ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background information The “No Child Left Behind Act” is a statutory provision that offers regulatory benchmarks with regard to education in the United States of America. This legal provision embodies government efforts that seek to consolidate and maximize on areas that characterize recurrent pursuit of academic excellence (Berkhart, 2012). Through this policy, the government endeavours to guard and guarantee rights and privileges of children from poor economic and social backgrounds. This policy advocates for proper management of education systems in order to enhance performance and best practices in pedagogy (Berkhart, 2012). The legal provision mandates all states to institute assessments that establish progress in pertinent areas that are germane to actualization of academic ideals and aspirations. In order for schools to qualify for government funding, there should be demonstrable efforts towards attainment of core goals and objectives in education. However, basic thresholds vary from one state to another (Berkhart, 2012). The policy defines clear guidelines that relate to curriculum development and performance in education through regular assessment and appraisal. It asserts the importance of proper training and prowess for teachers and other professionals who contribute to development and actualization of academic programmes in the country (Berkhart, 2012). The statutory provision materialized through the efforts of George W Bush during the early years of his administration. Its main architects were John Boehner, Edward Kennedy, George Miller, and Judd Gregg. After passing through the House of Representatives and the Senate, it achieved its legal status on January 2002 after President Bush signed it into law (Berkhart, 2012). According to this law, public institutions of learning must conduct obligatory assessment procedures that seek to determine performance and competence among students. In order to achieve fairness, such assessments must subscribe to standard terms and conditions. Through such procedural evaluation, authorities have an opportunity to determine and quantify levels of performance in institu
Background The recent rise in concern for the effects of industries on environment is far from being groundless – according to the state-wide statistics, the annual rate of CO2 emissions rose by 2% 2014 (“US Carbon Emissions Rise 2%” par. 1) (Fig. 1). Figure 1. CO2 Emissions Increase Source: “U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report: 1990-2013” (Table 3) Transportation, i.e., pollution with CO2 emitted by cars, takes the second place in the state-wide pollution rates, according to the chart above (Fig. 1). As the table below shows, very little success has been made in the reduction of CO2 emissions (Fig. 2). Figure 2. CO2 Emission Rates in the USA in 2010–2014 Source: “US Carbon Emissions Rise 2%” (Table 1) The few changes that have taken place despite the abuse of natural resources need to be attributed to the use of hybrid cars ( Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicle Emissions Data Sources and Assumptions par. 2). Researches show that hybrid cars, in fact, allow for a major reduction in CO2 emission rates, seeing that a hybrid vehicle requires only “24 pounds of CO2 equivalent per gallon” ( Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicle Emissions Data Sources and Assumptions par. 4). Introduction Corporate social responsibility refers to all the activities that organizations undertake towards improving the welfare of the people where they serve. Corporate entities operate as responsible citizens by undertaking numerous activities with the goal of making profits. Such activities can affect the society positively and negatively. In recognition of the impact of corporate entities on the society, many organizations have put in place important measures for ensuring that they not only gain from the people through profits, but also give back to the society, to improve the lives of the people they serve. However, other CSR activities are deeply enshrined in an organization’s business. They relate to the dedication of the organization towards an improved society through its activities. For instance, an organization that focuses on providing food products can carry out CSR activities by ensuring that the products offer important healthy benefits, as opposed to increasing lifestyle diseases or other related conditions that such foods can be associated with. Another example o
Introduction China’s economic growth in the past twenty years has been of interest to many countries and companies. Nowadays, numerous economic players prefer China as a business partner and place for their factories. Such changes in the global economy attracted the United States’ attention, which declared a trade war on China. It is necessary to analyze Chinese state-owned and Western private companies’ cooperation to anticipate the possible consequences of this confrontation. The aim of this essay is to answer several questions regarding different aspects of the economic relationship between General Motors (GM) and China’s SAIC Motors. The Long-Term Prospects for the Chinese Market The closure of three assembly plants by GM results from low demand for passenger cars in the domestic sector. It can also be said that it is another episode of the trade war between the