ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Importance of American veteran reintegration into society The effects of wars may be mass destructive and unpredictable for different societies. On the one hand, not many people can forget what happened to them on the battlefield and continue their lives without thinking about losses and challenges they had to experience. On the other hand, a number of physical injuries and traumas can change ordinary human lives. War outcomes are usually divided into short- and long-term and veterans can cope with them independently or with the help of specialized organizations and communities. Nowadays, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and combat-related disabilities turn out to be the two significant public health concerns that undergo a considerable increase from political, governmental, healthcare, and social perspectives. Each war has its reasons, development, and outcomes. The shadow of the Civil War, as well as the Vietnam War, is dark and tricky. Both war periods generated many casualties that resulted in the creation of a new population of disabled veterans who had to integrate their lives with those of people who did not see the war directly. Military conflict choice It does not matter what type of war a person participated in, new transformations, explanations, and evaluations were required because a person had to learn how to live a new life with no experience and knowledge about it. Sometimes, veterans are not able to take the necessary steps and begin their new lives. Not all of them are aware of the existing health care and nursing benefits believing that only service-connected disability rating matters. Medical and mental health treatment is usually offered to everyone who asks for help even if a person was neither wounded nor injured on the battlefield. This paper will focus on the examination of the effects of American veterans with disabilities and PTSD concerns in the shadow of the Civil War and the associated treatment to be offered to veterans as juxtaposed against the current backdrop of the modern era wars moving forward the post-Vietnam period through discussing the peculiarities of mental health problems, treatment approaches, offered congressional policy changes, and VA response to the epidemic of disability claims and employment. Mental Health Problems among Veterans: The Civil War vs. Modern Post-Vietnam War Era It is wrong to neglect the fact that the American Civil War did not bring any psychological disorders and behavioral changes. It was impossible to witness deaths of comrades, multiple fires, and harsh injuries and stay the same. Civil War soldiers got multiple scars that gained “the forms of deat
Introduction Mass media is a key factor in the life of a modern person. Today it forms a broad problem field, in which each of the aspects needs detailed analytical comprehension and discussion. Research in the field of mass media is always relevant and in demand by society since today not only human practices are rapidly changing but also the person who appeals to the media in search of truths. This work is devoted to a range of problems related to mass media practices and their way of producing and distributing meanings, as exemplified by the series 13 Reasons Why. Fictional TV shows and series are an important component of modern mass culture. They represent a phenomenon that arose in the 20th century, occupying a significant place in terms of content, time, and function. Their importance in popular culture is associated with several reasons. Their social significance is great since they allow one to carry out certain worldview guidelines, and postulates, and thereby influence the consciousness of viewers. TV series are objectively multifunctional since they allow to convey quasi-communication values. Behavioral models and visual images represented in them are transferred into everyday life. One example of such a modern Netflix show is 13 Reasons Why, a detective drama series based on the novel of the same name by American writer Jay Asher (Cruikshank & Sevigny, 2020). This paper aims to analyze 13 Reasons Why, its social significance and argues that it raises the most important modern problems such as school bullying, psychological and physical abuse, homophobia, and others. The Specific Features of the Plot 13 Reasons Why differs from other series primarily in that it has not put a single character in the foreground, nor an immediate development of the plot, but problems and topics that are difficult to discuss. The mysterious suicide of 17-year-old Hannah Baker is central and the starting point for the whole story. No one knows why she committed suicide until they listen to the cassettes, on which the girl has dictated all the reasons and carefully explained which people should be blamed for her death. It is possible to listen to them only on an old player, without any acceleration, computers, or Google maps ( 13 Reasons Why ). Instead of the latter, there is an ordinary paper map, according to which the recipients of the cassettes must search for the places that Hannah talks about. At the very beginning of the first episode, the box of cassettes is found by Clay, a friend of the prot
