ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Theory of constraints is a managerial approach that is used to identify the most important constraint, also referred to as limiting factor, and control it to improve a company’s profitability. A constraint also referred to as a bottleneck can be termed as anything that hinders one from achieving the maximum capacity. One perfect example of a constraint is time. You may be employed with deadlines and still have to undertake further studies. These two issues cannot be undertaken at the same time and therefore one has to take priority. This makes the time a limiting factor. Through a scientific approach, the theory of constraints hypothesizes that every complex business system such as manufacturing has interlocked processes and activities where one is then identified as a constraint. It is therefore critical to ensure that the operations that are constrained are running their maximum achievable capacity. In achieving this goal, one can use inventory buffers. This is whereby one ensures that the process flow through the constraint is not curtailed by any shortfall in the flow of the constrained operation (Victoria & John, 2010). The theory of constraints entails five major steps. The first step involves identifying the constraint. Through the use of swim lane diagrams, failure modes and effects analysis, and flow charts, one can map out the whole process and even identify what is causing issues. The second step is managing the constraint. This involves making small changes to increase efficiency and eliminate the problem without having to commit to potentially costly changes. The third step involves subordinating and synchronizing to the constraint. After subordinating to the constraint, one then has to evaluate performance. This process involves reviewing the system to ensure that it is performing as expected. The last step involves moving back to step one and identifying another constraint. Various factors are considered in the theory of constraints. One such factor is profitability. If the constraint is managed to maximize profit, one has to ensure that the constraint is put to a minimum (Michael, Clyde & Roman, 2011). To achieve a company’s intended profits, the constraint has to be identified and evaluated to ensure that it does not hinder a company from achieving its goals. A company should focus on that constraint that would maximize profits at a minimal cost of managing it. Another factor that should be considered is the return on investment. The return on investment of a constraint varies from one c
It is hard to ignore the fact that most of the historic events that took place in the USA up to the middle of the XX century were carried out by white men; slavery, a monstrous stain on the nation’s history, did not allow any of the African American population make the least change to the history of America. Every rule has its exceptions, and here is the one for the rule mentioned above. Frederick Douglass, a Black man who had the heart to stand his ground in the darkest times of the U.S. history, soon became the symbol of the rebellious American nation – and was forgotten just as quickly. Contributing to the ideas that the modern principles of the American democracy are based on nowadays, Frederick Douglass wrote a number of works on slavery, its dreadful effects and the slavery abolition as the basic principle of humanity. When speaking of Douglass’s key contribution into the development of the abolitionist movement and change of the history of the United States, his numerous autobiographic writings should be mentioned first. One might argue that writing about one’s life as a captive could not be that hard a deal; however, taking into account the fact that Douglass’s autobiographies and major works came out in 1840s and 1850s , i.e., several decades prior the time when an African American citizen was considered a human being (Berlin, 2003). As it has been mentioned, biographies made the greatest chunk of Douglass’s writing. Telling about the horrors of living as a slave, Frederick managed to capture time in a bottle – even nowadays, his writing rings of the desire to get rid of the ball and chain. Again, if narrated form a position of a typical slave whose everyday misery of a life could call for nothing but pity, the writing would have passed unnoticed; however, told from the perspective of a rebel who would not bear to be treated like an animal, it gained weight in a millisecond: “When a man raises himself from the lowest condition in society to the highest, mankind pay him the tribute of their admiration” (Douglass, 1994, 125). In his autobiographies, Douglass did not mourn his fate or the fate of any other African American who had been born into slavery; instead, Douglass explained his position on slavery and proved his point by offering graphic examples from his own life. In addition, Douglass made the reader realize how an average American sees the Black community: “He [the slav
A Raisin in the Sun , a play written by Lorraine Hansberry in 1959, became one of the most significant texts about African Americans in the 20th century. The play raises both social problems existing at that time and personal issues. It represents the injustice of segregation and the American dream, the characters’ search for a better life and freedom, and their way to maturity. The play depicts the story of an African American family living in Chicago in the 1950s. The family lives in poverty and faces racism and injustice. Walter, one of the main characters, shares a small apartment with his wife, son, sister, and mother and works as a chauffeur of a white, wealthy man. Walter hardly makes a living and dreams about a better future. When his mother gets insurance for ten thousand dollars after his father’s death, he decides to take a risk and invest a part of the money in a liquor store. He gives money to his prospective business