ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The sphere of pediatric nursing is rather challenging, and nurses need to improve their knowledge regularly while reviewing the latest research and studies in the field. They also should participate in professional associations and societies to enhance the clinical practice and improve the patients’ experience. The most popular and credible sources of information for nurses are the Journal of Pediatric Nursing , Pediatric Nursing , and Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing. To develop practical skills and improve the knowledge of the latest changes in the area as a result of attending conferences, building the network, and focusing on cooperation, nurses participate in such organizations as the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses, and the Society of Pediatric Nurses. These organizations also have their chapters in California. The purpose of this paper is to review the journals for pediatric nursing and discuss the work of associations in terms of their effectiveness to improve the nurses’ everyday practice. Journal of Pediatric Nursing is a peer-reviewed journal that is published by Elsevier for the Society of Pediatric Nurses in the United States. The articles provided in the journal present the results of the recent studies in the field of pediatrics, and the topics include the variety of issues that are related to the health of children from their birth till the period of adolescence ( Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 2015 ). The articles in the journal discuss evidence-based practice, and they can be actively used by nurses to improve their approaches to daily professional activities. The articles provide the theoretical discussions and the evidence that are related not only to the physical health of children and adolescents but also to their emotional health and social context that can influence their development. One more important peer-reviewed journal in the discussed area is Pediatric Nursing is published by Jannetti Publications, Inc. The articles in the journal cover a variety of topics from nursing research, nursing education, and nursing policy to the clinical nursing practice ( Pediatric Nursing , 2015 ). The articles from the journal are important to be viewed by nurses practicing in the field of pediatrics because they can learn the information regarding the administration and policies that is rarely provided in journals like the Journal of Pediatric Nursing. While reading journal articles, a practicing nurse receives the clinically relevant information, examines the data and evidence-based findings, reviews the theoretical debates, and explores the book reviews and case studies. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing is a peer-reviewed journal for nurses who are interested in the evidence-based information and latest research in the field that can influence their practice. The journal is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The main difference of this journal from other ones is
Cognitive biases are a group of biases faced when conducting an emotional research. Cognitive biases are any biases introduced by cognitive reasoning and emotion (Zambardino & Goodfellow 2007). Therefore, cognitive biases are errors in research introduced when information is processed through cognitive filters resulting in misinterpretation of what is real. There are two types of cognitive biases; those introduced by the subject’s thought flow and those introduced by researcher’s cognitive reasoning. Cognitive biases arising from the respondent’s effects include group-think or herd behavior bias and availability bias. Group-think also known as herd behavior bias is a form of irrational behavior introduced when a survey expects subjects to respond as a group. Researchers face herd behavior when using data collection tools like group interviews and focus group discussion. Study subjects are likely to respond in the same way when grouped (Baron 2007). This suggests that a group first reaches a consensus either actively or unconsciously before giving a response. Individual members of the group who may have different opinions may abandon them in favor of the common stand. Therefore, herd behavior significantly influences the result of a qualitative research. To avoid or reduce this bias, researchers ought to interview respondents individually. However, this does not remove the need for focus group discussions in research. Some surveys focus on the overall community opinion as opposed to individual view. Therefore, type and objectives of study will largely influence choice of a data collection method. Availability bias is a cognitive bias introduced by the consumer’s state of memory. Subjects usually remember certain events more than others. In turn, emotions surrounding events largely influence memory. People may remember instances of bullying in school vividly but fail to remember when it started and whether they have been bullies. In such circumstances cognitive reasoning adjusts respondents’ answers. Answers may not give enough detail leaving the investigator with less accurate findings. To reduce the effects of this bias a surveyor should draft both first and probing questions in such a way that they allow the study population to use conscious memory and not emotional memory which works subconsciously. There are several methods used to provoke conscious memory. The most commonly used methods include imagining and imagery. These techniques enable the respondent to give emotional responses objectively without letting cognitive and logical reasoning interfere with them. Biases arising from the investigator’s cognitive reasoning include confirmation bias and hindsight bias. Researchers introduce the two forms of cognitive bias into a survey unconsciously. When an investigato
