ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Arguably, most of the studies conducted in the medical field and the operating room are quantitative (Quereshy & Milner, 2012). These studies often focus on “how many” and “how much.” In this regard, different facets of the expansive medical field often use quantitative research for different purposes. This paper shows when to use quantitative research in the operating room. Decision-making Doctors and nurses often have to make difficult decisions in the operating room. Evidenced-based research studies often inform their decision-making processes (Quereshy & Milner, 2012). Quantitative research provides the foundation for developing these evidence-based findings. Duffy (2005) defines this contribution through the precincts of a critical appraisal process by saying, “Students, faculty members, and practicing nurses can use this overview of the critical appraisal process for quantitative studies to reduce their confusion about the process and to influence learning” (p. 283). In this regard, Duffy (2005) argues that quantitative research not only informs decision-making processes but also fosters learning in the clinical environment. Through this process, students would be better equipped to judge the value of information obtained through quantitative research. Using specific skills learned through the critical appraisal process, surgeons and nurses could also develop a rich repertoire of credible information that they could use in the operating room. To demonstrate how quantitative research improves decision-making processes in the operating room, Chen, Lai, and Wu (2011) say that quantitative research could be useful in understanding demographic, or disease characteristics that would be useful in understanding the context of treatment to use in the operating room. For example, doctors could know the interventions to adopt in surgery, based on a patient’s age, religion, and educational level (among other demographic factors). Similarly, if they were trea
The following advice is of great importance to potential parents to support healthy prenatal development The prenatal phase is the first and the most crucial in the human lifespan. Although it is the shortest phase, it is characterized by the most rapid growth and development. Additionally, it is highly critical period in human development. An unborn child is susceptible to many factors that determine its development (Bigner & Gerhardt, 2014). Therefore, prospective parents should consider the following guidelines. First, prospective parents should seek genetic counseling before pregnancy. Genetically and hereditary related issues play major roles in human development. Consequently, birth defects and hindered development can result from a mismatch in parental chromosomes. Therefore, proper medical information based on chromosomal and health analyzes should inform decisions of beginning a pregnancy (Bigner & Gerhardt, 2014). Second, nutrition during pregnancy should be carefully considered. What a pregnant woman feeds on impacts both her health and the well-being of the fetus. Therefore, it is recommended for pregnant women to get dietary and nutritional advice from experts (Bigner & Gerhardt, 2014). Third, carrying pregnancies and giving birth require physically fit and healthy bodies. Therefore, it is recommended for women to adequately prepare their bodies for pregnancy and birth by taking part in moderate physical exercise (Bigner & Gerhardt, 2014). Pregnant women who participate in physical exercise are likely to avoid problems associated with respiratory, blood circulation, and muscle tone. Additionally, studies have linked physical exercise to mood boost in expectant mothers. Fourth, intake of harmful substances like drugs and alcohol directly affects the development of the child in the fetal and after birth stages. Miscarriages, stillborn, and underweight unhealthy babies are some of the problems associated with the intake of drugs and harmful substances by pregnant women. Therefore, pregnant women must avoid drugs and alcohol during pregnancy, especially in the first and the second trimesters (Bigner & Gerhardt, 2014). Fifth, regular prenatal medical supervision is important. For healthy and strong baby, an expectant mother must visit health providers, at least, five times since the onset of the pregnancy. During these checkups, fetal development is monitored while physicians give guidance, including advice on the medication where necessary (Bigner & Gerhardt, 2014). It is apparent that some substances, especially substances from medical drugs, pass from the mother to the child and can have adverse effects on the child development. Therefore, pregnant women should only take a medicine with proper medical advice. Primary infant development milestones and how they g
Introduction Forest Hills Hospital is one of the healthcare institutions in Queens, New York. It is known to be among the hospitals that experience problems with patient safety, and thus there is a considerably negative image of it among the patients in Queens (“Hospitals in the New York City,” 2012). Therefore, this paper aims to dwell upon the discussion of the issues related to patient safety in the health institution under consideration. After the identification of the problem is performed, the paper will observe the implementation of the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) framework to determine possible solutions for the issues related to patient safety. Since this paper investigates the medical institution, a more specific Healthcare Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (HFMEA) variety of FMEA method will be employed. Identification of the Problem According to a Consumer Report investigation, which was conducted in 2012, numerous hospital in New York tends to perform “a poor job on four key measures of patient safety,” not being with compliance with the healthcare standards of caregiving (“Hospitals in the New York City,” 2012, para. 1). One of the institutions, which is mentioned in this report as one of the