ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Alliance Supermarket has been using a point-of-sale (POS) system for a number of purposes. One of them is to keep track of inventory in the various outlets. The system uses laser to scan the Universal Product Code (UPC) of each item at the checkout counter. The firm is using the code to track the inventory records of all products. It is noted that the system has enhance the company’s inventory management. However, a number of problems have been noted. For example, the company is unable to deal with sudden spikes in demand for certain items. In addition, all the outlets are treated by the system as a single unit. In this paper, the author analyzes the various issues associated with Alliance Supermarket’s POS system. To this end, the author will formulate new and innovative applications of data from the system. Information that can help the company to reduce costs while improving services will be highlighted. In addition, an alternative strategy that can be utilized by the firm to access data from individual consumers is proposed. Finally, ethical and privacy considerations in relation to the information gathered are reviewed. New and Innovative uses of Information from the POS System The information from the POS systems can be very useful to Alliance Supermarkets. The company can come up with new and innovative ways of using the data. The systems are used to keep track of all sales in the supermarket, regardless of whether they are big day sell-out for a certain product or a low day for another item. The information collected can be stored securely in one database. From the database, managers and other end users can analyze what customers have bought in large quantities during that day. It is also possible to see the type of product that has sold out in that specific day. In addition, the individuals responsible for sales and marketing can analyze the reasons why customers prefer a specific product. They can achieve this by comparing its performance with that of other products from the same line (Gunasekaran, Marri, McGaughey & Nebhwani, 2002). If it is noted that the preference is as a result of the low prices associated with the item, then the management of the supermarket can come up with ways to standardize the cost of all products (Vonderembse & White, 2013). Information stored in the database for a span of one month or one week can also be used to identify the products required in large quantities. Such products will then be ordered from the suppliers. If the information from the POS system is stored and used in this way, then it can be very easy to manage the demands of the customers at any time of the year. Such a move can help the management to forecast demand and supply (Morgan, Kaleka & Gooner,
Introduction All countries in the world have different foreign policies concerning their counterparts. Different countries have varying opinions and perceptions and the nature of foreign policy depends largely on the country’s relations with the countries in question. These policies have in the recent years been based on the increasing terrorism across the globe. There are those countries for instance Christian nations that believe that Muslim nations are perpetrating terrorism and their foreign policies should be different from the other nations (Chaliand 56). On the other hand, Muslim nations hold that the policies imposed against them are discriminatory and amounts to intimidation. This has created grudge between different countries and hostility is increasing in every day life. The following brief report will focus on the world superpower, United States, which is fighting terrorism to bring about international peace and security among all countries. Reasons for US Military Invasion against Iraq After September 11 attacks the Bush administration blamed Iraq for the cause and the existing suspicion that the country possessed weapons of mass destruction increased. The hostility between the two countries can be traced back in early 1990s when the US attacked Iraq for falsely attacking its neighboring country Iran (Chaliand 56). Since that time, the two countries had been having unending hostility. When President George Bush came to power, he was on the opinion that the country was manufacturing illegal nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction. This, he claimed threatened global security and the only solution to the problem was forceful disarmament of the nation. The UN had for several times send its inspectors to the country to look for possible evidence that could link the Arab state to the claims. All the results had been negative since the inspectors could not provide any tangible evidence based on the claims. However, Bush differed with their opinion and sought permission from the UN Security Council to launch military attacks against the country. United Nations pleaded with US not to attack the nation until tangible evidence was availed. Of the five permanent members of UN Security council only British with the leadership of its prime minister, Tony Blair supported the idea (Chaliand 56). So many nations did not support Bush’s idea and this was a major setback for US. However, taking advantage of US’s superiority, Bush went ahead and militarily attacked the nation that saw massive destruction of the country’s infrastructure, economy and political structure. Another setback for US came when after the whole operation, it came out that Iraq neither produced nor possessed any weapons of mass destruction. This drawn global criticism from many countries and US was seen as having a different motive for attacking Iraq. US-Pakistan Relations after Osama’s Capture After Osama Bin Laden, the suspected mastermind of US September 11 attacks the two countries’ relations seem to take a different direction. The US federal go
