ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The differences between rates of progress between various societies in the world have whetted the appetite of scholars. They have developed an interest to explain this phenomenon that seems to have persisted from earlier societies to contemporary ones. Theories explaining these differences are as many and as varying as there are scholars. They all seem to compete to convince the reader as to the reason why human history is marked by varying degrees of development. Some theories argue that this can be attributed to genetic factors, where those societies with superior genetics dominate the others. This is closely related to the theory of natural selection, where nature favors those that are suitably suited to exist within it. However, historians like Michael Cook, Marvin Harris, and Jared Diamond have come up with another line of reasoning that accounts for these differences. They believe that the environment has much to do with the rate of progress in any society than genetics or any other such factors. Their theories are based on the fact that they have observed the planet is made of varying geographical and climatic conditions. Societies living within a particular geographical location or environment share the same traits, and those occupying the most favorable conditions dominate the other societies in the world. Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies In 1997, Jared Diamond published the book expressing his views as to the reasons why some particular societies in the world dominate others. He is particularly intent on explaining the reasons why Eurasian society has dominated the world since the agrarian revolution (Diamond, 1997). He hypothesizes that the geographical features of the Eurasian continent favored rapid civilization over other continents of the planet. The climate was favorable for the domestication of crops, coupled with the fact that there were beneficial crops to domesticate (Diamond, 1997, p. 34). For example, wheat and barley were nutritious grains that were easy to domesticate. The climate of the continent was largely uniform, and this ensured that the populations were able to migrate and adapt their crops to different parts of the continent. The abundance of many animals that were easily tamed added to the advancement of this society ahead of others that had few or no animals to domesticate at all. The interaction between nation-states ensured that competition took place and technological development was spurred. Stagnation was averted (Diamond, 1997, p. 33). The competition between the nation-states ensured that political sophistication took place. On this background, it was relatively easier for the Eurasian continent to conquer other continents when they encountered them. Harris Marvin’s Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture In this 1
Extraversion refers to a state of excitement derived from things outside one self. People who are extraverts enjoy high levels of socialization’s such; they are outgoing and make friends easily. Extraverts’ energy flows outwards. The need for achievement is defined as the desire that one has for significant accomplishment, skill mastering, high standards or control. Some of the actions associated with the term include: detailed, repeated and prolonged efforts towards accomplishment of something difficult. This is achieved by having a single purpose for one to achieve a higher goal. People who have low need for achievement will choose tasks which are much simpler. To minimize the risk of failure, a person will choose tasks which are highly rated where failure won’t cause any form of embarrassment. The ones with high need for achievement choose difficult tasks which seems challenging but within achievable level. Need for achievement originate early in life from parents who always encourage their children to be independent and through rewarding and praising them when they succeed in anything (Cheng & Furnham, 2003). Showing them positive feelings as a result of achievement and associating I with competence not luck enhances the growth of achievement oriented mind. The need to achieve stems from the fact that they seek a high degree of independence. The independence enables them to take full responsibilities of their actions (Camperio, Capiluppi, Veronese & Sartori, 2006). This puts them at the spotlight especially if they have been put in a leadership position should failure occur. To avoid failure, embarrassment and shame, they identify what needs to be done and focuses in achieving the set goals. For this reason they are made good leaders who take organizations to great heights due to their devotion to achieve the set goals.Extroverts are ambitious, active, energetic and highly willing to engage in interpersonal skills. Their energetic nature drives them to seek activities that are highly involving. They therefore set challenging but achievable goals. They assert them so that their presence can be felt. Because they want to be noticed, and their effects felt, they see the need to achieve the set goals. Accomplishment of such goals always gives excitement to them. Mesolimbic dopamine system is a circuit of the brain that is stimulated by reward. Extraverts have been identified to have a sensitive mesolimbic dopamine system. This means that in situations likely to yield rewards, extraverts are highly motivated to achieve so that they can get the expected reward (Ryckman, 2004). Their ambitious nature enables them to control their schedules such that they remain within the course of fulfilling their achievement. To measure the level of their achievement, they need constant feedback which acts as an indicator of the level of achievement made. The greatest achievement for extravert
