ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
As chambers (3-5) argue, regardless of the varying notions held by different individuals on ways of estimating the basic idea of subsistence, all measuring criteria used to gauge subsistence must measure the level of infrastructural development and the availability of sound living conditions. Therefore, because of the differences in measurement criteria used by different people to ascertain the level of development, different individuals have defined poverty in diverse ways. In most life scenarios, most individuals assume poverty to be a lack of material wealth. Although this is a belief held by most individuals, the assumptions of this definition lack because they do not take into consideration the factors that surround and contribute to the deprivation of basic living necessities. In addition, although many individuals may define poverty by considering the unavailability of certain basic amenities or means of subsistence, depending on the region and the level of development of that region, poverty can have different definitions hence, the need for an all-inclusive definition. Considering this, poverty is a human living condition, where individuals lack primary survival needs in required standards, the required representation and power to stand and empower themselves and their respective communities. Defining Poverty The majority of poor individuals are entangled in the struggle for survival and provision of elementary wants. Considering this, firstly, poverty is a lacking human condition, where individuals cannot afford to provide for themselves primary survival needs that include water, education, food, security, and shelter. Going hand in hand with this is the availability and the condition of these wants. For example, a society may have plenty of water, but the question is, is this water sufficient and safe for human use? In addition, if this water is safe for consumption, are their enough drainage facilities to facilitate the supply of this water to every homestead, and to drive away dirty water? Therefore, poverty is not all about the missing of some basic survival wants, but it is about the condition of this wants, which makes it hard for people to access and enjoy them. On the other hand, although an area can have facilities, for example, schools, the attendance of such schools depends on many factors, which may include the security of an area, their accessibility, and availability of public systems that support such schools. Hence, if all this is lacking, then that area is poor, not in educational facilities but in supportive amenities (World Bank 1). Depending on the social class of society, poverty is relative. The society has a natural way of defining different levels of poverty among individuals depending on their social status. For example, in a society, not all individuals can afford certain neighborhood amenities, for instance, electricity and so
The whole world was startled by the Chernobyl nuclear accident, as it had the capability to contaminated Europe. In the backwoods of Russia, there is a city of atomic weapons complex, which has survived three nuclear disasters in the last five decades. In 1957, there was an outburst of the cooling system. A decade later, a storm was instrumental in scattering radioactive dust. For six years, the complex systematically threw radioactive waste into the single most source of water that provided water to twenty-four villages. Plutonium and Tritium for Soviet nuclear weapons are generated at three hidden cites each of which is a prohibited city for common entrance. These cities cannot be located on maps, as they are not mentioned so as to remove them from the public gaze. The ban on traveling to these locations has been removed just until recently. Foreign visitors and especially the environmentalists have not been permitted to move in the vicinity of these closely guarded cites for a very long time. The complex, which is officially known as Chelyabinsk-40, is in Chelyabinsk province and is near the east corner of southern Urals. It is situated in the vicinity of Lake Kyzyltash, in the most famous basin along with several other associated lakes. The people of the Chelyabinsk Region have experienced three nuclear disasters. Mayak complex went on to dumping radioactive waste into the Techa River for more than six years. It was incidentally the only source of water for a couple of dozen villages. These villages were located on the banks of this river. The inhabitants of the four biggest of these villages were never evacuated and they consequently suffered from the worst. Only recently, the information has come to the public knowledge why authorities stretched wire along the sides of rivers some thirty-five years ago. Now, a new law has been made which allows the residents of these places to shift their places according to their consent. This is the outcome of the efforts of a local environmental group, which has worked most strenuously for this cause. However, the scope of the new law is unlimited and only one village comes in its ambit. In 1957, the area underwent a calamity when the cooling system of radioactive waste did not perform well and burst. “The most notable accident occurred on 29 September 1957, when the failure of the cooling system for a tank storing tens of thousands of tons of dissolved nuclear waste resulted in a non-nuclear explosion having a force estimated at about 75 tons of TNT, which released some 20 MCi of radioactivity” (Pollock, Richard, 1978. “Soviets Experience Nuclear Accident). Millions of curies are infused throughout the region. Radiations endangered the lives of thousands of people. Less than one percent of these people could be moved to safe places and some of them were th
Understanding the process of changing from an international into transnational status is essential for the success of ACME. The process is a complex one since the level of expertise required for managing transnational organisations is higher that for managing international organisations. International organisations are exporters and importers, and they do not invest in foreign nations. Transnational organisations investment in other countries and have central corporate facilities. Currently, ACME Computers has no investment outside the United States. In addition, the intranet company has no legal rights to invest abroad. However, as an international company, it has sufficient knowledge regarding management of cultural and social diversities. For ACME Computers to transform into a transnational organisation, it needs to carryout research to determine the best market for its products prior to applying for trade permit. According to Gotz and Haggren (2009), organisations planning to invest globally should assess the impact of cultural, economic and legal factors on their business strategies. Subsequently, they need to seek permission to invest in foreign countries from those particular countries. ACME will need to reorganize its management structure to accommodate the interest of new stakeholders and meet new objectives of the business. The organisation needs to amalgamate domestic and international components of the business through all its ranks of leadership (Helpman, 2011). In additi
