ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Conventionally, it is believed that managers should have visionary characters that enable them to establish, ratify, and embrace long-lasting solutions to various business problems witnessed in different organizations. Nonetheless, this has not been the case as evident from some previous instances, which unveiled that most organizations operate with very short-horizons (myopic) and are only reacting to ever-changing environment. It is from this context that the entire arguments in this paper lie. Evidently, what is expected from the global managers (in their endeavours) is not what they exhibit in various circumstances. This has led to dogmatic organizations, which rarely prospect future business dynamics. For example, the recent global economic crisis has indicated that most organizations do not plan for future business challenges ranging from economic downturn to other relevant provisions in this context. It is from this concern that the entire business provisions and organizational managerial aspects lounge. Additionally, it is important to enhance various managerial skills by staying prospective and proactive to business challenges (Pearce 2011, p. 1). Organizations, which are managed prospectively, have always overcome various challenges fronted by market dynamisms. The entire organizational provisions emerge from this milieu. Managers have been tasked with long-term thinking and making carefully considered decisions. Nonetheless, this has not been the case as indicated earlier. The ability to make critical decisions is important in various business contexts. Inability to adhere to this necessity has contributed to the claims made earlier. The current managers have hardly conformed to the mentioned organizational prospects and expectations of the public with regard to managerial provisions (Taylor 2010, p. 40). It is crucial to agree on such matters in order to unveil the exact managerial provisions assumed by such managers. Inability to understand various business provisions and other managerial frameworks have rendered numerous organizations less visionary and unfocused in their business prospects. This paper uses real-life examples to demonstrate these provisions in various contexts. This is a literature review punctuated supported by selected real-world examples in management p
The Sampling Strategy for the Research Proposal The sampling strategy that will be used in the study is simple random sampling (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2015). HIV-infected African American women from the urban setting will be recruited. The procedure of finding the participants will involve contacting some HIV treatment centers and offering its African American female patients chosen randomly from the lists of all such patients to participate in the study. The patients who agree will be asked to complete the survey designed for the study. This strategy will be appropriate because it is likely that the sample will be representative of the general population, for any HIV-infected persons are likely to use the same local HIV treatment centers. Furthermore, it might be hypothesized that the subgroups of African American females with HIV will be represented approximately proportionally in these centers. The Strategies that Have Not Been Chosen This section provides the rationale for not choosing any other sampling techniques described by Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias (2015). Stratified Sampling The method of stratified sampling might be appropriate for this study, but it seems somewhat redundant. Indeed, there might be different subgroups in the population of African American women who are infected with HIV. However, it appears likely that all of them will attend the same HIV treatment centers, and thus the subgroups will be represented roughly proportionally in a randomly selected sample even without stratifying. Systematic Sampling Systematic sampling might also be appropriate for this research. In fact, it seems that it would not be “better” or “worse” than the chosen method of random sampling. The procedure of selecting participants would differ: in systematic sampling, the participants would be chosen from the list of all potential participants by using the sampling interval, whereas in random sampling, e.g., the SPSS randomization procedure (assign random numbers to participants and divide them into groups) can be used. The resulting sample, however, should be random in both cases. Cluster Random Sampling The focus of this research is the African American female population with HIV in general, rather than some “natural groups” that may exist in this population. Therefore, cluster sampling is apparently less appropriate for this study than random sampling. Multi-Stage Random Sampling Multistage sampling can be treated as a more complicated subtype of cluster sampling (Agresti & Finlay, 2008). It has already been shown that cluster sampling is less suitable for this study than random sampling; therefore, a more complicated form of cluster sampling would also be inappropriate, and would only cause additional complications. Non-Probability Sampling Using non-probability sampling would not be appropriate for this study, because this research is aimed at making inferences about the more general population of African American women with HIV, whereas non-probability sampling often does not allow for making inferences about the general population. Quo
