ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The entire world is moving away from cumbersome, slow, and physically-restricted paper-based patient records to integrated systems of communication between the patient, the insurer, and the provider. Digitalization of healthcare in the US has been going on for over a decade and has achieved great gains in making sure electronic records are maintained and readily available throughout the existing hospitals and centers (Tenney & Sieber, 2016). At the same time, the patient-service connection has been lagging behind. In order to find the necessary information on their treatments, available choices, hospitals, doctors, and benefits, a patient has to access over a dozen different sites, which are not easily found or navigated through. As a result, the levels of communication between customers, providers, and insurers remain low. However, some services seek to offer a unified platform to do so and improve the transparency, speed, and understanding of such for all parties (Tenney & Sieber, 2016). This paper will review two telehealth initiatives by Nanthealth, called Eviti and NaviNet. What is Nanthealth Eviti? Nanthealth Eviti is a digital product meant to connect patients and healthcare providers in order to treat cancer effectively (“Nanthealth Eviti,” n.d.). Cancer is one of the most dangerous diseases on the planet, curing which requires significant research, resources, and expertise in order to succeed. Eviti seeks to remove some of the barriers between the two parties, by offering a large evidence-based library that could be used to guide treatment options and decision-making (“Nanthealth Eviti,” n.d.). The program makes it possible for patients and clinicians alike to review their treatment plan, access reimbursement options, and understand how the money is spent, how much could be reclaimed, and how long will it take. All of the necessary information about the patients as well as providers can be accessed through the system (“Nanthealth Eviti,” n.d.). Therefore, Eviti is not only a useful treatment instrument but a way for doctors, patients, and insurers to communicate without expending too much energy or resources, as most of what is needed can already be accessed here. Eviti is comprised of two functional assets, which are titled Eviti Advisor and Eviti Connect. Eviti Advisor is largely a clinician tool, which allows reviewing the patient’s data and utilizing an evidence-based approach to come up with solutions to various problems (“Nanthealth Eviti,” n.d.). Many doctors do not have the access to various libraries and articles at their fingertips, forcing them to implement same-old approaches without varying their options based on the evidence, guidelines, and discoveries. Eviti Advisor allows the doctor to effectively broaden their horizons and shape treatment in accordance with their professional acumen and the patient’s desires. Eviti Connect, on the other hand, offers the patient a clear view of prices, benefits, time, and necessity of the available treatment plans, allowing for budget planning and participation in treatment (“Nanthealth Eviti,” n.d.
The field of sleep and sleep disorders has been an integral part of psychological investigations: a number of scientists find it necessary to contribute sleep education and offer the ideas which help people improve their sleep. In this paper, the article by Meltzer, Phillips, and Mindell about clinical psychology and sleep disorder will be taken into consideration to understand the importance of empirical research and theoretical aspects of the chosen issue. It is a well-known fact that people spend about 1/3 of their lives sleeping (Meltzer, Phillips, & Mindell, 2009), and if some problems take place while a person sleeps, more problems may appear when a person is awake. This is why it seems to be rational and crucially important to investigate the field of sleep. With the help of several educative articles, it is clarified that sleep is a very important natural state during which human consciousness is reduced considerably that promotes improvement of immune, nervous, and other systems in the human body; and if some disorders are observed, people have to take the necessary treatment and gain control over their possibilities and demand. Ryan (2011) admits that it is natural that almost all people in the world may have some difficulties with sleep; and this condition is also known as insomnia. The investigations of MacDonald, Linton, and Jansson-Frojmark (2010) clear up the fact that human pain and poor sleep are related, but still, it is not the only reason of why people may sleep badly. The reasons of insomnia vary considerably, and much depends on person’s style of life, emotions, living conditions, etc. Due to the fact that reasons of sleep disorders are hard to identify and investigate (Meltzer, Phillips, & Mindell, 2009), some scientists try to conduct empirical research to rely on their personal experience and observations to introduce a clear picture of sleep and its problems. Alfano et al. (2009) make an attempt to observe sleep problems among youth who is anxiety-disordered, and the results are rather helpful: anxiety-disordered youth may have sleep problems because of cultural norms or even some developmental changes, this is why it is useless to define a true nature of insomnia but try to focus on the severity of the problem and the necessity of treatment. The ideas of Reid, Hong, and Wade (2009) make the field of children sleep clearer as they define emotional and behavioral problems as the main reason for insomnia. The point is that it is rather problematic to treat children under the age of 2 to 3 as they can hardly express their thoughts and help professionals diagnose accordingly, this is why risk factors should be better used to identify true reasons of sleep disorders. Each stage of life as well as each stage of sleep has its own peculiarities, and the main task of the scientists is to predict the factors which influence the quality of sleep (Meltzer, Phil
