ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Born on October 21, 1833, to an engineer father, Immanuel Nobel, Alfred Nobel is one of the innovators who revolutionized the military and other industries specifically by inventing explosives. His father was a pioneer in the manufacture of arms, and he wanted his son to follow his example by studying engineering. However, Alfred was interested in poetry to the chagrin of his father. Alfred was thus sent to study abroad with the hope that he would widen his interests into chemical engineering. While in France, Alfred met Ascanio Sobrero, an ambitious young Italian, who had invented nitroglycerin (Fant, 2006). At the time, the nitroglycerin produced had no practical use because it was highly explosive. Alfred created interest in nitroglycerin specifically on how to make it useful for construction. He also had to think of a way to solve safety problems associated with the detonation of nitroglycerin. This point marked the start of Alfred’s invention journey, and he would later come up with other military and industrial explosives before the ultimate Nobel Peace Prize. This paper discusses Alfred Nobel’s work with explosives for military and industrial use leading to his contribution to the world of the Nobel Peace Prize. Nitroglycerin As mentioned earlier, Nobel did not invent nitroglycerin. He came up with a way of making it useful in the manufacture of explosives. According to Davis (1941), Ascanio Sobrero was the first person to prepare nitroglycerin somewhere between late 1846 and early 1847. He discovered that mixing glycerol with concentrated sulfurous and nitrous acids would create nitroglycerine. The nitroglycerin so produced was highly reactive and explosive, and it burned Sobrero’s face badly during one of his many experiments. Therefore, Sobrero considered this mixture dangerous and unfit for any use but Nobel thought that this problem could be solved. After he returned to Sweden in 1863, he focused on ways to develop nitroglycerin as an explosive (Feldman, 2012). He started experimenting with different methods, but most of them were disastrous. For instance, in 1864, an explosion occurred during one of his many experiments killing several people including his brother, Emil (Fant, 2006). Nobel did not give up, and his persistence yielded results in the same year. Nobel started experimenting with different additives to determine the one that would counter the highly explosive nature of nitroglycerin. Nobel discovered that using silica, as an additive would serve this purpose. Mixing silica with nitroglycerin liquid turned it into a paste. This invention was a turning point in the use of nitroglycerin. The paste could be molded into different shapes and sizes to fit into rods to be inserted into drilling holes (Davis, 1941). The paste was named dy
The article “Forgotten carbon: indirect CO 2 in greenhouse gas emission inventories” is written by Michael Gillenwater who is a doctoral candidate in the Science, Technology and Environmental Policy Program at Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. The author’s immersion into the subject indicates that the research problem is clearly identified and expressed by him. Michael Gillenwater intends to conclude if the new category of CO 2 emissions (indirect CO 2 ) accounting needs to be introduced. On the ground that the ecological problems’ solutions make up the complex of measures, the significance of this research requires no proof. The core issue is finding how new category magnifies the global and regional GNG emissions (Kaylee, Kaffine, 2013). It can be noted that the specialized terminology like “The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” is narrowly defined. All abbreviations are decoded which makes it clear to the reader what the GNG is, as well as UNFCCC and NMVOCs etc. After investigating the article’s list of references one can say that the literature review provided by the author is satisfactory and appropriate. In addition to reports and researches author presents an appropriate link to the websites of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). He also focuses on his own website which is called the Greenhouse Gas Experts Network. Thereby, one can see that this article is written by the professional who goes into details. In his study Michael Gillenwater discusses current issues about CO 2 emissions, and the main research objective is that “project-based methodologies … may need revising to account for indirect CO 2 ” (Gillenwater, 2008, p. 195). The article has such main parts: weighing up all the pros and cons of the indirect CO 2 accounting, estimation methodology and its implications, uncertainties and the cases against including indirect CO 2 . The author’s intended audience is groups of scientists and students in the field of ecology. One of the main advantages of the author’s research is that the described methodology, which is properly explained, is developed mainly by the author himself. He claims that indirect CO 2 emissions can be easily calculated from the estimations of the carbon content in the methane, carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). The author gives the descriptions of simple calculations with the methane and carbon monoxide (Hetherington, Raven, 2005), and for the NMVOCs calculating he proposes the sequence of computational steps. Besides, the author has downloaded other necessary regulatory documents and added that one can see them among appendixes in the list of online materials. The author emphasizes that “indirect CO 2 estimates were made only using data for fugitive emissions from fossil fuel production activities (e.g., coal mining and petroleum and natural gas production)” (Gi
