ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In his novel Anna Karenina , Leo Tolstoy creates a conflicting portrayal of a woman who becomes the victim of the social conventions established in Russian society during the second half of the nineteenth century. The author makes the protagonist commit suicide, and in this way, he tries to evoke empathy for this character. Nevertheless, at the same time, Tolstoy is very critical of Anna because she often acts impulsively; moreover, she does not try to find any internal reason to live. To a great extent, he has a very mixed attitude towards the protagonist and her final decision to commit suicide. So, it is critical to demonstrate how the writer explores this issue in the novel. Overall, Tolstoy wants to show that Karenina lives in society, which is governed by hypocritical norms. For instance, her brother Stiva is known as a womanizer and a wayward person. Nevertheless, his behavior is never criticized by others; in fact, it is taken for granted. In contrast, the adultery committed by Anna is immediately regarded as something outrageous. Moreover, she quickly becomes a social outcast. Admittedly, the writer does not try to justify adultery as a social phenomenon; nevertheless, he highlights the idea the existing ethical principles could be flawed. At the time when the novel was written, the tradition of arranged marriages still had profound effects on many Russian families because many married couples were a force to live together even though they felt no attention for one another (Rosslyn 227). This is one of the reasons why adultery was a very widespread phenomenon, especially among aristocratic families. So, while analyzing this character, one should consider the social environment in which the characters of this novel lived because it profoundly influenced their values and worldviews (Rosslyn 227). In particular, many of them became more concerned with prestige or respectability, rather than personal integrity. Additionally, Anna is extremely critical of people who lay stress on respectability and turn a blind eye to the true feelings or thoughts of an individual. This is why she says that “respect was invented to fill the empty space where love ought to be” (Tolstoy 692). The main tragedy is that even Vronsky cannot understand her feelings. He is also worried about the social response to his relationship with Anna. So, the main character is extremely disap
The theory of cognitive dissonance states that in an effort to maintain cognitive consistency within our respective minds, this often results in the creation of irrational or even maladaptive behavioral constructs (Antoniou et al., 2013). When it comes to boredom and effort, cognitive dissonance is often put into play into justifying a particularly boring exercise as being worthwhile resulting in a greater degree of effort put into it. For example, most people tend to be bored at their jobs due to their nature and, as such, question why they continue to work at something that is apparently boring. Through the application of cognitive dissonance people in effect interpret the continued activity as interest resulting in them interpreting that they actually like their work resulting in more effort being put into it since they have fooled themselves into liking it (Ask et al., 2011). Through the work of Roth (2010), it can be seen that the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy is based on internal self-predilections regarding particular points of view or ideas. One example Roth (2010) points to is the current predilection within the U.S. to associate minority populations such as Latinos, Hispanics and African Americans with crime. Racial profiling does exist in the case of many states within the U.S. wherein there is a disproportionate level of suspicion placed on people from minorities as there are on Caucasians. As a result of such a viewpoint, people from minorities are often cast with a significant level of suspicion which limits their capacity to be employed in some areas due to the manner in which they are associated with crime. The end result is that such individuals have no choice but to turn to crime due to the limited number of opportunities they have. In the case of people from African American decent, Lee & Ahn (2013) points to the results of their study which showed that many within the African American community had negative expectations of themselves due to the manner in which they have been treated by society. They state that society views them as nothing more than “gang bangers” and criminals and, as a result, they tend to focus on the viewpoint that they will have relatively few opportunities to succeed in life. The end result is the creation of negative self-esteem which limits such an individual’s willingness to attempt possible recourses that could result in a better life for them. In the end this becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy wherein they become exactly that people said they were. It is based on this that the best way of breaking away from creating a self-fulfilling prophecy within your own life is to perfor
