ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction While making his presentation at the Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895, Booker Washington made one of his most popular addresses, “The Atlanta Compromise Speech”. In the address, Booker T. Washington shared his conviction that African Americans should use what they have prudently and endeavor to shine in their current workplaces and ranks instead of constantly fighting for recognition and white-collar jobs. He also affirmed that the white people also failed to value what was in their surroundings. He urged both the blacks and whites in the South to understand that they required one another and should look for ways of enhancing peaceful coexistence (Bidwell 59). To articulate Washington’s belief, this paper presents a critical approach and analysis of his speech. The paper begins with an expression of social criticism before proceeding to literary devices that include allegory, repetition, analogy, and imagery. Booker T. Washington’s speech highlighted accommodation as opposed to confrontations against the segregated scheme under which African Americans existed. Social Criticism Booker Washington, a well-known Black teacher in the US in the late nineteenth century, presented the famous Atlanta Compromise Speech in September 1895. In the speech, Washington said that vocational instruction, which provided African Americans with a means of securing a stable income, was more significant to them when compared to social benefits, a high level of learning, or political office. In one remark, he summed up his vision of race relations for the times by affirmation that people can be as different as the fingers in all things simply social, yet united by one hand in all aspects fundamental to mutual growth. In exchange for African Americans being peaceful and socially distinct from whites, Washington claimed that the white community should assume responsibility for refining the economic and social situations of all Americans, notwithstanding skin color (Graves 5). Such an idea of shared accountability is what is widely recognized as the Atlanta Compromise. Leaders among the white people in both the Southern and Northern regions received Washington’s articulations with enthusiasm. Nevertheless, the speech troubled Black elites attributable to the fear that Washington’s cooperative approach would ruin their community’s fate to absolute subservience to their white counterparts. Booker T. articulated in Negro terms the accommodationist position of adjustment (Clabough et al. 7). The idea was that if it became clear to the whites that the black community was ready to contribute to national and global development, the barriers of social inequity and racial injustice would gradually diminish. The speech underscored that accommodation was the finest means of ensuring social equality and justice. Allegory Allegory formed one of the most rema
African Americans who came to colonial America were slaves captured in Africa and were transported into the slaves market across the Atlantic Ocean. In the American colonies, African slaves were placed in plantations and farms and were under the strict control of their masters. Most of the slaves were from West Africa between Angola and Senegal. The slaves were brought inland and taken to the coast where they were eventually sold to the European slave’s merchants. The eventual aspects were devastating to their lives From the 1700s to the 1800s, there were a lot of changes in the new World slave trade. There was a decline of African slaves imported in the 1760s and was eventually banned in 1808. Though slave importation was illegal, auctioning and trading were still in progress. The Old South began to expand into Deep South and this enhanced the slave trade into a profit-making business. Millions of slave trades were matched farther south between 1790 and 1860. They were transported either with their leaders or individually away from their families. The rise and spread of the cotton industry made slavery essential to the survival of the south. The slaves did not lead pleasant life. Those who worked on the farms faced difficulties and cruel work. Men, women, and children were forced to work hard on the plantation throughout the day and were driven by white supervisors with whips. Some slaves were skilled as carpenters and blacksmiths, while others became house servants. Southern laws did not recognize marriages between slaves and therefore, there was no protection of the families of the slaves. This resulted in a negative impact on the slave lives. Husbands and children were sold away from their families by their masters. However, despite instability among the families, slaves had a strong bond with all their kin and with the slaves that were not their kin. African Americans risked their lives in the battles of the American revolutionary and civil wars as well as the individual struggle to be free from slavery and become their masters other than undergoing torture. The black men participated in the first battle Boston Massacre in 1770 and Concord and Lexington in 1775 with the aims of freedom. While some African Americans worked as slaves on local plantations, other black New Jerseyans started their farms and made businesses and churches that were to sustain their communities. The church served as a place where the slaves gathered to seek some refuge and peace from hardships. In 1869, t