most insufficient regarding medical performance, was Forest Hills Hospital (“Hospitals in New York City,” 2012). It could be suggested that the tendency of an ineffective provision of medical services continues to be the case for the hospital under discussion. Therefore, it is essential to determine the factors, which contribute to the adverse development of the situation to improve it. According to the article on Consumer Reports website, there are four primary measures of patient safety: “hospital-acquired infections”, “readmissions”, communication of the hospital staff with patients about medical treatment, and “discharge planning” (“Hospitals in the New York City,” 2012, para. 3). These measures were chosen since they represent the principal aspects of caregiving quality, and thus they would provide a realistic picture of the current state of healthcare institutions. According to these four characteristics, the estimation was performed to retrieve an overall safety score for each hospital, and Forest Hills Hospital was scored “62 percent worse than average” (“Hospitals in the New York City,” 2012, para. 9). Also, it is possible to mention the statistics provided in the research by Feyman and Howard (2016). The authors state that Forest Hills Hospital in the period from 2009 to 2010 the heart failure (HF) mortality rates were above the average level of New York state, and from 2011 to 2013 they were not significantly lower than the average level (Feyman & Howard, 2016). This fact represents the significant insufficiency in the treatment of heart diseases in Fore
The quantitative approaches to research fill a continuum where one side has designs that only observe variables and describes connections. On the other hand, research designs include close control of variables with the clear establishment of relationships. This paper looks at four types of quantitative research methods with an example study for each. Experimental The researcher is deliberately manipulating and controlling the independent variable. The aim is to observe the effect of the change on a dependent variable. The aim is to establish the cause-effect relationship among a group of variables, and this is often conducted like a laboratory study, but may not have to use laboratory settings. The Independent variable is manipulated to determine effects on the dependent variables, and this is on subjects that are randomly assigned to the treatments in the experiment, they are not identified in natural groups as they occur. The study Mago (2014) was a classroom experiment meant to show how both fiscal stimuli cause a greater aggregate output and the fiscal stimulus spending that was most effective at addressing GDP impact. The two stimuli are lowering taxes and raising government expenditure in an economy. The study randomly picks six students and has then in front of a class where they role-play as business owners. In the experiment, the instructor acts as the government that is bringing a stimulus plan to the economy. Besides, the other students in the classroom serve as consumers. The study manipulates assumptions about the experiment concerning payments, taxes and other economic parameters that affect the results. In analyzing data, the study looks at consumption effects and GDP changes before and after the respective changes in the stimulus plan. The stimulus is the independent variable while the consumption effects and GDP are the dependent variables. Data is collected by observation and recording of transactions. The findings are that money generated by tax cuts or fiscal interventions goes to savings and not an expenditure, which negatively affects GDP growth. The study can be used in other classroom settings, and the findings can only help to inform the relationship of stimulus by the government. However, they cannot predict with certainty real-life happenings. Quasi-Experimental It is similar to experimental design, only that the researcher can only measure the independent variable and not manipulate it. Researchers used naturally formed groups, without the option of assigning groups at random. The study compares groups exposed to treatment and those not exposed. Arthur and Hardy (2014), sought to report a field-based quasi-experimental study that looks at the effectiveness of transformational leadership. They reviewed leadership intervention. The focus was on remediating poor performance. In this regard, the focus was on organization elements that were low performing. This was according to the perception of senior management. They selected an infantry recruit training
Introduction A comparative case study analysis is a tool that has been effectively used by researchers to examine in rich detail the features and the context of two or more types of certain phenomena. In this comparative study, the researcher will evaluate the strategies of higher education in Canada and the United Arab Emirates. In this analysis, the cultural, political, social, and economic aspects of the two countries will play a defining role in characterizing higher education strategies. The aim of the comparative case study will be determining similarities and differences in higher education strategies of Canada and UAE and identifying best practices, which the two countries can learn from one another. The paper will be divided into the following sections: background, key points, issues, discussion, considerations for the future, and conclusion. Background Higher Education in Canada Development history of higher education in Canada: top view. The history of Canadian education can be traced back three hundred years. French and British colonies significantly influenced Canadian education in the beginning, with the earliest university in the country being founded by the Church. The first private non-church university, McGill University (established in 1821) (McGill 2017), progressed into the first comprehensive university in the 1950’s. From the late 20th to the early 21st century, the country began a process of extensive popularization of higher education. Today, in the country