ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Mass extinction is the large scale loss of species on earth in relatively short periods due to environmental or climatic changes. Mass extinctions have been well documented in earth’s history thanks to the study of fossils and rocks by both paleontologists and geologists. Theories have been formulated to explain different mass extinctions on record. These include asteroid impact theory, climatic change theory, and the volcanic eruptions theory. Asteroid impact theory This occurred 65 million years ago a large asteroid hit the earth penetrating to the earth crust scattering dust and debris to the atmosphere. Fires were ignited due to the impact of raising temperature rapidly, which incinerated millions of animals. Dust in the atmosphere blocked sunlight for years resulting in low temperatures that killed numerous warm-blooded animals that could not adapt to the low temperatures. Global fires emitted high amounts of carbon dioxide, which increased global temperature and resulted in acid rain due to chemical changes in the atmosphere.Plants and phytoplankton that required sunlight for photosynthesis died out depleting food resources, thus affecting the food chain (Raup, 1992, p. 19). Herbivores that ate plants a starved to death, thus affecting carnivores animals this included the dinosaur. Disease theory This hypothesis was formulated by Dr. Robert T. Bakker in his book the dinosaur heresies. He speculated that large animals were able to cross large water bodies to reach far continents, thus bringing with them parasites and disease, and had developed some immunity to them. During close interactions, each animal succumbed to each other’s disease and small species were spared because of their inability to travel long distances. Other scientists believe that small species were responsible for spreading parasites and diseases. Small species insects rapidly increased in population during the end of the Cretaceous period. Bugs that have been discovered contained malaria-causing parasites, and fossilized dinosaurs dung contained nematodes and protozoa (Warrick, 1998, p. 1). Climate change theory Volcanicity in Siberia or change in the course of the earth in orbit could have led to changes in climate, resulting in a rising in temperature globally 250 million years ago. This period known as the Permian saw 80 percent of life on land and 90 percent of the life of marine life perish. The same was also evident during the formation of continents with magma flowing over the earth’s surface. This indubitably led to mass extinctions since a large number of animals were killed. High amounts of volcanic gases filled the atmosphere creating the greenhouse effect this led to increasing in temperature consequently resulted in melting of icecaps which led to flooding which wiped out large numbers of plants and animals on land. This theory is, perhaps the most suitable explanation for the mass extinctions of species. This is because there is still evidence of clim
Background of the organisation Brunt Corporation entails a group of hotels incorporated in the United Kingdom (UK), but the management has started investing in foreign countries. The corporation runs a chain of clean and reasonably priced hotels that provide budget accommodation to its clients. The corporation provides hotel services to leisure and business travellers, depending on the clients’ needs. The management ensures that the hotels are located in the outskirts of the cities to facilitate transportation. The management intends to expand the corporation’s operations to Greece. For the new hotels, the management will use an ethnocentric approach to manage subsidiaries in the host countries (HCs). The corporation’s policies allow the chief executive officer to send managers from the parent company to manage subsidiaries in the host countries across the world. Reasons for expanding to Greece The corporation wanted to increase its revenues through expanding its market to capture clients in Greece. Furthermore, the move would contribute additional income to the corporation; hence, improving the company’s profitability. Additionally, the management of Brunt Corporation wanted to control expenses through venturing into Greece. The management would achieve low costs of operations through taking advantage of the HC‘s favourable structures of tax. Furthermore, in the future, the corporation would take advantage of the Greece’s low cost of labour by employing HC’s nationals. The management of Brunt Corporation wanted to diversify the company’s services and products through spreading the risks to Greece. In Greece, Brunt Corporation would counter the challenge of recession periods in the UK and France. Furthermore, widening the corporation’s market would help the management to invent ways to cou