Introduction One of the most notable aspects of post-industrial modernity is that organisations are now required to apply a continual effort into maintaining an adequate level of their operational efficiency (Bayraktar & Ndubisi, 2014). The described trend indeed makes a good logical sense because the ongoing progress in the field of information technologies, as well as the recent geopolitical developments in the world, substantially expand the scope of competitive challenges faced by organisations. Because the quality of employees’ performance is the factor that has a strong effect on the overall measure of companies’ competitiveness, there is nothing surprising about the fact that one’s professional performance is now being commonly assessed in conjunction with what happened to be the nature of his or her psychological inclinations. After all, in light of the most recent discoveries in the field of psychology/neuroscience, there remains very little doubt that an individual’s value as a professional is indeed strongly linked to the biologically predetermined specifics of how his or her psyche perceives the surrounding social reality. The author will aim to substantiate the validity of this suggestion at length while outlining the most popular approaches to understanding personality/intelligence and evaluating them with respect to the empirically obtained data of relevance. Theoretical Background The main feature of just about every psychological theory of personality is that it cannot be deemed axiomatically sound in the full sense of this word. The reason for this is that most of these theories are based on principally unverifiable assumptions. This explains both the sheer number of different psychological theories of personality/intelligence (often conflicting) and the fact that many contemporary biologists and neuroscientists refuse to consider psychology a fully legitimate science (Dymkowski, 2012). Nevertheless, it is still possible to identify five major paradigms of personality in psychology that continue to be deemed academically credible in the West: Psychoanalytical, Behaviourist (or Trait-based), Humanist, Social-cognitive and Biopsychological (Mayer & Allen, 2013). Among the most well-known advocates of the Psychoanalytic conceptualization of what accounts for the formation of one’s personality can be named Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung and Erik Erikson. According to the theory’s adherents, one’s sense of self-identity comes into being as a result of the never-ending confrontation between the person’s unconscious anxieties, on the one hand, and his or her willingness to suppress them rationally, on the other (Miller, 2017). In order for people to be able to take full advantage of their existential potential, they must be taught how to let go of their unconscious fears in a socially appropriate manner. The proponents of the Behaviourist paradigm of personality (such as Hans Eysenck and Raymond Cattell) believe that the notion is co
Introduction The acquisition and retention of the best talent are essential to the success of corporations in today’s business world. The job market continues to be more competitive due to a number of factors, such as globalisation and technological innovations. In addition, the available skills are becoming more diverse (Dessler 2012). As a result, recruiters need to be more effective and selective to acquire employees who will have long-term positive impacts and ensure organisational success. Poor recruitment and selection of staff negatively impact the performance of the company, leading to a loss in competitive advantage. Over the years, the recruitment and selection concepts have been defined by different scholars in a number of ways. However, all the definitions mean the same thing. The intellectuals concur that staffing is a procedure used to legally acquire a sufficient number of qualified personnel for new and vacant posts in an organisation. The corporation can be commercial, volunteer-based, or a community group. Bach and Edwards (2013) note that successful recruitment starts with proper planning and forecasting. The human resource management teams are expected to develop plans to fill and eradicate future job openings based on the evaluation of a number of factors. The facets include the available talents both inside and outside the company, future necessities, and the current and expected resources needed to attract and retain talent. In this paper, the author will focus on the recruitment and selection of graduates. To this end, the paper will focus on the aviation industry. As a group, graduates account for a large section of the new talent that has the capability to support the growth of businesses and sustain economic prosperity.
