ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Social research and human relationships undergo numerous discussions by theorists and sociologists from different parts of the world. Effective models are introduced to support new positions. However, not all approaches remain clear and helpful to people. Mustafa Emirbayer is one of the current American sociologists whose theoretical contributions to social analysis are frequently considered by learners and professors. His background knowledge in education, psychology, sociology, and culture turns out to be a solid basis for his future career as a sociologist and theorist. In 1994, Emirbayer wrote an article about the social network and cultural analysis and was inspired by the results that made a new attempt to investigate social relationships. His Manifesto for Relational Sociology is one of the most powerful and interesting sociological projects of the late 20 th century. Its peculiar feature is the author’s intentions to gather the existing theories and approaches and introduce them as a whole that depicts the nature of human relationships. His Manifesto is based on philosophical, theoretical, and empirical aspects properly combined to investigate the social world with its static and dynamic relations, substances, and processes. Main body The author of the chosen article divides the work into several logical parts, which becomes one of its merits. It is easy and understandable to read the text and identify the goals and intentions demonstrated by Emirbayer. He does not want to question some theories or weaken the already offered empirical approaches. The task is to clarify the worth of a relational perspective from different points of view and explain possible challenges of relational analysis by advocating the importance of content instead of the importance of interactions. The existing contradictions between substantialism and relationalism promote new discussions. Emirbayer underlines the necessity to use empirical approaches and different theories, including the concepts of power, freedom, equality, and agency. This work helps to underline the power of relations and minimize the need for substances. People are free to have their own interests, to rely on their national traditions, and consider their cultural backgrounds. Action should not be neglected, as well as words cannot be omitted. There is no need for people to guess about something. The social world can be improved, and these improvements should begin with the combination of substantial and relational approaches. Finally, Emirbayer pays enough attention to the challenges that may occur in the relationships between relational and substantial theorists. Collective emotions, a variety of cultures, and multiple tasks may disorient people, and Emirbayer suggests focusing on the main concepts and approves all of them with the help of actions or specially approved research techniques. In other words, it is not enough to take one theory or philosophy, but it is expected to investigate the projects by Tilly, Somers, Dewey, White, an
Aging is much more than just a process of getting older. It is not just about the human body being “more vulnerable to daily wear and tear” or about “a general decline in physical, and possibly mental, functioning”, as the dictionary claims (“Medical Dictionary” par. 1). It is not only physical. The old age is about wisdom, experience, peace, and a great deal of both sweet and bitter memories. Still, no matter how hard you try, it is impossible to comprehend it if you are twenty or thirty. As a Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman once said, “Getting old is like climbing a mountain; you get a little out of breath, but the view is much better!” (“ Gerotranscendence ” par. 1). You are simply not able to see the view from the top if you have not reached it yet. However, we can always ask other people to share the experience. For a better understanding of both the process of aging and the theories we have studied in class, I have conducted an interview with an elderly person, and the results of it are presented in this paper. The Background Information As my interviewee, I have chosen a grandmother of one of my friends, Judy Addison (not a real name, in the interests of the respondent, the real name has been changed). Judy now is 77 years old. She is retired and widowed. Judy has been married only once, has three children, two daughters and a son, and two grandchildren, both girls. Judy was glad when I asked her if she could give me an interview, and she was rather cooperative during it. She invited me to her house and greeted me with a cup of delicious tea. Judy has been living alone since her husband died. However, she is not lonely since one of her daughter’s lives just three blocks away with her family, so they often come to visit Judy. In addition, she has a dog, Cooper, and a beautiful garden she loves. Judy does not want any caregivers and asserts that
In the field of dentistry, the uses of methods involving sedation, for the treatment of patients are often used. It is however crucial that these methods and techniques are safe and help in making the procedure more effective while reducing the pain of patients undergoing dental procedures. A commonly used technique for dentistry procedures is General Anaesthesia. The safety of the technique of general anesthesia has been of constant concern to the anesthesia regulatory bodies and there are several guidelines and standards for its use in the medical field. The Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCA), has concerns regarding the increasing number of general anesthetics being used for dentistry (1,2) and that these anesthetics may not always be necessary, as such patients face the unnecessary risk, sometimes even resulting in the death of healthy patients, due to the use of these anesthetics (3). The use of general anesthesia has been associated with certain levels of risks and it has been widely accepted that dentistry procedures must be performed by using local anesthetic measures where ever [possible. In cases of patients with elevated levels of anxiety, it has been proposed that the technique of