Response to Scenario 1 In the first situation, an employee comes to work late, and the supervisor reminds them that it was the fifth time this situation has happened and expresses disappointment. The worker’s reaction is to point out that other colleagues break the same guidelines, but never receive criticism. According to Transactional Analysis, the supervisor is playing a parent role while the employee exhibits a child’s behavior (Dr. Paras, 2018). The former state typically shows authority and emphasizes the rules, which is illustrated in the manager’s decision to remand the worker about him not following the guidelines. The child role is normally emotional and selfish, demonstrated in the current scenario through the employee’s desire to be the offended victim of the circumstances. The worker’s behavior is not rational and dictated by subjectively unfair treatment by the manager without taking any responsibility for being late. The focus of the employee’s response is on the feeling of tiredness. Neither the supervisor nor the worker wants to listen to each other and resolve the problem. Instead, they choose to state their points of view as the only correct ones, which is likely to lead to further conflict development. Response to Scenario 2 In the second situation, a supervisor provides an employee with a constructive review of their performance. The worker responds with thankfulness and asks for advice to improve their results in the future. Based on the Transactional Analysis, both people play adult roles (Dr. Paras, 2018). The supervisor chose to write about the successes of the employee as well as the areas of their performance which can become more productive. The overall goal of the evaluation is to make the work as effective as it can be. The employee, in their turn, receives the praise and criticism without personal or emotional judgment and asks how the results can become better next time. Both people choose not to use the emotional child state or the authoritative adult one. The rational behavior on the two sides leads to the complementary transaction and constructive discussion, which works well in the professional business sphere. Response to Scenario 3 The third situation describes a leadership development coach asking the company employees to write about the blind spot of their supervisor and later reads the answers to everyone present. This causes a conflict situation and hurts the feelings of the participants of the training. Following the Johari Window model, the coach moved the supervisor’s blind spot characteristics into the arena, or, known to others, window (Commu
Renaissance which is also referred as the rebirth is the period that started in the 14 th century and ended up in the 17 th century. The period was marked by increased interests and development in Art, literature, politics, science, religion and music. The period was characterized by surge of interest in classical learning and values. Renaissance is usually taken as the bridge that linked the medieval era and the modern civilization. Although Renaissance resulted to great changes in many intellectual undertakings such as political and social upheaval, it is mostly remembered for its great contributions in art and music. This period is marked with discovery of new continents, great growth in commerce and invention and applications of innovations such as paper printing, gunpowder and use of marine compass. The era is regarded as a period of revival of classical learning after a long time span of cultural stagnation and decline (Brotton, 2006). The rebirth of Renaissance is believed to have started in Italy as early as in the 14 th century. The resurrection of Renaissance in Italy is believed to have been influenced by a number of factors among them a favorable language. During this period, Latin language was considered as the language of scholars. Due tom its complexity, it was not a common language to many people by then and thus not very appropriate language for the learning process. Many people required a simpler language to understand higher knowledge that was associated with the Renaissance. This resulted to the growth of national vernacular language all over Europe that greatly facilitated the spread of the ideology of the new scholars. Italy was the first nation to produce great writers in the Renaissance period. England on the other hand developed Standard English that was highly influential during the Renaissance in the learning process. Germany also took the opportunity to translate the bible into Germany language which greatly helped many Germans to read and understand the bible better (Guisepi, n.d). The great scientific growth and development during this period boosted the Renaissance period greatly. The interactions of Christians and Arabs as they traded helped the Christians learn mathematics, chemistry and experimental science from the Arabs who were more knowledgeable in these concepts. The new knowledge they received from Arabs enabled them to become more critical with issues. Equipped with the scientific knowledge, people started to accept and apply only what seemed logical to them. Thus, this learning transformed the views of many peopl
