ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The rapid rates of economic development and urbanization in Dubai and Abu Dhabi have attracted international attention in the last two decades. The two cities have attained recognition as major hubs for tourism, investment and market for various goods and services. Their growth in industry and real estate sectors has attracted foreign populations from various parts of the world. Despite this, the two cities face major social and environmental challenges. In this section, some of the major environmental challenges will be outlined. Environmental impacts The process of providing clean and safe water for domestic and industrial use has emerged as the main problem facing Dubai and Abu Dhabi (Kassler 2009). Specifically, Dubai’s situation seems to be worse than that of Abu Dhabi. Dubai’s location on the Persian Gulf provides access to a large mass of water, but lack of desalination plants makes it difficult to purify the seawater (Murad, Al Nuaimi & Al Hammadi 2010). The presence of high population and industries makes it difficult to use the seawater because some heated sludge and domestic wastes enter the sea (Saunders, Al Zahed & Paterson 2007). This requires a lot of energy to desalinate the seawater, but the competition with industries for electric power has made it difficult to provide adequate and continuous supply of desalinated water (Fox, Mourtada-Sabbah & Al Mutawa 2012). For instance, studies have shown that Dubai desalinates about three billion bottles of water per day, but the backup is minimal. Dubai receives about four days of water every weak, which means that the industries and population spend three days without water every week (Kassler 2009). In addition, the rapid growth of population and industries Dubai and Abu Dhabi have caused massive accumulation of waste. In case of Dubai, the location close to the Gulf means that much of the waste is deposited into the sea (Al-Katheeri 2008). Studies have shown that this phenomenon has caused an increase in the Gulf’s salinity levels from 32,000 parts per trillion in 1980 to about 47,000 parts per trillion in 2010 (UNEP 2011). Social and economic problems The influx of foreign population in Dubai and Abu Dhabi and the development of these cities into international tourist centres have affected the social system. For instance, foreign workers have taken the largest share of employment opportunities in all industries. Secondly, most firms working in the cities are foreign, which means that they are there to exploit the economic opportunities. In addition, locals have fewer opportunities to start their firms because the competition is too high and the regulations seem to favour large corporations. Noteworthy, these firms are foreign corporate, especially those from developed world such as the US, Europe and South East Asia. Thirdly, the influx of tourists and foreigners in the two cities, especially in Dubai, has a social impact. For instance, Dubai has set aside areas for recreation that are not affected by Islamic culture and traditions. These include areas set aside for alcohol consumption and nightclubs. The Islamic culture and law in the UAE prohibits s
Today people are living in the era of consumption that is associated with the desire of the representatives of the general public to buy the things they want to have. They emphasize the fact that there is no necessity already to try hard to reach some unique products or to do something without any external help because it is much easier to obtain various offerings with the help of third parties. Services are mainly seen as activities that people can buy and sell. They are tightly associated with goods but, unlike them, services cannot be stored and transported. It can also be said that they exist only within a particular period because they can be observed only when being performed. Services are offered by different organizations just like ordinary goods. The extent to which the focus is put on them is defined by the peculiarities of a particular company. Based on a tangible-intangible continuum, professionals identify such types of offerings as:   * Pure tangible good (sugar)   * Tangible good with accompanying services (computer repair)   * Hybrid (cafe)   * Major service with minor goods and services (flight)   * Pure service (psychotherapy) Services are mainly characterized by their:   * Intangibility. Customers are not able to perceive services with their senses (for instance, it is impossible to see them or hear) before they are bought. That is why some people tend to question the quality of particular services. However, such uncertainty can be overcome if organizations focus on the ways they can ensure potential clients that the place, material, price, and other critical constitutes are reasonable and good enough. Organizations should manage the evidence for abstract offers so that they appeal to customers.   * Inseparability. In the majority of cases, it is impossible to provide any service with no provider-client interaction. When services have produced a person, who maintains this action and a consumer tends to share information regarding what is happening and how. As a result, people become interested in a particular provider.   * Variability. Similar services can be provided in different ways by different individuals and organizations, which determines their variability.   * Perishability. It is impossible to store evidence that is why much emphasis is paid to demand and other strategies, including pricing, consumer participation, etc. All in all, services play a vital role in the development of the UAE and its growth. The output of this industry is the greatest in comparison to others. In this way, while agriculture reaches less than 5% of total GDP, services have almost 50% (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Output per industry, % of total GDP (“ING”, 2016). Categories of Services Services are generally treated as economic activities. They require an exchange of things clients are willing to obtain value from, for instance, goods, money, and time. In this way, they turn out to have much in common with the rental. Such an app