conscious sedation be used (4). The Royal College of Anaesthetists strictly states that the use of general anesthesia must be limited only to the patients and clinical situations where local anesthesia is not possible. The college maintains that there should be persistent pressure regarding the use of the general anesthesia technique. The College recommends dentists ensure that very young children must be administered anesthesia only at the hands of pediatric anesthetists who are specialized in the field. Standards and Guidelines for use of General Anaesthesia Guidelines and training (10, 11) In most circumstances, sedation is conducted by non-anesthesiologists. To prevent or manage complications during sedation, the practitioner has to follow certain safe practice guidelines. Various professional bodies and organizations, such as the Royal College of Anesthetists, have promulgated guidelines to assist the practitioner in performing sedation safely. These guidelines outline the general principles of safe practice without providing specific details. Individual departments need to build their own practice guidelines based on these principles to cater for variations in patients, procedures, practitioner skills, and physical setting (10, 11). Doctors and nurses involved with sedation should undergo regular recertification of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills. Protocols for resuscitation such as the Advanced Cardiac Life Support protocol, and for managing compl
The Chief Complainant: History of the complaint The case study involves a two-year-old, overweight boy who has been brought to the hospital to undergo a medical check-up because the boy has undescended testicles. According to the boy’s mother, the boy has been doing well for the last year. During her last visit to the hospital (one year ago), she was informed that this condition usually outgrows and corrects itself. However, the boy’s mother is worried because she is not sure whether her son’s condition is curable. Apparently, the boy has got no other complaints. The main concern is his undescended testicles. The General Past Medical History (Developmental, dietary and immunization) The boy’s medical history is remarkable following his preterm birth at 28 weeks by normal spontaneous vaginal delivery. The boy was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit for some time and one month in the special care nursery unit. During his two weeks stay in the care units, the boy was fed through tubes in his veins and mouth. After that, the boy was fed on soy formula and he was never breastfed. The boy feeds normally and is not allergic to anything. His immunization is also up to date. Family and Social History (includes occupational and environmental exposures) The boy’s mother received intravenous fluids on several occasions during her pregnancy. Several relatives from the mothers’ side have breast cancer. The boy’s father has leukemia, diabetes and hypertension. In addition, the boy’s elder brother is healthy with no reported disorders. The boy’s mother had several miscarriages. The mother works as a beautician. Furthermore, the boy’s parents smoke. The family has used DET-based repellants on several occasions. Moreover, the boy’s family lives close to a highway in an urban setting. Diagnosis and Treatment Plan This condition does not have diagnostic laboratory tests at the moment
Letter of Transmittal Dear Sir: Attached to this letter is the report that you requested in April this year. This report contains all the details of the survey about the possibility of moving Northwest Hardware and Warehouse Company operations in Canada. The report provides recommendations made basing on the analysis and findings. During the survey, my team analyzed all aspects that affect the business environment in Canada. The micro and macroeconomic factors were surveyed because they affect the business. Factors that were given full attention by the company include politics, legal aspects of doing business in the country, business policies and procedures, competition, and cultural factors. The findings of the survey indicate that Canada has a favorable environment for doing hardware business. Therefore, it would be wise if the company moves to set up business ventures in the country. It will be paying for the company to open up a firm in any of the provinces within Canada. There are many hardware businesses in Canada. However, the outcome of the survey indicates that the high number of the hardware business does not imply business in this sector is closed up. The demand for hardware materials remains high and significant. Additionally, many foreign companies are operating in the country. Market penetration is easy and will further be eased by the level of aggressiveness of the company. We got data from resource materials that have well-documented business statistics in Canada. If clarification of the details is needed, I will be available. Sincerely. Executive Summary This is a comprehensive report regarding a survey done to ascertain the business aspects in Canada and how these aspects can influence the establishment of a firm by a foreign company – Northwest Hardware and Warehouse. The objective of the survey was to help the company decide on whether to move into the country and set up a firm. This report is divided into various parts such as an introduction, the main section, conclusion, and recommendations. The introduction is a summary of the way the survey was conducted. The main section contains real facts and figures in Canada. Three main areas of business are investigated and a report given in this section. The second part of this section touches on politics and the political climate of Canada. The section gives findings on the different levels of governance and the role of the government of Canada in regulating business. It also reports on the attempts of the government of Canada to improve the business climate. Besides, there is a section that provides information about Canadian culture and customs. The last portion is the conclusion and recommendations section. This is where the findings have been discussed in brief. Possible key points have been outlined.
