ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The history of copyright can be traced back to 1710 when British printers demanded intellectual rights. In the 19 th century, copyright and thinking about copyright changed drastically. Patterson is credited for having laid out the history of copyright, how it was interpreted in the 19th century through his seven rules and principles. In the twentieth century, copyright thinking took a different turn where firms tried to protect all their products. Towards the end of the twentieth century, copyrighting became so important that firms and individuals started taking copyright for even little details like sound, smell, and shapes. Case Brief: Leigh, v. Warner Brothers   * The case came about because of an appeal by the United States District Court following the alleged infringement of the copyright and trademark laws. The court was expected to rule whether the images used by Warner Brothers were substantially similar to those of Leigh. The complainant, Leigh, argued that the images and other literal works that Warner Brothers Film Production utilized in producing one of the best movies were similar to the ones contained in his best-selling novel, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil.   * The court correctly ascertained that the images that Werner Brothers utilized were not similar in any way to the images used on the cover page of the novel.   * Even though Leigh quoted Lanham Act, it was established that no substantial evidence existed to prove that the use of the photograph infringed on the trademark rights.   * Leigh was of the view that the court failed to conduct further studies to establish whether his trademark rights had been violated. Additional investigations would not prove the similarity between the two photographs. Kisch, Plaintiff, V. Ammirati & Puris Inc   * The complainant, Kisch, demanded compensation by alleging that his rights had been violated following the use of photography in advertising certain products. The plaintiff noted that laws related to Lanham Trademark Act had been violated since another person’s photography had been employed in promoting the products of a different company unfairly.   * The defendant advanced claims that no substantial similarities between photos used in the advert and the one belonging to the plaintiff.   * The defendant admitted using the plaintiff’s photo   * The court established that the accused used the plaintiff’s photo without consent, which amounts to a violation of the copyright and trademark laws. Different tests that the court uses to test for substantial similarity It is important to understand the tests that are always used to substantiate if the similarity constitutes a breach of copyright. This process is used to determine the substantial similarity
Outline This is an essay which compares the classical approach to the management and behavioral approach to the management. The paper is designed in such a way that first, there is an introduction followed by the body of the paper. The body of the paper discusses the two approaches in brief along with stating their criticism. Then a conclusion is made from the said discussion. Introduction The concept of management of people as an organized group must have existed ever since human beings started living in organized societies. History shows us that there have been many great empires and civilizations that have developed, grown, and decayed over a period of time. For an organized activity to be successful there should exist, elements of leadership and management. It can be said that some form of management might have existed over the years. But it is only during the later half of the nineteenth century that established principles and theories of management began to emerge. The early theories of management, often refe
If you calculate the person-hours devoted to IBM’s team projects, they amount to more than 180,000 hours of management time each year. Do you think this is a wise investment of IBM’s human resources? Why or why not? IBM’s team projects certainly take up much person-time in terms of HR management; however, such time and effort expenditures can be considered beneficial. In their projects, IBM has put its stake on teamwork, which requires the teams to complete tasks collectively. Considering that IBM runs quite a number of outsourcing/offshore projects, the number of hours appears adequate. Teams sent abroad can attract customers, including people as well as organizations. The team that IBM trains are multicultural, which ensures a diversity of human resources. By diversifying the teams, IBM enhances their capacity to work with customers of different cultures (Hymowitz n.pag.). Other benefits of spending so much effort to manage the resources include, for example, enhanced problem-solving and analytical thinking. Also, such teamwork will ensure IBMers cooperate on the global scale and are open-minded enough to overcome cultural clashes. As a result, mutual trust is built between the shareholders of diverse cultures; when the shareholders understand each other, it is easier for them to achieve the desired outcome in cooperation, as was proved by the launch of Corporate Service Corps in 2008 (“Corporate Service Corps” n.d.). Finally, such teamwork creates a possibility of knowledge and know-how sharing, which is also valuable. Would you like to work on one of IBM’s multicultural, multinational project teams? Why or why not? Working on one of IBM’s multicultural and multinational projects would be a marvelous experience. It would provide an excellent opportunity for personal development in terms of identity. As Gurchiek suggests, when a person works globally, they develop a