ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is no doubt that vaccination is essential for a child’s health; unless a child is exposed to a certain vaccination at a specific age for his/her organism to develop the antibodies which will be necessary to decrease the chances to contract the disease in question in the future, the outcomes can be rather drastic. It must be admitted, though, that in Sweden, the issue of vaccination is taken extremely seriously. According to the existing research and pieces of evidence concerning the issue of children’s vaccination and immunization, the aim of the above-mentioned procedures is to ensure that the child will not contract a specific disease in the future. According to Barklay et al., “The aim of vaccination programs is to increase the number of immune people in a population, and if that is achieved, a greater proportion of the parasite population will be evolving in immune hosts” (Barklay et al.). Therefore, it can be considered that vaccination and immunization of children in Sweden are aimed not only at making the vaccinated children healthier but also at making the people of next-generation resistant to certain types of diseases. As has been mentioned above, there are strong reasons to believe that vaccination is essential for children’s health. Since vaccination prevents people from contracting diseases in the future, it seems crucial to make sure that children are vaccinated properly. The issue of vaccination and immunization of children in Sweden has become especially important in light of the recent statistics provided by the Swedish Health Department. As the recent report says, “The National Board has recently initiated a revision of the schedule of the national vaccination program, especially with the reference to pertussis and diphtheria immunity” (Carlsson). Since diphtheria has become a serious threat to Swedish children, immunization and vaccination are crucial at present. According to the recently established schedule for vaccination and immunization approved by the Swedish Health Department, the vaccination schedule for children in Sweden includes vaccination against DTaP, IPV, PCV, MMR, HPV, BCG, HepB and dTAP. It is essential to mention that vaccinations against BCG and HepB are conducted on the day the child is born. As for the rest of the vaccinations, children are vaccinated against DTaP, IPV and PCV several times, namely, at the age of three months, 5 months, and a year. At the age of 18 months, children are vaccinated against MMR. When the Swedish children reach 5–6 years, they get only the DTaP and IPV vaccines; occasionally, at 6, a Swedish child can also have an MMR vaccine, but the MMR vaccination age stretches from 6 to 8; MMR vaccination is also injected at 12. When Swedish children reach 10, they have the DTaP vaccine again, and will also be vaccinated against HPV at 10-12. The final MMR vaccination comes when a child reaches 12. Last, but definitely not least, dTap vaccination must be provided at 14-16 ( Childhood Vaccination Schedule ). Despite the fact that the question of necessity in
Introduction To most people, human life is precious and sacred and thus they protect it by any means necessary. This fact is evidenced by the inclusion of the right to life and other rights that support it, which exist under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Freedoms and most constitutions across the world. Although the importance of life is often non-debatable, various circumstances make its protection a disputable issue. Some of the main controversial life-protection instances revolve around medical conditions such as terminal illnesses and circumstances that cause great pain to individuals. Euthanasia involves intentional ending of life with the aim of terminating suffering for such individuals and it has often ignited controversy amongst disparate subscribers to different moral theories. This paper explores three main theories with the aim of establishing whether it is possible for people to be mistaken regarding the value of their lives. It also explains the moral dilemma that each theory creates with a view of establishing the side that fully addresses the issue at hand. The theories of choice for this discussion are the utilitarianism, deontology, and the virtue theory. Utilitarianism The utilitarian theory, which is credited to John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, centers on the issue of morality from a comparative point of view. Essentially, the theory “describes a moral act as one that causes the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people” (Safer-Landau, 2007, p.35). This aspect means that the theory operates using a comparison of options rather than singular evaluation of individual actions. One of the main elements of the theory is that it focuses on pain and pleasure. According to Bentham, moral behavior reduces pain and increases pleasure for an individual. For instance, Bentham expresses the view that a person has the right to set his own house on fire if it brings him or her more pleasure than pain (Mosser, 2013). Secondly, morality focuses on the will of the majority. This provision serves to prevent destructive behaviors such as murder and theft, which cause pleasure to an individual and harm to a community (Safer-Landau, 2007). Therefore, according to the earlier example, a person also has to consider the way his or her actions affect others before setting a house on fire. Thirdly, the theory focuses on the result of a said behavior rather than the intention in the determination of morality. Therefore, certain behaviors might fall on the immoral end of the scale, regardless of the intention behind them being essentially good. A good example of such a situation is one where a person steals in order to feed his or her family. The application of the theory to the issue of euthanasia often results in a moral dilemma and offers no plausible resolution to the question at hand. On one hand, the theory makes it clear tha
