ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The information revolution was sparked in the mid 20 th century, when scientists built the first programmable electronic computers. Since then, the growth of IT has become a major and significant aspect of people in their daily lives. Today, many people depend on IT either directly or indirectly. This paper critically examines how IT aspects affect our daily lives as employees, students, family members and community members Discussion IT and Human Survival Since IT was invented and taken to the public domain, it has become a major aspect of human survival in the world, especially in the developed world (Michael 2009). Many people have become too dependent on IT as a means of life, and this has made IT a major human need in many areas of the world. As William (2011) asserts, one way that IT has become an important component of human survival is by providing efficient and cheap communication. Information has been a very important aspect of human survival for as long as human beings have existed. The communication of this information is therefore very important for individuals and communities. Today, this communication is in terms of money transfer, information sharing on social networks, and accessing official information from government agencies through online platforms such as online portals. Internet has also made it very possible for people to access jobs that are miles away from their location. Impact of E-commerce According to Mathew (2010), electronic commerce has made it possible for businesses in one area to be able to access markets that are many kilometres from their geographical locations. A good example of businesses that have been able to use e-commerce to take advantage of markets far away is Amazon, which is one of the oldest online businesses. The advantages of e-commerce are not only oriented to the businesses only, but also to the consumers (Wesley 2011). Consumers are able to easily buy directly from manufacturers, who are geographically very far from them and this means that the consumers of a product that is not produced locally, are able to enjoy the product that is produced elsewhere. Social computing As Maxwell (2009) notes, social computing has become a very easy way for people to socialize. While there are many negative things that have been attributed to social computing such as internet addiction and deterioration of real social life, social life can also be seen as a positive way for people to socialize and reach out. This is especially important for people who are physically disabled, since they can still meet their friends on social networks and virtual chartrooms. Research shows that many people who have lost self esteem and are unable to freely socialize with people in the rea
Executive Summary The analysis of the health care concerns in the developing countries of West Africa allowed for identifying significant morbidity and mortality rates caused by a variety of factors. The overall lack of funding and the ineffective health care infrastructure is thought to be the core reason for the health-related problems of these nations. In the course of the investigation of the problematic issue, it has been identified that one of the leading threats in the region is the Ebola virus disease (EVD), the 2014 outbreak of which “27,550 cases and 11,235 associated deaths” occurred (Shrivastava et al., 2016, p. 105). Such a broad-scale impact of the infection and the inability of the West African countries to manage and control the spread of the disease endanger the whole global community. Among the identified factors contributing to the spread of EVD, are cultural, environmental, social, and organizational. All of them are possible to be addressed via the framework of an effectively organized health care structure. Indeed, the health system of the analyzed countries fails to provide effective diagnosis and management, lacks a scientific basis, scarce specialized facilities, ineffective community work, and insufficient funding (Okeke, 2019; Shrivastava et al., 2016). The lack of experience and preparedness of the countries for outbreaks obstructs timely management and prevention. To address these factors, a strategy is introduced to improve the Ebola-focused performance of the public health system in West African countries within several domains. They include scientific evidence-based health care advancement, improved management, and technology implementation, special facility development, community-based initiatives, preventative program implementation, and surveillance program (WHO, 2015). The funding from the local governments aimed at supporting community-based interventions and from international organizations and developed countries’ donations for strategic health care system restructuring are recommended.
