ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Minerals and water play vital roles in the body. Lack of minerals and water in the human diet may result into serious health problems. According to Grosvenor and Smolin (2012), the body depends on the food taken in order to obtain minerals. Water is always obtained when one drinks water or from the foods taken. The most common and essential minerals needed in the body include calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium and zinc. Calcium helps in strengthening of teeth and body muscles. This mineral can be obtained mainly from milk products. Iron helps in distribution of oxygen in the body and can be obtained from meat, fish, liver and some chicken products. Magnesium is crucial in formation of bones and general workability of the nerves. Potassium balances the body fluids while zinc is necessary for growth and development. These minerals can mainly be obtained from vegetables and animal products. Stanfield (2010) points out that just like the minerals mentioned above, water also plays a very important role in the body. This researcher explains that 90% of the body is composed of water. The body obtains a given percentage of water from foods taken, and through direct intake by an individual. According to Grosvenor and Smolin (2012), one of the main functions of water is to regulate the body temperatures. Many enzymes in the body work at given temperatures and therefore water ensures that such temperatures are attained for the enzyme-controlled processes to take place. Besides, water acts as a coolant, especially through perspiration. In addition, it acts as a lubricant, especially in the joints of the body. Its presence in the saliva in the mouth during chewing helps to avoid shock or damage emanating from friction of the joints. Stanfield (2010) says that without water, nutrients like proteins and carbohydrates cannot be absorbed in the body. In this case, water helps the chemical reactions that make these two nutrients become absorbable in the body. Therefore, water is crucial in the whole process of food digestion and transportation of food nutrients and oxygen in the body. The above explained roles played by water show that it is one of the most important nutrients in the body. Lack of it may result into dehydration. As Stanfield (2010) points out, dehydration of the body poses serious impacts to an individual and can be life threatening. Some of the effects of severe dehydration include loss of general body weight, sight becoming dim, wrinkled skin, reduced urination, increased headaches and nausea, and weak immunity due to poor or no absorption of essential nutrients. Dehydration makes all the important body processes come to a stop, greatly reducing the worki
Introduction There are several types of research stating the relation between language and cognitive development. These researches have discovered a few strong links between general measures of cognitive and linguistic developments but to prove these links practically is still hard. There are some past conclusions that offer specific links such as works by Gopnik which offer that people may enhance certain types of meanings at about the same time that they resolve specific linked matters and several other types of research which focus on proving the connection between the development of disappearance words and the solution to certain object-durability matters. Communicational link From previous studies, the “specificity hypothesis” comes out. This suggestion offers that there are highly specific links between cognitive enhancement and specific linguistic accomplishments during the 1-word period. It proposes that the attainment of words encoding evaporation is related to the development of the object perception, while the acquisition of words programming success and failure is linked to the enhancement of means-ends realization. There is indeed a relation between people’s presentation on the object-concept errands and their use of vanishing words. The percent of people shown to have augmented use of disappearance words was an effect of those same people having clutched the notion of object-permanence; though, the outline of the use of success/failure words could not precisely be deduced. These results do not directly verify the hypothesis, however, provide support in favor. People who used insight to solve difficult means-end tasks were more likely to use success/failure words than those who did not. There were very few people who had mastered one cognitive skill or task and not the other. People seemed to learn both at the same time. The cross-sectional study can only give indirect evidence about the relationship of ordering between cognitive development and linguistic development. People entered the study already with some realization of these words and notions. The two categories of words concentrated on can be learned in any order. There is confirmation of sublevels within the object concept and means-ends abilities. People seem to attain the basic level of cognitive enhancement before they realize related words. Semantic and cognitive developments seem to occur at the same time. Additionally, at least some of these relationships involve concurrent cognitive and semantic development, rather than involving cognitive prerequisites for semantic developments. Errors in communication, and how to reduce them The variety of people and life make our dissimilarities unavoidable. Discernments are always unique. The universe and reality are only what people create within their own minds, their interpretation lives within them and no one else. Our worlds are truly isolated to the neural systems of our own minds. We all live in a state of ‘virtual reality, with varying perceptions and realizations of our own mental universe based on our single experiences and varied collections of truths, and experiences. The further two individuals are divid
