ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Globalization can be defined as the process of spreading and speeding up the processes and structural reforms internationally rather than on a national level (Lawal, 2006). Globalization is widely viewed as a factor that speeds up the rate of development in most countries. However, this factor has been distributed in an uneven manner such that other countries do not rely on it for fast growth. In most cases, one would find that the gap between the rich and the poor is wider than expected, thus slowing development. It is important that the approach used to achieve development is examined on several levels such as international and national (Unctad, 2004). The process of globalization is all about development and has been used to transform economic development. Nevertheless, it is important to always implement the necessary measures so as to maximize the benefits of globalization; this will ensure sustainable development and growth (Lawal, 2006). Since development positively transforms a society, it is important to note that it is linked to globalization for better transformation (Unctad, 2004). This essay seeks to reflect on the development strategies based on globalization. Promoting Development In order to promote development, it is vital to create a conducive and friendly environment as well as provide the availability of resources for both economic and social necessities. This will entail better consistency linking both national and international developments. There has to be a policy that is put in place that helps reform countries so as to reap the globalization benefits. This can only be done if the policies are supported by both international and local institutions (Waller-Hunter & Jones, 2002). Some of the components that enhance globalization can be classified as endogenous and exogenous. Endogenous may entail technological reforms whereas exogenous entails social and environmental factors like government decisions. This simply shows that the governments are one major influence of the pace and growth of globalization process (Schuch, 2007). In order to have sustainable development, the process of globalization must be available. Sustainable development is one that lasts and maximizes the well-being of the existing and up-coming generations. This will include satisfaction of the society in terms of economic needs, social development as well as clean and healthy environment (Waller-Hunter & Jones, 2002). Some of the environmental aspects that will determine the growth rate of globalization include the development of economic output, not forgetting encouragement of technological development. One important rule to note is that the pressure on environmental policies should at a
One of the assumptions of molecular biology from an evolutionary perspective is that the triplet nature of the genetic code is a traditional form of two-nucleotide coding. In other words, it is assumed that protein coding using three nucleotides is an evolutionary modification of coding based on two nucleotides. In this sense, one might expect that the mRNA UUU codon, which encodes the formation of the amino acid Phenylalanine, might have been previously represented by the two-nucleotide UU codon encoding the same amino acid. In fact, such speculation makes sense, and the following paragraphs aim to use compelling biological evidence for this thesis. It is now well known that DNA consists of four nucleotides (A, T, G, and CD), and every three variations of these nucleotides create a particular amino acid. In this regard, there is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, which determines that DNA through transcription gives rise to mRNA, which through translation is converted into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. According to the law of mathematics, coding four elements into three sites could yield 43 variants or 64 combinations of nucleotides. If only two nucleotides were enough for coding, with no change in the number of monomers forming the DNA, this would result in 42 variants or only 16, which is exactly four times less. In this sense, the first intuitive argument is that the diversity of protein molecules used to be significantly lower and their amino acid composition scarcer. Chemical evolution continues to add to the number of emerging substances, but earlier, when life was just beginning, it is highly likely that the three-nucleotide code was redundant. Cells did not expend as much energy to use triplets because prot
Introduction Financial institutions play a significant role in the economy of every country. Existing laws and guidelines in different regions require that such organizations adhere to strict requirements and procedures in an attempt to maintain the integrity of the existing economic structure. These processes amount to something known as financial regulation. Such a practice has been observed to promote economic growth by preventing these inappropriate behaviors: money laundering and deceitful financial operations. However, this is an area that has its unique disadvantages. This paper identifies and discusses the shortcomings of financial regulation. Financial Regulation: Shortcomings Regulation of financial processes and markets is a practice that governments have pursued for many years. This initiative has managed to streamline operations in different countries across the world. Unfortunately, a number of key areas or weaknesses have emerged that make financial regulation questionable, ineffective, or inappropriate. The first shortcoming associated with it is that some people can change existing rules in an attempt to achieve their gains. Anagnostis and Alexios believe that the corporate world and other key stakeholders in the financial sector can bend regulations depending on situations or targeted objectives (129). Such an occurrence will affect members of the public negatively and make it impossible for them to achieve their potential. The second weakness is that of regulatory arbitrage. This means that the use of laws or guidelines can result in
