ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The outbreaks of infectious diseases present unwanted events that occur due to a combination of factors related to the environment, the affected populations, and causative agents. The so-called epidemiologic triad is among the tools used to study disease outbreaks in a detailed way. This method focuses on the relationships between three factors, without which epidemics are impossible. This essay applies the model to foodborne salmonellosis, one of the most frequent contagious diseases affecting millions of people every year. The first component of the model of disease outbreaks is the etiologic agent. This term is used to define a range of harmful microorganisms and their toxins that lead to the development of infectious diseases. In relation to foodborne salmonella, this infectious disease is caused by non-typhoidal or Typhimurium Salmonella (Brown et al., 2017). According to Brown et al. (2017), non-typhoidal Salmonella is among the most frequent causes of foodborne infections in the U.S., causing at least a million new cases every year. As for the distinctive features of these bacteria, it is important to note that various serotypes of Salmonella are quite hardy, which means that they do not always need a host organism to survive (Brown et al., 2017). The etiologic agent causes various changes in host organisms, varying from mild to life-threatening symptoms. In epidemiology research, the host factors are understood as the traits or characteristics of living organisms that make them more vulnerable to some diseases. In the case of foodborne salmonellosis outbreaks, the potential host factors can be divided into two groups. To begin with, people’s risks to get this infection are related to some habits and unhealthy behaviors that can be stopped or changed. Among them are poor food processing practices, lack of proper hand hygiene, and similar factors (Appling, Lee, & Hedberg, 2019). Apart from the presence of preventable mistakes, there are host factors that do not depend upon the host’s behaviors and food choices. Thus, for instance, the risks of the infection are increased for people in some age groups due to the peculiarities of their immune system. This group of host factors includes the age under five, being a person of advanced age, the history of immune system disorders, the diagnosis of AIDS or malaria, and the extensive use of antibiotics and antimicrobial drugs prior to exposure to Salmonella (Appling et al., 2019; Brown et al., 2017). Therefore, the factors associated with the risks of getting sick are drastically different in terms of their preventability. As for the final component of the triad, the environmental factors, they involve external conditions that facilitate the survival of the etiologic agent. In relation to foodborne salmonellosis, the disease affects people since they consume many products of animal origin. These bacteria easily survive in the gastrointestinal tract of different farm animals and birds, which leads to the contamination of various products such as meat, eggs, and milk (Appling et al., 2019). However, if fruits and vegetables contact with the feces of animals carrying th
Introduction The need for timely and precise data is becoming more important as technology continues to advance. It is necessary to meet the government standards and make desirable improvements to remain relevant in the changing environment. Understanding diverse sets of data helps satisfy distinctive needs as well as manage complex organizational structures (Fernandez et al., 2017). Quality and safety dashboards offer actionable and quick insights to practitioners. They promote transparency and support visual-centric methods that enhance visibility and contextualization of data. They emphasize Key Performance Indicators (KPI), transparency, and efficiency. Safety and quality dashboards offer real-time clinical information on various categories to support the decision-making process. It covers diverse areas of concern such as falls and hospital-acquired infections (Günzel-Jensen et al., 2018). This facilitates the identification of high-risk units and sensitive areas requiring high monitoring. It enables health professionals to take corrective actions and address issues before they cause devastating impact. Healthcare organizations need to determine key areas to be measured. This can help evaluate the situation and understand the business position. Measures should be prioritized and defined by the accreditation requirements, government mandates, as well as economic incentives. It is necessary to set up aggressive measures to exceed the national targets to enhance quality and achieve marketing expectations (Fernandez et al., 2017). Every organization should ensure effective measures are taken to support effective decision-ma
For two years, Syria has experienced the most prolific dissent since the Arab Spring. The public outrage and opposition have consistently insisted on a change of leadership in Syria. However, the authoritarianism approach by President Bashar al-Assad has been determined as the cause of the revolt. Nevertheless, there are other major reasons for the current crisis in Syria. A critical analysis of the diplomatic policies of the United States, Russia, and China provides an insight into how to solve the crisis in Syria. Apparently, lack of leadership reforms, since the President assumed power in 2000, has resulted in political oppression in the country. Poor politics and economics have contributed to the country’s rising dissent 1 . In recent years, Syria has experienced an increasing gap between the rich and the poor. However, the problems among the middle class have resulted in dissent against private investors allied to the government. Since 2008, the country has withstood a devastating drought. In this context, millions of Syrians languish in poverty and famine at the expense of the government’s lack of responsibility. The Syrian leadership has failed to provide social amenities for the increasing population. From this perspective, the increasing young population is perceived to be a time bomb as the struggle for social and economic resources begins. In addition, the government’s control over the media, via mobile phones and the Internet, is viewed as a hypocritical approach aimed at preventing the youth from external exposure. Apparently, the youth feel irritated by such initiatives that do not support any development agenda. The Syrian government has remained ignorant of the rampant corruption encouraged by state officials. Finally, although the majority of the Syrian population consists of Sunni Muslims, the country is ruled by the Alawis, a minority group from the Shiite community. In this context, the need to implement democracy as the will of the majority has been instrumental in the Syrian uprising. The diplomatic policies of the United States are to encourage the rest of the world to help Syria in improving democracy, security, and economic prosperity 2 . However, this engagement must benefit both the American people and the international community. In this context, the diplomatic policies of the United States prevent the proliferation of nuclear technology in other countries and provide control that promotes domestic and global economy. Moreover, the United States has included international education, aid, and other humanitarian services as core activities of the country’s diplomatic policies. However, the law requires the United States to act on diplomacy issues after a consensus between the President and the Congre