“The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) contains the Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS), which is used in the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI)”(Bhushan 1).In addition to this, the “OIICS is used in the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) to code various incidents of the individual injury or illness reported”(Bhushan 1). According to Bhushan, the “OIICS provides a structure to classify the nature of the injury and part of body affected; source and secondary source of the injury; and event or exposure that precipitated the injury”. This paper looks at one of the records contained, regarding injuries, illnesses and fatalities in food manufacturing for the year 2008(Bhushan 1). Introduction The food manufacturing industry is a large industry and has many workers involved in various fields including processing, packaging, and transportation of the farm produce, as they increase the value of the agricultural products for use in grocery stores and households. Most of the workers in this industry are found in the production department, where the environment is diverse. This exposes them to a variety of safety and health threats. Workers in the manufacturing industry are more prone to injuries, illnesses and fatalities than other industries. In addition to this, the incidences that occur in the manufacturing industry usually require the workers to be either transferred or restricted from going to work(Olowogbon 74). According to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), the highest employer in the manufacturing industry is animal slaughtering and processing, while the least is seafood product preparation and packaging. According to the same statistics, the food manufacturing industry gives employment opportunities to about 1.5 million people annually. Nonfatal Injuries and Illnesses The food manufacturing industry indicated higher rates of both injury and illnesses than the manufacturing industry in general, in 2008. These rates of incidences are also higher than those for private industries. The range of injuries for every 100 full-time workers was 4.5 to 7.5, with the least injuries being recorded in the grain and oilseed milling industry, and the highest in the animal slaughtering and processing industry(Bhushan 1). For easy classification of the incidences, they are divided into three sections namely: those with days away from work; those requiring
Introduction Managing people’s performance is an aspect that determines the prosperity of an organization. In this regard, management must be concerned about the allocation of roles among employees, determination of performance, and provision of solutions to problems of performance. This discussion will touch on the aspects that managers should consider when allocating duties, elaborate on the significance of developing KRAs and KPIs based on organizational objectives, and solve a case study facing an organization practically. Aspects Considered during the Allocation of Work Managers cannot randomly allocate work. When conducting this exercise, they must consider various critical aspects to get desirable results. In a nutshell, these aspects include organisational objectives, competence, operational needs, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and consultation. Essentially, these aspects are regarded as the main ones when it comes to drawing a work plan. Organisational Objective This is probably the most crucial consideration that managers and supervisors must consider. It is based on the premises that all undertakings of an organisation must be oriented to the goals of that organisation. This implies that all activities must contribute to a common objective as stipulated by the organisation (Keay 2011). In this regard, the allocation of work is not exempted from this requirement bearing in mind that it is a major organisational activity. As a result, managers allocate work in accordance to what they want to achieve. In some cases, the organisations accomplish their objectives through projects. In this case, the allocation of work must be consistent with the goals of that project to attain the common organisational objective. Particularly, it helps the managers to determine how many people are required to complete the task and the ones who are relevant to the identified task. This ensures that the quantity of the workforce is appropriately considered, and the quality of work is guaranteed. For example, if an organisation aspires to evaluate its historical performance, it could involve the stakeholders who have been in the company for a considerable time (Ngai and Pissarides 2011). In this case, those people have the required history regarding company performance. Otherwise, involving stakeholders who have been in the company for a little time could lead to poor results since the players might not have substantial information. Competence Understandably, various people in an organisation have different levels of competencies according to their experience and academic level. This implies that their effectiveness varies according to their capabilities in terms of experience and professionalism. Also, people are competent in different areas of specialisation since they have diverse professional backgrounds. This means that each person could perform a task related to the area of specialisation in a better manner than others. As a result, managers must consider people’s levels of competencies when they are allocating roles. This could ensure that each person is allocated t
