ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction “A Brave Black Regiment: History of the Massachusetts 54 th Volunteer Infantry Regiment” by Luis Emilio tells the history of one of the most famous infantry regiments ever to serve in any American War. It primarily consisted of black soldiers who were led by white officers, and they provided valuable service to the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was one of the first black combat units assembled in the Northern States so there was a lot of interest and curiosity surrounding it. At a time when there was a lot of debate about the suitability of using blacks for armed combat, its performance was always going to be closely monitored, and the outcome would have a significant bearing on the fate of blacks in the army and the country as a whole. There were so many negative perceptions surrounding blacks serving in the army around this time but this only served to foster a sense of unity and determination amongst the black soldiers and their white officers, which spurred them to fight gallantly in the battles that they were involved in as a unit. History of Formation The outbreak of the Civil War saw many free black men volunteer to enlist in the U.S. military but there was a 1792 law in place that barred colored people from serving in the military. With the Union forces suffering a series of heavy military defeats, and fewer white men volunteering to join the army, Congress repealed the 1792 law in 1862 and passes a Militia Act that gave the president powers to employ blacks in any military or naval service. In March 1863, the then Governor of Massachusetts, John A. Andrew authorized the formation of the regiment and personally picked Colonel Robert Gould Shaw to command the unit [1] . The recruitment process was mainly done by white abolitionists, including Colonel Shaw’s parents, with the help of prominent black abolitionists like Frederick Douglass whose two sons were amongst the recruits. The unit trained at Camp Meigs in Reedville, near Boston under the close supervision of white soldiers. The 54 th left Boston in May 1863, ready to do battle for the union, but were initially used to provide manual labor behind the frontlines. They tasted their first battlefield action when they stopped a Confederate assault in July the same year. Pay Disputes Author Luis Emilio clearly documents how the black soldiers of the 54 th regiment were discriminated against in terms of payment for military service. During recruitment, they were promised salaries and allowances equal to that being paid to the white soldiers, which was $13 a month at that time. Instead, the black soldiers were paid $10 per month, and still $3 from this were withheld for clothing, meaning they took home only $7 per month [
Utah opera was founded in 1976 by Glade Peterson as the general director until 1990. Anne Ewers succeeded him as the new general director. By 2002 Utah opera had production studios and other assets valued at $4.8 million. The organization had more than 20 people on the administrative staff. Utah opera contracted Utah symphony for its orchestra services. Utah state symphony orchestra was founded in 1940 by Maurice Abravanel who was its director until 1979 at his retirement. Keith Lockhard, the music director took over the reins of power at the organization. The Utah symphony has more than 30 people in its administrative staff with an annual operating budget of over $13 million. Faced by the need to economize on costs and expand artistic potential, the boards at the two organizations considered a merger. Anne Ewers was proposed as the general director of the merger and was given responsibility of leading the integration efforts. However, consultations with Keith Lockhard by Utah symphony’s board proposed further discussions on the matter. The opera organization chair also expressed his reservations particularly citing loss of identity and financial instabilities. A joint task force was formed and made the merger proposal public. The public initially received the news enthusiastically. However, the mood turned cautious later. Lockhard and Ewer the two directors of both organizations met to discuss the prospects of the merger further. Initially Utah symphony’s board had not revealed to Lockhard that he would assume a subordinate position to Ewers in the merger. This according to Lockhard was compromising where he was going to loose his music director role perhaps to someone who had no experience. The public also contributed to the dissimilarities where in terms of finance Utah symphony predominated while in terms of fixed assets Utah opera predominated. According to public opinion, each organization was going to loose its identity in the merger. Subsequent weeks saw personal developments with the widow of the Utah symphony founder opposing the merger plans and the daughter of Utah opera founder resigning from her operation’s director position. Ewers had an autocratic style of management and the merger task force committee was concerned about her people management skills (Finney, 2008; Novak, 2012). Ewers was seen as a unilateral decision maker and concern was raised regarding her ability to artistically, financially, and managerially manage the merger. Typically most symphonies had the chief executive officer (CEO) and music director reporting directly to the board. Apparently the organizational structure typical of the Utah opera organization is the bureaucratic or hierarchical structure. In this respect Ewers is at the helm as the general director reporting to the board. The administrative staff comes under her each with a department head or manager. The structure at Utah symphony organization varies where the music director reports directly to the board. However, the music director who is also the orchestra’s conductor also works with
