ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The term depression disorders refer to a number of psychological disorders characterized by such symptoms of low mood and low self-esteem. Researchers admit every case of depression disorder is created and influenced by vicious factors including personal, social, and economic changes. The main depression disorder is the most popular type of depression characterized by helplessness and low mood. Under such conditions, an individual may feel lonely and abandoned, a person can experience gander over being abandoned, and drives his people away. Anxiety is considered as a response to conditions where coping abilities are overwhelmed influenced by feelings of fear and danger. The individual utilizes last-ditch, emergency trying to cope with fear and terror which are automatic and difficult to control (Hurt, 2007). These reactions force an individual to search for safety and help. If a person cannot find or see the possible way out, it can lead to such reactions as freezing or aggressive behavior. Anxiety is described as a reaction towards danger and an organism’s total commitment to escape the danger or unpleasant situation. It is possible to imagine a scenario where such a response would be adaptive: If primitive man or woman chanced upon a watering hole frequented by a group of panthers, a single, close encounter with one of the beasts could lead to a panic episode facilitating quick escape and future avoidance of the watering hole. Anxiety is distinguished from limited symptom episodes by intensity and number of symptoms (Meyer, 2005). Depression is usually longer in duration and/or higher in intensity than partial panic. Sudden onset and rapid peak differentiate panic from generalized anxiety, and lack of triggers differentiates panic from phobic anxiety. In the biological model, panic is conceptualized as resulting from the excessive firing of the central nervous the system, which regulates the biobehavioral expression of fear and its associated somatic symptoms. Anxiety attacks are viewed as analogous to a seizure disorder in which the threshold for neuronal firing is abnormally lowered. Noradrenergic, adrenergic, benzodiazepine, serotonin, and adenosine receptors have been postulated to have a role in panicogenesis (Wheeler et al 2005). Neurotransmitter abnormalities may reflect defects in synthesis, release, degradation, or receptor function. These abnormalities may be due to changes in intracellular processes, membrane physiology, or extracellular microenvironment (e.g., ionic gradient, hormonal constitution). The cognitive-behavioral model is different from the biological model in that anxiety and depression are seen as a manifestation of intense emotional distress and/or fear. Depression occurs in al
The Sword and The Stone The Once and Future King was a novel written by T.H. White that comprises four novels of the ascendancy of King Arthur. The books referred to were “book 1-The Sword in the Stone, book 2-The Queen of Air and Darkness, book 3-The Ill-Made Knight and book 4-The Candle in the Wind, (Benson, Etienne and Phillips, Brian, 2008.) The author Terence Hanbury White who lives a solitary life influences his novel in such a way that animals portrayed in the novel symbolize a certain human character. “White led a solitary life, and other than his few friends from the academic and literary world, his only companions were his pets. White was particularly heartbroken when his dog Brownie, a red setter, died after fourteen years of faithful friendship”, ((Benson, Etienne and Phillips, Brian, 2008.) This paper will focus only on Book 1- The Sword and The Stone describing the adventures of Wart in terms of the role of magic influenced by his tutor, Merlyn, focuses on animal transformation as Arthur’s educational training ground before becoming the King of medieval England. In chapters 5 and 8, Wart turned into a fish and merlin, a hunting bird, his first exposure as a fish to the new world as to what lies ahead when King rules with absolute power. Wart’s response to the pike’s aggressive statement shows the capability of Wart to rule a just and good ruler. Wart’s exposure to the rest of the birds as he stayed overnight with them exposed him to the life of a soldier fighting and defending his boundaries as to soldiers in his future kinghood demonstrates courage that endures to lead and rule. Literature 2 In chapters 13 and 18, Wart was transformed into an ant , an owl and a goose . In the communal life of an ant, Wart experienced how to work for a common good not for the common goal but of what the society dictates even to the point of losing freedom yet embracing hard labor as a duty. “In his head, the Wart can hear repetitive broadcasts that alternate between giving orders and directions and playing repetitive, soothing gibberish. The Wart comes across an ant who is busy arranging the corpses of two dead ants. Because the Wart is doing nothing, the ant thinks he is insane and reports him to the central command”, (Benson, Etienne and Phillips, Brian, 2008). During his stay with the ant, Wart also learned about territories defended by ants. Any other ant not belonging to the same group of ant was considered to be enemy of the group thus waging war and violence is a common incident. When Wart transformed into an owl where he learned to fly and then turn into a goose, he learned the difference between colonies of ant and colonies of goose. Though both colonies are communal in nature but the difference of goose life differs in that of the ant because there are no territories or boundaries in their way of life. Yet goose work for a common goal and common cause beneficial to the whole co