Introduction The Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) aka Fannie Mae was originally created during the Great Depression and was one of the ways out of the economical crisis during those years (Acharaya 3). It was a great step forward signed by a New Deal. It has gone through many reshaping procedures and in 1968 it was ultimately declared a government-sponsored enterprise. Today, it is the second largest company in the country working with investors of all kinds. It is a stable company that offers money funds to US homebuyers. Moreover, the Fannie Mae Company is on good terms with the government publicly after Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson claimed the Congress was going to back up Fannie if their profits drop too low. Overall, the company has many advantages over other
Introduction St. Peter’s hospital in New York is one good example of an organization that has enhanced good management and the use of technology to improve its services. The organization’s management is structured in such a way that everything operates smoothly. Thus, there is specialization and division of labor. There is no overlap of duties by employees of different departments. This is because every person who has been employed in this health facility has some aspects of professional background. For instance, the human resource department professionally undertakes on its duties in recruiting staff. Effective leadership and good management have been very important in the process of running the health organization. In addition, the way in which the hospital’s management has embraced modern technology has helped in its efforts of globalization. As a result, the health facility has been able to attract many people who want to employ the services of the hospital. Differences between management and leadership One of the definitions of leadership is that it is giving new directions or giving new dreams to a team that follows the leadership. This means that the leader is the one who spearheads the implementation process of any vision or dream. On the other hand management is a control parameter that takes care of people’s resources within the team. Management controls these specific resources according to laid down policies and principles that are already in place. The two terms compliment each other since one cannot work without the other (Blanchard 2008). Leadership without management only takes care of the visions and dreams of a leader. In this situation there is no control measures necessary in the achievement of the dreams. On the other hand management without leadership is void since there is no provision of new change or new direction. Whatever happens in this situation only deals with control of the available resources, be it human or natural. Leadership must be participatory and not symbolic. This is because when a leader is taken as a symbol, they act as a figure head. This happens to the leader without taking any direction. Thus, the leader is not visionary
Introduction The age of Enlightenment is marked by drastic changes in the whole world’s political, social, and cultural ideas resulting in eternal and unforgettable masterpieces of art and literature, as well as tangible changes in politics, science, and economy. The supporters of this tendency promoted “the ideas of freedom, moral intention, and the power of reason and the heart” (Boeve 2006, 32). The scholars still find it hard to trace the origins of the Enlightenment and, thus, an exact time span which it covers. Though almost completely unaware of when the Enlightenment emerged, the scholars mostly agree in the idea that the French Revolution of 1789 put an end to the Enlightenment era. This has established approximate date frames of the Age of Enlightenment, namely the middle of the seventeenth -the end of the 18 th century. Since this has been quite a long period of time, the Enlightenment ideas managed to influence the society of not only the eighteenth century, but of the beginning of the nineteenth century as well. The most evident effect of the Enlightenment ideas on the society can be observed in the French revolutionary period when the political, social, and cultural policies of the then French society have significantly changed. Changing Political Policies To begin with, politically, Enlightenment ideas have not only influenced but changed the political program which the French Revolution of 1789 was expected to follow. This happened due to the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen which was approved on the 26 th of August 1789 and which promised legal equality and liberty to every citizen in the country (Censer and Hunt 2001). There were three main articles in this declaration that have produced a profound effect on the political life of France. Articles III, VI, and XVI present in the declaration disclosed such concepts as separation of power and sovereign nation. Montesquieu, a famous French political thinker of the period of Enlightenment, firmly believed that only the separation of power between legislative, executive, and judicial could make it possible for the government to control its power; the main purpose of such a separation was “to prevent intrusion of the judiciary into areas – lawmaking and the execution of the law – reserved to the other two powers” (Merryman and Pérez-Perdomo 2007, 17). The then King of France, Louis XVI, possessed the right for a royal veto which allowed him to hinder the adoption of new laws or implementation of the new constitution, which further complicated the enforcement of laws and, thus, hindered National Assembly’s carrying out its functions. It was namely Montesquieu’s Enlightenment philosophy of power separation that has solved the problem of abusing the powers in French government, Montesquieu and others developed the theory that the only sure way of preventing abuses of this kind was to separate the legislative and executive from
