ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The world of business is a complicated phenomenon in which there are specific rules and laws according to which the relations between the companies are structures. Marketing and distribution play an important role in business, and the companies always try to update how they distribute goods and increase sales rates. A distribution channel is the best way for good distribution, but recently numerous companies start to transform their distribution channels into vertical marketing systems (VMSs) to achieve greater success in the market. The example of Procter & Gamble Company that adopted the VMS in 2007 allows seeing how a conventional distribution channel evolves into the VMS. Literature Review/Theoretical Foundations Starting the discussion of the evolution of distribution channels into vertical marketing systems, it is necessary to define the basic terms used in the discussion. Thus, Gerth (2005) defines a conventional distribution channel as the structure that “consists of one or more independent producers, wholesalers, and retailers” and whose “members are separate businesses seeking to maximize their profits—even at the expense sometimes of the system as a whole” (Gerth, 2005). At the same time, Gerth (2005) and Berkowitz et al. (2000) argue that the VMS is the system in which all the distribution participants, i. e. producers, wholesalers, and retailers are joined by either a contract or the supreme power of one of them, who controls distribution process. The transition from one form of distribution to another is carried out, according to Berkowitz et al. (2000) and Kotler & Keller (2008), when the company increases its market share enough to dictate its conditions to other market players. Application/Research Findings/Methodologies Accordingly, the activities that Procter & Gamble Company was busy within 2007 can be interpreted as a confident attempt to establish its dominance, at least in the cosmetics market. According to ECM (2007), in February of 2007 Procter & Gamble Company concluded the distribution agreement with The Beauty Systems Group (BSG), which operates over 720 retail and wholesale stores around the USA (ECM, 2007). This step allows Procter & Gamble Company to achieve two goals at once; first, the company obtains the opportunity of promoting its goods in the nation’s widest retails stores network; second, Procter & Gamble becomes the dominant player of the cosmetics market with the nationwide distributional opportunities for its products. The contract with BSG allows speaking of the VMS being implemented by Procter
A fan is an enthusiastic devotee of something. The object of adoration could be sports, a famous person or an entertainer. This enthusiastic devotion is sometimes obsessive and far removed from reality. Fans often organize themselves into groups based on the interests they share. This has given rise to a phenomenon known as fandom. Historically fans were seen as obsessive individuals with little rational control over their actions. Recent research has proven that not all fans are rabid individuals. Costello (124) found out that the contemporary audience is sophisticated. The study reports that the modern fans are devoted to programs which make them think and generate meaningful discussions. This paper will critically examine how current cultural and media practices challenge the notion that the fan is an obsessive individual. Historical descriptions of the fan led to difficulty in differentiating the fan from the fanatic. It is important to note that the fan with an extreme enthusiasm is different from a fanatic. The fanatic violates established social norms. Extreme fanatics may believe in something that is totally false. The fans behavior is often judged by society as abnormal. But it is crucial to state that the fan’s behavior does not violate prevailing social norms. It has been argued that media influence on the audience is not uniform. Different individuals respond differently to media content. Media has been implicated for fueling and aiding the emergence of fandom. Response to media text is influenced by various factors including interpersonal relationships and situations. The idea that a fan is a member of a hysterical crowd is not entirely accurate. Some individuals who fit into the widely accepted description of a fan have not joined any fan group. Fan groups are known to engage in extreme display of affection for their object of adoration. Within a hysterical group space is provided for individual expression of adoration. Fan crowds are known to display this extreme affection in public. Perhaps it is this public display by the extreme enthusiasts that led to the notion that the fan is a member of a crowd. The fan who prefers to follow programs at home alone has been erroneously grouped with the obsessive fans. What qualifies as obsessive is relative. Media has greatly contributed to the propagation of this idea. This view holds that what passes as abnormal behavior in one culture or setting may be regarded as normal in another. This positively reinforces the behavior. In some settings extreme behavior is acceptable while the relevant event is on. It is not uncommon to see football fans for example, removing their tops after their favorite te
