ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Definition of Bipolar Disorder According to the UK Psychiatry In order to maintain academic objectivity, it is necessary to define the terms of mental health problems and bipolar disorder in UK psychiatry. Mind (2020) argues that mental health problems are a generic term for “depression and anxiety” and “schizophrenia and bipolar disorder” (para. 3). Bipolar UK charity organisation (n.d.) states that bipolar disorder is “a severe mental health condition characterised by significant mood swings including manic highs and depressive lows” (para. 1) In addition, Bipolar UK organisation provides population statistics on the number of people with this mental disorder. It is possible to note that there is also comparative statistics of the incidence of bipolar disorder to other severe and chronic illnesses. The authors of both web pages also describe the processes of diagnosis for bipolar disorder, the possible outcomes for the patients, and how it affects people’s everyday life. Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder According to the UK Psychiatry An important point is also to mention what UK psychiatry considers the primary symptoms of bipolar disorder. The Mind (2020) organisation believes that the main conventional signs of this condition are manic and depressive episodes, hypomanic episodes, and following their psychotic symptoms. The authors of the webpage also describe how people with this mental disorder live and advise how their loved ones can help them. Leading Causes of Bipolar Disorder in the UK Psychiatry Terminology It is also important to mention the leading causes of the development of bipolar disorder according to official data of the National Health Service (NHS). The organisation denies that there is a single trigger for this condition (NHS, 2019). Instead, they suggest that the cause of bipolar disorder is a combination of physical, social, and environmental factors. According to the NHS (2019), these factors are features of genetic heredity, changes in the chemical balance and processes in the brain, and a frequent stressful state (NHS, 2019). A stress state is usually caused by physical illnesses, sleep disturbances, and daily problems. The Increased Rates of Bipolar Disorder in Black People Compared to White Peopl
Advocacy In a bid to establish an effective advocacy on the public awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), I would dedicate my free time to work together with a federal legislator. Since CKD affects the entire society either directly or indirectly, the objectives to be set will address the preventive measures to every person. Program Design First, there should be specific objectives to address the concerns of the advocacy program. Some of these objectives will include; determining the group at high risk, establishing the specific places where public sensitization on the CDK can be addressed properly, and finding the best policies to advocate the CDK sensitization. The other key issue is the identification of the public being targeted by the program. In this section, the primary (victim of CDK) and secondary audience will be considered. The other important aspect to incorporate in the program plan is the identification of groups with the same goals or contrary opinion based on my advocacy strategies. This will be important in the evaluation of the program activities. Lastly, the advocacy approach and the key messages to be passed to the public will be identified. These will include the messages that assess on the CDK risk factors, the preventive measures, and the control of CDK. Advocacy strategy The best method to handle all the activities of this plan is to dedicate all my free time in advocacy activities. A person from the nongovernmental organizations will be involved in this activity. This involvement will have a great significance in instances of similar goals targeting at helping people. The funds to be used in the entire process will come from personal donations. The methods to convey my issues will be through social media, organizing workshops and events that will bring people together in order to reach them with ease. These events will include; competing in soccer, organizing entertainment sessions, and working closely with other public health stakeholders through attending their forums and meeting the public. The main points to be addressed include agreements on the precautionary measures to be undertaken by the diabetic and hypertension patients in order to avoid developing CDK. The healthy living activities will be addressed in any forum that will be held by the public. The Public Will is to ensure that CDK victims get the best treatment from health institutions. Financing of the program This program requires funds to carry out sensitization aspect. Other funds will buy some materials to be used in the workshops. Furthermore, the cost of traveling, the allowances to people who might take part, and the demands for reward will b
