ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The paper covers intersexual normalization through surgery, which is a major concern in modern society. In addition, the paper addresses various views of those supporting surgery for intersexual kids. The aim of the discussion is to illustrate the dangers of deciding intersexual kids’ gender. Most newborn babies have a specific gender, however, some kids, have both genitalia, which makes it difficult to decide if they are male or female. Some parents opt for surgery to remove the least developed organ. The following paper argues against normalization surgery for intersexual kids. Those who support the idea of surgical intervention for intersexual kids argue that it prevents them from social condemnation. Most people who were born with both organs and did not undergo surgery, face societal stereotypes and in extreme cases segregation from other members of the community. According to those who support normalization surgery, this should be a reason to undertake the surgery since it will prevent innocent kids from undergoing societal prejudice. However, this argument is invalid because parents should not decide what to do with their kids based on society’s views. Parents should not be forced to ensure surgery for intersexual kids since society does not have the moral authority to dictate ways parents will raise their kids. Surgical determination of gender can have negative consequences since the kid has a hormonal imbalance, which resulted in the growth of both genitals. In addition, intersexual kids are deprived of an opportunity to select the gender they want to be when they are adults. Parents should not have a monopoly on decisions relating to the sexuality of the kids. They should wait until the kid is old enough to make the appropriate decision. It is an injustice and immoral for the parents to decide the gender of intersexual kids since it is not necessary for one to be male or female. Society has set gender limits since any kid born must be either male or female. However, this should change to allow kids born with both genitalia to fit in the society without prejudice. Kids born with both genitalia should have their classification rather than forcing surgery to make them fit in the present classification. Most of the parents who seek medical intervention for the kids with both genitalia do not know that the surgery is irreversible. This means that once the surgery is done, it is impossible to reverse the gender selected by the parents. In addition, the surgery is carried out for cosmetic purposes since the kid may experience complications later in life, such as lack of sexual pressure, emotional harm, and abnormal feelings. If the parents were informed of the consequenc
Introduction As socio-environmental and economic consequences of tourism persist, there has been increasing need for the tourism industry to adopt sustainable approaches in its management of protected areas. Sustainable tourism refers to putting in place measures that ensure that tourism activities have low impact on the region’s environment, economy as well as the local culture while generating economic benefits to the people (Mowforth and Munt 17). It aims at providing positive experience to tourism firms, the local people as well as the tourists themselves. They also come to understand the local culture as well as the significance of conserving tourism resources. Business management approaches have continued to dominate tourism institutionally as well as philosophically (Hall and Lew 199). The study therefore is built on market-driven approaches and strategies based on socio-environmental as well as economic strategies aimed at achieving financial sustainability. Values and ethics of sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism advocates for inclusive and sustainable community commitment. Tourism development has to involve the community that is seeking to achieve positive benefits from tourism. Sustainable tourism takes into account the Whole Place Development theory which advocates for development of sustainable communities. According to Billington, Carter and Husain (5) Whole Place Development refers to the dynamic process of creating public as well as private spaces by utilizing the input of the stakeholders who are the community to develop a desirable place with good living environment where the community is able to sustain itself and prosper. Whole development helps utilize community partnerships in harnessing strategies, finance, science as well as narratives and cultures in creating socially and economically attractive, vibrant and efficient tourist destinations. Sustainable tourism also involves balancing economic, environmental as well as social goals of tourism. This should include imposing limits and restrictions on specific tourist activities. There should be limits which are formally accepted by key stakeholders. In addition, the carrying capacity needs to be clearly defined. Stakeholders in tourism are also obligated to provide tourists with honest information about their destinations regarding travel, hospitality as well as stays. It has to ensure partnerships as well as establishment of balanced cooperation between tourism providers and tourists in achieving sustainable tourism development plus equitable distribution of benefits. It must aim at benefitting those who exploit tourism resourc