Introduction The English East India Company had diverse socio-economic, political, military, and religious implications to the overall population of South Asia since its emergence on December 31, 1600. 1 In the eyes of Indians, the emergence of the English East India Company was established without any respect for historical subtleties in the Indian community. Indians were not pleased by the emerging rule by the British government, which had started to instill its leadership through westernization, and thus ignoring the Indian culture and traditions. Indians were not willing to experience the drastic changes brought by British rule, and these conflicting factors accumulated with time and later resulted in the Great Rebellion of 1857 by the Indians. The main objective of this paper is to establish the impact of British rule in South Asia and its contribution towards the Great Rebellion of 1857. Through extensive research, the paper will establish the reasons why the civilization mission was allegedly one-sidedly coupled with claims of trying to transform the people of South Asia to conform to the British ideals of westernization. The civilizing mission perused by British rule from the 1830s onwards was the main reason that propelled various social groups to participate in the Great Rebellion of 1857. The British rule The emergence of the British rule expressed a lot of optimism and the establishment of an era, which would unlock all the challenges of beliefs and traditions in South Asia, thus opening the way for the British liberalist ideas. On the contrary, Indians saw the British education mission not as one serving to help the natives to learn, but as an endeavor to assist the British rule to establish their taste, opinions, morals, and beliefs amongst Indians. 2 This move would not develop a transformed and independent India, but it would mean loss of Indian arts, morals, literature, and laws. Lord William Bentinck, as the governor in charge, was faced with challenges when implementing the reform agenda, as funds were scarce, and at the same time, he was careful not to ignore
In recent years, rising global competition due to globalization and revolutionary technology has pressured firms to introduce cost reduction strategies in order to remain relevant and make profits (Maher, 2005). This has also led to introduction of strategic cost management techniques. This study aims at analyzing and discussing the impact of each technique on organizational strategy. Target Costing It is a cost reduction method applied during product design and involves designing a product at reduced costs while keeping quality and functionality high. Selling price of the product in the market minus the profit gives the target price wherefrom the engineers creatively design a product that meets the target cost (Drury, 2007). Target costing realizes that companies have less power over prices and presence of many opportunities in reducing costs at the design stage of a product (Clinton, 2003). The impact of target costing on organizational strategy is that the organizational strategy becomes market driven due to reliance on market forces to determine product target costs. It determines an organization’s strategy on meeting the long-term profit goals of an organization and requires close cooperation between various departments. Product-specific kaizen costing The practice involves redesigning of a product at the early production stages to trim down overrun costs (Cooper, 2004). It is mainly the creative alteration of product design during the manufacturing phase in an aim to reduce total costs. It entails the use of the most efficient ways, optimum location or resources in the manufacture of a product (Mondeni, 2000). The main impact of Product-specific Kaizen costing to an organization’s strategy is that it focuses on cost reduction on a specific product. Another impact is that it requires flexibility of manufacturing strategy for its efficiency and success. General Kaizen Costing This cost reduction method applies at the manufacturing phase of a subsisting product as opposed to target costing where cost reduction is at the design phase of a product (Lal, 2009). It mainly entails unremitting improvement of a product at the manufacturing stage to produce a quality product at a reduced cost (Maher and Weil, 2005). This happens through setting of targets for cost reduction and integrating all employees and manufacturing departments to achieve the target. The main impact of General Kaizen costing is continuous improvement, where all departments and employees contribute in saving time and costs. Therefore, it focuses on developing human resource and improving manufacturing and departmental efficiency. Functional management costing This cost reduction technique entails breaking down the production process into distinct independent units and treating them as profit centers. This gives the centers a leeway to increase profit generation due to increased revenue rather than only focusing on reducing costs. It also improves efficiency and dedication due to th
Toyota Toyota’s growth had been increasing steadily for the past few years. If it had continued like that it would have risen above GM to become world’s largest motor manufacturer. The Just in Time production and enhanced systems of quality assurance led to its delivering high quality products and meeting the consumers demand on time. This also saw its sale volumes skyrocketing between 1998 and 2003 for its various brands (Anonymous, 2004). But things changed upon the appointment of the new president Watanabe. Things may not have started going bad since the presidency of Cho, but the new president, more than any other, seemed more focused on cutting costs and with time this had caused the quality of its products to diminish. Cutting Costs and Rapid Expansion The company started by forming a committee to assist in its cutting of costs. The company has been shedding down the temporary as well as some permanent workers, cutting on its production costs up to 40%. Inside workers are encouraged to minimize utility costs such as power and miscellaneous expenses. The rapid expansion had started. “The company has added production capacity of around 500,000 vehicles every
