ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Blackberry technology The Blackberry is a “wireless handled held device” that supports mobile telephony, push-email, web surfing, online faxing, short message services, instant messaging, wap services, as well as other wireless data services (Weiten, Wayne & Lloyd, Margaret, 2006). The uniqueness of the Blackberry in relation to the PDA phones is its ability to deliver e-mails in real-time. However, the device transmits data and information through the mobile phone’s wireless networks. Operations of the Blackberry Whenever an e-mail arrives at your inbox, the Blackberry Exchange Server monitors it and transfers the mail to your wireless data network provider, which consequently sends the e-mail to your Blackberry immediately. This explains the push e-mail technology. The Blackberry keyboard is integrated into the device, and it is designed such that typing is done through thumping. Moreover, the trackwheel (or a trackball in newer models) is used for navigation. The technology was developed by Research In Motion (RIM), a Canadian company, and introduced to the market in nineteen ninety-nine. Modern Blackberry Other companies other than RIM have revolutionized the initial idea of the blackberry. Companies such as iDEN, TELUS, and Nextel have created some blackberry models incorporating a two-way radio. In addition, some Blackberry does not use mobile phones networks to deliver information but rather employs the common WiFi technology. RIM has also introduced Blackberry Connect, software that enables devices other than blackberry to handle email. Although the Blackberry was initially designed to handle emails (receive and send emails in real-time), some recent devices have common PDA applications such as address books, to-do-list, calendars, etcetera besides the telephone capabilities. The contemporary handheld Blackberry integrates an ARM processor in contrast to the older models, which utilized Intel 80386 processors. However, the latest GSM version of Blackberry uses an Intel PXA901 processor. On the other hand, CDMA blackberries employ Qualcomm MSM6x00 technology on top of the ARM 9
What is this text about? What is the main issue or problem raised in this text? The authors of the chapter discuss the strategies, which can be adopted by managers who work at the frontier. In this context, the word frontier is used to describe the situation when the management does not know how a product can affect the life of the community. Moreover, under such circumstances, they do not understand how customers may use new products. So, these people have to deal with uncertainty. How does the author address the problem? The scholars address this situation by discussing a variety of precautions that managers should take in order to identify and manage possible risks. For instance, the developers should think about possible unintended uses of a product or the way in which it can harm different stakeholders. What is the main conclusion of this text? What recommendations (if any) are offered? On the whole, researchers conclude that the main task of managers is to concentrate on possible uncertainties and risks that are associated with the release of products. The main task is to identify new stakeholders who can be affected by these goods. This approach can help business administrators minimize possible risks. What are the strengths (if any) of the argument(s) presented in this text? What are its weaknesses (if any)? Briefly state the reasons behind your evaluation. The authors provide numerous example that can illustrate the arguments. Therefore, readers can see that the writers’ claims are related to various real-life situations that can affect the activities of managers. The only weakness of the argument is that the researchers do not discuss the legal responsibilities of companies in greater detail. How has this text contributed to your understanding of business ethics? State up to the three most important things you have learnt after reading this text. Overall, this text has enabled me to understand the challenges that managers can encounter when they introduce new products. First, this reading can help me identify those situations when more attention should be paid to the needs of stakeholders. Secondly, the recommendations provided by the scholars can assist me in developing a risk management strategy. Finally, the case illustrates that risk management and business ethics are closely intertwined with one another.