Chinese and the United States governments. These events raise the question of how GM’s China-oriented production policy and the tariff war will affect the Chinese market in the long term. According to Li, He, and Lin (2018), “… trade war with the US will hurt China, but cannot hurt China deeply, the negative impacts are affordable” (p. 1575). Moreover, it is possible that the Chinese Government will provide additional subsidies for local manufacturers with which GM is currently cooperating (Lau, 2019). It is worth mentioning that “the Chinese Government is expected to implement cuts in its tax rates…” (Lau, 2019, p. 29). The Chinese market will experience some minor losses but will continue to grow at a significant pace. GM Factories in China and Reasons to Stay Not only does it make sense for GM to continue making cars in China, but also it is economically beneficial in the longer term. As mentioned above, GM’s partnership with SAIC Motor opens up access for GM to public investment and subsidies (Lau, 2019). The collaboration also allows GM to compete effectively with local automakers who are major players in the Chinese market (Ou et al., 2019). It is worth noting that a China-oriented manufacturing policy enables GM to avoid high economic costs that could be caused by Chinese and US tariffs. Car manufacturing in China will also give the opportunity to GM to catch up on local electric vehicle trends such as the current demand for small plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and the possible future demand for large-size PEVs (Ou et al., 2019). It is worth mentioning that China’s economic sector is the largest and fastest-growing automobile market globally. Potential Prospects and Consequences of Another GM Export Policy If GM had pursued a trade policy of exporting cars from the domestic area to China, it would have faced several problems. One of them is the forty percent tariff set by the Chinese Government. The high trade costs would cause price cuts for GM vehicles and reduce the manufacturer’s profits. That is to say, GM would have met the same fate as Tesla. However, there are several positive outcomes for such a theoretical chain of events. The US government would not have canceled public subsidies for GM, and the company would have had
Policy The policy selected is the infectious diseases policy since it is one of the constant threats to public health. This policy aims at providing a range of guidelines and regulations that indicates the importance of controlling infectious diseases and preventing outbreaks. Therefore, policymakers advocate for ways to treat the infectious disease, curing it, and coming up with prevention measures to combat the spread. This paper will focus on infectious diseases in particular influenza policy, Kingdon’s three-stream framework, and the policy process. The rationale for this research The onset of infectious diseases is characterized by individuals acquiring the disease and is also, characterized as communicable to other people. The infected at the healthcare care facilities make the healthcare practitioners more susceptible to contact with influenza. Therefore, the epidemiologist in response to the rising prevalence of influenza cases, are responsible for looking for interventions and preventive measures. According to Craig et al., (2010), these interventions should be prioritized by the policymakers, professionals at the healthcare facilities, and the public at large. The influenza policy is aimed at keeping the healthcare practitioners alert and knowledgeable on the appropriate practices and regulations to focus on to curb the spread. Kingdon’s three-stream framework A policy theory lays down how medical practitioners should evaluate a problem, understand it, and respond to it accordingly. To improve a situation or solve a problem, the policymakers should consider Kingdon’s model has three streams which include; problem stream, policy stream, and political stream (Rawat & Morris, 2016). According to Howie (2009), the problem stream seeks to identify the key issues that piqued the government’s interest. In this case, outcomes of related research done increased reported cases of influenza, or identified risk factors may present the issue to the policymakers. This then prompts laws and campaigns to create awareness of the epidermic and reduce the spread. In Kingdon’s framework model, the second stream is the policy stream which entails the possible input about the onset and spread of influenza. This input includes reports from healthcare facilities, patients, and healthcare workers. The third stream in Kingdon’s framework is the political stream which looks into the contribution made by politics to the issue. It is based on the attitudes and ideologies of the policymakers and general public towards the issue. Howie (2009) says, “The political stream typically looks at national mood” surrounding the identified issue, changes in administration, and political opponents and proponents of an issue” (p. 650, 651). These three streams framework is executed independently to eventually bring an opportunity window that ensures a solution to the issue is met. Stages in th