Historical events such as wars, economic downturns, and political reconstruction have a high impact on the behavior of people and their preferences. In this case, American citizens went from industry workers and soldiers during the World War I (1917-1918) to the explorers, who discover different forms of entertainment in the 1920s (1920-1929) because of stabilization of the politics in the country and the abundance of free time. Consequently, the goal of this essay is to understand the primary causes of the development of this trend in the American society. At the same time, it is critical to see the how the behavior of people changed before and after World War I. Finally, the conclusions will highlight the primary findings of the paper. In the era of World War I, a significant share of the American society was represented by the active participants of the battlefield. It remains apparent that World War I plays a momentous role in the world’s history and global development. Thus, the United States of America pursued the “overseas following” of the military actions. 1 This decision required the country to devote a noteworthy portion of resources to support their allies in the war. It could be said that these changes in the political orientation and desire to help the country confront the enemy had driven the American population to the battlefield and the industry production. In the era of 1920s, the United States of America minimized its military involvement, stabilized its politics, and offered more freedoms to its citizens. When the last troopers rebounded to the homeland, Warren G. Harding “was promising the return to normalcy”. 2 Therefore, people were receiving more liberties and rights while leading to the subsequent development of “The liberty of the democracy” and the movement of “progressive democrats”. 3 , 4 It was a start of a novel era for the United States of America with innovative political standards and more free time for entertainment. In the era of 1920s, due to the stabilization of American politics and increased percentage of leisure time among the regular workers, American population became the explorer of the different forms of entertainment. Since the last troopers returned from the distant lands, the country was slowly adapting to its new regime. The time of scarcity was left in the past and replaced by the “culture of abundance”. 5 Dissimilar politics, more free time, and no need to invest in the war led the development of a new generation of American entertainment. Nowadays, this epoch is often recalled as the “cultural expe
Working in a group can be fascinating and challenging. A group, just like human beings, passes through many stages of growth until it matures. Each of these stages shows different characteristics. Group leaders face many challenges as groups pass through these stages of growth as was explained by (Smith, 2005). Several models show how the stages of growth determine the behavior of group members. One of these models is Tuchman’s model of group development. This model shows five stages through which a group passes in its growth. They include forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning (Atherton, 2009). Forming stage is where team members come together to build a group. At this stage, members are shy, they do not know one another, show some fear, are very uncertain, and concerns of maintenance are rooted in the newly cre
Introduction The article “The Speculum of Ignorance: The Women’s Health Movement and Epistemologies of Ignorance” by Nancy Tuana is focused on such aspects as ignorance and why it occurs in society. The author suggests that such issues need to be studied, and they should become a vital part of every theory. She explores the way the health movement in the ’70s has highlighted primary causes of ignorance, and it is suggested that resistance may help to identify gaps in knowledge. One of its objectives was to provide females with materials that would explain the functions of their bodies, and it was also focused on the expansion of available knowledge. The book titled “Our Bodies, Ourselves” is worth mentioning because it is a result of the movement. It is quite influential and has been republished and expanded over the years. Moreover, such information needs to be studied to ensure that women are much more comfortable with their bodies, and can safely explore their sexuality (Boston Women’s Health Book Collective and Norsigian 1). The fact that the style of the book is quite comprehensive also needs to be mentioned. Therefore, it has helped many women to understand themselves better without being afraid of any sexism because the book was written by females. Nancy Tuana believes that the movement was focused on uncovering the information that was hidden, and it was extremely concerned about ignorance (Tuana 2). Overall, it is possible to state that such knowledge is quite valuable because many women all over the world still do not have access to necessary knowledge about their bodies and it leads to enormous discomfort. Furthermore, it is imperative to study why such problems were introduced and how they may be resolved. Body Autonomy The author of the article argues that the requirement to take the vaccine that would help to prevent HPV infections intervenes with the body autonomy of young women (Mara 125). It is understandable that this claim may have some merit, but the overall goal of such procedures is to guarantee the safety and well-being of the population. Moreover, it has also been approved for boys from 9 to 15 (Printz 1156). Therefore, it is possible to argue with such ideas because pieces of evidence suggest that such an approach is beneficial. Body autonomy is vital for every female because it allows one to feel safe and confident in her actions. Moreover, it helps to make choices without being worried about the reaction of the public and society. I think that my current level of autonomy as a woman is quite sufficient, but I hope that it will be increased in the future because it is evident that several limitations are present, and it is quite problematic. The Medical Establishment It is necessary to mention that intersex surgeries are extremely unreasonable most of the time because of outdated ideas (Koyama 4). However, they should be performed if a severe risk is present and it may be prevente