Plan of Investigation What caused the outbreak of the First World War (WWI) has been a topic of debate among historians for almost a century. Some belief, the problem began in the mid-19 th century during German unification by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (1864) and continued with the dreams of economic predominance by Kaiser Wilhelm II (1871). Some believe that it was the aggressive foreign policy adopted by Germany in the years preceding 1914 that led to the outbreak of the world war (Geiss 1966; Gillette 2006). Others think that domestic policies had more influence on the outbreak than the foreign policy of the warring nations (Gordon 1974). Some scholars emphasized on the German innocence (Moses 2015). However, scholars like Fritz Fischer annulled such claims in the 1960s that held the Germans responsible for the July crisis that inevitably led to WWI (Kaiser 1983). Therefore, there have been two poles debating over the reasons for the outbreak of WWI. The research question is, in what ways, and to what extent, were German and Austrian policies responsible for the outbreak of the First World War? For this investigation, we have relied on archival records of the original treaties, declarations, and official letters. These are highly reliable primary sources of policies adopted by Germany and Austria before WWI. Summary of Evidence This paper will study two primary documents – (1) The expanded Triple Alliance between Austria and Germany in 1882 ( The Triple Alliance 1912), and (2) Declaration of Annexation of Bosnia ( Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1908). These two primary sources show the policies adopted by Germany and Austria-Hungary since the 1870s that had led to the polarization of the world powers. The Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, first signed in 1882, was renewed in 1912, created a formal coalition between the three nations against France ( The Triple Alliance 1912). The alliance ensured military support to one another in the case of a war. The document stressed that it was a strategy to strengthen their defenses if threatened by other nations (1912). The aim of the alliance was to create power blocks in Europe to have to promise bound alliances in the case of a war. Germany had created an alliance with Austria and Russia by creating the Three Emperor’s League in 1890 but it did not help as Russia and Austria conflicting interests in the Balkan region (Herwig 2014). Germany and Austria already had formed a formal alliance. Germany’s interest was to safeguard its territories against France (especially after the latter’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War) (Part 2014). The Triple Appliance has three bilateral accords. Germany and Austria have been strong allies since 1879. Italy allied with them after its defeat by France in North Africa (Kennedy 2014). The treaty of 1882 of the treaty had eight articles. The formal alliance ensured that the concerned parties would not enter into any alliance with other nations that may hamper the peace and security of the signatories of the treaty. The treaty promise
Introduction In the world that we are living in, there are a lot of issues that affect the manner in which individuals of different age groups, gender, culture and backgrounds interact with each other. It is due to this fact that laws have been designed to ensure that the rights of every individual within the society are respected. In this respect therefore, this essay shall analyze two research papers that have been conducted in the United States. The first paper, ‘The Effect of Enforcement on Merchant Compliance with the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Law,’ written by Richard Scribner and Deborah Cohen focuses on the effects of Minimum Legal Drinking Age Law in the United States. The second paper, ‘Button Down Terror-A Metamorphosis of Hate Movement,’ written by Barbra Perry focuses on the effects of hate movement in the United States and the impacts hate movement has on discrimination, gender equality and politics. This essay shall discuss, compare and contrast these two papers based on their research designs, methodologies, experimental designs and variables, sampling formats, concepts and theories presented and their ethical considerations. An Analysis of the Papers The theme of these two papers focuses on contemporary issues that affect the social welfare of the United States. The paper that was advanced by Scribner and Cohen (2009) focused on the impacts that general deterrence of intervention in a bid t increase the compliance of Minimum Drinking Age Law (MLDA) in USA. New Orleans, USA was the case study of the research. According to Scribner and Cohen (2009), the effects of MLDA should always be felt within the society whether the laws are enforced or not. However, Scribner and Cohen (2009) asserted that for MLDA to be implemented effectively and efficiently, the law should focus on the retailers rather than the youths and adolescents. This is due to the fact that focusing on retailers will result to a decline in the availability of alcohol by the youths hence reduce the consumption of the substance by the individuals of this age group altogether. On the other hand, the paper that was advanced by Perry (n.d) focused at the manner in which the hate movement in USA has taken a new direction in the modern era. The changes in the composition of the society, politics and the advancements that have been experienced in the communication industry have brought about drastic changes in the hate movement within the USA. Despite the fact that individuals can have ideological indifference with regards to gender or politics, Perry (n.d) asserted that the main factor that steered the hate movement in USA was the element of white supremacy. In the process, several hate groups have been formed in the Uni
