ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Industrialization Era lasted between the years 1760 and 1840 (Brothers 35). It involved transition from manual production of goods to automated production. The main characteristics of the era included improved efficiency, increased production, development of machines, rapid economic growth, and high population growth. The era had both positive and negative outcomes. Positive outcomes included creation of a global economy, massive growth of wealth, and population growth. Negative outcomes included creation of social classes, overcrowding, and deterioration of people’s living standards (Brothers 38). Positive outcomes overshadowed negative outcomes. Therefore, the era was mostly positive. Positive effects Industrialization promoted globalization of economy in many ways (More 73). It led to production of a wide array of goods that were sold cheaply because of mass production. This lead to increased economic activity, which started in Europe and spread to other parts of the world. Trade allowed people from different regions and countries to intermingle. In addition, movement of people to new areas led to creation of diverse groups that included people with different skills (More 75). As such, people were grouped based on skills they possessed. Aspects such as gender and race were rarely used to group people because a large proportion of the population was focused on taking advantage of industrialization. Urbanization and construction of factories was another positive outcome (More 81). New factories facilitated growth of modern cities because many people moved to towns in search of employment. On the other hand, construction of factories created jobs for many people. This improved the living standards of many people because of increased earning power. Industrialization improved transport networks and communication (More 87). For example, before the industrialization era, transport was only by rivers and roads. Seas were used during transport of heavy loads. Industrialization led to construction of road networks, canals, waterways, and modern railway networks. Transport of raw materials and products became faster and easier. Negative outcomes One of the major negative outcomes was high population growth that led to overcrowding (Griffin 52). This led to deterioration of living standards and hygiene. Overcrowding was caused by movement of large numbers of people to urban areas, especially farmers who had lost land and jobs. It facilitated spread of diseases and other illnesses. Industrialization had a negative effect on how people interacted. It led to creation of social classes because entrepreneurs amassed wealth while workers languished in poverty (Griffin 53). Due to high availability of workers and low availability of jobs, workers were paid poorly while employers earned huge sums of money. Workers were unable to afford decent housing facilities and food. Many lived in shacks, and children succumbed to nutritional diseases due to poor nutrition. There was also widespread exploitation of children and women (Griffin
Introduction Throughout history, human beings have attempted to enhance their food by discovering suitable additives. The search for such substances led seafarers to leave their homes in search of new lands that might have spices and sweets. Sugar cane played a significant role in history because it contributed to trade and travel. One of the negative impacts is the expansion of slavery as a way to support sugar cane plantations. Today, sugar is among the most commonly used products – it is added in drinks, bakery, and meals. When discussing sugar cane, it is imperative to talk about its history and how it spread across the globe. History of Sugar Cane Historians have conflicting opinions about the geographical origin of sugar cane: either it was the fertile valleys in northeast India or the Polynesian islands in the South Pacific. However, botanical studies, ancient literary sources, and etymological data indicate India as the origin (Galloway 4). Many woody wild-growing varieties of sugar cane found there do not differ from modern forms in terms of the main characteristics (Galloway 4). Sugar cane was described in the Laws of Manu and other sacred books of the Hindus (Macinnis 7). The word “sugar” comes from the Sanskrit sarkara (gravel, sand) (Macinnis 7). Centuries later, this term entered the Arabic language as sukkar , and the medieval Latin as succarum ( Macinnis 19 ) . From India, sugar cane came to China – earliest records date back to 800-700 BC (Macinnis 4). This fact was confirmed by several Chinese sources reporting that the people who lived in the Ganges valley taught the Chinese how to obtain sugar by chewing sugar cane stems (Macinnis 4). Ancient seafarers from China probably brought it to the Philippines, Java, and even to Hawaii. When many centuries later, Spanish sailors appeared in the Pacific Ocean, wild sugar cane had already been growing on many Pacific islands (Macinnis 9). The first mention of sugar in ancient times dates back to the period of Alexander the Great’s expedition to India. In 325 BC, one of his generals, Nearchus, reported that there was reed that grows in India, which produces honey without the help of bees (Macinnis 2). Five hundred years later, Romans used sakcharon from India and Arabia as a medicine for diseases of the stomach, i
