ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Punishment due to criminal acts is a key component in any criminal justice system. There exists a close relationship between punishment and crime reduction. Although punishing offenders has some detrimental effects, its benefits demonstrate that it is a justifiable response to the voluntary commission of an offence. The criminal justice system uses an approach that ensures that the form of punishment is proportional to the nature of the offence, and has optimal results. The major reasons associated with sentencing offenders are deterrence, retribution, incapacitation and rehabilitation (Worrall, 2008). Deterrence considers that when a response to a certain offence is clear, certain and severe, an offender gets discouraged from participating in a similar act in the future. Deterrence aims to dissuade the offender from repeating a crime, and use him or her as an example to discourage misconduct in the society. Retribution focuses on ensuring fairness in the dispensation of punishments by eliminating the advantage gained by the offender through disregard to the law and crime commission. The harshness of the punishment should be proportional to the severity of the crime in question. In essence, retribution aims at ensuring justice in all the aspects of a particular crime. Incapacitation focuses on ensuring that a particular offender becomes incapable of committing further crimes during the period of his or her sentence (Orth, 2003). In this regard, the criminal justice system aims at removing the offender from the society and improving public protection. To achieve this objective, a court may impose a sentence of imprisonment, which is the most common form of incapacitation. Rehabilitation focuses on changing an offender through correctional interventions. This approach seeks to identify and tackle various factors that cause a particular individual to engage in criminal acts. These include the offender’s habits, attitudes and beliefs. Rehabilitation also aims at providing offenders with skills that enable them to become productive members of the society. The issue of drug possession has a myriad of effects on the society. A considerably large number of people die every year because of complications resulting from the use of illegal drugs. Various surveys indicate a close relationship between a large number of criminal activities and illegal drugs. Thus, illegal drugs contribute to a number of factors that act as a hindrance to development and encourage criminal acts. Some drugs have widespread effects in terms of cases of violence and the extent of illegal activities associated with them. Research shows that cocaine has widespread usage in the United States. Due to its adverse effects on users and the society, cocaine deserves severe penalties to discourage its possession, use and sale. The country spends an estimated 500 million dollars in tackling various cocaine-related issues such as rehabilitation for addicts and cocaine-related crimes (Mackenzie, 2000).To tackle this menace, a sentence of imprisonment for repeated offenders is the most appropriate. Fencing stolen property amounts to aiding criminal acti
Communication is one of the core needs of learners in the university setting. With the rising demand in the quality of produced work and the constant need for learning, the support of a community becomes overwhelmingly important for learners, as surveys and questionnaires taken from the target audience have shown. In addition, building the relationships that will support students in their future career development is essential. The need for building a community and contributing to the effective communication between learners is the main rationale for Unihive to exist (Patacsil and Tablatin, 2017). The application will resolve two issues at once, allowing the process of knowledge sharing to become consistent and ensuring that students remain connected in the future, thus ensuring the development of their careers. Therefore, Unihive should be seen as an indispensable product for universities and similar academic organizations. Market Analysis The target market can be described as rather young yet quite promising. Specifically, the market for mobile apps for learners has been growing recently, especially for university ones (). The increase in the market size and share can be explained by students gaining financial freedom at the specified stage of their lives. In addition to a disposable income, learners also develop the need for staying in touch and sharing information, which increases market growth (). Overall, the market is not quite saturated and mature. Therefore, there is a lot of potential for the project in question. Competitive Analysis Several well-known companies have already been providing similar services to the target audience. For example, LinkedIn has been allowing students from all over the world to connect online (McCabe, 2017). However, the identified rivals seem to fail in helping learners to build a shared experience and create the setting in which their professional knowledge increases. While LinkedIn has contributed to building professional connections, it seems to have forgotten to establish options for effective communication. In turn, Facebook as one of the largest platforms for students has been ignoring the issue of professional development. Nevertheless, the two organizations in question make worthy competitors. Marketing Plan The market research has shown that students need an improved tool for professional connection despite the presence of other services providing opportunities for communication. The market size is moderate, and its growth is rather steep, which means that it will be possible to seize the moment. The target market can be divided into segments based on the users’ chosen area of professional interest, as well as their age and interests. The product will be positioned as the application that will unite students across the globe, helping them to share knowledge and build their academic and professional knowledge (see Fig. 1). Therefore, it will need a marketing strategy to p