These days, drug dealing is the most profitable business. The system is developed in all countries and through the world, and it is impossible to stop the process. The age of drug dealers is different, the most shocking is that a great number of teenagers are involved in the process. They do not only consume drugs and distribute them in their environment, but often build “successful dealer’s careers”. According to the book by Williams, “teenagers can be sophisticated cocaine distributors, wholesalers and retail sellers. Their work has been essential to the growth of a major industry” (10). In order to prevent the growth of this industry, sociologists and criminologists study a criminal behavior and psychology of drug sellers and provide theories to explain them. One of the major questions explored is the question of motivation that makes teens enter the world of drug dealing and leave it. Another important question is what conditions impel them to sell drugs. A number of theories can be applied in order to explain the drug dealers’ behavior. In this work, we will discuss criminal theories that are relevant to explain the behavior of teens involved in the drug dealing industry from the book by Terry Williams The Cocaine Kids: The Inside Story of a Teenage Drug Ring . These theories are Merton’s theory of social structure and anomie, Adlerian theory, Social disorganization theory, Strain theory and Cultural deviance theory. The book by terry Williams is devoted to the exploration of the world of teenage drug dealers. The authors spent with “Cocaine Kids” several years and he explored that world from the insight. The book presents the teenager’s stories. The main focus of the book was on the reasons why Kids entered the world of drugs, how they led their business and what made them abandon it. The author says that the world he entered was a “complex, miniature society with institutions, laws, morality, language, codes of behavior all its own” (Williams 8). The main motivation was to make crazy money in any way. Kids united into gangs, however, “involvement in organized drug dealing was personal rather than gang oriented, was also true for other profitable crime” (McShane and Williams 143). Usually, teens came from families with incomes below the poverty line and entered the world of cocaine to get a job, “the drug business is a “safety net” of sorts” (Williams 8). They also were attracted by the possibility to make really big money and become “meaningful personalities”. The opportunities that the world offered them were amazing from their point of view: they could have prestige, reward and even fame of its kind. All the things they could not even dream about and attain from the regular economy. As Williams says, “it is also a way of confronting their own anxiety by poking fun at the idea of growing up and a steppingstone to the realities of surviving
Introduction Action figures, dolls and cartoons are an ubiquitous part of the childhood of most people within the U.S., with various individuals owning/ watching some variation of these aspects of popular culture in one form or another. Based on various studies of childhood development children actually looked up to and tried to emulate the attitudes and characteristics of the cartoons they saw on television. When examining past and current trends in cartoons, action figures and dolls a rather strange phenomenon was noticed wherein over the years since the 1980s action figures and cartoon heroes took on greater degrees of musculature and size resulting in almost freakishly large heroes as compared to their counterparts prior to the 1980s. Even dolls for girls took on greater degrees of overtly sexual characteristics with emphasis being placed on looks, sexuality and fashion. Behavioral Development While most individuals merely categorized this as a changing trend which was a direct result of the shifting nature of popular culture it must be noted that such changes had a distinct impact on the mannerisms, attitudes and manner in which children believed they should act and mature into. Studies examining the resulting developmental characteristics of children who grew up prior to the overly muscular and sexual trend of the 1980s showed nearly opposite developmental beliefs compared to children who grew up during and after the 1980s trend. It was noted that male children who grew up during and after the trend developed the notion that being overly muscular was normal and a state to develop into. It was a notion that was completely at odds with the idea of children who grew up prior to the trend who believed an average non-muscular physique was normal and what should be attained. This particular difference was also noted in female children who believed that the overtly sexual style and concentration on appearance, fashion and sexuality was what they needed to become in order to be considered normal as compared to the popular notions among children prior to the 1980s which showcased a vastly different and more conservative view on what was considered normal. Cultural Impact What must be understood is that the resulting cultural impact of the change in the depiction of toys and cartoon heroes into either overly muscular or overly sexual characters was noted as being one of the reasons behind the prevalence of various individual behavioral characteristics today such as the belief that looking muscular will make a person popular, that overly sexualized clothing is normal and that violence is a regular aspect of life. While it may be true that such characteristics do not define a majority of the population it is still prevalent in large percentages with various studies confirming that one of the reasons behind their prevalence is their connection to the trend mentioned throughout this p