Introduction The Australian tourism and hospitality industry is facing considerable challenges. Economic uncertainty, labour market issues, natural disasters, and other problems have profound negative implications for the development of the entire sector. Because the hospitality industry is labour-intensive, the quality of Human Resource Management approaches predetermines the successes and failures within hospitality businesses. At present, hospitality managers and leaders are free to choose between the hard and soft approaches to HRM. The former relates to the importance of strategic control, whereas the latter is essentially about motivation through commitment. 1 Senior leaders working in the modern hospitality industry in Australia must adopt a new set of soft HRM skills to ensure the rapid development of sustainable competitive advantage. Tourism and Hospitality Industry in Australia In Australia, the tourism and hospitality industry is rightly considered as one of the major sources of revenues and profits, as well as a unique provider of vast employment opportunities. However, the past several years were not easy for the hospitality businesses in Australia. Back in 2011, Australia had to deal with a series of natural disasters, including Queensland floods, which caused the shutting of large industry parts for a long period of time. 2 However, even natural disasters were not as damaging to the hospitality sector as the changes in the labour and industry conjunctures. At present, the tourism sector is being pressured by the mining industry, which has become extremely strong and draws workers from hospitality. 3 In addition, continued recession in Europe reduces the number of travellers, who are willing to visit Australia. Nevertheless, the prospects of industry growth in Australian hospitality are quite promising. The sector is responsible for at least 15 percent of the national GDP and currently employs approximately 500,000 workers. The growth of the new Asian economies, including China and India, promises to increase the number of inte
The term veterinary technician brings up memories of the famous veterinarian James Herriot and the books he has written about his life as a veterinarian in rural England of the pre war days. Today’s veterinary technician is a much more technology savvy person who uses computers and sophisticated medical devices to help animals maintain their health and to take care of them when they fall sick. This paper provides a discussion of the career prospects of a veterinary technician and develops an understanding of the work content, pay, animal lab techniques and other issues. Basic Qualifications needed A veterinary technician works as an assistant to veterinarians and helps them just as a nurse assists a doctor (BLS) 1 . To make a career as a vet tech, two levels of education and training for entry to this occupation: a 2-year program for veterinary technicians and a 4-year program for veterinary technologists. Many people at the entry level role of veterinary technicians have a 2-year associate degree from an American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) accredited community college program in veter
Introduction Philosophy has in most cases contradicted theological works particularly the church doctrine and the scriptures. From the thirteenth century, there emerged a large number of philosophers whose writings and ideology constantly clashed with the church doctrine. These philosophers most of the time raised strong arguments to support their claims about God, religion, the Bible and the broader theological spectrum, and their works have been immensely influential throughout history. In this paper we will look at some of the philosophers whose works have either contradicted or supported the church doctrines. Thomas Aquinas (1225—1274) Aquinas in his ideology and writing was greatly influenced by the Greek philosopher Aristotle. He believed the church doctrine was a science which was founded on scripture; reason together with natural studies was the only way one could understand God. One of the most authoritative works by Aquinas is Summa Theologica, in which he gives his ideas on God, Jesus and ethics. On God, he puts forward the argument that God has no body, shape or soul, and is one within himself (Doniger 20). He goes on to say that love is what truly links the perfect and rational nature of God to the world. He concludes that God exists in his essence and mankind does not know God because we do not know his essence. On ethics, he argues that sin is original and is neither perpetuated by God nor the devil, rather sin is driven by the will of man (Christian 29). Aquinas believes that Jesus was of rational thought bearing a body and soul, yet still divine. This made Jesus unique because he simultaneously had a human and divine nature in one body. The life and suffering of Jesus according to Aquinas had two significant implications. First was to provide a form of example to human beings on the right way to live and the second is that the death of Jesus was to provide satisfaction to mankind who had been condemned to death because of their sinful nature. Aquinas therefore uses the scripture to support some of his ideas like the ideas of the incarnation of Jesus (Goring 39). He however deviates from scripture when arguing about God, asserting the views that God is simple and without a soul. This can be easily interpreted to mean that he refutes the scriptural claims that God is a living spirit. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469—1527) Machiavelli was a political philosopher who sharply contradicted the church doctrine in terms of powers wielded by rulers. The church believed that an acceptable ruler was one who had high moral values and carried himself in a virtuous manner. In The Prince, Machiavelli argues that as long as one has authority, they have power to command regardless of their moral values (Christian 16). He goes on to argue that being good does not mean that one will have power in any way hence goodness does not pave way for authority. Power then is a political activity whose proper application wil
