ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) invested internationally with the intention of sourcing capital to expand its operations in china. The bank targeted the international markets as they readily have adequate capital. In addition, ICBC wanted an opportunity to increase its wealth, manage bank risks, and increase its loan productivity. ICBC is China’s biggest bank, with 6.45 trillion in assets. Due to high demand of money, the ICBC issued equity to both domestic and the global markets. The aim of the Initial Public Offer (IPO) was to upgrade its domestic operations and extend its lead in corporate lending and the potentially huge credit card market in China (Akerlof, 1970) Due to the excellent performance of the Chinese economy, the investors felt a strong need to invest in ICBC’s IPO; as they expected to make huge profits. By then, China’s economy was growing by 10 % a year. Many corporate investors were attracted by the banks IPO, including Goldman Sachs Group, American Express and Germany’s Allianz just to mention but a few. Diversification was a critical consideration that inspired ICBC in its decision to go international. Essentially, the bank wanted to spread risk by investing in other companies, individual investors and firms outside China (Akerlof, 1970).). Hedging the banks currency against risky exposures was a very essential benefit that ICDC expected through issuing of equities in the international markets. As such, the currency exchange value was a significant factor in making such a global investment. ICBC wanted to generate monetary gain from those economies that had lower money value in comparison with China, therefore selling more equities with the same amount of capital (Abbey, 2007) One of the key factors that attracted international investors to China’s ICBC was the fact that China had been voted as one of the best attractive investment destinations in the world .The American Chamber of Commerce had continually reported that American firms’ that operated in China were more profitable than its counterparts in the United States, hence drawing attention to foreign investors. Indeed, ICBC had consistently rewarded investors with higher stock prices and dividends hence sending the attractive signals to foreign investors. In addition, ICBC investors were promised higher interest rates in their fixed deposits. ICBC’s returns on equities were associated with multiple indicators including interest rates, exchange rates, stock prices, commodity prices and minimum returns. Similarly, ICBC offered attractive customized products for its home and foreign investors (Abbey, 2007) One of ICDC’s recent reviews revealed that the banks experienced critical default risks on more than a quarter of more than 8 Billion Yuans lent to local governments and other investors across the country. This puts the investors at a risk in the event that the bank is liquidated. Apparently, ICBC scrutinized its loans at some point, spreading the risk among othe
Value statement Academia organization was founded on core values of integrity and fairness to all in the course of providing efficient services to all our esteemed customers. All customers have to be given priority in this case and should be treated with courtesy and respect. The organization shall respect the law and engage only in legal activities that advocate for transparency and accountability. Mission and vision Our organization has the corporate mission of being the leading provider of ICT and cyber services within the region to enhance the improvement of the sector in the community. About Academia The Academia organization was founded by three directors, namely James, David and Duen. The organization was formed as a partnership to offer cyber and other ICT-related services to the people and the community at large. In the organization structure we have three directors at the top of the organization hierarchy. Below the directors there is one operations manager who oversees the daily activities of the organization. We also have two assistant managers who coordinate and ensure the smooth running of activities within the organization daily. All other junior employees fall under and are in charge of facilitating activities within the organization. Below is the chart showing the structure of our organization. The EEOC Statement In the course of the endeavor by the organization to fulfill the set objectives this organization shall seek to provide equal opportunities for all who are seeking employment or are employed by the organization. There shall be no discrimination whatsoever based on sex, color, religion or creed, handicap or age. It shall always be the policy of Academia to provide equal opportunities for all and undertake all personnel practices such as selection, promotion, termination, transfers, and layoffs without any form of discrimination based on color, creed, sex, religion or age. It shall remain the policy of Academia that. Any policy which discriminates against based on color, age, gender or religion shall not be let to stand. Affirmative action shall be undertaken to ensure that there are no employment inequalities especially for the minority groups like women. These policies shall apply to all human resource practices within the organization. Race, color, age or sex shall not be the determinant of how services shall be offered to the public. Implementation of the EEOC policies successfully shall benefit the organization in terms of improvements even in the underutilized human resources. Policies and Rules All the members of the organization shall abide by the established rules and policies of the organization. The chain of