The teaching philosophy can influence the quality of the educator’s work significantly because it determines tools and methods that are selected by the teacher. Therefore, educators need to formulate their teaching philosophies and with references to existing theories to guarantee the use of working and evidence-based principles. The purpose of this paper is to provide the educator’s profile with the focus on the teaching style, present the philosophy statement with references to the aspect of family and community engagement, and formulate the questions to guide the research. Educator’s Profile As an educator, I follow the teaching style that can be explained as the work of a facilitator in the context of cooperative learning. While working with children, it is important to support their development through facilitation, encouragement, interaction, and stimulation (Gomez, Nussbaum, Weitz, Lopez, & Mena, 2013). My experience in communicating with children indicates that they learn quicker and more active when they cooperate, play, explore, and interact. The adult person in this process is only a facilitator who assists in organizing the children’s play and effective cooperation in the group. When children are young, they need much support from a teacher, but the learning is more effective and developmentally appropriate when an educator allows children to learn independently, with the focus on only relevant guidance (Kagan & Kauerz, 2012). The experience helped me focus on the student-centered approach in teaching, and my current teaching style is correlated with the needs of young children who develop through the constant interaction, exploration of the settings, and play. Philosophy Statement The purpose of education is to develop the child’s intellectual and emotional potential while concentrating on his or her needs. Therefore, the focus of education differs, depending on the child’s age and level of development. In this case, an educator should approach each child individually. The important information about the child and his or her needs can be collected only from parents. Family engagement is an important aspect of early childhood education; however, this factor should be regarded as significant at each stage of the student’s growth and development (Halgunseth, Peterson, Stark, & Moodie, 2009). From this perspective, an educator should continuously cooperate with families and communities to guarantee that children learn and develop within positive and supportive environments. The work to promote the learning and development of children is a sequential and continuous process. As a result, it cannot stop when a child is at home. This aspect makes the family and community engagement an important factor that can guarantee the natural development and learning of a child. A teacher needs to gain the support of the family to expect the complex development of a child (Fantuzzo, Ga
Introduction The justice system in the United States of America was designed to fulfill a number of specific social and moral goals. It fulfills a retributive purpose, punishing those that are deemed to be unlawful or morally lacking. Alternatively, justice is also procedural, determining how people in society must be treated. Justice can also be restorative, aiming to integrate individuals back into society. The understanding of which aims must take precedence depends on the person. Once a person serves their sentence and comes out of prison, it is generally expected that they will be able to become a normally functioning member of society, capable of following its rules and regulations. However, in many cases, people commit more crimes after being freed. These types of individuals are often called repeat offenders, habitual offenders, or career offenders. Present systems of post-convict integration and the associated safety nets are considerably lacking, leading to many people struggling outside of prison. In most cases, repeat offender is not able to fully adapt to life outside of the criminal justice system, making them turn to the only lifestyle they are familiar with – lawlessness. Due to this fact, the US legislation also includes certain laws and guidelines for working with those who have previous experience with the justice system. The existence of Career offender guidelines is aimed at reducing cases of recidivism and discouraging criminal behavior. However, the actual effectiveness of such methods varies severely. This review will focus on discussing career offender guidelines and their effectiveness within the justice system. Overview Career Offenders First, the designation “career offender” itself can be discussed. A person is considered to be a serial offender when they meet a number of criteria, including being over 18 years old at the time of a crime, being convicted of a violent or drug-related crime, and having at least two prior similar offenses (Burnham & Gorokhov, 2017). Meeting all of the above criteria makes one a career offender within the US justice system. When assigned such a status, it incurs a number of penalties with it, primarily focusing on the severity of sentencing. Usually, the minimum charge in court is increased, making any potential criminal repercussions more severe than they would have been otherwise (Burnham & Gorokhov, 2017). Additionally, the criminal history of a person considered a career offender is placed in a heavier category. The combination of the two results in most career offenders getting spending more time in the prison system. An individual is able to challenge their designation, and not all people are eligible for the title of a career offender. While the career offender system was designed in order to prevent repeat offenses and discourage criminality, the actual sentence limits were not established using empirical data. All of the increased sente
