ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The United States is a great country in terms of the number of races and ethnicities living on its territory. Their cultural base, the traditions they carry through the generations, have nothing to do with each other. However, the United States is often called a “white man’s country”. Notwithstanding all the rights given to the United States citizens, they retained the idea of the dominant white man in the society. The expression a “white man’s country” suggests that despite the vast number of races living in the United States, the leading positions in many areas are still occupied by white people, and this expression is still valid. This behavior and acceptance of the situation have been around for a long time since white people were the ones who initially ruled all the other inhabitants of America. Now the consequences of these thoughts can be observed. Even though the idea of a “white man’s country” is wholly rejected at the formal level, it seems that inside the country, despite all the external influences and changes, everything remains the same. The idea of the white supremacy is constantly maintained because people of other races are so rarely able to take high-ranking jobs because of an unconscious acceptance of this idea. There are too few examples of people of different races becoming heads of institutions, which is rarely encouraged. Moreover, although this idea is demonstrated and criticized in many works of art or the news, it continues to live and remind itself in real life. For example, in Trump’s election, the main percentage of those who voted for him were white people over 45 years old, and the central mass of those who voted for Trump were men (CNN, 2016). Their primary motivation was that Trump spoke about concerns, about immigrants, and he promised to improve the economic situation for people. At some point, other races are not allowed to show and talk about their ideas. US residents are used to showing a calm attitude to certain types of discrimination and subconsciously agree with the idea of a dominant white man. The idea of a “white man’s country” is still relevant to many people living in the United States, although other races have the same rights as white people. The idea of a dominant white man is so embedded in the minds of US residents that it becomes familiar to them, and people do not realize it sufficiently. Reference CNN. (2016). 2016 presidential election results. Web.
Classical Liberalism The closed bag of coins represents Classical Liberalism. The money itself represents the emphasis on the property that characterizes Classical Liberalism. The property, for example, is one of the three elements of life that Locke felt was critical and central to be safeguarded. The bag as a collector and protector of money represents the outcome of the application of the principles of Classical Liberalism. Under the principles of Classical Liberalism, the accumulation of wealth as possible, and even dramatically successful. The fact that there is a bag and not a hand represents the fact that under Classical Liberalism, there is a tendency for the wealth to become more concentrated into the possession of a few people. It does not scatter into the possession of a large number of people. Note, as well, that there is only one bag – the coins are not distributed to anyone else involved in the work (whatever it was) that generated this profit. This is also a bag that anyone could obtain – a simple bag that is readily available, just as the principles of Classical Liberalism suggest that all have an equal right to sell their labor, whether this is actually true in practical terms or not. This represents that anyone with the right resources, to begin with, could, at least in theory, manage to generate such a pile of coins. This may not have been universally true, because a laborer might not have the freedom ever to break loose from the hold of their employer. Even if they could and did, where could they go? What better situation could a laborer find? Without a ‘character’ from a previous employer, how could a laborer find other employment? With no savings, how could a laborer acquire the means of either supporting themselves by agriculture or by some industry or craft of their own? Under welfare capitalism, some employers even arranged matters such that laborers were forever in debt to the company store. The bag of coins is also visible, which represents that the fortunes accrued under the principles of Classical Liberalism are meant to be seen. In fact, the fortunes of the industrialist are intended to be admired and envied by everyone else. This is accomplished by building beautiful homes, driving beautiful carriages, and dressing and entertaining exquisitely. The empty bowls represent the laborers that have actually generated the products that were sold to make all that money in the bag. Their bowls are empty because they are not paid enough to save or invest for themselves. They barely have enough t
Introduction Russia has become a global player in the international security arena. Russia seems to enjoy massive influence in the direction of the Syrian crisis and strategies that the international community has tried to apply to resolve the crisis. Specifically, Russia has assumed a proactive role as the negotiator to convince the Syrian government, under the leadership of Assad, to attend and participate in the peace negotiations. At the same time, the international community and the United Nations Security Council has accused Russia of playing a double standard in the peace process. Specifically, Russia has been accused of being a supporter of the Syrian government in sustaining the crisis. This could be as a result of the long economic partnership it has with the Assad’s regime (Barry, par. 5). On the other hand, the current crisis in Ukraine has painted Russia as an opportunistic state, which is more than willing to expand its territorial boundary despite the imminent crisis in Ukraine. Being a close ally of the immediate former president of Ukraine, Russia has openly defied the call by the international community and the United Nations Security Council to pull out of Crimea (Shear and Smale, par. 6). The activities of Russia in the Syrian crisis and occupancy of the Crimea region has attracted open criticism and threats from the international community. If