Introduction Learning is arguably the most important activities that human beings engage in. It is through learning that we are able to acquire new knowledge and skills. It can therefore be said that learning is integral for the development of the society. Due to the importance of learning, many societies have come up with formal institutes where learning takes place. These institutes include schools where students attend and gain information on a wide variety of subjects. However, learning can also take place when an individual looks for new material and engages in learning alone. There is disagreement over whether learning alone or learning in a classroom is most beneficial. This paper will argue that learning in a classroom is superior to learning alone and it should therefore be the primary mode of learning employed by our society. A Case for Classroom Learning Students are able to benefit from each other when they learn in a classroom setting. Paduraru notes that in the traditional classroom environment, students are able to “interact with the teacher and their classmates” (par. 2). This interaction makes it possible for the student to benefit from cooperative activities such as group work and class discussions. Students can learn from each other and benefit from discussing difficult concepts with each other. In addition to this, students are more motivated to learn when other individuals who are also engage in the same learning surround them. Paduraru declares that the learning atmosphere created in the classroom setting leads to higher levels of focus and motivation for the student (par. 3). All students are able to demonstrate better learning outcomes because of the inter-student interaction promoted by classroom learning. Contact with the teacher in classroom learning leads to better learning outcomes for the student. Teachers are a very important part of the learning process since they act as informative guides. With their skills, they are able to direct the student in their learning efforts. The face-to-face interaction
In setting the central characters (Creon and Antigone) against each other, Sophocles’ play Antigone embodies a conflict between one’s duty to the state and laws and the responsibility to family and morality. The author uses a tragic conflict between the two main characters to paint a picture of the antagonism that exists in society between morality and family and duty to the law. This paper looks at the basic conflict presented in Antigone as well as the positions of the two antagonistic characters. Sophocles uses Antigone to represent the duty to family and morality. Creon, on the other hand, represents duty to the law and the state. Antigone respects the decrees of the gods and family responsibility more than any laws set by man. In episode one, Antigone and her sister (Ismene) discuss the fate of their brothers’ corpses. Eteocles (one of the brothers), is perceived as a hero by the state and is expected to be buried in honor, while Polyneices is to be abandoned to be eaten by the birds. Antigone swears to bury his brother irrespective of the consequences. This is the source of the conflict as the reigning ruler (Creon) holds his ground and swears to uphold the law under any circumstance. Though the positions of the two characters are both justifiable, the ultimate hero of the conflict is Antigone. Positioned as the protagonist in the story, Antigone maintains a strong sense of responsibility to family and morality and willingly goes against the instructions of Creon, which leads to her arrest. She asserts that her fate can only be decided by the gods and looks forward to judgment in the afterlife (Sophocles 63). Antigone prefers to leave the world on her terms by committing suicide in the cave where she is being kept prisoner by Creon.
The development of technology has drastically changed the world. It is a good thing because it will help develop mechanisms and further advancements to help humanity on individual and social levels. The article “Singularity” talks about a great rate of development in technology and that it might lead to technology becoming self efficient. This is a possibility out of fiction movies such as “Blade Runner” and “Gattaca” and literary works like “Frankenstein”. The article specifies that the development of atom size technology will advance self evolution of intelligence of machine and eventually, it will become superior to humans and overtake the world. It is clear that technology is starting to become smaller but it is to the benefit of people and with careful control will not evolve into a great evil. The movie “Blade Runner” illustrates a future where people gained an ability to create clones which are used for work on planets other than Earth. Eventually, these half-humans half-machines start a war against people. This sort of scenario seems very unlikely because modern people would be able to control the conditions of evolution. They would notice that machines have the potential to self-evolve and get out of control, and actions would be taken to prevent this. Another movie “Gattaca”, tells a story of DNA modification and discrimination where people are outcast due to their genes and biological make-up. This sort of technology is slowly developing where scientists are able to do experiments with DNA but discriminating people due to their genetics is highly improbable. There are laws today that are becoming world-wide which prevent any