ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction “The principal object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer; coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee” (Scribd 2011, p. 2). In attainment of the goal of satisfying employer and employee needs, Taylor and Malo designed the scientific management concept and the human relations movement. Scientific management was developed from a wider umbrella of management theories (classical theories) which include the administrative management theory by Henry Fayol and the Bureaucratic organizational theory by Max Weber (Taylor 2010, p. 1). Scientific management has often been compared to the human relations movement, but the human relations movement is created from a wider body of theories (neo-classical theories), which include Maslow’s behavioral theory and other theories developed by human resource scholars like McGregor, Herzberg and others. The scientific management theory was developed by Fredrick Taylor after discovering that there were lots of inefficiencies at Midvale Steel, where he worked as a foreman. This discovery was made during his career as an engineer in the 1880s and 1890s (Taylor 2003, p. 1). Here, Taylor noticed that, most of his workplace structures worked to create a lot of inefficiencies in the organization. From this observation, Taylor proposed that, workplace efficiencies could be easily improved if management was perceived to be a science (Khurana 2009). As a result, he proposed several concepts which form the framework of the scientific management movement. He proposed that, the “worker experience” should be divided into different segments by allocating certain tasks to specialized employee groups. The kind of jobs to be allocated to each worker would be determined through scientific selection (Guillén 2006). Taylor also proposed that, workers should be trained through scientific processes, and the management should limit its roles to the direction, supervision, and the design of organizational activities. He also suggested that, employees should follow the direction of the managers, within a framework of mutual respect and understanding (Tsutsui 2001). The human relations concept was developed from several experiments. These experiments are widely known as the “Hawthorne experiments” (Gupta 2011, p. 23). The experiments included a study of six individuals who gave their full support to collaborative (team) work. The experiment showed that, the six individuals enjoyed their work experience through mutual understanding and respect. During the experiment, it was observed that, there was no coercion or intimidation in the workplace, and from these conditions, workplace productivity was seen to improve significantly (Reece 2011, p. 12). From this observation, the human relations theory was developed from the assertion that, managers need to recognize non-monetary needs of workers. Consequently, the theory affirmed that, “Individuals are motivated by social needs and good on-the-job relationships and respond better to work-group pressure than to management control activities” (Scribd 2011, p. 2). The human relations concept also held that, organization
Introduction One of the oldest participatory sports activities in the world is Gymnastics. The sport’s activities require physical strength, agility, flexibility, coordination balance and grace which enable performers to perform extraordinary moves. There are many gymnast sports but artistic arts are the best known of them all. Men and women gymnastic activities both involve vault and floor exercises. The rest of the activities are specialized including balance beams and uneven parallels for females and pommel horse and parallel bars for males. Besides artistic gymnastics, other sports under the wide gymnastics field include rhythmic gymnastics and trampoline. Like all sporting activities nowadays, gymnastics is a big business sports that involves many industries that are interconnected together. These sectors together develop gymnastic programs for sporting entertainment. In this paper, the market profile of gymnastics will be examines through an overview of the sport, current consumers, the demand for the sporting activity and the future prospects of the sport. Overview Gymnastics can trace its origins to the ancient Greek. The ancient Greeks performed a number of gymnastic exercises for fun and recreation. Individuals especially children and young adults were encouraged to perform athletic feats according to their own notion. The authorities then incorporated these feats into the curriculum of the Greek education system and gymnastics was performed besides art and music. After the ascension of the Roman Empire, gymnastics w