Introduction At midnight of 27 June 1969, few New York City police officers raided Stonewall Inn, which was a gay bar in Greenwich Village. A false warrant was served to the bar for selling illegal liquor and customers were asked to leave. This led to an upheaval and many movements, like the feminist supporters and the hippie movement advocating sexual liberation came into being. Gay Liberation Front In accordance to the Stonewall documents, the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was formed during this time, which believed that homosexual women and men had the same rights as their straight sisters and brothers. This was the first time that thousands of homosexual people raised their voice in protest to the injustice which existed towards them in New York City. It was formed by an innovative group of people who believed that until and unless the present social establishments are abolished, homosexual men and women will never be able to attain absolute sexual liberty. They wanted to be exactly who they are and if required create new public relations and forms. They believed that since their oppression is due to sex they must properly understand the different sex roles and their meaning. They also believed that every lesbian and homosexual solely survived in misery and not tolerance or patience. Not only was their kindness questioned, but their employment was made tenuous and their choice of housing restricted. They wanted the homosexuals to understand and make others understand that their being homosexual means that they are emotionally attached to their own sex. The Homophile Youth Movement The Homophile Youth Movement (HYMN) was also formed during this time, it believed that until, and unless homosexual people themselves took some action, their intolerable situation will not improve. They did not rely on the various government agencies to improve their condition, as they were aware that nothing was being done to help them. They wanted everyone to understand their position. This understanding was demanded from the authority and society too. Society disapproves such attractions and the authority works in favor of the society thus forming a nexus to oppress the homosexual movement. Thus, when they say things like “oppression,” “freedom,” “revolution,” or “equality,” it means that they want a recognition of their sexual preferences and they demand their rights to be maintained and sustained by the law and the society as a whole. To put it in simple terms, their demand was to be treated as a fellow citizen and not discriminated on the parameters of sexual orientation. The Student Homophile League Manifesto As a result, they formulated a strategy. The Student Homophile League Manifesto was one of the most radical manifestos of all times. They believed that homosexuals were harassed to oppress the minorities, like the hippies, blacks and other radicals of society, and make them powerless. They assumed that their fate was also linked to the minorities and only through common struggle could they ac
Emmanuel Kant is regarded as the greatest modern philosopher who made great contributions to the study of aesthetics, epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics. The philosopher argues that not everything in nature is guided by laws and that human beings work out of respect for the law. Human beings work under the guidance of the principles, which makes them rational beings. Rational beings make judgments which are based on the principles and laws that govern the way human beings work. In the philosopher’s views, our rationality enables us to understand our duty and our obligations to keep promises and to distinguish between right and wrong. Kant’s argument is perceived to be correct because one experiences a conflict that justifies the need to choose between right and wrong in the inner person. One can easily choose between right and wrong because of one’s moral duties. In the context of the categorical imperatives, action can be morally right if and only if such an action conforms to the requirements of that particular duty. On the other hand, an imperative that is not conditional is hypothetical. For example, if a person argues that if a person feels happy, then he should laugh. Laughing is a cognitive act, which is based on emotion. On the other hand, the duty to do right is based on unconditional commands or imperatives that are binding. In that context, the categorical imperative shows that there are no exceptions or excuses for not doing right. The obligation to do right is unconditional, and the underlying maxim is the principle of the rule of conduct. In the philosopher’s view, human beings are free moral agents who have the freedom and power to choose between right and wrong. The rationality of human beings makes them to understand and to distinguish right from wrong and to select taking either of the options. The freedom of choice is based on one’s knowledge and the reason for one’s choice. People’s actions are based on the metaphysics of morals, which motivates them to do right or wrong. According to the fundamental principles of the metaphysics of morals, good should not have qualifications, and one should be inclined and duty bound to do right. The philosopher argues that duty is the necessity of actions because of the obligations to the law. The distinction between the willingness to do right and being compelled to do right differentiate hypothetical and categorical imperatives. The argument provides a strong foundation in favor of an
