ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary Engineering ethical principles are guidelines that define expected rules of engagement for professionals in the dynamic engineering field. Among the common ethical principles are accountability, integrity, safety, and moral authority in executing duties. It is the responsibility of engineers to exercise due diligence and expertise approach in addressing different social concerns. The professionalism approach is meant to avoid ethical dilemmas such as structural failures as a result of human error and inability to make rational decisions. Most unethical work cultures are characterized by pitiable professionalism, lack of teamwork, irresponsibility, and laxity in executing duties. These traits might transform an individual into a dishonest, disloyal, and irresponsible in his or her line of duty. From the Mississippi River Bridge collapse and Chernobyl nuclear meltdown cases, it is apparent that human error in decision making resulted in death of more than two hundred people. To avoid reoccurrence of such cases, there is need to implement continuous and comprehensive ethical training programs for engineers across the globe. Engineering Ethics: Application in the role Execution Introduction Basically, ethical principles are the morals that define and drive an organization. According to Hyldgaard (2012), ethics are set of values that are generally acceptable as rules to guide behaviour and actions of an individual. In the engineering environment, the general quality of any role execution matrix is dependent of the culture of such organization since it drives the morale and action of those participating in the production function (Baura, 2006). Irrespective of the line of specialization and size, a proactive organization culture determines the performance and sustainability of all business activities. As opined by Perlman and Varma (2002), many workers in the US have witnessed or reported actions that are considered unethical within the labour laws. In most cases, these illegal behaviours are rarely addressed, despite the fact that such actions have high costs, especially in the engineering field. Across the globe, the roles performed by engineers shape every aspect of life from roads, food, transport, construction, and manufacturing among others. This means that the general public and other stakeholders trust engineers to be ethical and offer quality services. In the instance of structural failures, unethical practices are often blamed on the engineers’ inability to make rational decisions (Perlman & Varma, 2002). Therefore, this analytical paper will address the significance of observing engineering ethics to avoid challenges that are blamed on ethical dilemmas as a result of poor work or organization culture. Among the ethical principles that will be discussed include integrity, accountability, moral authority, and professionalism as key elements of effective execution of engineering ethical code of conduct.
Introduction The book “On the Ruin of Britain” is devoted to the description of King Arthur’s epoch known by its legends to the whole world. It is important to stress that the book highlights the period of invasions illustrating such aspects as heroism, power and general patriotism. The description of Angles, Saxons, Britons and Romans allows the readers seeing the character of time and evaluate the treasures of its significant culture. This story appeared to be the reflection of King Arthur’s heritage reflected to future generations depicting peculiarities of major struggles and historical achievements. King Arthur in “On the Ruin of Britain” The book is considered to be the description of the period when Angles and Saxons arrived in Britain. The period of Angles and Saxons, their settlements and invasions are closely interacted with the era of the King Arthur. The story highlights the actions of Arthur in the battles against Saxons as the true leader providing ways out to major warship conflicts. The battles were aimed at preserving Britons’ heritage in safety; it should be noted that the author demonstrated the aspect of patriotism through clans’ interactions. The author managed to disclose the details of the Battle of Badon won by Arthur due to British soldiers and Saxon mercenaries. It was the time of constant struggle between the clans for the land and power. King Arthur is not vividly described in the book though he is presented as the battle leader. He was the one who managed to create a great kingdom in Britain including both Saxons and Britons content of living in complete peace together under the common established rule. The book demonstrates political power of Jutes and Anglo-Saxons being under control of Britain for a long period of time; the flow of history shows Roman Empire interference with British land giving a start to new invasions. The Angles and Saxons tried to enlarge their lands though they faced strong enemy in the image of “Romans’ sole survivor”. The author devoted significant parts of the history to contact between Roman and British Empires for the land and power. It was shown that at this very period religious prosperity appeared to be centralized for people. Being under the power of Italians, British population remained relatively independent in their souls and inner patriotism. The author managed to describe barbarian invasions and fights for freedom; the book touched the most significant aspects of ancient history through Arthur’s heroism and patriotism. Conclusion “On the Ruin of Britain” is considered to be the real reflection of the historical legend of King Arthur. The author managed to depict sharp contradictions
