ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In writing a story, the author usually has an underlying reason as to why he laid out the story in a particular way. In most cases, however, it is left to the a reader to point out why the story was written the way it was. The story of Beowulf, to a great extent, focuses on the history of the main character as a hero as opposed to a king. Depending on the reader’s understanding, a number of reasons could be linked to the author’s decision. When going through the poem, what immediately stands out is that as much Beowulf had been born a prince, it was his courage and adventures that made him the man he became. And the deduction that leads to this conclusion is simply because one can be born in a royalty or even get anointed into it, but as long as his life is spent within the confines of the castle, his story becomes pointless to tell. From the beginning of the story, where Beowulf travels to Denmark to help in dealing with the monstrous evil that is Grendel and his (Grendel’s) mother, one can tell that he is destined for greatness, and his path sets ground for a story that can be retold for generations. It even makes it interesting to read his preparation for the battles, as illustrated by the example below: Beowulf got ready, donned his war-gear, indifferent to death; his mighty, hand-forged, fine-webbed mail would soon meet with the menace underwater. It would keep the bone-cage of his body safe, [His helmet] was of beaten gold, princely headgear hooped and hasped by a weapon-smith who had worked wonders (Williamson and Shippey 12 ). Another school of thought can point to the fact that the story of Beowulf came out the way it did, purely by default. This is because Beowulf spent a lot of his noticeable public time dealing with monsters and dragons, amongst other dangers, than he spent on administrative chores. This, in effect, makes the story of his life easy to tell by analyzing his landmark victories as opposed to how great he was at drafting his country’s policies, if he did. On his return to his kingdom, Beowulf again finds himself tackling a vicious dragon. With the assistance of
Introduction The currently available valuation methods of Intellectual Property (IP) can be grouped into three categories, which are the market approach, the cost approach and the income approach. All three are commonly used, although the income approach can be considered as the most fundamental of the valuation methods. Income Method The income method category of valuing IP, also known as discounted cash flow, excess price, residual income, and relief of royalty, can be defined as “the ability of the asset to somehow generate future income” (Flignor & Orozco, 2006). Such category has three main components, which are projected cash flows, the economic life of the IP, and the discount rate (Flignor & Orozco, 2006). This category can be differentiated into several methods, listed as follows:   * Quantifying incremental levels of economic income, i.e. the owner will remain the owner of the property.   * Quantifying lower levels of economic cost, i.e. the same as the previous one, although avoiding required investments, or operating expenses.   * Estimation of relief of a hypothetical royalty or rental payment.   * Estimation of the difference in the value of the overall business, between the value of the business owning the IP and not owning the IP. (Financial Consulting Group, 2000a) Additionally, it can be stated that such category of methods is subjective, in which “particular care [is] required to assess all the business and financial dynamics that impact the expected incremental cash flows” (Flignor & Orozco, 2006). Market Method The general characteristic of the market approach is its comparative nature, in which such approach can be defined as using “marketplace sales or licensing transactions in identifying comparable royalty rates and prices” (Anson, Suchy, Ahya, & American Bar Association. Section of Intellectual Property Law., 2005, p. 66). In that regard, the market approach is sometimes called sales comparison. In comparing the values, the true value is the value that another party would pay to obtain or rent the IP in the real world (Anson, et al., 2005). The process of applying the market method can be ordered as follows (Financial Consulting Group, 2000b):   * Researching corresponding markets for information.   * Verifying the obtained data for accuracy and market conditions.   * Selection of relevant units of comparison, and developing a comparative valuation analysis for each unit.   * Comparing the researched IP sales with the subject IP using the elements of the comparison, adjusting the researched property to the subject property.   * Combine value indications into a single value indication or range of values. Cost Valuation Method The cost approach can be divided into two different styles in valuing IP, i.e. Historical cost basis, and the replacement or reproduction cost (Anson, et al., 2005, p. 33). The historical cost basis values the asset at its historical cost and depreciates it based on a reasonable life estimate (Anson, et al., 2005, p. 33). The replacement cost, on t
