ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The 2012 Cholera Outbreak in Sierra Leone Stakeholders who have impacted the public health issue The recent cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone in 2012 is the worst that has ever been witnessed in the country since its independence. According to official government report, cholera outbreak was first reported in Sierra Leone on September 24, 2012. The disease claimed lives of 392 people before it was successfully managed (World Health Organization, 2012). However, this national disaster has raised massive controversy as many sources have revealed that the outbreak was reported as early as August 10, 2012. The stakeholders who impacted on the public health issue include the Ministry of Health and Sanitation, World Health Organization, media, and political leaders. These stakeholders played different roles in managing the disease, hiding information from the public, and fighting for the truth about the disaster to be made public. History of political support for the public health issue Cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone in 2012 attracted massive political attention, especially when it became apparent that the government was hiding the truth from the public. The political rulers ignored this outbreak for some time, but the pressure from the opposition forced them to act. On September 24, 2012, the government declared cholera a national disaster and outlined measures that were to be taken to manage it (Singh & Zommers, 2014). The political leaders in the opposition were not satisfied with the commitment of the government. Through public rallies, they demanded that government should address the root-causes of cholera, especially in the slums of Freetown and other parts of the country. They demanded for clean water supply for all the citizens of the country. On its part, the government promised to address these issues in a long-term project. It also announced that World Health Organization had promised to help the government in managing the outbreak. By October 1, 2012, the government announced that the outbreak had been successfully contained (Banyouko, 2014). Justification of stakeholder and political involvement in public health policy and advocacy Cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone attracted attention of many stakeholders. The Ministry of Health and Sanitation, on behalf of the government of Sierra Leone, was justified to take part in addressing the problem because that is one of its primary mandates. Although it was criticized by media and political leaders of its sluggish response to the disaster and an attempt to conceal information about the outbreak, its actions helped in managing the outbreak (Meunier & Swanner, 2014). World Health Organization was justified to be involved in the advocacy program as an arm of United Nations responsible for assisting govern
The story,” Teddy,” by J.D Salinger begins when Teddy, the main character in the story, appears to disagree with his father Mr. McArde who is a daytime radio serial actor. The parents then differed on how to punish the ten -year old boy. However, the boy’s intelligence is noted at this moment when he religiously turns his attention to floating orange peels beside the ocean liner, saying he saw the floating peels because he had a personal understanding regarding the message portrayed by the lifeless oranges. Teddy’s floating orange peels bring back to mind Seymour’s glass Bananafish. The everyday imaginary things used suggest an invisible tension within the physical world. There is a vibrant figurative expression in the storyline. For instance, the lifeless peels observed freely floating on water symbolizes inner human life, the life beyond flesh and blood. This life is portrayed as an intangible force binding objects and places to lives beyond. Teddy is essentially observant at his tender age. He is also God fearing. The story covers a series of scenarios, but its ending is one of the most chilling aspects. The two stories end with loaded messages on mortality and fragility of human life. They remind readers of the death of humans and emphasize the existence of life beyond the grave. Things take place in more or less real-time, as metaphors are used as a way of describing humanity. The theme revolves around characters with precocious and protagonist traits; they see the world differently from others. In the literature piece, two youths, Seymor and Teddy are portrayed to echo each other. Their behavior walks in the line between genius and madness: Teddy and his friend harbor what seems to be a death wish. Teddy cannot be blamed. The boy appears to have all things going for him. He has wealthy and well-informed parents, who take him around Europe. Teddy also has a vivacious sister, in addition to his skillful mind full of knowledge, and a mind that thirsts for more knowledge. Teddy seems not to despair, but in case he has, he cannot be compared to Seymour’s. It is surprising that Teddy is insanely scared of death-especially his own. He puts down, “It will either happen today or on February 14, 1958.” This statement reflects on a spiritual preparedness concerning his demise. His interest in the oranges, besides his fearless reaction at the ocean liners window, also portrays the boy’s strong spirit against loss of lives. When he meets Nicholson, Teddy tells him about his premonitions regarding death. He argues that death is not a big ordeal, that everyone must change bodies a thousand times. The idea of changing bodies originates from the Buddhist faith. The religious belief reminds of Salinger’s faith. He was a devoted believer in Eastern traditions, particularly Buddhism. Despite Teddy’s believes concerning death, nothing in the story states that he died. In the final sentence, Salinger makes a statement that remains in our minds. He writes “… a young girl’s scream was heard.” It seems that
