ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This practice depicts the current trend in the public health center. While it is viewed as a move to reduce cost and pressure on the use of modern facilities in public health institutions, a question has been about the capacity of communities to accommodate and provide effective treatment to mentally ill persons. More worries are eminent as the influx of mentally retarded persons overwhelms cities and urban centers. The rationale of this idea is that public health institutions for the mentally ill were on track to achieve operational efficiencies. However, it is also argued that the public was losing its corporate social responsibility by removing mentally ill persons from their institutions to the community-based organizations. It should be the responsibility of the government or state to provide equal opportunities to all its citizens whether mentally ill or not. While the decision may have come at the right time its interpretation by different people may not have a common value. Introduction Deinstitutionalization has become a major trend in the health sector, public health institutions have realized an urgent need to move fast towards cost efficiencies and flexibility. This has seen a number of institutions being transformed into community-based health organizations, especially for mental illness. De-institutionalization refers to the process where the states relinquish ownership and control of large inpatient hospitals that are normally set up to manage and treat patients with mental illness, to the community
Introduction Foodborne illnesses remain common worldwide, although national governments and international institutions introduce various standards to prevent these health issues. Listeria monocytogenes cause listeriosis that is number three on the list of the most serious foodborne diseases (Jooste, Jordan, Leong, & Alvarez-Ordóñez, 2016). The mortality rate may reach up to 30%, with a major impact on such populations as neonates, the elderly, pregnant women, and immunocompromised people (Jooste et al., 2016). The 2017-2018 listeria outbreak in South Africa revealed people’s unpreparedness to react and the impact of the pathogen. The outcome of the outbreak was 674 patients with symptoms of different severity and 183 deaths (27%) (National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 2018). One of the peculiarities of this outbreak was the duration of the investigation that took over a year. This paper includes a brief analysis of the outbreak as well as the way it was and should have been handled by the Emirati government. The Role of Epidemiological Approaches and Laboratories Descriptive epidemiology plays the central role in detecting listeria outbreaks. Samples from meat-processing plants and retailers are sent to laboratories where the pathogen is detected (World Health Organization [WHO], 2005). The data also comes from the healthcare facilities where the patients with specific symptoms have been treated. For instance, it is reported that 59% of the cases were reported from Gauteng Province, 12% were from Western Cape, and 7% were from KwaZulu-Natal (National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 2018). As far as the affected population is concerned, of the cases with reported age, 42% were neonates. Molecular epidemiology is also widely used due to its potential to identify new types of pathogens and mutations, which can be important for the prevention and treatment of disorders. Epidemiology enables authorities, healthcare professionals, and researchers to trace the impact of illnesses and develop and implement effective strategies to safeguard public health. The Duration of the Investigation As has been mentioned above, one of the peculiarities of the 2017-2018 outbreak was the duration of the investigation aimed at detecting the causes of the spread of the disease. It is acknowledged that listeria can be difficult to trace due to the nature of the contamination and the fact that it can “hide” in various facilities (BBC, 2018). However, the period needed to detect the pathogen is far less than several months. Authorities reported that the investigation took over a year since meat-processing facilities did not provide samples while meat-processing companies even suspended their production (ABC, 2018). In simple terms, authorities had limited access to the necessary information. Clearly, this could have a cons
Introduction and History Social media refers to all the internet sites that are used for non-official interactions. There are various forms of social media depending on the name of the site and the kind of interaction it supports. Facebook, Skype, Twitter and Badoo are some of the commonly used social media forms (Gentle 2012 p. 34). In order to differentiate between social media and other forms of interactive media, one can look at the kind of language used; for social media there is no official language or professional language to be used. The various forms of social media have their own different origins although all of them began with two friends trying to contact each other over the internet which led to the creation of a site in which they later added their friends (Watts 2009 p. 57) Uses of Social Media and Why People Use Social Media Social media permits interaction with fewer rules unlike other forms of media. People do not like following rules and it is the reason they are attracted to social media more than other forms of media. It also facilitates free sharing of ideas, life issues and other forms of communication between two or more friends who are far from each other (Shirky 2008 p. 42). Cost is another important factor people consider when choosing a medium of communication. Most social media sites have cheap and attractive