ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of cultural differences and cultural sensitivity is of utmost importance in today’s globalized economy. Success in an international market is determined by knowing the culture of behavior and communication of foreign business partners. According to the textbook, “effective business communication involves understanding of – and adaptation to – cultural nuances and differences.” (International and Intercultural Interpersonal Communication, 2020, para. 3). The purpose of this paper is to compare Colombia and the USA through the length of the six cultural dimensions model proposed by Geert Hofstede and to examine the similarities and differences. Similarities and Differences of 6D models The first difference we can see between these two countries is a significant gap in power distance. Colombia scores relatively high (at 67 points), implying that the notion of inequality is present in society and is “embedded in all its layers” (Hermosa, et al., 2018, p. 213). The United States, however, scores low at 40 points, which means that the way an average American employee communicates with the superior is more informal. The second, and even more significant difference of 78 points, can be noted in the individualism dimension. Colombia, with only 13 points, is a highly collectivistic community where every person feels safer being a part of a group. Americans, on the contrary, choose a more individual approach; therefore, personal status is of greater importance. One more difference we can observe is in the dimension of uncertainty avoidance. The USA score is only 46, which means that Americans are emotionally prepared for any outcome and perceive uncertainty as what Hermosa et al. (2018) refer to as “an opportunity for innovation” (p. 214). Colombians, with 80 points, view uncertainty as to the risk they would rather avoid; thus, it is challenging to implement changes. In terms of masculinity, the USA and Colombia show similar numbers (62 and 62, respectively), classifying them both as masculine cultures. Thus, people in both cultures are highly motivated and success-oriented. The difference here lies in the fact that Colombians prefer to reach their goals while being part of a group while American culture promotes individual success. The USA and Colombia show similar scores for long-term orientation dimensions (26 and 13, respectively),
Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. This drug has powerful negative effects on the heart, the brain, and emotions. However, many of those who abuse cocaine are eventually addicted with time. Consequently, they result into long-term and consequences that are mostly life threatening. It needs not to be addicted to falling victim to this because occasional users run this risk of sudden death following cocaine use. This drug can be taken in different ways ranging from injection, smoking to snorting (Monette 526). It occurs in either powdered or crack form both of which when injected they result into immediate effects. When it enters the bloodstream, it finds an easy way to the brain. This is because it is capable of crossing the blood brain barrier, which is supposed to be the sieve of components inflowing the brain. This is because of its high efficient lipophilic and hydrophilic regions that flout the balance that should exist between these two regions (Gabowski 79). Therefore, it stimulates the nervous system, in addition to, suppressing appetite. Its effects are not long lasting but results into immense pleasure to the user for that sort time. This paper will delve into the whole issue of abuse of cocaine by focusing on its effects. The cocaine components interfere with the chemical messengers in the brain that coordinate relay messages to the relevant hormones of the body. Blockage of these chemical messengers results into aggregation of chemicals between nerves. This situation leads to someone feeling high. When somebody is high, there is a tendency of an increase in alertness and an elevated mood (Pfaff 717). However, in the event of this high moment, restlessness and irritability have also been reported. One would think that intake of cocaine only affects the brain; however, this is not true, for as it travels through blood it gets to affect the whole body. Therefore, it results into physiological and emotional effects. Physiological effects According to Monette (526), most visits to emergency rooms in US hospitals result from cocaine use than any other illegal substance drugs that are being abused. Its effects are mostly directed towards the heart, brain, blood vessels, and the heart with extreme cases resulting into death (Pfaff 717). When the blood containing cocaine enters the heart, it increases the heart rate and consequently results into an increased blood pressure. The high blood pressure leads to a heart attack even in the absence of a heart disease. This shows how its effects are immense. In addition, cocaine can trigger the deadly arrhythmia (Paredes 717). When blood-containing cocaine enters the vessels in the brain, it causes stroke by narrowing these vessels. This constriction results into difficult flow of blood. Besides, its effects to the brain can lead to seizures and at the sometimes-violent behaviour. To the respiratory system such as the lungs and nose, it leads to damage of sinuses and perforation of the epithelial lining of the nose. This is because of the hydrochloric acid that remains after cocaine has been absorbed f