Russia does not take an alternative direction, Moscow is likely to lose its friends in the international community. Thus, this research proposal will aim at providing evidence on the reasons behind the quick condemnation of Russia by its friends in the international community. Significance statement It is important to understand the impact of conflict on the state of relationship between countries. The type and nature of relationship may determine the scope of trade, military alliances, and other social benefits. The world has become a global village, and no country can survive on its own. Basically, countries depend on the local and international community friends to push for their interests in trade, politics, and security. Thus, establishing the reasons behind strong criticism and threat on Russia by its international allies may provide a clear picture of the significance of a healthy political, economic, and social relationship between Russia and the rest of the world. Specifically, the threats and open condemnation will be related to the actions
If literature is the magic of holding back time then writers are the magicians who captivate time in words. As time passes by several take birth and perish, but some people with their achievements and contributions leave their footprints on the sands of time. Such a creator is Etgar Keret and he created a completely new world through his stories along with the trademark approach of Israeli writers. Keret is trying to say in this story the manner how society approaches happiness. In addition, this story can be seen in a theological context, in particular, Judaism because Keret is Israeli and Judaism is the foundation of this nation. Etgar Keret’s short writing “ The Story about a Bus Driver who wanted to be God ” is a very simple piece about a man, who is a bus driver and his specialty is that he never opened the door of the bus, which he drove for any passenger. No matter how much the passenger needed to get up on the bus, he never cared about them. He always followed his own principles and never deviated from that path. Even if he saw some school kids, who would run along with his bus hoping that the driver would look at them and stop to open the door for them. However, he had no pity for the students and even their loving stare and innocent faces did not melt him. Sometimes a few uptight and nervy people, in jackets, would bang on the door of the bus to stop it pretending that they were perfectly on time and the bus was actually late. The driver did not even stop for elderly women, who had groceries in their hands and would struggle to stop him. The driver did this not because he was mean but it was due to his ideology (Keret, p. 1). The bus driver can be viewed as a metaphor for the state of Israel where the republic is hounded by neighboring countries from the time of its foundation. The Jews, who had been persecuted for centuries by the Christian masses of Europe in possibly every conceivable manner from being blamed for natural disasters to being degraded publicly for belonging to that religion to being tortured in gas chambers, had finally reached such a precarious stage of their existence by the time World War II ended, that they were left with no alternative to carving out a homeland for themselves. The formation of a separate Jewish nation, they believed, was the only guarantee of their very survival (Brundage, pp. 145-7). That homeland had to be the biblical land of Israel, or none else, given the primacy of this nation to their history and culture; unfortunately for them, this was now Palestine, into which Arabs had been ossified for a full 13 centuries, ever since the birth of their own religion, Islam. The declaration of Israeli independenc
Introduction Toyota, Honda, and Jaguar UK have been the leaders on the market for several decades already. Nowadays environmental conservation is considered one of the leading management objectives, and the fulfillment of the demands for environmental conservation can contribute to future sustainable corporate activities. Rondinelli and Berry (2000, p.70) state that during the last decade there occurred alterations in the concept of sustainable development and now it includes “simultaneous consideration of economic growth and, environmental protection, and social equity” in matters concerning business planning as well as decision making. Morrow and Rondinelli (2002, p.159) state that multinational corporations “are adopting environmental management systems (EMS) and certifying them by international standards”. However, it is necessary to assess the effectiveness of the EMSs that can be successfully done using the EMSs of Toyota, Honda, and Jaguar UK. Energy/fuel consumption Scientists estimate that the approximate number of cars in ten years will constitute about 1.5 cars on the roads, which twice exceeds their current number (Komiyama et al., 2005, p.183). Komiyama et al. (2005, p.183) write about potential “vigorous economic growth, soaring electricity demand and progressive motorization [that] are going to expand the primary energy demand” and this issue draws attention to the environmental problem of energy management. One of the challenges that are recognized by Toyota concerns diffusive energy and the company is planning to rely on alternative variants of fuel, they are working in the direction of biofuels, electricity, and hydrogen considering them to be the fuels of the future (Toyota Sustainability Report, 2008). Toyota has already introduced the first mass-produced petro-electric full hybrid vehicle, Prius, the primary aim of which is the achievement of fuel efficiency (Haan et al., 2006). What is more, Toyota has already received general approval for the Prius of the third generation, introduced in 2009, and has proved to be even more economical, providing fuel economy improved by 14%. On the whole, Toyota’s position concerning fuels proves Williander’s (2005) idea: “Toyota demonstrates … enhancing assumptions and high aspiration towards new technology” (p.5). As for the environmental management system of Honda and its relation to energy, the company is working in two directions: fuel economy and fuel efficiency achievement. As reflected in Honda Environmental Annual Report (2009, p.33), significant fuel economy is achieved with the introduction of “all-new Insight hybrid vehicle and other vehicles with enhanced fuel economy”.