Outline Medical futility occurs when a treatment that does not have reasonable benefits to a patient needs to be performed. Medical futility has been defined in quantitative, qualitative as well as physiological terms. Qualitative measures cater to the quality of a patient’s life through determining its improvement using futile treatment. Quantitatively, the probability of a patient’s survival is determined and treatment is not given if the chances of survival are low. Patients or physicians are the ones who request futile treatment. There have been arguments among patients, families, and physicians as to which treatments should be regarded as futile and those that shouldn’t. The solution is obtained when patients are provided with data that show the futility of the treatment. Introduction According to (Dunn, 1994) Futility is the effort applied in the achievement of possible result which is suggested to be highly improbable or unreasonable. Medically, futility is a therapy that is not supposed to be carried out when data available shows no improvement will occur in the medical condition of the patient. Medical futility definition is ethically controversial as there is no specific description of futile treatments. However, (Snyder, 1999) argues that medical futility covers treatments that do not have a useful purpose in the patient’s body. Medical futility has three elements that define its operations; the desired goal, action to assist in attaining the goal, and certainty of the action’s failure to achieve that goal. Ethical Implications of Futility in the Context of Resource Allocation According to (Lofmark, 2002), the developed countries have resource allocation to cater for medical futility where the governments, as well as individuals, plan for such cases. Government allocates a specified amount of money to health care departments for taking care of futility. Most of these funds are gathered from premiums paid on monthly basis by employed people who assist the health care plan to deliver services to patients. However, it is not known how much money or resources are allocated to each patient even those undergoing futile treatments since resources are shared according to patients’ needs but not on the basis of the amount contributed. Therefore neither the patients nor doctors know the exact cost encountered in the treatment of a particular patient. Research emphasizes the need to make patients and physicians aware of the cost of futile treatments. Parties Involved In Making the Decision on What Constitutes Futile Treatment (Aulisio, 2004), states that, there are cases where patients and/or their families may request futile treatment without their knowledge hence involving them in the discussion involving whether it is futile or not. Their request may be based on the beliefs and values about health care as well as disease that form a crucial component of the patie
Introduction As an individual within the teaching profession, I realise how it is often important to examine myself to determine the effectiveness of my performance. It is an aspect of critical reflection that questions my actual performance, thereby helping me in finding answers to some of the most pressing questions. The critical reflection helps in developing the profession because it acts as a building block, enabling the strengthening of weaker areas and enhancing performance even further in best performed areas (Leung & Kember, 2003, p. 61). Learning and teaching processes or activities, although conducted differently, are similar in many important aspects (Roxå, Mårtensson & Alveteg, 2011, p. 99). I consider the manner in which I learn fundamentally to have a direct bearing on the way I eventually teach my students. It is impossible to be a teacher without having undergone learning because the two are mutual. This paper draws from the principles of career reflection to reflect on my career as a teacher. The paper explores the learning and teaching processes as a whole. The paper then delves deeper into the numerous factors that are involved before critically reflecting on some of the principle concepts that are involved in both processes. Learning Process and the Factors Involved Learning is a demanding process that evidently depends on the responsibility of the individual to a large extent (Bhusry & Ranjan, 2012, p. 313). Unless an individual feels that he strongly owns and is directly responsible for the entire process, learning may never be achieved regardless of how much effort is involved. I practically
In his work Politics and the English Language , Orwell reflects on the language and the implications of its use. There are certain associations with specific words that have manifested in society due to the influence of the phenomena related to these words provided. I agree with him on that matter because it is clear that the impact some events make pertains to the national and global level, shaping public opinion on both them and related matters. However, the conception of maximum simplification of language was slightly confusing to me. I can see that abstract words are usually not understood by the majority of the population; however, I do not think that simple language would solve that particular problem. It is often the complex nature of some concepts that are discussed than the language that people lack understanding of, in my opinion. I think that Orwell’s rhetoric was quite effective for his age, but today, the context of society and politics have changed. In his writing Politics and the English Language , he states that not only many abstract words have become incomprehensible to the average person, but that they have lost the concreteness of understanding for everyone. Perhaps it was a standing issue during his time period, but nowadays, with the increasing globalization process and diversity. I think that people started to understand each other in general and the politicians specifically even more. Still, in his rhetoric, Orwell made a very important remark, from understanding the problematic nature of which we are moving away to this day. He states that some words are chosen as the most important in generating both sharply positive texts and sharply negative ones. Therefore, for example, mass media are not particularly interested in the concreteness of their messages; they are interested in the effectiveness of these words. I fully agree with that statement, and I think it is especially effective today when the opinions of the people are largely manipulated by the media.