Introduction As I learned from the article by Dahlgaard, Chen, Jang, Banegas, and Dahlgaard-Park (2013), the business excellence models (BEMs) have gained popularity in the last twenty years. However, it is noted that many organizations have faced challenges when trying to implement BEMs due to the complicated evaluation criteria, too much paperwork, and burdensome procedures. Thus, a business excellence framework (BEF) is suggested, and its adaptation on an empirical case of Boeing Aerospace Support is demonstrated. Main body There are three arguments most commonly mentioned when talking about the limitations associated with self-evaluation in the current BEMs: they are non-prescriptive, not convincing enough, and do not provide instruction for unification. A conventionalized 4P excellence model, which is aimed at reaching organizational excellence, comprises the following elements: individuals, teams, work processes, and services. To reduce the limitations of the current BEMs, a new BEF is proposed. It includes three elements that are expected to improve the existing BEMs: organizational culture, organizational characteristics, and the integrity of management techniques and the BEM. The primary aim of BEMs is to lead the company towards BE. The secondary goal is performing the evaluation of the organization’s work. Conclusion The analysis of the Boeing case indicates the following findings. The company employs a BEM along with a number of management techniques and tools. Apart from these options, Boeing makes use of unique programs that help to develop excellence and organizational culture. The case study has shown that each of the three dimensions of the suggested BEF had been employed in the company with the aim of reaching the productive application of the BEM with the inclusion of all workers in the process. However, it is crucial to understand that while the suggested BEF model is rather flexible, it is necessary to understand each of the dimensions along with their internal relationships. Thus, the suggested BEF is considered a fail safe mechanism for enforcing BEMs. Reference Dahlgaard, J. J., Chen, C.-K., Jang, J.-Y., Banegas, L. A., & Dahlgaard-Park, S. M. (2013). Business excellence models: limitations, reflections and further development. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 24 (5), 519-538.
Introductory Summary I have just completed a virtual tour of the Sony Style – USA website. I was able to analyze all the sections of the website and observe its various link uses and functions. Everything seems to be highly user-friendly and designed to make site navigation a breeze. However, there seem too many products presented within the website so it sometimes gets confusing and exasperating to find what it was that the visitor began to set out to find. Over-All Presentation The home page of the site was designed to highlight the latest product lines from Sony ranging from the Sony Vaio notebook PC to the Sony Playstation games and accessories. Using multi-colored images of actual products and adding interactive elements to the pages helps to keep the interest of the visitor focused solely on the products on the screen. This takes away from the somewhat drab background color. Sleek and stylish presentations instead gave the chosen background colors a tinge of class and sophistication that carries over well onto the various products being featured. The homepage effectively guides the first-time visitors of the website towards the various services, inquiry departments, and special product offers without the complexity of having to go through the whole website to find the support they need. Appeal to the Reader The website successfully appeals to the young and hip “yuppie” crowd of professionals of today who have successfully found a way to merge work and play, style and functionality, and durability with cost-effectiveness. With the wide range of choices offered by Sony Style in terms of product range and quality, one can see why the website is most frequented by young professionals and why these visits usually translate into online or real-time sales. Product Information The website outdoes itself in terms of product information as it contains as much information as can squeeze into the area for the product. However, the prints are done in font sizes 9 and 8, making it hard for the eyes to read. The use of red to highlight the important product release or availability information is acceptable over the white background that most of the pages use. Account Registration and Online Sales Assistance Account registration that allows one to access more parts of the Sony Style website is pretty much straightforward as it only requires an email account to sign up. The online sales service also comes with a real-time live chat during PDT office hours from Monday to Friday starting at 8 AM – 5 PM and until 4 PM on Saturdays. I find this to be a highly useful feature of the website as it allows the potential buyer to make immediate inquiries regarding products being considered for purchase without having to bother to drive down to the store and find a salesperson who can hopefully, answer the questions the buyer has. Conclusion In the end, I see a highly entertaining, effective, and user-friendly website that simply begs to be visited over and over a
