ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Confucius (K’ung-fu-Tzu, 551-479 BC) is one of the most prominent sages -at the same time dominating also- of ancient time who have swayed the political and moral arenas of different nations over the world. His scholarly teaching and thoughts emerged as the most dominant philosophy over the vast east of Asia. Throughout the passage of the upheaval of different dynasties his moral and political doctrines shaped and had been manipulated to shape the people’s life of this region. Through the adoption of Confucius’s doctrines in the Han Dynasty Confucianism grew into one of the three religions, (Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism) though Confucianism is more of a philosophy than a religion. But why Confucianism was adopted by the Han Dynasty is probably the sole reason for its survival and popularity with the ruling class throughout the centuries. The instant success of the doctrine was to present a stable and sustaining society. But at the same time, it was able to compose a society unquestionably submissive to the rulers. Consequently, it retained its appeal to them. The causes of the success of Confucianism lie beneath the context in which he composed this philosophy. The misery of the war-torn society of his age worked as an inspiration for him to preach his moral and political doctrine. The society that he envisioned is illustrated in different approaches. His primary focus was on social relations, proper code of conduct, and social peace and harmony. As a result, his teachings were widely accepted by the Chinese rulers as a state education for the citizens to make them loyal. One of Confucius’s Quotations -“ Let a father be a father, a son a son, and a king a king ” -( A Misfit: The LTA in Our Confucian Society)went well with the rulers as it asserts the role of king to be the king of the people without any clear-cut answer what the people should do in case of their rulers’ delinquency. Components of Confucius’s Thought The primary concern of Confucius is the misery and the distress prevailing in the society because of the immorality of its people. He presents ideas and thoughts to remove these immoralities. He was concerned with the improvement of the government’s and society’s level of morality. “He was convinced that the problem with government and society was a lack of virtue.” Almost all the virtuous qualities of Confucius’ consideration are stated in the above description. Sincerity, a willingness to learn, restrained desire for material things, and loyalty’ are the key terms of the moral life of man. He also advocated a form of moral life that includes filial piety, knowledge of ritual and poetry, humility, self-cultivation, and a code of conduct. Confucius argued, “If you are virtuous, people will be attracted to you (and, if you are a ruler, your government), willing to provide you with help and information, and happily follow orders.” The stages of Confucius’ moral doctrine can be defined, according to the ethical pattern of western p
In the history of the U.S., there have been an extended number of great and powerful influencers who used their inner strength to advocate for freedom and truth and make people’s lives better. Some of them used speeches and letters as their tools to influence society, spread their point of view, and allow everyone to see the real situation in the country. Many of these letters and orations are now studied by philosophers, linguists, and political scientists in order to gain an understanding of the motives and actions of those influencers. For example, “The Ballot or the Bullet” by Malcolm X and “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King, Jr. are such historical pieces. They allow modern people to see how these figures perceived democracy and understand the American legal system, what strategies they used, and how they were influenced by their religion. While all these aspects are interesting, the purpose of this paper is to study Martin Luther King’s and Malcolm X’s perceptions of democracy and strategies of power and resistance. To begin with, it is essential to notice that, in his letter, Martin Luther King expresses severe disappointment in the fact that both the White Citizen’s Councilor and the white moderate tell African Americans to stop their actions and wait. They insist on the current unnecessity of the Negro community gaining their rights and freedom. However, this is what leads America to democracy. According to the activist, the latter means allowing all people to live freely and without fear, segregation, violence, and the need to fight for their rights. Democracy is the ultimate absence of discrimination and prejudice, and in a democratic state, children should not feel inferior because of their skin color (Thepostarchive 00:14:02-00:14:41). Simultaneously, parents should not worry about their kids’ lives and health just because the people around them are opposed to their race. Finally, democracy does not allow any unreasonable sign or characteristic to be used against a person and in order to humiliate their dignity and deprive them of their civil and human rights. In his letter, Martin Luther King Jr. describes the recent events and mentions some strategies that were used by the Negro community. Noticeably, all of them were peaceful and did not initially contain violence. As noticed by the activist, “in any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action” (Thepostarchive 00:04:29-00:04:37). While facing racial injustice, segregation, and brutality, experiencing unfair treatment in the courts, and having their houses and churches bombed, African Americans still tried to engage the city’s white power in good faith negotiations. When this strategy failed, it was decided to change the plan. According to Martin Luther King Jr., they chose to prepare for nonviolent direct action that “seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to nego