The myth of Gyges is one of the most well-known myths that present a philosophical question and have been discussed by many philosophers. This is most likely due to the fact that, like many other great myths, it makes people reflect on the complicated questions about human nature and how they would act in certain circumstances. Plato believed that people should not be trusted with the ring of Gyges because once given anonymity, they are bound to get involved in injustice and commit crimes (Paytas & Baima, 2019). I cannot say that I agree with Plato completely because I do not believe that people can only be just and decent when there is a risk of punishment. I realize that my thoughts on these might be the result of my own naïve beliefs about myself or the society I live in. There is no perfect equivalent of the ring of Gyges in the real world, and I can only think of some allegories to it, such as political power or financial superiority (Örtenblad, 2021). These, however, still involve certain risks of being punished for illegal or criminal activities. Therefore, whether fortunately or not, it is still almost impossible to give someone full anonymity and protect them from all kinds of punishment. There certainly are people who can engage in injustice and crime when given anonymity or power. This can be clearly seen in our modern age of social media and online communication. I do not, however, believe that people are inherently vicious. In my life, I have witnessed many examples of good deeds done not out of fear, personal gain, or any other selfish interests. That is why it is not difficult for me to imagine people acting in the same manner even when no one can see them. In a similar way, I can imagine myself wearing the ring and not engaging in any unjust activities.
Motivation can be characterized as the set of forces and stimuli which facilitate an activity directed towards the achievement of certain goals. In the contemporary world motivation is studied within various fields such as business and management, health care and medicine, psychology, and sport. Motivation is a rather powerful force, so taking it under control is very important in order to regulate productivity and enforce positive results. Motivation is studied from the perspective of the three of its main components which are activation, intensity, and persistence. A number of scientists have been trying to identify the mechanisms according to which motivation works. In neuroscience, a variety of researches has been conducted in order to determine the area of brain responsible for motivation. When it comes to the basic physiological needs – hypothalamus is the center which facilitates the impulses directed at the control of desires related to these needs (Hockenbury par. 1). Among there physiological desires there are hunger, thirst, sexual drive, sleep. Theorizing about motivation the experts have developed several approaches concerning the hierarchy of needs experienced by humans. One of the most well-known approaches was suggested by Maslow. It is called Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. In this theory the needs are grouped into five categories and arranged as a pyramid with the most basic or physiological needs at the very bottom and personal growth needs at the very top. The purpose of this theory was to explain the ways in which human desires work. Maslow maintained that physiological needs (food, water, sex) are the priority, if they are unfulfilled one’s desires would not move on to the higher levels. Such hierarchy is reasonable when it comes to food, water or sleep, yet, the need for sex does not seem to be essential enough to impact one’s desire for education or spiritual growth. On the contrary, many religious leaders successfully give up sex and pursue their religious practices. One more motivation theory was developed by Herzberg. It is called Two Factor Theory. The factors that affect motivation are divided into two groups: hygiene factors and motivators. According to the Two Factor Theory, hygiene factors are the ones that do not create any particular effect while they are present but act as motivators when taken away. An example of such factor is safety. Safe conditions are taken for granted but the individuals, yet when they are replaced with unsafe conditions, the individuals start to actively look for security. The second group (motivators) contains the factors which motivate when present. A good example is the opportunity of personal development which most individuals would pursue. This way, motivators are rather positive stimuli, while hygiene factors are the ones that cause addiction. For example, most people get used to having power or money or high levels of comfort which they would not want to lose or give up. All of these motivational factors need to be activated in order to launch a chain of actions and
