ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Marketing can be defined as the process of making goods and service available to customers. Marketing helps to communicate one’s product to the potential customers. This includes selling products and promoting them through advertising. Marketing is geared towards satisfying customer needs and through the sale where the marketers earn revenue. Company Analysis The Apple Company was established in the year 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne. Ronald Wayne opted to sell his stake in the company. Therefore, he stopped being a shareholder in the company after his shares were bought by the other two partners. In the initial stages of the company, Mark Markkula was critical in providing the financial assistance and expertise that was needed. The headquarters of the company is based in Cupertino, California. The Apple Company engages in the manufacture of electronic gadgets and software. Some of the software manufactured by the company include the Mac OS X operating system and iTunes, among others. The company also manufactures the iLife, iWork and Aperture. Apart from the software, the company manufactures hardware such as the iPod, iPhone, and iPad among others. Notably, the Apple company also manufactures the Macintosh computers. Steve Jobs was the former CEO of the company but died in 2011. As an entrepreneur, Steve Jobs created a great success story for the company. Most of the activities are based on risk taking. The establis
Group dynamics regulate external and internal relationships in a given social group. Since social groups share common values such as beliefs, roles, norms, morality and needs, both external and internal influences make these groups to respond collectively to imminent challenges that affects them. External influences that threaten continuity and existence of a given social group results into internal responses that seek to strengthen ingroup bonds. Wohl, Branscombe and Reysen argue that, “…threat imposed from outside the group tends to diminish intragroup variability on judgmental dimensions strongly associated with or defining of the ingroup … when threat is perceived, ingroup members show signs of increased ingroup solidarity and cohesion” (899). This observation implies that, when groups experience challenges that threaten their existence, they respond in a manner that strengthens their unity. Group dynamics that define their identity such as beliefs, norms and morality are very critical in enhancing unity amidst external threats that tend to weaken ingroup relationship. Therefore, perceived threats of extinction do elicit ingroup responses that seek to strengthen unity within a group. When a social group perceives impending threats from other social groups that jeopardize its existence, it responds in a manner to oppose the threats. Since the group’s dynamics define and determine the nature of the group, strengthening the ingroup values and beliefs effectively fortify the group against external threats. Wohl, Branscombe and Reysen assert that, “…threats that undermine the structural position of the group in terms of power, status, or distinctiveness tend to enhance ingroup homogeneity as a means of maintaining a positive social identity and preparing the ingroup for collective defence” (899). Therefore, external influences that tend to change group dynamics or cause extinction elicit ingroup responses aimed at counteracting perceived negative influences. Perceived threats of extinction elicit collective angst as an ingroup response that strengthens a group. In response to the impending threats that seems to threaten the existence of social groups, individuals develop anxiety due to uncertainty of survival of their respective groups. Emotions of anxiety in individuals affect their behaviours, which in turn influence group behaviours. “As with personal anxiety, group members who experience collective angst are likely to ready themselves to deal with the anticipated negative events, that is, invest time and effort in behaviours that strengthen the ingroup and shield it from an unwanted future” (Wohl, Branscombe & Reysen 900). Extinction threats elicit collective anxiety as a counteracting response that seeks to strengthen ingroup dynamics such as beliefs and norms that govern and protect intragroup relationships against external influences. The study on Jewish experiences during the Holocaust illustrates that threats of extinction caused them to develop ingroup behaviours that strengthen their unity due to the col
The accelerating pace of scientific and technological change has both positive and negative implications for economic and social systems. Indeed: The change wrought by technological advance continually remakes society, and this transformational process is, on the one hand, central to the dynamic that is commonly labeled “progress,” and yet on the other is a source of continual destabilization and dislocation as experienced by individuals, communities, institutions, nations, and cultures (Crow and Sarewitz 2001: 45). This paper discusses ways in which the scientific and technological advances of the past 200 years have shaped the development of modern economic and social systems. Technology can help to structure social relations since technology helps to “constitute social systems of cooperation, isolation, and dominance” (Sclove, 1995: 11). Three elements of technology as a social structure, with examples, are now outlined. First, technology can affect social structure through coercive compliance, in the sense that technology is used in such a way that it compels people to do certain things in certain ways. For example, driving a car is mandated by law but is also governed by social norms. The second element is subconscious compliance, in which behavior and relationships are reshaped unconsciously. For example, Barley (1986) describes how diagnostic technology (CT scan) restructured the way between radiologists and technicians working in hospitals interacted and so caused the organizational structure to change to suit. Third, technology represents opportunities and constraints. For example, by making some places considerably more accessible than others, a rail system creates opportunities and constraints that influence how people organize their lives and their daily activities. Sclove (1995) also argues that technology has social functions, effects, and meanings outside of those intended and he calls this ‘holy potency.’ Using the example of the rail system again, it can be argued that the intended function of the rail system is to provide convenient transportation among destinations. However, the rail system also impacts the configuration of a range of social characteristics such as patterns relating to the class stratification of neighborhoods. The rail system exhibits polypotency because other forms of social behavior and activity are transmitted through the channels established by the transport system. In addition to the effects caused by the physical structure, the personnel and management infrastructure associated with a rail system can reinfor