global identity as opposed to the local one (Gurchiek par. 2). Such development would help me better integrate into the team and open up for valuable knowledge. Furthermore, having an insight into a diverse-cultured team’s work would boost my cultural awareness and give me an in-depth perspective on how culture and business are intertwined. That is, I would get some know-how on the ways business and delivery services function from the cultural perspective. Such practice would also give me a chance to easily adapt to cultural diversity and polish my problem-solving, networking, and team-work-related skills because teamwork can be regarded as one of the most effective ways of training (Aguinis and Kraiger 462). Multicultural project teams often face problems with communication, expectations, and values. How do you think some of these challenges can be overcome? Each individual team member has their own expectations and conceptions of business etiquette, leadership, and procedures (Gupta par
Violence has always been viewed, as a contradictory social act, as it requires aggression. Nonetheless, sometimes it is necessary to change the flow of events in the history and attitudes of the individuals. Nonetheless, despite having positive intentions of expanding people’s rights, the violence has to be discovered as an abnormality since it is an inconsistent aspect for the functioning of the democracy while nonviolence and functional behavior being more effective for the delivery of the message and acquiring of the freedoms and rights. In this instance, nonviolence has to be promoted as another source of information sharing and be regarded as a way to find a compromise while discovering governmental actions and claiming injustice. Firstly, the nature of violence is opposite to the principles of democracy, as it has the contradictory perception due to showing disrespect to human rights. Simultaneously, nonviolence is often regarded as an effective instrument. For instance, the rise of black people’s movement is often associated with violent acts, but the highest achievements were reached with the nonviolent actions and obedience to the existing law system and authorities (King 5). The black women and men in Birmingham were ready to suffer for their freedom while taking misery with courage (King 5). Nonetheless, the violent protests were present at the same time in the area, and it is questionable whether they modified the existent flow of events, as both of the actions were logical. The underestimation of recognition of nonviolent acts is one of the matters, which leads to the presence of aggression and its association with the primary principle for the solution to the issue. In turn, the inefficiency of the violence can be explained with the assistance of phenomena such as functional behavior, which is presented in the form of organized and violence-free actions to attract attention to the unjust situation. One of the effective examples is the sophisticated and well-planned demonstration aimed at the upsurge of freedoms of the village of Wallajeh (Bucha par. 16). In turn, the previous aggressive actions led to no modifications in a positive direction in the presented situation and are considered as being inappropriate. It could be said that the functional behavior has a beneficial impact on the ability of the country or a group of people, which experiences unjust practices from the government, to attract substantial attention to the presented problem. Nonetheless, despite all the criticism provided above, the p
Introduction The Persian Gulf War in 1991 was triggered by the decision by Iraq to invade Kuwait on basis that it was historically part of it. The interest of Iraq was disputed as being imperial and that the only interest was the rich oil fields Kuwait had. These could have helped Iraq effectively take control of the region considering that oil has a fetches a lot of revenue. The move aggravated the international community, since despite the deadline issued by the UN Security Council for Iraq to vacate Kuwait; Iraq did not honor it. The US led a coalition of thirty two nations among them Arab nations and some western countries. The coalition launched air attacks to demolish the Iraqi military in what was called the operation desert storm. Iraqi retaliated by launch ballistic missiles to its neighbors but still lost. The second Persian Gulf War of 2003 was more of an extension of the desert storm. Also called the Iraq war, the 2003 invasion pod Iraq was basically Britain idea as Iraq had failed to act in accordance with the directive of UN Security Council armistice terms to allow weapon inspection. The US Intelligence Flaws Following the operation desert storm, the US together with its coalition allies was hailed for the victory in Iraq. It was in fact regarded as the greatest military activity in history. However despite the famed accomplishments, there were some obvious intelligence faults that were evident though they were not taken seriously. In fact these mistakes could have helped evoke the second Persian Gulf War (Coia, 1995, para 4). The wartime military men noted some problems in the operations of the US intelligence systems that were backing the coalition. The commanders reported that the system’s resources ware not adequate enough to support the war at all the levels of command. The US Marine Corps identified some crucial shortages in the US intelligence’s functional sector and hence started reviewing its system. The I Marine Expeditionary Force commandants were greatly dissatisfied by the service and support they had been receiving from the US intelligence team (Coia, 1995, para 4). Actually lacking a major resource like quality intelligence would be a great frustration to the fighters especially when the commanders were sure that the support capacity was present. So basically what was wrong with the intelligence system that could have been carried to the second gulf war? There are several flaws as will be described below Combat Organization essentially, the surest way of creating efficient working combination during war was to order movement only when sufficient information about the opponent’s proceeding have been obtained (Cox, 2005, p. 5). It’s very difficult for one to say that he/she can do the job when he/she is ignorant of the adversaries. Yet, obtaining this decisive information is an