Thomas Carlyle is a well-known Scottish historian, satirical writer, and essayist who wrote a number of works on different social issues. The dismal science is a humiliating name for economics worked out by this historian in the 19th century. Different economists refer to his thoughts and mention his critical views in their research papers. Thomas Carlyle is very famous for his critique of the back then-contemporary political economy. Once in his notebook he made a satirical note on the issue “Is not political economy useful? And ought not Joseph Hume and Macculloch to be honored of all men? My cow is useful, and I keep her in the stable, and feed her with oilcake and “chaff and dregs”, and esteem her truly.” (Peter Groenewegen, p. 81). Carlyle’s critical views of political economy as a do-nothing philosophy at a time when the problem of the poor demanded urgent actions later grew into his main concept in his public writings. In his notoriously racist essay “Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question” Carlyle clearly states the essentials of the argument particularly succinctly in the fifth and sixth paragraph of the article, where they are couched in the language of political economy, that is, in terms of “supply and demand”. (Peter Groenewegen, p. 76). In Carlyle’s opinion, this is the key phrase of the science which deals with such matters as a special branch of the social sciences. “Science, however, has a remedy still. Since the demand is so pressing, and the supply so inadequate, increase the supply; bring more Blacks into the labor-market, then will the rate fall, says science.” (Carlyle 1853 1888, vol. 7, pp. 82-83). For Carlyle, the state of slavery, defining the natural relationship between negro and white man, provides the security, stability of employment, and general care secured by the life-long contract it entails. This, in his view, characterizes “free” European and British master-servant relationships in factory, on the farm, or in domestic service. Developing a deliberately paradoxical position, Carlyle argued that slavery was actually morally superior to the market forces of supply and demand promoted by economists, since, in his view, the freeing up of the labor market by the liberation of slaves had actually led to a moral and economic decline in the lives of the former slaves themselves. Carlyle’s view was attacked by many liberal economists. It is still an open question why did Carlyle write the “negro question” essay. Some economists believe that this notorious essay was a powerful device to draw attention to the failures of political economy on matters concerning economic freedom. The nineteenth-century British political economy gave birth to a number of literary critics who tried to reveal its weak sides through their works, essays, and articles; however, at this time, Britain was the leading country in the world from the point of view of its economic and political power. One
Executive summary The argument that organizational development in relation to change is only achievable through the development of people is a solid argument. Facts indicate that the organizational development is driven by a people who have been influenced to put to full use the knowledge and skills acquired to propel the respective organization into new levels of development. Therefore, organizational development and people development are strongly correlated variables. People develop by changing the cultural orientation of the organization they work for, developing the organization in the process. As people working in an organization develop, so do the people within that organization. People are the main force being the development of an organization. The findings of this report takes one through the relationship between the development of an organization and people and shows how the correlation between two variables. Methodology A qualitative research study that focused on available literature was conducted to reinforce argument that organisational development in relation to a change in its circumstances is only achievable through the development of people.Five sources were considered in the process of the research as findings indicate that people are an indispensable part of organizational development and an organization develops as people who work for the organization develop. Literature review The People and the Organization People are an indispensable asset to any organization. To propel an organization to higher levels of performance with the strategic objective of developing an organization, people working in the respective organization have to be developed in the process. Therefore organizational development is a process that integrates all aspects of employee or people development. It can be argued, therefore, that organizational development is strongly related to the development of people working within an organization. Organizations that thrive on success have successful people working for them. Such organizations have identified and incorporated the aspect of developing people to exploit the opportunities inherent in developed people. Therefore, it can be tenaciously argued that “Organization Development (OD) is a complex strategy intended to change the beliefs, attitudes, values, culture and structure of orga