The rapid development of information technologies has offered many opportunities to individuals, businesses, and public organizations. However, it has also given rise to many problems such as Internet fraud, privacy violation or data theft. This report is aimed at discussing the ethical, social, and legal issues related to the use of information systems. In most cases, they emerge when a person’s right to privacy is disregarded. The problems identified in this paper require close attention of managers and legislators who must make sure that people know how their personal information can be collected, stored or shared. Overall, the term information system can be defined as a combination of technologies, software solutions, and procedures that are needed for the collection, storage, and transfer of data (Prakken 38). At first, it is necessary to examine moral aspect of these tools. As a rule, ethical issues arise when businesses or organization use private data without the consent of customers or users. For example, one can refer to the activities of data brokers or organizations that collect information and sell it businesses (Dempsey 250). Very often, this information can be collected with the help of cookies or data mining techniques that can throw light on people’s interests or values (Dempsey 250). Yet, these organizations do not receive people’s informed consent and customers do know much about their activities. This behavior violates the principles of public or interpersonal relations, established in the community. Moreover, the problem of consent is closely related to the work of medical institutions. These organizations have to collect, store and share records about patients’ health (Goodman 59). To a great extent, these activities ensure the effective work of healthcare organizations (Goodman 59). The problem is that this information is very confidential and people do not want it to be accessible to others. It is probable that these records can be made public, and an individual may be able to address this risk. So, the use of information systems can violate a person’s rights without his/her consent. Additionally, it is important to remember about social issues that can be explained by some widespread changes in people’s behavior and their attitude toward such concepts as privacy and confidentiality. First of all, the development of information systems has enabled people to learn more about one another (Stair and Reynolds 392). For instance, such social networks as Facebook, MySpace, or Twitter enable users to post information about themselves, and it should be available only to their friends or relatives (Stair and Reynolds 392). Nevertheless, this information can be easily used against them. For instance, their postings can be considered by law-enforcement agencies in order to detect people who can pose a threat to the society. This is one of the problems that should not be overlooked. Similarly, it can be used by people who may want to
The issues of testing are highly important in the field of studying and teaching, and the propriety of using certain kinds of tests is widely discussed by both practitioners and theoreticians in the area of education. The article of Anderson (2006) is dedicated to the discussion of the diagnostic testing propriety in the educational setting. The commonalties and differences it has with the placement test are discussed by the author to outline the possible advantages the diagnostic test may have in the classroom. The uniqueness of a diagnostic test is in identifying the key strengths and weaknesses of students. It may be done not only to perform adequate placement according to the level of students’ proficiency but to design the suitable curriculum for the course of studies. This practice proves efficient to fit the study design into the realm of unique needs the students in a particular classroom may have (Anderson, 2006). The reason for close attention raised towards diagnosis tests is that the traditional tests designed by teachers to test the knowledge students have managed to retain are usually of low quality and do not offer the immediate feedback to students on their performance (Anderson, 2006). It is a common problem of the modern education, as the higher the stake of the exam is, the more time it takes to provide the results for students. Hence, the computer-based diagnosis tests are seen as the remedy from the discussed problem. The researchers in the field of testing indicate that holding diagnostic tests on a regular, classroom-based basis is impossible because of the high volume of such kinds of tests. Therefore, they prove inappropriate for the routine usage, and only the computer-based forms thereof are called to solve the problem. The computer-based approach is likely to possess a high potential for the future of diagnostic testing, since this type of tests contains a great number of advantages for assessment and evaluation of progress, as well as the initial assessment of students’ competences. However, the difficulty associated with conducting it may be resolved only in terms of economizing the time for taking it. There is much debate on the specificity of diagnostic testing features that it has to encompass in order to fit the needs of the teachers and students. Anderson (2006) argues that there is lack of agreement on the issue so far, but the most widely accepted issues are the necessity of focus tests on students’ weaknesses more, to provide consequent remediation in further instruction, to provide detailed analysis and report of the students’ responses to testing, and to provide students with the immediate feedback on the results they show during testing. Some other issues widely discussed nowadays include the lack of necessity to check vocabulary by diagnostic tests, focusing more on grammar and listening skills (Anderson, 2006). Finally, there is much discussion on the issue whether the diagnostic
