ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The United Nations (U.N.) was born on June 26, 1945 after fifty nations from around the world including the U.S., U.K., USSR, France and China signed the Charter of the United Nations in San Francisco. Official ratification by the five states which were also permanent members of the U.N. Security Council occurred on the 24 th of October, 1945 and this marked the official formation of the U.N. The League of Nations which had previously held the mantle of ‘world peacekeeper’ subsequently dissolved itself to pave way for the newly created body. From the UN Charter, we draw conclusions that the intention of the founder members of the U.N. was to form a body that could effectively address all global issues related to peace and security. However, from 1945 to date, the world has never been completely at peace with all manner of strife and conflict beginning from the cold war to the current Middle East versus the West conflict. New threats such as terrorism and civil strife keep the U.N. occupied and sometimes overwhelmed such that some conflicts have received less attention than they deserved. The UN Charter mandates the Security Council to be the sole decision making body on all matters concerning peace and security around the world. Article 24 of the Charter states that the signatories grant the Security Council power to act on their behalf on all matters regarding global peace and security. It further mandates the council to act within the U.N.’s powers and principles and to submit annual reports to the U.N. General Assembly on the progress made in terms of its mandate. The Council, according to Article 24 should consist of fifteen members, five of which are the veto-wielding countries- France, UK, US, USSR and the People’s Republic of China. The other ten non-permanent members are to be elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years (Norman 2005, 6). The Charter in Article 39 envisages that “the Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of peace, or act of aggression… and shall decide what measures shall be taken….(UN Charter)”. Article 42 then gives the council the green light to “ … take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and operations by land, sea, or air forces of Members of the United Nations.” In addition to the Security Council, the U.N., with the aid of ‘specialized agencies’ such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has come up with several pieces of legislation in the form of conventions that deal with particular threats to international peace and secu
The Golden Age of Korean cinema formed around the post-war national identity that was sharply divided. The country itself was healing from the traumatic experiences of the war and evolving its perceptions of gender, culture, and politics. The historical and political divisions essentially defined cinema. One of the most critical aspects of this age was the great emphasis on female protagonists. This resonated with the deep cultural divide that was tearing at the national identity during the Cold War tensions. The absence of men in these films represents an empty center that was the chaos of South Korean society at the time. The Golden Age melodramas are similar but inherently different from the Western style. Personal emotions become central to the interpersonal interaction that revolves around familial, social, and political issues. Behavior standards are based on social class rather than emotional or moral apropos. The South Korean cinema was a network of global cultural influences that sought to represent feminism in defiance of the government censure. Women are portrayed as independent, self-sustaining, and opposing traditional social structures. The film Madame Freedom was the most precise and revolutionary example of such tactics. It presented a juxtaposition of values in regards to social space, gender, and socio-historic temporalities (McHugh, 2005). There is a strong critique of the Western lifestyle and leisure that the protagonist seeks to adopt. However, the female character fails, which seeks to represent the dangers for Korea being pressured by the contemporary Western influences. It was a film that sought to explore the combination of domestic culture with the global perspective at the time. Overall, Korean Golden Age cinema was influenced by Italian Neorealism, French art, and American epics. The arguments developed by McHugh are undoubtedly critical in exploring not only the evolution of South Korean post-war cinema, but also its reflection of the internal cultural struggles that the country faced. I think the discussion helps to analyze an important time period in South Korean cinematography from a socio-political and historical perspective. The author makes accurate reflections and valid connections throughout the article. Although the presented arguments make sense, it is difficult to ascertain the intentions of the filmmakers the way that McHugh does. Especially after admitting that she is not from the heritage and only encountered the culture later in life, McHugh seeks to state with confidence the cultural strife that the count