rates compared to other forms of media hence people prefer to use them. Flexibility of social media is a great aspect that makes it easy to use since it is accessible any time (Van Dijik 2013 p. 31). Today you can communicate with a friend who is miles away from the comfort of your living room using your smartphone. Friends use social media to catch up on chat sites. Social media provides a platform to advertise events, invite friends and family for functions, hold discussions on various life matters without people having to meet physically and even transact business which attracts a huge number of customers (Watts 2009). Who Uses Social Media and How Social media is commonly used by young people. Research shows that as one gets old their attention draws away from social media. The following table shows the various age brackets and their corresponding percentages of time on social media. The information is obtained from various surveys and researches conducted by scholars interested in social media. Mostly social media is used for unlimited interaction among people (Shirky 2008 p. 98). Age bracket    Percentage of daily time spent on social media 13-19 years    75%                                            20
El Lissitzky and Ludwig Hohlwein El Lissitzky is considered to be a Russian designer and artists being a prominent representative of avant-garde style. He was a dominant figure in the development of graphic design in the 20 th century; besides, his works are characterized by suprematism being influenced by constructivism and Bauhaus. Fgure 1. Prouneraum. The analysis of his works can be outlined through one of his prominent works called Prouneraum (Proun Space). It is necessary to underline the fact that the picture is referred to suprematism style and is performed in abstraction manner characterizing most art works of El Lissitzky. It should be stressed that his pictures are predominantly identified through machine-like objects and smooth planning colors. The picture under analysis refers to the artist’s personal suprematist style covering abstract geometric paintings. The theme expressed by Lissitzky was dedicated to the visual suprematism language investigation. (El Lissitzky. Image Library). Unlike Lissitzky, Ludwig Hohlwein was focused on the illustration of photographic posters and paintings describing different themes, connected with advertizing campaigns, war, nature, etc. Hohlwein was an outstanding figure of 20th century art; his style can be characterized through play of shade and light giving the substance to his works. Being the prominent posterist of German art, he managed to illustrate perfect drawings differing by his individual manner of presentation. The painting under analysis is called ‘Monopol La Falce’; the picture is related to lithography, printed in 1926. It is necessary to outline the idea that in comparison with Lissitzky, who concentrated on abstract genre, Hohlwein tried to depict concrete animate and inanimate objects symbolizing various themes and aspects of social life Figure 2. ‘Monopol La Falce’. in the 20th century. The artist used to stick to shadow modulations and mixture of colors. His posters looked natural and characterized the atmosphere of epoch he lived in. It is necessary to underline the fact that Hohlwein depicted the harmony of colors never using the combination of aggressive bright paints. The most prominent themes of the artist strived to reflect were connected with elite businessmen, upper-class ladies, wealthy tourists and gourmet meals (Ludwig Hohlwein. Poster Gallery). Lucien Bernard and Jan Tschichold Figure 3. ‘Stiller’ Lucien Bernhard is considered to be a well known German artist who contributed to the development of poster style at the beginning of 20th century. It is necessary to underline the fact that his works are characterized through flat-color and reductive imagery. His pictures were dedicated to the illustration of concrete simple objects for th
Introduction “Strength of a woman” was earlier on sung by the musician Shaggy, and is one important characteristic of the Latino women that cannot be underestimated. Although the term ‘strength of a woman’ is relative to situations, Latino women are one society that arguably has all the characteristics that is reflective of all aspects of the strength of a woman. Their physical image and their roles in the society is a cultural asset. Latino women have body images and attractive facial features that display an attractive frame to men (Barnstable 10). These characteristics contribute a lot towards their social interactions and political interactions in their societies and even in the whole America and the rest of the world. Most of them tend to conserve their natural body image and accent. A voluptuous female buttock is symbolic of Latino women since they tend to be more tolerant to different body sizes. Their body images are shaped by their social cultural beliefs of meeting role obligations of the family and social expectations. Their strict religious guidelines also played a role in encouraging women maintain the natural body images. Latino women are therefore identified by their roles as mothers and wives and any woman who is perceived as not conforming to the cultural gender roles is labeled as a bad woman. Their acceptance of different body sizes and their religious beliefs make them more tolerant to people who are overweight. This also makes them to easily meet their societal norms which are related to their physical body image, appearance and weight especially norms regarding their sexuality. Roles of a Latino Woman The gender roles of Latino women is based on their cultural background where women were supposed to stay at home and carry out household chores and look after the children while the husband provides for the upkeep. They were expected to be loyal to their husbands and never to brag in front of them. Although some aspects of this cult