Outline It is strongly felt by most human rights activists as also by many governments that the real test for the commitment towards human rights lies in the way society treats people who are not given the freedom that every citizen is entitled to. There are several international treaties and norms about the manner in which prisoners should be treated and organizations such as the UN strive to have the human rights guidelines implemented amongst member countries. The idea is to translate the globally accepted standards on prison administration into practice so that there is increased trust in the prison services. This is an essential step in ensuring human rights to all human beings irrespective of their status. This paper will discuss the various aspects of the human rights approach to imprisonment. The complex problems in the context of prison management will be discussed and an analysis made of the manners in which prison administrators can imbibe the skills to ensure higher levels of human rights for prisoners. Introduction The international standards for human rights in prisons are provided for by a large number of instruments:   * The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1953)   * European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1989)   * European Prison Rules(1987)   * American Convention on Human Rights (1978)   * African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1986) Throughout the world, judicial bodies of nations are responsible for the implementation of prison standards. In America, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights fulfills the role while in Europe it is fulfilled by the European Court of Human Rights. In Europe human rights in prisons are overseen by the Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights had appointed a Special Rapporteur on Prison Conditions in 1997. The UN also has adopted an Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture in establishing a uniform system whereby regular visits are made to prisons by independent inspection agencies. However the international standards for prisons can be implemented effectively only if prison officials are aware of such standards and can interpret them in applying them in realistic working situations. In a democratic society prisons are institutions that are run and managed by authorities in contributing for the cause of public welfare. Prison officials are accountable to the government and the people ought to be kept regularly informed about the state of prisons in the country. Main Body Prison management must function in an ethical structure, not only in terms of behaviour of prison staff but also in terms of correct procedures and operational efficienc
Taxable events   * Arguments in favor of corporate formations as taxable events: Taxable events refer to financial transactions that are likely to lead to tax consequences. In most cases, taxable events involve transactions that lead to financial gains or losses. A corporate formation may be categorized as a taxable event. This assertion arises from the fact that it is an exchange transaction. Therefore, the parties to the transaction should recognize losses and gains. Categorizing corporate formations as taxable events enables a country to increase its tax revenue. Moreover, taxing corporate formations simplifies the process of administering tax law. The tax administrator does not have to weigh options on whether corporate formations are taxable or not. Recognizing corporate formation as taxable events enables taxpayers to structure their transactions effectively. Consequently, they are in a position to avoid specific requirements of section 351.   * Argument refuting the claim: Categorising corporate formations as taxable events may have adverse effects on start-up companies. One of the ways through which this aspect may occur is by reducing the firm’s capital via the income tax that the transferor pays during the process of transferring an asset. Secondly, corporate formations should not be taxed for there are no economic gains or losses during the transfer process. The transfer process only involves a change in property or asset ownership. Therefore, it is not right to recognize economic gains or losses at this stage. Moreover, the contemporary structure in the US does not allow taxpayers to realize losses, which gives the government more in terms of taxes. Taxing corporate formations would prohibit investors from incorporating their enterprises due to the associated tax consequences and this move may affect the economic growth of a country adversely. The complexity of the tax system Designing an effective tax system is one of the most important aspects that governments should consider. Simplicity and fairness are amongst the most important elements that should guide the process of designing the tax system. However, achieving these goals is challenging; for example, ensuring simplicity in the federal income tax system is difficult, which arises from the fact that it would entail foregoing other important objectives. One of the ways to make the income tax law simple is by designing it in such a way that it becomes similar to a flat tax rate. However, this move may result in unfair treatment to some taxpayers and to illustrate this argument, consider two taxpayers, X and Y, whose total annual income is $100,000. If the two individuals are required to pay income tax at a flat rate of