Introduction The study of acid-base systems is complicated by factors such as the strength of the acid or base being reacted. The strength of an acid or base is a crucial factor because it influences the extent of dissociation hence the overall rate of reaction, which is reflected in the titration curve of the reaction. For instance, the reaction in a system containing a weak acid or base reveals that the pH at the initial phases of the reaction is high and that the pH changes by a large magnitude before reaching the endpoint. In addition, it is realized that the alterations in pH at the endpoint occur by very small magnitudes. These observations make it extremely difficult to establish the precise endpoint of the reaction particularly if the K a values of the acid are small. The K a value stands for the dissociation constant of an acid, which is the measure of the potency of the acid in the solution. This value is sometimes shown as pK a , which is the logarithm of K a . A large value of pK a (small K a value) is characteristic of a weak acid. It shows that an acid dissociates to a small extent. The equivalent weight of an acid can be defined as the mass of an acid that contains one equivalent of hydrogen ions. The pH of an acid can be computed using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which is written as pH = pK a + log ([A – ]/ [HA]) 1 . In this equation, pK a is the logarithm of the acid’s K a value, [A – ] is the concentration of the conjugate base in moles, and [HA] is the strength of the acid in moles (before the dissociation). However, the K a and pK a values of acids can also be found through experiments by measuring the changes in pH of acid upon the addition of small quantities of a base whose concentration is known. A plot of pH versus volume of base added can then be used to determine the equivalence point of the reaction as well as the pK a of the acid. The pK a is established by the pH of the acid at half the equivalence po
Robert Wetzel, a classical guitar player, has given several concerts, playing classical music by great composers. At one of his concerts, in Encinitas, California, he plays a classical composition by Isaac Albeniz ( Robert Wetzel – Isaac Albeniz – Cordoba ). The way Robert Wetzel plays is very concentrated and unique. The sounds that the guitar produces are very melodic and much representative of the classical style. In the beginning of the composition, the melody and rhythms are slow but at the same time are not repeated. There is great variety in the melody, so the listener does not know what to expect. This is an important attribute of a good composition, as it is very exciting, though calm and surprising. Then, the rhythm speeds up but the sound is still very much flowing and melodic. While playing, Robert Wetzel seemed to be more focused on his finger placement than feeling of the music and playing from his heart. It is understandable that there are some complex transitions but all his attention is towards the guitar, instead of the audience, heart and music. Another performance of Robert Wetzel was at Performing Arts Theatre at Cuyamaca College, El Cajon, California ( Robert Wetzel – Luis Milan – “Pavanas V & I” ). This performance is much different from the above one. Here, he is very much connected with the music and guitar. He does not look at his fingers as much and the music flows, as if it is played without previous learning and need to remember. His focus is directed at the melody and the sound; this can be seen from his movement in unison with the music and body language. It is extremely important that the artists does not remember the music by heart but adds his own variations that will create a different effect each time. His presentation very much engages the audience and it is evident that it is enchanted by the sound and melodic interchanges. This is the type of music that does not need words or any specific expression or movement. It comes from the heart and fills the room with a very unique and peaceful atmosphere that does not bother or bore the listeners. The third performance is given at La Mesa, California, with Gaiana Mndoian, cellist and John Danke, pianist. The play the music of Paganini and Massenet in two sets ( Robert Wetzel – Rachmaninoff – 18th Variation on Paganini & Massenet ). The mastery and sound of each artist and the music, once again prove to be universal in time and space. The unison of instruments is so perfect that it is almost impossible to determine what sound is produced by which instrument. Here, Robert Wetzel is in a state that separates him from the
Several studies suggest that economic development is directly correlated with the quality and the rate of access to education in a state. Similarly, there is a strong link between the quality of education and the number of resources allocated to promoting education in the states. About 50 years ago, there was a high trend in high schools attendance leading to high graduation rate, but the level of enrolment was quite low. This led to increased productivity of workers and hence an increase in economic growth. Economic growth led to increasing in resources provided to cater for education and a high motivation to keep up with the growing wage difference between high school graduates and dropouts as dropout wages declined while the wages of graduates increased. As years went by the internal rate of return to graduating versus dropping out increased, and this led to a rise in enrolment as more wanted to acquire skills to improve their earnings. Some of them are in partial employment and the need for balancing their work, and studies are always hard, and they tend to drop out to keep their jobs rather than study. The overall effect of poor funding of public education is declined economic trends in various states as the level of education output is low and lacks the required skills. Over the years, due to the increase in incentives for high school graduation, the high school attendance increased, but the graduation rate gradually decreased. This reduction in graduation rate has led to a lower rate of college attendance as most students on attaining high school degree tend to search for employment. This was due to over-stretching of resources such that there was not enough to cater for increased student attendance. This was also due to lack of enough preparation of the enrolled students and increase in time of attainment of degrees. In recent years the high school enrolment has gradually increased, and the resources available have decreased tremendously. The funding allocated has become inadequate for the public schools and resources are being overstretched to cater for a large number of students attending school. Due to this underfunding the number of teachers available decreases tremendously, and as such class sizes increase as students are combined so that they could