type of discrimination, especially if it is in-born. A story of “Frankenstein” is another example of a futuristic case, where a person is created in a laboratory. The story uses a semi-scientific method in the creation and coming alive of a “person” but he is attributed human qualities and a life where the development according to society is illustrated. This can somewhat be aligned with technology helping people who are extremely ill. A technology like that would also be beneficial, even though making someone come back to life has little chance of happening. Futuristic movies and short stories portray a grim future where machines take over humanity and people have to fight their own creations. People are the ones that give these mechanisms an idea, which is manifested through their ability to function. Of course, there is always a possibility of a malfunction in the mechanism, as can sometimes be observed today. Computer viruses and system breakdowns are very common and this is an example of the detrimental factors of technology. People must take into account all outcomes, as well as machines gaining their own “understanding” and functioning. The article makes it clear how technology can be used for the benefit of humanity. “Biorobotic” limbs can find very useful application in the population. Cell technologies can reach great potential in preventing the spread
The current public health issue in New Jersey selected for this assignment is smoking in public places. The presently spending bill that will be discussed in the paper is Bill No. 1235 sponsored by Senator Shirley K. Turner that was introduced on January 25, 2018 (Turner, 2018). The bill is focused on the prohibition of smoking at public parks and beaches. The significance of this legislative reform is great since smoking is one of the major causes of preventable deaths. Therefore, it is crucial to approve this proposal to provide better healthcare opportunities for New Jersey citizens. The paper will consider the pros and cons of the bill the analysis of which will be supported by the evidence from research articles about the subject of discussion. Benefits of the Bill The major advantage of the bill is that it is aimed at eliminating the exposure of New Jersey citizens to dangerous secondhand cigarette smoke (Turner, 2018). It is mentioned in the bill that tobacco is the main reason for preventable disease not only in the state but in the whole nation. Also, it is noted that tobacco smoke makes up a significant health risk to nonsmoking individuals (Turner, 2018). Therefore, the benefit of the bill is that the health hazard will be decreased using banning smoking in public parks and beaches. The problem of secondhand smoke exposure is widely discussed in scholarly literature. In their article, Homa et al. (2015) analyze the prevalence of such exposure in the US. The authors conclude that the risk of being subjected to secondhand smoke decreased from 52.5% in 1999-2000 to 25.3% in 2011-2012 (Homa et al., 2015). However, scholars note that the level of exposure to secondhand smoking is still very high, putting at-risk children, individuals living below the level of poverty, non-Hispanic blacks, and citizens living in rented apartments (Homa et al., 2015). Taking into consideration the results of this research, it becomes obvious that the bill will be a beneficial opportunity to eliminate the risk of secondhand smoking posed to nonsmokers. Another benefit of the bill is that it recognizes the problem of littering and the increased fire hazard as a result of smoking in public places (Turner, 2018). The issue of cigarette butts polluting the environment is extensively discussed in scholarly research articles. A pilot study performed by Wilson, Oliver, and Thomson (2014) analyzes such aspects of smoking as fire risks, litter, and cigarette butt disposal in public places. In particular, Wilson et al. (2014) observe sm
Introduction E-wastes have presented a serious challenge to concerns on environmental sustainability within the local community. Unlike the organic wastes, e-wastes do not decompose and can remain in the same state for several decades after the end of their usefulness. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to present an e-waste management module for the local environment explicitly. The e-waste management focuses on the use of computers and other electronic home equipment. Promoting positive environmental behavior Recycling The local council should purchase a container or a bin where used electronic equipment should be stored. Specifically, the council should roll out a comprehensive campaign on the need to dump the e-wastes in these bins. The campaign can be in the form of posters, the creation of a website, and partnership with the local environmental authority (Zhang, 2011). Establishment of an environmental organization The council should establish an environment organization or partner with an existing environmental lobby group within the region to offer a lesson on e-waste management. During such lessons, all the stakeholders will embrace the e-waste management and properly dispose of their used computers in the designated areas of e-waste collection (Luther, 2010). Positive and negative consequences The positive consequence, such as improved e-waste management awareness, will increase pro-environment behavior by igniting a sense of self-responsibility among the locals on the need to preserve the environment. For instance, the locals will be inspired to observe proper disposal of e-waste as part of self-responsibility. The negative consequence of poor e-waste management, such as poor e-waste disposal, might cue the thoughts of the locals on the need to improve on their environmental awareness, thus joining the local environmental organization proposed. For example, the locals may actually own the idea of environmental conservation upon empowerment by the environmental network (Luther, 2010). Technological advances in the environment Technological advancement in the form of computerization of the e-waste management system has made the process sustainable and centralized. For instance, the lo