The research studies concepts of chest compressions and their connection to the success of resuscitation procedures during cardiac arrest treatment. It examines the treatment of out-of-hospital (OOH) cases of cardiac arrest using automated exterior defibrillator machines (Valenzuela et al p.1259). The abstract must be motivational so that it ignites one curiosity to read more of the research paper. In addition, it must explore the problem statement, reasons for the research, approach taken by the writer, outcomes, and correct conclusion. This article’s abstract gives very little insight into the research topic. Although a reader can imagine what the research is all about, the information provided in the abstract is little to arouse the required curiosity that an abstract should in a reader. The abstract explores the very little background and conclusion information necessary for an abstract. For validation of research purpose, all researchers should have adequate background information, which forms the main basis of arguments in research. Background information provided by the author helps readers discover the main challenges facing paramedics during the resuscitation process. For example, the writer gives information from recent research discoveries on how health care providers have failed to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation using specified procedures. In addition, the writer provides information on the application of chest compressions by paramedics (Valenzuela et al P.1259). Although the writer gives some data on resuscitation, the writer can make the introduction good by providing data, which shows the severity of wrong application of resuscitation measures by paramedics. Although the research purpose is clear, the use of wrong methodologies will result in wrong outcomes. Researchers must use correct methodologies, which will ensure researchers collect correct and accurate information. This research applied quantitative data collection methodology, whereby the researchers used an observational study on the emergency medical system. The research used data sampling, to collect information on medical emergence response time and treatment. In addition, the researchers used the Utstein survey methodology to collect information, by using voice recorders. Simple regression analysis also helped the researcher to compare chest compression time, through analysis of data collected from the Hemodynamic system (Valenzuela et al p.1260-1261). The writers explain methods clearly, although, to some extent, they lack logicalness in organization because it is only by critical analysis of the document that the reader can discover them. The majority of descriptive data is not normally distributed; hence, the writer uses measures of central tendencies namely inter-quartile range and median to analyze data on chest compressions, hence normalization of data. In addition, the use of statistical sampling by the writer is necessary because the research has made use of historical data on cases of cardiac arrest treatment, hence variations between attack and treatment. The writers have given no account of problems of research methods used, although the m
Literature Review and Data Exploration The problem of human trafficking (HT) of immigrants has been in existence for a sizeable portion of time. The problem of human trafficking is linked directly to illegal immigrants (II), making them especially vulnerable to the specified threat. According to the recent data, 2,000 criminals arranging human trafficking were apprehended in the United States in 2016. 1 The identified problem affects the U.S. community extensively. Apart from causing immigrants to experience the continuous threat to their lives, freedom, and well-being, it disturbs the very fabric of the society, making a large portion of its population vulnerable to the threat of being subjected to forced labor or exploited sexually. 2 The former phenomenon implies being kept in devastating conditions, not being paid, and being deprived of the basic human rights that are guaranteed to the specified population by law. In the latter scenario, sexual abuse is added to the issues listed above. While sexual exploitation affects primarily women, male II also face the identified threat. The phenomenon of HT has been explored extensively and has several definitions, yet the one suggested by the United States Department of Justice seems to be the most capacious. According to the organization, HT is the “crime that involves exploiting a person for labor, services, or commercial sex.” 3 Although the specified definition provides only a shortlist of the types II exploitation, it provides a concise yet comprehensive description of the situation that II have to face when being subjected to HT. Although the problem of HT among II has not gained enough public attention so far, it has been reaching enormous proportions lately. For instance, a recent police report shows that HT affects II extensively, including not only adults but also children and teenagers. 