Introduction It is worth admitting that medical professionals are not the only people who can promote better population health. Politicians also bear responsibility for this process because they can affect the issue administratively. Relevant laws, regulations, and other legal documents can significantly influence how care is delivered to people. That is why it is impossible to overestimate the role of US presidents and their administrations in addressing multiple healthcare problems. The president is the head of government, meaning that this political figure has the power to solve the existing problems. However, various preferences, political agendas, economic conditions, and others result in the fact that presidents can differently address the same issues. The paper’s purpose is to identify how Donald Trump, Barack Obama, and George Bush approached the opioid crisis, explain which administration succeeded with the issue, and mention why nurses should participate in healthcare agenda setting. Agenda Comparison The Population Health concern and the factors that contribute to it The opioid crisis is a significant problem that adversely affects the population’s health. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2021), the issue emerged in the late 1990s when pharmaceutical companies insisted that patients would not have an addiction to opioid pain relievers. Thus, healthcare professionals start actively prescribing these drugs, which led to the fact that more than 47,000 individuals died from an opioid overdose in 2017 (N
There are many literary texts that explore controversial political, social, and economic issues. Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness , written at the end of the 19th century, is a novel that provides a valuable insight into the realities of colonial Africa. Disguising the work as an autobiographical traveler’s story, the author chooses to focus on the issues of race, colonialism, and the indigenous, which become central to the author’s exploration and the story in general. This paper aims to explore these concepts as they are represented in Conrad’s work and to provide some explanation for the reasons and consequences of such representation in the contemporary circumstances. Colonialism Due to the novel’s setting in the European colonial era, colonialism is, indeed, at the very center of the work. The protagonist, Marlow, is an autobiographical figure through which the author portrays his experience in Africa under the colonial rule (Clendinnen 5). Despite the common preconceptions of the Europeans of the time, the author seems critical of the colonialists: Lawtoo argues that Heart of Darkness is a “narrative struggle with colonial praxis and ideology” (46). At first glance, it seems that Conrad portrays Europeans in a favorable way, as fellow travelers on a wild coast; however, as the story progresses, the author starts to reveal the tragedy brought by the colonial rule. In particular, he describes the effect that the colonialism had on Congo and its population: “They were dying slowly – it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now, – nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation, lying confusedly in the greenish gloom” (Conrad 25). Not only the people are affected by Europeans, but also the land and nature: in other areas acquired by the colonialists, the land became a “shackled form of a conquered monster” (Conrad 58). Conrad portrays Europeans as invaders and conquerors
Metaphors are often used by writers to evoke imagery and feelings that could be otherwise impossible to reach without a replacement that emphasizes the intention of an author. The poem “Because I could not stop for death” by Emily Dickinson uses an extended metaphor to transform the perception of a viewer on the topic. In this essay, I would like to analyze the metaphor used by the author and how it changes readers’ experiences. The poem itself is based on the metaphor that personifies death and indirectly describes one’s passing. The author’s masterful use of an extended metaphor transforms the act of dying into a carriage ride. Dickinson (1890) describes how the Death “knew no haste,” as the cart slowed down, perhaps pointing out that a person is now dead and is taken to the other side. The descriptions that a now-dead person passes by represent their life, but there is no remorse in these lines. With the use of this literary device, the author is able to avoid any negative emotions. A person leaves their life in this world and moves towards the light of eternal peace, and this calm ride excels at representing such a journey. In conclusion, the metaphor used by Emily Dickinson allowed her to deliver the desired emotions about such a tragic event in a way that allowed her to put a different shade on it. This literary device helps the author to create a vivid image in which a reader is transported to a peaceful, serene environment. Moreover, it helps Dickinson to allude to the dying mind while excluding emotions that are often associated with death, such as grief, remorse, or sadness. Reference Dickinson, E. (1890). Because I could not stop for death . Academy of American Poets. Web.