Introduction Truancy refers to unauthorised absentee from school during the compulsory going years. Several students skip schools for their own reasons and lose a lot in the education system. Different schools have various definitions for truancy but the number of truants is on the increase. Truancy has been linked with delinquent behaviour in students and negative behaviour later in adulthood. The students who engaged in truancy in school are more likely to destructive behaviour and poverty in adulthood. The problem with truancy is widespread. The trend of truancy seems very fashionable to the extent of the truants sharing their ideas on how to skip classes on the internet. The truants waste their time because they miss an opportunity to acquire skills and knowledge for use in life and future careers. Moreover, the students who cut classes waste their parents’ money. The problem of truancy often is a symptom of underlying problems that cause students to skip classes. The reasons behind truancy are many and vary. Reasons for truancy Many factors contribute to truancy. There is no consensus on the causes of truancy because various groups often contest the factors. For instance, parents and students say that the main causes of truancy are school related. On the other hand, teachers, local authorities and staff believe that home and parents are the major causes of unauthorised absentee of students (Reid, 2008). The factors can be grouped into various broad categories. Student variables Students are unique in behaviour, which determines how they attend classes. Some students have low self esteem and they do not feel confident around other students and may decide to skip school because of the discomfort the presence of others causes especially if the others are deemed as self confident and outgoing. Other students will skip school because of learning problems especially in reading or math to avoid the ridicule of the other students. Moreover, some may opt to cut classes because of unrecognized problems such as poor eyesight and hearing challenges (Baker et al, 2001). Such problems hinder the student from understanding the lessons taught by the teachers and fail. The failure i
My reaction to president Andrew Jackson is rather controversial and uncertain. He is considered to be emblematic of the “common man” and the reason for him to rise to the top of the United States’ political power system. A “common man” is an ordinary person from the working class, a politician, or an unwealthy landowner. Since Jackson himself was a self-made and non-educated man from humble beginnings who succeeded in becoming a president, he personifies and represents this concept. To ride the wave of the “common man” to political office, such politicians typically exploit some regional, class, racial, and ethnic issues. For instance, Donald Trump, who is also a representative of a “common man” politician, attacks the norms of American politics, singles out several groups for derision based on religion and race, and attacks the political process’s legitimacy. Moreover, such politicians tend to ignore common decency, employ casual vulgarity, and even rain personal humiliation on critics in the media and political opponents. All similar actions performed by “common man” politicians make less-educated white people support them. As for Jackson, his policies were beneficial to poor whites in the U.S. in this period. He expanded suffrage to most white men, gave them land and slaves, and removed Native Americans. During his presidency, Jackson clashed with Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. He proved that he was unafraid of opposing them and defeated both of them by making Calhoun resign as Vice-President and Clay – lose the Presidential election of 1832. He also had a clash with the banking and court systems. Jackson killed the National Bank and entirely changed the system, as well as criticized Chief Justice John Marshall’s decision regarding the Cherokee Indians. Jackson has shaped his legacy as a devoted representative of the “common man” and a political rebel. Nowadays, his legacy is seen as a source of controversy since some consider Jackson a hero, while others see him as the destroyer of American values. Such controversies mean that U.S. society and politics are diverse and have too many differences, while both need to be a united mechanism.