Introduction It is impossible to imagine the modern world without phones and messaging. The new technology penetrated even in Youthline help rooms. In her article, Haxell (2014) uncovers the way New Zealand young people seek help and receive emotional support. The author clearly explains the background of SMS messaging related to crisis hotlines and states that this type of communication confidently prevails over calls and e-mail inquiries. Such vital indicators of communication between support and youths in crisis, such as accessibility, friendliness, and relevance, are evaluated. The excerpts of real conversations are analysed properly, thus leading to the conclusion that a text medium can serve as an effective means of emotional support only in case all of the mentioned indicators present in a conversation. Considering the importance of the raised theme, it is necessary to identify the target audiences for which it would be of interest. In this regard, the dissemination strategy would be developed, including such audiences as practitioners, young people along with their parents, and academic researchers. A range of potential barriers to sharing the results of the article would be considered as well. It also seems essential to provide a critical evaluation of the suggested dissemination strategy to reveal its applicability to modern practice. Target Audiences of the Dissemination Strategy The research by Haxell (2014) can be, first of all, important and interesting to practitioners. Taking into account that they are primary support providers, they may be interested in how to enhance their performance and offer the most relevant support possible. The exploration and utilisation of new knowledge related to modern technology can make their support closer to youths, in particular, to their concerns and problems. Pascal and Bertram (2013) argue that the dissemination strategy is something more than just seminars, video presentations, and other similar activities. It is rather a way to engage practitioners in the study findings, thus transforming practice. Indeed, consultation and training along with workshops appear to compose more comprehensive tools to share the findings (Mcdavitt et al. 2016). It is significant to ensure access to the study through peer-reviewed journal articles and web-based materials. The study discovers the application of new technology, the use of which becomes an integral part of the nowadays environment. Both young people and adults one way or another are involved in technology use. Therefore, the identified study can be employed to come up with corresponding solutions in the field of counselling and psychology (Silverman & Patterson 2014). In the wider context, the practitioners of different communities and co
Decision analysis The professionals in medicine or clinical practice are often faced by difficulties in choosing from a set of options that define different courses of actions. Difficulties encountered in such cases are mainly caused by the uncertainties associated with each of the options that are aimed at improving the health of a patient. The treatment options available for use by a medical practitioner have potential harms as well as benefits to the patient. In order to make a decision on which treatment option to apply, the practitioner has to conduct an analysis of the harms and benefits of each of the available options (Aleem, Schemitsch, and Hanson, 2008). Care has to be taken when seeking for information upon which the decisions will be made since the decision will have a lone term effects on the health of the patient. Lack of resources and proper information has resulted into poor decision-making processes that have been witnessed in certain instances. It has been observed that in several decision-making cases where there is no proper clinical evidence, “the choices appear to be made based on the intuition [of the practitioner] than a rational weighing of the outcomes and probabilities” (Aleem, Schemitsch, and Hanson, 2008). This often leads to very negative results in the complex situations. Therefore, it is important to understand that, “just like businessmen and persons in other organizations, clinicians are required to choose a course of actions from among various strategic alternatives” (Detsky, 1987, p.322). Decision analysis involves an examination of the advantages and disadvantages of all the treatment options that are available. According to an article titled Decision Analysis (N.d, p.2) “decision analysis is a logical and systematic way to address a wide variety of problems involving decision making in an uncertain environment.” It involves the application of evidence-based medicine to enable a clinician to come up with the appropriate treatment option that can be used on a given patient. Before the option can be implemented, it is important to examine the factors that are specific to the patient. The available resources as well as the preference of the patients need to be considered to have effective treatment. For instance, consider an individual who has had a displaced femoral neck facture. It is observed that the individual can be subjected to two treatment options, arthroplasty, or internal fixation (Aleem, Schemitsch, and Hanson, 2008). Researches have indicated that the former is favored over the latter. However, the patient had witnessed a situation where another relative suffered joint stiffness after undergoing arthroplasty. He is traumatized by the same, thereby preferring the other option. If the clinician does not seek the preference of the patient, then the treatment option adopted can be of adverse health effect to the patient