Introduction It is only to be expected that a creation have the characteristics of its creator. The concept of nationalism is one which without a doubt was created by men for men. Consequently, it is to be expected that nationalism should have strong influences on the masculine gender. This paper shall argue that nationalism is a gendered realm that favors the male sex and that within nationalism as an institution, there is very little room for women. The women are nothing more than props to nationalism. McClintock states unapologetically and very succinctly that all nationalisms are gendered, and apart from that, they have all been invented and are dangerous (McClintock, 1985). She explains that nations are built from traditional practices which are passed down through history from generation to generation until these practices become integral to the people. The traditions then give the people an identity, a sense of distinction th
“Paradise Lost” by John Milton was written in year 1667 and is considered to be a great work of art, as well as a reflection of human history and beliefs that were and are a very important part of the culture. The forces that govern everything around are being studied by human civilization but a great part of how it all came into being is unknown, leading to a belief that a higher intelligence took part in the making and structuring of the universe. John Milton wrote the poem a long time ago and it was written for people of all ages and belief systems but specifically for Christians and those who believe in the Garden of Eden and the creation of the world by God. It is a kind of a legend that can be told to children as an explanation of how everything appeared but also it could be analyzed by adults with a goal to find the truth and what forces of Nature there are. “Paradise Lost” tells a story of the first days of the creation of Earth. It begins by describing how there was a battle between good and evil—Satan the fallen angel and God and his angels. Satan lost the battle and was condemned to a chaotic place where he built a castle for himself and all those who decided to join him. As Satan was very unpleased with his banishment from Heaven he decided to take his revenge on Earth and God’s new creation—Adam and Eve. He himself went to the Garden of Eden using all kinds of deception on angels who were guarding the passageways to Adam and Eve. He had some opposition from the good forces but his persistence eventually paid off. When he finally reached his destination he turned into a serpent and while Adam and Eve were separated during their daily routine, he persuaded Eve to eat an apple from the Tree of Knowledge. This way he wanted to ruin God’s new creation and avenge his defeat. God knew about Satan and that he is trying to have his revenge and so warned the angels to protect Adam and Eve but nonetheless Satan found a way to commit his deed. After Eve tasted the apple she convinced Adam to eat it also and even though he knew it was wrong he was ready to take the punishment because he loved Eve and wanted to be by her side. After they ate it they became aware of themselves and their nakedness, gaining the knowledge that was initially forbidden by God. This act angered God and he banished Adam and Eve from the Garden. Meanwhile Satan returned to his castle and was greeted by his followers in the success of his revenge. But the joy was short lived as God turned them all into serpents as a punishment for their evil (Milton, 1905). This story, which is well known in the world, represents the everlasting battle between good and evil. It teaches people that evil deeds will eventually be punished and obedience to God and his Word will be greatly rewarded. John Milton’s work is a representation of the time in which the poem was written and the beliefs that were present
The Coca-Cola Company is an international manufacturer, marketer, and seller of soft beverages and syrups based in Atlanta, US. Founded in 1886, the company has since expanded to cover more than 200 countries and given rise to brands such as Diet Coke, Sprite, Fanta, Powerade, and others. Coca-Cola is a household name and a highly recognizable product with as many as 5.7 billion beverages being served across the world on a daily basis. It is argued that the Coca-Cola company owes it success not only to the quality of its products but also to wise and thoughtful marketing decisions (Kolk, 2016). The case of Coca Cola might be somewhat comparable to that of KFC. Coca Cola produces fast moving consumer goods whose success also largely depends on striking a chord with people’s eating habits. Interestingly enough, recently, the Coca Cola company underwent a massive rebranding during which it took an unexpected direction. While modern marketing practices focus on diversity and customization, the Atlanta-based company chose standardization, or how it calls it itself, “one brand.” In 2016, the “One Brand” strategy brought together four products variants – Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero and Coca-Cola Life – under the Coca-Cola master brand. Previously, all these variants were branded as separate products, which according to the Coca Cola Company, lacked integrity and consistency. The strategy was kickstarted in Australia with the global TV spot “Anthem” which showed the many moments and situations that could become even better with Coca Cola. Scenes included ice-skating, going on a first date, kissing someone for the first time, and other heart-warming memories and associations. On top of showing customers how Coca Cola soft drinks could be a perfect addition to pleasant moments in their lives, the company also made the campaign interactive. Internet users were encouraged to share their own stories as well as create gifs from original videos, which was made possible on the company’s official website. The idea behind the campaign was that the product had a customizable nature despite tasting and looking the same across the world. The slogan behind the strategy was “Taste the Feeling,” which appealed to the emotional aspect of