Introduction Russia is the biggest country in the world with its capital Moscow city. It was initially called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics that existed between 1922 and 1991. It consisted of Russia, Armenia, Moldova, Lithuania, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Estonia and several other countries (D’Agostino 45). After 1991, the USSR was dissolved into the many nations we know today. The communist state in Russia was formed after the overthrow of the monarch that had ruled the country for several decades. There are several reasons that led to the revolution that overthrew the rule of Romanov of the Tsar dynasty, rulers of Russia since 1613. The Tsars ruled Russia under a fundamental law that gave the monarch dictatorial power claiming that such a ruler was ordained by God himself. The rule of the empire was composed of three main bodies (Daniels 74). The first important arm of the ruling government was the Cabinet of Ministers that run the government and the various departments. The second arm was the Imperial Court, which was a group of advisors reporting directly to the Tsars. Finally, there was the Senate that supervised the operation of the law (Manfred 45). The outcome of this tyrannical rule was widespread poverty and a totally failed economy. Their total failure by the leadership of the state failed to address the extremely poor social economic state of the country. The literacy level of the peasant population was the lowest when compared to the neighbouring countries. Politically, Russia was extremely backward in terms setting up a stable political system
Identifying clinical manifestation of problems/strengths occurring in a family as a result of and older members influence on: family structure, roles, values, and communication patterns Children need to acquire self-control within the family domain and also understanding as well as complying with the rules of the family. These rules are manifested differently in each family but all of them lead to common family themes such as parents having household rules that require a child to stay away from the garage not unless an adult is supervising him. This communication is made very clear so that the child can be able to avoid any danger even when no older member of the family is supervising him or her. Through providing the rules and emphasizing that the stated rules must be obeyed, the child is helped by the family to master behavior and there is a structure in the family that helps to test and follow the rules. Older members of the family must provide expectations and rules for young children and be consistent and rational in enforcing the rules by ensuring there is consistency and fairness in promoting positive self-esteem and self-control. Rules help in making sound decisions and help the child to know that he or she may suffer due to consequences of poorly reasoned decisions and impulsive behavior and the parent can know the decisions that the child can make to avoid being involved in risk. The structure of the home is replaced by the school where teachers substitute the parents by establishment and enforcement of environmental rules. The expectations of children are imposed by teachers who demand that the children should use their time to complete academic tasks which are given more value and reduce the amount of playtime and free time. Conflict in the role of child welfare professionals in providing child protective service should be understood where mandated authority must be exercised in intervening in cases of neglectful or abusive family situations to ensure there are services for rehabilitating the family and maintaining children in their homes and reunifying children with their families. Intrusive authority interferes with the development of a trusting relationship and commitment of the family to change to ensure social services are provided effectively without obscuring professional responsibilities of child welfare. (Detroit, 1990 pp26-28) Explanation of how older adults’ concept of health and health beliefs influence their health The health promotion concept is a legitimate part of taking care of the health of the aging generation. As a person becomes old, there is a potent strain of the health care system because of the
Social Movement Social movement refers to collective actions whose outcomes tend to transform various aspects of society in a given time. The social movements of the 20 th century, especially in the US in the 1960s, provide a good example of events that can be analyzed under these theories (Walder 394). Pluralist theory, social movement, and political opportunity approach are among the most applicable approaches to study social movements. However, these theories tend to exhibit a number of differences as well as similarities. Pluralist theory is an approach to the study of people’s power. It places an emphasis on groups rather than individuals. According to this theory, the question of power is not who runs a government but whether groups have roles in running the state. Thus, the theory attempts to dwell on studying some specific outcomes (Walder 394). Proponents of this theory believe that inertia is the main aspect of humans that has the biggest role in governing behavior. Thus, they assume that the actual involvement of people in a group in an overt activity such as protests and social movements is an important marker of leadership (Walder 398). Moreover, the involvement of a group in taking an action comes with a number of costs involved. For instance, a group may lose if it fails to achieve its aim such as influencing some changes in society. In addition, there are costs in terms of time and effort. Pluralist theory also argues that power is attached to some social issues. Moreover, these issues tend to change or vary with time and duration (Walder 401). The theory also puts more emphasis on the roles of leadership rather than the actors of perpetrators of an action. Thus, the main goal of this theory is to determine the extent to which power structure has been achieved within a given society. On the other hand, the political opportunity theory is an approach to social movements that relies heavily on the idea of political sociology. This theory stresses three aspect