State legislatures have the power to issue laws in accordance with the democratically-expressed wishes of the members of states in which they operate. In addition to having legislative powers, the governmental branches also exert financial powers. The legislatures have a certain range of control over the executive functions of states. However, these powers are limited by federal regulations and constitutional implications. State governments play an essential role in improving the health outcomes of their residents (CBS This Morning, 2014; HLBA Loyola Law School, 2015). Unfortunately, federal regulations do not always function as the most appropriate tools for controlling the cost of healthcare in individual states (HealthHappensHere, 2016; Milliman, Inc., 2012; RockfellerInstitute, 2011). For example, in New Jersey, some hospitals have hiked their prices by 326 percent above the nation’s average (Dr. Marion Thorpe, 2010). Therefore, the most important health issue that has to be tackled by state governments is the regulation of healthcare costs. To introduce meaningful changes in the current state of healthcare in the country, the involvement of the following groups is needed: political parties, Congress, medical interest groups, media, and state legislatures. By closely working together, these stakeholders can not only control the rising costs of healthcare services but also tackle the issue of exclusionary displacement that burdens marginalized communities across the US (TEDx Talks, 2015). When it comes to healthcare access in different states, there is no balance (Schnurer, 2015; Vox, 2017). Healthcare is more affordable for residents of wealthier states due to their large budgets. These outcomes are also related to the role of state legislatures in determining the amount of health insurance subsidies and other details of healthcare reforms (LastWeekTonight, 2014; “State laws,” 2017). Opponents of universal healthcare coverage argue that only private citizens should pay for medical services (Barker, 2017). It has to do with the fact that the adoption of the socialized approaches to the distribution of healthcare services can result in rationing and price increases (“Pros and cons,” 2017). Therefore, it is necessary to consider whether the government should subsidize healthcare. Also, how can the federal and state legislatures create meaningful incentives for pursuing high-quality services for government-controlled providers? Resources Pros and cons of universal
Abstract International Transport Systems (ITSs) allow maintaining a connection between people, organizations, and communities all over the world. Therefore, the enhancement of their efficacy should be viewed as a priority in the present-day environment. However, the improvement of an ITS’s functioning hinges on a range of factors that are yet to be determined. By designing an all-embracive measurement tool that will help evaluate the performance of ITSs, one will be able to contribute extensively to massive improvements in a variety of domains, from business and management to healthcare and nursing. The identification of the measurement system components can be viewed as the primary goal of the current research. It is necessary to focus on the issues that affect the quality of ITS functioning, as well as the unique properties thereof. As a result, an efficient assessment system can be built so that the measurement of it can be carried out in the context of the global economic environment. The qualitative design will be used as the basis for exploring the issue. The identified approach will allow for an in-depth analysis of the available data and the identification of recurrent patterns in ITS development. Furthermore, the existing problems will need to be outlined so that the key assessment rubrics could be defined and incorporated into the measurement tool. Finally, the scale based on which the efficacy of ITSs will be assessed will have to be designed. As a result, a comprehensive framework for managing ITS-associated issues can be built. Introduction: Exploring the Efficacy of International Transportation Systems Introducing improvements in the modern International Transport Systems (ITSs) is a crucial step toward enhancing the contemporary economy on both local and global levels. Indeed, a close focus on the rearrangement of the ITS will lead to a significant positive change in the Supply
Racial issues vary among communities, and the present paper introduces my residence place, the village of Sterling Brooks, Illinois. A short glimpse at the city demonstrates that its population is 56,321 people, including 14, 271 families and 17,416 households (Zack, 2001). “The racial makeup of the city 65.51% White, 20.41% African American, 0.23% Native American, 6.38% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 5.65% from other races, and 2.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race are 13.09% of the population ” (Zack, 2001, p. 482). In the present paper, I would like to describe my neighborhood and show race-related patterns, both constructive and destructive. In fact, the members of my community do not look like me, but due to the fact that I am of Italian (Hispanic) descent, our dissimilarity is not very prominent or notable. Although my race is normally included into the category of whites, Hispanic Americans often have darker hair and eyes, so sometimes we are identified and treated as Caucasians and Creoles; furthermore, the members of my community often lack knowledge about my racial background. My lifestyle is absolutely similar to those, led by white Americans and I have no habits, normally attributed to Italian Americans, except hospitability and less prejudicial attitude to strangers, i.e. I behave much more freely and naturally with unfamiliar individuals, as compared to typical white Americans