ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The reading of Malinowski’s (1979) article will come particularly handy for just about anyone who tries to get a better insight onto significance of kula as practice that defines the essence of Trobrians’ existential mode. According to the author, kula is the form of ceremonial exchange, in which native inhabitants of islands to the north-east and south-east of Papua New Guinea are being involved, as the way of emphasizing their social status in Trobrian society. The two items, associated with this exchange, are necklaces made out of red shells ( soulava ) and arm-bracelets, made out of white shells ( mwali ). While practicing kula , islanders often travel as far as hundreds of miles in canoe boats, in order to exchange soulava for mwali and vice versa. The following are the two foremost aspects of kula : 1). The geographical direction in which soulava and mwali are being exchanged is firmly fixed – on the route of being traded for each other, soulava items always travel in clockwise direction (from north to south), and mwali items always travel in counter-clockwise direction (from south to north). This can be explained by the geographical particulars of where arm-bracelets and necklaces are being procured from: “We see that the two sources of the mwali and soulava are at the northern and southern ends of the (Trobrian) ring… each (item) is exported from the districts of its origin towards one, where it is not made or procured” (p. 166). 2). Trobrians, involved in kula , are being expected not to possess soulava and mvali for too long – both items of kula exchange are supposed to remain in the state of perpetual motion, while changing hands with kula practitioners on permanent basis: “A man who is in the Kula never keeps any article for longer than, say, a year or two” (p. 169). 3). Islanders that participate in kula exchange are supposed to remain involved in this practice for the duration of their lifetime – ‘once in the kula , always in the kula ’: “The principle ‘once in the Kula, always in the Kula’ applies also to the valuables themselves” (p. 164). 4). Kula exchange is essentially manly practice – even though few Trobrian women of high social status are known to indulge in the practice on small-scale basis, it is mostly men who look onto kula as the foremost instrument of gaining the sense of self-respect and establishing themselve
Introduction The tourism sector plays a significant role in the economic development of any country. Saudi Arabia is a unique tourism destination especially for the Muslim world. This is more so because the country holds the site of pilgrimage for the Muslims, unique Islamic attributes, as well as special traditions (SCTA 2012). In the recent past, the Saudi Arabian government has made several plans to open up the country to visitors, but in a manner that significantly emphasizes the country’s character, customs as well as traditions. The Saudi Arabian government, the country’s tourism authority, as well as all major stakeholders in the Saudi Arabian tourism industry, have continuously focussed on quality and standards strategy, and action plan to promote the Saudi Arabia’s tourism prospects. The foundation for a more vibrant Saudi Arabian tourism has been underway for the last decade, and these efforts have recently started bearing fruits. This paper shall review the prospects of Saudi Arabian tourism sector and examine how to make domestic tourism in Saudi Arabia less expensive. Literature Review By 2008, major plans had been underway for the opening up of Saudi Arabia for both local and foreign visitors. This was through the establishment of quality cultural and historical centre, women-only hotel and spas, as well as leisure and lifestyle resorts in major visitor attraction destinations within the country such as the country’s Red Sea coast. It is without doubt that Saudi Arabia is one of the largest tourism destination and market in the Middle East, with regard to the number of visitors alone. Being the home to the two most important Muslim holy mosques, Saudi Arabia appeals to many people. According to the Oxford Business Group (2008, p.118), Saudi Arabia had 13.5 million visitors with those performing pilgrimages accounting for 51%. In the past couple of decades, tourists have visited Saudi Arabia majorly for religious or pilgrimage and cultural reasons. However, those tourists visiting for purely leisure and shopping reasons have remained significantly few (Scott & Jafari 2010, p. 257). Cordesman (2003, p. 340) notes that in 2000, the government of Saudi Arabia created a supreme commission for tourism, mandated with the task of surveying all the tourism activities in Saudi Arabia by region. As such, the current Saudi Arabian tourism policy aimed at opening other tourism destinations within Saudi Arabia, which have remained idle and unexplored. The current strategy aims at supporting tourism and Saudi Arabian heritage, enhancing the cultural dimension of the Saudi tourism sector, and promoting both domestic and foreign tourism (Cordesman 2003, p. 340). Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to review the prospects of Saudi Arabian tou