The elite theory of democracy is a theory that explains the extent of the influence of power in the present society in running the affairs of the state. Essentially the crux of the theory emphasizes the influence and role of a small elite percentage of the total population of a country in holding immense power in running the affairs of that state irrespective of the results of the elections in a democratic set up. This influence is primarily the result of the financial support of various foundations and political funding of different political parties by these elite individuals or corporate houses which renders them with lot of authority and say in the political, economic and policy matters of the government in power. In this way these elitist groups are able to exercise immense power over decisions made by the government and corporations (BottomoreT, 1993). The elitist theory of democracy is opposed to the concept of pluralism and theory of state autonomy because such theorists believe that democracy is primarily in the nature of going as per utopian ideals. The classical elite theory is the aristocratic version of elite theory in that it advocates that in important political and economic institutions people in authority enjoy maximum power, and that the basic factor differentiating this theory from the others is the fact of immense personal resources of the elitists who hold the power. Amongst the theorists of this theory, Pareto explained the concept by theorizing that such elites were those in any given society who were very competent and had accomplished in extraordinary terms than others, which render them with the elitist powers. According to Mosca, it is the organized group of people in any society who are able to wield the maximum power as elitists due to the propensity of majority of the people to remain unorganized. He had classified the world in two distinct groups; those that ruled, and those that are ruled, and that the elitists in any society are superior due to their high moral, intellectual and wealth capabilities and positions. A noted economist, Robert Michels has advocated the Iron Law of Oligarchy whereby elite groups run political and social institutions, and that organizations play a very important role in facilitating the bureaucratic structures in political organizations. Amongst the modern elite theorists, C Wright Mills came out with a different perspective on power systems by identifying that it were the elite power groups in the economic, political and military set ups in the country who command the maximum authority and power in making decisions as per their reasoning and consensus in most cases. His book ‘The Power Elite’ was very specific in explaining the evolvement of the concept of an elite democracy
Introduction While eating at a fast food chain like McDonalds or Burger King, we just wonder what food eating would have been if fast food were not available. Well, one thing is for sure, there would have been fewer incidences of obesity. Change in the eating habit and food consumption pattern of Americans has increased serious health concerns. More and more Americans eat out avoiding homemade food, increasing their consumption of fast food provided by restaurants. Some critics believe that federal policy to increase the cost of healthy food has led to the increase in consumption of the cheaper alternative i.e. fast food (Monsivais, Aggarwal and Drewnowski 1472). Therefore, for the middle class whose eating habits has already increased consumption of outside food finds it more cost effective to consume fast food that is more cost effective, thereby, moving towards an unhealthy eating habit. Others believe that fast moving lifestyle and paucity of time has increased consumption of fast food. Whatever be the reason behind the growth of consumption of fast food be, they inflict serious health issues. Fast food chains provide mouth-watering food at a very reasonable price therefore, increasing of the same for the normal American, but at the cost of serious damage to their health. Fast food increases kidney problems, hypertension, and diabetes (Heal Talk). Therefore, many believe that such unhealthy eating patterns have heightened health concerns (Harnack, French and Oakes 2). Another issue that arises is nutritional content of fast foods such as burgers, pizza, or French fries. Calorie content of these foods is much higher than a regular meal cooked at home and lacks a large share of the nutritional content. Therefore, fast food has three-fold effect on its consumers – it increases unhealthy eating habit, increases health hazards, and does not provide adequate or balanced nutritional needs of the human body. I believe that increase nutritional regulations can control the widespread menace that fast food is creating. This essay argues that there should be increased nutrition regulations on fast food restaurants because fast foods encourage unhealthy eating patterns, increase the risk of disease, and are nutritionally unsound. Unhealthy eating habit Fast lifestyle and a constant lack of time for routine tasks, like, eating food has increased preference towards fast food that can be squeezed in-between meetings, school and ballet class, or work and soccer. Paucity of daily time has reduced the number of households that have a meal together regu
Abstract This paper focuses on the investigation of the corruption scandal that occurred with the former CEO of Nissan in Japan. In 2018, the financial misconduct cases were revealed, and Carlos Ghosn was accused of underreporting his income. Later, the inappropriate use of the company’s resources was also discovered and served as another reason for his detention. The key objective of this paper is to discuss this case in terms of business ethics and understand the meaning of Ghosn’s behaviors. It is also expected to consider the Japanese context that was the background of this situation. Another objective of the paper is to formulate relevant recommendations for Nissan and the business ethics field as a whole. The method of the literature review was used to collect and analyze pertinent information. Namely, the scholarly sources and credible media portals were chosen to obtain data that reflects both Nissan’s and Ghosn’s positions as well as the theoretical foundation of business ethics. The findings of the investigation show that Ghosn’s financial misconduct is evident as he used some resources for individual purposes, even though he denies any allegations. The principles of honesty, integrity, and commitment to corporate goals were violated. It is also found that the Japanese culture of insider prevailing might partially cause this misbehavior since it seems that the company wanted to act without Ghosn. The recommendations for Nis