In the 21 st century organizations are mainly concerned with how to improve their market position. The main objective is to cope with the competitiveness characterizing the business environment. As a result, firm’s management teams are under increased pressure to develop new services in order to satisfy customer needs. Intervention of customers in the process of developing new services is important. This arises from the fact that it result into development of effective services. For example, the customers may contribute ideas which may aid in the development of the service. Categories of customer involvement There are two types of customer involvement in the process of developing a service (Edvardsson & Magnusson, 2006, p.5). The first entails user involvement which occurs at the design stage. This stage is vital because it enables the firm’s management team to understand more about the customers’ specifications in terms of preferences, values and needs. The second type of involvement relates to new and pro-active techniques which entail incorporation of advanced tools aimed at establishing customer needs and also employing consumers as innovators. Service development involves intensive critical thinking. Therefore, these techniques may be used in creating ideas as well as evaluating them. In addition, current services may be redesigned to fit the customers’ diverse needs. The techniques may be used to come up with solutions as well as with the customer specifications to make the services more customers specific. Service design and customer involvement The design stage is the most critical stage in the development of services. This arises from the fact that it is in this stage where the success of the service is evaluated. Success of an organization is directly related to the success of its services. For a successful service development process, early involvement of team members in the design stage is essential. The team which includes members from the marketing department is involved in ensuring that there is effective decision making, incorporation of skills and expertise. Marketing aids in evaluating customer needs which are some of the requirements at the design stage. Customer involvement has in recent years increased during the products and services design stage (Lundkvist &Yakhlef, 2004, pp. 249-257). Their involvement ensures the transfer of ideas and information to the firm. This interaction has been termed as the field for creating a social agency. Effective and efficient management of the design stage is very essential because deviations which may arise in future are contained or minimized in advance. Designing a service involves a number of steps which the management must recognize. These steps ensure that the service conforms to
The project that has been proposed seeks to implement some changes in the eco-tourism activities in New Zealand. These changes cut across the local, national, and international concerns in the tourism sector. The project entailed adventurous tours organised with a motive of introducing the participants to the variety of flora and fauna found in the Fiordland of New Zealand. The activities were boat riding, hiking, camping, cycling and hills climbing among many others. Selection process for the activities to include in the project was influenced by some of the spectacular features that Fiord land National Park had to offer for the tourists. Some of the spectacular features that were considered are fiord waterfalls, snow covered mountains, steep hills, rivers among others (Warren and Taylor 12). As a guiding principle, the participant guests had to interact with the workers in the park who were involved in eco-tourism activities. Justification of the project Selection of New Zealand as the best location for the project was arrived at after an in-depth analysis of the historical events were analysed regarding the location. New Zealand is one of the few countries that were isolated from the entire world (Bejder, Stephen and Harraway 743). Therefore, it retained its ecological purity than any other possible location that could be thought of. However, due to the Europeans migrating to the area in the recent past, some major ecological impacts have started to be felt. The negative effects have made some of the endemic species to become extinct (Warren and Taylor 10). In this regard, the New Zealand fiord land has raised a global alarm on the need to conserve the environmental through proper eco-tourism practises in the area. On the same note, the project was proposed to enhance some of the measures that ought to be taken to actualise eco-tourism activities. Overview of Negative Environmental Impacts Some ecotourism activities performed by people and animals destroy the natural stature of animal and plant species. First, the physical distraction of the species habitat is one critical aspect that modifies their survival tactics. These negative environmental effects are apparent in such cases where roads are made or trees and rocks cleared. The endemic lizards are affected by such environmental disturbances. The infrastructural activities affect the lives of species making them part of the unpreserved conservation zone like national parks and reserves. Fishing activities in the fiords: it has