The Notwithstanding or power override Clause is a set of provisions written in the Canadian Constitution. The clause is introduced in Section 33 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and allows provincial and federal parliamentary bodies to withdraw certain legislation when necessary. It has been used several times to “strike down legislation, to read-in terms to legislation, to issue mandatory orders” (Campbell, 2018, p. 1-2). In my opinion, this clause is a negative characteristic of the Canadian legislature because it allows the authorities to impose excessive power. At the same time, individual rights should be a priority at all times. The Notwithstanding Clause might be invoked by parliament to secure its sovereignty when some laws contradict the provisions of the Charter. For example, as identified by Rousseau and Cote (2017), this clause is used to overrule other legislation in cases when the collective interests, such as national identity, are under consideration. In such a case, a legislator might refer to the notwithstanding clause and justify the priority of the collective majority’s rights over individual rights and freedoms of the citizens. Indeed, when justifying the national identity issues, the clause would be wise to apply. On the other hand, the utilization of the Notwithstanding Clause violates individual rights and freedoms of the citizens of Canada if disproportionately applied by the authorities. Indeed, Section 33 addresses the opportunity to overrule the Charter’s provisions on equality rights, legal rights, and freedom of speech, among others. This statement implies that parliamentary bodies have the power to regulate the provision of the Constitution in their interests by enacting laws that diminish individual rights. Overall, the clause is a political means of providing provinces more sovereignty, on the one hand, and a potential source of domination of the majority’s rights over individual rights and freedoms of Canadians.
According to Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy, as described by Das (1998), how can a client create meaning in his/her life? Frankl adopted existential therapy as a new mode of approach to counseling. He brought out the essence of patients assessing their past about their future. He transformed it into paradoxical intention incorporating humor to question the patient’s inauthentic way of life experience. This mode of counseling concentrates majorly on the suffering one undergoes at present or from a recent past and tries to instill a sense of the importance of this suffering to the patient. This therapy outlines the values and meaning of life one is living. It applies best to those who are optimistic in life. One who undergoes this therapy is viable to increase self-awareness and comprehend one’s death. The therapy expounds thoroughly on the three aspects of being in the world: inner self, interpersonal, biological, and physical aspects of the experience. This brings out a holistic way of approach to life by the patient. The therapy sorts to bring out the unique ability of the patient and assist him or her to use this uniqueness to better his or her life. Existential therapy draws both internal and external determinants in an individual’s urge for the meaning of life (Das 205). The therapist highlights the subjective experience of being in the world. The therapist’s interest is an individual at the current status and the decision he or she makes at that point. Tension reduction is well achieved through this therapy since the client explores the feeling of loneliness, isolation, and guilt. The therapist brings in a new aspect of viewing clients’ experiences from the client’s eyes. The result of this therapy enhances a healthy personality in an individual. It advocates for responsibility in life and the courage to make a choice and always remain open towards nature. The counselor has the mandate to listen sympathize and mutually help the client understand his or her life through authenticity and a strong sense of responsibility. Boundary disturbances in therapy Therapy is a process of learning about one’s self personally. Once a client visits the counselor, he redefines his action and behavior by creating a personal reality that represents their model of the world. Gestalt therapy comes in handy to bring out actualization and stresses the ability of the client’s existence. This type of therapy works to improve the clients’ awareness while handling psychological distress. With the several manifestations, of this distress interruption to contact is a key aspect of the manifest. One part of the boundary disturbances is unaware of projection. This disturbance makes the client plan, anticipate, and empathize negatively. A client experiencing an unaware projection is neurotic to others. The client will anticipate certain outcomes