Cohen tries to present a monolithic comprehension of heterosexuality, which is a topic that is built on normative power, but not on identity. She observes that the existing structure, as well as the future agenda of remarkable politics, is based on the unconcealed suppositions of a standardized heteronormativity that have the capability of benefiting heterosexuals. In the raging debate, some activists underscore the fact that several queer politics exist and move on to appreciate the existence of power, including how heterosexuals have access to it. Even though several forms of curious opinions exist, many activists advocating for other forms of sexualities apart from heterosexual type always compare it to straight sexuality. Straight sexuality means the colossal experience of heterosexual privilege. In many writings of feminists, the issue of sexuality has always raised a great controversy, with a majority of women claiming that they have to be allowed to engage in relationships with their fellow women, as they understand their problems better than men. Similarly, other groups of individuals supporting other forms of sexualities other than heterosexuality, including gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgender, have come out strongly to condemn heterosexuality, something that challenges the position of queer politicians as far as heteronormativity is concerned. This makes the understanding of heteronormativity and queerness a complex. Consequently, it seems that consensus has been reached to incorporate the views of various activists, what Cohen terms as a coalition politics, which is desired by a majority. She further notes that several forms of heterosexual relationships have existed in society since time immemorial, but almost all of these forms have been criticized while others have been prohibited. Cohen asks an important question on whether society should accept only a single type of heterosexual relationship while rejecting other forms of sexualities exercised by those looking for justice and changing society. Additionally, she questions the criteria under which people are categorized. While offering a brief history, Cohen notes that heterosexuality is often associated with race, which means that it is a complex concept that is understood variously. For white supremacists, heteronormativity is the main ideology, and the state has always been given the power to punish those who go against the established and recognized sexuality form in society. For instance, only heterosexual marriages are allowed in these societies, and property rights and other inherited privileges are determined based on the legality of the relationship. During slavery and the slave trade in the United States, marriages among blacks imprisoned in the slave system were prohibited since this was viewed as a threat to the economic prosperity of the southern states. Many historians observe that this was the beginning of the sexual beliefs that were based on race, which affected the productivity of Afro-Americans. (Cohen 454). The whites were reluctant to allow the blacks to form families and engage in relationships because they
Introduction To improve performance in business, the management needs to employ the right tools and techniques. The managers must show the willingness for training and implementation of the right tool, techniques and methodology. DRIVE is just one of the methodologies used in ensuring improvement in performance of any business. This stands for: ‘D’: ‘Define’; here a definition of the problem is made and the criteria for measuring its success are agreed upon as well as the expected outcome and the success factors to be considered. ‘R’ represents the ‘Review’. Here the background of the prevailing situation is supposed to be determined and be well understood. The relevant information is collected and the areas which are problematic reviewed or determined. The relevant improvements and the most appropriate and quickest ways of fixing the problem are sought. I’’ on the other hand stand for ‘Identify.’ There is the identification of the right improvements or solutions to the business’s problems and the viable changes that would ensure the sustenance of these improvements are identified. ‘V’ is for Verify; the improvements to be made are supposed to be checked so as to ensure that they will help in ensuring that the desired success is attained. ‘E,’ which stands for ‘Execute.’ At this stage, the plan is executed with the relevant plans put in place and the improvements made so as to ensure the success of the business (Bounds 2000: 100). The Mapping Process Under this process, the relevant information is gathered and the improvements that are supposed to be made as well as the activities to be carried out are put in a model form. The mapping process aid the improvement team in the understanding of the whole improvement process and it is vital in the identification of improvement opportunities. The mapping process helps in breaking down the whole process to manageable as well as understandable levels hence making it easy to tackle. It ensures that complex tasks are handled in a logical and objective manner. A framework for decision making is provided hear hence making the whole process easy for the team to handle. Process flow chats are vital tools in the mapping process. Flow chatting helps in the understanding of the current process, the weaknesses and the improvements efforts required as well as their objectives (Lascelles 1996, p. 99). Force field analysis is done so as to determine the forces in action for or against the proposed changes. It helps in determining the relevant action to be taken so as to counter the opposing forces as well as determining whether the whole process of making the improvements is viable. Cause and effect diagrams are vital in the mapping process. They help in the giving ideas or thought in the whole problem solving process. Brain Storming At this stage, the ideas are collected from different members of the team without any analysis or criticism. All the ideas are collected until all constructive ideas are exhausted. Ideas and suggestions a