Although better known as a poet, Gwendolyn Brooks has one work in prose. Her only novel, Maud Martha , was written in 1953 (Alexander 137). It consists of 17 chapters including “Home,” which was published both as a part of the novel and as a separate short story. The novel as a whole and short story “Home” in particular, provide an insight into the life of American society and reveals an important social issue of class division (Mootry and Smith 254). Being a home-owner is one of the aspects that determine status in the society and, consequently, stimulates people to preserve their status. The short story “Home” presents a family of four. They are Maud Martha, a teenage girl, her elder sister Helen, their mother, and their father. The action of the story is going on at their home. The girls and their mother are sitting and waiting for their father who was supposed to visit the office of the Home Owner’s Loan to get an extension for their payments. “If he had not succeeded in getting another extension, they would be leaving this house in which they had lived for more than fourteen years” (Brooks 29). The ladies are aware that in case their request is denied, they will have to leave the house. They are trying to comfort themselves by dreams about a new place they will move to. Mama dreams about “moving to a nice flat somewhere” (Brooks 29). The theme of home is strong in the story. Mama agrees to move to a flat, which is less prestigious than living in a house, but the flat will be in a better neighborhood. The ladies are aware that the father is proud of being a house owner. Martha says, “He lives for this house!” (Brooks 31). It seems that providing a house for his family is his destination. Papa looks proud when he returns home with good news, which is proof of the importance of owning this house for him and his family. However, a more significant theme of social class is traced in the story as well. Being a house-owner is a sign of certain social standing. Still, Helen admits that her friends do not often come to visit her. “I have friends I’d just as soon not bring here. And I have other friends that wouldn’t come down this far for anything unless they were in a taxi” (Brooks 29). The girl realizes that the place they live in is in a lower-class area. Nevertheless, at the end of the story, Helen decides to give a party because she would like “some of my friends to just casually see that we’re homeowners” (Brooks 32). Thus, owning a house is more than just having a place to live, it is an indicator of status. To summarize, it should be mentioned that despite its small size, “Home” is a mirror of the epoch when it was created and the people who lived at that time. The significance of belonging to a class and having its necessary indicators is evident and understood by adults and children. Although they could have a better living in a flat, the family prefers to remain home-owners and preserve their vague social status. Thus, it can be concluded that making an impression and pretending to belong to a higher status w
The history of computer storage is an exciting topic that shows some of the most significant innovations that have shaped our current life. Steady at first, the development process became more and more rapid in the recent decades. This project aims to follow the development of storage technology by explaining the various stages of technological innovation. Thus, the scope of the project includes the history of crucial inventions for data storage, from the first punch cards to the latest flash memory storage technology. Punch Cards Punch cards were originally invented by Herman Hollerith and adopted for wide use in 1890 (Jones, 2008, para. 1). However, similar ideas could be seen in France in early 19 th century, where they were used to control Jacquard looms (Jones, 2008, para. 2). Jacquard’s punch cards have also inspired Charles Babbage, whose ideas later prevented Hollerith’s company IBM from getting patent rights over the punch card data storage technology (Jones, 2008, para. 4). Punch Cards The technology behind punch cards was quite simple, which is probably why the idea became popular among many people. As Jones (2008) explains, “The original code used for punched card data recording in the 1890 census had 22 columns with 8 punch positions each” (para. 7). The holes punched in the card were used as a code to be read by a machine. The structure of the cards was later improved and expanded to accommodate more data that could be recorded on punch cards (Jones, 2008, para. 8). The original process of card reading did not require computers: until 1950’s, a semi-manual process involving both a card sorter and a tabulating machine was used (Jones, 2008, para. 16). Magnetic Tape The next step of storage technology development was the introduction of magnetic tape storage by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 (“The history of (computer) storage”, n.d., sec. 10). When the concept was popularized, BASF became the company responsible for magnetic tape production, whereas AEG started manufacturing the Magnetophon machine, which was first used on November 19th 1936 to record the performance of the London Philharmonic Orchestra (“The history of (computer) storage”, n.d., sec. 10). Magnetic Tape The magnetic tape included a long rolled string of film with an iron oxide coating, which recorded the data when exposed to a magnetic field. To recover the data, it was necessary to expose it to another electromagnetic field to reproduce the signal sequence recorded. From the 1950s, IBM computers began using a similar technology, which set the industry standard for magnetic tape to be “half an inch wide and wound on removable reels 10.5 inches in diameter” (“The history of (computer) storage”, n.d., sec. 10). Hard Drives The world’s first hard disk technology was introduced by RAMAC in 1956, starting the era of magnetic di
