ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary The European market of cosmetics is competitive, and changes in the number of customers can affect the company’s sales significantly. Kiko Milano UK is the division of the Italian brand that controls sales in the United Kingdom. The problem that is faced by the marketing team in this country is a significant decrease in the number of customers interested in products. The report provides an analysis of the problem with the focus on two main external customer groups: online buyers and visitors of stores. The report also presents the discussion of information that is collected about customers, sources of information, and ways of how marketing specialists can use the collected information to address customer needs. To contribute to solving the problem identified in Kiko Milano UK, it is necessary to recommend conducting online surveys, developing communities in social media, improving the work of the website, and developing the loyalty program, as well as the system of notifications. These approaches are important to increase the number of customers who buy products in stores and online. Introduction The market in which cosmetics companies perform is very competitive because of the popularity of make-up and care products among certain groups of customers (Yeh et al. 2010). As a result, international cosmetics companies choose to develop relationships with customers to increase their loyalty and address persons’ needs (Brassington & Pettit 2006; Cesari & Lynch 2011). Kiko Milano is the Italian brand of non-expensive professional cosmetics that operates in 14 countries all over the globe ( Kiko Cosmetics 2016). Kiko Milano UK represents the brand in the United Kingdom while supervising local stores and the website. The intense competitiveness in the UK cosmetics market and the inappropriate implementation of marketing strategies that were developed for the international public led to decreasing the number of customers in the United Kingdom ( Kiko Cosmetics 2016). The purpose of this report is to provide the analysis of customer relationships typical of Kiko Milano UK with a focus on the problem of the ‘customer size’ and propose recommendations to improve customer relationships.
Introduction Mrs. G is a 55-year-old Hispanic female who had visited the office for her annual wellness exam. She complained of fatigue and lethargy for the last three months. The patient had also gained weight since menopause in the previous year. She exercised for 30 minutes twice a week expecting to lose weight but instead, she gained 3 pounds. Mrs. G also complained of extreme hunger, thirst, and increased urination. She wanted to know why she had these symptoms and how to lose weight. This paper evaluates the subjective and objective findings of Mrs. G and develops appropriate diagnoses. The paper also formulates an evidence-based treatment guideline. Assessment Primary Diagnosis Type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications (E11.9) Pathophysiology. Type 2 diabetes occurs following a reduction in the efficiency of beta cells of the pancreas, which results in low production of insulin, insulin resistance, and high blood glucose levels. The classic indications of the disorder include polydipsia (increased thirst), polyuria (increased urination), and polyphagia (elevated hunger), and weight loss (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2019). Pertinent positive findings. The patient complained of fatigue, lethargy, increased hunger, and thirst. Mrs. G also admitted that she passed more urine than usual at night. These symptoms had persisted for the last 3 months (subjective findings). The objective findings included hemoglobin A1C of 6.9% and urinalysis of 1+ glucose. The patient had a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (obesity) as indicated by a BMI of 33.8 (ADA, 2019). Pertinent negative findings . The patient did not have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Her urine was negative for ketones, whereas her fasting blood glucose level was 95 mg/dL (within the normal range of 71 to 99 mg/dL) (ADA, 2019). Rationale for the diagnosis. The patient exhibited the classic indications of type 2 diabetes, namely, polyphagia, polydipsia, and polyuria that have been occurring for the last 3 months. The patient had risk factors for the disorder such as being obese, Hispanic ethnicity, and age. The hemoglobin A1C was increased at 6.9% instead of 6.5% or lower, whereas urinalysis indicated glucosuria. ADA (2019) recommends that a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes should be made when a patient meets the above criteria in the absence of the hallmarks of hyperglycemia devoid of repeat testing. Secondary Diagnosis Hyperlipidemia, unspecified (E78. 5) Pathophysiology. Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of high levels of lipids and lipoproteins (such as total cholesterol, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and triglycerides) that elevate the risk of atherosclerosis and low amounts of beneficial lipoproteins such as high-density lipoproteins (HDL). The disorder is a common complication of other health problems such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary artery disease and presents with symptoms such as corneal arcus,