“Skinny boy: A young man’s battle and triumph over Anorexia” is an autobiographical book by Gary A. Grahl, which depicts the struggles of an athletic and popular young man over the internal doubt and perception of his weight in the eyes of himself and others. Grahl suffered from anorexia in his youth, and the book is a memoir-like account of the event, serving to open the door to the psychology of the disease in the male populace – a vulnerable population subgroup that is frequently ignored in scientific accounts (Murray et al., 2017). The author’s account of his suffering is very personal and disturbing, seeking to awake the world to a problem millions of men around the world suffer every day. The book is split into three parts, the first one describing the family dynamics and the underlying motivations behind Gary’s efforts to become thinner, the second part is his attendance the Unit 13 while trying to hide one’s illness from doctors to get out quicker, and the final parts dedicated to his overcoming of the inner voice through patience and unconditional love and acceptance received from the nurses and doctors (Grahl, 2007). The book starts with the disease already being inside of the young boy’s mind, constantly berating him, demanding more exercise, and less eating. His anorexia is demonstrated through the skewered perceptions of one’s own body – at 5’8”, Gary weighs around 110 pounds, which is 40 pounds below the normal BMI for an individual of his height and age (Grahl, 2007). In his mind, the loss of weight is somehow connected to pleasing his parents, which is perceived as a duty. During the hospital visits, the struggles between Gary and the inner voice of anorexia become more prominent. The voice seeks to undermine his efforts and cast the doctors in a bad light by commenting on their perceived slights. It seeks to portray others as insane, with Gary being the only same person around. Initially, it succeeds, driving the boy deeper into his anxiety, resulting in his hospitalization. The boy seeks to stealthily undermine the progress made by the doctors by performing stealth exercises, acting cooperatively when observed, and staying quiet during group therapy sessions (Grahl, 2007). The real breakthrough occurs only when Gary regains his voice, which is done through the support of parents, nurses, and other members of his therapy group. He begins to question the twisted logic of the voice inside of his head, contradict it, and dedicate more time to living his life i
Introduction Consumer goods come in various brands and forms. ‘Product differentiation’ is when different brands of a given product exist in a market. Product differentiation is a source of market power for firms operating in a particular industry, as it facilitates the competitive pricing of perfect substitutes. In vertical differentiation, product quality ordering and attributes drive consumer demand. Under vertical differentiation models, companies determine the qualities and prices of their products (Burdett & Judd 1993). In the UK supermarket sector, firms offer products with different qualities to consumers. Therefore, consumers prefer to shop at a particular store because it offers high-quality products. This phenomenon can be explained using a vertical differentiation model. According to Lewis (2008), “in vertical differentiation, consumers rank products/brands based on their quality” (p. 656). This paper applies the vertical differentiation model on the prices of consumer products (groceries) sold by the ‘Big Four’ supermarkets in the UK, which comprise of Tesco, ASDA, Sainsbury’s, and Morrisons. Moreover, product specifications the firms use to enhance the quality and increase market share will be analyzed. Real-World Market Analysis The Tesco Price Check compares prices of the major stores in this industry. Based on the data generated by this price comparison tool, the consumers’ purchase trends during a shopping trip can be determined. The Competition Commission (2000) writes that about 75% of consumers do not care much about the prices of individual products as they do with the total basket price. In this regard, the vertical differentiation model in this paper will focus on the price of the total basket rather than that of individual products. The retailers must store the products contained in the shopping basket. The price differences among the basket products indicate vertical product differentiation. The shopping basket constructed includes food products, which are priced differently by the stores. The Competition Commission (2000) establishes that “64% of shoppers spend less than $50 on their weekly shopping at supermarkets” (p. 6). Based on this finding, the basket size can be taken to be $50. However, this would result in several possible combinations of products in the shopping basket. The mySupermaket.co.uk website compares the prices of 24 products commonly purchased by shoppers. These products are popular items and supermarket brands like minced meat, rice, and dairy products, among others. Supermarkets employ different pricing strategies to increase the sales of these products. An overview of five items included in the basket is given in the table below. Item                                   Standard Price  Minimum Price  Maximum price Thick sliced white loaf 800g           0.73 (0.01)     0.72           0.75          Bananas loose
