ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
For a deeper understanding of what law really is, it is imperative that one gets to know the basic analytical and normative issues about the law. One has to know the concepts of law and the historical and contemporary persons whose input has helped shape the discourse of the philosophy of law. It is also imperative that one gets to know that law is authoritative, and is a social topic. Law is also for the common good. Understanding the nature of law has been quite a challenge to many. Theories and concepts that enable one to understand the nature of law, the role it plays in society, and the sources of its authority are collectively referred to as the philosophy of law. In English speaking world, the philosophy of law is concurrently used with the term jurisprudence, which in an actual sense refers to subdivisions of the philosophy of law. Despite the fact that the term jurisprudence is interchangeably used with the philosophy of law, clashes that have been witnessed in different schools of philosophy have prompted the portion of philosophy of law to remain untouched. Philosophy of law is never treated as a branch of philosophy like other disciplines like political philosophy or epistemology because it is not tied to the entire philosophical outlook. Fundamentals of philosophy bring out the absolute distinction between morality and law. The philosophy of law, while trying to clearly bring out the distinction between law and morality, raises very fundamental questions that include whether it is a moral duty for one to obey the law, and if the answer is to the affirmative, are there limits to it; the extent to which law of a community should seek to give effect to its morality; the existence of a legal rule which directs a kind of conduct that would breach morality and goes against the grains of morality and the one that citizens ought to obey; and finally if it is justified for a people to overthrow a legal system when it clashes with morality. The word law in the aforementioned questions implies forms of social controls that are established in modern society secularly and politically organized. Morality implies a people’s behavioral pattern at the community and society level. This paper will capitalize on Chapter
Name: Victoria Smith Age: 29 Sex: Female Behavior during the Interview and Physical Description Victoria is a 29-year-old Caucasian female who was interviewed for an hour on 24 February 2014. Victoria is an attractive woman with long dark hair. She was neatly dressed, and her manners are pleasant. Victoria demonstrated an active interest in conversation while providing a lot of details and accentuating the important moments. Presenting Problems Nature of Problems: Victoria suffers from obsessive thoughts which prevent her from falling asleep; the woman also wakes up each night at approximately 03.00 a.m., and she cannot sleep anymore. The problems are observed for three months. Historical Setting Events: Victoria is the eldest child in a large family with 5 children. Victoria always demonstrated excellent academic results, and she received a Master’s Degree in Business Communications. The woman works in a multinational corporation, and she performs as the leader in several projects. Victoria lives with her boyfriend in his apartments and plans to purchase her apartments. Victoria is engaged, and the couple plans to be married in five months. The first obsessive thoughts and problems with sleep became observed after Victoria’s moving to the boyfriend’s department. Current Situational Determinants: Victoria rejects going to sleep on time and spends much time watching TV or reading. She is inclined to go to bed when her boyfriend is sleeping. Relevant Organismic Variables: Victoria is inclined to always control the situation and her behavior. She also needs a lot of individual space to perform any activities perfectly or to feel safe. Dimensions of Problem: Victoria states that she suffers from obsessive thoughts and sudden awakenings each night, and the impossibility to have enough sleep makes her anxious and frustrated. Consequences of Problem: Victoria feels that her career and personal life can be influenced by the problem negatively because at work, she cannot concentrate on her daily duties, and at home, Victoria has no energy to concentrate on her relations and daily routines. Furthermore, Victoria tries to avoid communication with her boyfriend. Other Problems The other problems are not observed. Personal Assets Victoria has a lot of power to control her thoughts and life, as
Personal goals   * Joining the university to further my education to a degree   * Get a part-time job to save enough to support me through the schooling stage.   * After school, get a job to help save enough to start my own business.   * Join a saving scheme with a bank or a Sacco society to help me manage my limited finances during schooling and to acquire a loan after schooling. Personal core competencies I am competent in information communication technology solutions e.g. computer programming, system analysis, and design, repair, and maintenance. I am also competent in fashion and design in the clothing industry. Also, I am talented in sports and leadership. I gained experience during earlier schooling where I played games like basketball and table tennis, participated in scouting, and journalism clubs. This earned me a leadership post in the students’ leadership union in college, which led students’ grievances to be approached systematically. Competitive advantages I started my information technology course from a technical training institution earning me a diploma in the same area, which mainly deals with the technical part of every course, like maintenance. Exposure to this course has made me making me multitask in any organization where I have worked. This saves money for the employer. Another advantage is the ability to work long hours, competently, and with minimal supervisi