The Prince, written by Nicholas Machiavelli, is an important contribution to the modern concept of politics. In a sense, this work contradicts the philosophical tradition of ancient political thought in which political practice is overshadowed by the idealization of governments and utopian cities. On the contrary, in Prince, Machiavelli (2014) establishes that the real implementation of politics implies real situations with real people whose behavior, decisions and actions usually are not necessarily moral. The main theme of “The Prince” by Machiavelli is monarchical rule and survival. This work was regarded as a guide for politicians on the use of ruthless, self-serving cunning and inspired the term “Machiavellian”. Machiavelli (2014) discusses in detail how a ruler should act in various situations or circumstances and establishes that the main goal of politics is the successful retention of power. The book had a lasting effect on political thought since in it, Machiavelli opposed the traditional attitude to politics that serves the people to a benign self-interest, where the ruler is self-centered and focused on his goals. The book justifies any means as long as they help the governor to achieve his aims. According to Hobbes, people are egoistic, greedy, and seek personal gain. Egoism is declared to be the main incentive of human activity. But Hobbes does not condemn people for their selfish inclinations, does not believe that they are evil by nature. Many people find Hobbes’ view cynical as it is too simplified and not all actions can be explained by egoism. For example, there are a lot of people and charity organizations that donate their money and time for free without any personal gain. As for me, I find human nature infinitely more complex than power-seeking individuals described in Hobbes’s work. Reference Machiavelli, N. (2014). The prince and other writings . Simon and Schuster.
Introduction As the crime rate increases all over the world, security experts also improve their crime risk management. The shoe impression is one of the ways of examining and locating evidence at a crime scene. The shoe print has helped to solve many crime incidences and the mysteries surrounding them. During investigations, the concerned team members try to find any meaningful evidence that helps to find any persons that are responsible for the crime. Shoe impression is the collection of proof from the shoe marks left behind by the suspects (Canter, 2010). The impressions are important for court proceedings. Types of Prints One of them is visible print. It is the transfer of material from the shoe to the surface. Such marks are visible by the naked eye without any additional aids. For instance, there could be bloody shoe prints on the surface, on the body, or a piece of paper (Rose, 2008). Another type is the plastic footprint. It is a three-dimensional impression left on a soft surface. It could the tracks of the shoe left in the sand, mud, or even snow. Lastly, there is a latent print. It is not easily visible to the naked eye. The print results from the static charges between the sole of the shoe and the surface (Rose, 2008). The examiners may have to use powder, chemicals, and even alternative light sources to discover such prints. Some of the examples include the footprints on a hard surface, tiles, window sills, or metal counters. How to Collect Samples When the footwear impressions are on the soil or snow, casting is the best method to collect the samples. For imprints, it is usually advisable to obtain the entire object that has the imprint. It could be a sheet of paper with the shoe print (Hails, 2012). Sometimes it is not possible to collect the evidence when it is on a large surface like a counter. The examiner may have to use the lifting technique to transfer the imprint to a medium that can be of use in the laboratory. There is the need to have proper documentation just like any other evidence is essential for analysis. The collection and preservation methods should also preserve the integrity of the imprints. Since impression evidence is easily damaged, there is a need to secure and document the scene before collecting the evidence. It includes taking photographs of the site and the evidence impression (Hails, 2012). There is usually a very slight difference between the shoe sizes. The photographer should ensure that he or she takes the photos at a 90° angle to the impression. The angle enables the photos to have the right size for valid comparison. It also helps to prevent wrong assumptions. It is also critical to preserve the high-resolution images of the imprints. The forensic experts should also use the alternate light sources or chemical enhancers to get all the needed details and even use the latent marks. Whatever method that the experts may use, they should be careful to collect the imprints as they are to prevent any distortions (Suboch, 2016). The lift