A Human Development Perspective In life, some incidences are accidental and need to be taken with a lot of care and seriousness. Building a good relationship with others is a factor that needs to be considered since some occurrences are unpredictable and one might need help from either colleagues, friends, or relatives. In this essay, a husband and wife have two girls aged eight and ten decide to adopt two children following the demise of their mother who was a sister to the husband adopting the children. The mother was involved in a fatal car accident and died in the process. The children have left orphans since their father had died earlier before their mother. The husband is going to experience a lot of challenges in the attempt to bring up the children. This essay is going to research and analyze the challenges experienced by the husband in the process of bringing all the children up. One Peer-Reviewed Research Article on the Topic of your Challenge Life after death is the article I choose: sorrow psychanalysis after the abrupt death of a family colleague. The interrogation that I would require responses to when a treasured one has perished would be what is the afterward figure of it required to sense like and what to sort out about it when attempting to manage. Interviewing was the method used to collect data for the research questions. The findings confirmed that the scheduling of sorrow should not be somewhat individuals fear since everybody mou
Performance and success are two central components that determine the efficiency of any organization and its managers. For this reason, attempts to identify basic factors that impact these aspects and precondition either improved results or failure have always been an ongoing issue. There are numerous performance measurement criteria that are used regarding the peculiarities of a particular project. However, time, cost, and quality have always remained fundamental elements that are considered by managers. That is why in 1999 Atkinson introduced a term iron triangle to describe these three central measures and create the basis for the further evolution of the idea. The concept became essential to performance management and diverse projects that functioned regarding the iron triangle. However, today there are numerous claims to reconsider this approach and introduce new more appropriate, and topical measures. At the same time, performance factors remain not the only critical indicators that should be used when evaluating the efficiency of a particular project, its achievements, and its results. There are also specific success criteria that are defined as measures used to judge the success or failure of a business or project. The majority of investigators consider these to be the key performance factors that should be considered when creating a particular framework for the further evolution of projects. In this regard, the iron triangle becomes not the only measure that could be used to evaluate the nature of a particular business, its outcomes, and success as new and significant criteria appear. Nevertheless, the importance of success criteria is evidenced by their applicability in todays project management. Usually, KPIs help to compare the actual and estimated performance regarding the quality of product, terms, spending, etc. For this reason, the use of different evaluation criteria in managing projects remains a central concept that proves its topicality and applicability. These also help managers to improve planning and achieve their goals. Thus, revolving around the issue, it is critical to realize the difference between project success and project management success. The fact is that if a particular project meets the requirements of the iron triangle, or it is finished within the outlined framework, cost, and demonstrate
Introduction Establishing a business is connected with risks, especially when it is a new enterprise in culture, ecology, the social sphere, and other branches, open to modern trends. If economic ventures are connected with innovations, the enterprise belongs to social entrepreneurship. The problem of the development of this economy branch is burning nowadays because it may help apply innovative methods in various fields and assist economic transformation. Components of Social Entrepreneurship The key part of this kind of enterprise, according to Kickul and Lyons (2016), is the targets. The main aim of social entrepreneurship is not gaining profit but solving socially important problems, which, due to political, economic, or ideological reasons, cannot be coped with by the government. Kickul and Lyons (2016) point out that other necessary components of this business are innovation and change. Entrepreneurs suggest a solution to a problem, for example, stopping deforestation, and use the capital at their disposal to put the ideas into practice. Middle East: Examples of Social Entrepreneurship It is worth considering how social entrepreneurial ventures function in the countries of the Middle East because, for the region, this sector is relatively new. According to Jamali and Lanteri (2016), the Ana Masry foundation, Egypt, set a target of educating the nation about Egyptian history. For this purpose, the organization prints books and holds cultural events around the country. Another vivid example of successful entrepreneurship is the Lebanese association called Alfanar, which has been implementing educational programs and organizing philanthropic events. One more instance is Craft Draft Business in Fez, whose main goal is to popularize and promote Moroccan national culture. All these associations can