Abstract This research paper examines the emerging operational challenges in airport management. Using the existing literature in airport management, the paper assesses the challenges and changes that have occurred in the air transport industry. There are challenges in the airport management operations especially where the number of passengers has increased and the capacity needs to be expanded. The fuel and maintenance cost are high. Security need to be enhanced with the ever increasing terrorism threats. The foreign currencies change in value and global recession as well have a significant impact on the airlines. The airports have been privatized with an aim of increasing efficiency and generating capital. Air traffic congestion has increased and there is great need for expansion. Traffic delays have also increased. International and local regulations have complicated development plans. Human resources have engaged in strikes to claim for increased compensation. The challenges can be overcome by privatizing and commercializing the airport services. Increasing security and safety measures are necessary. Sharing information, facilities and forming networks will improve traffic congestion and decrease delays. The airport can maintain good relations with human resources and shareholders. In the future, traffic congestion can be reduced by making integrative planning with the air transport industry, government and international aviation bodies. Planning will consider expansion, traffic control and environmental factors. Introduction Air transport is a development that has greatly contributed to economic development across the globe. Airports provide the facilities and resources which include the run ways, terminals, gates, freights among others. Besides the infrastructure, airports have to provide services that meet the needs of the passengers. Airports are similar and sometimes different in their services, management structure and ownership. They are in different locations where some are very advanced and others are developing. Although they are diverse, there are common challenges in the air transport industry that have emerged. Different airports have adopted diverse strategy in their operations to enhance the performance of the airports. Managing the airport effectively is a significant role since globalization emerged. Airport facilitates economic growth and the airport management role is to ensure that all the functions of the airports enable successful operations. They depend on transportation of goods and people. Air travel is a growing sector which has its own challenges. The airports destinations have a significance impact to the neighboring environment. Strategies have been adopted with the aim of reducing the challenges and increasing chances of success in the industry. This research paper reviews literature to investigate the emerging operational challenges in airport management. Methodology The paper reviews literature on airport management. It will pay attention to research based literature on the operational challenges that have emerged. It will make note of the measures taken by some of
Introduction Nursing theories have a significant influence on nursing practice as they allow not only set the goals and extract the theoretical value but define the outcomes and retrieve practical use. Two types of theories can be identified within the framework of nursing: Grand theories and Middle Range theories. Researchers state that Grand theories are more complex used to explain the broadest issues within the discipline and are not subjected to testing and amendments (McEwen & Wills, 2014). Meanwhile, Middle theories lie in between abstract theories and concise ones and represent more specific ideas and concepts, and can be empirically tested (Alligood, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to investigate and compare The Neuman System’s Model and Braden’s Self-help theory. Neuman’s Grand theory represents a systemic approach towards relieving stress and the human necessity of protection. In contrast, Braden’s Middle theory describes the facets that have a negative and positive effect on one’s quality of life. Background of the Theories Betty Neuman is a pioneer in the field of nursing, specifically in the sphere of mental health investigations, since the 1960s. She created her model, which was developed over time, and published it in 1972, and since then, her model was widely used in nursing colleges not only in the United States but also across the world. The concept of her theory is aimed towards the systemic approach to stress relief and the human need for protection. According to McEwen and Wills (2014), “Neuman believed that the causes of stress could be identified and remedied through nursing interventions” (p.150). She highlighted the dynamic balance that is crucial for humans and used a method of intervention as a way of prevention. Neuman’s model is considered perspective as it is abstract, universal, and have a wide range of appliance for any human of a different culture. Carrie Jo Braden is a professor at the School of Nursing in Texas, famous for her publications about the five-stage Self-Help Model. This theory concerns the promotion of independent functioning, self-reliance, improvement of the psychosocial wellbeing of a patient with the help of nursing intervention (Chuang, Lin, & Gau, 2010). The method is based on the research that deals with learning how to learn to respond to chronic illness and understand the dynamics of the reaction learned. Nevertheless, there is a need to perceive the dynamics of this learned response because sometimes it depends on a personal trial. A learned response presumes a procedure of daily facing manageable adversities by retaining control over the problems. Comprehending the process of s
