ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Early Childhood is a period when assessment of children’s successes in learning needs to be efficiently connected with the assessment of their successes in the development of a variety of other skills. In this context, much attention should be paid to the informal assessments because they are important to represent the development of children’s competencies and skills in their combination, and they propose developmentally appropriate methods to assess children in many natural environments. Importance of Informal Instruments to Assess Young Children In order to receive the appropriate information on the children’s progress in all domains, it is significant to focus on the assessment as the ongoing process. In this case, only informal procedures like observation can be effective to represent the children’s current abilities regarding everyday activities accurately. According to Brian Cambourne’s determined conditions of learning, children are inclined to learn by doing and playing, and assessments of their achievements should address this feature to provide the accurate and detailed information on the development (Cambourne 34). B. F. Skinner also noted that the direct behavioral observation is important because at the stage of Early Childhood, it is necessary to focus on children’s accomplishments in their natural environments (Skinner 56). Thus, formal assessments cannot provide the adequate information regarding the children’s development in terms of integration of knowledge and skills in their daily life. Informal instruments are most effective to provide the ongoing naturalistic observations of children’s successes during daily activities to conclude regarding their development and learning. Assessment Methods Such four assessment methods as Anecdotal Record, Event Sampling, Running Record, and Frequency Count can be actively used during the observation in order to gather the detailed data on children’s accomplishments. Following Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, it is important to use assessments evaluating different aspects of child’s intelligence (Gardner 112). Anecdotal Record is effective to complete regular observations during the concrete amount of time to cover any event in which the child is involved. The teacher can use this method to fix changes in the individual behavior during different events, but this method is ineffective to represent all the specific details observed during the period of time. In this case, Event Sampling is used to fix all the details noted in the behavior of individuals during particular class activities. The teacher usually uses this
Organizations cannot exist without managing the development of individuals that comprise their people. People in organizations are individuals who seek to find work situations and developmental opportunities which suit their needs. Thus, a career has been defined as “the sequence of employment-related positions, roles, activities and experiences encountered by a person” (Arnold 1997, p. 16). As this definition suggests, a career is not simply an occupation but a personal sequence of employment-related events. As such, it may include self-employment and freelance work, as well as education and leisure activities that relate to a person’s work-life in some way. It is also closely related to the non-work aspects of a person’s life upon which it impinges. However, in a world rapidly modernizing, the boundaryless career captures the idea that careers are not tied to (or bound to) a single organization and that people will have a variety of work experiences in different organizations over the course of their careers (Arthur & Rousseau, 1996). Compared to the traditional career that is defined as professional advancement within one or two firms, a boundaryless career is defined as “…a sequence of job opportunities that go beyond the boundaries of a single employment setting” (DeFillippi & Arthur, 1996, p. 116). This is why boundaryless careers concepts are becoming increasingly prevalent in the United States (DeJanasz et al. , 2003). The emergence of
Third-party intervention is a direction in conflict resolution where the parties involved refer to a third party, i.e., a person or group, to help the parties solve the conflict. Parties who turn to third-party intervention usually do so when individual efforts alone cannot decrypt the battle. In that regard, there are several approaches for third-party interventions. One of the approaches to third-party interventions is mediation. Mediation can be defined as “a process in which disputants attempt to resolve their differences with the assistance of an acceptable third party.” (Deutsch et al., 2006, p. 726) Accordingly, the role of mediators is to help the parties to resolve, rather than imposing a particular decision or solution. The help might be seen by suggesting a solution, and it is the decision of the parties to accept the answer or not. Accordingly, mediators might help find an area of mutual interest. Mediation might take different implementations, were initially being a legal solution for resolving disputes, now mediation can be implemented as an intervention to interpersonal conflicts, “playing a role at all levels of society and in virtually every significant area of social conflict.” (Deutsch, et al., 2006, p. 276) Mediation can be seen as a form of a collaborative approach to solving conflicts. One of the characteristics of mediation is that the parties themselves reach the result of the process. Accordingly, comparing mediation with other forms of third-party interventions, it can be seen that the main difference can be seen that arbitration has win-lose solutions. In contrast, mediation has a win-win, as arbitration implies that the arbitrator’s decisions are final and favor one of the parties. Accordingly, collaboration implies that both parties seek the same single goal, which in terms of mediation is expressed through the voluntary nature of turning