General Electric (GE) is one of the top companies in the United States as well as in the global market. The company’s success has often been associated with the name of Jack Welsh who contributed greatly to the development of the company (Grant, 2005, p. 336). Welsh introduced innovative strategies that made the company one of the leaders in the world. Jeff Immelt, who became GE Chairman and CEO in 2001, has become a deserving follower of Welsh’s ways (Grant, 2005, p. 336). It is important to note that the success of the company is not confined to effective marketing strategies. It has been acknowledged that effective HR strategies contribute significantly to a company’s performance (Gates & Langevin, 2010, p.124). General Electric is one of the companies which understand the importance of the right HR strategies as they pay a lot of attention to this issue. It is also necessary to point out that the company has worked out HR approaches that match up with the company’s marketing strategies. One of the major strategies the company pursues is concerned with integrity. Thus, Jeff Immelt articulates the company’s statement of integrity: For more than 125 years, GE has demonstrated an unwavering commitment to performance with integrity. At the same time, we have expanded into new businesses and new regions and built a great record of sustained growth, we have built a worldwide reputation for lawful and ethical conduct. ( The Spirit & The Letter , 2008, p. 1) The company strives to follow the principle of integrity in relation to its customers and suppliers as well as its employees. The company has worked out a specific strategy to follow the principle mentioned above. Importantly, each employee has to follow this principle ( The Spirit & The Letter , 2008, p. 5). Such HR approaches as control and commitment are used to bring the strategy to life. Thus, GE leaders are supposed to encourage employees to follow the major principles of the company. The leaders are also supposed to raise awareness of the importance of integrity. It is necessary to note that the company follows the same principles when cooperating with its clients and suppliers. Thus, GE employees are to follow the code of conduct which is based on the principles of integrity ( The Spirit & The Letter , 2008, p. 6). These principles have become vital as the company has entered the international arena. Admittedly, each market may differ considerably as each country has specific laws, rules, and cultural peculiarities. General Electronic makes “globalization “work” for employees, customers, governments and investors” ( Growth Starts Here , 2010, p. 2). The company’s employees are trained to conduct in accordance with existing norms in each country. This policy helps the company to pursue the major principle of integrity and ethical conduct. The employees are taught to develop proper relationships avoiding unlawful actions ( The Spirit & The Letter , 2008, p. 19). Another important principle cherished by GE is concerned with a material interest in the company. In the first place, one of the major aims of the company is to gain profi
The TV shows will tend to portray violence in some of the episodes. The most common TV series such as the Walking Dead and American Horror Story are filled with the violent acts, as the characters have to survive in the cruel world. One of the episodes of the Walking Dead Ricks leads the group to protect the city from the horde. At the same time, the city is attacked by the tribe of Wolves, who aggressively murder the citizens (The walking dead 2015). The citizens have to respond to protect their lives. As for the context of the violence, Carol aggressively reacts and tries to protect her neighbours from the newcomers (The walking dead 2015). The female character with the European appearance of the middle years fights with the representatives of different nationalities, who attacked the city. Nonetheless, her actions have the protective nature, as in this case, it is necessary to react rapidly to stay alive. Other characters, who live in the city, fight to the death to protect their family and friends. In this case, the violence can be discovered as an essentiality and necessity for survival. In this instance, the selected episode of the Walking Dead included the violence, as the main characters of the show have to fight for their survival in the world after the apocalypse. The main characters of the TV show are put in the stressful situation where the violence is the key response to the cruel reality and underlines their ability to survive. It remains one of the reasons for the necessity of the aggression in this episode. Nonetheless, the producers of the TV series understand the growing trends for the aggression and violence among the young viewers of the episode. Nonetheless, the active existence of the violent acts in the popular TV shows contributes to the cultivation of this trend (Jamieson & Romer, 2014). There are several ways of how media violence causes desensitization in people. The people get used to the constant presence of violent scenes in their lives. This fact contributes to the development of the desensitization towards violence and aggression and presence of the violent and aggressive actions in their lives (Huesmann, 2007). This reaction is not surprising, as people tend to copy the behaviour, which is actively displayed on the screen and adapt to their living standards. The mind has to adapt to the constantly repeating images of violence, and, in the end, considers it as a normality. Additionally, the presence of the aggression and the violence in the media causes aggressive arousal among the viewers and the inability to control their anger due to the influence of the images on the psychological stat