Introduction Airport Vodochody is an international private airport in the Czech Republic. The airlines’ current major customers are private jets and air schools. A joint stock company Letiste Vodochody, established in 2007, operates the airport and the only shareholder in the airport is AERO Vodochody, which is the largest aircraft manufacturer in the Czech Republic with over 90 years-long history. Until the end of 2006, AERO Vodochody was a state-owned enterprise. However, the beginning of 2007 witnessed a change of ownership when a private equity group Penta became a sole shareholder of AERO Vodochody. In 2009, the airport had 9 thousand aircraft movements, which was a 100% increase to the year 2008 (Vodochody Airport). The airports development plan, first publicly communicated in the summer of 2007, is to enlarge the infrastructure of the existing airport so that it becomes a modern public civil international airport, second of its kind in the Prague’s metropolitan region only after Prague Airport, which is the major hub in the region. The airport wants to reach low-cost airlines, charters and private jets. In 2008, Letiste Vodochody had received all necessary licenses to operate the Vodochody Airport, e.g. from the Czech Air Navigation Services, custom authorities etc. In 2009, the company updated the documentation of the project following the commemorations received from the ministry of environment and this was approved in the first half of 2010. After the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was approved, Airport Vodochody applied for cadastral change and construction permission, which is yet to be approved. Operations for low-cost carries should be launched at the end of next year by the earliest, more pragmatically in 2013 (Vodochody Airport). Key facts about the project of expansion of the Vodochody Airport are summarized in the table below Total Planned Investment                                          CZK 3 Billion                                                 Number of passengers per year                                     3.5 million                                                   Number of aircraft movements per year                             17 thousand                                                                                                                     48                                                            Average number of dispatched aircrafts per day
Introduction The article discusses the relationship between the civil war duration and ethnic polarization. The arguments in the article provide that civil wars are key barriers to the development of the economy. Civil wars lead to the destruction of infrastructure, loss of human life and have an effect on future prospects for investment. The causes of civil wars can be analyzed in relation to their onsets, the duration of the wars, as well as the incidence of civil wars. Civil wars may start randomly, after which conflicts emerge. Factors such as a country having mountains where rebels can hide also contribute to the onset of civil wars. Civil wars may also emanate from low per capita income; this makes a civil war last longer than it would have lasted if the per capita income was high. Lack of democracy may also trigger a civil war as rebels form militia groups in order to oust an undemocratic regime (Montalvo & Reynal-Querol 123-143). Literature Review The available literature indicates that certain factors can be attributed to the onset of civil wars. One of the methods used in the estimation of the civil war onset includes logic regression, which analyses some of the causes as high population, with high primary commodity exports, as well as a population that is highly dispersed. Inequalities in incomes, ethnic differences and political liberties may not be significant risk factors for civil war. The available literature also indicates another probable causes of civil war which is oil exports in a country. An analysis on the incidence of civil war shows ethnic polarization as one of the factors affecting the incidence of such wars (Montalvo & Reynal-Querol 123-143). Analysis by Montalvo and Reynal-Qureol shows that democracy and export have little impact on civil wars. In terms of duration of civil wars, Gates and Strand estimate that major factors influencing this issue are political instability, parallel conflicts and autocratic regimes. Studies also indicate that income inequality can be regarded as a main cause of civil wars (Montalvo & Reynal-Querol 123-143). Method/Methodology Certain methods can be used to explain the relationship that exists between civil wars incidence and ethnic polarization. One method, which can be utilized, is the traditional ration form, which defines a quadratic based cost function, contest success function, as well as pure contest equilibrium. Another model that can be employed to establish relationship between conflict and ethnic polarization, is taking a country that consists of two social groups. This model shows that the discovery of a natural resource may trigger violence between the two groups. The methodology used to establish the relationship between civil wars and ethnic polarization is also based on measuring the duration in relation to years, months, weeks, as well as d