During World War II Germany had been expelled in 1943 from Africa and US forces had started to take an active part in the war by that time. In view of the increased strength of the Allied forces, the combined strength of the American and British armies was all set to attack Italy, Hitler’s partner. Italy too had become a strong force to reckon with and was a contender for the gains to be achieved from the war victories as portrayed by Hitler. The Allied forces now had a new ray of hope with the entry of America along their side, which would certainly have far-reaching consequences in their favor with the fresh lease of life being given to an embittered force that had already faced several setbacks and disappointments on the battlefront against the Axis forces. America was well poised and was waiting to make a decision to enter the war front and did so only when it became sure of the intentions of Hitler is not even sparing them in his annexation plans. Despite the increased strength of the Allied forces, there was considerable anxiety from the point of view of their victory being dependant on a cross channel initiative from the British Isle into Europe, which too did not have too many advantages in view of the previous negative experiences. There was also concern from the viewpoint that the combined might of the Axis powers had not been able to dent the aspirations of Hitler and his war partners in putting a stop to the unreasonable demands on them, which was slowly eroding the trust and confidence of citizens in these countries in their abilities to combat the challenges thrown open by Hitler. Indeed there was a stalemate about the course of action to be adopted by the Allied forces in checking Hitler and his band from causing further physical and financial loss as also in uplifting the morale of the people who had by now become morally and emotionally broken after having suffered from the travails of war for such a long period. Leaders of the Allied countries were well aware that immediate action using whatever means possible was required to be taken to stem the tide of continuous losses inflicted on them by the Axis forces. It was these circumstances that compelled the Commanders in the Allied camp to devise a plan that could be possible by using some form of deception since normal war techniques had failed to deliver any concrete results for them. But the fact remained that the Germans too were aware of this possibility and were alert in repulsing any attack in this regard. They had the experience and were well aware of Allied weaknesses that they had been exploiting against the Allied forces in keeping with the steady flow of victories. Operation Fortitude was brought about to counter the several setbacks already suffered and to remove obstacles by the Allied powers so as to initiate a reversal in
In her book First they killed my father, Loung Ung narrates the ordeal she and her family suffered during the Khmer Rouge revolutionary years of 1975-1979, where as she narrates, between 1.5 million to 2 million people died from starvation, diseases, execution and through forced labor. Loung Lou narrates her story, in the eyes of a five year old, which is one day playing hopscotch and the next they are running away as they are forcefully evacuated from their homes in Phnom Pen. The family moves from one village to the other and no sooner do they settle, than they have to move again. Loung was only five years old when it all started. She was the daughter of middle class parents, a Chinese mother and a half Chinese-half-Cambodian father, being the sixth of the seven children. The book is a heart wrenching story showing the long time effects of war, the cruelty inflicted on innocent people who include children for reasons that they had different political believes. The book is a source of strength as one reads how families can stick together and how a person can retain dignity even after going through tough experiences. Cambodia had been a French colony until 1953 when the country gained its independence under Prince Sihanouk. According to Loung Ung in her book and as narrated to her by her father, Cambodia was peaceful and self-sufficient. However, as Loung Ung continues to narrate, there were people who were not happy with the government under Prince Sihanouk claiming that it was corrupt. Factions were formed to demand for reforms. Among the various factions was the Khmer Rouge, which launched an armed struggle against the Cambodian government. The government was overthrown in 1970 and Prince Sihanouk’s Defense Minster, Lol Nol, became the Head of State. In her narrations by her father, the Lol Nol was weak and was easy target by the Khmer Rouge communist faction. The Vietnam war makes it easier for the Khmer Rouge, when the United States attack the Cambodian border with Vietnam as they try to destroy the Vietnamese bases at the North. A lot of Cambodians were killed by the bombings and the Khmer Rouge earned support from the peasants there. According Loung Ung in her book, the children had been playing outside their houses in the city, just like they had done every day when soldiers in their trucks visit the town of Phnom Penh. The presence of the soldiers in the city led to evacuations of all city residents. Loungs family, just like all other families leave in a rush. Loung’s father having worked with the Lol Nol government as a military police realized that he and his family would be in more serious danger. The Khmer Rouge regime was killing senior government officials. Again, the Khmer Rouge had a dislike for the city people and had only value those with the farming and agricultural skills. The Khmer Rouge and the Pol Pot regime did not believe in the western civilization. The regime planned a cleansing process by banning all