The era of the Great Terror is, perhaps, one of the most shocking and unprecedented instances of political homicide on a statewide scale. In his book, Conquest addresses the phenomenon of the purge that took place in the 1930s, extrapolating the essential factors that contributed to the emergence of the phenomenon. When considering the impact that Conquest’s book produced on the overall understanding of the weight that the political regime of the 1930s had on the political freedoms and rights of people, one must give the author credit for outlining the factors that led to Stalin taking over essential political processes and making the decisions that turned out to be detrimental to the overall well-being of the residents of the Soviet Union. For instance, the gradual yet inevitable development of the conflict between Trotsky and Stalin, which Lenin unsuccessfully tried to prevent by increasing the number of the Central Committee members, should be viewed as an important point in the analysis of the tension within the USSR government. 1 Herein lie the reasons for people like Yezhov to support Stalin’s actions. Surrounded by the people that created the cult of Stalin’s per
Introduction James Bond refers to a fictional character that was created in 1953 by one of the renowned writers Ian Fleming. James Bond featured in twelve novels and an additional two short stories. Since the original author died in 1964, other writers have taken over the authorship of James Bond novels, including Christopher Wood and Sebastian Faulks. The name is used to refer to a British Secret Service, which is common in major radio programs, comic strips, and other video games. In the film industry, the name has been used extensive to produce a number of cinemas and movies. Currently, at least twenty-three video productions exist, featuring James Bond. Sky fall is the recent film featuring James Bond. Films featuring Bond are known for some features, including music accompaniment and songs 1 . The movies have received various awards in the international stage due to the messages they carry. This article looks at the reasons that make James Bond famous in the world, some of the things that James Bond has changed in the world and his effects politically, socially and culturally. Bond’s Fame and Importance James Bond is very famous in the world because of the guns used in the production of the films, the cars used, and the type of gadgets used in the films. In the first movie, James bond was armed with a Beretta 418, which later criticized as belong to women 2 . Before then, it was considered the best weapon mainly because of its effectiveness. In the subsequent movies, a sophisticated weapon was adopted, referred to as Walther PPK. This type of a weapon made Bond famous in a number of ways. Bond is depicted as the best small-arms operator in the world. Apart from the small guns, Bond used other weapons such as Savage Model 99 and a Winchester. These weapons made Bond famous because there were no sophisticated weapons at the time. Many individuals admired the efficiency of the guns that could only be seen with Bond 3 . At the time, the world was experiencing various conflicts that needed efficient weapons to survive. Each state was in need of weapons that could be used to subdue the enemy, both internally and externally. Since Bond demonstrated skills of a wise security agent, a number of officers wanted to be like him. This raised his popularity to extent of becoming shaping the opinion of many security agents. Regarding the type of vehicles that Bond used, Bentley half liter was used. When the vehicle spoiled, he was given a different brand, which was a Mark II continental Bentley. In the subsequent series, Bond was provide
Characteristics of poor decisions Decisions are the driving force of an organization, the quality of decisions made leaders determine the effectiveness and success of an organization. The quality of decisions differentiates effective and ineffective leaders; effective decisions are characterized by timeliness, quality, acceptability and the responsiveness of to the prevailing situation in an organization. When decisions made in an organization are poor, the following are the main characteristics: Reduced production and high rate of inefficiencies : poor decisions leads to low productivity within an organization, the decisions are not responsive to the demands of the market and the cost of production is relatively high than the normal rate. De-motivated staff/personals : when managers make poor decisions they hardly involve their subordinates in the decision, the staffs when they learn of the new approach to business are not willing to undertake the duties and responsibilities given thus they become de-motivated and their morale of working reduces. Unsatisfied customers : poor decision means that the customers fail to get the right quality and quantity of the products they buy from the company, when this happens there are chances that they become unsatisfied and probably move to competitor products (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers & Langvardt, 2010). Three ways of Resisting Requests to Act Unethically In all professions acting ethically is advocated for, however there are chances that some one finds him or herself in a situation likely to compromise his or her integrity; in some instances there are some actions that professionals should take to uphold and keep their integrity despite the challenges, they include: Have high self Integrity and moral standings : this happens at an individual level where someone is advised to understand he or she has a duty to act ethically regardless of the situation he or she is going through. When people respect their moral standings, then chances that they will be corrupt and entertain unethical behaviour is minimal. Understand the ethical frameworks: when in an organization, or in once career, it is always good for one to have an understanding of the ethical attributes that one is required to uphold. When someone understands the attributes, then they should act within that framework. Act professionally: regardless of once profession, when someone is acting professionally, chances that he is going to go against ethical standards as required is low, thus if people where to uphold high levels of professionalism, then ethical behaviour can be maintained fully. Three ways you can choose to Lead Ethically To act ethically someone needs to take some deliberate moves and decisions; the following are the best approaches to acting ethically: Understanding the ethical standards of the particular profession: when so