The federal government of the United States has great power. Its position in a social system is very influential. However, it has a long history of development. Several events played a key role in the establishment of this system. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate how different policies and programs ensured the growth of the federal government, underlining its involvement in world affairs and the domestic economy. The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) was signed by President Eisenhower in 1958. This act was aimed at improving the quality of education in schools, colleges, and universities (Hunt). The purpose of this law was to change educational strategies and methods to establish a system that could meet “the demands posed by national security needs” (Hunt). The scientific and technological accomplishments of the Soviet Union threatened the security of the United States. The NDEA was the important educational reform that gave way to further development of this system. The federal government strengthened its position due to deep involvement in the education process. Public schools were widely criticized at the time. However, after the launching of Sputnik , the necessity of changes became unquestionable. President Eisenhower encouraged the federal government to establish a more effective educational system that could compete with new engineering advances of the USSR. The development of the military-industrial complex also depended on the successful implementation of this reform. The National Interstate and Defense Highway Act of 1956 was designed to create a system of highways across the United States. The process of the development of road infrastructure began in the ’30s (“National Interstate”). It was initiated by President Franklin Roosevelt who wanted to improve the situation related to a high level of unemployment during the period of the Great Depression. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1938 ensured the growth of the Bureau of Public Roads that had to develop a new highway network. However, the Second World War prevented the implementation of this plan. After the end of the war, large investments in this area resulted in the construction of 6,500 miles of interstate highways. The Great Depression caused a serious economic decline, and certain measures were taken to overcome it. The New Deal program included several federal policies and reforms that were established in the 1930s (“New Deal”). These programs aimed at supporting citizens. These changes positively affected the agricultural sector, the banking industry, and the monetary system. One of the achievements of the New Deal was the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). FERA’s strategies allowed reducing unemployment rates. This administration created new occupations for unskilled workers. Also, it assisted in the development of infrastructure across the U
A user story is a basic development made by XP (extreme programming) project teams (Ron, 2001). It is a highly-defined requirement type containing useful information that can be used by developers to provide estimations for implementing such improvement (Ron, 2001). This is a form of a story told from user perspectives with brief but concise descriptions that are essential to software used by either mere users or actual customers (Carroll, 2001). A good user story must be able to establish an effective conversation with the project stakeholders or customers. It should explicitly preferred functionality answering the question of “who wants it?” and “how and why the functionality must be utilized?” (Carroll, 2001) User stories have three basic aspects, namely: cards, conversation and confirmation (Carroll, 2001). Basically, user stories are written on cards. However, the card does not comprise all information needed for a requirement; it only has enough texts to recognize the requirement and to reiterate to everyone what the story is about (Ron, 2001). The card is very important in the representation of a requirement. It is used in planning, where all basic notes are written for contemplating precedence and costs (Ron, 2001). Often, this is given to programmers for implementation schedules and then given back to the customer after it was completed. A conversation for the requirement is made through an interaction between programmers and the customers. This takes place mainly after the plan is released and again in a planning meeting wherein a schedule for its implementation is established (Ron, 2001). The discussion is mostly in verbal form but is often supported by documents. Spreadsheets illustrating calculations, proposed window layout sketches, even multi-page documents are commonly seen at these meetings (Ron, 2001). We can’t be certain of what must be in need to be done no matter how many discussions or documents we have completed. Acceptance tests should be done prior to its implementation (Ron, 2001). First of all, iteration is held wherein the customer tells the programmer
