ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Many people would attest that access to water is an intrinsic human right. The rationale is that majority of the earth’s surface is composed of water. However, over 90% of the water is in the seas and oceans leaving only about 3% of water for human consumption. As such, competition for the resource is on the increase as countries embrace technology in agriculture and production of electricity. In 2003, the United Nation noted that over 2.4 billion people across the world had no access to clean water and proper sanitation. The international body emphasized on the need to reduce the number tremendously by 2010. Although many governments and organization were of the same opinion, it became apparent that competition for the resources is increasing among communities. The chronicle is particularly common in South America. In Bolivia, ‘water wars’ are common among the indigenous communities (McCarthy 24). Specifically, a dispute emerged in 1999 in the village of Qolque Khoya. The village faces severe water shortage despite hosting various tribes whose primary occupation is cultivation through irrigation. Historically, the communities have depended on natural streams and locally made reservoirs to access water for irrigation and domestic use (Walker 382). In addition, the communities depend hugely on local organizations known as Sindicatos to manage the water resources in the entire village. Following the need for increased farming activities by the indigenous communities, international organizations and NGOs embarked on a plan to build a larger reservoir. Many communities welcomed the idea although it later sparked violent conflicts amongst the indigenous communities. Other conflicts such as Chochahamba water conflict of 2000 have been common across the country (Alurralde 37). This paper seeks to analyze the water wars in Bolivia using various concepts of political ecology. Description of Political Ecology Political ecology refers to a sub-discipline of ecological science that analyzes environmental issues in the light of politics, economics and sociological factors. It shifts away from disciplinary dualism that has characterized rationalizations of society-nature relations and seeks to incorporate all factors that result from environmental issues. From its inception, Perreault says that political ecology aims at uncovering ways that political and economic factors shape the environment (153). Besides, it also explains how ecological factors influence the social, political and economic domains (Robbins 41). As such, political ecology assumes a multid
Introduction Researchers and business administrators have long tried to develop the most efficient model of leadership. At this point, this question has not been fully addressed, but there are certain approaches that enjoy popularity among scholars and professionals; transformational leadership is one of them. This paper will examine the distinctive features of transformational leadership and its outcomes especially for the followers. This review will identify the benefits of transformational leadership and show how positive outcomes for employees can be achieved. Overall, this model can bring significant improvement as increased job satisfaction, creativity, and better performance, but this approach can be successful only leaders possess a variety of skills. Moreover, transformation leadership can be effective only if the organization values openness and egalitarian relations between managers and employees. The main aspects of transformational leadership Researchers identify several important elements for transformational leadership. First of all one can speak about intellectual stimulation or the ability to challenge the assumptions of employees and encourage their creativity (Avolio, Waldman & Yammarino 1991, p. 14). Such a leader is also able to encourage life-long learning of his or her followers. Therefore, it is possible to assume that such a person must open to new ideas and viewpoints; otherwise he or she will not offer any intellectual challenges to the employees. The second aspect of this approach is idealized influence or the ability to act as a role model for other people (Avolio, Waldman & Yammarino 1991, p. 15). The followers should see that their leader as example of competence; furthermore, this person must make them proud of their work. Thus, one can argue that this individual must reach the highest ethical and professional standards in order to succeed. Other important components are individual consideration and inspirational motivation. This means that a transformational leader is willing and able to take into account the needs of their followers and their individual concerns (Humphreys & Einstein, 2003, p. 86). So, those people, who intend to play the role of leaders should have well-developed communication skills; otherwise they will fail to consider the needs of their followers and their values. They should be very attentive and avoid generalizations when judging employees. More importantly, this person is able to articulate a
Education McCain wants to place the school at the center of the education system and believes that the parents, children and teachers have a major role to play in determining the success of the education system. Obama, on the other hand, believes that the “No Child Left Behind Law” has failed and a new set of laws are required to address the issue of drop-outs, soaring costs of education and teacher retention. It is difficult to ascertain correctly where McCain stands with respect to education but from his remarks during the campaign, it is obvious that he stands by the policies of the Bush administration as far as the issues of “No Child Left Behind”, teacher pay and cost of higher education are concerned. Immigration McCain has called himself an “unabashed admirer of free trade” and is all for the NAFTA and the CAFTA free trade agreements. He voted for the bills on the immigration reform though Congress twice failed to clear them through. He has gone