The concept of vicarious liability refers to the situation when the responsibilities for the unlawful actions of one party are taken by a third party. In other words, when one party that is accountable to a third party violates the law, the third party is held responsible for this violation. As Kravtsova and Kalinichenko (2016) put it, vicarious liability represents a “combination fault and strict liability” (p. 690). For example, under the vicarious liability statutes, an employer will be held responsible if an employee is caught raping or robbing in the workplace. The case of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in March 1989 is one of the most prominent examples of vicarious liability. The possible reasons for the incident are the wrong actions of the captain of the tanker, poor conditions of the equipment, and fatigue of the tanker’s crew. One might argue that in this case, employees should be charged. Still, the court found the Exxon Shipping Company guilty of the oil spill because it is the responsibility of the employer to provide decent working conditions to the employees and control the quality of equipment. In the expert community, there is no consensus on whether vicarious liability is fair and should exist in criminal law. It is rather challenging to decide whether vicarious liability should be used because each case is unique. Nonetheless, I find the concept of vicarious liability unfair because a decision to commit a crime could only be taken by one party, and only this party should be held responsible. For example, even in the case of Exxon Valdez, it might be argued that the tanker’s crew had to inform the administration of the company of their problems because this probably would have helped to avoid an oil spill. Reference Kravtsova, T., & Kalinichenko, G. (2016). The vicarious liability of parent company liability for its subsidiary. Corporate Ownership & Control, 14 (1), 684-691. DOI: 10.22495/cocv14i1c4art15
Introduction The research design of both studies enables researchers to answer the research question. In particular, the implementation of a 16-week pressure ulcer prevention protocol and the comparison of the outcomes of the experimental group with the outcomes of the control group allowed for measuring the effectiveness of the protocol (Kwong, Lee, & Yeung, 2016). Providing participants with standard practices and optimal turning practices made it possible to determine the correlation between the occurrence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers and repositioning practices. Main text The representativeness of the study 1 participants is considerable as 1088 residents of 8 nursing homes aged 60 or above, as well as members of care staff, participated in the randomized control trial. Such a sample size was attributable to the significance level of 0.05, the drop-out rate of 20%, and the intra-cluster correlation of 0.1, which researchers aimed to achieve (Kwong et al., 2016, p. 26). The participants of study 2 can be considered representative since 1312 patients from two intensive care units who were prone to the development of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers were enrolled. The chosen sample size allowed for reaching 80% power to detect a 50% difference in hospital-acquired pressure ulcers between the two groups (Pickham et al., 2018, p. 14). In addition, it is worth mentioning that in both groups, proportions of race and ethnicity represented the served population. Limitations of study 1 include the possibility of care staff being non-compliant with the pressure ulcer prevention protocol due to the high workload. It can be said that study 2 also has this weakness as nurses’ compliance with optimal turning procedures could be affected by the large sample size. In contrast to study 2, study 1 did not objectively record patient repositioning practices due to the absence of appropriate technologies. The utilization of wearable patient sensors in study 2 allowed for determining the optimal turning time for participants (Pickham et al., 2018). However, one particular limitation of study 2 is associated with incomplete clinical data regarding support surfaces. Conclusion Based on the evidence summary, both of the analyzed quantitative research studies may be further used to provide support for the practice problem of pressure ulcers. These two studies have the highest level of evidence and high quality. Results obtained from them are consistent and generalizable, and the sample size is sufficient for the study design. Moreover, the high representativeness of research participants enables the application of research findings to various settings.