Introduction The diseases that affect the stomach have some similarities in their clinical presentation and pathophysiology. Such conditions as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, and peptic ulcer disease (PUD) are often interconnected, with one of them resulting in or affecting the other. The changes that these disorders cause relate to acid production, and especially its normal process of secretion. The normal production of gastric acid is based on numerous stimuli, three main phases (cephalic, gastric, and intestinal), the Intrinsic factor, and the state of the parietal cells (Huether & McCance, 2017). Some patient factors also influence the pathophysiology of these conditions – gender, while not being the most significant contributor to the diseases, affects people’s presentation and prevalence of GERD, PUD, and gastritis. Therefore, the diagnosis and treatment of these patients also depend on gender differences. GERD, PUD, and gastritis are diseases that manifest themselves through the problems of gastric acid production. Female patients may have more serious symptoms than male ones, but men can suffer from these diseases for a longer time than women. Normal Pathophysiology Normal acid secretion and production happen in three main steps. The first one is the cephalic phase, during which the person’s gastrointestinal system is stimulated by the thought of food, smells, and tastes (Huether & McCance, 2017). The next phase is gastric – the process of consuming food that distends the stomach. The stomach starts the process of secretion after gastrin, histamine, somatostatin, acetylcholine, and other chemicals are activated. The central component of all gastric secretions is hydrochloric acid. It is produced in the parietal cells which perform it using hydrolysis of water (Huether & McCance, 2017). Acetylcholine causes the secretion of gastrin, which, in turn, leads to the production of histamine. Histamine activates the receptors and influences the work of the parietal cells (Huether & McCance, 2017). Changes Major alterations to the pathophysiological processes in the stomach cause the discussed gastrointestinal tract disorders. In the case of PUD, the use of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) by the patient or the infection of H. pylori erode the mucosal lining of the stomach and, thus, decreases its protective features (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). As acid is a corrosive agent, it damages the lining and leads to the formation of the ulcer. The pathogen of H. pylori and the use of drugs also play a significant role in the development of gastritis as well. Gastritis is characterized by the inflammation of the stomach’s lining that can lead to ulcers, meaning that the two conditions are connected (Sipponen & Maaroos, 2015). Many causes of GERD exist, but their effect is similar – they lead to the failure of the lower esophageal sphincter that protects the esophagus from acid (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). The absence of this barrier leads to the acid flowing
Introduction Several social entrepreneurial behaviors, processes, and issues occurred in my class. The class is composed of international students, and the fact that I knew only one boy was quite challenging. The tutor divided us into groups of five, where every member was from a different culture and this posed a significant social problem since I had not dealt with local students before. However, an interesting experience arose whereby Nikki, a local student in my group volunteered to help me understand the group activities since the English used in the group was quite different from mine. A real-life example of Nikki’s willingness is seen where she always helped me with a good heart even at late night. I do not like the idea that I came late and was scared to share my business idea in the first meeting of the group. According to Kolb’s model, this is wrong since for one to be prosperous then he should stand out of the crowd. I like the fact that every group member was pleased with my business idea. Discussion My own understanding of social entrepreneurial behavior is a behavior that puts passion, creativity, and determination of a social group together with the aim of achieving a certain goal. One of the conclusions that I can derive from my observations and experience is that it is a personal responsibility to stay productive and engaged in any social or group activity. One needs to cultivate a thorough understanding of himself in terms of his strengths, weaknesses, and values since through this, he can attain true excellence. Another conclusion that I can derive from my observations and experience is that the only way to realize one’s strengths is through obtaining feedback. (Bonk & Zhang 2006). The achievements of the team were at first hindered by problems of cultural and language barrier, which made the group members to feel uncomfortable with one another. The fact that the group member’s were willing to assist each other helped the group to achieve its goals. The theory I have read makes a lot of meaning to my experience in the group. For instance, for any social work to be effective, then the members should try to understand each other and make use of their strengths. For instance, in my group I used Nikki to help me understand the group activities. The generalizations I can make for the wider world include the fact that people who try to change themselves to fit in a particular social group have very low chances of succeeding and should instead work hard to enhance their performance (DeFillippi & Wankel 2006). Recommendations Prosperity in today’s world requires that every person be his own brand without considering age and social status. Every person has an opportunity of being successful through learning, improving, and enhancing skills (Peters 1997), (Fayolle 2010). This means that every person has an opportunity of standing out of the crowd in his own way. For one to be his own brand, he should first identify the features that make him different from his colleagues and make the necessary steps to stand out from the rest. Since we li