Executive Summary The airlines industry is experiencing far-reaching consolidation. The consolidation is necessitated by competition in the volatile industry. However, the aim of establishing airline businesses is profit. The events in the airlines industry force companies to enter into mergers to gain dominant market share and have competitive edge through synergy. The US Airways and America Airlines are such companies that have entered into merger negotiations to establish one company called the American Airlines. This paper explores the events that led to the need for the merger (situation analysis), the market strategies the companies are employing and the recommendations that the resultant company should implement as a strategic plan to ensure the profitability and survival of the company. Introduction Domestic airlines in the US have been struggling financially for years. The global financial recession significantly affected the companies leading to the alternative methods of ensuring the survival and profitability of the business ventures. One of the strategies typically employed by companies is mergers. Mergers ensure that the participating companies build capacity to serve customers with increased assets and convergence of corporate strategies intended to increase profitability. Customers’ choice of flights is limited in most routes leading to increased profitability of the resultant company. One such merger involved the America Airlines and the US Airways to form American Airlines (Fried 46). Situation Analysis The airline industry is often faced by challenges in operations for profitability, market share and competitive advantage. The emergence of many local airline companies as a result of the few limitations of entry entices investors to enter the profitable and rapidly growing industry. The talk of the merger between the America Airlines and the US Airways began in 2011. The America founding company called AMR Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy security. The company consequently ran into trouble with employees and unions. The long and often difficult processes of pairing down the company’s high cost structure and renegotiating fresh labor deals with unions proved challenging for the company. Upon learning the difficulties the America Airlines was facing, the US Airways Chief Executive Officer and chairperson Doug Parker initiated the merger talks with the America Airlines (Walker 25). To Parker, entering into such a high profile deal would make sense. In fact, it would present the companies with the opportunity to develop an airline of equal measure and competitiveness to rival the mega-carriers mergers of North West Airlines/Delta Airlines and Continental Airlines/United Airlines. On the contrary, the America Airlines’ CEO and chairperson Tom Horton maintained the talks as almost improbable. During the announcement of the merger, the CEO revealed that he initially opted to stay out of the talks after it became apparent that America Airlines required unde
Abstract Social media has become a part of the daily patterns of most individuals, forming a link between their online and offline experiences. This has made it the most common tool for communication and interaction among both individuals and businesses. Social media has been used in various ways in the Arab region. For instance, social media has also been used to elicit change in Yemen, Jordan and Morocco. The protestors in these countries have made note of the significance of social media in addressing their issues that concern corruption and other disparities that oppress most of the population. Besides rallying people around social causes and political campaigns, social media in the Arab region has also been used to enhance citizen journalism and civic participation (Turkle, 2011). This paper looks at the role of social media in the UAE, and its impact on the youth. In order to achieve this, this paper looks at various social media that are used by the youth in the UAE, what he youth see as the main benefits of social media, level of trust in social media, and the limitations that they face with regard to social media. Introduction Social networking has become the easiest way for individuals to communicate, whether they live in the same country, or across the world from each other. Social networking refers to the “network of social interactions and personal relationships” that consists of devoted websites or applications, which permit users to communicate with each other through posting messages, pictures, and sharing comments, among others (Oxford Dictionaries, 2010). The drastic impact that various social networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace have on people’s lives, and the way they communicate with one another, has made this topic relatively crucial. People who are often addicted to such networks get fairly attached to it, causing them to communicate less with their families and replace the need for face-to-face interaction with their friends. This paper examines the effect of social media on the youth of the United Arab Emirates. Literature Review Studies show that the media is used for three primary reasons. First, it is used to bring meaning of the social world. Second, it informs people on how to act within a society. And third, it promotes pleasure and entertainment (Lenhardt & Madden, 2011). Based on these three elements that motivate media, it is apparent that various individuals are impacted in different ways by the media. The audience has varied degree of reliance on the media based on their relationship with both the society, and the media. Studies show that the reliance of an audience on particular media gives that media a certain degree of authority over that audience. This theory is useful in the explanation of the impact of media during crisis, and will also be useful in the analysis of the impact of social media on the youth of the UAE (Boyd, 2007). According to Al-Jenaibi (2011), social media has also been useful in developing forums for debate and interaction between governments and the communities, as well as, to enhance innovation and collaboration