The current statistics indicate that close to 6 million Americans are suffering from a particular form of Arthritis. Arthritis is a disease that usually affects old people and the risk of contracting the disease increases with age. The disease mostly affects the joints and causes swelling, weakening and pain in the joints. There are two forms of arthritis: Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis (Cherniack 340). Like most other untreatable diseases that have been extensively researched and characterized, there has been an emergence of alternative medicine for managing arthritis. Current directions in alternative medicine are geared towards preventing the advancement of the disease and managing the symptoms. Factors such as the cost of conventional medication and side effects have led to the proposition of a range of alternative medications (Cherniack 347). The pharmacology of alternative medications is not well documented and there is little evidence on whether they can complement or replace conventional medication in the management or even treatment of arthritis. The paper will look at some of the key considerations in choosing a form of medication and establish whether there is a possibility of replacing conventional medication with an alternative medication, or whether alternative medication can act as a good complement. Side Effects The drugs mostly used for the treatment of arthritis are aimed at reducing pain (analgesics) and preventing further inflammation (anti-inflammatory). According to Aronson, analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs have been known to lead to viral and bacterial infections, and could also be transferred to the baby of a breastfeeding mother through breast milk (541). Alternative medications according to Michael, should be used with caution because they also present certain risks (58). For instance, acupuncture is only a short term pain reliever, Ginger, which is used as an analgesic, causes heartburn and diarrhea. However, the use of magnet therapy does not have any known side effects (Michael 59). Both the conventional and alternative drugs for the treatment of arthritis have their unique side effects. However, the side effects of conventional drugs appear to be more medically serious as compared to the side effects of alternative drugs. For instance, ginger may only cause heartburn while a conventional drug-like Infliximab leads to tuberculosis. Cost The cost of conventional medication for the treatment of arthritis has also been a factor that has driven many people to opt for alternative therapies. According to a study conducted by Null and Seaman, the sale of drugs for the management of arthritis totalled US$ 27 million in 2005 and the figure was expected to rise even further (50). Unlike treatment, the management of an illness is a continuous undertaking because the medication only reduces the side effects for some time. Although alternative medications for arthritis such as acupuncture, magnet therapy or the use of natural drugs also cost money, Null and Seaman outline that the cost is much lower as compared to th
Summary In the news article “Felony charges against BLM protesters are ‘suppression tactic’, experts say,” Adam Gabbatt (2020) discusses how the authorities intend to discourage the anti-racism demonstrators by “overcharging” some of its members (para. 13). In this regard, the author demonstrates several cases when Black Lives Matter (BLM) protestors faced felony charges for illegal behavior where the severity of punishment clearly exceeded the normal level. For instance, Kevin Alfaro could have been sentenced to 18 months for the Tweet where he asked – although using strong words ­– to share the personal information of the policeman that acted violently against the protestors. Following a similar pattern, the group of demonstrators could be imprisoned for life for splashing the painting and breaking the windows of the building if not for broad public attention. As a result, the such policy aims at making other BLM supporters be scared and thus deter further demonstrations (Gabbatt, 2020, para. 14). On the contrary, the same measures were not applied to protestors against lockdown orders, even though some of them were armed (Gabbatt, 2020, para. 30). Thus, it is concluded that strict felony charges against BLM members primarily seek to suppress the anti-racism movement. Application The issue described by Adam Gabbatt in the article under review is of great interest and importance, as it is related to basic civil liberties. As such, they include the right to a fair trial, the right to protest, and the right to keep and bear arms. As for the former, Krutz and Waskiewicz (2019) state that the right not to be a subject of excess or unusual punishment is protected by the Eighth Amendment (p. 144). However, even though the authorities argued that they used uncommonly strict legal penalties to deter further cases of civil disobedience, the courts nevertheless violated the law. Additionally, the lack of fair trial further restricts civil liberties by spreading fear among the BLM demonstrators to express and defend their views. Indeed, peaceful protests are protected by the First Amendment, which secures the freedom of expression in the form of speech, press, assembly, and petition (Krutz and Waskiewicz, 2019, p. 123). Although the authorities did not explicitly threaten this right, their actions in practice deter people’s will to protest and, therefore, can be considered unlawful. Finally, the last civil right concerns the freedom to keep and bear arms (Krutz and Waskiewicz, 2019, p. 113). In light of Gabbatt’s article, that is the only time when the authorities followed the law. Analysis It can be argued that Gabbatt’s article seeks to inform people about the causes of injustice against members of the BLM movement and attempts to persuade readers that such an injustice is explained by racism. For this reason, the author collected and reviewed the number of instances when anti-racial demonstrators faced unfair felony charges. In this regard, despite the fact that Gabbatt generally intends to keep objective language throughout the article, there are certain ways how he trie