“Overview of SARS-Cov-2 and COVID-19 Vaccine” by Alharbil summarizes the information on vaccines developed against COVID-19. The author analyzes its main characteristics by framing the vaccine as a crucial tool to fight the disease. Despite some content limitations, the paper provides a valuable and efficient summary of the current status of immunization efforts against COVID-19. Namely, the author starts the discussion by describing the origins and symptoms of the COVID-19 disease and then explains the inoculation development process and types. More importantly, the author provides an overview of the five prominent vaccines – BNT-162b2 (Pfizer), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), AZD-1222 (AstraZeneca), Ad26.COV2. S (Johnson & Johnson), NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax). The author classifies the vaccines according to their categories, including genetically encoded, viral vector, protein subunit, viral antibody types (Alharbil 512-513). The author also includes logistical considerations such as transportation and storage into the summary (Alharbil 512-513). In addition, the paper presents an overview of the pharmaceutically-modified-non-injectable types of shots, emphasizing the major developers and the preliminary research results (Alharbil 514). Thus, the author effectively encapsulates the information about the current vaccines and those planned to be used. In terms of evaluation, the paper indicates that there are no sponsorships or conflicts of interest involved. Hence, the credibility of the author and article can be considered high. Moreover, the author has a Doctorate level in Medicine and Medical Sciences, thus, has sufficient knowledge and authority. The major limitation of the paper is that the author fails to include the analysis of other prominent non-western vaccines. For instance, the Chinese vaccine Sinovac and the Russian vaccine (Gam-COVID-Vac-Lyo/Sputnik V) are widely distributed, and their efficacy rate was around 90% (Jones and Roy 643). Hence, adding information about these vaccines into the overview could have strengthened the paper. Thus, this overview can help obtain a sufficient understanding of the prominent vaccines against COVID-19. Medical professionals, policymakers, and scholars can apply the information in this article to get basic information about COVID-19 vaccines. Although the author is reliable, they could extend the paper’s content by incorporating other prominent vaccines into the analysis. Works Cited Alharbil, Nada Abdullah. “Overview of SARS-Cov-2 and COVID-19 Vaccine”. Bahrain Medical Bulletin , vol. 43, no. 2, 2021, pp. 511-515. EBSCOhost. Web. Jones, Ian, and Polly Roy. “Sputnik V COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Appears Safe and Effect
On January 7, 2009, The New York Times published an article by Steven Pinker 1 discussing the effects of genetics on a person’s physical features, personality, and chances of getting certain diseases. One of the diseases discussed by Pinker is Prostate Cancer, a disease that has been shown to be hereditary. For Pinker, according to his genetic makeup, his chances of getting the disease are 12.5%. However, research on the effects of genes on a person’s chances of getting prostate cancer is still in the nascent stage and it cannot be said with any certainty if a person inheriting a mutated gene will get the disease. Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancer among men and its rate of occurrence differs from region to region with men in the United States, Canada, Sweden, Australia, and France most like to develop disease 2 . This fact alone suggests that cancer may be hereditary. However, even though observations attest to the highly hereditary nature of the disease, research in the field so far has proved to be inconclusive, with most scientists failing to isolate the gene or genes which may be responsible for the disease. Over the years, scientists have tried to find the genes which may increase the risk of getting the disease. Some of the genes which may be associated with prostate cancer include HPC1, CAPB, BRCA1, and BRCA2 3 . But confirming the association of these genes with prostate cancer remains tricky. Most studies continue to blame environmental factors over hereditary factors. A number of studies have tried to study the effect of polymorphisms in genes on the incidence of prostate cancer 2 . While different studies have come up with different conclusions, on analyzing these researches, no definite pattern can be found. Once again, though certain mutations seem to increase the risk of the disease in Caucasians, it has not been proved conclusively. It would seem that family history is after all not a marker for increased risk of prostate cancer and mutations in genotype may result in sporadic occurrences of the disease. This, though, has not dissuaded scientists from carrying out studies on different ethnic groups to ascertain if certain genotypes make certain ethnicities more susceptible. In most studies, the risk factor for Caucasians seems to be higher than for another ethnicity, suggesting a reason why men in western countries are more likely to develop the disease. Zabaleta et al 3 also identified certain genotypes which affect Caucasians more and others that are more likely to cause prostate cancer among African Americans. For example, the genotype IL10-819TT was associated with a lower risk of cancer in African Americans when compared to the genotype IL10-819CC. Similarly, genotypes IL10-1082AA and IL10-819CT gave Caucasians a lower risk of prostate cancer. Such studies show that different genotypes affect individuals from different ethnic backgrounds differently, and may offer a clue for future research. In conclusion, even though specific genes have not been conclusively proved to cause prostate cancer, there are enough cases of familial