Introduction The problem of unfair treatment of some groups of people by others has always been there. Without any ground for their attitude, some individuals believe that they are better, smarter, and more important than those who are different from them. Racial conflict belongs to the oldest and most severe ones. For ages, white people have considered themselves as having more rights to the world, its various advantages, and a place in society. Prejudice based on skin color has always attracted the attention of political and social leaders who wanted to make the world a better place where segregation is not accepted. Many creators in the fields of literature and cinematography have dedicated their works to this question. The current paper shall discuss the issues of racism and prejudice in two brilliant pieces of art: Kathryn Stockett’s novel “The Help” and the movie “Gone with the Wind” directed by Victor Fleming. Social Factors Involved in the Movie and the Book Both the book and the movie discuss the problem of racism. However, while “The Help” keeps this issue within the frame, in “Gone with the Wind,” the question of racial inequality is left outside of a frame. In Stockett’s novel, the setting is the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement – between 1962 (Stockett 1) and 1964 (Stockett 385). In “Gone with the Wind,” the events evolve within the period of the Civil War ( Gone with the Wind ). In the book, there is a direct mentioning of the problems faced by black people. There are three narrators: a white young woman Skeeter (Eugenia) and two black women Aibileen and Minny who have worked in white families for as long as they can remember. Minny, Aibileen, and some other black women receive awfully unfair treatment from their white employee ladies who do not even consider them people. One of the most vivid examples of outrageous segregation issues is that the help is not allowed to use the toilet in their employers’ houses (Stockett 106). However, there are many more such issues. For instance, the town is divided into “white” and “black” parts, the black women are underpaid for their exhausting work merely because they have no choice but to stay with their employers, and they undergo abusive treatment from their employers but have no one to complain about it. “Gone with the Wind” is rather different in this sense. There are no direct implications of racism, although it is clear that outside of the frame, this theme is decisive in the movie. Scarlet O’Hara’s father is the owner of a plantation where slaves work. Servants in the houses of rich families are all black. They seem to be satisfied with their lives, but it is probably the merit of the screenplay writer and the director rather than the idea of the movie ( Gone with the Wind ). Racism in “Gone with the Wind” is
Programs implemented in the social work context require significant considerations of ethical issues due to the potential implications for real people. Ethical challenges of program implementation include issues regarding policies on research and evaluation with human subjects, anonymity, transparency, and autonomy challenges, social justice and cultural differences concerns, as well as conflict of interest. In addition, the lack of diverse group participation lowers program success due to the lack of sample representativeness (Mustanski et al., 2015). These issues are essential to consider because their addressing could help improve the quality and effectiveness of social services as well as guarantee equity in the process of resource distribution and ensure that the needs of certain groups are met. Ensuring inclusivity in program evaluation and design is possible through unrestricted communication and information sharing, increasing the understanding of leaders regarding the effective implementation of the program, as well as intentionally incorporating a diverse group of people to design the program and participate in it. The voices of different groups, such as women or individuals of color must be included in the processes of program staff and participant selection because their experiences will inevitably influence the implementation and the outcomes of the program (Beardsley & Miller, 2002). The challenges to planning in diverse contexts include the difference in understanding of the issues at hand, the possibility of limiting diverse voices and opinions, as well as risks of prejudice or negative cultural stereotypes, as illustrated in Lavalee and Poole’s (2010) study on Indigenous health recovery programs. The various perspectives that the diverse group of workers or participants provide may offer a range of benefits. However, planning for their incorporation can be challenging because their impact cannot be predicted before a program is carried out. Therefore, it is important to take into account the different directions that a program could take when influenced by the diverse perspectives of both implementors and participants.