Learning the art of being a good leader presupposes being able to take the interests of every single stakeholder into account and strive for their satisfaction (Arnold, Beauchamp & Bowie, 2012). However, when it comes to defining the amount of effort that a manager must apply in order to meet the needs and the requirements of the key stakeholders, the necessity to take the company’s priorities, its mission, vision and goals, emerges. Moreover, with each of the stakeholder pursuing their own goals, it is incredibly hard to maintain the policy of complete satisfaction of the former. Therefore, it seems that neglecting the company’s mission and objectives for the satisfaction of the stakeholders’ every interest seems somewhat unreasonable; however, a company must comply with the rights of all the parties involved, as well as strive for reasonable compromises, at the same time trying to comply with the existing legal and ethical principles. On the one hand the idea of striving for meeting the demands of every stakeholder can only be viewed as a positive goal and a decent standard for a company to set. The modern concept of organization management does presuppose that the relationships with the staff and the clients should top the list of the company’s priorities and be spelled out in the organization’s vision and mission statement (Mäntysaari, 2009). Therefore, it will be quite legitimate to suggest that compromises, which presuppose bending the existing laws and principles to a certain extent, make the basis of good relationships with the company’s stakeholders (Arnold, Beauchamp & Bowie, 2012). On the other hand, a manager must maintain loyalty to the company, which means that they must comply with the corporate ethical principles, as well as make sure that the organization retains its unblemished reputation. Consequently, making an ethically flawed move in order to keep the customers faithful to the company, as well as satisfy the demands of any other stakeholder, seems a major mistake (Arnold, Beauchamp & Bowie, 2012). Even though those involved may appreciate the sacrifice, the very fact that the company has made an ethically controversial move is most likely to leave a very ambiguous impression on the stakeholders involved. No matter what utilitarianism principles a company manager might have been guided by when making an ethically controversial choice, the fact that they still made it invites the question whether the organization will stay loyal to the parties involved. Indeed, there may come the point, at which the
Developed nations are able to afford better living standards compared to developing countries. As a result, most developing countries seek to trade with developed countries in order to increase market for their products. This is also propagated by the fact that people in developed countries have a high purchasing power due to high income levels in such countries. Moreover, each country has a moral duty to help and therefore rich countries have to assist the developing countries. Consequently, there have been efforts from the developed countries aimed at enhancing living standards of the people in developing nations (Gribb 456). European Union (EU) is among groups of developed nations that have tried to help poor countries in several parts of the world. Though the economic and political togetherness of some European countries can be traced back to 1950s, EU under its name came into being in 1993 and it has composed of 28 member countries. The need for economic, political and other forms of cooperation was necessitated by the events that led to World War II. After the war, it was agreed that economic cooperation between countries was likely to lead to mutual understanding and consequently avert conflicts (Molle 154). It is important to note that EU is based on the rule of law where its operations are carried out in a democratic process with every member having an equal say on what happens. EU respects human rights throughout the globe and its member states work toward achieving this especially by observing the principle of equality. Though basically founded to foster economic cooperation between member states, the EU has seen the removal of border restrictions between member states leading to political cooperation. Moreover, the EU has its own budget separate from those of different member states (Molle 316). The EU also has a decision making body and can make some policies especially foreign policies on behalf of its member states. This foreign policies range from economic policies to political policies and are not only made for the benefit of its member states, but also for the advantage of the international community. Notably, EU is the largest donor to developing countries in support of various development projects. For example, in the year 2006, 48% of EU’s €671 million budget went to developing countries (El-Agraa 476). This can be attributed to its large number of member states as well as to its willingness to help. It is important to note that the huge number of member states forming the EU makes it highly influential in the world as far as policies towards developing world are concerned. Since its initiation, the EU has been greatly concerned with the welfare of other nations in the world, more especially developing nations. As a result, several agreements have been signed between the EU and various developing nations. These agreements guide the cooperation between the EU and specific developing nations in the field of trade, aid and other issues of international concern. In this regard, the foreign policy that EU formulates reg