consumption that was as important as the quality of the product itself (Hahn, Scherer, Basso, & dos Santos, 2016). Echeverria, VP of global creative, connections, and digitals stated that “the universal moments and storytelling depicted in the campaign were created to resonate with our consumers globally.” Besides the emotional part, the campaign bore a deeper meaning: it highlighted the equality of all people. The Coca Cola company made it its mission to give all customers equal access to their products and services regardless of their places of residence. One may ask as to what exactly brought the Coca Cola Company to changing its course in such a radical manner. According to Tish Condeno, marketing director of Coca-Cola Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei, the main reason behind the standardization strategy was the strife for a uniform identity (“Coca-Cola goes back to basics as “One Brand” strategy hits S
Introduction The term hero can be taken to have different meaning to each and every distinct individual. If we were to have every person defining the term hero we will come up with definitions that are peculiar to each and every individual. Main body Elizabeth Berg’s definition of a hero is quiet interesting. To her, a hero is not that person who has been glorified in the society for his or her mighty deeds. Character wise a hero should be that person who is calm and does not have those stardom qualities that are a characteristic of most heroes that are worshiped in the society. Bergs definition is different to that one found in the dictionary that defines a hero as a person with exceptional qualities or one idolized by the society. Berg supports her own understanding of the term hero by telling us how certain people have inspired her. Her grandfather was humorous and could make a friend out of a stranger. Her teacher Mrs. Zinz was humble for she lowered herself to the level of the students. On the other hand, I think that a hero should be a person who possesses unique qualities of compassion, sympathy, intelligence and courage. A hero therefore, should be a person who is known for his or her compassionate deeds. Heroes should be people who carry themselves with dignity, honor and make the correct choices. A hero should be a person who has compassion for life. He must be able to sympathize with the sorry situations of those people in society who are unfortunate in the society. Martin Luther King Jr was a hero for he decided to fight for the rights of the black person in the American society. There was so much racial prejudice in the American society and Martin Luther king Jr sympathized with his fellow black men. He was a clergy man and therefore he was
The most appropriate technologies for the owners of a global organisation that manage multiple sites Operating in the context of the global economy is a challenging task due to the necessity to acquire and process a large amount of information (Bamford and Forrester, 2010a). In case a company operates as a pack of multiple sites, the process of coordinating the work of all elements of the entrepreneurship becomes a challenge. To make sure that every single step is coordinated with the rest of the processes and that every department is updated on the changes in the firm regularly, the concept of e-clusters should be considered. Defined by Adebanjo and Michaelides (2010) as the tools for increasing proximity between the company members so that their performance could facilitate corporate growth in the environment of the economy of scale, the subject matter serves as a perfect tool for not only efficient data transfer but also exerting control over the essential corporate processes. When considering the successful use of the latest technologies, one must bring up Starbucks’ experience. The organization is known for applying the latest IT tools for disruptive technologies successfully. Indeed, in 2014, the company considered the use of cloud services as a means of increasing its data management speed and the security of information processing. The company incorporates the Internet of Things into its set of strategies for improving service quality (Osborne, 2013). However, the current approach toward managing the key operations in the company could be improved. Particularly, the organization could use an e-business workflow framework for enhancing the crucial operations by improving the data flow (Ghilic-Micu et al., 2010). Management of enterprise systems from the perspective of a food supplying company The breakthrough in the technological progress that can be witnessed currently has had a tremendous impact on the uptake of enterprise systems. The interpretation of how organizations function in the context of the global economy is viewed currently from the perspective of technological progress, especially the information technology and its usage in the data management process (Bamford and Forrester, 2010b). From the perspective of a food supplying company, the management of enterprise systems needs to be carried out with the issues related to environmentalism in mind. Indeed, the necessity to meet the quality standards at the same time having as little negative influence on the environment as possible needs to be listed among the primary bottlenecks of a food supplying organization. Also, processing bottlenecks need to be mentioned among the key constraints that the companies operating in the food industry face. For instance, a drop in food crops can be viewed as the bottleneck affecting the company’s productivity. As a result, the supplies are reduced, whereas prices increase. Furthermore, forecasts can be made to plan the demand for the product (Mouritsen, 2013). To measure the bottlenecks, one should