Introduction The recent American elections shows that there are a lot of issues undesirable about presidential elections and the process of voting. Despite theory, voting is not a private action, except in the most literal sense. A ballot is cast by each individual–at least where honesty prevails–but the voter’s decision is not the result of isolated contemplation. Rather, the individual is influenced by the groups to which he or she belongs and with which he or she identifies. “A person thinks, politically, as he is, socially” wrote the authors of the first academic election survey. This statement is an exaggeration, but it correctly points to the social influences on the voter. If electoral judgments were simply individual decisions, there would be only random differences in the voting patterns of social groups. There is a need to change the understating of the presidential elections and concentrate on a personality and leadership skills of a candidate rather his party policies and promises. Analysis Of the various influences on the electorate, the most important is the political party. Party identification affects not only the vote but the individual’s perception of the entire political world. It develops early in life, before there is any detailed understanding of public issues and governmental institutions. By the fourth grade, a majority of schoolchildren have been found to identify with a political party. Once established, this loyalty is highly resistant to change: less than one-fifth of Americans have ever fully reversed their party fidelity. Larger proportions have changed to Independent, and a majority ofvoters has occasionally voted for an opposition candidate. Nevertheless, despite the many upheavals in recent American politics, party loyalty is the most stable of all attitudes, and shows as little individual change today. Following Shaw, “Voters are Rejecting Republican Ideology, Not Just Bush and McCain” (2008). White-collar and manual workers, college and high school graduates, Protestants and Catholics, small-town and big-city residents, whites and blacks–each group would divide its vote between the parties in similar proportions. In fact
Introduction The short story “Cathedral” by Raymond Carver focuses on one evening in a protagonist’s life that is likely to change him forever. The narrator and his wife play host to a blind man named Robert, an old friend of the woman. Although the story’s hero is initially uncomfortable with the guest being in his house, their interaction slowly shows him the new side of himself. By the end of the story, Bub begins to imagine what the world must be like for Robert, and, in doing so, he finds hope that he can confront his isolation and connect with people. The Epiphany through Touch The protagonist, known only as “Bub,” is shown as a reserved and uncommunicative person from the beginning of the story. Bub does not feel like having a blind person in his house because he does not know Robert, and his blindness bothers him as he never met anyone who is blind before (Carver 1). His knowledge of visually impaired individuals and what life is like for them is superficial and is based on something the narrator once read in the paper and saw on TV (Carver 6). He is genuinely surprised to discover that what he knows does not relate to Robert in any way. The narrator focuses intensively on describing Robert’s appearance and barely interacts with him in the first half of the story. He only joins the conversation to let Robert know that he is still in the room and not upset his wife (Carver 6). This fixation on Robert’s looks and surface participation in the talk shows the protagonist’s detachment from everyone in his life. Bub sees the people but does not know how to form connections with them. The narrator’s lack of meaningful relationships is emphasized by Robert, who seems to form them with ease. He has been exchanging tapes with Bub’s wife for more than ten years and has friends worldwide (Carver 7). Robert’s affliction does not stop him from getting to know people, and he does not allow it to isolate him from anyone. In contrast, Bub voluntarily separates himself from people, closing himself off from everyone he knows. Nevertheless, the narrator’s perspective changes when he draws a cathedral with Robert. As Bub closes his eyes, he lets go of his constant self-consciousness and superficial judgments. Sharing the moment with Robert shows him that to understand someone, one needs to get deeper than looks and appearances and that forming connections is not so difficult. The moment feels right to Bub, and he even wants to keep his eyes closed longer, stating, “I thought it was something I ought to do” (Carver 13). It can be argued that this is the first time the speaker does not feel secluded and alone, and it gives him hope that he can connect with other people in the future. Conclusion “Cathedral” shows the narrator’s transformation from an extremely reserved person who does not know how to form meaningful connections in his life to someone who is aware that he is capable of it. By letting himself envision Robert’s world, the narrator relinquishes the restrictions he puts on himself and enjoys being i