Humoral immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose primary function is the elimination of microbial toxins and extracellular microbes. It is worth noting that this form of immunity is primarily mediated by activated B lymphocytes that produce antibodies after undergoing differentiation. The formation of antigen-antibody complex may result in various effecter mechanisms or responses including neutralization of bacterial toxins and viruses, destruction of cells or pathogens, complement activation, opsonization of the antigen, adherence of antigens to immune cells, and agglutination. Two forms of responses take place during the development of humoral immunity: primary and secondary responses (Porth, Carol and Matfin, 2010). Primary immune response takes place when the pathogen or antigen is introduced into the body for the first time. During this response, there is a lag or latent period before the presence of antibodies in serum can be detected (Sherwood, 2007). This lag or latent period is attributed to the time taken by antigen-presenting cells to process the antigen before its recognition by the helper T cells. After helper T receptors specific for the antigen recognize the antigen in association with class IIMHC molecules, the T lymphocytes become activated and subsequently secrete cytokines to further active as well as direct the immune system. In humoral immunity, primarily mediated by B cells, activated helper T cells stimulate B lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate into a clone of plasma cells that secrete antibodies. According to Sherwood (2006), this activation process normally takes approximately one to two weeks. Most individuals recover from diseases during the primary response when the concentration of the antibodies nears its peak. Memory or Secondary response takes place on the subsequent or second exposure to the same antigen. During the first or primary response, a section of activated B cells does not undergo differentiation to form plasma cells but instead form a pool of memory B lymphocytes. During the secondary response, there is a rapid rise in the concentration of antibodies reaching its peak within a very short period due to the presence of memory cells (Immune system, 2010) Natural immunity refers to any immunity that an individual acquires during the normal biological experience of an individual as rather than via medical procedures. Natural active immunity refers to the resistance developed by an organism after recovery from an organism. Natural passive immunity refers to resistance that is acquired as a result of postnatal or prenatal, child-mother relationship. D
Introduction The economists distinguish competition as essential to the economic science. They also say that generally the equilibrium is not competition; the Austrians school of economic thought from time to time confuses the two unlike the other schools of economic thoughts (Blecker, 1989). The current models policies are argued upon the general equilibrium structure, while mixed interactive agent-based models have been coming up to confront them. Some economists or in other words competing schools of economic thought which may include the neoclassical , post-Keynesian, Australian, and some other institutional economists all embrace the position that disagree on basics (Samuelson,1947). The Post Keynesian economic thought argued that even if a theoretical pure competitive market circumstances that may include instantaneously flexible wages and prices existed this would not without human intervention achieve a full employment general equilibrium in the money-based economy (Bowles & Boyer, 1990). Therefore the differentiation of products hinders competition because this makes the competitive entrance so costly. To make it more precise neoclassical economic school of thought makes it clear that main automobile companies transform styles probably each year thus increasing the operating cost of competing in this business. Probable competitors might be willing and in a position to undertake the same or similar measures, moreover they simply cannot contend. Alternatively—indeed, on the other hand—the economies of scale also limit the competition. Considering the fact that most definite firms take in lower costs per unit cost due to huge volumes this enables the them to hinder the smaller growing firms, or smaller potential entrants, from entering into the market (Samuelson, 1948). This is because those efficient and well established firms can never compete with the new up coming ones. The neoclassical school of thou
Introduction The reasons for the First Crusade go much farther than religion. The medieval European society was experiencing a period of instability which caused outbreaks of violence, and a split of the Christian church into West and East factions. A variety of economic and political reasons led to the start of the First Crusade. This paper will address the violence of the period, the differences between the churches, and the reasons for the First Crusade. The violence of the Period One of the precursors to the First Crusade was the conflict between European Christians and Muslims over the region of Spain. The struggle itself would go on for centuries after the last crusade, but its prolonged length and lack of foreseeable outcome have created a culture of animosity towards the longstanding Muslim opponent. The active involvement of the French Knights and nobles in the Spanish conflict could explain their dedication to the first crusade (O’Callaghan 137). Aside from the Spanish conflict, the lack of unity between knights and lords led to various private wars which had a majorly negative effect on society. Violence became commonplace, with the church doing little to contain it. Differences Between Churches and Their Perspectives The Western church and its society differed from the church of the East. The West was represented by Pope Urban II who was situated in France at the time. France was a fragmented society of loosely connected lands ruled by lords and knights, with the King not having much more power than them. He was not able to pass laws, and could not have a great effect on the country. The hierarchical system of