Select three different countries (from Africa, East Asia, and Europe Regions). Read the details about those selected countries (religions, Ethnicity, family life, and food habits). Nigeria, Mongolia, and Austria are the three countries I selected from Africa, East Asia, and Europe regions respectively. I have learned about the diversified culture of these countries. Nigeria is a country in Africa and the giant of Africa. The country has the three most popular tribes are the Igbos, the Hausa, and the Yoruba. The colonial master of Nigeria is the British, and that explains why English is the official language in Nigeria. There are different religions in Nigeria, but the most popular ones are Christianity, Islam, traditional worshippers, and atheist. The country has a strong ethnic background because of her different ethnic languages. The social and moral life of each culture resembles one another, as they believe in adapting to the norms of society. Their family life is an extended one, a man can marry many wives he can support. Each tribe has a typical staple food. Most of their foods come from the same family group but prepared in different forms. The Igbo’s use cassava to prepare fufu, which is their major staple food while the Yoruba use cassava to prepare brown fufu or black amala. The Hausa’s prepare their fufu with rice and have a strict code of conduct. It is a taboo in the Hausa land to eat pig meat, while the Igbo’s will not kill or eat snake meat. The people of Mongolia are decedents of Tibetan and their official language is the Khalkha. The Mongolians are known for their nomadic lifestyle. They are great tea drinkers and eat rice. Mongolians practice Buddhism, this explains the popularity of monasteries in Mongolia. The nuclear family system is the characteristic family life of a Mongolian. They trade mostly cotton, rice, and dairy products due to the climate in Mongolia. Austria is made up of Germans, and other migrants. The dominant religion in Austria is the Roman Catholic and the Protestant. The official language spoken in Austria is German, although in some schools Slovak and Croatian are used for learning. The nuclear family is the most common family structure in Austria and there is a balance in the share of power and control in the family. The husband respects the wife and it is taboo for men to beat their wives. What surprised you most? The Igbo culture of Nigeria strikes me with amazement because unlike other cultures, their traditions worship the snake god. The tradition forbids anyone who kills a snake, and such a person is thrown into the evil forest as capital punishment. What particular information you would be able to tell your friends and family for all those three diffe
Marriage in contemporary America has a very different meaning compared to that in earlier days. The setting is very different now with different types of families emerging. These include same-sex unions, co-habiting, adoption, and the common mother-father relationships. These settings have resulted in dynamic changes in roles of each member of the family and increased divorce cases. Unlike traditional marriages in which family members worked together for provision and the well-being of the entire family, roles played by individuals have changed. The father is no longer the sole-bread winner. A modern time mother is also not a ‘stay-home’ mother who takes care of the family day-in day-out. Women have taken up the role of providing for their families together with their husbands. This leaves children, old and ailing members of the family either with no care or under the watch of a caretaker (Hawke, 2007, p.1). Other forms of relationships have their positive and negative effects on family members. Co-habiting, especially between parents with children from different marriages give the children a chance to be brought up by both father and mother figures. In step parenting, the children also get a chance to grow up with both father and mother figures (Stewart, 1999, p.345). However, these children might end up withdrawing from their stepparent, a scenario, which in many times lead to conflicts between the two parties. The positive side is that the teenage children tend to like their stepparents than the blood parent because they are more lenient and willing to bend some laws in their favor that the blood parent would not. In families where adoption is involved, parents tend to provide undivided attention to their adopted children. This does not occur in most cases of step parenting where the children may be viewed as a burden rather than a blessing. In same-sex unions, the psychological, financial, and physical well-being of partners is enhanced. Children are raised by parents within legally recognized unions that are of big benefit to them. However, anti-homosexuality activists argue that these children are psychologically affected in a negative way by the absence of heterosexual parents. This century has seen a great rise in the number of divorce cases in the American society. There is one divor
Summary It should be noted that art is not only a spiritual platform of the world’s cultural heritage but also a convenient playground for fraud, forgery, fakes, and other illegal business maneuvers to launder money. Apart from the fact that history knows many cases when the well-known galleries were accused of exhibiting fakes or copies of the original paintings, many people who can afford to buy an original work for a few million USD cannot protect themselves even collaborating with the reputable antique dealers. Yves Bouvier One of the recent occurrences that undermined the reputation of art connoisseurs was the case of the Russian billionaire who has been using the services of the antiquarian Yves Bouvier during the past ten years. The Russian businessperson was willing to pay any money for those works of art that he was recommended by his advisor. However, it turned out that the respectable antiquarian had his own agenda to mediate for such a wealthy man like Mr. Rybolovlev. In particular, the multi-billionaire, who is known in the world of art for his propensity for historical canvases, accidentally found out that one of the collectors bought the canvas of Modigliani for approximately 90 million USD while he purchased one of the paintings for 118 million. After this situation, he started analyzing where the rest of the sum could ha