with only thirteen million people, there are up to 100 universities, 120 colleges and more than 400 of community colleges and private schools, which speaks a lot about the dedication of the government to promote higher education for its citizens. Administrative system: inside view. Because Canada is a multicultural state and there is no centralized Ministry of Education, the primary procedures associated with the enforcement of higher education standards and regulation are managed by the Council of Ministers of Education. The majority of universities and colleges in the country are provincial public, so the provincial government is the one responsible for funding the higher education facilities. However, despite the role in investment, the provincial government is not allowed to interfere with the academic activities of the universities. With regards to the role of the federal government, it is not involved in the direct management of higher education, although it is expected to give general advice for protecting the national interest. University management: bottom-up v
Introduction In the biography Space is the Place: The Life and Times of Sun Ra , John Szwed sets an example of how historians should study a musical icon and his works. Szwed definitely shows that one must accept an artist and his music on his terms. The author concludes that discussing Sun Ra’s life presented several challenges. First, the artist refuses to acknowledge a fixed identity, which leads to the intentional obscurity of his biographical data. Second, the artist does not accept a locatable historical position, which can be explained by his haphazard jumble of material. Third, Sun Ra resists closure and, thus, makes it harder for a biographer to present facts about the artist’s life in a traditional matter (Wuethrich). Challenged by the complexity of the artist’s works and his personal character, Szwed manages to create a multi-dimensional and fascinating image of an enigmatic jazz performer. Ra’s life is presented in a chronological order, which is a traditional approach to biographical storytelling. The author follows Ra from his childhood in Alabama to his first steps in the jazz scene in Chicago, then to New York, and eventually Philadelphia. In this paper, the focus will be placed on exploring Szwed’s analysis of Sun Ra’s personal and musical characteristics, the artist’s biography and his contribution to jazz as a whole. From a personal perspective, a period from Sun Ra’s life will be discussed to reveal its impact on shaping the musical craft. Sonny’s Childhood and First Experience with Music To understand from where Sun Ra came and how his upbringing influenced his future views on art, it was chosen to first pay attention to the first half of the books first chapter, which encompasses pages 30 to 80. Szwed reveals that Herman Poole Blount (later known under the scene name of Sun Ra) was born on May 22, 1914, in Birmingham, Alabama (32). The name that mother gave him was inspired by the name of a famous Afrocentric magician who claimed to have the ability to resurrect women from the dead. This name is heavily associated with spirituality and, thus, contributes to Ra’s worldview that “he was not born, that he was not from earth, that he was not a man, that he had no family, that his name was not what others said it was” (Szwed 35). It is revealed that Sun Ra’s father left when the boy was young as well as that he had an older sister Mary and an older brother Robert. From his early childhood, Herman was nicknamed Sonny. At elementary school, Sonny was a polite and studious boy who was protected from violence on the part of his teachers and the mother. As he reached adolescence, several health issues such as hernia and cryptorchidism started tormenting him (Szwed 48). When struggling with these issues, the boy found protection from his great aunt for whom Herman was “her favorite, her joy in life, and she refused to let anyone discipline or correct him” (Szwed 48). Sonny’s first memories came from Robert’s records as well as his grandmother’s love for church music. Soon after getting familiar with music, the boy began composing songs and writing poetry. Also, it should be mentioned that Birmingham was “fl
Executive Summary Time Warner is one of the largest media and entertainment houses in the world with interests in almost all type media and form. The most unique thing about the company is the very local nature of it services. It uses its experiences of several other markets especially that of Europe in developing new markets either through joint ventures or buying out an established entity (Time Warner, 2008). The company despite its global presence offers a very customized products to its customers depending on the market type and the technology that can be easily observed but still the international flavor of its service clearly makes its a rival and every other local player vulnerable. Time Warner’s customer centric approach can be understood from the fact which clearly mentions of ten business principles that the company has developed for guiding its employees in making communication with the customers. Through Porter’s Five Forces analysis, the alternatives have been developed (Exhibit A). The proposed alternatives have its expanse over the global market and with massive input for the entertainment industry. The analysis has been set against following criteria: the time to implement, Time Warner’s corporate culture and synergy, cost of implementation, and the revenue potential. The outcome of the report ends with recommendation related with global expansion of the company in order realizes unexplored markets. The report highlights the following   * Time Warner’s aims   * Time Warner’s vision   * Time Warner’s core business   * Growth opportunities   * Future options   * Strategic choices This report highlights issues related to the market condition in US along with Time Warner’s option in this market and how the same is planning to expand further in several other markets where it has got some presence and also in developing nations where it desires to be a major player. Introduction Time Warner is the world’s 2 nd largest media and entertainment corporation with a market cap of 56.40 billion USD (on May 1, 2008). The company was established in the year 1972 and in this thirty five years have become one of the most valuable entertainment companies in the world with current employee strength around 85000 (Time Warner, 2008; Value Wiki, 2007 ). Vision To be the world’s entertainment leader enriching our customers’ lives through the unique power of communications, information and entertainment. Values   * Passion for customers: “Our customers have chosen to trust us. In return, we must strive to anticipate and understand their needs and delight them with our service.”   * Passion for our people: “Outstanding people working together make Time Warner exceptionally successful.”   * Passion for results: “We are action-oriented and driven by a desire to be the best.”   * Passion for the world around us: “We will help the people of the world to have fuller lives – both through the services we provide and through the impact we have on the world around us. Organization Goals   * To maintain high ethical standards   * To understand and respond to our stakeholders’
Conformity and rebellion are the controversial social issues that make people think about their roles and possibilities in regards to the circumstances they have to live under. It is not an easy task to create a good story about conformity and rebellion as the reader expects a lot from such work: positive social foundation, a direct message, several realistic characters for comparison, and the emotions that can prove that the chosen story is worthwhile. Shirley Jackson introduces her own vision of society and the rules, which people prefer to follow. “The Lottery” introduces a small town with its citizens, who have nothing to do but to live according to the norms they have already set, confirm the expectations, and neglect the ideas of rebellion as they just do not have a right on it. In spite of the fact that the main prize of the lottery is death, the citizens continue believing in the power of the order and the necessity to organize the same event annually. Though Jackson’s work is regarded as a cruel story with unrealistic characters, events, and an unexpected end that changes the understanding of human relations in society, “The Lottery” remains to be a powerful and educative short story and an exemplary literary piece of work about conformity and rebellion as it has a clear message to the reader, causes a number of different emotions, and makes the reader think about human morals, ethics, and duties that have to be fulfilled anyway. The relationship between an individual and society is hard to establish properly as certain sacrifices and some explanations may be needed, and many actions cannot be avoided, and Jackson creates a good message for the reader on how to develop this kind of relations. Jackson’s “Lottery” has a clear message – society may be created in accordance with people’s demands, still, people should be ready to neglect some aspects of their lives to achieve the necessary results. Though some readers are not able to understand this particular message in the story due to its abrupt and rather cruel end, still, it is wrong to deny the fact that the author leaves a message and pays a certain attention to it. Another aspect of a powerful literary work is the ability to cause readers’ emotions, and “The Lottery” is one of the short stories that may cause a number of various emotions at the same time. People have to follow their traditions, respect the cultural norms they choose and treat each event as something inevitable and indestructible. The story tells that all citizens show the same attitude to the lottery as “c
The competition aspect frequently becomes the key factor to companies’ development. In the case of WorldCom and Sprint, both companies thrived in the competition with AT&T and with each other. The beneficial effects of the competitive race included developing systems capable of handling millions of customer accounts and constructing national and international fiber-optic networks. Those benefits let WorldCom and Sprint dominate the field of long-distance services. The merger of these two companies could cause harm by reducing the competition level, which might result in high prices and low quality of services for customers. The relevant product market is the first tier of internet services. It is the fast ‘backbone’ that internet providers use to connect to instead of using direct connections. The advantages of the first-tier market include faster first-hand internet connections to the customers and higher quality services. As tier one connects domestic operations faster within the Unites States, customers are unlikely to turn to foreign providers, resulting in the United States being the relevant geographical market. As WorldCom’s subsidiary company UUNET’s share in the overall Internet traffic in the United States, equals almost 37%, the company is already considered dominant in the Tier 1 market. Moreover, Sprint’s share comes second after WorldCom with 16% (Prince, 2014). Considering that 15 companies establish the Internet backbone and two of them could merge into one implies the risk of more than half of the shared internet traffic proceeding through one company, making it dominant amongst other companies. The merged entity would not be interested in providing efficient connections with any other IBPs, and mutually beneficial access will diminish. Overcoming this problem would require UUNET/Sprint to refuse to interconnect with new entrants or limit these connections. Although the marginal cost of supplying one megabyte of internet access could be anywhere near zero, the amount of the used production capacities to supply infinite volumes of data speaks for itself. The overall private line market in the U.S. is valued at over $9.5 billion (Prince, 2014). Data networks that utilize the slower X.25 protocol comprise nearly $495 million of the U.S. market, and the fra