Summary The article focuses on how innovation is beneficial during the financial crisis. Mary Sullivan asserts that smaller financial organizations stand to benefit from larger financial organizations in such crisis (Sullivan 2009, p. 30). During such occurrences, banks are required to implement innovative ideas to maintain future earnings’ growth. For instance, they should look beyond capitalizing on customer attrition from weakened competitors (Sullivan 2009, p. 31). Because innovation is paramount, banks should move with haste to embrace it. The author asserts that organizations with conservative management histories will find it hard to adopt innovation. As such, the article alleges that the measures and processes put in place by banks to enhance safety suppress innovation processes. To overcome this challenge, banks should acknowledge the significance of innovation and come up with a means of synchronizing it with controls in a bank’s culture (Sullivan 2009, p. 30). Organizations stand to benefit if they analyze how successful companies make innovation possible. In the last part of the article, the author focuses on the most innovative organizations in the world. The organizations are Team Obama, Google, Hulu, Apple, and Cisco Systems. For instance, the author asserts that Team Obama made tremendous achievements during the year 2009 (Sullivan 2009, p. 31). The article attributes this success with the team’s ability to integrate social media into their campaigns. In this regard, the author advises bank managers to adopt social media as a marketing tool. Key learning points I agree with a number of key messages presented in the article. Based on the messages, it is apparent that the success of the top successful organizations is attributed to their innovations (Sullivan 2009, p. 30). During a financial crisis, organizations must implement several changes to cushion them from its adverse effects. Because changes have always affected the manner in which organizations offer their services or products, innovation will be evidenced by how they will use their knowledge to tackle the challenges. During such times, the affected companies should either choose to augment their competencies using the existing knowledge or adopt radical technologies that make the existing knowledge outdated. By adopting innovation, organizations may acquire new market shares, come up with new services and products, gain a competitive advantage over their rivals, and gain more profits. In the article, the author has highlighted the top five innovative companies during the year 2009 (Sullivan 2009, p. 30). Notably, during the same year, the global economy was undergoing a financial crisis. The five companies managed to succeed, unlike their rivals, because they embrace innovation. The author points out that Google has been successful in the past few years due to its innovative abilities. The article alleges that the company’s lab has over 60 innovative ideas at a time (S
The constant development of new technologies, natural sciences, and ideological factors causes a change in perceptions of the human body’s model and the impact of social processes on the behavior of the individual. Over time, technological analogies have evolved from Descartes’ mechanical philosophy to the metaphor of the programmed organism that separates mental and physical processes. Whereas in the light of the natural sciences, social interaction and human behavior are explained as a manifestation of inherent biological features. However, despite undeniable progress in technological development and evolutionary psychology, certain aspects of social behavior are still waiting for a scientific explanation. For example, today’s most relevant technological analogy of the human body is the program model, which can be applied mostly at the genetic level. However, it fails to substantiate the interaction of physiological and psychological processes in the human body due to complex and inconsistent responses to the same environmental signals. Moreover, programs do not determine the mechanism of response to external factors, since computers process only the input parameters. Accordingly, the assumption of a programmed person is a priori incorrect because the human brain is not standardized and processes information based on those signals that are neglected by conventional programs. On the other hand, the natural sciences use the theory of evolutionary development, which recognizes natural selection as a fundamental principle of the emergence of adaptive behaviors. However, Lewontin and Levins (2007) argued that the constant efforts of scientists to link social Darwinism to various spheres of human functioning are intended only to legitimize evolutionary biology itself. Moreover, the behavioral nature of humans is also explained by certain discoveries in neurobiology. However, the impact of social life on human physiology still requires further research in the social sciences. Reference Lewontin, R. C., & Levins, R. (2007). Biology Under the Influence: Dialectical Essays on the Coevolution of Nature and Society . NYU Press.