Abstract Organizations heavily rely on networking and communications to meet the challenging requirements necessary to compete in the global market place (Tiensivu, 2008). All members of these organizations need to have constant access to files. This requires the ability to connect to the network wherever they may be and from any device that they have availed to them at the time. In addition, some outside the vendor’s network will require the ability to interact smoothly with the key resources they require. Partners and clients may also desire to conduct quick transactions via the network (Tiensivu, 2008). Given that most of these operations are very sensitive, using an insecure system is very scary for organizations depending on information systems. As a result, security remains a major component of system implementation. It is a critical success factor that must never be overlooked by an administrator. This paper examines security implementation in Windows server 2008 operating system. Techniques used by Windows server 2008 to perform authentication, authorization and auditing are considered as well as strategies that may be used by attackers to weaken the security of this operating system. Introduction Security is more important than ever in networking because of the constant threat of infiltration and exposure to the Internet (Tiensivu, 2008). It consists of processes, procedures, policies and technologies that are used to protect computer systems. A successful navigation of security concerns relies on the knowledge of how to configure network access efficiently and provide the most secure yet accessible connection to an organization and its members (Tiensivu, 2008). A secure operating system is able to identify individual users, grant access based on identities, and track user actions on a network environment. This always starts by a successful implementation of the AAA of security; authentication, authorization and auditing. Authentication determines that a user is who he or she claims to be, authorization focuses on what the user is permitted to do within the network after authentication and auditing or accounting lets an administrator track network usage (Gibson, 2011). Figure 1 illustrates how the three security aspect
Introduction Public Relations (PR) refers to the process of ensuring proper communication between a person, a business or a nonprofit making organization and the public to maintain a good image. A public relation consultant is the person concerned with the above task and ensures that his clients and his company have a positive image towards the public. Most of the companies and organizations have a public relation consultant who deals mostly with the public. Some of the duties of a public relation consultant include dealing with press conferences, works on any information to be publicized on media houses, introducing new products to the public, advertising the company’s product, preparing speeches and representing the company in the community projects [1] . The major concern of a public relation consultant is to portray a positive image of his company to the public. The following essay will explore the field of public relation consultant as per the advantages and disadvantages, the Cost of Element of a public relation firm, how to meet the cost element of a PR firm and the qualification of a PR practitioner. Advantages of a public relation consultant A public relation consultant enables the company to reach as many people as possible without incurring much expense in advertisement. Unlike advertising bodies that only portray the positive image of a company by praising it, PR consultant analyzes a company objectively and critically, enabling the clients to understand the company well without bias or exaggeration. People from different fields of specialization consult public relations firms, thus enabling them to get diversified experience. This makes it easier for the PR firms to fit well in the competitive job market. In addition, people working in fields such as health, business, mass communication, education may consult public relation specialist thus giving them experience in their field of specialization. For instance, they may be acquainted with knowledge on the condition of the market, budgeting, media, among others [2] . Public relations consultants equip its clients with a good reputation and improve their level of competency in the market. Through their advice, they will help their clients to be outstanding and differentiate one business from the other. If the client is not contented with the services of a consulting firm, he can terminate the contract with due notice. This is an advantage to the clients since he/she can be able to get the best consulting services possible. Through PR services, the public tend to trust one firm’s services and to have confidence in its business. This means that Public Relations improves credibility a great
I have recently had a chance to take a look at the famous Niels and Mellie Esperson Buildings. Its construction was completed in 1941 and now it is regarded as one of the most famous attractions in Houston (Reynolds 131). This architectural complex can be discussed in connection with the topics raised during the class, namely globalization, gender, empire, orientalism, and identity. On the whole, the analysis of these questions can give people better understanding of how American culture evolved. Moreover, this example demonstrates that culture often transcends national borders. Moreover, it is closely related to the norms and values existing in a certain society. These are the main issues that should be discussed in this paper. In my opinion, this architectural masterpiece can be of greatest to people who want to have a better idea about Houston and the history of this city. First of all, the Esperson Buildings shows that architecture transcends national borders. It cannot be limited to only one country, region or culture (Reynolds 131). In part, it is the result of the globalization process. This is the term which is used to describe the movement of people or ideas across national borders. This concept can also be defined as international integration (Marter 549). It is often argued that this process began in the late twentieth century. Nevertheless, this integration began much earlier, at least in the early nineteenth century. For example, this architectural complex was partly inspired by Italian Renaissance that was developed in the fifteenth century (Reynolds 131). In particular, one can speak about the use of such elements as columns, dome, as well as terraces (Reynolds 131). Similar buildings can be found in Rome, Venice, Florence or other Italian cities. Nevertheless, this