4 Particularly, a vehicle transporting 25 II for further HT operations was located, and 25 II were detained at the police station. 5 According to the report, “’These victims were being transported through a human smuggling operation, where they would be forced into debt bondage,’ Anderson said. ‘This type of trafficking is an example of modern day slavery, where unreasonable working conditions exist.’” 6 The specified case proves that the problem of HT of II remains a complex issue that needs close attention and improved detecting and preventing measures. The phenomenon of illegal immigration, in turn, also requires closer scrutiny as the subject of the analysis. According to the Internal Revenue Service, and II, also referred to as an undocumented alien, is a person who “entered the United States illegally without the proper authorization and documents, or who entered the United States legally and has since violated the terms of his or her visa or overstayed the time limit.” 7 Therefore, an II is typically viewed from a combination of the econom
Executive Summary This paper outlines a business proposal for a fitness centre in Saudi Arabia for boys aged between 8 and 16 years. It analyzes the external and internal environment, the risks, business teams and conditions, and the prospective growth. The business proposal is quite viable owing to a number of factors. Firstly, the economy of Saudi Arabia and its population presents a healthy potential growth for the fitness business. The aim of this business is to curb the burgeoning problem of a sedentary lifestyle in Saudi Arabia. By targeting young people, the business is likely to grow into a generation of health sensitive individuals considering the intention to expand the business into all major Saudi cities. Company Description Promoters, shareholders, and the board Having realized the obesity tragedy in Saudi Arabia, a group of youths came up with the idea of establishing a health and fitness centre. The main promoters of the fitness centre comprise of a group of young individuals who are advocating on the importance of healthy living. Currently, there is no particular shareholder of the intended investment, and the group of youths intend to borrow funds from Angel Investors. In future, the fitness centre plans to have its initial public opening, where, it will have its stock listed in the Saudi’s stock exchange market. The management structure of the venture will comprise of two directors, and several employees in the administration department, training department, and the nutrition department. One of the managers will have articulate business management skills while the other manager should have some experience in managing a fitness centre. All employees will report to the two managers, whereas, the managers will forward their appeals to the board of directors. Services offered at the fitness centre As indicated, the centre will mainly focus on the physical well being of all its members. The trainers will ensure they help overweight members to shed off some weight through vigorous activities, and they will help normal-weight members to maintain their physical well-being. At the initial stages, the centre will offer their services to boys aged between 8 and 16 years. However, with time, the centre will welcome female members of the same age group, and it will proceed to offering its services to the adults. Other than the physical exercises, the centre will have a dedicated nutritionist who will tailor the nutrition concerns of the clients. Young boys, especially those aged between 8 and 10 will obtain nutrition education. The nutritionist will enlighten the boys of the best eating habits that would upgrade their health. The youth gym will have a specified range of cardiovascular, resistance and interactive fitness equipments specially designed for youngsters. Specifically, the nutrition services to be offered at the centre are as follows.  1. Nutritional and health analysis  2. Nutritional plans or diets  3. Nutritional education  4. Appropriate meal and snacks suggestions Long term aims of the venture The team of young youths will purpose to delive
Introduction Over the years, the application of food additives has been widely accepted in food coloring, flavoring, and sometimes in extending the shelf-life of some food classes (Jinap & Hajeb 2010, p. 1). Most importantly, food flavoring in savory food manufacturing plays a paramount nutritional role in terms of imparting the much needed appeal to certain foods, which may not be flavorful. Accordingly, for many centuries, the use of food ingredients containing free amino acids and in some cases, protein hydrolysates have found application in enhancing both the nutritional and flavor properties of various foods. For instance, the amino acid glutamate and its salts such as monosodium glutamate has been shown to enhance the flavor of various foods by imparting the savory “Umami” flavor, which is currently accepted as the fifth taste besides the sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes (Jinap & Hajeb, 2010, pp. 1-3; Schlichtherle-Cerny, Affolter & Cerny 2003, p. 210). This review aims at highlighting the possible application of Arginine Pyroglutamate as a food additive to enhance the savory taste of various foods. Arginine Pyroglutamate as a food additive To demonstrate the importance