Connecting internal corporate services to the internet is a challenge because exposing these servers to external environments poses a massive risk in terms of security. Demilitarized zones (DMZ) act as a borderline between a corporate network and the internet and protect internal resources from being reached from outside (Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, 2016). However, there are times when it is required that an organization places servers with sensitive data in DMZ. For instance, an identity server could be set in the borderline to authenticate and authorize users so they can access corporate resources from external networks (Pal, 2018). While it facilitates user authentication, there are security implications of this solution because user passwords and accounts need to be protected while advising employees a convenient way to authenticate. A simple way of ensuring the integrity of the inner network when putting identity services in DMZ is having two separate databases with user accounts. The server in DMZ will have its own copy, and thus, will not need to connect to internal directory systems to retrieve user data (Pal, 2018). However, there are operational costs associated with this approach because manual work needs to be done to ensure the consistency of databases. Replicating directory services to be used by servers in DMZ is another method, but it may require separate licenses for those replicas (Pal, 2018). The cost and performance-effective approach would be to place authentication servers behind DMZ because no replicas or database copies would be necessary. However, exposing additional ports to external networks increases the likelihood of security breaches. An alternative way of reaching the same goal is to use Virtual Private Networks (VPN). Instead of putting an authentication server in DMZ and working to secure database copies and directory replicas, a VPN server may be used as a single point of entry for employees.
“Iranium” is a highly interesting documentary on the recent history of Iran and its strive to develop a nuclear weapons program in the last decades. Unlike many other sources and documentaries on the issue, this film really delves deeply into the political and religious roots of the Iranian leadership and society, leading the country to become an adversary of the United States. It was interesting to learn how the Iranian government, beginning with Ayatollah Khomeini, has shaped an absolute hatred of the U.S. that has led to support of its violent policy that cannot be easily appeased. As the documentary notes, the Iranian society with its ancient roots of deep cultural traditions and many intelligent minds has been vehemently “hijacked” by extremists. Now, many decades later, the extremist leaders and their policies are supported by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard and terrorist groups such as Hezbollah. It was surprising to learn the extent of how large, well-funded, and powerful both organizations have become, embedded into Iranian government and economy. The aspect which was the most engaging was in the latter parts of the documentary, discussing on how the Iranian nuclear program can be addressed on the international stage. There are a myriad of opinions ranging from military strikes to diplomacy to sanctions. However, it was most appalling how in the discussion of a doomsday scenario of an Iranian nuclear attack, the very same extremist philosophy mentioned earlier would make them disregard the key principle upheld by nuclear nations, mutually assured destruction. Due to their religious beliefs, it would actually benefit them to pursue total annihilation (“Iranium”). This was a perspective I have not heard or considered beforehand, and in terms of international security, the pursuit of a nuclear program by Iran becomes even more troubling. Works Cited “Iranium.” YouTube , uploaded by Lord Iván Emiro Cañas Gutiérrez. 2015. Web.
Although it has been argued that the nuclear disaster of Fukushima Daiichi would have a direct impact on the nuclear policy of the United States of America, this disaster should not have any effect on the US Nuclear Energy Policy. According to LaMonica, debate on this issue may affect long-term relationship between the two countries, especially, on the use of nuclear energy (news.cnet.com). It is also evident that a survey conducted in the US shows that majority of Americans opposed the use of nuclear energy immediately after the disaster. However, the percentage of those who are in favor of nuclear energy power have increased over the recent past. According to Gallup’s analysis, short term worries over the nuclear disasters should affect the US Nuclear policy and supporting energy power over long term. Furthermore, a report by the Associated Press quoted Steve Chu who is the Energy Secretary to assert that “…any time there is a serious accident; we have to learn from those accidents going forward” (news.cnet.com). The third argument presumes Japan’s disaster as a hard lesson for Americans. Nevertheless, the disaster should be viewed as a lesson in a positive way and not as an effect over the use of nuclear energy. When nuclear plants are well regulated and handled with utmost care, it would eliminate the fear posed by disaster effects. American Government should formulate Energy Policy in a way that is able to regulate energy plants. Since Japan’s disaster should have any effect, it is clear now that the interest in reducing American dependence on foreign oil does not justify the risk. They should handle the existing plants properly not to justify the risk of nuclear disaster, but to cut down their imports on foreign oil. History proves that America has been never energy independent. Argument six has opened a door in which the nation can be self sufficient by not importing foreign oil. However, America has on energy resources for a long time relied. It is clear that in spite of many promises by the US authorities to be independent, the country continues to import oil. They have tried to cut oil imports in order to be sufficient, but could not function without foreign oil. In addition, both past and present presidents have voiced for energy independence (Hakes 6). The problem that Americans face even today is that about 70% of oil importation is mainly used to fuel personal vehicles. Though one of the ways that can be used to reduce the dependence on foreign oil entails its minimal usage, use of refined oil is still the main source of energy in the automobile industry. This trend may not change in the near future. So far, there is a designate call in America to fight for energy ind
