ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Enzymes are described as biological proteins which accelerate the rate of reaction of a chemical substance, while inhibitors are elements which reduce the speed of catalyzed reaction of enzyme through connecting into the enzyme and jamming the reaction of enzyme (Hunter, 2009, p. 41). Enzymes function in the human body through reducing the activation energy creating sure that reaction in the body will begin. From the biological statement, it is considered that for each action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and in this instance, issues which affect the function of enzymes are called modulators. If these modulators stimulate enzymes, the rate of reaction catalyzed will considerably raise, however if the modulators do not stimulate enzymes that rate of reaction catalyzed will considerably reduced. The possible catastrophic effect of inhibitors, temperature and other kinds of proteins is an example of explanation why such modulators are extremely controlled by human body. Temperature, considered as amount of the concentration of heat, is a significant feature in the functions of enzymes and the speed of an enzymatic reaction is greatly affected by temperature. This can be explained as substrates come into contact with active sites often in the existence of molecules which are in a fast motion. Additionally, even though such molecules in human body usually are in fast motions, the velocity of the reaction goes down instantly. This shows that thermal agitation brings about enzymes (protein molecules) to these molecules do move rapidly the speed of the reaction drops piercingly (Karp, 2009, p. 102). In short, thermal agitation causes protein molecules (enzymes) to change its nature (breakdown of protein arrangements) and every enzyme has particular point of temperature where its rate of reaction become rapid without breaking down the enzyme. The outcome of the test can be predicted that enzymes at 25˚C would be highly active than 12˚C, and that 12˚C would be highly active than 45˚C (Karp, 2009, p. 102). Furthermore, if the chemical potential energy generated in the process grows to be large enough, the activation energy present in an exergonic reaction may be attained and a transformation in the chemical form will occur. The outcome of the chemical potential energy will depend on the degree of chemical kinetic energy on the enzyme molecules in the structure when there is collision of any two molecules. When the temperature of a system is raised, it is likely that large number of molecules per unit time will attain the activation energy; hence the speed of the reactions can go up. From the above discussion, every enzyme has array of temperature where an optimal reaction rate is attained and this upper
The current social situation in United States suggests that the notion of racial differentiation is extremely important. Indeed, division into social groups in accordance with race is a common phenomenon in educational establishments, workplaces, and in routine life in general. It determines people’s way of life and attitudes of others towards them. However, is such differentiation justified? In his article “It’s Class, Stupid!” Richard Rodriguez managed to prove the existence of another, more objective criterion for social groups’ differentiation, which is wealth level. One of the main issues of the author’s concern is color of skin as the most significant factor for living in American society. Rodriguez gives a lot of evidence for this idea, using elements of exemplification in his article. For instance, the author mentions the American writers, who “are brilliant at describing what it is like to be a racial minority” (Rodriguez, 1). Using such irony, the writer clarifies to the readers his position, showing that he disapproves such preoccupation of his nation with race differentiati
Military bases are perhaps the most unsafe areas, in terms of accidents, both accidental and planned. This is mainly due to the kind of equipment that is found in such bases. Accidents and incidences may also arise due to the fact that the military is used to violence. In some military bases, officers have reportedly engaged themselves in reckless shooting sprees, shooting everyone on sight as a result of their personal problems. Other incidents like weapons accidents like bomb detonations have also occurred in several military bases. The bases are also not an exception when it comes to vehicle accidents, fire accidents, contagious diseases, equipment losses etcetera. Despite this, measures can be carried out to ensure that the military workplace is safe, and that incidences are substantially reduced. This paper is an exploration of the safety measures that can be taken to reduce incidences and accidents in the military workplace. One of the measures that can be taken to improve military workplace safety is the implementation of strict guidelines for investigation and reporting of accidents. This will ensure that disgruntled officers do not perpetrate acts of violence on their fellow officers. It is also of essence for the army to have a safety program that outlines policies, procedures and responsibilities that have been developed for preserving the resources of the army. This is aimed at ensuring that resources do not get lost, and also providing a platform for conflict resolution in the case of theft of resources. There should also be strict guidelines on the contracting processes used in acquiring army equipment. This will ensure that the materials procured for the army are in good condition, and thus they will not cause accidents. Also of essence is the implementation of strict control measures to reduce the likelihood of spread of diseases among army officers. Emergency treatment measures should also be planned in order to respond swiftly to any outbreak. Of, arguably, more importance is the efficient management of explosive equipment. This will ensure that explosive equipment do not cause accidents, planned or unplanned, within the military bases. There is also a need to have fire fighting materials in the military bases. This will be very instrumental in mitigating losses incurred in case of a fire. Officers should also be appropriately trained on response measures in times of accidents to make them able to mitigate losses incurred in case an accident occurs. Examples of such skills include fire fighting skills, first aid