Introduction The global spending on drugs has increased over the years and in the year 2006 it reached an all-time high of over $ 643 billion (Schoonveld 8). These revenues are mostly concentrated in the US, Europe and Japan with the US accounting for almost half of the pharmaceutical revenues in the world. However, emerging markets have also been identified to grow rapidly in the last few years with countries such as Russia, Mexico, Brazil, China and South Korea growing their consumption of prescription drugs by up to 81 percent. It has been identified that in the US stock exchange, the performance of pharmaceutical companies is ranked higher than the other fortune five hundred companies with returns of over 17 percent on revenues (Ajami 158). Largest pharmaceutical companies according to prescription sales Company                Prescription sales in millions Pfizer Inc.            $58.5                          Novartis               42.0                           Sanofi-Aventis         40.3                           Merck                  39.8                           Roche                  39.1                           GlaxoSmithKline        36.2                           AstraZeneca PLC        33.3                           Johnson & Johnson Co.  22.4                           Eli Lilly & Co.        21.1                           Abbott Laboratories    19.9                            Pfizer Pfizer has been identified as one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world and is ranked first in terms of revenues (Lepore 1). It was initially established in 1849 and over the years it has grown to be listed in a couple of stock exchanges in the world. Over the years, the company has also acquired a huge market share through mergers with companies such as Warner–Lambert, Parke–Davis, Agouron, Pharmacia, Sugen, Wyeth and King Pharma. It has its headquarters in Midtown Manhattan in New York while its research headquarters are in Groton Connecticut. The company has divided its products into two different business segments. These are the bio-pharmaceutical and the diversified business segments. The bio-pharmaceutical business segment includes products which prevent as well as treat cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, arthritis and pain, eye disease, infectious and respiratory diseases, cancer, central nervous system disorders, endocrine disorders and urogenital conditions (Lepore 2). The diversified business segment has Animal as well as Consumer products (Lepore 5). Their research and development departments are dedicated to identifying, and developing products that will alleviate the medical deficiencies that are inherent in the world. The company actively spent $9.4 billion in the 2010 financial year, $7.8 billion in the 2009 financial year and $7.9 b
One of the first and most influential sociologists, Emile Durkheim, observed that education played the role of cultural determination in socialization and was responsible for nurturing the society’s collective values and beliefs in the growing generation. Education also allowed reproducing the existing society in terms of its structure, stratification, or distribution of material resources and political power (Hoenisch, ch. 1-2). The present paper is intended to discuss the educational systems of the United States, Mexico, and religious communities and demonstrate the accuracy of sociological views on this social institution. In the United States, education is divided into several stages: Preschool, Elementary School, Middle School, High School, and Post-Secondary. Attending school is compulsory for children aged between eight and fourteen-fifteen in most states. Because U.S. education is de-centralized, most decisions concerning curriculum design in public schools are made at the state or local levels, whereas the federal authorities are responsible for providing only the general guidelines (e.g. education structure, general expectations from students). Private schools are different from the public predominantly in the fact of the existence of tuition fees and the autonomy of public institutions in curriculum development. Although U.S. education is proclaimed to be secular at least in public structures, private institutions founded by churches are entitled to establish independently the level of religious influence on course programs. One of the distinctive features of American education is deep involvement with community and public activities (e.g. encouraging volunteering for the community or socially useful out-of-school clubs). Another characteristic is the mainstreaming or integrated teaching of children with and without special needs (or mental disabilities). Statistically, graduation rate from high school is 77%, i.e. much lower than in other developed countries. Although Durkheim wrote almost one hundred years ago, education was strictly structured according to students’ abilities (Hoenisch, ch. 5), the U.S. system is not dominated by “able-ism” at the first sight, as even the results of standardized testing does not affect one’s graduation. At the same time, a number of private educational structures are extremely selective and enroll students on the basis of their performance. Moreover, the two preconditions for entering most colleges and universities are the proof of the aspirate’s interest and experience in combating social problems and high academic attainment. By stressing the importance of involvement into community activities, the institution of education imposes on learners the local society’s beliefs, patterns and expectations, as Durkheim contended (Hoenisch, ch. 3). In addition, due to the fact that from Durkheim’s and Pareto’s perspectives (Delaney, p.2), performance standards of sponsored education (private schools) are much higher than those in public structures, one can assume that education still remains stratified, i.e. mo