Race, ethnicity, family and religion are important aspects in the lives of people. These define who the people are and what they value or appreciate. Furthermore, they determine the behaviour, which helps in differentiating people from others. Even though these aspects are important, over the years they have elicited mixed reactions from different parties. They have been associated with the discrimination and sufferings that people have undergone. Therefore, their analysis is important in determining how they can be used in a positive way to enhance cohesion and diversity in the global scene. According to Oh, race is referred to as a group of people who are related in terms of their hereditary mechanism or descent (1027). These people are united by common history, language and culture traits among other attributes. They may also share some physical characteristics such as skin color, eye shape or even facial forms. Oh argues that the notion of race on physical trait is inconsistent with the historical understanding of the term that served as a basis of the Reconstruction Amendments (Oh 1028). Race in the framers of the reconstruction amendments was based on corporation that masked certain people in a certain manner. In the past, race was used as a tool of discrimination. Even in current times, race is still an obstacle in reaching cohesion among many people as it serves as a discrimination tool. Perceptions that people form on other people because of their colour or place of origin has been the core cause of discrimination (Macionis 52). This discrimination has led to crop up of affirmative actions and other human rights activism to protect those people or groups that are discriminated. Further, ethnicity helps in defining the communities around their countries. Ethnicity is an identity with or membership in a given racial, cultural or national group and observance, and practice of the belief, customs and language of that particular group. An ethnic group is unified by their way of doing things, resemblance and common cases in various aspects that forms their identity in the entire community. For instance, in America, many minority groups maintain a high level of ethnic identity especially in towns as immigrants get attracted to their ethnic communities that have established themselves in America. Therefore, ethnicity is a key role in enhancing unity as it acts as a sense of belonging. Ethnicity refers to the selected cultural aspects and some time physical traits that are used in classifying people in various categories or groups, which are considered significantly different from others (Carter and Fenton 2). For instance, in America, the most recognized ethnic groups include the Latinos, African Americas, American Indians, Europe A
Today there are a lot of different approaches to understanding of the concept of business strategy. If we consider the problem from a contemporary perspective, this concept can include the peculiarities of the process of adopting of appropriate action plans and distributing of the resources for carrying out the plans to meet the desired objectives. Moreover, there is the problem of determining of the most effective and significant approaches to examining of the principal theories for the strategy development. There can be defined two approaches which require further studying with the references to the peculiarities of the modern business tendencies. They can be considered as the prescriptive and the emergent approaches (Mintzberg 1990). Referring to the peculiarities of the emergent approach as the ‘hustle as strategy’, Bhide (1986) affirms the critical importance of this approach to strategy in a financial services business firm. Embracing this approach to the strategy development, he presents a scenario where the firm can take the advantage of transitory opportunities. Bhide affirms that flexibility, agility, and hustle are more important than a fixed plan. Employing the processual view of business strategy, he postulates that the strategy is a continuing process of negotiation and adjustment of routines, as a way to make sense of the chaos in the world (Bhide 1986). Thus, such strategies are seen as ‘emergent’, with their coherence accruing through the action and perceived in retrospect, while successive small steps eventually put the organization ahead in terms of customer focus, profit maximization and market leadership (Harfield & Hamilton 1997a). However, Bain (1959) discussed the environmental setting in which firms operate, rather than the internal operations approach, the primary unit of analysis of the industry and not the individual firm or overall business sector. Furthermore, Whittington (2002) presents four basic schools of thought as approaches to the business strategy. Classical school discusses a rational or objective approach. It places great confidence in the readiness and capacity of managers to adopt profit maximizing strategies through rational long-term planning. Evolutionary school alleges that markets and not managers dictate strategies to be employed in particular environments. According to Williamson (1991) the evolutionary view of competition sees organizations that survive as only those that adapt themselves to the environment. The representatives of processual school believe that it is not the environment or the calculated rationality by managers that are important. Instead, they consider organizations as coalitions of individuals, each of whom brings their own personal objectives and cognitive biases to the organization (Mintzberg 1990). There is also a systemic approach which takes into consideration the social environment the firm is revolving in. Huff (1990) affirms that this social constructivist view suggests that only cultural an