Introduction The Supreme Court judicial review is largely based on two major theories. The Living Document theory states that the constitution is a living thing; therefore it should be flexible and not rigid as the Ten Commandments written on the stone. This theory however conflicts with the Originality Theory which argues that the judges and justices should use the constitution in its original for whenever they make a ruling on any case. This theory argues that if the judges are given the power to interpret the constitution, they are never consistent in their ruling on similar cases. The Living Document Theory The Living Document theory argues that since the constitution is a Living Document, it should be flexible. This is hinged on the basic fact that the social and political lives of a people are immensely dynamic. Despite of the fact that the constitution is a changing document, conflicts arise as to whether the judge’s rulings and interpretations of the constitution in the context of the changing world ought to be acceptable. The system of checks and balances coupled with the separation of powers do not entirely eliminate the conflicts arising between government agencies and the Supreme Court or even the public. Holmes asserted that his role as a justice was to determine as to whether the laws either upheld the constitution or violated it with an aim of avoiding legislation from the bench (Spalding, 2007, p. 145). The Living Document theory states that the interpretation of the constitution entirely depends on the composition of the Courts of Laws. The former chief justice of the Supreme Court of the USA, Charles Hughes commented that the meaning of the constitution entirely depends on what the Supreme Court asserts. He argued that by exercising the right of judicial review, the courts could either expand or hamper the powers of the congress. With respect to Hughes’ argument it’s evident that the congress is held hosta
The article “How to Build Support for brand Marketing” by R.A. Sevier discusses the problem of brand support and possible strategies to improve the brand creation process. The author pays special attention to steps and procedures which have a market to build support and achieve the desired goal. The author singles out fine steps:   * to find the right people,   * clarify why the wrong brand is important”,   * build confidence,   * “implement brand strategy aggressively”   * show outcomes (Sevier 2005). The author persuades readers that the process of brand creation serves four basic management purposes. First, the bridge information gaps existing among manufacturers, middlemen, and customers. Second, they help coordinate the promotional activities of the total marketing system to achieve a coordinated thrust. Third, they help adjust the system to the customer and consumer requirements. Fourth, they adjust and help in adjusting the product to customer needs. The author underlines that a company’s market share, current, and future, may fluctuate readily. Competitors’ marketing mixes are designed to switch customers to their own brands. Thus, executives are concerned with brand switching–they wish to increase the switch-in rate and decrease the switch-out rate. The task of brand support is to get people or markets to progress from a state of unawareness, or even negative reaction, to one of positive action. The stages in this progression are unawareness, awareness, comprehension, conviction, and action. Opposing the marketing communications in this endeavor are such countervailing forces as competitors’ communications, predispositions, noise, brand loyalty, and habit. The article is objective and well-thought; thus, the author does not cite specific real-life examples of the strategy implementation. The main strength of the article is a clear structure and detailed description of concepts and proposed actions to support a bran
Introduction A plethora of debates as to whether science is good for mankind or it is a dangerous discipline that could lead to the annihilation of the human race has been in the public domain for quite a long time. In most cases, new inventions elicit ambivalent reactions from all quarters. Proponents hail the inventions as good for humankind while opponents point out the possible dangers posed by new inventions if unchecked. This has led governments around the world to restrict and closely supervise the activities of scientists to make sure no one engages in dangerous research. Dynamics of the relationship between the scientists and the public Such was the case in the period immediately after the World War II. According to Badash (2003), prior to the war, scientists were a neglected lot because the government seemed to show no interest in their research activities. However, their contribution to the war changed this perception. The American scientist suddenly became a hero after building the bomb that ended the war. Unfortunately, this changed not long after the war when the government found it unsafe to let scientists pursue their research interests without control over them. The change in the perception towards scientists, as it turned out, was not a preserve of the government as the public too followed suit. At first, the public greatly admired the scientists for their landmark achievement. However, shortly afterwards, they viewed scientists as dangerous individuals causing serious harm to the public good through their research. Badash (2003) notes, “Scientists were seen as evil geniuses who created unthinkable horrors.” The main idea that caused tension between the public and scientists was that the possibility of unscrupulous