architectural complex can be viewed as a traditional American skyscraper. The very idea of a skyscraper emerged, because people had to find more effective uses of land (Reynolds 131). It should be noted that the Esperson Buildings were constructed by at the time when many architects preferred such a style as post-modernism. According to it, a designer or an artist can freely combine different national styles (Reynolds 131). His creative freedom should not be limited by any formal boundaries (Reynolds 131). On the whole, the Esperson Buildings show that art is created when different ethnic cultures interact with one another (Reynolds 131). This is one of the reasons why this architectural complex stands out among other buildings in Texas. So, to a great extent, this architectural complex is also the result of the globalization process. The second topic that should be examined is gender, especially the stereotypes about gender and the role of women in society. In this case, one can speak about the importance of Mellie Esperson who initiated the construction of this architectural complex. It sho
In the article, “Fishermen face rough seas, economy during stone crab season”, Miami Herald’s Elaine Walker looks at the expectations of various fishermen and restaurant operators about the stone crab season which begun last Friday , and is set to run up to mid March next year. She discusses the issues that are likely to influence the outcome of the stone crab season. She documents that the weather hit preparations at the start of the season. She says, “Rough seas and the threat of tropical storm Paula created delays last week in getting traps into the water” (Walker 2010). She reports that the economic down turn affected the crab market negatively in the last season, with fewer people opting for the delicacy, since many normally consider it “a luxury item” (Walker, 2010). She briefly discusses the process of getting the crabs from the water all the way to the table. After the fishing boats dock, the claws go through boiling, chilling, and packing before transportation to distribution centers for delivery. A report by Fred Tasker also of the Miami Herald looks at the start of the stone crab season from the restaurants’ point of view. He reports the optimism with which the General Manager of Joe’s Stone Crab in Miami is looking at the season. He contrasts this optimism with the more reserved view of the season by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission. The Commission likes the fact that there have been no hurricanes yet this season, but feels it is too early to celebrate. Tasker also reports about the process of hauling the crabs in. He says that the anglers catch the crabs, then twist “off a single claw from each crab” (Tasker 2010), then they toss the rest of the crab back to the water. It grows a new claw in a year or two. He mentions that there are fears among restaurant owners that customers may be reluctant to eat crab this season because of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. He then goes on to give the requisites for recreational angling. Eric Staats of Naples news.com provides us with a perspective of the stone crab season that focuses on statistics relating to prices and quantities, and the factors affecting them. He reports that, “prices will fluctuate depending on supply and demand” (Staats, 2010). In his report, he discusses the best conditions for catching stone crab. This includes, “muddy water churned up by stormy weather” (Staats, 2010). This ensures that, “crabs stay on the move” (Staats, 2010). He also includes warm weather since in cold temperatures, “crabs bury themselves and hunker down” (Staats, 2010). The key economic issue these writers raise is that the six-month stone crab season supports an entire economic system with anglers, restaurants, researchers, and regulatory agencies all having a role to play. They all show how natural conditions like the weather interact with regulatory conditions to provide the environment for the economic activities relating to stone crab fishing. They also go to show that larger economic issues, such as the global economic down turn affect regional economic activities since it erodes the buying power of individuals. Each of
Introduction Founder mutations pertain of a type of genetic change that was incorporated in the genome of a specific population through time. The population-specific genetic change associated with founder mutations are identified to cause a medical disorder hence founder mutations are often screened as soon as a particular ethnicity has been established in a patient. Examples are the C282Y and H63D founder mutations that are associated with hereditary hemochromatosis. The genetic mutation C282Y involves the genetic mutation which results in the amino acid change from cysteine (C) to tyrosine (Y) at amino acid position 282. A second genetic mutation that may also be observed in hereditary hemochromatosis is the mutation that results in the amino acid change from histidine (H) to aspartic acid (D) at amino acid position 63. These two founder mutations occur in chromosome 6 of individuals of European descent. Hereditary hemochromatosis is only observed when the two alleles of an individual carry any one of these two founder mutations. It should be understood that each gene is presented in the genome of an individual as two forms or copies, called alleles. Hereditary hemochromatosis thus will only be expressed in an individual when both alleles show founder mutations. When an individual carries a founder mutations in only one of the two alleles, hereditary hemochromatosis is not manifested but this person will show signs that his body is capable to taking in significantly higher amounts of iron than what is observed in the normal setting. To date, there are approximately 22 million individuals in the United States who are diagnosed to have hereditary hemochromatosis and this is mainly due to their ancestry, wherein their forefathers migrated from Europe and settled in the United