Introduction “Far from Here” is a recent video of the rock band The Lonesome Ones. It is necessary to note that the video enhances the effect created by the music and the lyrics. More so, the song and the video supplement each other and the video help the band articulate their message. The video unveils the major idea of the song and, at the same time, it reflects images and ideas which are brought to mind while listening to the song. The Three Aspects of A Rock Piece The major idea of the song is the need to find one’s place in this world. The singer shares his desire to find his own place (“The Lonesome Ones”). People are always on the road, in the broad sense of this expression. The man is moving along his life road where the death might be the end of the way. The video is all about the road and the circle of life. A young man recalls some bright spots from his childhood while driving to his father’s tomb. Noteworthy, the video is sad, but it is still very optimistic as the young man goes on and finds his answers. The video is a mix of the young man’s story, his memories and the band’s performance. Thus, the viewer is exposed to the three aspects of a rock piece, i.e. the idea, the music and the atmosphere. In the first place, rock is all about deep meaningful lyrics. Really important issues are dwelt upon in a conventional rock piece (Covach & Flory 541). The video provides images to support the story told and to make it real. Admittedly, rock is also about music. Therefore, the video includes snapshots depicting the band performing. There is also a majestic guitar solo. The video enhances the effect of the solo as the man is playing the guitar and there is a road in the background. Finally, rock music is all about really specific atmosphere of liveliness and certain wisdom. Rock is something real to life. The video emphasizes this idea as the members of the man are ordinary people who have their lives and try
Advantages and disadvantages of quasi-experiment The quasi-experimental design has several advantages and disadvantages, which are worth noting. According to Jackson (2012), one of the main advantages of the quasi-experimental design is that it is logically easy to manage. A researcher will find it easy to conduct a quasi-experiment because of this fact. Another advantage of this design is that generalization is always possible when using a control group. It means that a researcher can easily use a small control group to generalize the entire population. Despite the above advantages, quasi-experiment has several disadvantages. One of the main disadvantages of this experimental design is that it has a limited ability to compare studies because of the possible variations that may exist. Another major disadvantage of using this method is that it has questionable validity. As Pelham and Blanton (2012) note, many researchers do not trust the validity presented by this design because of the small number of participants that are always used, among other reasons. According to McBurney and White (2010), the fundamental weakness of the quasi-experimental design is that it lacks random assignment that is common in actual experiments. Lack of random assignments is considered a weakness because it reduces the internal validity of an experiment. This weakness matters because with the internal validity affected, making a causal claim becomes difficult to even after the completion of the research. It is for this reason that some researchers avoid it when conducting research that requires a high degree of both internal and external validity. Assigning participants into groups randomly If a researcher assigns the participants into various groups, it is always assumed that at the beginning of the study, the groups have the same capacity. However, this assumption is wrong because the groups will have different individuals with different capacities. It is also a fact that once the study comes to an end, the groups will have several differences. The capacity of a group will depend on the capacity of the individual members of the group and how well they work as a team to achieve a common goal. In such cases where it is not possible to assume equivalence at the beginning or end of a study for the groups involved, a researcher may exercise tight control of the experiment in all the teams. In this case, the researcher will ensure that the behavioral patterns of the groups in terms of discussions, or any other relevant issue, are universal. Presence of a threat in a given study It is always important to try and avoid the major weaknesses or threats in a given study. However, there are cases where a researcher fails to identify these threats to a ti
Healthcare organizations can be prepared to address problems which are caused by biological pathogens. In 2001, the US created a department of health preparedness to deal with health disasters after anthrax attack that came unexpectedly costing the comfort of many people. The main reason why this department was made was to prevent and manage many healthcare associated infections which occur abruptly causing deaths of many people whereas they could be prevented. Department of health preparedness is supported by the federal government through Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The financial support has allowed the ministry of health to be able to carry out research on various threatening diseases. They have employed communication across the states and intensive laboratory work. Public health have also partnered with many organizations to help in prevention of outbreaks of such attacks (Katz et al ., 2006). One of the challenges in preparedness is that as the healthcare is putting its efforts in preparedness, bioterrorists are also changing their strategies of launching attacks. This is mainly caused by resistance of disease causing microorganism to drugs. Resistance is caused by excessive use of drugs by the patients. Healthcare must thus focus on monitoring drug use by patients so as to prevent resistance. Resistance causes the disease to re-occur