I am going to analyze the theme of free will in the book written by Saint Augustine “City of God” as it is an imprescriptible symbol of religious text, aspects of morality, and the interpretation of the Bible. Augustine’s theories of free will are based on the ability to exercise choice. Free will is an attribute of the saint people, prophets and ordinary people. The aspect of free will can be considered from different points of view and according to different principles. Thus, there are several definitions of the aspect of free will; it can be considered to be any action, decision or choice made voluntarily or the state of freedom to make choices that are not the result of divine intervention or caused by some prior actions. So, we can view the aspect of free will in the book “City of God” by Saint Augustine as a choice of some people to do something by their own will and the actions of people which are not caused by ‘divine intervention’; thus, people are free to choose their own way and to act in a self-determined manner. The major aspect of this very issue is the freedom of choice. Thereby the title of the fifteenth chapter of the first book gives us a vivid example which can be analyzed from the point of view of both aspects: “Of Regulus, in whom we have an example of the voluntary endurance of captivity for the sake of religion; which yet did not profit him, though he was a worshipper of the gods” (Augustine 19). The actions being made according to the person’s free will are rejected to be done for the sake of something, all the more for the sake of religion. The actions or decisions made because of free will must not be predetermined by some reasons, especially the religious ones. A person, whether it is an ordinary man or a general, can bear any kind of challenges from fate but the ‘voluntary endurance of captivity is not the feature of free-will action. I know the only reason why a person can suffer captivity; it does not presuppose free will; it is weakness. Only a weak person can suffer some hardship in order to tell them that this all was for the sake of religion. Religion is the matter of different kinds of people: weak and strong, and their faith can be weak and strong, as well as their actions can be caused by different reasons. The saint people suffered hardship not for the sake of religion, but for the sake of ideas and beliefs; they wanted to achieve certain goals or get to know more about life, the reasons for our living on this planet, and the gospel truth. These people are worthy of the respect of all people in the world. And the people who claim that their actions are caused by the religious aspects are to be disrespected. Moreover, the Roman general who was captured, Marcus Attilius Regulus is said to get no profit from religion, “though he was a worshipper of the gods” (Augustine 19). I cannot stand such people as they are always searching for some kind of profit. To err is human. People make their decisions of free will; their actions may be good or bad, conditioned by good or bad intentions. Thus, all the g
David Einhorn, the hedge fund manager in Greenlight Capital Inc., sued Apple to protest against the company’s intention to limit the issue of preferred stock because this operation could decrease the possible profits of investors. Einhorn supports his decision to block an Apple shareholder proposal developing the idea that having $137 billion cash pile, Apple is obliged to provide the increased returns for shareholders without any limitations in relation to preferred stock (Lessin, Demos, and Benoit). The limitations for issuing preferred stock in the form of the shareholder vote is the first step to break the cash balance and ignore the investors’ interests (Denning). Thus, according to Einhorn, it is necessary to issue preferred stock basing on the operating cash flow and contributing to a 4% dividend rate (Rubin). From this point, Apple intends to decrease dividend payments with references to the definite limitations when the focus on preferred stock can be advantageous for growing the investors’ profits (Lessin and Demos). It is necessary to note that Einhorn stresses on issuing preferred stock without any limitations in order to meet shareholders’ interests and increase their profits basing on the company’s cash instead of contributing to the stock decline. The problem is in the fact that the developing situation provides evidences for supporting the public’s idea that Apple is at risk of the stock decline without providing the opportunities for investors to get more cash (Lessin, Demos, and Benoit). The compromise in relation to issuing pr
Organisational assumption Motivation is simply what drives people and organizations towards achieving certain goals (Hansen, Smith & Hansen, 2002; Hong et al., 1995). Motivating employees is the role of human resource managers, as well as other organizational leaders. Giving employees the right motivation increases their productivity and eventually the performance of the organization (Poole & Jenkins, 2005; Creaby-Attwood, 2010). Managers at Foodco apply theory X in managing employees. According to this theory, employees are considered to be lazy and do not like work. As a result, workers must be forced to work and cannot be trusted with responsibility. Employees seem not to be adequately motivated by the HR department. The employees are said to have a limited involvement in the organizational work technology. This indicates that the managers do not encourage the employees to make contributions or to involve themselves in work technology activities. One way through which an employee can be motivated is involving them in the organizational activities. Employees also need to be given good positions in the organization. They need to be recognized for their duties. The case suggests that the employees’ position in Foodco is weaker compared to that of the management. This does not help in motivating employees. As a result, productivity at Foodco is likely to be below par (Beadle & Knight, 2012). This will have a negative impact on the general performance of the organization (Taylor & Earnshaw, 1995). Employee motivation requires a well experienced and knowledgeable human resource officer. The HR officer currently at Foodco does not have the qualifications. This means that the HR department does not function as it should be; thus there is failure on the side of human resource productivity. There is no qualified person who can carry out proper employee appraisal. In addition, employees who need to be directed do not have someone they can go to. Their morale is likely to be affected if they cannot be directed when they need directions. This further proves the assumption that employee motivation in this organization is low. The failure in organizational competitiveness may have also contributed to the loss of employees’ morale. When employees are working in an organization that is showing the urge to be competitive, they also feel that they are responsible for any failure that might result. This motivates employees to work harder. In addition, a competitive organization tries to motivate its employees so that they can be more productive. The assumption on the n