Resume Understanding of the trade deficit growth originally lies in the essence of the concept of foreign trade. The difference in US imports and export is about $600 billion. The difference between the country’s exports and imports is called the trade balance. Over the past years, the U.S. trade deficit has attracted a great deal of attention in the mass media and among policymakers in Washington, DC. It is emphasized that over the past 25 years, the trade deficit has tended to increase and become a more significant part of the total output of the U.S. economy, or U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). In the first quarter of 2005, the U.S. trade deficit reached a peak of 5.7 percent of GDP. Later, the trade deficit had decreased a bit due to the weakening of the US dollar, standing at 5.2 percent of GDP in the first quarter of 2007. However, the U.S.’s trade deficit of more than 5 percent of GDP is large both by historical standards and in comparison with other industrialized countries. The origin of the deficit is in the mechanism of international trade. The USA sells less than it imports. This means that foreign companies prefer selling their products to the USA, as the return levels are expected to be higher. This originates the matter that foreigners may start doubting the ability of the U.S. to return its debts and will cease lending. Or that the cost of borrowing from foreigners will increase essentially. Thus, the evolution of the trade deficits originates the issue of the US economy weakening, nevertheless, the difference in import and export empowers the financial stability of the USA. Critique Economists emphasize that analyzing the trade balance is necessary to take into account all the factors, which influence the economic stability and financial strength of the national currency. The current paper pays enough attention to macroeconomic factors, nevertheless, it almost does not touch upon the microeconomic factors, and however, these factors are not less essential. As for the matters of market elasticity, the analysis, provided by the authors is serious and overall. Though, the authors do not take into account the factor of relative elasticity, which is used for analyzing the stable and not very stable markets, formed mainly by elastic goods. The evolution of trade deficit is explained clearly and logically, though, it is necessary to highlight that there are some demerits in representing the flows of forming the national debt and trade deficit. Thus, the long-run US import elasticit
Executive summary This marketing plan relates to Arnott’s Holding which operates within the Australian biscuit industry. In an effort to improve its competitive advantage, the firm’s management team has considered venturing into the international market. In its expansion strategy, the firm has identified Brazil as the optimal investment destination. Decision to select Brazil as the favorite investment destination amongst the BRIC economies arose from the current economic growth that the country is experiencing. Over the past decade, Brazil has experienced a significant economic growth. This has led to employment creation and hence an increment in the consumers disposal income. Despite the 2007 global economic recession, Brazil has undergone through a significant economic recovery. The country’s biscuit industry has not been fully tapped which means that there is a substantial market potential. In its initial expansion phase, Arnott’s intends to introduce its Tim Tam products to Brazil using exportation as its core market entry mode. The marketing plan illustrates the various marketing mix strategies adopted by the firm in an effort to ensure that the products successfully penetrat
In Melissa Gregg’s Introduction of “Work’s Intimacy,” the author’s main argument is that modern online technologies destroy the workers’ boundaries between professional and intimate, negatively affecting their quality of life. Melissa Gregg believes that now people can observe how professional duties penetrate into time and space not previously intended for them. The author discusses the importance of finding optimal solutions to this problem in the shortest possible time. The author strengthens her argument by analyzing research results published in books on the topic. For example, referring to Carnegie’s work, she demonstrates how the writer managed to form the American view of the relationship between employees in the workplace. In the 1940s, How to Win Friends and Influence People created the code of courtesy between workers, breaking the boundaries between friendship and work. Gregg compares this to how now online technologies now allow work to invade the intimate spheres of a person’s life. The author argues that, at first glance, convenient technologies hide an additional volume of duties, which are often unpaid. The workload that seems acceptable to the worker in the beginning then becomes overwhelming. Therefore, the hours of such work become challenging to control, leading to confusion between private life and professional life. Extra hours of work and underpayment significantly worsen the quality of life of an employee. I would like to ask the author whether the results of her research could be used in the university environment. With the transition to an online learning system, university students felt that their academic activities were beginning to affect their time and space perceptions. Thus, solving the problem of boundaries’ destruction between professional and intimate outlined in the book might be helpful in the context of students’ academic activities.