Abstract This paper aims at discussing fully whether women faced thorough discrimination and marginalization in Northern Canada. This thesis must defend the rights of women and indicate whether women acquired those rights or were denied them in the historical period. In this paper, I will at the main reasons that support the argument that women were discriminated against during the 17th and 18th centuries or whether it is a mare perception according to the thesis itself. Introduction In the 17 th and 18 th centuries, North America was controlled by a British colony. During this period, women’s discrimination was highly practiced. Women’s discrimination and marginalization have been there since time immemorial. In many countries, especially in Africa and Muslim territories, the woman was regarded as a creature that was created for the benefit of man and as a servant to man. Therefore, male dominion continued to escalate in many countries. However, in developed countries, women have risen to a higher level in social-economic development even in the political arena. Various bills have been passed to safeguard the rights of women and protect them from domestic violence and sexual abuse. By then, this was not given a priority historically. Aim To analyze women’s discrimination and marginalization in the 17 th and 18 th centuries, and to investigate whether they were severely discriminated in the social-economic development. Subproblems   * Did gender equality feature in the stated historical period?   * Did the discrimination of women in Canada harm the social-economic development?   * Did male chauvinism dominate the historical period and if so is there any improvement? Executive discussion It is very precise to say that women encountered severe discrimination in Northern Canada but it is quite recommendable to say that women were not given chances to spearhead any formidable project in the male-dominated territory; therefore they faced major discrimination and gender inequality. When the word “severe” is used it means that even the slightest honor and recognition could not be awarded to any woman. This is very true (chapter 13, page 283). According to this chapter, women were highly discriminated against and marginalized. Besides being discriminated against, they were marginalized because they were not allowed to move freely country-wide. They were supposed to attend to domestic work from morning till evening when they would go home to prepare meals for the husbands and children. According to this chapter, during the 18 th century, women if given a chance we’re able to play major roles in social-economic development country-wide. But due to male chauvinism women were accorded minor positions in the running of Upper Canada services. The luckiest women were employed as school teachers but they could not be given a bigger
The Ottoman Empire controlled the territories occupied by different nationalities, and this situation was the result of the historic process. However, the problem was in the fact the authorities of the Ottoman Empire did not provide the ethnic minorities with any political or social rights accentuating the highest status of the Turks over the other nationalities and discriminating minorities. The situation of a constant tension between the Turks and the representatives of the other ethnicities who lived in the Ottoman Empire was complicated by the religious question, secessionist ideas of the minorities and a lot of bloody conflicts which were triggered with the ethnic uprisings. Although the Ottoman Empire was the multinational state and this situation was affected by the historic processes, the Turks followed the policy of exterminating any non-Turkish elements in the Empire and provided violent repression policies against the representatives of Greek-Balkan people, Armenians, and Assyrians who were Christians and against definite Muslim populations in order to ‘clean’ the territories from the minorities who rejected the principles of the discriminating strategy. The authorities of the Ottoman Empire provided their repression policies during the whole century. To annihilate all the non-Turkish population, including Kurds and Arabs, and maintain the power of the Turks, the authorities developed a strict repression policy based on discriminations, massacres, and deportations (Goldschmidt, 2001). The discriminative measures depended on a lot of legal restrictions for the non-Muslims. The Christians did not have the right to participate in the political life of the state, keep any arms, and their taxes were higher in comparison with the taxes determined for the Muslims. Any fact of the minorities’ opposition against the discriminative policy was discussed as the trigger for developing numerous massacres. The bloodiest massacres were against Maronites in 1860, against the Armenians during 1894-1896 and in 1915, and against the Assyrians after World War I. The cause for these mass murders was to decrease the opposition and frighten the representatives of the other nationalities and religions (Quataert, 2005). The specifics of the repression policies can be discussed with references to the problems of the Assyrians at the territories of the Ottoman Empire. To reduce the possibility of Christian rebellions during World War I, the authorities developed the strategy of the violent deportation of the Assyrians in the region of Mesopotamia. The first step was to kill the male population who could develop rebellions. The next step was to repress and arrest the representatives of the social and