Introduction The Future is a song that Cohen released in 1992; the album went by the same title. In this song, Cohen employs both consecrated and profane imagery to address the issue of apocalypse and the salvation thereafter. Cohen addresses apocalypse from both Judeo-Christian and Buddhist point of view as he mentions the Nirvana construct in the song. The song opens by expressing suffering and isolation that would mark the end of the world. He goes on to address the evil nature of humanity that probably justifies why people will suffer at the end. The insinuation given here is that human beings posses a “hole”: that is, emptiness that they seek to fill and as result turn to wickedness like rape. Cohen then goes further to describe how it will be during the time of the end and he posits that order and meaning will vanish as, “Things are going to slide in all directions” (Cohen stanza II). Cohen then goes further to evaluate judgment from both a Christian and a Buddhist point of view. However, regardless of the perspective that Cohen views apocalypse, he keeps on repeating that, “I’ve seen the future baby, it is murder” (Cohen stanza I). People will not die, but the suffering that they will go through is tantamount to murder. During the apocalypse, God will show up, judge all sinners, and save all those who are faithful to him. Apocalypse is inevitable. Similar ideas are expressed in TV drama “24” devoted to social security issues and prevention of terror attacks. Critical Evaluation As aforementioned, the song opens with identifying suffering and isolation that people will experience during apocalypse. By saying, “Give me back my broken night…its lonely here there’s no one left to torture, Give me absolute control” (Cohen stanza I), Cohen implies that he is in a place where there is no day but continuous night. Moreover, there is nobody to torture; loneliness dominates here and that is why the writer is asking for restoration of “absolute control’. These events can only happen at the end when everyone will account for his or her own actions. The second stanza expounds on how people will crave their evil deeds. “Give me crack and anal sex; Give me back the Berlin wall give me Stalin and Saint Paul” (Cohen stanza II). Anal sex is evil and that is what the writer is demanding back. He also demands three elements here; Berlin wall stands for tyranny, Stalin stands for destruction and Saint Paul stands for salvation. The significance of these elements shows how people in the present world have the freewill to choose between good and evil. This tyranny is similar to what happens in the TV drama “24” where terrorism has to be addressed. In season 6, terrorists plan to attack the U.S and this tyranny. Final judgment will be based on these choices. In the next stanza, Cohen gives a real picture of how apocalypse will be. “Things are going to slide in all directions; the blizzard of the world has crossed the threshold and it has overturned the order of the soul” (Cohen stanza III). During apocalypse, there will be no order and as Cohen says, things will fly in all directions. The wo
Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the ability to have compassion, sympathy, and emotional participation for members who are involved in an organization. Company executives or leaders who apply this ability are more resilient to risk management crises, as they are more competent and flexible in decision-making processes. This practical aptitude can avoid general quandaries among company employees regarding internal negative sentiments, participants’ lack of motivation, and hazardous staff behavioral shifts. It is proved that EI is an indispensable part of risk management policy, as it is a complicated part of a leadership phenomenon liable for a vigilant and conscientious approach to a company team. A behavioral model of EI might help detect a person’s ability to control and manage negative emotions in unpredicted and stressful situations that acquire in an organizational process daily. Unprecedented leadership implies having a stress tolerance, ability to indicate a successful and beneficial rapport with company members and their internal involvements. EI can be characterized as a high sensitivity every leader might possess towards company participants to avoid escalating issues within team workers and stimulate the general positive employees’ outlooks for the prosperous company future. EI is closely connected with leadership, as it encompasses a diversity of human makings and traits of character. A qualified leader sets a role model for their colleagues to follow. Stress resilience, tolerance, and the ability to anticipate and envision company members’ emotional condition and stability are paramount and fundamental insignia of a credible leader. The ability to influence and lead other people means to predict their behavioral patterns by setting contact between a leader and their subordinates. Having EI is a prerequisite for successful company executive leadership as a guarantee for stable and abundant company development.