Lloyd Bitzer explores the concept of ethics. His article examines the dilemma that is associated with ethics. It is in this dilemma that the rhetorical question arises. The effect of the rhetorical question on the audience is examined. In this case, the rhetorical question is examined in the realm of art and literature. Bitzer suggests that the rhetorical question in the traditional sense is not a simple question with contradicting ideas, but a comprehensive speech. On the other hand, the concept of rhetoric is applied in narrations where a character finds gets into a situation where two contradicting actions are to be done. When a speech contains rhetoric, the weight of the rhetoric comes from the situation that the speech describes (Bitzer 1). Copyright and Fair Use The copyright and fair use article discusses the technicalities that exist in protecting copyrighted work. Copyright laws govern the extent to which the copyright owner can restrict the original work from being accessed. A copyright owner may give a notice to warn that his or her original work is copyrighted. Original work cannot be absolutely protected from use by a secondary party. According to the article, one can breach copyright rules in two ways. Plagiarism is a breach of copyright ethics, while copying of original work is a crime. For the purpose of training and teaching, original work may be fairly used. Tutors and examiners can counter plagiarism by use of penalties. On the other hand, there are legal consequences for copying original work subject to copyright protection (Forness 2). Another article features Larry Lessig, a professor who once predicted the current problems in copyright protection. The professor foresaw the problem that sites such as YouTube and Napster would bring to the copyright industry. In addition, the professor depicts the copyright laws as traditional and obsolete in relation to the modern society (Lessig 3). Communication and Argument The article by Wysocki Lynch focuses on the concept of argument. An argument is a situation that arises when two or more parties hold conflicting ideas. The concept of argument is divided into two theories. In a formal argument, the parties involved in the argument hold different logical positions, while in the informal argument people have different perspectives when interpreting a certain phenomena. According to the article, people tend to ignore the opinions of those with ideas contrary to theirs. This widens the rift between the parties in the argument. This is because of lack of effective communication. The article continues to explain the steps that should be taken to enhance communication. This way, effective communication reduces arguments by enabling people to understand each other (Wysocki & Lynch 28) Communication and Design In this chapter of the book by Wysocki and lynch, a guide on how to develop a design plan is explained. The steps through which one would go through to develop a valid game for children are laid out. In the two chapters, design is a key factor on how communication is achieved especially in the education sector (Lynch 30). According to the
History and Development Established in 1994 by Jeff Bezos, Amazon quickly became the world’s most popular and successful online bookstore. Later, it extended its product offerings to cater to the needs of diverse customers around the globe. The key financial objective of the organization was to reach long-term sustainable growth; to achieve this, Amazon integrated and maintained a lean culture that predominantly focused on widening the operational income while managing operational costs. The name “Amazon” was mostly connected with the principal objective of the company’s management. As Amazon was the longest river on the planet and was a natural phenomenon, Jeff Bezos wanted his brand to be associated with the worldwide phenomenon of the largest online marketplace. By the year 2008, Amazon reached a global brand status with websites operating in the largest cou
Introduction Barter system of trade was convenient in the primitive society because production was diversified and subsistence. Only the few commodities that one lacked could be obtained through exchange. However, as time progressed, the society shifted to specialization in the production process. This necessitated for the need for an accepted medium of exchange to use for purchasing needed product and services. Anything commonly used as a medium of exchange is called money (Ashby 1). Money is a sensitive item in the economy and should therefore be controlled. If its supply is increased, people will buy in large amounts. During these conditions, orders will surpass the production leading to increased prices. As a result, there will be a sustained raise in the average level of prices, a condition termed as inflation. If the supply of money is low, people will not buy much. As a result, there will be more inventories. This condition will force some business to lay off some workers leading to unemployment. To encourage sales, some business will lower prices of their commodities leading to deflation. As a result, there will be a sustained drop in the total output of the nation’s producers, which is a condition called recession (Ashby 2). The Kinds of Money Anything can be used as money. Notes and coins are the currency that has been authorized by the government to be used as money. Another kind of money is the checking account balances. Checking account balances involves the use of checks, which are not money. If check were to be counted as money, it will mean that the balance portion not written on the face of the check is forgotten. Debit cards, stored-value cards, smart cards, electronic funds transfer, web-based payment system, and credit cards cannot be considered as money and neither can they substitute money. Instead, t