Germany is a small country with limited resources but well geographically positioned in Europe. It took part in conquering many countries in North Africa in the First World War. Although Germany appeared small in terms of size, population, and financial status, it won in many wars. The Prussian-German way of winning wars amazed many people. Majority of them doubted whether Prussia, a small country compared to its enemies could succeed in a war. They had notable tactics that kept them at the best positions in terms of wars. America and many countries in Europe have tried to use German ways of fighting in outfitting their opponents. Citino, an American historian, demonstrated various methods used by the Germans in wars that led to their consideration as one of the fiercest forces in the world. According to him, Germany ensured their wars were small and sharp. They hit their enemies with considerable impact as quick as possible to avoid wastage of time. This enabled them to win decisive victories instantaneously. Their financial status and low population size could not endure long attritional wars against their populated and richer enemies. This format of attacking was one of the earliest methods used by German planners, who concentrated much of their effort in designing sophisticated operational formats of winning the wars. Citino also claimed that the level of efficiency and tactical flexibility of the army played a crucial role in battlefields. According to Citino, their strategy was ambushing their enemies without warning. This boosted their chances of success in war. With this format, the Germans were able to defeat their outnumbering and financially fit enemies with ease. According to Citino, the aggressiveness of German commanders killed Auftragstaktik myths enhancing war success. The German commanders’ support for attack of any person they considered an enemy intensified fear among their opponents. Active involvement of the commanders in searching for their enemies culminated the quench for success among German soldiers. It signified a sense of responsibility in leaders. Citino also shows how the commanders’ autonomy in their actions contributed to war success. They sometimes ignored commands from the headquarters. Waiting of orders from above would have contributed to the escape of prisoners of war or invasion from the encountered enemies. The Germans used this method due to lack of enough arms and other resources essential for success. Through this, they prevented the coalition of their enemies as this would have led to straining o
Historical background First of all it is necessary to mention, that the pre-civil war Constitution did not offer any specific shelters for voting. Requirements for voting were reasons which neither the Constitution nor federal laws controlled. Meanwhile, even though some northern states allowed a small amount of free black people to be indexed and vote, slavery and restraining state laws led the license to be implemented almost wholly by white men. Soon after the Civil War Congress ratified the Military Renovation Act of 1867, which permitted earlier Confederate States to be re-disclosed to the Union, if they assumed new state constitutions that allowed suffrage to al the male population. The 14th Amendment, which awarded citizenship to all individuals born or naturalized in the United States, was accepted in 1868. In 1870 the 15th Amendment was accepted, which offered exclusively that the privilege to vote shall not be refuted or restricted on the grounds of race, color or earlier position of servitude. This changed state regulations that had openly forbade black to vote. Congress then ratified the Enforcement Act of 1870, which included criminal punishments for interfering with the right to vote, and the Force Act of 1871, which offered for federal voting supervision. Consequently, in the previous Confederate States, where new black inhabitants in some cases encompassed entire or near majorities of the entitled voting residents, hundreds of thousands recently-unchained slaves listed to vote. Black contenders started for the first time to be designated to state, domestic and federal offices and to act a significant job in their governments. The “Reapportionment Revolution” The final stage of defining the voting rights for the American population took place in the early 1960s, when the Supreme Court also overwhelmed its unwillingness to adopt the Constitution to unjust redistricting live outs. Before the 1962, the US Supreme Court had refused to fix on constitutional confronts to governmental distribution systems, on the positions that such “political issues” were not within the national courts’ authority. In Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962), though, the Supreme Court realized that disgustingly mal-allocated state legislative areas could dangerously underestimate or dilute – the voting power of the citizens of overpopulated regions while overestimating the voting authority of residents of under-populated areas. The Supreme Court established that such mal-apportionment could be confronted in national court under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. In afterward cases involving Reynolds v. Sims , 3