Stem cell research is a subject that has generally been absent from the current public and political debates, pushed to the backburner by issues such as the economy, the Iraq War, healthcare, and immigration. However, within the past few years, the ethical considerations of using embryonic stem cells for scientific research often made headlines, with both the advocates and opponents making emotional appeals in support of their position. The issue is sure to again be in the spotlight. Many aspects surround the use of embryos, whether or not to use them at all, and if so, to what degree. If most politicians decide that it is ethical as they likely eventually will, the majority evidently agree that abortion is ethical, then where will the limits be drawn. Will the research findings be used to treat ailments such as spinal cord injuries and Parkinson’s Disease? Or will this be a Pandora’s Box that, when opened, can never be closed? Where will this new technology lead? Are super or designer babies on the near horizon? Will science become able to make spare human parts that are superior to the original? These and other unforeseen future scenarios present daunting questions that do not have clear answers. Therefore, they should be seriously considered now as they will need to be answered sooner than we think. This discussion defines stem cell research and briefly outlines potential benefits and the ethical concerns official stance of varying religious Stem cells are basically the building block cells of a human being capable of becoming 210 different types of tissue. “Stem cells have traditionally been defined as not fully differentiated yet to be any particular type of cell or tissue” (Irving, 1999). Adult stem cells are found in minute numbers within most tissues, but the majority of stem cells can be obtained from the umbilical cord. A more precise term is “somatic stem cells” (Sullivan, 2004). There are numerous potential sources for stem cells. Embryonic stem cells originate from the inner cell of an early-stage embryo. Embryonic germ cells can be collected from fetal tissue at a later stage of development. Adult stem cells can be obtained from mature tissues. “Even after complete maturation of an organism, cells need to be replaced. A good example (of adult stem cells) is blood, but this is true for muscle and other connective tissue as well and may be true for at least some nervous system cells” (Chapman et al., 1999). The three main objectives given for pursuing stem cell research are obtaining vital scientific information about embryonic development, curing incapacitating ailments such as Parkinson
Introduction Critical illness can pose huge financial and medical burdens on individuals and their family. Each household needs critical illness insurance for its members, life insurance for the breadwinner, property insurance and disability insurance. According to the latest released statistics from the heart and stroke foundation 70,000 Canadians suffers heart attack annually while 50,000 suffers stroke. Apart from being the most expensive disease to treat, Cardiovascular emerged to be the leading cause of death in this country. It was also established that heart disease accounts for a larger inpatient hospitalization that stands at 18 percent for both male and female. At the same time nearly half of the survivors suffers heart related ailments as well as high instances of repeat heart attack. In the modern world people are living longer but get sick more often than before with a shortened lifetime. It is no doubt that a serious ailment can change your life forever. Recovered individuals need a lot of insurance funds to start a new life. Critical Illness Insurance in Canada helps you cope with such changes by ensuring that your family is protected from the effects of such illness. It provides financial resources that assist you in facing the new challenges. Its operation Critical Illness insurance is a pretty new form of insurance in Canada and pays you a benefit (in form of compensation) if you are stricken by a critical illness such as cancer or heart attack. Contrary with Life Insurance, the benefit is paid directly to you instead of to the beneficiary. You can later use this benefit in paying for treatment, paying off your mortgage, replacing your lost income, paying for your children education as well as covering other family monetary needs. There are a number of life insurance companies in Canada that offers critical illness coverage. These companies compete with each other in a bid to offer their customers with good protection. They include:   * AIG Life of Canada with the Living Benefit being 10, 75, 65, 100, Plus, Critical Care Assist Benefit   * Manulife Financial Living Benefit 10, 75, 100   * Standard Life Living Benefit 10, 75, 100   * Equitable Life Living Benefit 10, 75, 100   * Canada Life Living Benefit 10, 75, 65, 100   * RBC Insurance Living Benefit 10, 75, 100 Critical Illness insurance has been the fastest growing sector of the Canadian insurance market. This has been occasioned by the increased rate of life-threatening illnesses such as heart attack, cancer and stroke. Canadians are therefore protecting their families and finances by purchasing critical illness insurance. Insured