Introduction Warehousing refers to the physical functions and administration of a business enterprise that is primarily concerned with the storage of commodities. Apart from supporting storage functions, warehouses normally serve as points of distribution for the business enterprise (Bunch 2007). As such, it is imperative for the physical outlook of the warehouse to put into consideration the key factors that make it an effective distribution center. There are various operations that must be put into consideration during the practical design of a warehouse and a distribution center in order to foster effective storage and distribution. The physical arrangement is also vital in determining the relationship between warehouse operations and the movement of goods and people within the warehouse supporting supermarkets. As a result, it is essential that warehouses that serve as distribution centers implement an effective design that meets all the requirements posed by storage and distribution. The need to have an effective warehouse that serves as a distribution center imposes significant challenges during the physical arrangement of the warehouse
A book You Can Negotiate Anything by Herb Cohen provides reader simple and useful advice for achieving the advantage in everyday accidental meetings. It helps to succeed in family relationships as well as in the international dealings. It presents unique winning approaches and teaches how to negotiate with partners, chiefs, bankers, and companions. The book impressed me very much. It reveals a lot of approaches in negotiating science. It makes me believe that negotiating is an integral part of life especially in modern times. According to Herb Cohen in his book, You Can Negotiate Anything, the actual starting point of a negotiation always precedes the face-to-face discussion by weeks or even months: a negotiation is not an event, it’s a process – a process of gathering and using information to your advantage (Legette, 106). The very first moment I would like to highlight is that the book is built on the concept “Customers are critical”. This very statement is considered to be one of the central statements of our class. There is no doubt that the book is written on the customer’s behalf. Although we can interpret it to be written from the standpoint of vender. Some people working in the trade sphere might debate that some parts of the book do not correspond to the ethic and content of their business. In other words, they hoist one’s flag to the competitor. However, the main question (in my opinion) that needs to be properly settled is the attitude by means of which the writer is expressing his point of view. The primary message in You Can Negotiate Anything is to show how to refine the negotiator’s need and to choose the appropriate approach for its implementation. It also offers clever practical advices of effective behavior leading to successful end of any bargaining process. The author clearly explains how to handle different key factors such as the levels of time, informational volume and strength in order to construct an advantage in business negotiations. While reading a book, my eye fell suddenly upon a very important concept concluded in a phrase “everyone must win”. This statement seems to be the nature of business. The book revealed the opportunity for the achieving of this concept in quite an easy way. My previous understanding of business world was not correct in some ways. The book helped me to understand that the process of winning money in business sphere can be successful not only in a case if someone has losses. The law of things equilibrium in life does not work here as in any other sphere. I came to conclusion that money is not always the aim to achieve. There is a lot of things except money that people exert for. There is another one important fact to be useful to take into account while negotiations: Power, Time, and Information. The combination of those three factors helps extremely in problem solving process. It should be born in mind that everybody has their own unique needs. The author of the book highlights that when the needs of one party are faced with the needs of another party, the sell
Organizational Communication and Successful Leadership A strategic vision of an employee is the main funder of the accomplishments of a company. Proper communication and leadership are the two elements that inspire the employees’ creativity so that they can work efficiently to comprehend the administrative objectives (Mumby 192). A combination of the workers’ efforts and management’s best leadership practices that line up with the vision would produce an encouraging effect. Developed managerial leadership assets not only amplify the team’s performance but as well prepare leaders to cope with the stresses of corporate performance. Developing a vision is the initial footstep toward forming a better crew, tougher personnel, and tactical thinkers. This critical step stimulates the changes within the leader and an even greater impact on the team they lead (Iszatt-White and Saunders 121). Charismatic Versus Narcissistic Leadership The vision of the company can be communicated by both charismatic and narcissistic leaders. They both can generate a sense of presence and engagement as they do this through their arguments and actions. The crucial difference is in the fact that the narcissistic leaders are primarily focused on themselves, while the charismatic leaders focus on their team, considering it to be superior. Utmost charismatic leaders motivate through the public display of pro-group behavior (Avolio and Yammarino 149). Most narcissistic leaders stimulate through distress or market economics (the employees are only rewarded in the case when they accomplish the task).