For the last year, many political experts from across the globe have been sharing their opinions and forecasts regarding the next president of the United States. The result of the election still appears to be a shock for millions of Americans and the rest of the world. Donald Trump might be a successful businessman and a true patriot, but he lacks the skills and experience to be a good leader of a country and represents opposition to core American values. First of all, Trump has no experience in politics. His experience in business does not give him an idea of what is it like to work in the White House as legislative procedures have a different structure and pace. Being a president is not only about epic slogans and making America great again but also dealing with issues like housing in low-income areas and elementary school reforms, for which he might not have enough interest or patience. Trump’s policies are based on pure populism and consist of impetuous rhetoric and “cynical pandering” (The Editorial Board, 2016, para. 2). The Mexican Wall idea is not only racist but is also impractical and unreasonably expensive. Donald Trump also does not have much knowledge about foreign relations and diplomatic skills. He claims to have a plan to sort out the issue with Syria and Iran’s nuclear control agreement, but he does not say anything specific. Moreover, Trump being in charge of the nuclear arsenal is an extremely dangerous idea from the point of view of national defense. Even though Trump is considered an effective businessman, he has a history of bankruptcies and was suspected of machinations on several occasions (The Editorial Board, 2016). He also did not disclose his tax returns, which is just another reason not to trust him with running the world’s greatest economy. Despite his incompetence, Mr. Trump has gained the support of the majority of the population. Trump’s allies admire him as a strong-willed leader and a tough negotiator. They claim that these skills mean “he wouldn’t be pushed around by the rest of the world, particularly ISIS and Putin” (Roberts, n.d., para. 3). However, successful politics is about negotiation and compromises. Trump does not listen to his advisors, finds it difficult to cooperate, and pursues only his interests. Allan Lichtman, a professor of history at American University, states in his interview with the Washington Post, “We’ve never had a candidate before who’s threatened to start a war by blowing ships out of the water in the Persian Gulf if they come too close to us” (Stevenson, 2016, para. 12). Richard W. Painter (2016) argues that despite the aggressive campaign, Trump will be wise enough to avoid troubles in the Middle East and will have to be more compliant and show some respect toward the Islamic world. Nevertheless, his hot-tempered nature is well known, and there is no such speech wher
Overall, research indicates that there are various patterns in the employment of Australian workers. Some of them are more likely to feel overworked. In particular, one should speak about knowledge workers who are responsible for the creation or distribution of content, analysis of information, design, and so forth. The working day of these professionals has been increased due to the development of information technologies; in many cases, these tools enable employees to work at home (Delaney 2013). Overall, this trend has been observed among many white-collar problems. Additionally, these people understand that the work can be outsourced. In particular, many jobs can be transferred to countries like India or China where Australian companies can find many skilled professionals (Delaney 2013). Furthermore, the survey indicates that unskilled employees are more likely to work the standard number of hours (Delaney 2013). People are less pressured to work longer hours if their jobs are not affected by outsourcing and developments of new technologies. Furthermore, the decrease of working hours has been observed in educational institutions such as colleges. Thus, one cannot argue that this trend has affected every economic sector. It is possible to compare the working conditions in Australia with the practices adopted in Japan. As a rule, Japanese employees work longer hours, even though there are laws requiring that the working day should equal 8 hours. This trend has been observed in various industries. Nevertheless, one should mention that companies usually offer additional compensation to workers. Apart from that, Japanese organisations offer long-term employment contracts to workers (Senda 2015, p. 53). Furthermore, the compensation offered to employees is often based on seniority. In other words, if a person works in a company for a longer period; he/she is more likely to receive higher wages (Senda 2015, p. 53). As a result, many of them feel more committed to the goals of the company. Additionally, very often employees are pressured to spend more time on their workplace activities because those people who leave work earlier can be ostracised by other people (Senda 2015). These people adopt a unitarist approach to the work of companies. In other words, everyone should be committed to the goals of companies. In contrast, Australian employees adopt a pluralistic view on organisations. So, one should not forget about the influence of culture on the behavior of employees because in many cases, a person has to follow the norms that are set by other co-workers. In both cases, Australian and Japanese workers are compensated for working overtime. In Australia, this requirement is included in the Fair Work Act (The Government of Australia 2009). Japanese and American are based on such international treatises as the Declaration of Human Rights. Additionally, Australian legislators say that that an employer can ask employees to work longer hours, if these overtime is critical for meeting the needs of a company (The Government of Australia 2009). Under such circumstances, employees and employers should negotiate the compensation