Gazprom, a state-owned energy giant, is one of the leading oil companies internationally. The company undoubtedly holds the largest gas reserves in the world. However, it has recently experienced several challenges owing to the ever-changing international markets, demand and competitions. The company’s management has, therefore, foreseen a scenario where the company’s fortunes are at stake due to international market demands. The major goal of Gazprom is to become a leading global energy company. The company aims to achieve this through diversifying its business activities globally ( Strategy 2003). Being a state-owned company together with geographical location of Russia, the company stands a better position to reach all markets in the world. Gazprom has strategies to attain international business. According to the company’s management, their export strategy is based on their long-term system of contracts under the principle dubbed “take-or-pay”. Their gas price has been pegged to the price of petroleum product. The underlying principle set by the company based on their export strategy is the maintenance of the unified export channel. The company exports oil and gas to regions such as Europe, CIS and Baltic States, America and Asia-Pacific ( Strategy 2003). The company’s marketing and trading arm (Gazprom Marketing and Trading- GM&T) has been vital in enabling the company to reach its global markets. The entity has expanded the company’s markets reach from European markets to other parts of the world. The entity has also helped the company to monitor and respond to the ever-changing dynamic markets in energy operations. The secret behind the operations of the firm is the adoption of the business forecasting software and advisory reports from Ventyx ( Gazprom Marketing and Trading Success 2013). Ventyx keeps Gazprom at the highest levels of business developments as it analyzes potential opportunities. This ensures that the company trades in a continued, appealing profitability and creditworthy business ( Gazprom Marketing and Trading Success 2013). To address the challenges in international markets, the company has opted to use GM&T. The entity provides the company’s customers with integrated energy solutions. This has created a good rapport between the customers and the business. Indeed, the company has achieved a lot through this link. To overcome the challenge of constantly changing international energy landscape, the company has employed experienced analysts. This team works tirelessly to satisfy their customers. This team monitors daily activities in the business as well as designs both the short term impacts as well as long-term investment strategies ( Gazprom Marketing and Trading Success 2013). Through this, the company has maintained their customers’ satisfaction globally without making losses. Other achievements that the company has achieved through its international strategies include:  1. Exploration of all investment opportunities that exists in global markets  2. Potential long-term trade relationships with other states  3. International regulations that govern trade on energy so that the company i
Introduction College athletics is one of the biggest and fastest growing industries in the United States of America. This phenomenon has been necessitated by the increasing ratings of college athletes every year. This means that universities and colleges that manage to produce stronger, bigger, and faster athletes generate more revenue because of increased sponsorship (Terp 17). In addition, the institutions make additional income through concessions, as well as sale of tickets and merchandise. Over the years, colleges and universities across the United States have continually used their athletic success to entice a high number of applicants by promoting their institution as a center of excellence (Karaim 9). The plight of college athletes in America has been a major topic of discussion across all spheres in the country, with some people championing for them to be paid while others want to maintain the status quo. Without a doubt, college athletics has been one of the critical pillars of America’s cultural setting and economic prosperity over the years. However, numerous proposals to have college athletes be allowed to make money have faced a lot of criticism and rejection from colleges and athletics administrators in the country. Although student-athletes are classified as armatures, that does not mean they cannot earn while still in school because college often acts as a stepping stone for those who end up having prolonged playing careers with professional teams (Terp 26). Considering the numerous financial benefits that student-athletes bring to their institutions, it would only be fair if they were paid for their efforts. Discussion Student-athletes should be paid for their efforts just like any other sportsperson because their talents are often used to genera
The article chosen by the poster discusses the disadvantages of the incident to billing and the advantages of a value-based system of reimbursement. Rapsilber (2019) argues that the first approach makes NPs invisible, thus erasing their role in health delivery and crediting all quality-related efforts to physicians. As a result, NPs are not viewed as primary care providers. Then, the author suggests that a value-based strategy is much more effective than other models because it highlights the impact of NPs on practice and focuses on quality rather than resources used. This idea is in line with the one discussed by Bellot et al. (2017), who believe that nurses, patients, and organizations benefit from treating NPs as primary care providers. While they view this question from the point of managed care organizations (MCOs), they come to a similar conclusion – NPs are an indispensable part of the healthcare system. The issues analyzed in both articles reveal a set of underlying problems that NPs face in the legal and financial aspects of practice. Rapsilber (2019) and Bellot et al. (2017) note that nurses’ scope of practice regulations greatly limit these professionals’ ability to treat patients. Nurses who are not recognized as primary providers of care cannot advocate for themselves in full capacity. Moreover, they depend on their supervising physicians when trying to achieve a higher reimbursement rate. For these reasons, the scholars behind both pieces of research urge government institutions to review NPs opportunities. They also suggest nurses seek a value-based, collaborative approach, where NPs work together to increase the level of autonomy, billing through their own means or contracts with MCOs. Overall, the conclusions of the articles agree with the increasing need to recognize NPs for their contribution.