be called social as they concentrate on solving social problems. Social Entrepreneurship and Saudi Vision 2030 According to Nurunnabi (2017), one of the main objectives of Saudi Vision 2030 is to give impetus to the field of public service. In this respect, Saudi social enterprises can contribute to Vision 2030 in the following way. Firstly, they may hold cultural events with national colorings, like concerts, festivals, competitions, etc., which will attract tourists from all over the world and bring income to the country’s budget. Secondly, social enterprises may solve problems, connected with health care. They may operate non-commercial funds for developing cancer treatment, for instance. Thirdly, they can contribute to education development by holding various courses, especially in the fields where Saudi Arabia lacks speciali
Introduction The criminal case against Michael Peterson is one of the murder cases that have dragged on for a very long time in Nashville. Mr. Paterson, a former military officer, columnist, and writer, had an impressive career record as one of the American soldiers who were documenting their life experiences in the foreign lands championing for the interests of the Americans. On 9th of December, 2001, Peterson reported that his wife fell when he had gone out of the house to the pool in the middle of the night. He claimed that he came into the house at 2.40 in the morning and found her wife unconscious. The autopsy results showed that the injuries sustained by Kathleen, Mr. Peterson’s wife, were caused by a blunt object blow that she received at the back of the head. The first murder suspect was Mr. Michael Peterson, who was subsequently arrested and charged of criminal case. This case has dragged in the court for several years. Critical Analysis of the Evidence According to Harmon (82), when analyzing a murder case, some fundamental issues must be put into consideration to determine whether the accused is guilty as charged or not. The first three fundamental factors should be the motive to kill, means of committing the murder, and ability of the prosecution team to place the suspect at the murder scene. In this paper, the researcher will start analyzing the case by critically looking at these three fundamental factors. The first question that will have to be answered is whether or not Peterson had the motive to murder Kathleen. From the testimonies given in the court by people who were defending the innocence of Peterson, including Kathleen’s own daughter, it was clear that the relationship between Peterson and his wife had become frosty. The witnesses could not understand the reasons why the couple, that had been happy for several years, suddenly developed issues that complicated their marriage. They agreed that this strained relationship had not become abusive. It was also revealed in court that Mr. Peterson was a gay, but he wanted this to remain a secret, especially to his child. There was further evidence that Kathleen must have found out about his relationship with other men, something that she stated was disgusting to her. From
Introduction To begin with, it is necessary to mention, that Asian countries were always subjected to European influence. They were either colonized or entailed into the economic system, imposed by European empires. The fact is that, this influence has shaped the national identity of the Asian countries. If in the 19 th , the beginning of the 20 th centuries the situation was under imperial control, the dissatisfaction of the citizens started growing. The Florentine scientist Ennio Di Nolfo emphasizes, that the First World War has changed the world situation completely because of several factors: the first and the most essential is the involvement of the masses into the political processes (revolutions and protests, nationalistic movements). The second is the development of the mass media, which promoted the rapid spread of the news, thus the masses could control and follow the events in the country, and over the world. The third factor is the change in the economic systems. The means of production changed completely. The movements of anti-colonialism were supported by the development of the ideas of Marxism and Leninism. Moreover, the instances of the attainment of independence by colonial states raised the consideration, that every country may be independent. Shaping of Asian Culture The historical process offered many factors that shaped Asian cultural, political, and national identities. As it has been emphasized, the development of the revolutionary views, based on Marxism Leninism views, the anti-colonialism movements, and the wish to get rid of the European influence. It is necessary to mention, that such factors as Maoism, Cultural Revolution Sun Yat Sen’s regime in China; Dien Bien Phu, Vietnamization and the American campaign in Vietnam; Mahatma Gandhi, British East India Company in India appeared to be the most essential factors that formed the current image of the international life. Originally, the appearing of such charismatic leaders as Mao Zedong, then Sun Yat Sen in China, Mahatma Gandhi in India, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam only increased the intensiveness of the national unification against colonizers. The Dien Bien Phu battle showed that the national dissatisfaction might be the powerful force against the aggressors. In spite of the fact,