We have an embarrassment of riches in fashion today, and I think it is good for the whole industry. Even though most designers have too much pride to slack, new designers will keep the standards on their toes. I liked a lot of most of these designers, and some of all, but experience still shows. Even the venue for Chanel’s last show was both timeless and on the rhythmic moving edge. These creations move like the music. This little bit just floats. Feathers were very much in at the latest shows and they certainly add to the movement. Dior’s creations simply floated down the runway. She is a little less wild and a bit more sophisticated. There were many very lovely creations and the idea of creating the animal look was more successful than fur. Jean Paul Gautier is elegant and flip. His designs stay impressive over time and his choice of textures is exciting. This number sways and swings down the runway and the parts at waist and hips accentuate the femininity of the model. Dior’s creation Chanel’s creation Jean Paul Gautier’s creation
The Role of Nature and Nature in Development Prosocial skills among growing children are vital. These are skills that involve sharing and cooperation and they normally develop through three stages. First, children must decide whether to help if they can or not, at any given time and this phase is referred to as the recognition step. Secondly, it is upon the siblings to decide whether they are ready to help or not. Thirdly, the children then act by selecting and performing a behaviour that they deem appropriate at a given situation. Essentially, this could be by way of helping or not doing so and this is according to Olson and Spelke (2007). To them, cooperation among humans is one of the central themes which concerns social and biological sciences. In explaining the development of cooperation, scientists use economic game and evolutionary models, as well as studying the cultures of different people. Cooperation essentially entails acting in close relations, rewarding others whose actions have benefitted others, and rewarding people who show generosity. These three qualities are shown by adults. On the other hand, children do not exhibit all these qualities. Children start exhibiting pre-social behaviours while in their second year of life. Such behaviours include sharing toys with others and cooperating with them in performing certain activities. For instance, it is said that children are more likely to share with their parents compared to adults. Additionally, there is a high tendency of attentiveness among children when it comes to friendship relations. Children do learn the act of giving from their parents and friends. This is done through observation thus learning reciprocity as well as close relations (Fehr & Fischbacher, 2004). An experiment can be undertaken to investigate how children judge sharing with family members, strangers and friends. The child is given seven dolls which are described as sisters, friends and strangers. The child is then given resources to share with these seven dolls. These resources include stickers, candy bars, miniature plastic bananas, bottles, paint sets, hard candies, rubber ducks, plastic oranges and seashells. From this experiment, it can be determined how children share out resources among friends, strangers and family members. The way the child will share these resources will show if they are in any way likely to favour their friends or close family members when it comes to sharing. In children, for them to develop and learn, there are various factors which influence the whole process. However, it is said that children are some of the active learners. A
Introduction Aristotle was one of the Greek philosophers who contributed enormously to the field of science, politics, ethics, and philosophy. His most notable works was on laws whereby he noted that laws are trusted in any society, unlike men who can easily be corrupted by the earthly. The law defines the relationship between the ruled and the ruler, the environment and man, and among the ruled. His works on Nicomachean ethics talks about the relationship of human beings on earth. For instance, he discusses extensively the issues touching on happiness, otherwise referred to as eudemonia, virtue, deliberation, justice, and friendship. This paper aims at expounding on these issues, as well as giving a practical application of the ideas. Aristotle noted that civil relationships determined the succe
Identify the target consumer for Coca-Cola Black in America and provide a rationale for this decision The target consumer of coca-cola black in the United States is African American people. This started many years ago and has proofed to be the best target market for coca-cola black. African Americans are proud of their color, and they also feel honored being identified with their black color. In America, most of the black things are found to be appealing to black people. Black people in America are found to have a special liking of black products (Kapferer, 2008). For instance, many years back, most African Americans were seen to enjoy coca-cola black than any other soda. This made the coca-cola company to make a quick decision in customer targeting. African Americans were the most consumers of this soda, hence the company decided to concentrate on targeting this group as they had shown some special interest in it. Up to now-famous black people in the world have been associated with this brand by the coca-cola company (Kapferer, 2008). Black people have conducted several advertisements for coca-cola black. For instance, several years back coca cola Company used the image of Alice Coachman, a black champion in the Olympics. The coca-cola company realized this potential market in the early 1950s and has been enjoying it since then. Discuss the kinds of advertising messages that would appeal to the target consumer to cause an attitude change toward Coca-Cola Black To make the target consumers of coca-cola black change their attitude, some advertising messages should be included. For instance, a message like “ Always Coca Cola” this is an advertising message appealing to all customers (Maarif, 2005). It keeps the mind of customers wholly focused on this soda. An attitude of thinking it’s the only option that will develop in the minds of these customers. The target customers should take coca-cola black not because of their skin color, but because of its taste and quality. Advertising messages of praising the taste and satisfaction of taking coca-cola black would be appropriate for the target group to change the attitude. For instance ‘ Always cool, Always coca-cola.” Such a message is generally insisting more of the coca-cola black quality. A message like “ Things Go Well with Coke, can be an advertising message that would implicate positive repercussions when taking coke. It’s the nature of all customers to expect good things from the products they consume. Even if the outcome will not be expressed physically, they believe that within them something good has happened. ” Be refreshed ” is another advertising message that would send customers to taking coca-cola black whenever they feel tired to get refreshed (Maarif, 2005). Whenever they want to relax the idea of refreshing with coca-cola black will always come over their minds. Advertising messages should always be aimed at changing the consumer’s attitude to the positive side. A message that gives a customer no other idea other than going for coca-cola black whenever he or she feels to quench thirst. Compared to ordinary Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Black is expensive ($1.99).