Introduction The ‘Great Gatsby’ is a novel revolving around the story of a young man, Nick Carraway, a graduate from Yale University. He does bond business and lives in the same neighborhood as Gatsby, a rich man whose life is a mystery. Gatsby, despite his earlier struggles with life, is now living a comfortable life in a large mansion (Fitzgerald and Bruccoli 1996). Les Miserables, on the other hand, revolves around the story of Valjean, an ex-convict jailed for sixteen years after “he was caught stealing bread for his siblings who were dying of hunger” (Hugo, 2007). After another attempted arrest, he escapes and manages to start a factory under the name Monsieur Madeleine. The lives of Gatsby and Valjean have many contrasts and similarities in the way they live and the way they eventually die. Gatsby & Valjean: Similarities & Differences One of the similarities is the fact that they both live mysterious lives at some point. Gatsby in ‘Great Gatsby’ is a rich man with many business associates, but most people are not aware of his true identity. It is revealed that his idea of living in that particular area was so that he could be reunited with Daisy, who is married by now. The reason why he lives anonymously is so that he can hide his unfortunate past, which is why he separated from Daisy earlier in life (Fitzgerald and Bruccoli 1996). Valjean of ‘Les Miserables,’ on the other hand, is an ex-convict trying to live beyond his dark past. Still, the past is not about to let go of him. He becomes a hero in a number of occasions but his past status somehow catches up every time he is almost succeeding in erasing it (Hugo, 2007). On many occasions, he changes his identity to protect himself from the authorities. He even goes as far as changing his name, but his true identity is still revealed. More about The Great Gatsby What Was Gatsby’s Reaction to Daisy’s Child? 5 1647 What Does “Owl Eyes” Reveal about Gatsby’s Books? 5 223 How Does the Narrator Describe Gatsby? 5 214 What Does “Her Voice is Full of Money” Mean? 4.5 7463 Why does Daisy cry about the Shirts in Chapter 5 of The Great Gatsby? 4.4 7214 How Does Nick Meet Gatsby for the First Time? 5 931 The other similarity is that in the end, both parties die though under different circumstances. Gatsby is mistakenly shot dead by a man named Wilson after an accident that was caused by his car killed Wilson’s wife. On the other hand, Valjean dies a natural death after all the struggles in life. Besides him on his death bed are the two most influential people in his life; his adopted daughter and his son in law. From this similarity, we get the first contrast between these two characters. Gatsby, despite his seemingly good life with parties and a lot of wealth, dies miserably after being suspected of having killed Myrtle by hitting her with his car. Valjean, on the other hand, despite his struggles, finally finds happiness in death, where he experiences the real value of family (Hugo, 2007). This implies that the end always justifies the means since it is what matters the most. Anot
Introduction Historically, intellectual property rights, IPR , have played a pivotal role in safeguarding all types of creators in business, scientific and artistic fields. In media technologies, besides providing effective mechanism of protection, the IPR has provided ethical means in which the creators or inventors can appreciate their efforts. Although recent years have witnessed a proliferation of creativity and knowledge exceeding the precincts of mainstream protective measures, IPR has continued to evolve, in tandem with these happenings. Media technologies have witnessed more challenges. These challenges have spanned all spectrums of the society. They include ethical, technological, political, and legislative spectrums, among others. Despite these issues hampering the process of achieving their success, they have granted opportunities for various stakeholders involved in devising methods which fix their effective utilisation. Hence, in recent years, laws, policies and technologies among other strategies, have been constituted to control how media technologies can be used without compromising the intellectual property rights. The author describes how the control of intellectual property rights has contributed to the development of media technologies. In achieving this objective, the author notes that various strategies implemented focusing on intellectual property rights have been pivotal in controlling how media technologies are produced, distributed and used. Measures, such as legislations and technology among others, have provided an elaborate framework in using media technologies. Besides, various laws have been enforced to control or protect intellectual property. Further, the author demonstrates using Napster and Sony Vs Universal Studios as case studies to demonstrate issues that have resulted by not embracing the role of intellectual property rights. Discussion For several years, legal controls have been used to safeguard the society against threats which can occur unexpectedly. Legal controls have provided an effective mechanism in addressing the issue of intellectual property rights. Presently, the world has become a global village; the dawn of the internet has resulted in what we call digital revolution. In the media industry, digital revolution has created what is known as new digital media; hence, digital media has become a common phrase widely embraced in technology and media industries. It is a technology which is enabled by the internet. New digital media has imposed a challenge to conventional copyright policy. Thus, many organisations owning copyrights argue that the digital media have simplified prospects for intellectual theft. Intellectual Property Online (53) illustrates that new media have provided new challenges in terms of intellectual property rights. Intellectual Property Online notes that devising higher protection standards than was with earlier terms of copyright law will help to neutralise loss of revenues (57). Legal Control Measures and Controls The Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the European Union Copyright Directive Despite the differences, Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA and the European