from my community, who might skillfully cover their hostility under the mask of friendliness and acceptance. Thus, Hispanic Americans are more expressive in terms of feelings and emotions, but, similarly to white Americans, we are not simple-minded or gullible at all (Blauner, 1994). As for the leaders of our community, they regard my family and other Hispanic immigrants very soundly and adequately. If necessary, we can address our claims or problems to them, for instance, I remember a situation, when a 9-year-old Latino girl began to suffer from difficult depression, and our community, although composed mostly of white Americans, following the leaders’ initiative, supported this family, gathering certain material resources, finding a good professional in the sphere of mental health and helping the girl’s parents cope with the stress. However, this situation is rather an exception than a rule, as the leaders of our community normally have either indifferent or neutral attitude towards Hispanic Americans until serious problems arise. Fortunately, we are regarded without any susceptibility, whereas Asian and African Americans are often mistreated and their needs or problem
Victorian London was still in the throes of the Industrial Age, just beginning to address the problems brought about by a sudden shift in the firmament, during the Romantic period. Everything that had previously existed as the foundations of living had shifted in the past 50 years. Economics shifted from an agrarian, land-based economy to one of business and commerce; socially ingrained concepts of class and position were eroding, allowing commoners to quickly escalate to the wealth and power of the elite and the elite to fall to the poverty and disgrace of the peasant; religious ideals were in turmoil as the Catholics and the Protestants continued their fight; and lifestyles were fundamentally changed as more and more people found themselves imprisoned within the walls of the ugly, dirty and polluted city thanks to poor working conditions and lack of adequate education. While some considered the changes to be positive signs of a prosperous and growing England, with an exciting increase in worldly importance, others viewed the bustling city in a much more negative light, in which individuals became lost members of a crowd and social ills became much more apparent (Kreis, 2006). The period could not help but be obsessed with these ideas of all-inclusive change and the literature produced during the period was necessarily influenced by it in both its subject matter and form. In spite of the uncertainty of living in exciting yet fearful times, many writers considered it to be the best time in which to live. In the words of Wordsworth, “Bliss it was that Dawn to be Alive” (Wordsworth, 2000: 108-109). This was because of the tremendous degree to which literature could work to discover these changes as they were occurring. This combined terror and thrill can be found in works such as William Wordsworth’s Prelude and John Keats’ To One who has been too long in City Pent. Wordsworth’s sense of disillusion in modern society can be found in his Prelude, particularly in book seven, lines 696-741. Although the book describes Wordsworth’s experiences of Bartholomew Fair in both positive and negative terms, these lines focus more narrowly upon his impressions of the city in general from his Nature-influenced and withdrawn perspective. “Of what the mighty City is itself / To all except a Straggler here and there, / To the whole swarm of its inhabitants” (696-698) is the characterization he gives to the people he encounters. Essentially, he recognizes in them a single-image mentality animating the minds below. The concept of the single mind is highlighted further as Wordsworth describes the people as “The slaves unrespited of low pursuits / Living amid the same perpetual flow / Of trivial objects, melted and reduced / To one identity” (700-703). These people of the city seem to have no free will, as indicated by the choice of the word ‘slaves’, but they also seem to have no sense of value as they are constantly chasing after trivial things that all communicate the same common identity. This portrayal suggests beehives, anthills, and other pesky, swarming insects that do nothing to please a person’s senses or to shed lig
Abstract This paper will be discussing different recommender systems and the benefit they provide for individual usage as well as usage for businesses and education purposes. It will describe different approached and emphasise their advantages and disadvantages. The most popular recommender systems will be analysed in this way. As a result, possible ways of improvement the recommender systems and outcomes of their usage will be provided. The paper will be based on the information received with the help of qualitative research. A literature review will include twenty articles related to the discussed issue. Thus, the paper will serve as a source of authoritative background information related to the recommender systems and as a guideline for their enhancement. Professionals who work with recommender systems, scientists, students and educators will also have an opportunity to utilise this paper when conducting related research. The paper will start with the explicit summary of related works prepared by scientists and other professionals. Then, a range of possible prospects will be outlined; the future methodology that is going to be used to achieve the research plan will be described; different recommender approaches will be compared; and the conclusion will be made. Introduction Our world is constantly altering due to the development in various spheres. Still, the most effect seemed to be provided by the appearance of new technologies. The amount of data related to one object grow, and the process of selection turns out to be more and more difficult. Realising such tendencies, professionals developed search tools that