Project Proposal This project is exclusively developed to describe and demonstrate the operation and significance of an electronic mail server. This project proposal, together with drafts and diagrams of related documents, will be extensively used by a networking management team of an organization or computer network practitioners, in order to determine whether to approve work that is developed on this project. Furthermore, a clear as well as precise plan assists in setting expectations which will be used at later stages for evaluating the success of the project. This project mainly focuses on the technology underlying the electronic mail servers and basically what are electronic mails (LearntheNet.com, 2010). Background Electronic mail, or e-mails, as they are known to its many fans, has been in use for more than two decades. Earlier, in 1990, it was mainly used in academia. Throughout the 1990s, e-mails became known to the masses at large and developed rapidly and exponentially till the extent where the number of e-mails sent out per day is nowadays vastly more than the number of paper letters (Vleck, 2008). In practice, the major problem of sending messages to various different email addresses is typically solved by entering a list of multiple addresses separated by comma within the “To”, “BCC”, or “CC” fields of the message. However, there are two significant reasons why some SMTP mail servers programs do not support this technique:  1. They are not Spam programs. Adopting this technique for sending messages is frequently exercised while sending unsolicited and malicious commercial e-mails.  2. This method does not involve quick message delivery whenever the SMTP server is loaded across a user’s computer (LearntheNet.com, 2010) (Vleck, 2008). However, if the user enters multiple addresses within the ‘CC’ (carbon copy) or ‘BCC’ (blind carbon copy) fields of their e-mail message, the mail server program will send the e-mail message only to the first 50 consecutive e-mail addresses, thereby ignoring the remaining addresses. Gradually, when experience was gained, even more elaborate systems were proposed. During 1982, the ARPANET email proposals were issued as RFC 821 and RFC 822 which are specifications for transmission protocol and message format respectively. However, minor revisions like RFC 2822 and RFC 2821 have become Internet standards. Nevertheless, everyone still relate to Internet email as RFC 822 (Tanenbaum, 2005) (Kawamata & Jiro, 2001). Indeed, in 1984, CCITT enlisted its X.400 recommendations. Two decades later, email systems on the basis of RFC 822 have been widely used, whereas those based on X.400 have vanished. The reason behind RFC’s success is not its good features, but because X.400 was so complex and poorly designed that nobody was able to implement it well. Additionally, given an option between simple minded and working RFC 822 based email system and a non-working X.400 email system, most of the enterprises chose the former (Vleck, 2008). Server Problems to be addressed Some of the complaints are as follows: Messages had no internal format or structure, thereby making computer processing difficult. For instanc
Response to the Statement All human beings make mistakes, and this fact cannot be avoided. However, in the framework of healthcare, errors can lead to adverse health consequences and even death. That is why professionals tend to do their best to overcome this problem. Wakefield (2008) states that “the most significant barrier to improving patient safety identified in “To Err Is Human” is a lack of awareness of the extent to which errors occur daily in all health care settings and organizations” (Wakefield, 2008, p. 1). This consideration can be true to life because both healthcare professionals and the representatives of the general public tend to pay attention only to those medical mistakes that lead to deaths or severe complications. Moreover, some professionals do not report errors even if they happen because they are afraid of associated punishment. However, it is significant to consider also those errors that remain unnoticed because their influence was indirect or a patient had no relatives who would like to have this issue discussed. Application of Simple Rules To reduce the number of medical errors, healthcare systems start using information technology, as it provides an opportunity to minimalize the possibility of human error. My current organization also uses advances in technology and tries to implement new rules for care identified by Wakefield (2008). Unfortunately, my colleagues still focus on care that is controlled by professionals because they believe that clients lack knowledge and experience that can give them an opportunity to make the right decisions. In this way, providers tend to convince their patients to follow their advice even if they contradict their beliefs and desires. My colleagues tend to claim that their clients often use the Internet as the major source of information, believing that providers know less than it can be found online. Nevertheless, professionals make their decisions focusing on evidence-based practice instead of thinking only about information obtained due to training or personal experience (American Nurses Association, 2015). As a result, my colleagues manage to provide high-quality care even if they deal with those patients or diseases that are not familiar to them. Transition to this new healthcare rule was not difficult to maintain because the majority of professionals were eager to use the best current evidence when treating patients. I believe that with the course of time, my organization will be able to transit to all new rules identified by Wakefield (2008). Information Technology and Patient Safety According to the “To Err Is Human,” patient safety can be improved significantly if information technology is used by the organization regularly. For instance, it can enhance access to clinical guidelines that reveal how professionals should act to provide high-quality care. Following the step by step, healthcare personnel can minimalize medical errors. In addition to that,