as far as to go for a “full throated” defense of the immigration reform that nearly cost him his presidential bid. He has vowed that if elected, he would not try a “third time”. This has come in for considerable criticism from Obama who says that McCain has been flip-flopping. Obama has not been too forthcoming on the issue of immigration overhaul and has been relatively cool towards the issue of immigration legislation overhaul. In the recent past, both candidates have tried to shift the blame on each other as far as their positions go and this has led to much sparring between the two camps. Immigration as an issue is relevant as there is the Hispanic vote to contend with and thus both candidates have been cautious about this issue. Economic issues On trade, Obama has taken a protectionist approach that has not been to the liking of the pro-outsourcing lobby. McCain has acknowledged that though there might be loss of some jobs because of outsourcing, it benefits the economy in the long run. This is more in tune with the argument that Outsourcing is a win-win situation as far as the overall benefit to the economy is concerned. The biggest disagreement comes as far as the issue of free trade comes in. And this is where the current economic crisis has a large role to play in shaping the attitudes of both. While Obama and the Democrats are in favor of bailing out the banks, they nonetheless want strong governmental oversight so as not to be seen as bailing out the “fat cats” who caused the mess. This has gone down well with the people as recent opinion polls show. And this has softened the earlier stance of being against free trade with most Americans being concerned about the immediate economic concerns rather than go into lengthy and long winded debates about the merits of free trade and the like. Environmental Issue McCain has always been known as a staunch supporter of steps to tackle global warming. Even when he was a senator, he expressed his opposition to President Bush’s stand on Global Warming and expressed a desire to sign the Kyoto protocol, if
Introduction If the federal authority is tasked to respond to disasters, actions taken at all governmental levels or other resources are directed by the national response framework (NRF) (Binder-Aviles, 2012; Brookes, 2017). The latter provides coordination of how support is delivered and augments efforts of state or local authorities involved. The NRF was signed as an agreement between the federal agencies, the national voluntary organizations active in disaster (NVOAD), and the American Red Cross. Like other plans, NRF consists of various components with particular administrative purposes. Under the NRF are the emergency support function annexes, which outline how support is organized, and the group resources and capabilities needed in the national response (FEMA, 2020a). In this assignment, the appropriate NRF annex for the American Red Cross and functions related to an effective ERP are identified (DHS, 2021). The paper aims to address the functions of the Red Cross as per the ideal emergency response plan. Annex Functions for the American Red Cross The first function relating the American Red Cross (ARC) to an effective ERP is the Emergency support function (ESF) number six, about mass care, emergency assistance, temporary housing, and human services. ESF#6 is coordinated by the department of homeland security of the federal emergency and management agency (FEMA) (FEMA, 2020b). As the primary agency in this function, the ARC is responsible for availing sustenance resources, and essential services and offering statutory programs during a disaster. Under this function, the ARC works hand in hand with FEMA to ensure mass care, including feeding, distributing emergency supplies, and re-unifying children with parents or legal guardians and families. The Red Cross and FEMA’s role for ESF#6 is we
Introduction Morality is one component of philosophy that will at all times be researched, and most topics in ethics, will never be perceived the same by every person. There are many customs that have many diverse ideas concerning the way an individual’s life ought to be lived out. Factors such as religion, mental condition, and poverty influence people perspectives in ethics. A number of people think that the mental condition people or the purpose for those people committing crimes should be considered when making a ruling. Others believe that regardless of the state, an offense is an offense, and no sympathy should be felt for the person. Generally, these viewpoints are classified into two classes: utilitarian, which would grant freedom to the offender based on the conditions, and Kantian, where an offense is an offense, despite the intentions involved (Damon 67). This paper will compare the two ethical perspectives. It will as well identify the strengths and weaknesses of each theory and present general views of the theories. Utilitarian vs. Kant The ethical approaches of the Utilitarian and the Kantian perspectives both examine ethics. The Kantian approach examines ethics based first on inspiration and second on deed, Utilitarian approaches examine ethics based on the deeds themselves. Kant does not concentrate on the repercussions of deeds as the measure of their ethics; instead, he focuses on the reason behind the deeds. Utilitarian ethics, however, evaluates the effect of any deed on people and establishes that if actions, despite inspiration, harm others, then they are unethical. It is upon such a key aspect that the disparity between the Utilitarian and Kantian ethical premises rest. According to Kant, a person, since he or she is able to make decisions, set goals, and guide his or her action by reason, and that because ethical laws are the laws of reason, and a rational being is the incarnation of those laws, then a person is inherently able to be an ethical agent. Utilitarian view, however, perceives only the action and how the action affects other people. Therefore, to carry out crime, despite the intention, is a physical attack upon the