feudalism was governing the regions with oaths being used to conduct political activities. Peasants had the least power and often were not considered free people (Bloch 311). For Pope Urban II, the First Crusade had to happen for a number of reasons. The religious zeal caused by the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre could be exploited to gather a large army. Political and economic opportunity of having positive relations with the Eastern Church of Byzantine was another factor. Despite the Byzantine Empire instating their own Pope, a plea for help from the area was seen as an opportunity to create a politically fruitful relationship, as well as possibly unite the churches (Tyerman 243). The initial goal of the official crusade was to push back the Seljuk Turks from the Holy Land. With time, however, the goal changed to retaking Jerusalem as it would make the Crusade a religious pilgrimage and would focus the forces on one historically and religiously significant goal (Spencer 57). The Byzantine Empire had a different society than Europe. The society was a combination of Christian, Islamic, and Jewish cultures, with a stable government
Introduction Mental illnesses have a long history of being represented in books, movies, and TV shows, with varying degrees of success. When executed carelessly, these portrayals perpetuate the social stigma and pre-existing negative stereotypes about mental disorders. On the contrary, proper representation of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and antisocial personality disorder are instrumental in shaping productive societal conversations about these topics. As an example of the latter, this paper focuses on the analysis of Charlie Kelmeckis, the protagonist of Stephen Chbosky’s novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower , and his PTSD. Charlie’s PTSD: A Summary with In-Text Evidence Charlie is the protagonist and the unreliable narrator of Chbosky’s coming-of-age novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower . He is a lonely and awkward teenager with a history of psychiatric treatment who struggles to adapt to the high school social life while grieving his friend’s suicide. The novel is comprised of Charlie’s letters to the anonymous reader, in which Charlie depicts his daily life and internal thoughts that take a self-destructive turn as the story develops. As the protagonist navigates his romantic feelings for an older girl Sam, it eventually becomes apparent that Charlie is a childhood sexual assault survivor, previously groomed by his late aunt. Post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, is a mental health condition that develops as a response to a severely traumatic event. The spectrum of symptoms and their intensity may vary from case to case depending on the specifics of the event at fault. However, the common signs of the disorder include involuntary memories or intrusive thoughts, avoidance of trauma-related triggers, alterations in cognition and mood, as well as changes in arousal and reactivity. Interestingly, all of these behaviors have been demonstrated by Charlie over the course of the novel. From the early stages of the story, Charlie exhibits discomfort in sexually charged situations, mainly addressing them as non-consensual in his narration. When Charlie’s friend Patrick becomes a target of homophobic bullying in school, the protagonist’s attempt to defend him manifests in a violent outburst that greatly contrasts his usual manner. During the truth-or-dare game, when asked to kiss the prettiest girl in the room, Charlie impulsively reaches for his crush Sam, despite dating another girl at the time (Chbosky, 2009). Towards the finale, in an intimate situation with Sam, Charlie can’t separate the pleasant experience of touching from the sensation of “something being very wrong” (Chbosky, 2009, p. 202). The encounter ends abruptly as the protagonist goes through feelings of fear, shame, and disgust he cannot explain rationally that manifest in intense physical trembling. On the following morning, Charlie undergoes a mental breakdown with intrusive memories of his aunt and the flashbacks of the sexual abuse she has put him through. Perspectives and Reactions within the Stor
The use of space and mise-en-scene in the movie “The Sixth Sense”, directed by M. Night Shyamalan, is the single most used film technique throughout the movie. Mise-en-scene is derived from the French word which means “put in the scene” (Kolker, paragraph 1). Combined with space a movie can be told in such a way that just the mere angle or placement of objects or characters can tell a story just as succinctly as words. One of the attributes of mise-en-scene is that it can be used in several ways. It can be used in the form of cinematography or it can be used in the form of placement of one character in contrast with another. Mr. Shyamalan chose to use a muted tone throughout the movie. It gives a depressive quality that defines the placement of the characters and focuses on what the general theme of the movie is going to be (Yale University, copyright 2002, Section 2 – lighting, paragraph 7). The movie is based upon the relationship between noted child psychologist, Malcolm Crowe and nine year old patient, Cole Sear. One night, after being shot in the stomach by a delusional patient he has once treated unsuccessfully, Crowe is soon confronted with “Cole” who seems to have the same mental dysfunctions as the patient that shot him, Vincent Grey. After shooting Crowe, Grey then takes his own life. The use of space and mise-en-scene work together in putting all of the important pieces of the movie together so that it doesn’t take more time to get to the point. The movie opens with Crowe and wife Anna arriving home from an awards ceremony. The forma