Organizational culture is one of the most important components contributing to the competitiveness of any organization, including the ones involved in the provision of healthcare services. Banner Health is a network of several nonprofit secular healthcare organizations that operate in seven US states and employs over 48,000 people (Kash, 2017). The network is comprised of 29 acute healthcare facilities that provide services in such areas as primary care, emergency care, laboratory, rehabilitation, and pharmacies. This health system is based in Arizona where it is most actively involved in the development and implementation of numerous initiatives and programs. Banner has quite a strong organizational culture, but the changing medical environment and demographic peculiarities of the population may require certain transformations. This paper includes a brief description of current issues to be solved, a strategic plan to address these challenges, and the most appropriate models for the new strategy implementation. Banner Health’s vision involves the focus on innovation and clinical excellence, ensuring properly coordinated patient care and the development of its staff (“Banner Health,” 2019). The network under analysis is involved in various projects that are associated with innovation, training, and quality improvement. For instance, Banner entered a partnership with the University of Arizona in 2015 (Cairns, Bollinger, & Garcia, 2017). This incentive targets their brand’s increased visibility, the launch of new healthcare strategies and competencies, educational programs, public health initiatives, and compensation projects. However, such programs could be more effective and numerous if Banner Health incorporated this collaboration into its culture. These initiatives are seen as effective partnerships but should be regarded as specific measures undertaken to achieve the set organizational goals. Banner Health is quite prepared for addressing upcoming issues associated with the aging population, a growing number of patients, medical staff shortages, and limited resources. However, it is still possible to improve the current situation by implementing a new strategic plan. Some of the most burning issues of the next decade will be the increase in the workload and the lack of funding. The US healthcare system cannot be characterized by stability at present as the reforms that were launched by Barack Obama are now altered by the administration of President Trump. The lack of stability results in uncertainty that may harm the development of the healthcare system as well as the functioning healthcare facilities. Banner Health manages to operate within the scope of the current regulations, but more clarity is needed (Kuhn &
Introduction   * Social work requires one to help those who have problems and are in need of help.   * I have chosen to help those who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender or questionable (GLBTQ) to have a normal, successful life just like everybody else, and to try and change the attitudes of the society towards this group of people. The Problem and its Significance   * Young adults that are GLBTQ are often known to have been constantly subjected to damaging and cruel treatment by others in high school and college/university.   * Anger resentment and fear towards society   * The Resiliency Theory Empirical Research on the Causes of the Problem (Its Etiology) and Evidence-Based Impact on Society   * Empirical evidence suggests that the problem is caused by intolerance in the society for those who are GLBTQ, as well as reluctance (or inability) of the victims to seek help against harassment.   * According to a survey, GLBTQ students in Michigan State schools faced harassment and lacked access to important school resources such as Gay-Straight Alliances. 97% of GLBTQ students were harassed.   * Due to the alienation and ostracizing of those who are GLBTQ from the society, the society is deprived of the unique skills and god-gifted talents that these people have. These are known as the macro effects of harassment. e Problem from Multiple Perspectives – Micro, Mezzo and Macro   * On the micro level, there should be a clear communication and understanding between the teacher and the GLBTQ student.   * On the mezzo level, groups need to be established in schools and the community to deal with GLBTQ concerns in order to deal with harassment.   * On the macro level, schools specially created for GLBTQ students, openly supporting the cause of the GLBTQ, and the issuance of formal policies and laws for GLBTQ may be done. Cross-disciplinary Perspectives   * Socially, GLBTQ students might be made subject to gossip and rumors, face exclusion from groups or conversations, being left out of activities and made uncomfortable   * Psychological effects include such as insecurity, feelings of humiliation and loneliness, psychosomatic disorders, eating disorders, fear of strangers and depression.   * Anthropologically, the behavior of the society towards GLBTQ people is caused by culture, not concepts of biological sex. GLBTQ students are also more likely to skip class and act anti-socially due to harassment.   * Economically, GLBTQ people earn, on an average, less than their heterosexual counterparts. Attempts to reassign genders through hormones are expensive and out of reach for most GLBTQ people. Cross National Perspective   * It has been shown that developed countries are more likely to adopt a more tolerant attitude towards GLBTQ people. Dominance of religion over the country usually results in a negative attitude towards GLBTQ people.   * The problem is often ignored in many countries, with GLBTQ students often not seeking help against harassment.   * Some countries such as the U.S.