The text highlights detailed health issues relating to epidemiology. Many diseases have been mentioned by the author. The causes of such diseases are also mentioned. Many people have certain beliefs regarding particular diseases. For instance, sorcery has often been confused by some societies as been the cause of some particular diseases. On the contrary, scientists have been able to refute these claims by confirming that microbes are indeed the causative agents of many such diseases. It should be noted that modern medicine is both a formidable walled fortress and a standing rebuke to specializations. According to the authors, modern medicine is the one true humanistic discipline on which everything impinged to all human species fall within the borders of its survey. The authors provide many specific examples of how Farmer has fought against particular cultural beliefs within particular societies directed towards epidemiology. For instance, a 1983 study on the basis of 1,641 HIV cases in the United States and Puerto Rico observed that groups at highest risk of acquiring AIDS continue to be homosexual and bisexual men, intravenous drug users, persons born in Haiti and now living in the United States and those patients who are living with hemophilia (Farmer, Saussy & Kidder 3). The study also revealed that six percent of the cases cannot be placed in one of the above groups. Thus, a critical analysis of this study can be used to refute the traditional cultural claims that some diseases are caused by sorcery. The authors have also tried to do an analysis of the outcome gap of a particular disease. Many societies have been reported to blame victims of particular diseases, and in this case HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis. Blaming the victim of these particular diseases usually casts the sufferer as the source of the disease. This is a crude version of a strategy of despair that Farmer has repeatedly challenged in his career (Farmer, Saussy & Kidder 3). Many opinions of whether the distribution of antiretroviral drugs in Africa would suffice were aired by the officials of the U.S. Agency for International development and the Department of Treasury. The texts explains how the officials contended that distributing these drugs would be irresponsible and futile since the African and Asian people lacked ‘the western sense of time’ and could not be taught to take regular medical prescriptions (Farmer, Saussy & Kidder 5). They further argued that distribution would be hindered due to the lack of paved roads and the absence of refrigeration. These factors have been considered by the authors of the text as not essential in delivering first rate HIV care. The authors also describe the initial steps of preliminary assessment to illnesses. They include applying several differe
Racism in the modern world is reflected not only in the ordinary life of people. It is also found in the healthcare segment as unequal treatment for people of different skin color, gender, or orientation. This is indeed a serious problem and requires specific elimination steps, including elimination among medical personnel. I intend to encourage everyone to work together to combat racism in health care, as only comprehensive measures can lead to health equity and stop the unequal treatment spread. Finding structural racism and inequalities in physical ability is essential to ensure that health care is accessible to all. To achieve equality in health, everyone must have an equal opportunity to reach medical resources (Yearby, 2021). Racial equality in health care means that no one is hindered by race from reaching their full physical potential. To start the fight, it is necessary to identify the main manifestations of discrimination in health care, the reasons for the emergence of the location of social superiority and discrimination, and the scale. After that, it is necessary to establish a unified anti-discrimination policy at the private and state level, training and further control. Racism is a global problem of our time. Every problem requires a solution. The reason for racism is not skin color but human thinking. Therefore, healing from racial prejudices, xenophobia and intolerance should be sought primarily in getting rid of false ideas, which for so many people have been the source of incorrect concepts about superiority or, conversely, the lower position of various groups among humanity. I am sure it is time to move the discussion of migration-related issues from a cultural-psychological to a social-structural level. The participation of each individual involved in the health services sector is important. Everyone can report the presence of illegal actions in a certain place, contact the relevant authority, and try to eliminate problems at a possible level. An important role is played by the consolidation of provisions on racial hatred in the articles of the criminal codes of states. The presence of minimal misconduct on the part of employees or patients can lead to serious consequences in the violation of the entire structure of the fight against racism. Therefore, it is important and necessary to understand the value of the responsibility of participation of each individual person. The main methods of combating racism are the correct education of the population, instilling a certain ideology. In addition, instilling tolerance is important already from school and university students, where a