Introduction Carelessness can be defined as ignorance or incorrectly assessing a risk. According to NTSB (2003), it is important to carefully follow maintenance and inspection procedures in order to avert aircraft related accidents, safeguard company property, and save life. By and large, most aircraft emergencies and fatal accidents are as a result of mistakes that occur during the process of maintenance and inspection. Looking at the number of accidents witnessed annually in the sector, it is quite obvious that the training offered to mechanics during their formative stages is not yielding the expected results. Apart from the aviation industry, many other accidents can also be attributed to human error. This paper presents a discussion on mistakes that occur during maintenance and inspection and how they affect the operations of air carriers as well as consumers. Maintenance Related Concerns As can be deduced from past studies, human related errors are to blame for the high number of accidents occurring due negligence, and failure by aviation maintenance technicians to comply with stipulated maintenance standards and procedures (CAA, 2002). Statistically, associated number of accidents has continued to increase and this can be linked to issues such as technical engine failure. Sadly, the repercussions are serious and lead to deaths and severe damage to property and human life (Dillingham, 2010). Similarly, the reputation of the air carriers has been dwindling due to such accidents. Because of the complex nature of the problem, it has been a challenge to come up with concrete solutions. Consequently, the situation has continued unabated. Regardless of whether maintenance related aircraft accidents are new to the aviation industry, the awareness of the need for aviation safety implies that should be thoroughly investigated. Presently, the increase in the number of accidents due to poor maintenance and inspection is a major concern to many stakeholders (CASA, 2012). It is, therefore, important to shift focus from investigating the performance of flight crews and to concentrate more on establishing where the problem lies within the maintenance and inspection units. Apparently, this has been largely ignored in a number of past investigations. In areas where the possibility of errors is quite high, the task of aircraft maintenance and inspection can be extremely complex and quite varied. One of the greatest concerns is that aviation maintenance technicians often have to work under very strict deadlines. Although these technicians understand the importance of meeting scheduled departure times, it is unhealthy for them to be made to work under pressure. To ease the pressure on aviation maintenance technicians, it is necessary for air carriers to employ additional staff and to designs flexible working plans for the maintenance crew. Among other benefits, this will reduce fatigue and grant them an opportunity to rest and embark on their duties when they are very fresh and feeling energiz
Proposal I would like to write about war as a topic and this is because of various reasons. War has been with us for a long time and that is why this is a good topic that can be looked at in relation to the society’s needs. The prospective areas of war are wide and that is why this topic needs a good approach. As far as narrowing down to this topic is concerned, I will look at all the aspects that revolve around war. I will first of all try to define law since different people have come up with their own arguments. This is because the first step towards understanding something is properly defining it. In addition, I will also try to explain the history of war because it has been there for a long period of time. In this case, war can be traced back to early human beings meaning that it has been evolving as time goes by. This means that there are various aspects that have been incorporated to the whole aspect of war in relation to changes in technology. Later on, I will narrow down on the general overview of war because people take different stands and positions on this topic. In this case, we have seen the effects of war in our society and this means that it is something real that can not be disputed. Moral theories are very important because they help us to understand a given topic well. It should be known that moral theories help us to figure out what is good and what is bad. This means that there are certain actions that are not supposed to be entertained in the society. Meta-ethics is a very important moral theory because it is widely applicable to this tropic. This is because it seeks to define various aspects like justice and others. As a matter of fact, there are people who do not know what is right and what is wrong as far as this topic is concerned. In general, the most important moral theory that I will use in analyzing this topic is utilitarianism. This theory can tell us the costs and benefits of war which has been the most notable issue as far as the topic is concerned. War comes after a given action has been undertaken and this means that it should be justified. As a matter of fact, this will justify the consequences of the action that we have taken. War hams other people and this is what utilitarianism is all about because we should never benefit ourselves unfairly. This topic interests me because of various things. Every now and then, you will always hea