pleasure of the casualty and therefore is ethically unjustifiable (DeVries 55). Strengths and Weaknesses Whereas Kantian and Utilitarian approaches failed to faultlessly define the boundaries of ethics, Kantianism theory was determined to be more acceptable because of its inflexible design and more obvious principle between true and false, and hence more competently prevents people rationalizing ethical standards as a way of attaining their leanings. In view of Utilitarianism, the boundaries that describe true against false are determined through the impact of that deed. If the impact is optimistic, then that deed would be termed ethical. The approach of Utilitarianism argues that all deeds are carried out based on attaining happiness and exception from pain. However it must be understood that Utilitarian theory is not to attain the best happiness for individual actions, but rather have the best pleasure jointly (Damon 68). O
Introduction Communication with people is one of the most challenging parts of a person’s life in society. Each of us sees the world uniquely, and this often leads to misunderstandings even between close people. This situation only worsens when two representatives of different cultures meet. It is entirely optional that these should be representatives of different countries, even a difference in age is enough because each generation has its own culture. In this essay, I take a look at the stereotypes regarding two different groups and analyze them through the concept of social identity, trying to find helpful ideas and draw conclusions from this study. Cultures and Stereotypes I picked two groups for this comparison, divided by age and gender. It is easy for me, as an adult woman, to compare myself with young women, because interaction and parallel with them in society is continuous. In this interaction, an encounter with certain stereotypes on both sides cannot be avoided. However, it must be understood that stereotypes are not always negative. According to Hummert (2017), stereotypes are simply a pattern of behavior, a set of characteristics that one group gives to another. This idea is also observed in the Assessing Your Stereotypes tool used in this paper since the set of stereotypes in it varies from purely negative to respectful and positive. My Group My group, called Mature Older Women , corresponds to stereotypes that are directly related to age. A mature person is always considered to be experienced, which is why the adjectives I selected regarding Mature Older Women are intelligent, conservative, practical, sophisticated, and tradition-loving, with an overall favorableness rating of 21. The most accurate, from my point of view, is the first and last stereotype since older people are indeed often more intelligent due to their life experience. The stereotype of practicality is a little less accurate, and the most controversial of the five is the stereotype of sophistication. However, I believe that with life experience, a woman comes to some grace in behavior. Other Group The second group for comparison is the Young Women group, the stereotypes of which are also objectively dictated by age. I am sure that young women have such traits as materialistic, ambitious, industrious, as well as, unfortunately, deceitful and pleasure-loving, so the assessment of the fa
Place of the Ottoman Empire in the World The Ottoman Empire holds a special place in the history of major global democracies and economies such as Great Britain. The main reason for this is the fact that Britain had stakes in India, Egypt, and the Mediterranean all of which were under significant impact from the Ottoman Empire. There was an urgent need for Britain to protect their commercial welfare by reducing the influence over its territories. “The new Mediterranean empire was not a creation of economic imperialism in any simple sense. It was part of a geopolitical effort, which encompassed but should not be reduced to economic motives. The British wanted the Mediterranean to be mare nostrum, subject to the rule of law and safe for international commerce. They also wanted to make the new colonies pay by expanding trade in British manufactures, Maltese cotton, and currants from the Greek Islands “(Bayly,104). The Ottomans had started having their own struggles as calls for independence gained momentum in the first years of the 19 Century. Their influence continued to reduce in the mid 19 Century when they faced numerous defeats by Russia. This created loopholes within the empire that were quickly exploited by revolts who sought a quick commencement to the succession plan (Parry, 329-330). This created more time for the rise of Russian power in its major territories. This was not impressive to some members of the European Union, as they felt the Ottoman Empire was in need of quick intervention. Besides, they felt the threat of Russia’s rise (Bayly, 194). The intervention efforts were led by France and Great Britain who also wanted to protect their numerous interests in the Ottoman Empire. Great Britain’s interest in the Ottoman Empire The stability of the empire was crucial to the financial, commercial, and diplomatic objectives of Great Britain. Britain had loaned money to the Turkish government on several occasions and made a number of direct investments, hence the need to ensure its stability. The strong desire by Great Britain to increase its investments convinced the Turkish authorities to open their navigation routes in India (Parry, 329-330). Britain’s interests in maintaining the stability of the Ottoman Empire were heightened following the realization that France was also mounting its own invasion in the territory, which would make it hard for them owing to the fact that Russia also had similar intentions (Bayly, 103). At the time, the recently opened Suez Canal made the Ottoman Empire more attractive, as the European nations tried to gain control over it. This was heightened by the push for liberalism and nationalism across members of the European Union, who felt the need to promote the ideology of free competition and a self-regulating market. Britain felt