Nuclear war is the issue that has been discussed for a long period of time by a number of writers and researchers. It is not always easy to give a clear definition whether nuclear war is a pure negative or a pure positive aspect in human life, this is why it is always interesting to offer new ideas and introduce some captivating perspectives. In this paper, the two works by different people will be analyzed in this paper to comprehend how nuclear war may influence the society. Herman Khan was an American futurist who promoted a lot the nuclear strategy that was spread in the United States of America. His On Thermonuclear is one of the most powerful books where the author makes an attempt to describe and evaluate the nature of nuclear war and its importance. Another powerful work is created by Stanley Kubrick; it is the movie Dr. Strangelove where the idea of nuclear war is perfectly satirized from a variety of perspectives. These two authors even cooperated to introduce one powerful and effective idea, still, their standpoints seem to be rather different as the movie introduces the nuclear war as something absurd, and the book aims at describing the war as something inevitable and not as dangerous as many people usually think. On Thermonuclear is the story about nuclear war and its possible effects on the society and the existing balance of power. In this book, the author underlines the fact that nuclear war is something that people could be ready for; still, when the time to experience the effects of the war comes, it turns out to be that people are not actually ready for such danger. Of course, society may recuperate after the war is over, however, it is so difficult to predict the outcomes and be sure about the true nature of war. The most powerful issue in the book is probably author’s argument that this type of war may be unwinnable for people still possible. Though the book does not aim to promote the war, a number of critics accept such message as a kind of threat to society and social inability to control the events. The author wants to prove that people’s possibilities are great indeed, however, they are not always powerful to gain the desired control. In his turn, Dr. Strangelove introduces another point of view where he admits that nuclear war is of accidental character and is considered to be a type of failure of deterrence. In spite of the possibility to explain that nuclear war does not have any positive outcomes and characteristic, this character tries to justify the creation of nuclear weapon and the necessity for the countries to have it in the arsenal. In comparison to Khan, Dr. Strangelove understands that it is not always possible to control nuclear war, that the results will be dramatic for people, and that society should take more care of the conditions under which weapons are created and stored. In general, the positions of both authors are clear enough: it is not right t
Summary In the article, “Don’t Ask Me About My Salary History”, Kristin Wong, the author concludes that wage disparities are still rife across the United States. However, different states are taking significant steps to address this problem through legislation. For example, Massachusetts has banned employers from asking job candidates how much they earned in their previous jobs. Such a question is discriminatory as it allows employers to tie an employee’s current wages to historical salaries. This trend has negative ramifications, especially in an era when the country is pursuing equal pay regardless of gender. The author uses primary sources including state and local laws and bills to support her thesis. She also quotes policymakers supporting equitable pay and the reduced wage gap. Taste-Based and Statistical Discrimination Taste-based discrimination, also known as preference-based discrimination is based on the idea that employers may not want to hire employers from some population groups due to perceived psychological costs of hiring such individuals. In other words, employees are hired based on their gender, race, religion, and other related demographics. On the other hand, statistical discrimination occurs when hiring decisions are based on statistical evidence. For instance, statistics indicate that women are more likely to quit their jobs after getting children as compared to their male counterparts. Therefore, companies may decide to employ men to avoid costs associated with hiring and training replacements. The proposed law addressing equal pay and gender wage gap will not change hiring patterns if firms have taste-based or statistical discrimination. The policy only addresses the issue of wage gap or pay inequalities, but taste-based and statistical discrimination happens pre-hiring while wage discussions arise after hiring has taken place. Consequently, the question of a job candidate’s previous pay will not arise because if someone belongs to a certain group or gender, he or she will not be considered for a job opening in the first place. However, in some cases where taste-based discrimination exists, companies would avoid hiring certain employees completely. For instance, in cases where whites do not prefer to work with blacks, employers can pay the whites compensating wage differential to convince them to work with blacks. In this case, blacks could be paid minimum wage and the difference is added to the whites and thus companies do not suffer losses in compensating wage differentials. However, with equal pay, it means that such companies will pay blacks and whites equal salary based on work done. Therefore, paying compensating wage differential to whites would be an extra expense on the company. In this case, organizations would rather avoid hiring blacks to cut the costs associated with compensating wage differential. The same applies to businesses practicing statistical discrimination. Gender Wage Gap Policies The policy requiring employers not to ask a job candidate’s salary history will not help close the