Overview of the industry Australia, one of the most developed nations in the modern world, is endowed with good health and a diverse, highly nutritious and abundant food supplies. Australia has a commitment to social justice that seeks to promote equal access to resources, which includes food and health. Nevertheless, some communities and individuals are deprived of good nutrition and health for various reasons, especially the native Aboriginal communities mainly in rural areas (AIHW, 2012). The agency has the responsibility of monitoring and reporting data on health and morbidity in relation to nutrition and food at the local, community and national levels. Moreover, the national government has established an expert panel on food and nutrition monitoring and surveillance strategy, a section of the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. Between 2012 and 2013, the food and beverage processing industry produced more than $24 billion in value, which is more than 23% of the total GDP obtained from manufacturing and about 1.5% of the country’s total GDP. In fact, the industrial contribution to the economy by the food and nutrition industry is more than the contributions obtained from machinery and equipment, petroleum, chemical, coal and rubber. Noteworthy, the industry is also one of the most innovative sectors of the economy, with research being a key aspect of the innovation. For instance, in 2012 alone, the food and beverage processing industry consumed more than $540 million on research and development, with an aim of improving the quality, value and quantity of food and nutrients needed by the growing population. Moreover, it is worth noting that the food and nutrition industry of Australia contributes to the country’s foreign exchange, with the country exporting large quantities of food products and importing significant quantities of products not available locally. For instance, the annual export of processed food and beverage products is about $18 billion while the import value is about $11 billion, which creates a significant and positive trade balance. Currently, Australia’s largest exports of food and beverage products, both processed and raw, include processed animal products such as meat, bacon, poultry, ham and dairy products. In addition, the country exports large
There are three main types of domestic violence arrest laws manifest in the United States. The arrest regulations employed by various states include mandatory arrest, pro-arrest, and permissive arrest laws. Consequently, there often arises a debate on which of the policies serves best in protecting the victims of domestic violence. As a result, there are endless arguments on the strengths and limitations of each regulation, as postulated by scholars and laypeople alike. However, the best method of discerning which stipulations best protect victims involves gathering data on which techniques lead to lower re-offending rates. The primary aim of any domestic violence arrest law is to protect the victim and ensure no recurrence of the cruelty within homes while also preserving families. Surveys from the criminal justice system indicate that only 10% of arrested individuals go on to re-offend, while 26% of those forced to leave/ separated re-offended, and 18% of those placed under counseling re-offended (Karmen, 2020). The data suggests that arrests effectively reduce re-offending rates, which goes a long way in protecting victims. As such, mandatory arrest policies requiring the police officer to arrest wherever there is probable cause that violence happened are most critical. Such laws act as effective deterrence against DV, as the data suggests. Furthermore, mandatory arrest policies place the entire burden of arrest on the police. Hence, the already traumatized victim endures less pressure concerning the arrest of their spouse, enhancing the chances of perpetrator reforms and preservation of the marriage. According to Karmen (2020), mandatory arrest policies importantly remove the immediate source of danger from home, protecting the victim. Mandatory arrests separate married couples to allow them time to reflect on their marriage and find the way forward. In many instances, the policies remove the need for retribution against the offender by the battered spouse. The offender’s removal protects both the offender and victim from further crimes and homicides. According to the National Institute of Justice, mandatory arrest laws are the most prevalent in US states, indicating a widespread agreement on their effectiveness. Reference Karmen, A. (2020). In Crime victims: An introduction to victimology . Cengage Learning.
The topic of teenage employment has long been debated among lawyers, social policymakers, and the general public. Like many other dilemmas relevant to adolescents, a part-time job for a teenager has upsides and downsides. Ultimately it comes down to a personal decision for both teens and their families that are made on a case-by-case basis. However, this paper argues that overall the benefits of teenagers working part-time while at school outweigh the drawbacks, provided the teens receive appropriate guidance at home. Self-reliance is a valuable life lesson. People must learn it at some point in their lives. Teenagers who work part-time while attending school learn to fend for themselves. They can use their money to pay their school fees or as spending money. They discover how tough it is to make a living, which will help teens recognize their parents’ efforts to sustain the family. On the other hand, a personal source of income allows teenagers greater independence and confidence (Tayfur et al., 4). While only a small percentage of teenagers hand earnings to their parents, earnings from part-time employment benefit many families financially since teenagers buy items that their parents would otherwise supply. They may learn to budget and, with enough time and dedication, might save up for a big purchase that would belong only to them. Additionally, there is scientific evidence to suggest that young adults in their 20-s earn more when they’ve had a work experience throughout their teens. Teenagers who work part-time while attending school gain meaningful work experience, which will be appreciated by their employers later in life and regardless of the field. Meanwhile, at home, the prevalence of teen employment has prompted heated discussions about whether teenagers should work, how many hours they should work, and what kind of occupations they should undertake. Most parents prefer their children to work because they believe it instills a variety of des