to such a process. Accordingly, in mediation, the parties have control of the process, unlike arbitration which represents a competitive approach. It should be noted that the collaborative aspect of mediation as a third party intervention is a process of negotiation, after all, with the difference that a third person presents the common ground. Additionally, the emphasis on the relation in the collaborative approach can also be seen in mediation, where mediation “recognizes that the parties “have had some sort of prior relationship that will continue long after the dispute has been resolved.” (Wilmot & Hocker, 2007, p. 276) It can be concluded that third-party intervention is an essential aspect of conflict resolution. The desire to use mediation can be seen as a collaborative approach to resolving conflict. Additionally, other forms of third-party interventions, such as arbitration, are more formal in that the parties acknowledge the one-sided result of the decision made by the arbitrator. Additionally, mediation is taking a compre
People have already acknowledged that they are what they eat. The 2000s can be characterized by an especially heated debate on healthy eating and the negative effects of eating in fast food restaurants. A decade or two ago, people were blaming fast food restaurants for their increasing waistlines, but this trend is changing now, and people are now talking about personal responsibility. It is noteworthy that fast food restaurants are also becoming more responsible and changing their menus. It is possible to compare and contrast two works on food to understand the changes that are happening in society as the articles were written in different periods. The two articles dwell upon eating habits of people and the influence of fast food restaurants on people’s health. In both articles, authors note that they have eaten in fast food restaurants. It is also important to note that both authors did not think they were vulnerable to the negative impact of that kind of food. Thus, one of the authors states that he was “a typical mid-1980’s latchkey kid” who did not have diverse dining options (Zinczenko par. 3). The other author stresses that he is an average teenager who does not have many options when it comes to having meals as well (“Food Is Essential to Life Therefore Choose Wisely” 1). Both authors mention such diseases as diabetes and obesity as possible negative outcomes of eating fast food. It is also important to add that both authors conclude that people (including themselves) have to be more attentive to their lifestyles and diets. Both authors also made a certain effort to change their lives. However, it is possible to trace quite significant differences between the two articles. For instance, in the earlier article, the author states that there were almost no alternatives to fast food restaurants, and it was easier to buy a hamburger than a grapefruit (Zinczenko par. 7). However, it is clear that in the modern world, there are quite plenty of options and people may buy a quite wide range of food from different restaurants (“Food Is Essential to Life Therefore Choose Wisely” 2). Importantly, Zinczenko states that restaurants do note put adequate information on the product, which makes it difficult to control ones’ diet (par. 8). On the contrary, it is clear that the author can calculate the number of calories consumed during every meal (“Food Is Essential to Life Therefore Choose Wisely” 2). It is possible to note that the differences in the articles can be explained by the changes that have taken place in the world of fast food and people’s attitude towards them. In the early 2000s, people were more careless and restaurants less responsible. However, extensive campaigns have led to significant changes, and now it is possible to find information on calories. More so, fast food restaurants add vegetarian and healthier food to their menus (“How to Eat Healthy at 16 Fast-Food Chains” n.p.). At the same time, similarities in the two articles show that the changes are still needed. Thus, people still need to be more attentive to what they eat, and they have to have healthy life styles. Some still blame fast food chains and Am
Introduction Police brutality is a serious issue that the current society is facing. The problem of police brutality is often associated with other social problems such as discrimination. One factor that makes police brutality such a significant problem is the perception of the public. Members of the public believe that police frequently take part in racial profiling mainly targeting black persons and handling minority suspects violently. However, an article by Steve, Holbert, and Lisa Rose in 2009 differed from this view. According to the article, the public’s perception of police’s use of force especially towards minority groups was wrong since statistics proved otherwise. Related statistics show that the police are more likely to use force towards white males who undoubtedly are a majority group and that the police only apply force to less than 1% of cases. Surprisingly, police force members believe that racial profiling among their workmates is rampant. The public is becoming so intolerant to police brutality to the extent that it ignores situations that warrant the use of force such as self-defense (Holbert, 2015). This paper explores the issue of police brutality and seeks to shed light on the perceptions of the public, especially the black minority. Discussion of Police Brutality The purpose of the article by Holbert and his colleagues is to enlighten their audience on the current incorrect perceptions of the public towards police brutality and racial profiling. The widespread beliefs about police brutality and racial profiling are likely to be emanating from people’s memories of bad events instead of focusing on good memories. Why do Blacks view themselves as targets of victimization especially by police when statistics suggest that white males are the most susceptible to police brutality? What