There is a conventional belief that the performance of an employee depends on the level of job satisfaction. It is common knowledge that employees who have job satisfaction will give a great performance as well as enjoy their work. Job satisfaction also depends on a number of factors like employee personality. From this it can be seen that all these factors are dependent on each other. A lot research effort have been directed at finding out the relationship between job satisfaction and performance but the factors that lead to job satisfaction have not been deeply explored. Recent studies have shown that the individual personality of an employee plays a key role in determining the level of their job satisfaction. This paper will look at the role of employee personality in job satisfaction and the various employee personalities that are suitable in a crisis. Despite the strong relationship between satisfaction and performance, it has been proved that job satisfaction alone does not necessarily improve performance. A combination of strong positive personalities with job satisfaction will definitely lead to maximum performance by the employee. Employee personality is key to both job satisfaction and high performance. Personality is a collection of the characters and qualities within an individual that make them distinctive. A negative personality will always affect the work environment in a negative manner. For job satisfaction to be achieved, the work environment must be at its best. A positive personality will always make the working environment look positive. There is no doubt that the individual attributes of a person can greatly influence the general operation of the company. Employees with a creative personality will help change the old and redundant systems by creating new systems that are relevant and easy to work with. This satisfies the creator and the rest of he employees in the organization. On the hand, these creative people can bring confusion and chaos in the working environment if their talents are not complemented with a balanced personality. Those employees with good organizational skills help in bringing stability and order in the organization. Stability and organization are vital in achieving job satisfaction. When creativity lacks in a work environment, new idea that can bring job satisfaction are suppressed thus eliminating any possibility of change. A dynamic and flexible working environment is key to attaining job satisfaction. Employees with a sage personality are also the most satisfied. Employees with a sage personality are good communication skills and job enjoyment. These are the kind of employees who are good at speaking, writing and have exceptional body language to accompany that. Employees with this type of personality naturally have fun and enjoy everything they do. This lively atmosphere is automatically passed down to other employees. Their excellent communication skills enable them to freely share thei
Introduction “The Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself” is the first narrative written by a witness of the African slave trade, thus it has a great historical value. Many of the Africans, whom the white people had as slaves, were stolen from their families and were cruelly treated during the transportation. Lack of information about their further destiny made them full of fear. At that time, the West was far more developed than Africa. Most of the slaves had never seen the ships before they got on them by force. The new reality, strange-looking white people, speaking a different language, and whose behavior was brutal and merciless, provoked dreadful thoughts in Olaudah’s head. He believed that everything was mystical and that the white people possessed some kind of magic force. Main body During the transportation the slaves were chained, they were tortured with hunger and flogging, they had to suffer multiple illnesses and injuries. Looking at all these miseries of the African slaves, Olaudah thought about death as a relief. Olaudah observed that the white people were cruel not only to the slaves but also to the other white people on the ship. Nevertheless, cruelty towards black people was much stronger. There was a time when the cargo was transferred to the ship’s deck, and all the slaves were put in a small area under the deck. It was very hot and crowded. Many people suffocated and died. The place was filled with bad smells which made people sick. Many slaves died and were thrown into the sea. The ship landed at Barbados, where the slaves were sold to merchants. Many relatives and friends were separated; this separation caused tortures of a different kind. In the USA many acts regulating the slaves’ behavior were adopted. For example, when an English servant ran away with the black slaves, he then replaced the absent slaves and he had to do all their work. Many acts regulated the work of women and their children. The children born in America could become free only with their mother. The children’s condition depended on the mother’s condition. The marriages between black and white people were forbidden, the fine for interracial marriages was imposed. Even the whipping of slaves was regulated by law. Conclusion As the planter William Byrd wrote in his journal, the whippings of the slaves were as ordinary as playing billiard, reading Greek, or drinking chocolate for breakfast. Byrd’s notes make it clear that the slaves’ punishments were a part of planters’ daily life at the beginning of the 18th century.