Since Ricardo invented his comparative advantage theory, it has been very instrumental in international economics. The idea has persistently been used to rally for the opening up of economies to allow free trade between nations. This has mostly been in the aim of convincing the less developed countries against shutting their doors to work with their more developed countries (Thompson, 2006). The theory has shown that states need not hold some absolute advantage to open up for trade with other nations. A country can be absolutely disadvantaged against another country but nevertheless establish a profitable business where each country derives benefits from trading. Ricardo’s theory was based on the relative differences in labor productivity between nations as the primary source of comparative advantage. However, although his approach showed that different countries have different levels of labor productivity, his comparative advantage theory did not offer a theoretical explanation as to what really caused such productivity differences. As such, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin rose up to the challenge and, between the 1920s and 1930s, formulated a theory that identified different relative factor endowments among nations as the source of comparative advantage (Carbaugh, 1995). They argued that the cross-industry differences in factor intensity and cross-country differences in factor abundance rather than just productivity as was in Ricardian theory were the primary sources of comparative advantage. Their idea came to be known as the Heckscher-Ohlin model after their names. According to the model, for instance, two countries where one has a relative of land and the other capital will find it advantageous if they opened up for trade against each other. In explaining the basis for profitable business between the two nations, the model postulates that the country with the relative abundance of labor will find it advantageous specializing in producing and exporting a labor-intensive product such as tomatoes or maize and importing a capital intensive good such as vehicles (Carbaugh, 1995). On the other hand, the country with the relative abundance of money will better specialize in producing and exporting capital intensive autos while importing tomatoes or maize from the abundant labor country. The mechanics behind the argument presented by the model are simple and straight forward. The country with the relative abundance of labor
Introduction Bansal et al. (2017) note that methodology must be “judged by how well it informs research purposes, more than how well it matches a set of conventions” (p. 231). This section of the research study examines the appropriate research design for collection and analysis of data. Since the proposed study is focused, the research will be conducted using a quantitative survey of secondary data consisting of official data on trade performance before and projected results after the Brexit (Binham 2017). Use of quantitative research design was informed by a need to carry out a comprehensive analysis of sector-based data on trade in the UK following the Brexit. Moreover, the researcher will be able to understand the variables in play through a comparative analysis (Battor & Battour 2013). This part of the report will review data from several reputable sources over a period of nine years, that is, from 2010 to 2018 in order to identify any pattern in the performance of trade before and after the Brexit vote. Research Design Researchers have numerous modes of data collection and analysis at their disposal. The method of data collection selected depends on the availability of information, finance, and time. Some of the widely used methodologies include triangulation, surveys, and case studies. Currently, there is limited information about the link between Brexit and performance of trade in the UK. Additionally, the existing data elucidate limited information about the trade industry trends. Thus, to come up with general findings, there is a need to rely on triangulation method. The research will be performed using quantitative research approach by undertaking focused survey of published data on trade from the government of the UK website and other formal organizations dedicated to trade performance analysis (Blaxter, Hughes & Malcolm 2013). The rationale for selecting quantitative research was informed by the need to comprehend the dynamics around trade performance in the UK market before and after the Brexit vote in order to predict the future trend (Batsaikhan, Kalcik, & Schoenmaker 2017). Moreover, this approach will enable the researcher
A database consists of logically related data stored in a single repository, normally within a computer. The components of a database are columns, rows, tables, and keys. They are the building block of any relational database, and understanding their functions helps an organization to manage its data. Columns are single characteristics or facts about an entity within a database. Employee’s name, department number, customer’s name, and product price are examples of columns. A row contains data of one or more columns according to the design of a database; it describes a single instance of an entity. Columns and rows are contained in a table, making it necessary to group data logically. For instance, you can have a customers table that store customers’ details. Tables can be linked together by keys. A table can consist of a primary key, a foreign key, or both. A primary key is a field that uniquely identifies each row; and a foreign key is a key in one table that must match a primary key value in another table in order to establish a relationship or a link between two tables (Coronel, 2000). Amazon has been able to embrace the use of databases in order to manage its organizational records hence meeting its corporate objective. The company offers its customers a wide range of products, including music, toys, electronics, software, books, and clothes. These products are sold through the company’s website (Amazon.com) and managed by relational databases such as Amazon RDS (Vogels, 2009). Amazon’s database enables it to take online orders, manage supply, and coordinate many e-mails. The company records customer details in a table having columns such as names and phone numbers. Each row in a table contains individual customer records. Another table containing product details enable the company’s database to link product and customer tables through keys. When a customer selects a product, the product number identifies the item in the product table, thus enabling the company to manage product details with much ease. There are several data management issues that can be encountered by Amazon. First, the company’s database may run out of space because many people are now registering in e-market places. The increase in number of products may lead to little or no storage capacity. Second, handling many transactions tends to lower the operation of a database. This may lead to orders taking longer than normal. Third, data stored in the database can be hacked or destroyed by viruses. Besides, private information about users or customers can be leaked, leading to loss of privacy.