scientists making some lethal discoveries and unleashing them on innocent people was no longer remote (Badash, 2003). It however seems that the public, in this respect, misjudged the scientists because, as Badash (2003) notes, prior to the discovery of nuclear fission, “scientists had showed caution in handling the atom”. This caution is an indicator that they knew that the energy contained in the atom could have devastating effects. The relationship between scientists, the government and the public remains largely unfriendly even today. Even though their research leads to the discovery of new technology and the advancement of knowledge in many disciplines, scientists still face dilemmas similar to those faced in the nineteen fifties. Cloning is a prime example of concepts which cause conflict between scientists, governments and the public today. The magnitude of the adverse effects of cloning can only be imagined because ethical and legal considerations have not allowed scientists to freely explore this area. Though it could solve serious biological impediments such as helping a barren couple to have a child, scientists are not free to explore this line of research (Yadav & Sharma, 2011). It is clear from this example that scie
Introduction The Russian Revolution of October 1917 is the most important cause of change in Russia. It also the origin of the country’s modern political and socioeconomic system (Acton, Cherniaev & Rosenberg, 2007). Scholars argue that Russia’s involvement in the First World War and the economic consequences are the primary causes of the revolution. However, a number of long-term ands short-term factors equally contributed to the revolution (Lincoln, 2003). This paper argues that although the First World War triggered the revolution in Russia, the revolution could still have taken place even without the war, but after several years. A number of socioeconomic and political factors creates tension in Russia According to scholars, there are four main causes of the Russian revolution. First, the country’s economy was destroyed by the involvement in the First World War. Secondly, the army experienced massive cracking morale and poor funding due to poor military handling and management (Acton, Cherniaev & Rosenberg, 2007). Thirdly, the autocratic rule of the Tsar brought with it massive scandals and poor administration of public money. Final
Introduction Computers are becoming an integral part of daily life every day and it is becoming a basic perception of our day-to-day activities extremely fast. Without a doubt, information technology has brought about profound changes to business functions. This article points out the fact that information technology has enabled increased efficiency, increased effectiveness, and an increased amount of IT-enabled processes within the personal and industrial fields. For example, payroll and health benefits processing can now be done more quickly and effectively by not only large businesses but also small businesses who utilize this technology under the context of business. (Yuan 2008) Further, along with other variables, online recruitment centres, web-accessible training programs, and other technological reliant processes have expanded the reach of typical applications. (Zhang & Ming 2007) Now employee skills can more effectively be managed and upgraded, and potential employee bases can be expanded to allow for more diversity. These changes, among others, highlight the benefits that information technology has had on the different fields of human activities. However, increased reliance on IT is making it a point that one must continually update their knowledge about information technologies and thus may struggle to get up to speed on many widespread changes that occur over a relatively short time. (Mukherjee 2004) This is where the hackers come into play. Background Given an IP address, we can find a number of information about the administrator from it. For example, let us consider four IP addresses from the US: 199.252.162.251 = CON2R.NIPR.MIL Organization Name: DoD Network Information Centre Organization Identity: DNIC Address: 3990 E. Broad Street, Columbus, OH Postal Code: 43218 Country: USA Organization Email: [email protected] 213.7.98.49 = 213-98-49.netrun.cytanet.com.cy Network Name: CYTANET Description: Cyprus Telecommunications Authority, Internet Service Provider Admin-c: CM94-RIPE Address: Cyprus Telecommunications Authority, Network Operation and Maintenance, P.O.Box 4929, Nicosia, Cyprus CY-1396 Country: CY Phone: +357 22701711 Fax-no: +357 22701180 E-mail: [email protected] 209.76.125.28 = 209-76-125-28.ttsfo.com Organization Name: AT&T Internet Services Organization Identity: SIS-80 Address: 2701 N. Central Expwy 2205.15, Richardson, TX Postal Code: 75080 Country: US 165.121.208.192 = user-2injk60.dialup.mindspring.com Organization Name: EarthLink Inc. Organization Identity: ERMS Address: 1375 PEACHTREE ST LEVEL A, ATLANTA, GA Postal Code: 30309 It is very simple to find the above information and people, like the hackers, can use this information. Nowadays it is easy for a hacker to enter into a firm and access the corporate network of the firm. They find all sorts of useful financial and other information about the firm and even manage to obtain an important password of the firm using standard technical hacking tools. Social engineering is a hacker manipulates a person taking him or her into confidence and then obtai