Introduction By definition, marketing communication refers to the process of conveying products’ information and ideas among organizations and individuals or simply a distribution channel. From a managerial and theoretical perspective, communication has proved a vital channel, especially in marketing. As a result, effective communication is transmitted through simple and exact channels, therefore, becoming a need to spread ideas, create a network and promote the products and services in marketing. Traditionally, marketing communication was known as promotion. It was among the 4Ps in marketing, including place, development, and price. Subsequently, it represents the accumulation of all components in a brand to promote exchanges and has the power to remind, induce action, inform, and persuade consumers. Research, however, shows that, in the modern world, marketing communication is two-way, more interactive than the traditional one. Hence, developing a communication strategy is essential for business growth, especially for Netflix, which heavily relies on its digital content. Main Body An effective communication strategy should have clear and achievable goals. In the case of Netflix, IMC is connected with brand and management alongside being a communication process, which is one of the critical elements of the marketing mix. Netflix’s brand equity is how consumers react to a brand marketing that they know the service (Gómez & Quevedo, 2018). This usually happens when they are close to the brand, and they still have a unique and favorable association with it in their mind. The expected audience’s reaction to the message is a positive interest in the company’s products and services. Hence, Netflix’s communication strategy would be to achieve brand loyalty and awareness of recent products by the audience. In developing a communication strategy, it is essential to know the company’s audience and adapt the message to the customers’ profile. With 213 million subscribers worldwide, the audience of Netflix is inclusive of males and females of all educational levels, ages, and occupations (Statista, 2021). The challenge might be posed by the international nature of the company’s broadcast; hence, the resistance to the message might be caused by cultural differences depending on the region. Thus, the communication must be built around universal topics, which in the case of Netflix might be shows and movies that it broadcasts. Another critical aspect of developing a communication strategy is choosing the channel to deliver the message. Netflix is a company, which provides its service digitally; therefore, modern technologies may be effective in customer engagement and authentic brand identity (Burroughs, 2019). Social media such as Twitter, TikTok, Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube effectively promote the media content, create a brand image, and engage followers internationally. In addition, acknowledging and addressing the fan base of the existing or upcoming shows could potentially initiate more
Herbert Spencer was a world-renowned philosopher who made considerable contributions in sociology. In his early years, Herbert received informal education in history, English and mathematics among a score of other important lessons. As a young boy, Spencer spent most of his days in and out of hospital suffering from a nervous breakdown. Even in this condition, Spencer spent a considerable amount of his time writing books and in his workstation where he worked as a civil engineer. At one time, he was the editor of a major newspaper. In his living days, he wrote numerous works on sociology and psychology. However, his contentious ideas made him to be outshined by other theorists who were in the same field. Even before Charles Darwin came up with the theory of evolution, Spencer had already come up with his own theory on the same subject. As Spencer got older, he lost the optimism he had possessed regarding the future of humanity. (Douglas 1973, p.409) On the other hand, Emile Durkheim was born in 1858 in a deeply religious family. His father and grandparents before him had been Jewish religious teachers. While still a young boy, Durkheim decided not to follow the family tradition of serving as a priest. Instead, he chose to lead a secular life. As a young boy, Durkheim chose not to pursue priesthood, as it was the custom in his family. However, this did not mean that he severed links with his immediate family or denounced the Jewish faith. Many of the people he worked with in his career as a socialist were of Jewish descent. His career was mostly concerned with how people could uphold honesty and consistency in a society that no longer valued things like religion and their ethnic setting. (Lindenfeld1973, p.48) Even before Charles Darwin theories on evolution were made public, Herbert Spencer had made a considerable contribution on the subject. Unknown to many people, it was Spencer who coined the famous quote of Survival for the fittest . According to Spencer, only the strong and fit people in the society are supposed to live. On the other hand, those who are weak and unfit in the society should be left to die. According to Spencer, the might and rich in the society should be given preference over the poor and the weak. This tran