Introduction The use of Web 2.0 can be helpful for bringing various forms of social change. Currently, these tools are often adopted in order to influence the work of governmental institutions and legislators. This paper is aimed at examining the media campaign launched by Amnesty International in effort to stop torture that can still be practiced in different countries. Currently, this brutal treatment can affect thousands of people who can be arrested or captured due to some reasons (Rejali 2009, p. 39). It should be noted that torture can be partly tolerated even by the governments of advanced countries that are deemed to be democratic. For example, the government of the United States maintains Guantanamo Bay detention camp (Rejali 2009, p. 401). In many cases, the use of torture is prohibited in various international treatises; nevertheless, these rules are not properly enforced by the government (Rejali, 2009, p. 39). In turn, the use of torture can be a commonplace phenomenon in many developing countries (Stanley, 2008, p. 46). This is the main issue that Amnesty International tries to address. Overall, this problem can be resolved only over a long time. It is critical to understand the way in which this organisation applies new types of media in order to attain its objectives. These are the main questions that should be discussed more closely. On the whole, it is possible to say that Amnesty International is able to mobilise people who have common views on the role of government and the rights of individuals. To some degree, this analysis can illustrate the use of Web 2.0 by non-governmental organisations. The main objective of Amnesty International Amnesty International strives to make sure that every detainee is safeguarded against the risk of torture that can take many forms (Amnesty International 2014b). Additionally, this organisation wants ensure that the information derived with the help of torture cannot be used against a suspect during trials (Amnesty International 2014b). This objective can be achieved in different ways. In particular, it is necessary to attract the attention of legislators to this problem and prompt them to adopt tighter regulations that can protect human rights of citizens. This issue is particularly relevant if one speaks about developing countries in which the use of torture can be taken for granted. Moreover, it is vital to enforce the existing rules and bring to justice to people who used torture (Amnesty International 2014b). Again, one should bear in mind that even democratic countries can violate the international treatises that they signed before. The problem is that the cases of torture are not always properly investigated by the government. In fact, policy-makers can turn a blind eye to this problem because the investigation of such issues can harm their political career. Thus, Amnesty International wants to make
Performance predictions at the design stage are usually based on the design conditions, which may only occur for less than 5% of the occupied period for most buildings((and often less than 1%). Most system design tend to include design margins which can lead to considerably oversized system that can operate at a fraction of the installed capacity with consequent control and operating problems reduced efficiency and unnecessary over-consumption of energy. Figure 1. Typical frequency of occurrence showing winter and summer design temperatures In a conventional design approach the majority of buildings and their heating and cooling systems are designed specially to meet the peak loads that may be applied to them often with additional excess capacity. However , for the majority of the time , the load on the buildings will be substantially less than peak design loads. This mean that the building plant is substantially oversized for the duty required of it most of the time , some plant may work ineffectively and certain categories of plant may hardly be utilized at all. Creating the right environment is the main goal of good building services design whether a comfortable work or leisure environment for people or the correct operating conditions for machinery or computers. The building services systems must provide a comfortable environment like fresh air and warmth with no noise. Design criteria exist for all these factors but the choice depends on many variables including use of space, activity level. Decisions on design conditions are made harder by the fact that comfort is a very subjective response. Thermal comfort: Thermal comfort relates to the way people interact with their environment the factors are:   * Warmth: comfortable temperature level depends on activity and clothing level.   * Humidity: if there is more moisture in the air.   * Air movement: completely still air can get very stuffy and stale. Figure 2. Heat exchange between people and surrounding environment The four main environmental factors to consider for the thermal comfort are   * air temperature.   * relative humidity.   * Radiant temperature.   * Air velocity. Design conditions for space have to specify all these factors although air temperature.Atypical design condition might therefore be written as 21C and 50% RH for dry resultant temperature and relative humidity respectively. Dry result temperature calculated as : Real room conditions Although the design requirement written as fixed value its important to realize that conditions , particular temperature and air speed, will fluctuate within space.this caused by following