Introduction The introduction of this article gives relevant background about the case study. That is, it starts with a general analysis of the previous decades. Women have been seen busying themselves avidly in psychology arena. This can be manually confirmed by a looking at any hall in any typical school affiliation of psychology. This phenomenon was ideally found out that one of every four sophomore or freshmen consulting the department of psychology would be a woman (Weiten, 2006). The main emphasis was on why women were majoring on the discipline! In fact, the main statistics account for about 72% of the undergraduates students graduating from college during time of spring are women (Weiten, 2006). This means that more women are infiltrating the psychology department and creating a shift in the gender composition of the professionals hence bringing a most heated debate. A few sources are listed in relation to this account. They are: Bellas, 1993; Blau & Belier, 1988; and Reskin & Roos, 1990 (Weiten, 2006). One of the apprehensions and discussions put across was that if the field is flooded with female profession it would result in some mishaps in the sector. For example: the salaries will dwindle; job security will be jeopardized; autonomy that is always concerned with the field will degrade; and maybe the potentially lucrative opportunities in the field may go to waste (Weiten, 2006). As a result there was formulation of a Task Force meant to police on the true nature and any implications of women who are alarmingly participating in the psychology. Methodology The methodology used in this research relied on this case study was broad based and correlated various findings from federal agencies and other sources. For example, the method of sampling and gathering data, that is open and closed questionnaires, interviews, observation were carried along different perspectives. A few of the Perspectives include the “flow of women through the undergraduate and graduate training pipeline” (Weiten, 2006). The study took a longer span of period and most of the findings was tabled and correlated with different interests. Results The research team tabled the results received, found the central measures like null hypothesis and came up with a finding. The team in the research found out that gender differences are quite small. Funny enough the involvement of the women in the field did not specialize in one core area. The salary remained constant despite their infiltration. Therefore women involvement in psychology was a positive incident that was not very alarming but need to outsource more talent that is relevant disrespect of gender. Discussions/Conclusions Reskin and Roos are noted that “greater regulation and decline of autonomy make fields less attractive” (Weiten, 2006). The freedom in the field that was presumably thought to decline was being restructured in departmental controls. The increased “university-level administration control of departmental decisions about hirin
Freedom Riders The struggle against racial segregation in the United States reached its acme in the middle of the twentieth century; especially it is connected with advent of such organization as “Freedom Riders.” These people attempted to put an end to discrimination in Southern states of the country. Although some sociologists believe that some of their methods were rather violent, they were rather effective. First, “Freedom Riders” boycotted restaurants, coffee shops that promoted racial segregation. It was rather detrimental for large companies, because such acts of sabotage resulted in the loss of profits. Thus, they were forced to accommodate their services to the needs of various racial groups. In addition to that “Freedom Riders” managed to attract the governments attention to this matter. This civil rights organization, under the direction of Fred Shuttlesworth made a valuable contribution to bringing down racial segregation in the United States, especially in Southern States. They proved that discrimination is unprofitable for the government and for large companies (Arsenault, 76). 5 Specific Vocabulary Words Essential to understan
The process of choosing the correct research method benefits the author and the study itself. Research that is conducted with the right approach can contribute many valuable findings to the existing knowledge. Similarly, the ability to appraise the chosen methodology also grants professionals the ability to benefit their environment. Thus, it is necessary for a person dealing with research to understand the value of each method. Quantitative and qualitative studies reveal different types of findings to scholars, creating a comprehensive view of the stated problem. Both approaches are valid since each of them presents data that can and cannot be quantified, calculated, or described by the other. Information Types The two articles described further discuss the process of preparing nursing students for real-life clinical experiences. This topic is essential for every nurse because it reveals the difference between their first encounter with practice and theoretical background. The study by Solvik and Struksnes (2018) shows that clinical exercises do not resemble real-life experiences but can adequately prepare one for future situations. This quantitative research presents specific numbers that can be analyzed to understand the student’s readiness. Thus, one can see an overall picture and the experiences of the majority. The data allow production solutions that respond to the major part of the group. On the other hand, the study by Joolaee, Jafarian Amiri, Farahani, and Varaei (2015) presents an outlook that is more focused on individual opinions, experiences, and feelings. This research shows how the psychological preparedness of students may affect their clinical training. Here, the personal accounts of each participant are merged to reveal similar patterns in people’s experiences. Qualitative data are analyzed to show which problems may exist in the field. While such studies employ a much narrower range of participants than quantitative ones do, their attention to detail gives one the ability to take a close look at the problem’s details. Advantages and Disadvantages Quantitative and qualitative methods have their unique benefits and drawbacks. For example, quantitative studies produce specific results that can be used for statistics and visualization of change (Polit & Beck, 2017). However, their validity may be compromised by incorre