A Service and a Product There are some organizations whose services and products people often take for granted. Airline companies are one of the many types of firms that belong on this list; fast-food restaurants are another one. Although most of the processes occurring in the corporate environment of the specified organizations have been polished to the point where they have become almost mechanical, an overview thereof will help introduce measurement strategies for improving product and service quality significantly. The reconsideration of the communication errors that occur in the production process, the redesign of the time management strategies used to deliver specific services, and the rearrangement of the Supply Chain Management (SCM) framework that will ensue should be deemed an important (Heckmann, Comes & Nickel 2015). Furthermore, reasonable use of the available data must be regarded as a crucial step toward improving the overall quality of services and products. Therefore, it is assumed that the measurement tools must define the number of errors made in the process and the efficacy of obtaining, processing, and delivering data. The process of booking a plane ticket and producing a book will be considered in the study. Although being only small parts of performance processes in the airline and publishing industries, the specified examples of performance will help shed light on the overall quality issue. The outcomes of the analysis can be used for building a general improvement management framework in the realm of any company that
The Ethics and Politics of Harm Reduction Harm reduction is an ideology or an approach taken in nursing that emphasizes the importance of harm reduction among populations that have to face barriers to healthcare or are representatives of vulnerable populations. According to Pauly (2008b), the prevailing perception of patients as those that need “fixing” negatively affects both patients and nurses because not all groups of patients can be “fixed” quickly. Some of them, such as individuals with mental health issues or addicts, might need more than “fixing” or even start believing that they cannot be fixed. In this case, the philosophy of harm reduction is used as it emphasizes the need of reducing harm from some actions taken by patients (such as drug use, for example). An ethical approach, in this case, is that instead of judging the patient, nurses need to prevent further harm from being developed: “needle exchange and supervised injection sites” are considered as practical tools for harm reduction (Pauly, 2008b, p. 6). The philosophy of harm reduction is a more ethical approach to vulnerable populations as the perception of them changes: they are not seen as patients who do not deserve care for some reason but as equal citizens who should be admitted to care and whose condition is seen as complex and chronic. The underlying principles of harm redu
Introduction In analyzing Plato’s allegory, what is of paramount importance is the philosopher’s theory of knowledge. That is, whether what we purport to know and accordingly assign names to, are real objects or mere forms of reality. In the allegory of the cave, Plato presents a scenario where human beings are tightly chained that they are unable to turn their heads around and are dumped in a dark cave with only source of lighting from the cave’s opening. Fire is kept blazing above and behind them; in between the hostages and the fire, there is a raised way and a long wall on which puppeteers show their puppets (Plato, para. 1). The hostages thus see the images of these puppets on the wall as people, animals, and objects and that of themselves cast by the fire. Talking amongst themselves, Plato supposes that the hostages use language to name the shadows that they see cast on the wall and they are convinced that the shadows are real objects. However, after their release, they are blinded by the immensity of light outside the cave so much so that they encounter difficulties to change their mindset about reality hence preferring to get back to the cave. This paper attempts to establish the veracity of Plato’s claim that appearance is not reality and that what people call reality are shadows of real objects. Appearance and Reality Plato’s contention was the gross ignorance displayed by the hostages through naming the shadows of themselves and of marionettes cast on the wall as though they were real objects. Having been held hostage since their childhood, the prisoners had not been exposed to real objects that they purported to name. Plato, in line with his theory of knowledge, managed to some extent, to argue out the pertinence of his theory. Put in such a condition, one would be at difficulties to discern whether what one sees are images of real objects or are real objects in themselves. In life, it is always easy to lapse into this trap of equating appearance with reality. For instance, people who are colorblind often mistake one color for another, maroon for red, or pink for red. Similarly, a desert mirage can be mistaken for a water body from a distance but in reality is a bare desert. Plato therefore was not far from the truth surrounding the existence of things. Plato had discovered this mishap and endeavored to bring it to our consciousness through his allegory. He argued that it was foolhardy for the hostages to assign names of real objects to the images that they saw cast on the wall. Eventually, the hostages were unfettered and they realiz