Healthcare facilities will always generate hazardous waste because of the materials used. Hazardous waste that is not well managed and disposed of can have adverse effects on the health of human beings and the immediate environment around the hospital (Blackman, 2001). Those responsible for healthcare facility planning should always consider putting in place the necessary measures and strategies to effectively manage hazardous waste in healthcare facilities in line with legal and regulatory requirements. An effective waste management outline will ensure the waste generated in the healthcare facility does not impact negatively the environment and human health. Chemical products, radioactive waste, and chemotherapy agents are examples of hazardous wastes generated in healthcare facilities (Blackman, 2001). Some of the dangerous characteristics of hazardous wastes include toxicity, corrosivity, reactivity, and ignitability. Most of the hazardous waste in health facilities is generated in X-rays units, operating rooms, laboratories, pharmacies, and laundry areas. There are quite a several strategies that can be used to effectively manage hazardous waste in healthcare facilities. To begin with, hazardous waste must be sorted and stored in well-labeled containers that should always remain closed (Reinhardt, 1991). According to the state of Utah regulation on hazardous waste management, the waste should not be accumulated for more than 180 days and 600kg should be the maximum quantity. Secondly, there should be weekly inspections to check for any leaks or any kind of deterioration and the inspection report documented. All hazardous waste management facilities must be regularly maintained to minimize any risks of explosions, fires, and accidental release of the waste (Reinhardt, 1991). For proactive measures, several plans need to be p
Introduction Approaches to medical care and interaction with patients as a whole largely depend not only on the characteristics of specific health problems but also on other significant aspects. In particular, such indicators as culture and identity are essential to take into account when complex cases are involved. The example of Lanesha Johnson proves that health perspectives may vary depending on the perception of a certain problem and the attitude of stakeholders to it. Grandmother’s Role From a cultural perspective, it is not unusual that Grandmother Marietta is the primary caregiver. She is the guardian of Lanesha and, despite raising another grandson and caring for her elderly mother, she is responsible for the health of the girl. According to the assurances of the latter, Marietta does not pay due attention to the control of her granddaughter’s asthma. This, in turn, is fraught with dangerous consequences since, as Monaghan and Gabe argue, the disease can impose significant restrictions on adolescents’ lifestyles. However, the grandmother is the only guardian, and her primary caregiver status is reasonable. Different Perspectives As the key stakeholders involved in the Lanesha case, the girl herself, her grandmother, and Hannah Healthcare, a medical provider, are involved. Their interpretations of the situation may differ, and in relation to each version, the participants find their justifications. Lanesha is confident that no one intends to provide real help to her, and she just correctly answers the questions that she is asked, thereby avoiding additional interaction with medical providers. Marietta is convinced that her granddaughter will not use the medicine properly; therefore, she sees no reason to tighten her asthma control regimen. Finally, Hannah Healthcare is sympathetic with the girl and tries to justify Lanesha, claiming that the latter is a victim of her hot temper. The multiplicity of versions complicates the process of solving the problem and establishing productive interaction. Influence of Lanesha’s Temperament Lanesha’s temperament exacerbates the situation and creates additional difficulties for both the girl and medical providers. Conflicts between Lanesha and her grandmother lead to the fact that asthma control is at a poor level, which, in turn, affects the health outcomes of the adolescent negatively. According to Jones, Frey, Riekert, Fagnano, and Halterman increased teen autonomy” and “risky decision-making” are dangerous behavioral patterns that are common to many teenagers. Despite being aware of her problem, Lanesha is not ready to change the situation for the better and does not intend to cooperate with either the health staff or her relatives. This approach makes any interventions ineffective and useless and hampers the treatment regimen. Healthcare Providers’ Responsibilities In relation to the case under review, healthcare providers are to be tolerant of the complex temperament of the teenager and help solve her problem exacerbated by challenging relationships with famil