Dharma, in its simplest sense, means righteousness in the performance of one’s duties. To define what is right or wrong is a difficult task because what is right in one religion or culture may not be acceptable in another. The sense of righteousness is also subject to change with time, and the way humans evolve. What is right in a particular era may be considered as wrong in another era. Bhagwat Gita , the holy book of the Hindu religion, deals with dharma and what can be considered right and what is perceived to be wrong. This paper is an analysis of the adharma or lack of righteousness on the part of Kauravas, and the dharma or righteousness of the Pandavas. The Bhagwat Gita is presented in the 18 th chapter of Mahabharata , one of the two great epics of India, and recognized as such by the rest of the world. It is also considered as the longest literary work in the world containing approximately 100,000 verses. The Background What is told in the Mahabharata is basically a simple story, the rivalry between two groups within a single family. The two groups are the Pandavas who number five and the Kauravas who number one hundred. But the underlying message of the story and the teachings of the Bhagwat Gita is, in fact, a lesson for all men and women who are conscious of the concept of dharma. Even though none of the main characters in the story are painted as black or white, each of them does have traces of grey. It is the Kauravas who appear to be almost black and the Pandavas nearly white. In other words, the Kauravas represent anti-dharma or adharma through the metaphor of black and the Pandavas are shown to be the followers of dharma. The Kauravas and Adharma The Kauravas and their leader and eldest brother, Duryodhana, is shown to have a lot of anti-dharmic qualities. His negative traits manifest themselves even during their younger years. The Pandavas and the Kauravas, after completing their education under the great sage Drona, are asked to give an exhibition of their prowess for the benefit of their king Dhritarashtra, the blind king. Arjuna gives a scintillating display with the bow and arrow and Duryodhana feels jealous; thus demonstrating the first signs of hatred for Arjuna and the Pandavas. From there, this intolerance begins to take a deeper root, and engulfs the family. Once when the Pandavas were tricked by Duryodhana to visit a temple festival, in a distant town called Varanavata, his plan was to build a palace there made out of inflammable materials to lodge Pandavas. Duryodhana asked its builders to construct it in such a way that
Introduction Church Dogmatic refers to the works of Carl Barth on various doctrines of God. Theology has received a massive attention from researchers since the inception of formal learning. For a long time, various individuals have been concerned with the ability to understand God. God works in a special way. It has been in the interest of many scholars to create a clear understanding of the values of God. It is also their concern to help explain how human beings should relate to God. 1 Carl Barth was one of the scholars who dedicated his entire live in trying to explain how this relationship works by coming up with doctrines to help clarify the issue. Theologians in the current society have increasingly found the work of this scholar highly valuable. The work of Pope Pius has had a huge impact on the current practice of many theologians, as his principles were found to be very relevant. Although there were times when his views were nearly forgotten, current scholars have revived them with a huge impact. The works of this scholar are not only relevant to the Catholics but also to other religions. According to many contemporary scholars, the works of Carl Barth are important to both the Catholics and Protestants 2 . This is because of the focus of the scholar. The focus of his works is on Jesus Christ. He strongly believes that all religious matters start with Jesus. He observes that for an individual to understand Christianity, he or she must have an understanding of Jesus. Lack of proper understanding of Jesus would be a clear indicator that the individual lacks knowledge of the Christian religion. The second focus is on ethics. This scholar sums the teachings of Jesus as Ethics. Since Jesus knew that God works in an ethical way, he observed all religious principles. Jesus’ teachings were based on acting ethically. When he was leaving the earth, he left only one commandment to be followed by all. The commandment was that people should love one another. This was meant to ensure that societies maintain ethics. When people develop love towards others, they maintain high ethical standards. Therefore, all other commandments would be automatically followed. This study seeks to unearth the assertiveness of the church as taught by Carl Barth. Thesis Statement Barth’s work was based on two fundamental factors, which are ethics and Jesus Christ. The work of this scholar is relevant to both the protestant and Catholic churches. This study is focused on analyzing his work and determining its relevance in the contemporary work. Scholars in the contemporary world can utilize the views of Barth to bring about unity and understanding in society. Church wrangles are not good for Christians. Church leaders fight in the public implying that they serve their own interests. The views of Barth, particularly on ethics, can help in ending wrangles. Need for Research Theology is one of the most developed fields of study. It is through the guidance of the spiritual leaders that the peace can be maintained in the society. According to this scholar, religion plays a very important role in society 3 . Some societies have been associated with certain