Several European nations underwent significant changes and continuities in the 17th and 18th centuries due to the process of establishing and building strong states. The Age of Enlightenment was one of the fundamental driving forces of these new adjustments in political, social, and economic spheres of life. By assessing England, France, and Prussia, it is evident that the given changes affected monarchs, religious officials, and people in a positive manner by improving the dynamics of power balance. The emergence of states was the critical moment in the history of Europe, which was opposed by monarchs but supported by people. For example, the king of England and Scotland argued that the parliament should not forget the divine nature of kingship. In other words, he was displeased the general role of the monarchs was declining with the development of states. This rejection was caused, first of all, by the gradual loss of power, which departed to other people, making the royal family less significant. Consequently, the monarch, in this case, tried to preserve the continuity of the established order. Others, such as free thinkers, claimed that industry, growth, and prosperity are impossible without commonwealth, which cannot be ensured by one monarch. These people personified change and defended the interests of emerging societies, such as industrial. Consequently, the community had a clear understanding of the necessity and inevitability of the coming changes and changes in the form of a decrease in the role of the monarch, no matter how the latter tried to maintain continuity. The establishment of new forms of government and changes at the political and economic levels also affected the interests of the common population. However, even in spite of their support, the structural processes of social change in society were prolonged. Undoubtedly, as a result of the events taking place around, people’s attitudes towards housekeeping and the methods of adulting have changed, but at a very slow rate. As the example of England shows, the basis for building house
The events of September 11, 2001, sharply brought into focus the dangers posed by terrorism to the U.S. Homeland. The inadequacies of the response measures in the aftermath of the incident galvanized the U.S. government to set up an umbrella organization called the Department of Homeland Security in 2002 to holistically deal with all hazards, including terrorist attacks. Prior to this legislation, almost every State had its own emergency response plan, which supposedly meshed with the Presidential Directive 39 of 1995 but actually caused more confusion. The fact that terrorists could carry out successful Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) attack was proved when as Lawson (2000) states that “On the morning of March 20 1995, several members of the Aum Shinrikyo released sarin nerve agent on five different subway trains in Tokyo by puncturing plastic bags containing the agent”(1). Terrorists may be motivated by religious fundamentalism, political ideologies, or sheer adherence to anarchist or nihilistic ideologies. “Some men just want to watch the world burn” (Dark Knight, 2008) may therefore be not just a great one-liner by Michael Caine, but an apt summarization of the socio-psychopathological disconnect of our times. The fate of over 100 Russian nuclear bombs so small “that terrorists or extortionists could conceal them in their luggage” (Stern, 1997) is still a mystery and the chances of even one being detonated by a terrorist group in a heavily populated city is a possibility. Even if this was not possible, there is enough unaccounted radioactive waste available in the world, which could be used to devise a radiological bomb or a ‘dirty bomb’. This essay aims to cover the incident response plan in the event of a ‘dirty bomb’ explosion as outlined in the new U.S. National Response Plan with focus on the Incident Command System (ICS). Overview According to Tom Ridge, the National Response Plan (NRP) very clearly states that: “It provides the structure and mechanisms for the coordination of Federal support to State, local, and tribal incident managers and for exercising direct Federal authorities and responsibilities. The NRP assists in the important homeland security mission of preventing terrorist attacks within the United States; reducing the vulnerability to all-natural and manmade hazards; and minimizing the damage and assisting in the recovery from any type of incident that occurs”(Ridge, 2004, p.iii). The entire framework consists of a base plan, appendices which amplify the base plan and annexure that layout the emergency support functions. The governing principle of the plan states that the management of the incident should