Introduction Early childhood education is a field of study that has been growing in research and practice and focuses on all the experiences that define the early life of an individual. From the anxiety children go through after separation to the initial development of literacy, early childhood teachers take into consideration the physical and emotional changes that occur in children. They are therefore expected to work in close association with the parents of the children. This paper focuses on the factors that should be considered when designing the curriculum for early childhood education. Age Group Age bracket is an important factor to consider in early childhood education since the focus is on young children. Most of the children in early childhood education classes are between three and four years. This implies that early childhood education teachers play a great role in assisting the learners to develop cognitive and other developmental skills at a young age. As a result, total commitment from the teachers is required in order to ensure that the young children develop the required skills. Jean Piaget Cognitive Development There are different theories that explain the mental development of children as they grow up. One of the most famous theories of child development is the cognitive development theory by Jean Piaget. The theory explains how individuals think, perceive and understand the world they live in. This happens through their interaction with learnt or genetic factors. Cognitive development theory is comprised of areas such as reasoning, development of language, intelligence and memory. Researchers continue to carry out studies in various ways to establish children’s cognitive development. The oldest method of conducting the studies is intelligence tests such as the intelligence quotient test. The IQ test involves a scoring system which is based on mental age where scores obtained by children whose intelligence is average reflect their age. On the other hand, the performance exhibited by talented children is matched with that of children who are older while scores of slow learners are equated with young children’s scores. Although IQ tests are common, they are criticized since they present a narrow definition of intelligence and lack fairness with regard to gender (Oakley, 2004). Jean Piaget’s theory is a comprehensive one that explains cognitive development. He came up with the theory after observing children in a natural set up for a long period of time. The theory argues that cognitive development progresses in four distinct stages that follow each other, and are marked by complex and abstract thought levels. The stages follow a definite order, with each stage expanding the knowledge acquired in the previous one. The first stage is referred to as sensorimotor or infancy stage where children demonstrate intelligence by means of motor activity. At this stage, there is little knowledge of the world but children continually acquire it since the acquisition occurs through interact
Introduction Mad cow disease also referred to as ‘Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy’ (BSE) is a neurological-system illness generally associated to cattle; though it can also be passed on to humans; a case under which it is referred to as ‘Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease’ (CJD). The instance of this disease is associated to the presence of abnormal proteins commonly referred to as ‘prions’ within the spine, brain, blood or the small intestine. From research it has also been argued that prions can be caused by the changing effect of some kind of virus on ordinary proteins. Some of the causes of this disease include the consumption of infected food products especially those made from other infected animals (Marqulies, 2003) (Yam, 2003). Main body With regard to the symptoms of the disease, it should be noted that this disease is not observable after contraction up to and until 2 to 8 years has elapsed both among humans and animals. Some of the symptoms include the difficulty in walking, standing and general muscle coordination. Other symptoms include a sudden change of the animal’s attitude and behavior; an acute reduction in milk production as well as a sudden loss of weight. Among humans the symptoms include anxiety, depression and insomnia; which may show through the person looking confused and withdrawn, a show of an acute attitude and behavioral change as well as highly felt muscle spasms. Other symptoms of the disease associated to the advanced stages of the disease include the loss of memory and vision as well as experiencing a tingling effect on the body especially around the feet, hands and the face. As the disease advances the patient may go through deteriorated physical ad mental capabilities which later advance into a coma after which the victim can die anytime after six months after the inception of the symptoms (Gatrell, 2001). The case under study is that of the Great Britain dated back to the year 1986 believed to have resulted from a scrapie agent believed to have been present in sheep in this country for the previous 200 years. In addition, it can also be argued that when cows began to die in Britain the leftover parts of the slaughtered cows were injected into the protein increment feeds administered to cattle. Further, it should also be noted that by the year 1993 approximately one thousands occurrences of BSE had been reported in Britain. On the other hand 160,000 contaminated cows had been recognized, of which approximately 50% were for dairy purposes. Further, by the year 1990 people were not aware of the risks of CJD; since even the government seemed ignorant about the issue. Further, it was not until the year 1996 when ten people were reported to have died from CJD, that the government took action on how to control and prevent it within U.K. as well as the rest of Europe (Hope, 2004) (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Fact Sheet, 2010). In this case, many people within Europe and the rest of the world avoided traveling to thi