American history is rich with events and figures that shape the image of the whole nation. Certain prominent people, especially those who contributed to the country’s well-being, are often at the center of media, and especially the cinematography. At the same time, due to different reasons, they are not always portrayed with proper historical accuracy. This paper aims to prove that the 2019 film Harriet can be considered detailed and realistic, and the image of Harriet Tubman mostly corresponds to historical facts. Some elements of her biography and the timeline of the events have been changed; however, it did not significantly influence the perception of the character. Therefore, in this paper, Harriet Tubman’s life and achievements are compared to those presented in the film. First, it is necessary to provide an overview of Harriet Tubman’s biography and contributions. In American history, she is known as a political activist who supported the abolitionist movement and contributed to saving enslaved people. She was born around 1820 in Maryland into an enslaved family (Krasner). Araminta Ross by birth, she became a slave like her parents and her ten siblings, two of whom were already sold (Krasner). Tubman’s mother was an example for the future abolitionist activist (Bradford 73). Her main goal was to secure the future of her family, and her will and resistance significantly influenced Harriet’s character. During her childhood, Araminta, or “Minty,” was exposed to her mistress’s abuse. She helped with babysitting and started working on the farm when she became older (Krasner). At an early age, she already demonstrated her strong will and intelligence as she tried to find ways to avoid constant abuse. In 1844, she married a free black man John Tubman, took his surname, and changed her first name to Harriet after her mother (Dunbar 29). In 1849, she ran away from the plantation and headed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she could earn a living (Walters 199). From that moment, she decided to dedicate her life to rescuing enslaved people, starting with her family. In total, Harriet made thirteen forays to conduct enslaved people along the Underground Railroad. Among plantation owners and slaves, she became known as “the Moses of her people” (Dunbar 37). Despite the constant attempts to capture Harriet, she was never caught. During all her life, she tried different roles, including working as a nurse and a spy. Indeed, when the Civil War broke out, Harriet spied on the confederate territory and supported former abolitio
Introduction There is a great number of cultures in the word and it is obvious that they have unique features which make them different from another. These differences are formed under the influence of different factors, such as environment, mentality of people and religion. All these factors are very important and they depend on each other. Environment influences formation of the mentality of people while it, in its turn, leads to the appearance of certain religion and its peculiarities. People believe in certain things which can seem illogical or even ridiculous to other people, however, they are very important for them and, that is why, these beliefs should be respected. However, unfortunately, very often some conflicts can appear within the framework of different religious and cultural issues. Though, modern age is considered to be the era of tolerance and democracy, some misunderstandings still remain and they can be very dangerous. It is possible to analyze manifestations of this problems in order to understand the nature of conflict better. Nowadays, Islam is one of the most popular religions in the word which still obtains popularity. It is obvious, that some peculiarities connected with this religion exist. First of all, these peculiarities are connected with food preferences. Moslems are prohibited to drink alcohol or eat pig meat. That is why, special products are needed for them in different countries 1 . Australia is not an exception. Moreover, some fears are connected with the money which is obtained from distribution of these products. However, there are also fears connected with the reaction of Islamic Law and terrorist groups on this issue. That is why, taking into account importance of the question, it is possible to analyze the issue of halal food in Australia, its image there and different perspectives on its promotion. Additionally, the fear connected with the development of terrorism due to the incomes obtained from selling halal food should also be investigated. Literature Review There is a great number of sources devoted to the issue and they can be used in our research. First of all, the article Byron Cookie Company breaks silence on anti-Halal can suggest some basic information connected with the issue, providing a reader some ideas of mutual dependence between halal brands and terrorism. Additionally, the article Claims Halal certification fees fund terrorism ‘absolutely wrong’ suggests some other perspective on these problems, providing the information which will be useful in discussion connected with the issue of terrorism and halal products and brands. Moreover, the article Representations of Islam in the politics of Mosque development in Sydney by Kevin Dunn also can be used in the research. It investigates such important aspects of the issue as image of people, who