partner, who disappears with it. After that, Walter decides to sell the house that his mother bought for another part of the insurance check. At the end of the play, he changes his mind, and the family starts a new life in their new home. This paper will discuss Walter’s personality and his decisions regarding a liquor business and housing. His actions are not so straightforward as they appear at first sight, and it is necessary to investigate them deeper. Although Walter’s behavior seems selfish at some points of the story, his motives can be called an attempt to become a hero, and he eventually becomes a hero at the end. To analyze Walter’s character, it is necessary to discuss the concept of masculinity. Masculinity refers to the perception of men, their roles, and actions in a patriarchal picture of the world. Pirkis et al. identify common characteristics of masculinity, such as “stoicism, invulnerability, strength, independence, ability to provide for a family, drive, a “gogetter” ago-getterand success in chosen endeavors” (3). The constant expectations of such behavior can negatively affect men’s personalities. As Veal notes, “ideas of masculinity create unrealistic pressures on men,” which destroys “the human side of them” (3). However, it is necessary to point out that black masculinity, in addition, does not always allow a man to realize the mentioned expectations. According to Majors and Mancini, African Americans are “impotent in the economic, political, and social arenas that whites have historically dominated”qttd. in Veal 3). In this regard, it is possible to agree that Walter experiences pressure both from the side of masculine ideals and from racial restrictions existing at that time. Walter feels guilty and frustrated as he cannot earn enough money for the good lifforof of his family. He talks about himself: “I’m thirty-five years old; I been married eleven years and I got a boy who sleeps in the living room and all I got to give him is stories about how rich white people live” (p. 535). Walter wants
The purpose of this essay is to select a company to analyze the roles and responsibilities of managers and leaders to develop a strong organizational culture, the difference between management and leadership, the four functions of management, and the recommendation of two major strategies. However, this report selected Ryanair Holding Plc to discuss the factors mentioned above with real evidence. The rationale behind choosing this company is it experienced serious leadership and management problems in the 1990s. The Roles and Responsibilities of Leaders The company’s success depends on the efforts and capabilities of the leaders; thus, they have some special responsibilities, such as making a decision for the development of the company, motivating the employees to give the best performance to provide quality service, and ensuring equal opportunity for all employees. However, the top management team, including the CEO of Ryanair, are responsible for making key decisions to sustain the global market leader in short-haul routes; for example, the CEO has fixed the price range from €0.99 to €199.99, introduce a one-way pricing strategy, control the operating expenses, and take other initiatives to improve the position from previous years. According to the Annual Report 2010 of Ryanair, the leaders and managers ensure equal opportunities for all employees to build a healthy organization and they provide other facilities in accordance with the requirement of the EU regulation; therefore, they recruit dynamic and educated people for particular posts and never consider
Executive summary The intention of this is report is to update the Supervisor about the outcomes of recent classes on Organisational Design & Technology. The learning outcomes of the course this applied to analysis the concurrent debated issue, its impact on the organisation and suggestive recommendation to realign the identified gap to over come the issues. This report would go for Lloyds TSB Bank as an organisation and it’s Strategy as a Key Determinant. The report continues its efforts in response to apply the theoretical and empirical evidences of the Strategy of Lloyds TSB & its external and internal impact on the organisation by use of secondary research. The report has gathered most recent information on the Strategy of Lloyds TSB including up-to-date data and a large amount developing trends that would be useful for both academic researches as well as for business drive. As the selected organisation is a financial institute, some economic and financial issues may arise by relevance though it is not at all a financial or market analysis. The learning outcomes of organisational key determinants imply their effectiveness to overcome the critical circumstances and manage risks. The impacts of such situation oblige the organisation to reconstruct its Strategies to realign the identified gap to over come the crisis. For instance Lloyds TSB Bank is a dynamic organisation and it strategy has designed for sustainable development. To face the crisis it required to change its Business strategies for both internal and external aspects. Introduction The Lloyds TSB Bank is the second largest player of UK mortgage market with their financial products and superior service (LTSB, 2008). Cheltenham & Gloucester (C&G), the UK’s largest mortgage provider merged with Lloyds TSB group on 01 August 1995. In UK Lloyds TSB registered as the no one in stipulation of Employee Share Plan (ESP), administration, as well as Share registration. Its Business strategy leads products and services are offered by means of a unique distribution capability encompasses one of the most prevalent branch networks and intermediary channels in the UK. With a market capitalisation of £26.7 billion, Lloyds TSB Group enlisted in the London Stock Exchange within the FTSE 100. (Singleton and David, 2007) explained that the merger talk has been going on. By this time, a great recession hits the US economy in this month. US recession seriously influenced the UK market. Consequently, Lloyds TSB and HBOS merger has started to be influenced with the recessional impact and would be thrown to a hazardous organisational crisis. For instance the strategic analysis of Lloyds TSB demonstrated that the merger with HBOS would create a forceful business amalgamation would bring substantial bene