Sociology analyzes social facts to understand the way particular social functions. As Conley rightfully emphasized, sociology may come to the obvious conclusion (Norton Sociology). Still, more importantly, it may bring a new perspective to ordinary things and make an individual realize something obvious. According to Emile Durkheim, social facts are patterns of how people think, feel, and behave (“Emile Durkheim on Suicide & Society”). The patterns are external to the individual, and they are driven by external coercive power. In this regard, it is pretty evident that gender and race are social facts. Race and gender are associated with psychological and cultural distinctions, which attribute to one group only. Besides, race and gender influence individuals’ social location (“What is Sociology”), and this fact proves that particular societies have evolved external patterns dedicated to these classes. These patterns exercise coercive power, as an individual might follow them even if they do not share these views. For instance, genders dress differently for various occasions, and these customs have been fostered in them by society, and their environment has shaped even their tastes. Additionally, multiple ethnicities represent different cultures with their marks, so they are easily perceived in society. Consequently, race and gender become specific social facts that shape society and are shaped by it. My Perception of Sociology Before the course, I have perceived sociology as a tool to observe society and mark its current tendencies. Now I see its empirical and practical potential and understand the need to master a “sociological perspective.” The idea I find interesting is that sociology derived from “twin concerns of inequality and the order of French Revolution” (Charon 12). I believe the reason for grounding sociology summarizes its primary objective – to understand the way society works and how people can make it better. I will turn back to this quote as I learn to analyze social patterns and orders to put knowledge to practice. Works Cited Charon, Joel. The Meaning of Sociology . Prentice Hall, 1998. “ What is Sociology? Sociology CrashCourse. ” YouTube , uploaded by CrashCourse, 2017. Web. “Isn’t sociology just the study of the painfully obvious? ” YouTube , uploaded by Norton Sociology, 2011. Web. “ Émile Durkheim on Suicide & Society. ” YouTube , uploaded by CrashCourse, 2017. Web.
Introduction Essentially, there are various attributes that have come up to complement societies not only through religious beliefs, but also through scientific interpretations targeting to control economies. In the sixteenth century, people relied on religious beliefs when making decisions regardless of scientific factors that influenced their social wellbeing (Tawney, 1926). In essence, secularization refers to a transition in which a society that bases its structure on religion is established into a diverse nature incorporating secular and irreligious values. This essay will describe secularization with its rise and explain its significance in social sciences. Secularization Establishment of new institutions, which relies on upcoming doctrines, was initiated and compared to the religious ones. Furthermore, this shift marked the initiation of secular states which served as aspects of the society. These states were governed by rules facilitating economic progress of the society. This development of socialization is evident when there are logical explanations to events instead of religious ones. Also, this shift introduced diverse values of supporting actions of people from various perspectives such as political, economic, and social ways. Subsequently, the rational ways to support necessity of an action replaced most decisions made on basis of beliefs. For instance, a person could state that war is against the will of God. However, there are parameters or logical explanations that determine whether a war is appropriate or not. This led to the rise of many disciplines to explain incidences in a way that all people could understand and agree. Mathematics and sciences are among subjects that arose to give these explanations. In this way, people attained varying roles that targeted to improve the society socially, economically and religiously. Consequently, secularization was vital since it enhanced formation of the modern world. Rise of Secularization In 1648, the struggles of religion to retain powers of making decisions and define arising institutions ceased (Tawney, 1926). After the Treaty of Westphalia, there arose a war with desires to apply economic strategies in controlling nations (Tawney, 1926). These states were in war situations requiring mutual understanding that religion could not offer because people had distinct religious beliefs. The law of nature demanded an independent community to guide negotiations of war which were later directed by Commonwealth. Political groups and governments were established to control various boundaries formed worldwide. These leadership groups retrieved most of their doctrines from ethics and religion. England attained an internalized economic unity 2 to 3 centuries before France and Germany (Tawney, 1926). Moreover, it