Introduction: The Mysterious Labyrinth of the Arches National Park Clearly one of the most surreal places on Earth, the Arches National Park, also known as a Red Rock Wonderland ( A Red Rock Wonderland para. 1) is more than a bunch of weird-looking squiggly rocks – it is a place where quite complex processes are unceasingly taking place. At the first glance, the park does not differ from a range of similar Southern landscapes; however, as soon as the alleged travelers reach the magnificent domes, a breathtaking view will be opened in front of them. Because of complex geological processes caused by erosion and salt beds beneath the surface, the Arches National Park has a very specific look and provides a sand-and-clay soil type for the Park inhabitants. Arches Formation and the Processes behind It: A Salt Bed As researchers explain, the Arches National Park owes its weird look, or, to be more exact, the arched rocks that are scattered all over the park area, to the huge salt beds located underneath the park surface (Bergoff and Vana-Miller 8). As the researches on the formation of arches in the park explain, the anticlines emerged after the overlying layers collapsed into the elongated crests created by the salt under the park surface ( Arches National Park Utah para. 3). The erosion caused by wind, sun radiation and groundwater, in its turn, has contributed to making the arches even thinner, thus, making the Arches National Park landscape even more surreal. Biological Soil Crust and What It Is Caused by: Live Organisms Apart from the processes of erosion, which, combined with the effects that evaporations from salt beds have on the surface of the area, the park is also famous for its unusual type of soil cover. Defined as “knobby black” ( Arches National Park para. 8), the given piece of soil is, in fact, alive. Consisting of “algae, lichens, and cyanobacteria” ( Arches National Park para. 8), it makes a perfect environment for desert plants to grow in and owes its uniqueness to the process of nutrient (minerals) cycling in the specified area. Since the surface of the area is rarely disturbed during the periods of draught, the evaporation rates are quite low, and, therefore, the chances for the soil to become a habitable environment for a number of organisms, including bacteria, algae and other microorganisms ( Arches National Park – Cryptobiotic Soil para. 3). Unforgettable Experience and Thought Provoking News To be honest, the information about the Arches National Park was not a complete surprise to me. I have heard of the weird Utah landscape, yet never bothered to Google the pictures of this unbelievable place. As a result, wheat I learned about the geological processes behind the arches formatio
Introduction Being able to engage in reflective practice has significant meaning when it comes to management and leadership. If the importance of this decision-making tool is underestimated, specialists in managerial and leadership positions become less likely to learn from their mistakes and reevaluate their experiences. This essay is devoted to some barriers to becoming a reflective manager, including the development of proper underlying beliefs, self-criticism, dysfunctional attitudes to business, fears, and reliance on subjective judgments. Reflective Management and Its Significance to Organizational Life The leader’s inability to evaluate his or her progress or potential weaknesses and inspire engagement can lead to a variety of problems. The lack of self-reflection and critical analysis prevents individuals in managerial and leadership positions from building trust-based and effective relationships with followers. In their turn, such problems contribute to people’s resistance to external control, thus acting as a barrier to well-coordinated teamwork (Prasad and Prasad 387). Taking into account that competition in various industries and markets continues to become more intense, the members of managerial staff are expected to stay informed of the most effective way of dealing with people at work. Moreover, due to workforce globalization and the freedom of expression, modern teams usually include people who are diverse in terms of culture, habits, values, and beliefs about work and collaboration. Thus, to be effective, managers should be good at dealing with different individuals, and, if possible, learning from them. A person who takes his or her viewpoint and personal experience as fundamental truths that do not need to be reevaluated are likely to face challenges when trying to win the team’s trust. Thus, reflective managerial practices that involve critical thinking, readiness to accept feedback, and engaging in continuous learning are of the utmost importance when it comes to the leader’s professional suitability (Heath and Lee 1112). Given the listed competencies’ ability to improve organizational life by establishing trusting relationships between employees and leaders, their development is worth the effort. Topic in Professional Literature and Practical Suggestions The practical potential of reflective management skills and particular approaches to their development is widely discussed in professional literature for managers and leaders. It is important to note that, apart from changing one’s way of performing duties, it is pivotal to develop beliefs that would make the process of improvement more goal-oriented. As modern researchers suggest, resistance towards the idea of leadership is a barrier to positive change. For instance, according t