Introduction “Heterosexism” describes an ideological system that names heterosexuality as the social norm and enforces that norm through practices and attitudes of institutions and individuals. Heterosexism is like the air we breathe. It is usually invisible to us because we are immersed in it. Event When the female reporters arrived at a meeting in Brazil, on May 23rd, 2004, they were only a handful. They were viewed with suspicion, if not outright hostility. However, their biggest problem was not the Bubbas, who called them all “little lady” and sometimes literally patted them on their heads. Their biggest problem was the few white male reporters and editors who prided themselves on their liberalism. These “friends” would jump to answer editors’ questions addressed to one of the female delegates. They would come out of a professional meeting to which no women had been invited and brag about speaking up for us. When the bosses talked about “the girls,” they would cover a public event in a male-only club. Finally, they would boast of how they “let” their wives work (Aronson and Kimmel 221). Explanation When we tried to explain that their behavior was sexist, every one of them was astonished, hurt, and defensive. After all, they were liberals, men who even fancied themselves, feminists. It never seemed to occur to them that we were capable of defending ourselves and our work to editors. We were to be included in any meeting in which we were being discussed. They were to avoid participating in any organization’s attempt to dictate which reporter would be assigned to cover a public event. They could still brag that their wives did not need their permission to work (Hooks 126). Conclusion With few exceptions, these well-meaning men never understood they were complicit in perpetuating a sexist system. In the same way, the Primates of the Anglican Communion are complicit in perpetuating a heterosexual system. It is especially troubling to note that our own Presiding Bishop, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was apparently so oblivious to this reality. Works Cited Aronson, Amy and Michael, Kimmel. The Gendered Society Reader. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. Hooks, Bell. Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. Brooklyn, New York: South End Press, 2000. Print.
Addressing the problem of climate change is associated with significant barriers. In 1997, the United Nations’ 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change ratified Kyoto Protocol, which set the limits for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for every country (Bernauer, 2013). While the majority of nations agreed to the terms, the US, the largest GHG emitter at that time, decided not to join the agreement (Bernauer, 2013). The central problem was that the US experienced a significant disbalance in contribution and benefits. While all the nations agree that climate change is a source of substantial harm to the economy, the environment, and public health, not all countries have similar incentives for addressing the problem. The largest economies usually are the largest emitters of GHG, which implies that they need to contribute the most to the reduction of emissions. However, larger economies are less likely to suffer from climate change, as they have a grea
Tsunami is derived from two Japanese words ‘tsu’ and ‘name’ meaning coastline and wave respectively. It is mainly caused by tremors beneath the bottom of the sea, submarine volcanic eruptions, and coastal landslides. Tsunamis, just like the other natural disasters such as cyclones, tornadoes, and volcanic eruptions cause devastating effects among them the death of human beings and animals, loss of property, the spread of water-borne diseases, and setback to economic growth. The Indian Ocean coastline experienced the world’s worst tsunami on December 26, 2004, that claimed about 200,000 lives, displaced about 140,000 and caused injuries to 34,000 people in Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Malaysia (Peacock, 2005). Tsunami is usually associated with increased outbreaks of water-borne diseases such as cholera and amoebic dysentery as most rescue operations are carried out in the water. The victims who are trapped in water are left with no option but to consume the contaminated water. It is therefore important to manage and control the health hazards posed by tsunamis and related disasters since such occurrences are inevitable. Disaster management systems in most developing countries are wanting. This causes serious effects that would have otherwise been prevented especially if a disaster management policy is in place (Rao, 2006). The health department is usually the major culprit when tsunamis strike. Recalling, the December 2004 tsunami, the number of medical staff and equipment was insufficient to cater for the thousands who were in dire need of medical assistance. Some foreign doctors and nurses were called in to assist while some victims were transferred to distant hospitals for specialized treatment. The overstretching of health facilities poses a great challenge; how can the health department deal with tsunami cases to ensure that the community is disease-free and safe? The establishment of a Disaster Management Information System in every district hospital is vital. This helps in knowing the location of critical equipment, skills, resources, and information (Rao, 2006). The database of various medical equipment and services in private and public hospitals should be updated regularly. This would in effect ensure tsunami cases are addressed promptly. By damage assessment and relief management measures in the affected areas, the health departments ensure that the victims are accorded urgent attention. Relief organizations such as Red Cross should be called upon to administer relief food and to offer water and sanitation solutions to the affected populations. This will prevent the spread of water-borne diseases. It is important to install prediction and early warning systems in all hospitals to minimize the