Physical Evidence Authentication or Identification of Physical Evidence The laws regarding authentication or identification of physical evidence are contained in Rule 901 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Authenticating physical evidence calls for a witness to establish beyond doubt that an article is what he or she contends it to be. There are various ways of authenticating or identifying physical evidence as provided for in this rule (Garland, 2006). Some of these ways are: The Testament of a Knowledgeable Witness Physical evidence may be authenticated by a knowledgeable witness giving evidence directly. This is done usually by an eyewitness who was at the place of the crime. A Non-Expert View Regarding Handwriting In this case, physical evidence is authenticated by a non-expert who knew the subject’s handwriting before the case was filed. This could be a parent, a spouse, or a friend. Witness’s View Regarding a Voice Physical evidence may be proved by a witness establishing the identity of the person behind a recorded or original voice. Evidence from a Telephone Conversation Physical evidence can be proved by establishing that a call had been made to a number belonging to a given person at a certain time. Public Records This form of evidence does not require to be authenticated. It includes driving license, lease, etc. Ways in which Photographic, Recorded and Computer-generated Evidence can be used in a Trial Photographic, recorded and computer-generated evidence could be used in a trial in the following ways: Showing the Scene of the Incidence Photographs could be used to show the scene where the incident leading to the case happened. Photographs are very useful tools when a witness is describing the scene (Franklin, 1998). Demonstrating Injury Photographs could be used to illustrate the injury suffered by the plaintiff as a result of the incident that led to the litigation. Recordings such as videotapes may also be used for the same purpose (Graham, 1996). Complementing Verbal Testimony Computer-generated evidence such as X-ray pictures could be used to illustrate the verbal testimony of a witness. Such X-ray photographs may be used to show the injuries suffered by the plaintiff. Showing Economic Losses Computer-generated graphs as well as charts could be used to indicate the financial loss incurred by the plaintiff due to the defendant’s liability. Such losses could be in the form of profits, hospital bills, etc. Presenting Audio-visual Evidence Recordings and computer-generated images could also be used to present audio-visual evidence during a case. Reconstructing Evidence Computer technology can be used generate images based on the verbal evidence of a witness. Such images could be based on the description of a defendant or an important witness whose presence is necessary in the case but who is still at large. These reconstructions are useful for identifying the missing defendant or witness especially through publication (Franklin, 1998). Miranda The Requir
Introduction When discussing about research it is important to discuss about the definition of research and according to various sources, research is any activity that is conducted or based around investigations on an intellectual foundation and whose objectives are to discover, interpret and lead to revision of knowledge. When we are discussing about educational research we have to be more specific as it involves the study elated to issues in education that ends with knowledge that is generalizable and which can be applied to numerous situations. In layman’s language it can be termed as the search for truth. According to (Wittrock 2006) , educational research can be further divided into Descriptive, correlation, experimental, case study and qualitative study. When coming up with a solution towards motivating children within the school environment, we may have to include action research. Action research within the realms of educational research is the attempt by practitioners to come up with scientific solutions to current problems. These solutions end up guiding in the evaluations of decisions. In our case we want to improve the motivation of children within our schools. In short action research equates to looking into problems, thinking about them and acting on the issues. The processes involved in action research are collection of information, analysis and making the best decisions based on the information and facts at hand as argued by (Spodek 2006) Processes involved in action research (Morris 2006 ), argues that when we want to talk about children’s motivation, we must first discuss about the children who are affected or is it the parents or teachers who are affected. We must also discuss about the nature of the problem. We also have to discuss and illustrate the cause of the problem that could lead to lack of motivation.After identifying the cause we must come up with a solution with how to motivate the children. Finally we have to weigh up if the methods used to motivate the children are successful or have failed. Motivation can also be discussed within paradigmatic context, positivist, post positivist and critical theory. In educational research, there are three paradigms namely critical, interpretive and positivist theory. Of each of these paradigms, all have their benefits and their disadvantages. Positivist paradigm dictates that the research condition is driven