The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which is mostly cited in the context of capital punishment, was adopted on December 15, 1791, to prohibit the imposition of excessive bail and fines as well as the infliction of unduly cruel and unusual punishments. The latter is the most controversial part of the Amendment as there is no clear definition or constitutional standards that would allow measuring the degree of the cruelty of the punishment. Neither is it specified what kinds of punishments can be considered “unusual”. The Amendment did not exist until the ratification of the Constitution in 1791. Its further evolution and implementation were largely dependent on the political philosophies of the Supreme Court (Baum, 2015). The paper at hand is going to analyze the attitudes to the Eight Amendment during the terms of the Warren Court (1953-1969), the Burger Court (1969-1986), the Rehnquist Court (1986-2005), and the current Roberts Court (2005-present). The modern trends of criminal justice and speculations about the foreseeable future will also be provided. The Warren Court (1953-1969) The Warren Court refers to the period of Earl Warren’s service as Chief Justice. The Court’s philosophy was often criticized for being too much aggressive in its reading of the amendments, expressing strong nationalism (which was evident because of the clear unwillingness of the Court to allow variations of the constitutional rights from one state to another), and overemphasizing protection of minority rights. As far as the Eighth Amendment is concerned, there were two major cases during the period of the Warren Court: Trop vs. Dulles and Robinson vs. California (Scheiber, 2007). The first case was demonstrative in terms of Warren’s broad vision: the Supreme Court ruled that deprivation of citizenship violated constitutional rights and thus was acknowledged to be excessively cruel. Albert Trop was a citizen of the US. During his military service in the Army in 1944, he deserted from the base but surrendered the day after. The military court sentenced Trop to three years of hard labor, forfeiture of pay, and discharge, which turned out to be the reason his application for a passport was denied in 1952. The problem was that under the Nationality Act of 1940, the loss of citizenship was inevitable for anyone who deserted from the Army with the consequent dishonorable dismissal. Despite all the attempts made to receive a judgment that would declare him a citizen, Trop lost the case both in the US district court and in the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. However, the Supreme Court did not support this decision. Judge Warren stated that such kind of punishment was more primitive than torturing as it utterly destroys the status of an individual in a civilized society (Scheiber, 2007). The second case is unique for the evolution of the Eighth Amendment as for the first time in history, the Court prohibited criminalization of drug addiction. Robinson was arrested because of the heroin use but denied being addicted. He was sentenced to 90 days in jail as the state law prohib
Introduction Disasters and accidents can lead not only to injury but also to major psychological problems, post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) being one of them. Therefore, it is important to provide victims of such situations with psychological help. One of the methods for providing such help, psychological first aid (PFA) was developed in 2006. In this paper, I will discuss some facts that I learned about PFA, consider a major disaster (Hurricane Katrina) and response to it, and give some recommendations to those who might need to offer psychological aid to victims of traumatic experiences in the future. Facts about PFA that I Have Learned This week, I have learned some important facts about psychological first aid (PFA). First, I have realized that not every person is “entitled” to supply PFA to anyone. For instance, in some cultures only a woman could approach another woman and offer help; the presence of a man would only unsettle the victim more. Another point is that PFA is not asking and analyzing the person’s experiences; it is providing basic help (World Health Organization, War Trauma Foundation, & World Vision International, 2011). While these are simple facts, they need to be explicitly realized before PFA is to be given in an extreme situation. Hurricane Katrina and the Response to It Hurricane Katrina took place at the end of August 2005. It was one of the most severe natural disasters in the history of the U.S. Numerous victims of the hurricane required psychological aid. For instance, it is stated that “more than 50 percent of respondents showed signs of a ‘possible’ need for mental health treatment” in New Orleans, and over a half of the survivors had problems with mental health 15 months after the hurricane (Rhodes et al., 2012, para. 6). It is stated that the response to the hurricane was poor; psychological assistance was also weak (Gheytanchi et al., 2007). It mostly consisted of “treating acute stress reactions in victims” (Gheytanchi et al., 2007, p. 119). Thus, psychological help was provided in person, but this help is claimed to have been ineffective. In particular, the Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) interventions were offered within three days after exposure to the disaster to groups of victims; it is asserted that this method was ineffective, and that failed to prevent PTSD in most victims (Gheytanchi et al., 2007, p. 126). It is apparent that a number of other approaches might have been more effective than CISD. PFA is also named as one of such approaches (Gheytanchi et al., 2007, p. 126). It is important that PFA can be provided by non-psychologists, which means that, had it existed and been used during Hurricane Katrina, it could have been employed by a large number of emergency specialists and covered much more victims. How to Act in Future Disasters First civilian responders should consider a number of factors before pro