Unusual Motivation Techniques Several theories of motivation outline the major initiatives and needs that should be considered by organizational leaders. Some of these theories are preferable than others especially when the targeted firms want to realize their potentials much faster. McGregor’s Theory Y treats work as something critical towards realizing business objectives. According to the theory, work should be natural and playful (Robertson, 2009b). With increased empowerment and motivation, people will seek new roles and eventually realize their goals. Human beings tend to have diverse skills and competencies that can be used to address various organizational problems. Organizational leaders can use this theory to develop and empower their followers. By so doing, the employees will find it easier to focus on the most desirable goals (Robertson, 2009b). The use of unusual techniques to motivate employees has become a common practice today. For example, corporations can provide insurance coverage to their employees’ pets. Some companies allow their workers to use scooters in their respective offices. These unusual practices have been observed to make work more pleasing and fantastic (Habib, 2011). Individuals whose pets are insured tend to support the goals of their respective companies. Such employees will work hard to deliver positive results. For example, the founder of Method Company uses impromptu dance parties in the office to motivate the targeted employees. The use of these unusual strategies is closely matched with McGregor’s Theory Y. This theory promotes charismatic leadership whereby managers empower, guide, and address the unique needs of their followers. The model supports the use of efficient measures to motivate workers and make them more productive. Google Company allows its employees to pursue their personal goals while at the same time supporting the business’ strategy. This approach has been observed to “develop the potential in different followers thus empowering them to deliver desirable results” (Robertson, 2009b, p. 135). The inclusion of new motivational practices has the potential to address the higher needs of different followers (Petrecca, 2011). These higher needs encourage employees to communicate with each other, address their problems, and eventually support the goals of their organizations. Experts believe strongly that the use of such strategies can make many corporations successful. Abraham Maslow’s Needs The motivational theory of Abraham Maslow uses a pyramid to arrange people’s basic needs hierarchically (Rob
Introduction Briggs (1883, pp2) asserts that Egerton Ryerson was one of the most influential people in Canada’s education system. He was an evangelical but most importantly, he was an educator. This title was granted during his years of service as Chief Superintendent of Education. At the beginning of his term in office, the education system of Upper Canada was in dire need of reforms. It was characterized by discrimination; most of the children catered for belonged to colonial administrators. It was also unregulated and consequently, funds were raised in a haphazard manner, this implied that the system became impoverished. When Ryerson was given the mandate to hold office, most of his decisions we based on the fact that he had interacted with many impoverished individuals during his missionary work in poor countries of the world. It was also influenced by his deeply religious background that affected the way he went about his challenges. He was able to change power imbalance and to affect the way people in Ontario and English-speaking Canada conduct their education system. The details of how he went about doing this will be examined in detail in the latter parts of the essay. Biography of Egerton Ryerson Egerton Ryerson was born in the month of March during the year 1803. This was in Charlotteville in the country of Norfolk. He was the son of Colonel Joseph Ryerson who was a loyalist to the United Empire. This later influenced his son Egerton who also held the same belief. Such a viewpoint was expressed when Egerton asserted that the monarch was a source of dignity to government. On top of that, he claimed that the government limited some of the excesses of the governed. However, one should not assume that Egerton did not believe in equality for the people, on the contrary, he placed equality over and above the rule of law. Sissons, (1937, pp 15) explains that one of the earliest influences of Egerton Ryerson’s beliefs was his strong religious background. Ryerson had an Anglican father and a Methodist mother. As a young boy, he was raised as an Anglican but later dropped from that faith to become a Methodist at the tender age of eighteen. Anglicans were normally associated with a conservative nature while Methodists were considered as radicals. One could say that the reason why Ryerson had a balanced outlook in his career was that the conservative from Anglican Church neutralized Methodist tempers. Ryerson was educated in the District Grammar School of London. He was very fond of reading. Paley, Blackstone, Blair, Locke, Virgil, and Horace were just some of the many books that Egerton loved to indulge in. There was a point in his life when he read too much to the point of becoming ill. Ryerson became a missionary when he joined the Methodist church. He lived among the Indians and was known to participate in their labor activities as he would be seen from time to time working in the fields. This came to an end in the year 1825 when he was ordained minister in the latter church. Alongside this, he also held the firm belief th