Macroeconomic Coordination An imbalance between ADF and ASF triggers a funding investment, which directly affects the demand and supply of money. Similarly, the output price adjustment is caused by an imbalance between GDP and APE. In both cases, each event triggers a change in behavior on the other, therefore, establishing strong correlations between the GDP and APE. However, under certain conditions, ADF and ASF can attain equilibrium. While it is easy to formulate mechanisms to respond to funding investment situations, the output price adjustments cannot be addressed using simple mechanisms. The output price adjustments, therefore, require well-formulated mechanisms to implement to address any uncertainties likely to be experienced in the decision making and implementation process. It is therefore safe to implement output price adjustments after the funding adjustment is done. Funding adjustment constitutes three categories of consumers of domestic output. Consumers with enough supply of money to buy what they have planned for fall into the first category. Consumers with a deficit of money to buy what they have planned to purchase fall into the second group, while consumers with a money supply exceeding their planned purchases are classified into the third group. Each of the consumers has distinct money supply and consumer characteristics that, however, do not qualify one to be grouped into the rich or the poor. Therefore, consumer behavior and prevalence to spend is not an appropriate index to use in qualifying one as rich or poor, but the rich and the poor all show similar consumer characteristics. Different options exist that consumers can use to address their needs. That is in response to different consumer needs that affect each consumer in each specific group. Based on their needs, the most appropriate options are for the consumers, especially group two to borrow money in the form of loans, spend the money, and pay back the loan with interest. Consumers at this phase are unaware of the shift in the equilibrium conditions both ADF and ASF but are aware of their financial needs. Therefore, an imbalance exists between the three groups in form of their disposable incomes. To strike a balance between the groups and address the deficits experienced by the other groups, financial institutions such as banks play a significant role in providing loans, which attract sufficient funds from the third group. However, lend
After the untimely death of its owner, the further fate of the Palais Stoclet has remained undecided for a while. As an art object, the house has a certain advantage of balancing on the verge of two artistic styles that are often viewed as conflicting, namely, Art Nouveau and Modernism. With the former leaning toward the use of form, whereas the latter places a much heavier emphasis on the function, the stylistic contradictions within the building may become the source of insightful retrospect and analysis. Thus, the heritage of Palais Stoclet appears to be far too valuable to consider selling it and having it stripped of the entire range of its unique art pieces. However, it is also quite easy to understand the hesitation of Adolphe and Suzanne Stoclet’s granddaughters since maintaining the house is going to be quite a costly enterprise that is unlikely to pay off, at least not in the nearest future. Though using the palace as a venue of tourist attraction or repurposing it for commercial needs might be possible, it is likely to take a large amount of effort and financial resources without leading to much gratification. Therefore, the only reasonable solution in this case would be to open it to the public as a repository of artistic relics of Art Nouveau and Modernism. The unique collision of the two artistic movements in a single environment and the uniquely weird way in which these styles have intertwined is bound to stir some interests and enthusiasm in the general audiences. Thus, by opening the house to visitors as a museum, Stoclet’s heirs will be able to retain the cultural legacy of the palace.
Unlike Enron’s case, Arthur Andersen Ltd was more concerned with ethical and moral codes, as well as with organizational culture motivating employees to accomplish objectives. Despite this advantage, the audit department faced the conflict of interest problem that focused mostly on a rigid competition to raise profits and bring in revenues. The emerged rivalry between accountants has led to the financial problems that are connected with shifts in priorities. Due to the fact that the concept of “tone at the top” is adopted by Arthur Andersen, it is possible to assert that the company’s partners planned to be driven by the revenue generations (Brooks and Dunn 105). However, in case considerable risks are undertaken to increase profits, the probability of the emergence of audit problems, causing unfavorable outcomes is more evident. With regard to the above-presented case, the AA managers followed Enron’s footsteps and made similar mistakes in terms of their financial objectives. Specifically, due to the absence of strict regulations, Enron’s accountants put all the employees under the threat by concealing information about profits. Lack of transparent reporting of balance sheet led to the disaster. So, AA failed to acknowledge the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles that do not allow the shares recording as the rise in stakeholders equity if they are not issued for cash. Focus on rivalry rather t