Abstract This paper examines the developments that have been witnessed in the mobile phone industry with particular attention to those witnessed at Nokia Corporation. A brief history of the Nokia Company and the products it has produced are given in the paper. The operations of Nokia Company in the developed nations and in the developing countries are examined with a focus on the probable course of action. The paper examines the internal and external factors that can affect the operations of Nokia both at the local and at the international level. The necessary reinforcements and developments that are likely to be adopted by the company are also presented briefly. Introduction The current local and international markets are characterized by a lot of competition. The organizations that strive to have a large market should be sensitive and responsive to the changing trend in the market. The understanding of the forces within an organization and those external to the organization are of importance in developing a strategic marketing plan for the organization. The management of an organization should be in a position to identify the strengths and weaknesses within its premises. It is then important that the management find a way of overcoming the weaknesses as well as capitalizing on the identified strengths of the organization. The management should also focus on the external forces that will influence the operations in the organization. The competition that is got from other companies providing the same products and services becomes a threat to the organization. On the other hand, what appears to be a weakness on the competitors is an opportunity that an organization should use to gain competitive advantage over the others. The needs of the customers often change making the market a very dynamic environment that requires constant monitoring. The companies that wish to capture a larger share of the market need to embark on inventive and innovative practices so that they always match the changing needs of the customers. There is a continued need of provision of better quality products and services at considerably lower prices. Companies are therefore sandwiched between two opposing forces of the need to maximize revenue and that of lowering the prices to capture the customers. Keeping up to-date track of the developments in the market and extensive market and marketing research through innovations will enable an organization to maintain its share in the local and international level. The mobile phone industry Various developments have been seen in the mobile phone industry since the use of the first mobile devices in the early 1980s. The early phones that were an improvement on the radio calls were heavy, bigger, and very expensive. Motorola launched the first mobile handset in 1983. This was very bulky, weighing about one kilogram and costing about $4000. Few individuals could afford this and thus there were not so many subscribers in the world. The mobile phones during this period are termed as the First Generation devices. They were characterized by analogue technologies with the products developed accord
Importance of Vision, Mission and Values of an Organization It should be noted that long term goals play a crucial role in any organization’s development plans as compared to short term goals. Consequently, organizations have been known to put in place visions, missions and values to encourage stakeholders focus on a common goal. Though visions, missions and values of organizations appear as meaningless statements to some people, they play a very important role in the quest to achieve long term objectives. They provide pillars on which organizations base their day-to-day aims as well as roadmaps on which long term strategies are founded (Hirschey, 2008). By aligning an organization’s vision, mission and values with the organization’s long term strategies, employees and other stakeholders are given a yard stick to measure their activities. Furthermore, it has been noted that an organization whose strategic plans are in harmony with its vision, mission and values is more likely to succeed in the long run. All organizations aspire to be sustainable in the long run. In this regard, positive organizational culture is paramount in achieving these aims. However, organizational culture can only be fostered if proper vision, mission and values are put in place. In addition, company vision, mission and values are used guiding principals in streamlining projects so as to attain desired outcomes. In a nutshell, vision, mission and values give specific aims that a firm seeks to achieve. Techniques of Environmental Analysis Analysis of business environment is very important in determining success of an organization. Organizations use many techniques in analyzing business environment though cross-impact analysis and expert opinion are more effective. Cross-impact analysis allows comparison of variables besides forecasting of events (Freeman, 2010). On the same note, cross-impact analysis does not require extensive knowledge in mathematics for one to be able to use the model. As a result, many employees can be able to use it. Similarly, expert opinion technique is highly beneficial since it involves professional advice. Professionals are well experienced in matters relating to their areas of specialization and will, therefore, be in a good position to forecast future events. Though situations change, it has been noted that there is a tendency of circumstances being repeated overtime (Hirschey, 2008). Consequently, people experienced in various areas will be able to tell the expected trend of events. Incidentally, environmental analysis is crucial in ensuring long term sustainability and should therefore be dexterously handled. It is important to note that organizational effectiveness is influenced by both internal and external factors. Factors In