Research Hypotheses and Questions  1. Customer service/care employees are more often required to suppress negative outcomes;  2. Displaying positive emotions may involve either surface or genuine acting. If it is a surface acting, the service worker should suppress his/her emotions and express the ones that are appropriate for a particular situation, which may cause stress and have a negative impact on the workers’ emotional state. In contrast, genuine acting implies that positive emotions expressed by service workers may generate positive feelings among the customers and provide a positive impact on the employees.  3. The job-role requirement is the major factor in determining the influence of emotional labor on job satisfaction. With regard to the above-presented hypotheses, the research questions given below will promote a deeper comprehension of those statements as well as explain their essence:  1. How often are customer service employees required to suppress negative emotions while communicating the clients’ returns/complaints?  2. Our general sales employees more often required to display positive emotions such as happiness and enthusiasm while dealing with customers?  3. Does the process of displaying positive emotions mainly involve surface, genuine, or deep acting technique? Research Survey questions In order to find out the answers to the above-stipulated questions, the proposed survey questionnaire will contribute to a better understanding of the connection between the emotional state of the employees as well as the consequences of surface and genuine acting. The following questionnaire will help determine the relations between job requirements and the type of services performed as well as the emotional state and stress level of the employees that will have either to express or to suppress emotions depending on those requirements (Chu, 2002). In this respect, the independent variable here will be job-role requirements that are identified by the employers, the acting techniques used by the employees, and the type of work to be accomplished whereas the dependent variables will be the stress-level of the identified work, job satisfaction, and emotional state of the employees. The presented questionnaire is based on the questionnaire worked out by Chu (2002). It involves the measurement of a response statement in accordance with the Likert scale. There will be six-section involving interaction between service workers and customers, workers’ ability to experience other emotions, the extent to which the supervisor controls the work, evaluation of stress levels, and identification of background information about the workers. The question design and content itself are changed to fit the current research. In Appendix 1, Chu (2002) provides the list of pretesting questions that
Introduction Most biological processes require various minerals. Roughly more than 21 chemical elements are required for all processes that occur in the human biological system in varying quantities. In any of the essential minerals are deficient, different symptoms and body complications may arise, these include muscle defects, nervous system collapse and metabolic anomalies. In contrast, elements with poisonous properties are injurious to the body even at very low levels. Hence, it is very important to determine the concentration of various elements present in different drugs or food materials before releasing to the public. This is where elemental analysis becomes important. The ingredients used in the manufacture of ayurdevic drugs are organic metallic compounds and biological materials that are removed from plants. There are diverse techniques that can be used to establish the makeup of compounds derived from plants. The techniques include “total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), neutron activation analysis (NAA), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS)” (Al-Omari 2010). In addition, the application of a combination of radionuclide materials with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) illustrates a consistent identification of some elements. For this study, improved detection limits were acquired using X-ray tubes. The objective of the experiment was to determine the elemental concentrations of ten ayurdevic drugs obtained from the neighboring markets. The drugs are used to remedy various diseases, however, these drugs may contain certain harmful elements or contain them at levels that can harm the human body. For this experiment, the determination of elemental levels was determined using the EXDRF technique (Al-Omari 2010). The introductory part of the report is not exhaustive, especially in the techniques that can be used to determine the types of elements present in a compound. Other methods include the relatively recent Aerosol Mass Spectroscopy (AMS), atomic mass spectroscopy, chromatographic mass spectroscopy, and ion-mobility spectroscopy. besides, the author does not offer an explanation on the criteria for using the EDXRF procedure when there are many techniques that he could have used Rollins et al 2010). Materials and Methods The drug samples were then washed using distilled water and dried at room temperature. The final drying procedure was done in an oven at temperatures of 60 0 Celsius for approximately 20 hours before the analytic procedure began. Although the drying procedure took long, it was very important at ensuring that the elements present in the drugs were not destroyed. This stems from the fact that a faster drying procedure would have used high temperatures that could have caused the elements in the compound to react with other elements through processes such as oxidation, hydration or reduction. The long duration of the drying procedure also ensured that the samples became loose and very easy to crush (Al-Omari 2010). After the 20-hour drying procedure, the samples were crushed to a fine powder