Introduction The modern world has been faced with many challenges in the health care delivery system. This can be attributed mainly to the emergence of new strains of diseases and the re-emergence of diseases that were once thought to have been eradicated. As a result of climatic changes, the disease trends have been altered and every effort is being employed to find solutions to these problems. The health care professionals have thus had to invent new methods of approach towards the diseases to provide efficient care and minimize the suffering of the patients. One of the best-applied approaches is in trying to minimize the existing discrepancies between the patients’ expectation of the health care system and what can be offered or is available in our health care system (Hughes, 2008, p.21). This is intended to improve customer satisfaction to the health system which will lead to improved health-seeking behavior in the patients and increased wellness in the general population. The following essay outlines the aspirations that the consumers of health have and the reality that exists in our health care system. Aspirations of a health care system The basic function of a health care system is to ensure that all the sick in our society are well taken care of to reduce disease burden and deaths. This can only be achieved when an efficient
Introduction The operations of a hospital involve various intersecting activities. This paper looks at three major operations of a hospital. The three areas are the alignment of capacity with demand, the measurement of human resource productivity and supply chain management issues in a hospital. The capacity of a hospital is a critical measure when determining the number of people it should serve. In this sense, the capacity of a hospital must meet the demand for the services provided by the hospital (Jacobs, Rapoport, & Jonsson, 2009). A large unutilized capacity or higher demand than the existing capacity means that the hospital is losing potential revenue. Unutilized capacity raises the fixed costs in terms of human resource outlay and maintenance costs. On the other hand, high demand that outstrips capacity leads to poor services and lost revenue. It can also lead to reputational loss. On the issue of productivity, it is important for any hospital to understand how well it is utilizing its productive capacity. There is a need for every hospital to consider the value it derives from each employee. This is challenging to achieve in the medical profession because high quality usually means spending more time and attention on a few patients. This reduces productivity when the number of patients served is a factor. In public institutions, productivity is very important because of the expectations of the government. Finally, supply chain management in hospitals is a very complex affair because of the large volume of inventory. The inventory also varies widely. There is a mix of perishable and non-perishable items, slow-moving and fast-moving items, expensive and cheap supplies, among others (Leeman, 2010). In the case of syringes, the hospital can access certain benefits by using a vendor-managed inventory system. Analysis Aligning Capacity with Demand The alignment of capacity with demand is a very important process in a medical institution. It is imperative to understand the demand patterns for services in any section of a medical facility in order to plan effectively. The section of the medical facility chosen for the alignment of capacity with demand is the ER in a government hospital. The five steps that will help in the alignment of capac
The world is not a perfect place because of sins, which cause human beings to become evil. Sins result in people offending others or acting in a manner that is detrimental to the well being of society. Human beings have come to acknowledge that not all sins are equal. While some have minor repercussions, others have devastating effects. These more damaging sins are referred to as the “deadly sins.” In my opinion, gluttony is one of the deadliest sins, and it is the primary reason for the breakdown of society. Gluttony slowly turns the individual into a self-centered being who only cares about his wellbeing. A key characteristic of gluttony is the obsession with self-satisfaction. The glutton will not be willing to consider the interest of other people. He/she will only engage in activities that bring about some direct benefit to his/her. If there is no personal reward for an activity, the glutton will not engage in the task. This will easily cause a breakdown of society since, in many instances, we are required to engage in activities that do not directly benefit us. To build a better society, people are sometimes called upon to make small personal sacrifices. For example, individuals are encouraged to utilize water carefully in times of drought in order to ensure that there is enough water for all. Gluttony makes it impossible for individuals to exercise restraint even when this quality is mandatory for the good of society. Gluttony is characterized by the inability to consume in moderation. As such, the glutton will be unable to ration our resources even when this is necessary for the good of society. The ideal human society is characterized by kindness and concern for others. People demonstrate a sense of goodwill towards others and show compassion for the less fortunate. This concern leads us to engage in altruistic acts such as giving to the needy and volunteering our time for a good cause. Through such actions, we become better individuals since we show that we are concerned with humanity. People who engage in kind acts get in touch with the good side of their human nature. They are, therefore, likely to engage in other good acts that are necessary for the positive development of society. On the contrary, gluttony discourages any act of kindness since the primary concern for the glutton is a personal indulgence. This sin, therefore, prevents the individual from being in touch with their good nature. Such individuals will be more likely to be drawn to their evil side and take part in other sins. One of the bases of a well functioning society is justice and fairness for all. The society that gluttony creates is on