makes Black people have a negative view towards police actions when statistics clearly show that police use force in less than 1% of all the incidences? It is not clear why members of the public and especially those from the black community have wrong perceptions of police brutality (Holbert, 2015). Members of the public judge the police likely depending on how the media portrays them. Reports on websites, televisions, and radios are likely to show the Police in a bad light. The main reason behind this is that the negative portrayal of the police is likely to attract greater attention when compared to the positive events. Most reports showing statistics relating to police brutality and racial profiling appear to be biased as they don’t put any effort in explaining the context in which the incidences of brutality took place. For example, statistics from copblock.org only show the ugly statistics but don’t explain why the incidences happened (Dantes, 2011). Since historically blacks were victims of segre
Introduction Culture refers to people way of life and it entails among other things people beliefs system which are meant to help people adapt to their environment. Belief system can be described as interrelated values which are mutually independent and are held to be true in society and they are passed on from one generation to the next. Belief system also qualifies to be an ideology which is shared by a society. Beliefs help human beings to organize their reality and identify with it. Religion is part of the complex whole and it forms the core of beliefs and practices in a society. This paper discusses how Native American Indians religion is based on spirit and the belief of a super natural being in relation to the environment that people stays in. I am also going to highlight the major fundamental principles of the native’s belief system which makes them stand out in comparison with other traditional belief systems. Discussion Religion help people to satisfy their curiosity about natural phenomena whose understanding is beyond human wisdom and knowledge. It is also used to explain what human beings cannot explain as well as enforcing social order in the society. It is generally claimed, that American Indian tribes have complex religious customs. But from the American perspective religion is challenging in two ways. First, any Indian tribe has a word equivalent to English “religion” in their languages. Religion is not represented as a separate type of activity or experience; but it is invasive and interconnected with all the aspects of tribal life. Second, there is absolutely no single religious custom or theology, but rather a wide range of customs, convictions, practices and cultural form. In spite of this variety there are particular principles essential to most Native American tribes which are essential to realize as their religion is studied. First of all it should be stated, that in Native traditions, there is a particular feature and intensity of interrelations with the shapes and powers of the natural background. Thorough studies of all components of their instant habitat, makes Native People amass lore that integrates the practical with the spiritual. Second, in Native customs, time is not regarded as something linear, but is viewed as cyclical and equal. The cycles and the span of life are realized as a circle and are expressed again and again in ceremonial shapes and actions. Ceremonies entail rite of road ceremonies, sacrifices, dances etc. Third, for American Indians words have a unique strength that is essential to their sounds, and consequently anything that is named is regarded to be present. Thus, recital of myth is realized to be a reacting out of prehistoric events. Lastly, “arts and
Abstract The objective of this experiment was to investigate the relationship between the electric potential ( V ) and the electric field and hence, determine the electric field pattern and strength E between a pair of parallel conductors. The experiment was such that two setups were arranged. The objective of the first setup was: to trace electric field patterns on a separate grid akin to the one embedded in a tray of water bound within two charged parallel conductors. The difference in the second one comes with an inclusion of a ring in between the conductors. For the sake of analysis, a data of RMS (V) at six regular intervals between conductors were recorded and then plotted. From the analysis, it was established that the results concurred with the theoretical to a greater degree. It was established that the electric field lines: point away from positive to negatively charged conductor, they emerge and enter a conductor normally and, they cut equipotential lines at right angles. It was also established that a computerized plot of RMS versus distance (x) gave a linear relation with the gradient equivalent to electric field strength E (57.30V/m). Using other approaches of calculations, the results gave consistent results with discrepancies of 5% and 8% for the average E and the two-pin probe respectively. With regards to the second setup, E within the ring was minimum (0.5V/m) though theoretically, zero is an ideal result. The uncertainties could have been as a result of experimental errors courtesy of impurities within in water. This can be minimized in future experiments by the use of purified water. Objective The objective of carrying out this experiment is to investigate the correlation between the electric potential ( V ) and the electric field and hence, determine the electric field pattern and strength ( E) between a pair of parallel conductors. Procedure In the first set-up, a pair of parallel charged conductors 12 cm apart from an AC source was placed in a water tank and, with the aid of a digital multimeter (DMM), the root mean square voltage (RMS) was traced at regular intervals on a grid placed inside the water tank to establish six equipotential lines on half of the tank. This was achieved by selecting a reference fixed location and varied locations using a pair of probe. Equipotential lines synonymous to the ones traced on the grid were traced on a separate grid for analysis. These were later to be completed on the other half owing to the symmetry of the pattern. A graph of RMS (V) against x (the distance between the reference point and the equipotential lines) plotted for analysis. The directions of the electric field lines were established by the aid a two-point probe. This was achieved by taking note of the positions of the red and black probes where the DMM records maximum reading. The second setup and procedure was similar to the previous one with the difference being an inclusion of a ring between the conductors. The objective was to deduce the pattern traced by the inclusion of a neutral conductor. Experimental data Table 1 of the position of the equipotential lines (x) and RMS (V) x (m)      0.00   0.0