Introduction Immunotherapy is a technique for treating disease by way of suppressing, inducing, or enhancing the body’s immune response. Two kinds of immunotherapy have been identified based on their functionality; activation immunotherapy, and suppression immunotherapy. Suppression immunotherapies direct, suppress, or reduce existing immune response. On the other hand, activation immunotherapies amplify or elicit an immune system. Immunodulators are the key active constituents of immunotherapies, and since they have fewer side effects in comparison with existing drugs, medical practitioners find them more appealing. The research paper attempts to explore the design of these two kinds of immunotherapy, their constituents, mode of action and reaction, and associated side effects. Further, the application of immunotherapy to treat specific conditions shall also be explored. In this case, emphasis is on the use of immunotherapy in cancer treatment, as well as the application of immunotherapy in Crohn’s disease. Definition American heritage defines immunotherapy as the “Treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response” 1 . In this case, there are two kinds of immunotherapy, based on their functionality; activation immunotherapy, and suppression immunotherapy. The design of activation immunotherapies is such that they amplify an immune system. On the other hand, suppression immunotherapies direct, suppress, or reduce an existing immune response 2 . Immunomodulators are the key constituents of immunotherapies. These are active agents, mainly cytokines, consisting of different collections of natural, synthetic, and recombinant preparations 2 . We already have a number of immunomodulators licensed for patient use. They include interferons, cellular membrane fractions, imiquimod, and G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor). Other immunomodulators are still undergoing extensive preclinical and clinical trials to determine whether they should be used with human subjects, or not. They include various chemokines, glucans, oligodeoxynucleotides, and synthetic CpG (cytosine phosphate-guanosine). One of the reason why immunomodulatory regimen are appealing to the medical practitioners is that compared with the existing drugs, they have fewer side effects 3 . When immunomodulatory regimen have been used, they are less likely to bring about resistance in microbial diseases. Activation immunotherapy Cancer The initial immunotherapy treatments entailed the administration of cytokines but with time, it was discovered that such cytokines had some adverse effects such as lymphocytes extraction from the blood. Even before the cells had been injected with the correct stimulatory cytokines, the lymphocytes would also swell in vitro, thereby suppressing the tumor antigen. Thereafter, the cells would exclusively aim at and wipe out the tumor expressing antigen 3 . This concept evolved into fully-fledge c
Introduction Jack Welch was the CEO of General Electric (GE) between 1981 and 2001. He was the youngest CEO to be appointed in the company. He joined the company in 1960 and later promoted to be the vice president in 1972. Welch ascended the organizational hierarchy, first serving as the vice chairman in 1979 and later became the CEO in 1981. This paper focuses on Jack Welch as the former CEO of GE. Jack Welch’s Accomplishments and Achievements At first, Welch worked as a subordinate chemical engineer with a salary of $10,500. GE increased his salary by $1,000 during his first year. However, he was not happy with the increase and the strict governance in the company. He had a plan to leave the company, but Reuben Guttoff convinced him to stay. According to Bill (2008), Welch first worked in chemical development section, which was charged with building chemical businesses. One of his colleagues argues that Welch was not a typical guy since he had his own style of working. Instead of concentrating only on the products design, he came up with sales techniques and production methods for the product to have a competitive advantage in the market (Welch, 2003). During his time as a CEO, the company’s value rose from $3 billion to many billions. He turned the slow-moving business into a fast moving and flexible business. Nevertheless, Welch found himself managing a large business, which concentrated not only on light bulbs but also on the nuclear weapons. During his tenure, there was a huge revenue surge of about $130 billion. The revenue growth was much higher as compared to the previous figures before Welch’s inception as a leader. Although Welch had many accomplishments and achievements, he had to make difficult decisions like sacking over 100,000 employees. Nevertheless, people named him as “Neutron Jack” because he defended his actions as a move to improving GE’s productivity and flexibility in the dynamic market (Bill, 2003). Welch (2003) argues that he came up with a work out program that contained five elements: off site meetings, spotlight on issues, main processes, participation, small groups and follow-up after implementation. The program was meant to diminish bureaucracy, thus giving every employee a chance to influence and improve daily activities. The work out program enabled Welch to ‘clean up’; hence, the workers became more productive as the processes were made simpler. In this case, Welch eliminated the waste hours and energy lost in day-to-day operations. This plan changed employee’s behavior in the company and so, the workers could also advice their bosses on what to do. Other achievements include bureaucracy busting, where he had to eliminate the existing unnecessary organization levels. He reduced the organizational hierarchy and removed wasteful practices that were of part of GE’s culture and norms. In particular, he closed some industrial units, hence dropping payrolls and unwanted procedures. Moreover, Welch encouraged employees to contribute in decision making by coming up with suggestions for improvements. Welch instilled learning and development