Executive summary This paper reviews ethical situations in the “ Incident at Morales ”. The Phaust Company opted for Mexico as a place for its plant location due to some environmental considerations. As a result, several financial, safety, technical, and environmental problems created ethical dilemmas. Introduction This paper reviews the ethical dilemmas arising within the Phaust Company as a result of engineering negligence during the design and construction of the plant in Mexico. Facts of the case The Phaust Company decided to locate their paint manufacturing unit in Mexico with a budget of less than 20% of the actual cost. This translated into low quality materials. The consultant engineer had to deal with ethical dilemmas on the type of material to be used. As a result of low quality materials used in the construction, several leakages were reported besides failure of the automatic control system. The plan manager became the victim of low quality construction and died while having tried manually to control the production process (National Institute for Engineering Ethics, 2003). Stakeholders and their motivations Owners of the Phaust Company They were motivated by the need to lower the cost of construction by 20%. Engineering consultant Mr. Fred Martinez had to satisfy the demands of the owners of the Phaust Company with a budget cut by 20%. Possible solutions The first solution would be to improve the design and structure of the Phaust Company in Mexico. The second solution would be to pull down the structure and restart the construction within the standard engineering construction materials. The last solution would be to change the products manufactured in the plant in Mexico. Alternatives The alternative available for the Phaust Company is to acknowledge that there is a problem in the structural strength and design of the manufacturing plant in order to create a task force that provides long terms solutions. The company could also opt for a quick fix by fortifying the current structure. The third alternative would be to ignore the challenges and continue with production as if everything were fine. Additional assistance The Phaust Company may outsource a technical officer to help the consultant engineer to establish the root cause of the current problems within the plant in Mexico. Besides, the shareholders may request for the services of a local engineering body to create long term solutions that address the current challenges (Davis, 2007). Best course of action The best course of action would be to accept that there is an issue to solve on construction and design of the manufacturing plant. Then a task force should be developed so that to provide long terms solutions. The task force may consist of the consultan
There is no uniform definition as to what the concepts of Egalitarianism and Elitism stand for. However, it would be absolutely appropriate, on our part, to refer to Elitism as qualitative and to Egalitarianism as quantitative worldviews. Elitism implies that different aspects of socio-political reality should be assessed through their objective value, whereas Egalitarianism suggests that the objective properties of such value cannot be measured in principle, because it would lead to “inequality”. The concept of social Egalitarianism had originated during the course of the Enlightenment era in Europe. It was being promoted by such philosophers as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire, which for the first time in modern history, had suggested that people are being born equal and that the difference in their social status is essentially artificial. The motto of the 1792 French Revolution was “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”. On the other hand, the concept of modern Elitism, the origins of which can be traced to the works of Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger, is based upon the assumption of people’s metaphysical inequality. In his novel “Animal Farm”, George Orwell had expressed this idea in a rather sarcastic manner: “All animals are equal, but some of them are more equal then the others”. Egalitarianism denies the very possibility that an individual’s racial or gender affiliation might be affecting the essence of his or her existential mode. Egalitarianism is being absolutely serious when they suggest that, for example, there is absolutely no difference in intellectual capabilities between Blacks and Whites and that women are capable of executing traditionally men’s professional duties, with the same degree of effectiveness. On the other hand, Elitists argue that the concept of “universal equality”, promoted by Egalitarianism, is utterly unscientific, simply because it contradicts the laws of nature. According to the Second Law of Thermo-Dynamics, the amount of entropy in the universe is geometrically proportionate the degree of energy’s dissipation throughout the cosmos. Therefore, the notion of equality is basically synonymous to the notion of energetic death. This is the reason why, ever since the hawks of political correctness (equality, tolerance, human rights etc.) were put in position of designing socio-political policies in Western countries, these counties now undergo a process of being turned into a Third World slums themselves. While being confronted with conceptual inconsistency of their own worldview, Egalitarianism strives for nothing less than adjusting an objective reality to the set of their obscure beliefs (affirmative action). They try to facilitate the notion of equality with whatever the means possible, without understanding that all these attempts are doomed to failure, simply because equality can only exist among truly equal. Elitists, on the other hand, suggest that it is namely due to