Although during the liturgy the words can also bring the holiness and wonder each person is striving to, music enriches a prayer with spirit and inspiration, makes worshiping full of feelings of loftiness. Due to the author’s illustrative example, a large majority of people are expressing a strong desire of becoming closer with God. The latter can be realized by means of changing the current service music to another kind, a capela , which proves to be more intimate, sacred. To proceed, the author claims that a sensible combination of preaching and music applied can positively influence on people and their worshiping. However, the writer expresses disapproval of present disregarding attitude towards music education, clergy in particular. As far as music is inextricably bound with culture, it is impossible to reveal the meaning of the latter without knowing the former. The problem is that music education as a separate subject at school or seminary schedule is not being paid much attention to. Hence, the subject, due to its poor popularity, does not have much influence. Further, the author explains that beauty is a powerful force, which can cause changes. It can be traced even in the examples of Christians’ parables, which represent a specific kind of divine metaphors, uniting people with God. Music as a kind of art is also closely connected with a notion of “beauty”. Thus, the point is not in high-qualitative music, but in its exposure to the people. The author mentions the words of Eric Routley “Give us the best music we can have, but make it friendly to the people” The next are presented the reasons for writing this particular book, which is based on author’s long-term church musician experience and further observations of the students during discussions. The writer describes the process of teaching as a mutual activity, where both a teacher and students learn from each other. Music Belongs to Everyone Music is not a kind of art assigned especially for a chosen number of people, who appreciate it. Music is available for each person and, what is more, it is omnipresent. Although for clergy this kind of art can appear incomprehensible due to its interiority and mystery, the author claims that the language of music is just as easy to learn as any other language, and knowing a written language is not necessary for getting joy from music. Each person has a musical talent – either in appreciating, or in producing music. However, with time passing the priorities have changed, and now there is a clear people’s preference to consume rather than to perform the music. This can be traced on a simple example of music stores, suggested by the author. The writer explains that knowing the language of music is the aim which can be realized, because nobody is deprived of musicality. Thus, nowadays there is a popular tendency to discourage people who are getting engaged in music by pointing out their lack of ability. Musical languages around the globe differ to the great extent. Hence, the author is disproving
Messages Communicated During the Session Types of messages that can be communicated with a silence A client may be silent to achieve several aims, such as to a) develop their feelings and identify them; b) reflect and make connections between given pieces of information; c) encourage the counselor to speak; d) recover from strong emotions. The counselor may use silence to gather their thoughts or finish a discussion, or they might employ it deliberately to encourage people to talk or explore their feelings (“attentive silence”) (Hornby, Hall, & Hall, 2003, p. 27). Number of messages that might occur in a helping session During a helping session, a customer may employ silence several times because of any of the described reasons. Any combination of these reasons is possible during the whole conversation, especially when it is a lengthy one. Distinguishing messages To tell one message apart from another, it is necessary to pay attention to the client’s non-verbal signs and facial expressions and take into account what has been said previously. For instance, if the customer is looking at the counselor inquiringly, then they may be waiting for an answer or a comment. If they have said something to which their attitude is very emotional, and then stopped talking and started looking out of the window, they may be recovering from strong emotions, etc. Differences between the needs of a financially challenged low-income client and the needs of a client with a high-paying and secure job The needs of clients who face financial challenges significantly differ from the needs of those who have a well-paid and secure job; the same applies to school students whose families have a respective financial situation (Tate, Lopez, Fox, Love, & McKinney, 2014). For instance, the children living in low-income families may face problems related to the basic needs such as the need for food and clothing; it will be essential for the counselor to take into account these needs and be delicate and respective towards the children in such a situation; it is also recommended to address the psychologica