Problem Activation To address the question, there is a necessity to provide a theoretical background. According to the relevant literature, here are five steps of the consumer decision-making process that include problem recognition, information search, alternatives evaluation, purchase decision, and post-purchase evaluation (Lucid Content Team, no date). In regard to the Sun Spritz case, the problem recognition would take place when a consumer realizes that there is a necessity to protect skin from the harmful effects of the sun. Information search would follow this and could be focused on sunscreen products that the Australian market provides. Then, the consumer explores the key characteristics of the mentioned products and compares them. When a sunscreen product is selected, the consumer decides to buy it. Finally, there is an evaluation of whether the chosen option fits the initial expectations or not. Sun Spritz can influence the desired state to activate problem recognition for its product. The company can make potential clients aware of the benefits associated with the product offered. Marketing managers could deliver the idea that the spray will meet all the expectations and even exceed them. Moreover, there is an opportunity to influence perceptions of the existing state (Stankevich, 2016). The firm can launch a campaign that would shed light on the issues that the skin may face without the protection provided by the spray. Target Market Given the available data, it seems reasonable to state that the target market for the company will be the sunscreen sector for active adults aged 18–35. These consumers are interested in protecting their skin from the sun because surfing is among the most popular sports in Australia, and there is even a related particular culture (Carrol, 2021; Borne and Ponting, 2016). The mentioned sport is directly associated with harmful sun rays, given that the ones involved spend most of their time on a beach. It should be emphasized that an active lifestyle is quite spread in the country. Thus, this target market would be a significant option for Sun Spritz because there is constant demand justified by the abovementioned arguments. However, it is crucial to develop an appropriate marketing strategy. Moreover, it will be important to use proper retail channels to achieve maximum profit margins. The targeted consumers are considerably socialized individuals who spent a great extent of their time on social media. Hence, an advertising campaign via this channel seems a good variant for Sun Spritz. Then, official stores are required as well, given the established reputation of an international enterprise. It will also be easier to launch a promotional campaign by demonstrating attractive and modern stores. Furthermore, it might be rational to cooperate with pharmacies in which consumers are used to buying products that are likely to improve their health condition. Marketing Strategy Sun Spritz is an unknown actor in the Australian market, so a marketing strategy is to be advanced and reliable. The available data show that there is no exceptional monopolist in the sector. What is more, it is visible tha
Abstract Carrefour can be regarded as one of the largest French multinational company. This multinational retailing company was started in 1958. It has more than 1,452 chains of hypermarkets across the world. Carrefour has the world second largest revenue base. It is also rated as the world third profit making organisation. Carrefour is headquartered at Levallois-Perret in Paris. However, despite the success of Carrefour Company across the world in terms of revenue and profit, it is still faced by various challenges. Some of these challenges include competitiveness and strategy, productivity, forecasting, forecasting, product and service design, strategic capacity planning for products and services, process selection and facility layout, work design and measurement, location planning and analysis, management quality, and how to control quality levels in the market. This paper seeks to identify and discuss operational problems that face Carrefour Company and their possible solutions. Competitiveness and Strategy Competition is a major driving force in the world of commerce. The major competitors of Carrefour in the world markets include Wal-Mart and Tesco. Wal-Mart has been able to beat Carrefour in terms of revenue collection across the world. In the same way, both Wal-Mart and Tesco have continually beaten Carrefour in terms of profit margins. It is therefore important that Carrefour chains accept that it has a problem of competitiveness and develop a strategy to curb it. Every company in the market must strive to outdo its competition in order to remain relevant to the customers and investors. Some of the problems that may have reduced the competitiveness’ of Carrefour Company include its May 2009 saga in France. Carrefour was accused by the French government of violating about 2,500 business regulations. For example, it was claimed that the operations of the business violated weight and standardisation rules. The meat products in the stores had shrunk by less than 15% of its weight which should not happen. The most incisive theory in the study of competitiveness and strategy is the theory of competitive advantage. This theory is applicable in the situation of Carrefour Company. Theory of competitive advantage was put forward by Michael Porter back in 1985. This theory claims that cheap labour is ubiquitous for any economy. This schools of thought further pose it that organisations can achieve competitive advantage when it develops the ability to outperform the competition in its markets. Carrefour Company can therefore develop strategies to outdo its competition. Brockbank (2006, p.337) observes that it is also the position of this school of thought that an economy will not only grow due to its natural resources. This theory emphasises that economic growth is achievable when an organisation put emphasis in