Figure 1. Onset of Illness. Table 1. Demographic Characteristics. Table 2. Selected Food. Summary. Background   * Creating safe environment for population is essential;   * Therefore, the representatives of the services in question must strive to identify the existing threats efficiently;   * The sanitation-related concerns and the exposure of the target population to the threat of contracting diseases require proper attention;   * The recent notorious case in the District of Columbia (DC) shows that preventing epidemics is a crucial goal. Goals   * The issue of epidemics prevention will be explored by summarizing the article by Kuramoto-Crawford et al. (289);   * A concise summary of the case, the investigation, and the key findings will be represented;   * A detailed analysis of the subject matter will help shed light on the reasons for the problem to occur;   * Thus, the prerequisites for improving the quality of services and maintaining health safety will be created. Essential Information   * 9/8/2015: a person developed a severe gastroenterological disorder after dining at a DC restaurant;   * Salmonella group D was the reason for the disease and the pain experienced by them;   * The products containing truffle oil were contaminated with the Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis infection;   * Cooperation between healthcare providers, public officials at different levels of influence (from local to state ones), public, and media was required to address the problem. Epidemiologic Investigation: Description   * A case cohort study was designed, and people that had eaten at the restaurant in the following time slot: 7.1.2015–9.1.2015 were recruited for participation;   * Two categories for cases were suggested: confirmed and probable, with control subjects being determined based on DCDOH self-reports;   * 9.9.2015–10.28.2015: 277 people that used the restaurant’s services were identified, of whom 159 (63%) were patients, whereas 95 (37%) were represented by control participants.   * Most of the cases of Salmonella enteric contraction occurred on 8.31.2015-9.10.2015 among the DC citizens, although there were also the residents of 11 states;   * There was no major difference between the control group and the patients;   * The patients reported diarrhea, abdominal cramps, chills, headache, nausea, and fever after dining at restaurant A;   * A detailed analysis and comparison of the food items consumed by 155 patients and 88 representatives of the control group were carried out. Epidemiologic Investigation: Outcomes   * The food poisoning at Restaurant A led to the contraction of Salmo
Potential Threat to the National Security Agency Cyberattacks aimed at hacking and abducting strategically important information of the National Security Agency (N.S.A.) are a potential threat to the integrity of the country’s entire defence complex. Apart from the degree of significance of the stolen data, an insufficiently reliable security system is the reason for concern. The possibility of hacker access to the Agency resources opens up many opportunities for opponents, including the ways to develop plans for a successful attack. All these factors determine the need to analyse specific risks of threats and the ways to deal with them. Targeted Search for Important Information It is logical to assume that a group of hackers working to discredit the N.S.A. and seize valuable data leads an intentional cyberwar. The possibilities of modern technologies prove that even such a reliable system as the Agency’s internal database can be hacked, and, as practice shows, the attempt can be very cynical. According to Sanger (2016), the original program code used by the group of hackers caused the leakage of any data that were later sold at auctions for much money. It allows saying that cybercriminals are deliberately looking for ways to find certain valuable information in order to extract it from the database and expose it as a lot. Consequently, the implication for the Agency can mean that many cranking governments may be aware of the significant aspects of American politics and its government leaders’ purposes. Moreover, the quality of hackers’ work leaves little doubt that professional work was prepared, and the goals were determined in advance. Therefore, in order to prevent the recurrence of such attacks, the N.S.A. needs to strengthen the security system of particularly essential information to eliminate its diversion. Lack of Opportunity to Rely on the Existing System In order for the data protection system to work properly, it is necessary to ensure that all firewalls are able to withstand external attacks and prevent unauthorised persons from accessing databases. However, the previous program showed its insolvency and vulnerabili
Building Effectiveness Relationships Leaders should build the best relationships with their followers in various project management circumstances ( Building relationship and ethical leadership , 2015). Project managers are the right people who can promote desirable team behaviors. When they establish positive relationships with their teams, chances are high that desirable results will be realized. The leaders should use powerful strategies such as influencing others, managing conflict, promoting cultural awareness, and appropriate leadership styles ( Building relationship and ethical leadership , 2015). The use of a coaching leadership approach can result in effective relationships throughout the project’s lifecycle. The established relationships will address the challenges affecting the project’s lifecycle. The Potential of the Coaching Approach Project managers can use the coaching leadership style to build powerful relationships. This style promotes interpersonal trust (Wickramasinghe and Widyaratne, 2012). The followers are motivated to share ideas and knowledge. The leadership model also promotes personal interactions and team-based initiatives. The leaders use face-to-face communication to influence the behaviors and goals of their followers. The leadership strategy promotes the concept of ethics. This practice results in a positive organizational culture. New relationships characterized by trust emerge. The teams collaborate with their project managers in order to maximize results. The coaching model has been observed to ‘promote positive policies, roles, authorities, and responsibilities’ (Muller et al ., 2014, p. 40). The