Introduction The current world order and its inherent values are largely contrary to traditional cultural values. Many of the traditional values are under scrutiny with youths advocating for redefinition of what was formerly taken for granted. Globalization as a phenomenon means there is higher interaction between cultures. The traditional cultures and values that characterized societal norms are under great pressure. In many people’s eyes, some values advocated by our forefathers are archaic and not practical in our time. Alkhobar is largely Islamic; Islamic teachings, just like the teachings of other many religions, are threatened with corrosive effects of a liberal global culture. The institution of marriage has not been spared; the youths’ approach or attitude to marriage is largely different from traditional conceptions. This report explores issues related to marriage in Alkhobar City. The report is based on observations I made after questioning fellow students, friends and relatives. I strongly relied on social networks to gather the data that informs this report. The report is also informed by secondary sources on marriage that I went through to clarify certain observations. Definition of Marriage Marriage is generally defined as union between a man and a woman. Two people of different sexes come together in a formally recognized union. In the western countries, some legislation recognizes the union of same sex people as marriage. This is highly questionable and is overly condemned by religious leaders. Purpose and Importance of Marriage The main purpose of marriage according to Islamic teaching is widening the Islamic nation through building family or procreation (Cornell, 57). It is believed that marriage brings peace and tranquility as it enables meeting of one’s physical, social and psychological needs. Therefore, marriage is important because it is a precondition to the formation of a family. Moreover, it contributes in a big way to man and woman finding peace and tranquility in this world (Garry, 13). The family is the basic unit or society around which society takes shape. Without marriage, family would not be possible and consequently society. In marriage, man and woman properly channel their physical needs. In this institution, they are able to take responsibility for their actions. The greatest responsibility that comes with a man and a woman coming together is the possibility of offspring. When biological needs of men and women are channeled within the context of marriage, in case of offspring, proper care is possible. Secondly, in marriage, men and women find emotional as well as mental support. Within the context of marriage, man and woman become family and support each other as one unit. Through worse and good, they share and stand by each other. They share and discuss issues thus coming up with better ways of responding to challenges in this world. Companionship is a great aspect of marriage life. A marriage partner is a companion that one shares with and works with on given life assignments. It has to be noted that avoiding marriage often leads to bad ills in society. Some people die of loneliness
The 11 th World Export Development Forum which began on 9 th to12 th September was held in Chongqing, China. The major theme of the event was ‘ Adapting to Post-Crisis World Trade Patterns and Lessons for Export Development’, (Istanbul, 2010). Some of the issues highlighted in the forum were renewed hopes and devotion to export-led growth model and the need to renew objectives and strategies in post-crisis period. The event was also dedicated for discussing issues such as competitiveness and development of export in the global world. They also analyzed and identified some of the challenges that are encountered by developing countries due to the economic shift. The occasion was attended by over 300 delegates drawn from 48 developing and developed countries. They consisted of international and senior national policy makers, representatives of business leaders and international agencies and heads of trade support institutions. The conference was co-hosted by China Council for Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT), Ministry of Commerce of People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM) and the Chongqing City. The delegates were offered an exclusive opportunity to learn more about China’s foreign trade policy and its domestic economy (Simon, 2010). Huang Qi Fan, the Mayor of Chongqing’s municipal government, welcomed the delegates and set the tone of the event by expressing his confidence in maintenance of momentum growth of Chongqing. Yi Xiaozhun who is the Vice-Minister of MOFCOM was the first person to express his thoughts on China’s Foreign Trade. His views were that international trade was the major force in the recovery of world economy which is facing economic and financial shortages. He asserted that China’s success in economic growth was driven by trade. China had fully devoted herself to open trade policy without any form of trade surpluses. This accelerated restructuring of China’s economy which increased domestic demands (Simon, 2010). It also opened doors for other countries to trade with China and increased chances of export which created an opportunity for economic recovery of the world. The Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Pascal Lamy, was in agreement with Yi’s thoughts but noted that strong discipline was a requirement to form fair, transparent and predictable trade to meet entrepreneur’s needs. Wang Jinzhen, the Vice-Chairman of CCPIT, hoped that the conference will deeply analyze the trading landscape at a global level and find appropriate measures to promote trade. He took the mandate to vouch for medium and small sized enterprises to help in increasing the total number of brands exported by China. However, Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Mr. S
Introduction Immune disorders are often described as long-lasting and chronic or as conditions that cannot be healed completely but only supported with the help of medicine. Patients with such immune disorders may develop various compensatory mechanisms as their body attempts to adapt to the difference in functioning. Moreover, they may also acquire maladaptive responses if possible treatment is postponed, neglected, or not followed. Both disorders have different prevalence in people according to their ethnicity. The pathophysiology of psoriasis and IBD, which are prevalent in white people, show such compensatory mechanisms as skin land intestine lesions or heart problems, and various maladaptive responses, including harmful eating patterns. Pathophysiology and Compensatory Mechanisms Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease, meaning that its pathogenesis relies mainly on the existence of specific triggers which cause the body to respond. These may include psychological trauma, infections, medicine, and biological reaction modifiers (Alharbi et al., 2018). With age, the reasons for psoriasis to develop may be connected to one’s comorbidities and behaviors such as obesity, hypertension, or smoking (Huether & McCance, 2017). Reacting to these factors, one’s body activates its immune cells, producing inflammatory mediators, w
