts. Arguments In addition to the main arguments introduced by the authors, it is also important to clarify what students know about mental health and mental well-being and if it is possible to improve their know
Author’s Rights and Royalties If I were an artist, video game designer, or a producer, I would fight so that my rights as an author were not infringed. As people all over the world try to obtain copies of various products illegally, it is necessary to take appropriate measures to solve this problem. As an artist or a producer, I would make sure that all copies of songs and videos are produced using the latest copyright-defending technologies, various licences, and software programs that prevent forgers from copying audio and video products. Moreover, it is possible to campaign for introduction of more serious punishment for infringement of authors’ rights. In addition, it is necessary to produce only licensed copies of the product including different data media such as audio and video compact disks, disks with games, and various software programs that are also considered the property of designers, producers, artists, and various companies. The control over the distribution of such products should be very strict in order to prevent crimes. Information Systems Different types of information systems are aimed at facilitating the process of collecting, processing, and storing data, managing other systems, and solving problems. Thus, information systems contribute to managerial efficiency, managerial effectiveness, and competitive positioning of organization. In other words, different information systems such as Data Warehouse, Enterprise Resource Planning, Enterprise System, Expert System, Geographic/Geospatial Information System, Global Information System, and Office Automation used before the dawn of computer era are applicable to different companies. For instance, TPS (Transaction Processing System) manages the data so that it was stored in a specific way whereas DSS (Decision Support System) is dealing with raw data inserted in the software program and combined with other available information to facilitate the process of decision-making. The concept of competitive advantage can be interpreted in some measurable advantages of one enterprise over others; it is measurable to the extent that can be used by this enterprise to gain customers. A company can use information system to gain competitive advantage via better organisation of data and its storage; for instance, data can be stored in the way that allows direct access to it from inside the company to al