States. Main body It has well been established that majority of medical diseases originate from a genetic mutation of a particular gene. Founder mutations may be considered as a type of genetic mutation because these result in a medical disorder, however, founder mutations can be distinguished from the rest of genetic mutations through the basis of its mode of transmission, wherein particular founder mutations are specifically observed only in specific human populations. These groups of individuals are thus considered to have a higher chance of carrying such genetic mutations and these genetic changes are passed on to the next generation, hence the term founder is employed in order to show that role of transmission through generations. Another distinguishing factor between simple genetic mutations and founder mutations is that individuals with genetic mutations generally live a short life span and do not life long enough to have children who might inherit the same genetic disorder. In the case of founder mutations, individuals who carry these mutations are capable of living longer lives and thus are able to marry and have children who will inherit these mutations. Researchers have designed diagnostic assays that will help in the identification of specific founder mutations th
Introduction There is no single definition of intelligence that is generally accepted. However, different scholars have from time to time come up with theories that may be used to understand the concept of intelligence. The theories of intelligence may be broadly categorized into two; the general intelligence theories and the multiple intelligence theories. Spearman was the first person to try and explain the concept of intelligence (Sternberg, 1985). Spearman, in his work, also known as the two factor theory, proposed that there was a positive co-relation between an individual’s academic test scores and their abilities. The two factors that he suggested made up a person’s intelligence were: the G-factor or the general factor which could be measured and quantified, and the S-factor also the specific factor. He suggested that the G-factor mainly dealt with a person’s general knowledge while the S-factor was more specific, in that, it referred to the individual’s specific abilities. Therefore, in conclusion, he insinuated that a person’s level of intelligence could only be determined through academic tests according to Gardner (1983). The second scholar, Thurstone who rejected spearman’s proposal came up with his own theory. He suggested seven measures of intelligence as being; numerical reasoning, verbal meaning, memory, inductive reasoning, perceptual speed, spatial ability and word fluency. Unlike Spearman, he believed intelligence could be looked at from a more diversified dimension. Later, Cattell also came up with his own theory. To some extent, he agreed with Spearman’s theory but he added two more factors. These factors were fluid intelligence which he explained as being the capability of an individual to find solutions to problems with no earlier information. Crystallized intelligence, which he defined as being the capability to solve troubles using precedent events, was the second one. In 198
The lifestyle and culture in USA is totally different from our culture. So when we reached USA, at first we could not adjust with their culture and life. Especially my parents found very difficult to mingle with them; so they disliked staying there. But, after living there for some days we adjusted with them and also we enjoyed some of their culture. In this country there is no inequality between men and women. There is no restriction for women in any field; moreover, they are respected by everyone. In USA all the people live in their own way and lead independent life. Even though freedom is good, some people misuse their freedom. The children do not live in the control of their parents and the parents give all freedom for them to decide their life and career of their own choice. Everyone leads a very fast life and are busy with their job to make their life secure. Moreover, people are ready to work hard. It took some time for me and my family to accept the living style of USA; we did not take a long period to adjust with their life. In USA there are more opportunities and facilities for everything than our country; so we started loving staying in this country. We also feel very secure and comfortable in living here. I think for most people there will be some difficulties to accept the living style and culture when they settle abroad from their home country. Especially the old people, who lived in traditional way, cannot accept the modern culture of USA. Lots of differences can be found in case of America while thinking about its past and present. Plenty of changes took place. In the past, everything was not in orderly manner. There was no proper law and order in the country. Also there were no health insurance schemes such as Medicare, Medicaid etc. There were no strict rules in restaurants. Owners of the restaurants could admit any one even if they were smokers or drinkers. There was no identity proof for citizens and only for driving license there was a proof but it was without photo. But today, everything has changed. America has become one of the powerful nations. Strict rules and regulations are implemented. ID cards are very important. “Tightly controlling and punishing financial entrepreneurs has been an important step in the taming of reckless and the lawless.” (Lemieux 8). Throughout the history of America, immigrants and minority groups are making room to broaden the meaning or definition of country. Henry James, while visiting Ellis Island, once mentioned that tide of these immigrants can change the idea of America. Main reason to highlight this is while immigrants are coming to America their racial and cultural styles are very different from American people. If more and more immigrants come to this country, then they can change the nation’s overall attitude. Society of America has often been described as a meltin