Regulations and Standards Today, in the United States, numerous regulations and standards have been developed and implemented by relevant bodies such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) to guide and streamline emergency services. The most notable difference between regulations and standards is that while regulations carry the weight of law and are compulsory in their requirements and scope based on federal, state or local legislation, standards are merely consensus documents that are developed when a group of professionals with unique skills and expertise come together and agree on how a specific activity should be carried out, hence do not mandate compliance (Angle 21). Consequently, therefore, it is correct to state that the requirements found in Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), which is the OSHA regulations, are mandatory in law while many of the NFPA standards (e.g., NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program) are not mandatory in law but include mandatory provisions of the requirements as set out by the group of professionals (Angle 21). Further explanation is needed to distinguish the two terms. While it is obvious that regulations (e.g., OSHA 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations; OSHA 1910.134, Personal Protective Equipment and Respiratory Protection) are developed and prescribed at the government level, and in some cases, through state and local legislation (Harper 13), standards can also be adopted by various government agencies with the view to enforcing them to impact various safety and health programs (Angle 22). For example, NFPA 101 (Life Safety Code) and NFPA 1500 (Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program) have been adopted and enforced by various government agencies across the United States through the NFPA itself has no enforcement authority or power as its standards are only considered advisory. It should be noted that when a state or local jurisdiction adopts an NFPA standard (e.g., NFPA 1521, Standard for Fire Department Safety Officer; NFPA 1561, Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System under the NFPA 1500 series), the adopting agency would have the legal rights to enforce the standard (Angle 21). This implies that even though standards are developed by a consensus of professionals, hence are not mandatory and do not carry the weight of law (Harper 13), they can still be adopted into law by local or state legislation (Angle 22) The Concept of Standard of Care Extant literature demonstrates that the concept of standard of care is well known in emergency services domain, and concerns following laid out procedures and expectations when it comes to performanc
Many subgenres constitute Gothic writing style among them Southern gothic which is a unique element of American literature. Like its parent genre, the plot structure of Southern gothic writing relies heavily on irony, unusual events, or the supernatural. Unlike its predecessor, Southern Gothic utilizes the aforementioned tools to describe the cultural persona as well as explore social issues pertinent to the American South. Prevalent antebellum euphoric stereotypes such as the contented slave, the chivalrous gentlemen, the demure Southern belle, or the righteous preacher are presented in a more realistic and contemporary fashion – oftentimes with sinister and ulterior motive orientated. Most importantly, the grotesque – mental/spiritual deformity as opposed to physicality – exceedingly permeates Southern gothic style in terms of characters, settings, and situations. Repugnant traits such as egotistical self-righteousness, racial bigotry, etc. are common qualities of the protagonists. Despite these cringe-inducing traits, the characters maintain a certain level of interest to the reader. Through the lens of these deeply flawed/grotesque personages, Southern authors – without being overly moralistic and literal – exercise more narrative range and opportunity to highlight disturbing aspects of Southern culture. William Faulkner, Erskine, Caldwell, Carson McCullers, Eudora Welty, Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote, Harper Lee – to name a few – are noteworthy Southern authors whose works reflect this genre. Among this cadre of prolific writers was American novelist, short-story writer, and essayist Flannery O’Connor. Born Mary Flannery O’Connor, O’Connor was born on March 25, 1925, in Savannah, Georgia – the only child of Edward F. and Regina Cline O’Connor. The author of two novels, 32 short stories, and numerous commentaries/essays and reviews, she was a significant voice in American literature. Like her Southern contemporaries, the South is the setting for O’Connor’s text, the issue of race looms in the background, and her characters are typically morally flawed and/or grotesque. “…anything that comes out of the South” O’Connor commented, “is going to be called grotesque by the northern reader, unless it is grotesque, in which case it is going to be called realistic (Fitzgerald, p. 40).” Blunt foreshadowing, letting the reader know the end result in advance, was her trademark. Although O’Connor begged to differ, adjectives such as brutal, cynical, sarcastic, even horrific were usually assigned to her works by critics. In defense of her works, O’Connor stated “The stories are hard but they are hard because there is nothing harder or less sentimental than Christian realism… when I see these stories described as horror stories I am always amused because the