Introduction The UK has probably had more influence in giving the desired shape to the European Commission anti-discrimination legislation (Bernard). There have been several legislator measures and judicial pronouncements primarily in the six main strands of discrimination legislation. These strands cover sex, race, disability, sexual orientation, religion and age. The growing number of issues in these areas has given rise to an unremitting flow of litigation and judicial pronouncement. The volume of such litigation and judicial pronouncements might likely grow further when the other intended equality legislation covering flexible working, part-time worker, and fixed-term employee regulations are made a reality. This paper examines the main developments in the areas of age, religion and sexual orientation where there have been particularly significant developments in the last decades based on certain decided cases. Law on Age discrimination Overview During the time when the Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 came into force, a significant number of tribunal claims were pending disposition with few of them yet to reach the forum of Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT). The Age Regulations provide apparent scope to the employers to defend their discriminatory conduct because of the presence of some controversial and uncertain elements in the Regulations. More specifically the Age Regulations provide for an objective justification defense for both direct and indirect discrimination by the employers. They also provide for several more specific exemptions from the prohibition on discrimination, the important one providing for the retirement of employees of 65 or over. There have been a number of court decisions, which are concerned with the defense of objective justification applied in the context of both indirect and direct discrimination. Apart from the court decisions there is a current legal challenge mounted by Heyday, an organization linked to Age Concern, which contends the validity of the retirement exemption, which is worth noting. Key ideas on Age-related Discrimination There are specific provisions in the Age Regulations that prohibit discrimination on the grounds of the age of a person who is an employee. However, an employer can defend his position against direct discrimination as well as indirect discrimination under the Age Regulations, if he can prove that he adopted the action of retiring the employee to achieve a legitimate aim in his business and that actio
Phishing is a type of Internet fraud, the purpose of which is to gain access to confidential user data, such as logins and passwords. This type of fraudulent action is achieved by conducting mass mailings of emails on behalf of popular brands. The process also includes private messages within various services, for example, on behalf of banks or within social networks. The letter often contains a direct link to a site that is indistinguishable from the present or to a website with a redirect. After a user lands on a fake page, scammers try to induce the user to enter their login and password on a fake page with various psychological tricks. These cyber attackers mimic the user’s target to access a particular site, which allows scammers to access accounts and bank accounts. Phishing is one of the types of social engineering based on users not knowing the basics of network security. In particular, many do not know a simple fact: services do not send letters asking for their credentials, password, and other data. Phishing in Auditing It is important to understand the details of what phishing is dangerous for large enterprises and audit processes. For example, there is an enterprise where activities are associated with the sale of IT solutions and audit data (Xiong, Proctor, Yang, & Li, 2017). A certain employee holding a position in the company receives an email. The letter gives a link to the site of an enterprise that is already working with this organization, and the message itself contains a story about the latter. The employee follows the link, gets to a site that is similar to the website the company works with. Next, he or she enters the username and password from the administrator account, and thus this username and password go to the attacker (Perrault, 2018). As a result, the attacker knows the password for the administrator account of the company that cooperates with the company of the employee. Perhaps in the process of following the link, if the employee’s PC is not protected by antivirus, a virus has come to the computer. In other words, the employees themselves are now a source of damage to another enterprise. Thereby this can lead to a violation of the consent of the two companies, large losses on both sides, as well as to the enrichment of the attacker. The prevalent number of audit phishing attacks occur during audit planning. Audit planning is an obligatory stage of the audit, which consists of determining the audit strategy and tac