Thesis Statement The use of the nuclear weapon in the context of deterrence and maintaining the international peace and stability seem to be outdated at the moment; nevertheless, in the circumstances of numerous ethnic conflicts and the spread of world terrorism, the deterrence strategy stays rather effective even in spite of being outdated and elaborated for the conditions of the Cold War. Introduction To begin with, it is necessary to mention that the use of nuclear weapons was regarded as an extreme measure during the period of the Cold War, and the main concept, linked with the matters of nuclear weapons was the deterrence strategy, which was aimed to preserve the world from nuclear war. The fact is that the paradox of this strategy is the modified balance of power – the key concept of political realism. As for nowadays, it is necessary to mention that the use of the the nuclear weapons is still mentioned within the points of deterrence theory, which is particularly relevant in the context of the possible nuclear programs in Iran and the tests of nuclear missiles in North Korea. Taking into account the necessity to maintain peace and stability in the unstable world, it should be stated that some political researchers still regard deterrence as the required measure for preventing the outbreak of nuclear war. Originally, deterrence requires the availability of nuclear weapons and the means of their successful delivery to the enemy’s positions. Thus, the States, pretending to be the world nuclear powers, are able to dictate their own rules in the world arena. Literature review Originally, the studies of nuclear weapons and the strategy of deterrence were mainly related to the periods of the Cold War, as the necessity in deterring antagonists disappeared after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Baylis (1995, p.675) emphasized the following notion in his research: “ By the mid-1960s, unilateral deterrence gave way to “mutual deterrence,” a situation of strategic stalemate. The superpowers would refrain from attacking each other because of the certainty of mutually assured destruction, better known as MAD. This theory is still a major part of the defense policies of the United States and Russia. Both superpowers recognized that the first requirement of an effective deterrent was that it should survive or “ride out” a surprise “counterforce” targeted attack without being decimated, a task made difficult by the ever-increasing numbers of accurate delivery systems, “penetration aids,” and multiple warheads. ” From the point of view of this notion, it is necessary to mention that the nuclear weapon may be regarded as a reliable tool for deterrence, and, thus, for maintaining stability and peace, the availability of nuclear weapons is still relevant. Originally, it is often stated that the term deterrence is often used in a more general sense for referring the matters of strategy in any field of potential conflict in order to afflict unacceptable damage on an aggressor, and guaranteeing that potential aggressor will not be able to restore within the nearest time and respond for the affl
A sole proprietorship has become a common form of business in today’s market environment. It is easy to start and manage, as it does not require many rigid procedures and formalities. Due to the ranging economic circumstances where qualified and unskilled professionals do not have jobs, sole proprietorship has become the only remaining alternative to earn a living. However, the business environment is changing fast, and many organizations are shifting to alliances, production has become automated, and communication has revolutionized. This has opened entrepreneurs’ eyes to the demerits of a sole proprietorship. (Beatty, & Samuelson, 2006) The following weaknesses make it appropriate for the manager and owner of the manufacturing firm to change from sole trader to a limited liability partnership:   * Sources of capital: A limited liability partnership has extensive sources of capital, including borrowing from large financial institutions, the government, and initial public offers. On the other hand, sole proprietorship has a limited source of funding. This critically puts this form of business in an award position considering the delicate nature of the current environment.   * Shared duties and responsibilities: going through the scenario, one painfully notices that the manager is everything in the business. He performs every duty for the business to continue. In partnership, the partners will share duties and responsibilities according to the deed such that no partner is overburdened.   * Limited liability: The limited liability clause will ensure that in case the company fails to pay its creditors in time, the creditors confiscate no personal property of the partners. In the case of a sole proprietorship, the owner has unlimited liability, which means he stands to lose everything, including personal assets, to the creditors. This is very risky.   * Talents: the sole proprietor has a limited source of rich talents that the current economic market requires. On the other hand, partners can share and learn from each other the talents, skills, knowledge, and experience that one has. This is very important, especially in the current market economy. Not everybody has unique talents, but where others have them in an organization, they can distribute them among others to make a positive transformation.   * Economies of scale: in a limited liability partnership, partners can achieve various economies of scale that includes marketing, transport, communication, warehousing, bulk purchasing, efficient production, management, insurance, and banking. The economies of scale are used to give a business a strong competitive edge. In a sole proprietorship, attaining one economy of scale takes numerous years.   * Risk: limited liability partners will have to share the risks and losses in the business. In this manner, the risk magnitude on an individ