The purpose is to familiarize the viewers and the general public with the personal issue that people might have. This is a very individual issue that a person encounters and they must receive the necessary support and approval of the closest people. It is directed to show and teach people acceptance and that differences are unimportant. It is very much tied to the message of the movie, which is to educate people that there are individuals who struggle with the problem of acceptance and reassurance from others. It illustrates that true feelings will overcome anything and people should not lose their determination in following their hearts. It demonstrates that family is the closest entity a person could have and that they will not betray a loved one no matter what. The target audience is people who are afraid and unknowing of these issues. When people do not know or imagine what is out there, they tend to grow afraid of anything different from what they are used to, from their beliefs. It is directed at the general public and adults who do not contemplate the world that is far from their own. At the same time, it is directed at people who do find themselves in such a situation. The amount of support and approval is reassuring because often people feel alienated due to their differences and this causes a major lack of belief in the self and the society. The approval is much needed because depression is very common among individuals who feel segregated from others due to their characteristics. The language is very blunt and simple. At the time of the confession, it is said as it is and no one is afraid to express their emotions and call things what they are. This greatly adds to the overall effect of the movie, where people are kind and simple. They are not used to anything extraordinary but the fact that this sort of situation presents itself surprises people. Even though this is something uncommon for the characters, the words are true and real. It is confusing which particular things to avoid and what has to be said to console, and sometimes the characters are shown to be struggling with their words, as to not say something that will be later regretted. The introduction is much unexpected, and the viewer is left wondering how the family and community will react. Because everyone knows
Introduction Human beings have been experiencing numerous challenges in the course of life for a considerably long period of time now. Different intervention strategies have been employed in order to counter the problems with an attempt to solve them amicably. Many psychological researchers have made attempts to explore the possibility of enhancing the effectiveness of handling the challenges experienced in life. Psychotherapy is one of the most focused upon field by the scientists in the recent past. It is a process employed by a psychotherapist when attending to the clients. Psychotherapy involves interpersonal counseling sessions where the psychotherapist and the client interact closely with an aim of aiding the patient overcome the problems associated with life. The primary focus of most intervention measures is to help the client enhance the feeling of self-worth and hence promote their well-being for a better living. Psychotherapy can be defined as a process geared towards the relief of distressing or a challenge in an individual by someone else, using a predetermined approach from a given theory or paradigm, and the psychotherapist must have some professional training as far as offering the services is concerned (Plante, 1998). A ray of techniques are employed by the psychotherapists depending on the relationship built from experience, dialogue, and continued interaction. Other strategies including promoting communication and the emphasis on the need for a behavior change with an aim of improving the client’s psychological health as well as the need to improve relationships among groups, for instance among members of family. Psychotherapy is such a broad field that it can be practiced by different professionals and practitioners with varying qualifications. For instance, it can be performed by psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, rehabilitation counselors, music therapists, mental health counselors, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, occupational therapists, psychiatric nurses, and psychoanalysts (Plante, 1998). Given the broadness of psychotherapy, it has the capacity to assert itself as a profession on its own. There are several forms of psychotherapy but most of them use spoken means for exchanging information. Other forms of communication include; the written word, drama, narratives, music, story telling, and the use of art. Psychotherapy is normally conducted in a structured environment between a trained psychotherapist and the client(s). Over a long period of time now, psychotherapy has always been conducted in response to either different clinically diagnosable problems or non-specified mental expressions in human beings resulting from crises in life. Some therapeutic involvements are modeled to attend to clients in the symptom-based approach. However, most interventions by psychotherapists do not employ the medical model when attending to their client(s). Clients, therefore, respond differently to all the various approaches and greatly determine whether they are satisfied by the services offered or not. The need