One of the world’s most mysterious cultures, the Asian one makes the great wisdom and the noblest refinement come together in a perfect harmony. With the specific Asian philosophy that helps to work on a peculiar approach to the cultural values and the aspect of being a citizen of a country, one can reconsider his/her vision of the world. Incorporating the specific features of the image of an Asian who is bound to accept the culture of the foreign country and relate it to his/her own, one can understand how hard it is to keep the national identity in a foreign land for the Asians. Although this is rather challenging situation for the nation that has been worshipping their identity since the times immemorial, the Asian Americans nevertheless manage to create the shelter where they can keep their culture flourishing. However, this attempt to preserve the national identity does have its cost, like the other things. What is it like to feel a citizen of one’s own country in a foreign land? Elaine Kim, Kip Fulbek and Jose Watanabe share different viewpoints on the problem, yet each of them presents the arguments that mark their national identity. In spite of the fact that each of the writers has his/her specific approach to the problem, there is a certain interconnection between the three ideas. Trying to preserve their own culture, yet displaying keen respect to the one of the American citizens, the three authors are trying to find the golden mean between the two worlds. However, at certain point their visions come to a conflict. Speaking of the way in which the idea of national identity was implemented in the works of the abovementioned writers, one must emphasize that each of them considered the idea of the national culture. The stem that the entire nation roots from, the one and only pillar that the world of millions of people stands on, the national identity is something that must be kept as long as people remain a part of the great nation. Thus, it is quite remarkable that Kim Elaine takes the approach that can be labeled as rather revolutionary one. In contrast to the rest of the writers, she creates the atmosphere of rebellion in her books, making it clear that the culture of her country is something that binds the women immigrated to the USA and still keeps the old prejudice alive, despite the democratic surroundings in which the immigrants have appeared. It is quite peculiar that the author expresses the ideas of the national identity in the context of feminism and feminity in her works. Like a woman warrior, she ruins stereotypes, unlike the rest of the writers, to build the new ideas on the ruins of the old prejudice. As the writer marked herself, Korean American women are continually called upon by the Korea
Joshua’s ‘The Act of Killing’ is a 2012 documentary about Indonesian murderers, their activities, and the exemption they have lavished. It encompasses features of cinema verité, free cinema, and direct cinema. The film queries us as people to peep more thoroughly and more cautiously at what committers partake, perceive, and in what way they justify their activities to themselves. Having viewed this movie numerous times, it is discomforting to observe the cruel acts of culprits. The camera uses natural light to focus which is a feature of cinema verité. The wrongdoers at once compelling and repulsive, horrifying, and gregarious. The documentary protagonist is the murderers themselves; the primary character, Anwar, and his classed unsavory confederates are self-described criminals who achieved authority via their relationship with the Indonesian collectivist party. These aged men perform their antiquity actions of ferocity, garroting their sufferers, beating their convicts, attacking and setting villages ablaze with pleasure. The happiness of being granted the opportunity to renovate sights from the magnificent days of their juvenile is clearly in their sounds and in their eyes. The shot and personal focus of the video lens forces the viewers to stand and spectator the elation at a quite uncomfortable and proximal distance a characteristic of camera verité and direct cinema. Oppenheimer, with his squad, was capable of persuading the culprits of the mass massacres to chat with him concerning the activities (which they did comply within the movie), but he was also able to influence so many criminals to participate. As the manager stated, Anwar was the forty-first criminal to be interrogated by him. When the military command ascended to authority during the mass killings, General Suharto’s current order might have collapsed almost 20 years ago, the harassment and stigmatization of survivors and the jubilation of the massacres have lingered to impact how these occurrences are renarrated and reminisced in Indonesia. Researching in 1965 is complex, delicate, and occasionally risky, especially for the women and men stayers and their households, who choose to chat about their knowledge. The film has energized, positively among international spheres, caution to this gloomy section of Indonesian antiquity which has long gone mostly unrecognized on the universe stage. Oppenheimer and his crew warrant the long catalog of celebration and critics’ awards which they have acknowledged over the years. This film has been adopted in several ways by distinct interest categories: by activist circles and academic groups to lobby the government of Indonesia to recognize and redress the massacres, human rights individuals to pull international attention to th