Introduction Investment in real estate is one of the most efficient ways to receive a stable income. One of the most efficient ways to make profitable investments in real estate is to measure price elasticity depending on different variables. The present report utilizes the dataset provided by Anglin and Gencay (1996) to determine house price elasticity using various regression models. The purpose of the paper is to determine the most accurate method for predicting house prices and making judgments about the most appropriate investments. Simple Regression Model First, it was decided to create a simple regression model to understand a correlation between the lot size and the price. A standard regression model has the following format: Pi = c+dQi, where:   * Pi is the sale price of a house i in Canadian dollars.   * Qi is the lot size of a house i . in square feet. The c parameter is an intersect with the y-axis, which is the lowest possible price (assuming the lot size can be 0 square feet). Even though the price can virtually be negative, it is expected that the intersect will represent a minimal price that includes service fees. The d parameter is expected to be positive, as, with the increase of the lot size, the price of the house is to grow. The regression equation is to be interpreted as a demand equation, as it demonstrates how much buyers are willing to pay for houses of different sizes (William and Khim, 2020). The regression line is visualized in Figure 1 below. Figure 1. Scatterplot of price against lot size The simple linear regression equation is presented below: Pi=34.136 +6.6 *Qi All the parameters were statistically significant with p<0.001. The adjusted R 2 was 0.28, which implies that the model could explain 28% of fluctuations of the price using lot sizes. Elasticity The simple linear regression equation presented in Section 1 can be used to calculate elasticity. Elasticity is a ratio that measures the sensitivity of one variable to changes in another. According to Hayes (2020), “most commonly, this sensitivity is the change in price relative to changes in other factors” (para. 1). In econometrics, elasticity is often measured to determine a price policy (Hayes, 2020). If the ratio is below 1, the price is known to be inelastic, which means that changes in a variable mildly affect the price. There are two types of elasticity, which are arc and point elasticities. Arc elasticity is measured over an arc of the demand curve, which is very useful for real situations, as price changes occur in jumps (Nipun, 2020). Arc elasticity yields only approximate measures, as it virtually connects two price points on the arc with a straight line. Point elasticity measures elasticity at a particular point. The arc elasticity will be more applicable to the
The operational improvement of global relations provoked the mixing of cultures. With the advent of modern technology, people began to study other cultures other than their own intensively. This makes it possible to gain new experience, knowledge and learn something. The West and its culture were actively mixed with representatives of the East and their cultures. Muslim communities also encouraged cultural mixing, as it had a positive impact on the economy and culture of society. Cultural mixing was undoubtedly primarily promoted by the rulers of countries and states. In the Muslim community, Shah Abbas became such a ruler. He began his reign in 1587 and stood at the source of the creation of the Safavid culture (Meirison et al. 40). So that there would be an influx of Europeans into the Muslim state, Abbas began interacting with members of Christian communities and resettled some of the representatives of Europe to the lands of Muslims. Shah Abbas began to create a capital in Isfahan. He invited Chinese artisans to develop various products made of glass, ceramics, and metal (Bengoechea). Chinese artisans interacted with local residents, which demonstrates the mixing of Chinese and Muslim cultures. As a result of this shift, incredible works of art have been created. In addition to art objects, the production of carpets also began to develop (Fleming). If earlier it had exclusively Persian motifs, then under the influence of the mixing of cultures, it began to acquire new drawings. Shah Abbas gave his masters the opportunity to learn about carpet painting in Italy from the artist Raphael, which brought a new European style to Persian carpets. In conclusion, the Muslim community encouraged the mixing of cultures as their own culture grew more substantial and developed. This had a positive impact on the economy of the Muslim state, as, under the influence of two or more cultures, incomparable works of art were created that were actively sold. In addition, representatives of different cultures had the opportunity to draw knowledge and adopt each other’s experiences. Works Cited Bengoechea, Isabella. “ Iran’s Shah Abbas I and His Architectural Legacy. ” Culture Trip . 2016. Web. Fleming, Esther. “ How Did the Location of the Safavid Empire Contribute to Cultural Blending? ” Sidmartin Bio . 2020. Web. Meirison, Meirison, Fatarib, Husnul and Saharuddin, Desmadi. “The Safavid Dynasty and the Role of Shah Abbas I in the Development of Several Field.” Jurnal Keislaman dan Peradaban, vol.15, no.1, 2021, 35-54. Web.