Introduction The federal government of the United States includes the executive, the judiciary, and the legislature. This constitutional republic consists of fifty states and one district. The three branches that relate in several ways will be discussed in this paper. In governing the states and the district, several policing organizations are in place. Moreover, the interaction between these different arms is of great importance both in theory and in the practice of governance and this paper examines the various relationships. Major relationship The major relationship between the three branches of the federal government is that the legislature makes, alters, amends, enflames civic policies, and repeals laws. The judiciary interprets the laws passed by the legislature while the executive bears the power to execute, enforce, and administer law (McClenaghan, 2002, p. 101). The legislature is responsible for enacting laws by the asset of legislative power. In the judiciary, the court evaluates the language used for a particular law. The language used may be unclear to the court, or even doubtful. In this case, the court tries to make out what the legislature anticipated when it enacted the act. In other words, it decides the cases arising under the laws. In the end, the executive enforces the refined laws. The legislature and the executive have something in common- that the vice president is a common member. The Vice President serves as the president of the senate and as part of the legislative division. The president has the power to veto laws approved by Congress. Congress has the authority to supersede a presidential veto (Volkomer, 1998, p. 84). This translates to the fact that both the executive and the legislature have a common role to play in making America’s laws. The two limbs also have a collective responsibility in transitory of the legislation, which greatly affects citizens. In many ways, bills come before both chambers of Congress. The legislature selects the bills in a subtle way, and if they go by, then they proceed to the President, who either signs them or rejects them. Considering the legislative branch, national and state governments comprise executive and judicial twigs. The top management of the Executive comprises the president at the national echelon, and the governor is the head of a state. The policing organization The policing organization includes the federal state and local governments. Federal police have full-given federal authority. Federal constitutional Law includes officers who put in force various laws at the federal level (Fisher, 1998, p. 73). At this level, the Department of Justice takes a great charge of duties to impart law. The state government includes all the American states.
Continuous improvement (CI) is what all organizations want to pursue and achieve. Building a continuous improvement philosophy has become part of many organizations’ routines. Change is not simply a buzzword in organizational development but a measure of organizations’ efficiency and strategic success. The intensity of market competition constantly increases; customer expectations rise, and only organizations that pursue CI can satisfy these complex demands. Unfortunately, many take the concept of CI for granted. Many others simplify CI to conventional quality improvement procedures. Bearing in mind the role which CI plays in organizations’ competitiveness, the main differences between CI and quality improvement should be clarified. CI is a philosophy of organizational development and a culture of sustained improvements, which increase organizations’ success and reduce their failures (Bhuiyan & Baghel, 2005). CI is an important tool of quality management and a vital factor of competitiveness in present-day markets. CI implies and necessitates evolutionary improvement, and the continuity of quality change is the basic prerequisite for achieving the desired level of organizational efficiency (Bhuiyan & Baghel, 2005). All methods of CI are dedicated to identifying problems, their causes, and searching for the best ways to eliminate them. CI presents and comprises an array of unique and remarkably effective techniques that have proved to produce substantial improvements in organizations (Zangwill & Kantor, 1998). In this sense, quality improvement is merely a tool for achieving continuous improvement within organizations. Unlike CI, quality improvement is just a set of systematic actions to improve performance and product quality. CI demands continuous involvement of all organizational players, whereas quality improvement can be limited to departments and figures directly responsible for quality improvement initiatives. The goals of continuous improvement and quality improvement differ substantially. The goal of quality improvement is to ensure that products and services meet the basic set of standards, norms, and criteria, leading to greater customer satisfaction and regulatory compliance. These goals and criteria are fixed; more often than not, organizations apply to quality improvement when new standards of quality are introduced. By contrast, CI aims for the continuity of positive change (Bhuiyan & Baghel, 2005). The goals of CI will change, depend