In this laboratory work, we compared the rate of dissolution of crystalline sugar in equal amounts of water at room temperature, depending on the degree of crushing of the cube. In particular, two of the four sugar cubes were ground to presumably the same consistency, while the remaining two cubes were not affected in any way. Afterward, all four sugar cubes were placed in transparent glasses, where water was poured. The time taken to dissolve was measured. Table 1 was compiled for the convenience of visualization of information obtained during this experiment. Table 1 . Experimental data on time measurement. Time       1 st cube (g)  2 nd cube (g)  3 rd cube (un)  4 th cube (un) 9 min      8.5 min        29 min         41 min         Avr. Time  8.75 min       35 min         As can be seen from Table 1, the time spent on shredded sugar cubes was, on average, four times less than what it took for the unground ones. Such results may indicate that the degree of crushing of a crystalline substance directly affects the dissolution rate in the solvent. Since the unspoiled sugar cubes reacted for a long time, it means that mechanical grinding can reduce the dissolution time. If one checks this information in the sources, one can find that, in fact, the connection between the grinding area and the dissolution rate is as follows: the authors point out that this effect is due to the removal of the mass of the substance from the substrate by diffusion (Seager et al., 2018). In other words, the tiniest sugar crystals are detached from the massive particle since the water dipoles create a hydration shell around the sugar molecules.
The primary aim of the author of this book is to present the reader with the story of political revolution in China in the early twentieth century. He demonstrates this by analyzing the happenings and aftermath of the May 1919 Beijing demonstrations. He argues that these demonstrations gave way for political transformation in China, which the people of China are enjoying its fruits today. Mitter brings out the assertion that the main agenda of these demonstrations was to disconnect China from ancient ties to Confucianism and establish sound development and democracy. He offers the readers with the central theme of transformation of society sparked by the demonstrations. The introduction of the book starts with the description of demonstrations held on May 4 th 1919. The author conveys that students from various Universities and colleges held these protests demanding Justice for China in the global arena. These demonstrations caught the attention of the police, who arrested thirty two of the protestors. The author also presents the name that sparked out of the incidence; the “May Fourth Movement.” He argues that even though these demonstrations did not involve many people, they served as a benchmark for the transformation of the future politics of China in the preceding generations. Mitter clearly demonstrates this by analyzing specific occurrences, changes and ideas that constantly developed through time. The Author provides the readers with a precise development of China from the date of these demonstrations to modern day China. He presents the outcomes of the great revolution that occurred due to the 4 th May demonstrations. He makes the readers understand that this was a great day for China. During the time of the 4 th May demonstrations, there was fragmentation in the politics of China and there were only 2800 students in the Universities. To present a clear picture and offer comprehensive development of the revolution, the author describes the actual happenings of the demonstrations. In this case, Matter describes how these college and University students beat up a former minister and then set his house on fire. In addition, Mitter provides a detailed description of the origin and development of communism that the new movement sought to eliminate. This description starts from past years of Imperial and Republican China through to the events of May 1919. He makes readers realize that the students who came after the 1919 demonstrations provided a fertile ground and the personality required for the transformation depicted by contemporary China. These students initiated the ideas as well as the political viewpoints that transformed China into a more modern state. The author also provides a comparison between the development of China and their Asian neighbor Japan. Mitter clearly demonstrates that Japan was much ahead of China in development and mo