Introduction Among nurses and midwives’ duties, there is one that relates to the responsibility of speaking on behalf of patients. The NMC has created a set of videos intending to promote advocacy for patient’s health, specifically to ensure that healthcare professionals report abuse and other types of mistreatment of vulnerable patients. These films support the standards that NMC outlines in its Code of Conduct for Nurses ( The code of conduct, no date; NMC, 2015). This paper will review healthcare advocacy using relevant theories and address potential communication strategies. Advocacy NMC’s code of ethics outlines the standards of work that each nurse or midwife practising in the United Kingdom must adhere to daily. The NMC’s (2015, p. 6) first standard is as follows: nurses must ‘treat people as individuals and uphold their dignity. In the NMC’s first scenario, the man’s dignity is compromised since he continuously asks to give him glasses, and all nurses ignore his requests. Hence, the first scene shows that the standards set out by NMC are not met in some care facilities. The importance of being aware of the need for advocacy within relationships in health care is linked to the patients not always communicating their needs clearly and effectively (Barr and Gates, 2029; Jackson, Gettings and Metcalfe, 2018). Hence, nurses have to recognise these issues and address them since they spend a lot of time caring for patients and communicating with them, which allows them to assess the latter’s needs (Nsiah, Siakwa and Ninnoni, 2019; Prestia and Dyess, 2020). Regis College ( no date ) defines an advocate as an individual who speaks on behalf of the vulnerable people, whose voices and opinions may be lost due to bureaucracy or other issues. Consequently, a nurse advocate is a professional who observes and listens to ensure that all patients’ needs are met, including psychological. Nursing advocacy is not a novel concept, and it is integral to the job position. As part of the third principle by NMC (2015, p. 7), nurses have to assess patients’ physiological and psychological needs and ‘act as an advocate for the vulnerable, challenging poor practise and discriminatory attitudes and behaviour relating to their care’. As becomes evident from the NMC film, there is still an issue with nurses failing to fulfil their advocacy role. In a discussion article by Nursing Times, Smith and Lee (2017) argue that nurses are often afraid to advocate for their patients since it requires them to challenge others. For example, in the NMC’s first scenario, one of the nurses would have to confront the others about ignoring his request to ensure that he receives his glasses now and will be heard in the future. This confrontation can lead to conflict and stress, which humans naturally tend to avoid. As a result, nurses, who
Abstract Business Intelligence System (BIS) is a fundamental tool that makes businesses enhance strategic competitive advantages. This paper demonstrates the advantages of implementing a business intelligence system to monitor employees’ productivity, and monitoring employees’ performances provide a unique tool for measuring organizational performances. The report reveals that Jefferson was facing unique challenges of monitoring employees’ performances, however with the implementation of BIS, Jefferson medical center can improve its financial performances, employees’ efficiencies, and overall management strategic decisions. This report enhances the knowledge of business managers, government, and scholars on the advantages of business intelligence systems on the performances of business organizations. Introduction The increase in competition in the business environment has mandated business organizations many business organizations to initiate a policy of Business Intelligence system (BIS) into their business strategic decision to enhance business competitive advantages. Businesses have realized that modern business transactions have seen the need to document their transactions using automated methods, and there are needs for managers to be informed on the day-to-day of their business organizations to be able to make informed decisions. (UQS, 2009). Afolabi and Thiery define Business Intelligence System as the process of collection, treatment, and diffusion of information to reduce uncertainty in the making of business strategic decisions. (Afolabi, Thierry nd). A strategic decision is what enhances business performance. Business Intelligence System aids management to make an informed decision, through analytical tools, and techniques for conducting data analysis. (UQS, 2009). The main objective of this research is to examine the case study of Jefferson Medical Centre in the implementation of business intelligence (BI) software for the improvement of its business performance. Typically, BIS permits management to implement a relational data warehouse, where relational database management can allow the organization to access multiple data to aid the decision-making process. (Afolabi, Thierry nd). It should be noted the decision of Jefferson Medical center in the implementation of business intelligence has improved its business performances and has increased its critical business accomplishment. (Anderson-Lehman, et al nd). The rest of this paper is structured as follows: First, the paper examines key drivers and business cases for implementing a business intelligence system at Jefferson Medical Centre. Additionally, the paper exam