Introduction Taking things personally is problematic for many reasons, one of which is the bias connected to the perception of a situation. In some cases, people tend to misjudge an event based on their previous experiences. Moreover, it is natural for people, such as classmates or coworkers, to see us in a way that differs from our perception. This essay aims to explore the issue of taking things personally, including an individual’s behavior in stressful situations using the perspectives of postmodernity and in the global context. Why People Take Things Personally Taking things personally means reacting to the comments from others and judging oneself based on these statements. Usually, this results in feeling bad about oneself, but when objectively evaluating the case, one can conclude that other people cannot have a good understanding of an individual’s personality (Amodeo). That is why the advice not to take things personally exists. However, according to Amodeo, this is not always possible. As people, we live in a society, and we are affected by the actions or words of others as much as they are affected by what we do. Hence, arguably, it is difficult to be sufficiently distanced from other people’s opinions. The main idea behind a healthy perception of oneself and other people’s views is the ability to no take everything personally and aim to evaluate facts instead of making judgments based on emotions. Understanding why taking things personally may be harmful when approaching any situation is necessary. It is natural for humans to form an opinion about something or someone, for example, a friend, acquaintance, or an event that happened at work (Savage 45). A simple glance at the people’s preferences, for example, a favorite song or a movie, can reveal the differences that exist between different individuals. Therefore, one should accept the fact that others are entitled to having their own opinion and that each person’s view may differ. Firstly, this habit is both a sign of low self-esteem and a factor that can adversely affect it. The perception of ourselves as personalities is a complicated matter. From the perspective of psychology, self-esteem is often associated with poor l
Mass is defined as measuring the amount of matter found in an object and is measured in units of grams or kilograms. Brubaker (2018) defines mole as the SI unit for the amount of substance. Molecular mass refers to the sum of all atoms’ atomic mass within a molecule and is measured using Daltons. The moles=grams/molecular weight formula calculates molecular mass computation. The unknown compound determined from the simulation was magnesium chloride. The method used to determine the unknown compound is called Gravimetric analysis. According to Helmenstine (2020), the gravimetric method is used to measure the compound’s mass. For a gravimetric analysis to be complete, a cation must be found that forms an insoluble compound with chloride. Helmenstine (2020) explains the steps in the gravimetric analysis, which include:  1. Putting the unknown compound in a weighing bottle with a lid sideways. Drying it and cooling.  2. Dissolving the unknown compound. To the solution, adding acidified silver nitrate in excess until it forms a silver chloride precipitate.  3. Heating the solution to increase the particle size for easier filtering and leaving it to cool.  4. Filtering the solution and the precipitate. Drying the precipitate and weighing it.  5. Using stoichiometry to determine the mass of the ion being analyzed. Stoichiometry calculates reactants and products relating to chemical reactions. Narayanan and Lakshmikutty (2016) explain that the medical use of the stoichiometric calculation is to solve unknown quantities of reactants found in chemical reactions producing gas. According to Narayanan & Lakshmikutty (2016), the calculations are also used to determine mg/ml amounts and establish the amount of reaction needed by a reactant and ensure that the right amount of a certain chemical can be found in the medicine. In summary, stoichiometric calculations and gravimetric analysis are used in the field of chemistry. The methods identify reactants in an equation and also the unknown compounds. Additionally, it gives a clear explanation of the mass of the compounds, moles, and molecular mass in any equation. It is also evident that moles and molecular mass are related. Stoichiometry enables the students to make up useful predictions.