James Baldwin is a novelist that is famous for his collections of essays. It is imperative to note that the topics that the author raises in his works are truly intriguing, and it necessary to understand their importance. The first chapter of “Nobody Knows My Name” is especially interesting because the piece is incredibly emotional and introspective at the same time. Baldwin grabs the attention of the reader with one of the lines of the first chapter, and he states that “I left America because I doubted my ability to survive the fury of the color problem here” (17). Differently put, the author admits that he thinks that it was a necessary course of action in a particular situation because he struggled to understand his role in the country. It is paramount to note that the experience that he gains in Europe can be viewed as truly valuable because it changes his perspective on what it means to be a writer, and why this profession is so important. Numerous differences between the cultures are present, but it is clear that similarities are simply enormous. The inspiration that he gains allows him to create works that are incredibly important. However, he realizes that each society has its issues, and it is necessary to address them. A mentioning of status is also essential, and social critic believes that it is especially problematic in America because the way people treat writers is different than in other countries. It is paramount to say that it is not an easy task to forget years of discrimination and mistreatment, and it is likely that it will always stay a critical part of the history. On the other hand, he believes that artistry is praised in Europe much more, and authors do not have to deal with numerous barriers, and can freely express their opinions. He believes that creative freedom can be troublesome in some situations because one has to understand that novelists also have a broad range of responsibilities. The fact that they have a tremendous influence on people is critical. Baldwin creates a particular connection with readers in the first chapter with such words as “every society is really gover
A psychological assessment is a process of standardized testing and measurements that are performed to help a psychologist better understand an individual and arrive at a diagnosis and treatment plan. The primary purpose of this procedure is to gather information about a person to diagnose a mental disorder that a person may have. Having completed the assessment, a psychologist will be able to establish either a tentative or definitive diagnosis. When used professionally, psychological testing can guide the treatment or require further examination. Psychological Assessment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental illness that develops in response to a catastrophic life event. Over the last decades, the knowledge of psychometric assessment of PTSD has greatly expanded, and new empirical evaluation instruments for measuring PTSD and trauma exposure have been developed (Maruish, 2018). Current relevant tests, structured interviews, and questionnaires have proven psychometric properties that help elucidate aspects of the mental condition. Two psychological assessment procedures that will be discussed in this section are the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). The CAPS-5 is a 30-item structured questionnaire that was developed by the staff of the US Department of Veteran Affairs National Center for PTSD. The given questionnaire corresponds to the DSM-5 diagnosis for PTSD. The CAPS-5 is considered to be the gold standard in PTSD assessment which is used to make current or lifetime diagnosis of PTSD and assess PTSD symptoms which occurred over the past 7 days (Weathers et al., 2018). It is worth noting that the interview was developed for clinicians and clinical researchers who have professional knowledge of PTSD. The PCL-5 is a self-report measure of 20 DSM-5 PTSD symptoms which was developed by the staff of VA National Center for PTSD (Blevins, Weathers, Davis, Witte, & Domino, 2015). This is a widely used screening tool for making a provisional PTSD diagnosis and monitoring symptoms change during and after treatment. As have been mentioned before, the standard measure for PTSD is the CAPS-5, and the PCL-5 is considered to be an additional assessment procedure which cannot be used as a stand-alone tool. Unlike the CAPS-5, the PCL-5 does not require administration of the professional and can be completed by patients in 5-10 minutes before a session (Blevins et al., 2015). The results of the PCL-5 should be interpreted by a clinician or a researcher. The CAPS-5 has excellent psychometric properties which allow for using its methodology for assessing PTSD with a wide variety of trauma-exposed samples. In the study, psychometric properties of the CAPS-5 were examined in two samples of veterans (Weathers et al., 2018). It has been found that the assessment procedure showed great inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and strong agreement with PTSD diagnosis. Even though the CAPS-5 is generally co