Brief Summary of the Book This is a book that was written by Arthur Ferill with regards to the fall of the western empire. The author states that the barbarians were allowed to settle in Rome’s buffer zones. This was a strategy that was used to delude attacks from other barbarians in their struggle. The military organizations were staged by Vegetius who was a major reactor to the wars that were happening in the region. In his explanations, he stated the procedures of how people should indulge in winning a battle. For instance, he cited how to train troops, the art of handling troops and how to handle battle engagement. Apparently, the wide spread of the German culture, language and popularity increased the fall of the western empire. The people were united and increased their solidarity with barbarians in making sure the western empire deteriorated in its performance. In the end, the unification of the barbarians and Germans abundantly decreased the size of the Roman Empire. In essence, the Germans used the barbarians to upsurge a friction between them. This affected the Roman Empire by dividing them thus decreasing their number. The small number could not sustain a battle with the Germans thereby leading to their downfall. Information on Arthur Ferill Arthur Ferill is a respected author in the United States and resides in Seattle. He is a practicing professor in the University of Washington majoring in history. He has written a number of works of arts related to history of the ancient times. Reportedly, he is a bold contributor who has gone to greater height in explaining the fall of the Roman Empire. He retorts of information that the empires should have done in his work of arts. This is due to his involvement in the military and army processions that have given him the experience to tackle such instances. Ferill asserts that the Roman Empire dealt with simple tactics that led to their failure. Ferill is the only person known to be a critique on the attacks that were used by the Roman Empire in securing their territory. He remarks that they were unsuccessful yet they had enough resources. He is disgusted by the fact that the roman army was strong with over half a million army men but still failed to concur the Germans. He further states that the Roman Empire army was weakened by an upcoming army that did not have much experience. The Roman Empire was destabilized by their fighting tactics which had been existent for a long time. On the contrary, the German army was still growing in their experience but was able to control the Roman Empire. In this regard, Ferill explains that it does not matter how long an army has been in practice but the tactics it uses determines the outcome. This means that the war was determined by superior infants that used highly graded operations. Abstract of the Book’s Content The book “fall of the roman empire” encompasses a number of processions that took place during the overruling of the Roman Empire. The book explains the major events in the
Introduction The current position of Wesfarmers is largely due to the Global Financial Recession that threatened to grind its operations to a halt but thanks to the company’s broad conglomerates, it has managed to sail through, albeit with some financial shortcomings. Wesfarmers’ acquisition in November 2007of Coles Group, which was one of the leading retailer chains in Australia, made it the biggest retailer and private employer in the country. However, the purchase, which was worth $19.3 billion, left Wesfarmers without adequate funds to operate its numerous businesses. The global financial crisis further compounded the financial status of Wesfarmers between 2008 – 2009 (Huang, 2010). Wesfarmers’ management and leadership style, however, has also enabled it to be the brand name that it is in the Australian markets. At corporate level, the company has directors who manage different functions and at the same time head various divisions. This lessens the bureaucracy that would have otherwise existed between senior management, middle, and lower management levels. Moreover, the choice of these managers is made on merit and experience while underscoring teamwork for the success of the company. This paper, therefore, attempts to answer the CEO’s, Richard Goyder (Huang, 2010). Macro-Environment Analysis Summary Political/Legal Forces The politico-legal environment in Australia provides a good ground on which Wesfarmers can thrive. The Australian government has provided good infrastructure for movement and communication within the country and given Wesfarmers’ diverse businesses it can easily communicate with customers, make deliveries, and receive supplies for its stores. Although it is headquartered in Perth, Western Australia, it is able to easily conduct its business all over the country. The sound infrastructure provides opportunity for Wesfarmers especially its online divisions (Coles online supermarket), which requires Internet thus making this division a viable project. Trade liberalization has also opened up a wealth of opportunities in economies such as the European Union markets with un-entered and new target markets which the company can take advantage of (Mahadevan, 2004). Economic Forces With the global financial crisis behind it, Wesfarmers can exploit the budding post-financial crisis economy of Australia. The Reserve Bank of Australia has directed commercial banks to drop their lending rates from 10.2% in 2009 to 8.91% in 2011 (Juckes, 2009). This is an indication of the brighter future for Wesfarmers because it can obtain loan cheaply to undertake its operat