leadership style creates powerful relationships that result in positive outcomes in virtual teams. The leader interacts constantly with the followers in order to address the existing challenges. The wellbeing of the virtual teams improves accordingly. Ethical considerations are also taken seriously by the leaders. Coaching Versus Other Leadership Approaches: Advantages and Disadvantages Leadership theorists support the use of different managerial approaches to deliver project goals. Coaching approach is embraced by managers because it creates positive relationships. The strategy borrows numerous ideas from servant and charismatic leadership models (Farok and Garcia, 2015). Managers use the style to address conflicts. Project managers guide and empower their followers to produce positive results. Coaching is admirable compared to delegative and authoritative leadership styles. However, the coaching approach might not support the needs of virtual teams. Ethical issues might arise and influence performance. The approach might encourage the followers to relax. The leadership model is associated with role conflicts (Parris and Peachey, 2013). New concepts such as teamwork and collaboration shoul
The article “An Overview of Appreciative Inquiry in Evaluation” explains how healthcare facilities can improve the level of performance. According to the authors, Appreciative Inquiry is an asset-based strategy that can successfully facilitate organizational change. The authors explain how organizations can use the asset-based approach to succeed. Every organization should “conduct new studies in order to move forward” (Coghlan, Preskill, & Catsambas, 2003, p. 5). Employees and participants can use Appreciative Inquiry to focus and analyze their personal experiences. These individuals will make informed decisions and change the performance of their respective organizations. The article encourages every organization to use Appreciative Inquiry in order to achieve its goals. Appreciative Inquiry presents a useful philosophy that can help organizations realize their goals (Coghlan et al., 2003). This philosophy can “reshape the existence of organizational learning, development, and management” (Coghlan et al., 2003, p. 6). The organization begins by accepting its position and weaknesses. Appreciative Inquiry improves a company’s performance. This is true because the tool does not focus on the problems affecting an organization. This article explains why leaders should use this approach. Appreciative Inquiry is a complex tool that will make things in an organization much better. The approach seeks to tackle every challenge from the positive side and make the best readjustments. Appreciative Inquiry will provide useful ideas in a healthcare facility. The philosophical concept focuses on exemplary performance. It encourages excellence in order to improve performance. These ideas are significant because they can help healthcare facilities provide quality services. Reference List Coghl
Introduction Wages and benefits are quite imperative in the operations of an organisation. This is considering the fact that they affect the profits, staff motivation and employee turnover rate among other aspects. Various theorists throughout history have analysed factors that influence wages and benefits in organizations. Davis and Moore argue that staffs always desire rewards and they try to acquire knowledge and skills to achieve this desire. It is based on social stratification focuses on training and talent of staffs in relation to rewards given at the workplace. The two argue that functional importance is not a big contributor to rewards as compared to training and talent of employees. In this case, the two tend to link differences in wages to classical economics. Other scholars however find this theory to be quite controversial in nature. This paper shows clearly that the economic system, occupational segregation, unionization and geography play a great role on wages and benefits in an organisation. (Maddison, 1995) Conflict theory Karl Marx’s conflict theory is based on capitalism, exploitation and surplus value. He asserts that the society consists of diverse social classes and individuals whose wealth or materials differ. This results in poor and rich people in the society. This results in wealthy having more power over the poor. The wealthy then tend to exploit the poor who are powerless. The high social class in the society therefore use economics and force to exploit the low class people. (Marx, 1971) According to Marx, a society that is capitalist in nature is run by capital therein. That is materials, factories, money, tools and machines. These are usually owned by the wealthy that form a small percentage of the population. This results in two social classes that oppose each other. These are proletariat or workers and bourgeoisie or people who own capital. The workers’ only asset is their labor time that the capitalists buy. This results in bourgeoisie exploiting workers by paying them less wages and making massive profits. (Marx, 1971) Unionisation mediates wages through having collective bargaining of workers’ grievances to employers. Collective bargaining power is normally achieved through using trade unions. The elasticity of demand for labor leads to the decline in bargaining power relating to overall distribution of rent. This is more so in organisations that have supernormal profits. (Marx, 1971) The use of trade unions is known to play a great role in helping workers have their salaries and wages improved. Unionisation is known to give workers bargaining power over issues such as wages with employers. In a capitalist system, workers are highly exploited by being given small wages while owners of capital make huge profits. Unionisation therefore gives workers the voice and platform to be heard by the capitalists who are the employers. (Marx, 1971) Geography Income is a factor that ha