Characters in passing In Nella Larsen’s novel entitled Passing , the portrayal of how individuals identify with race, family and ancestral past is an issue of concern in the contemporary American society. Through the story of two women, Larsen focuses on how some individuals are highly influenced by the society and the idea of self-identity. Larsen is concerned on how people perceived identity during the 1920’s in America. In this regard, early life experiences among the whites and the blacks were integral in determining future racial and sexual identity. In normal circumstances, passing is referred as the idea of assuming a white racial identity besides being a black person. During the 1920’s, the white and black racists perceived the idea of passing as a psychological problem for those who did not embrace their original identity. On the other hand, the meaning of the concept passing has broadened with time as evidenced with the change in how women perceive sexuality. Irene Redfield is the first character who engages in passing. Larsen describes Irene as a light-skinned woman who passed as a white person irrespective of being an African-American. Irene distances herself from the low-class in the black community by portraying herself as a white woman. Perhaps, Irene admires the sophistication of the upper-middle class and the wealthy that came from the white community. In fact, this explains Irene’s reaction to Clare Pendry’s letter as “mysterious, flaunting and dangerous” (Larsen 35). Irene passes as a white woman according to Clare and fellow white people. Larsen portrays how the white people are confused of Irene’s identity. In one instance, Irene visits the Draytone hotel in Chicago after passing as a white woman. Therefore, the intention of Irene’s passing is to enjoy the opportunities that are available to the white people. For Irene, being white has its advantages in America. In addition, Irene is attracted to the beauty of being white. Irene is attracted to Claire whom she describes as “white with blond hair, dark, almost black eyes and that wide mouth like a scarlet flower” (Larsen 51). The fact that Irene does not recognize her friend Clare at the hotel reveals how passing is sophisticated and is confusing to the common people. To Irene, passing is a way of retaining security and control over life. Through passing, Larsen portrays Irene’s struggle in maintaining her affection towards Clare. Irene’s insecurities as a black woman reveal her intention to manipulate her family members and friends as she tries to fit in a white community. In fact, Irene masters the art of passing to ensure that her husband is not attracted to other light-skinned women. Clare Kendry is another character who struggles with passing. Apparently, Clare is light-skinned woman who passes as a white person. Clare’s blurred racial identity leads to an interracial marriage with a white man who is a racist. In this regard, Clare attempts to reach out to a person of the same identity is an act of passing. Apparently, her p
Introduction The human brain processes are controlled by chemical activities. Complex nerve systems, including the brain, are facilitated by chemical actions. Substances known as neurotransmitters support information spread between nerves and the brain. The substances have specified functionality. Reduced levels of neurotransmitters can alter an individual’s frame of mind. The individual can develop disheartened, nervous, and tense conditions. Tension change can have an effect on neurotransmitter equilibrium originating despair. Despondency among humans has been noted to take place lasting for different durations. Depression in persons can be severe or mild. Repetitive spells that continue for days are normally server. Mild depression conditions transpire for ages. Medical personnel differentiated the two forms of depression by classes. The relentless temporary despair is categorized as major depression. The mild ongoing type is referred to as dysthymia. A third category can be transformation disarray with a miserable disposition. Classifications are determined by interviewing depressed persons. Literature Review Hypothesis If the human depression state is as a result of the mind set and individuals can determine their state then an alteration of the mind frame can be established. The frame of mind can be influenced by an interfered brain arrangement. Nerves maintenance and survival are determined by transmission aspects. Transmitted substances originated by the brain can be associated with depression. Significant decrease in transmission of these substances has led to depressed states (Dwivedi, 2009). The chemical substances transmitted between neurons and the brain has been proved to determine an individual’s mood. Persons in a depressed state have been linked with decreased amount of transmitter substances. Researchers have suggested that decrease in conveyed chemical altered the frame of mind. Age, stimulants, and other physiological disorders can alter the chemical activities. Disheartened conditions can also be related to old age. Elderly individuals in despair might be an indication of depreciated brains. The state can be recognized in patients with dejected characters (Dillon et al, 2009). Elderly persons are challenged by their immediate surroundings. Weakened recollection, speaking difficulties, and understanding signs might cause despair among the elderly. A transformed environment creates hurdles for a degenerated brain. Physiological functions of an elder’s brain are typically unhurried. The sluggish response could be attributed to low levels of neurotransmitters activity. A dejected, poignant, or desolate mental state is categorized as depressed. The mind’s aptitude can be obstructed in these miserable circumstances. Notions, attitudes, and conducts of a dejected person are largely influenced by their mind’s condition. Furthermore, an exhausted, ill-tempered, and a starved belief overwhelms the mind. Despair conditions are widespread and can be found in every society (Michelle, 2007). Depressed persons develop the condition based on their presented mind set. It is suggested that individuals altering their