Product quality and the ways to control and improve it are among the most widely discussed problems in any field of business. If quality checks are not performed properly, it may have serious consequences for the level of customer satisfaction with any kind of product. As is demonstrated in the work by Changizi, Farahmand, Soltani, Asareh, and Ghiasvand (2013), quality-related mistakes turn out to be extremely costly in the food industry. Their research attracts more attention to the problem of the identity of imported alimentary products. The article under discussion is devoted to the method of DNA barcoding in fish species identification and its ability to shed light on the situation with product identity in Iran. In their work, Changizi et al. (2013) highlight that falsification is especially common in the fishing industry since many products are sold “in frozen or fillet forms”, which makes it harder for average consumers to recognize the causes of food fraud (p. 784). Within the frame of the study, the researchers picked up about three thousand kilograms of processed fish products sold at three store chains in Tehran and conducted a series of identity tests with the help of DNA barcoding. As is clear from the results, four out of five types of fish products included in the sample were labeled correctly. Speaking about the fifth product, the fillet of Spanish mackerel, the correct scientific name of the fish was substituted by a different name to increase its price. The results indicate that the motivations of some food producers can still be reduced to economic benefits, but further development of DNA-based methods of food fraud detection positively impacts the situation in the market.
Introduction Hyperlipidemia is an abnormally elevated level of lipids or lipoproteins in the human blood. It is a critical risk factor for cardiovascular disease, mainly due to the significant effect of cholesterol on the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, hyperlipidemia syndrome develops in many diseases, makes their course more severe, and leads to complications. Treatment of hyperlipidemia is crucial for the prevention of atherosclerosis, normal functioning of organs, long and active life. This essay provides a brief overview of the disease, describes some treatment principles and anti-hyperlipidemic drug classes, and discusses monitoring patients and their variables. Overview of Hyperlipidemia Hyperlipidemia is a consequence of a person’s lifestyle, eating and bad habits, and the types of medications he takes. Moreover, given that he or she has diabetes, reduced thyroid function, or a woman is pregnant, hyperlipidemia develops more actively. However, this disease can be familial if one has a normal weight and leads a healthy lifestyle. With familial hyperlipidemia, a person may have signs of high cholesterol, which are yellowish fatty growths around the eyes or joints (Shattat, 2014). Otherwise, hyperlipidemia has no signs or symptoms, and high cholesterol may go unnoticed. The patient may have a myocardial infarction or stroke and only then learn that he or she has hyperlipidemia (Shattat, 2014). Excess lipids accumulate in the blood over time, forming plaques on the walls of arteries and blood vessels. These plaques constrict the lumen of the vessels, creating a turbulent flow of blood through them, which leads to a greater load on the heart to pump blood through the constricted areas. Treatment principles The most critical thing in hyperlipidemia treatment is to find and remove the causes that provoked an increase in the level of fats in the body. Diet and lifestyle correction is one of the key conditions for successful treatment (Yassine, 2015). As a rule, in the early stages of hyperlipidemia, it is enough to adjust the diet and lifestyle to normalize the level of fats in the body. Drugs are usually prescribed to people when diet therapy did not help them during the first month of treatment. As for the evidence-based approach, it is helpful to manage patients with hyperlipidemia effectively. Varras (2016) states that “based on the evidence, statins are the medications of choice for most patients who need lipid-lowering therapy” (p. 17). More than that, the detection of various risk factors will determine the appropriate Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) level for a particular patient. Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drug Classes In the case of hyperlipidemia, physicians usually prescribe medications of six drug classes. They are statins, bile acid-binding resin, fabric acid derivatives, nicotinic acid derivatives, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, and inhibitors of cholesterol transport from the intestines. All of them decrease LDL, and the first four increase HDL (Shattat, 2014, p. 404). In addition, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, such as ezetimibe, also lower cholesterol (Sael