of Arginine Pyroglutamate in enhancing the savory flavor of food as hypothesized by Senomyx, it is important to look at what constitutes this compound. Arginine Pyroglutamate is a simple combination of L-arginine and L-pyroglutamic acid. Currently, studies note that Arginine Pyroglutamate in the presence of lysine enhances the release of growth hormones at much lower doses compared to L-arginine and L-arginine hydrochloride. Furthermore, additional studies note that Arginine Pyroglutamate is effective in treating alcoholism, senility, and mental retardation (Morris 2006, p. 508). However, of particular interest in this review is the ability of Arginine Pyroglutamate to serve the function of acting as the delivery form of Pyroglutamate. Pyroglutamate is an amino acid that occurs naturally in meat, vegetables, dairy products, and some fruits. Therefore, studies note that Pyroglutamate is the major flavor component in these food classes (Morris 2006, p. 510). To substantiate the claim made by Senomyx in that the compound Arginine Pyroglutamate may act as a savory flavor enhancer, it is important to note that the Pyroglutamate component delivered by this compound may be part of the glutamic acid component that enhances the savory flavor in foods. Along the same line, Schlichtherle-Cerny and Amado (2002, p. 1515) claim that there are four pyroglutamyl peptides in different plant protein hydrolysates, which are known to elicit the savory (glutamate-like) taste in various foods. In their analyses, Schlichtherle-Cerny and Amado (2002, pp. 1515-1522) found out that out of a preparation containing three wh
Introduction Apple Inc. remains one of the most successful American companies that innovate, design, and market a wide range of consumer electronics. It is associated with a unique business model that resonates with the changing demands of its key partners while at the same time maximizing profits. The selected case for this discussion is “Ethics Unwrapped: Apple Suppliers & Labor Practices”. The analysis presents unique ideas and approaches for dealing with some of the emerging concerns in an effort to make the company more sustainable and profitable. Scenario Summary Being a reputable company at the global level, Apple identifies and partners with specific suppliers whose business models are capable of delivering positive results. This organization sources materials and liaises with firms in different parts of Asia to mass-produce and assemble some of its products. While the model is designed to work seamlessly to promote the most appropriate ethical standards, environmental protection measures, and work practices, some challenges have emerged that continue to cause criticism (Aljafari, 2016). For instance, the selected article has described how some of the raw materials are mined unethically in different parts of Indonesia. Specifically, some young children could be forced to work on deep cliffs while exposing themselves to imminent danger. In light of these predicaments, Apple has always been on the frontline to defend most of its practices by asserting that it lacks the capacity to regulate
Introduction Colonel Novak was an exceptional leader who made a transformational change in his unit where low morale, lack of discipline, and no coordination was the order of the day. Colonel Novak expressed two dimensions of effective leadership behavior while commanding the air force squadron in the war in Korea. The two leadership behaviors expressed by Novak was structure initiation as well as consideration. Structure initiation involved the initiative taken by the leader for purposes of defining the relationships in the team. This mainly comes about when the leader delegates and assigns duties as well as creates procedures that the team follows in carrying out their duties. The ability portrayed by Colonel Novak in initiating structure is evident when he singlehandedly led a squadron characterized by low morale and no co-operation to become the most effective squadron in Korea in a span of two months. He expressed his ability to initiate structure by conducting staff meetings. In the staff meetings, the team discussed the disagreements and conflicts that existed among them. The disagreements and conflicts were resolved and in this respect, the colonel assigned duties in the presence of those concerned. His ability to bring forth structure in the team resulted in a reduction in confusion and order duplication ended. Consideration is a leadership behavior based on the initiative the leader makes towards establishing friendly ties with his followers. The Colonel expressed consideration as effective leadership behavior. The consideration comes about when the leader makes an initiative to establish links with the members of the team in which he is the leader. In the case of Colonel Novak, he strived to spent time with the individuals in his unit at work and when off duty portraying consideration as effective leadership behavior. In this way, he was able to identify with them as they shared their grievances with him regarding their hardships in the base. In addition, he also developed attachments with his men and was able to know each individual at a personal level. In this way, he was able to assign duties to his men putting them in positions where their talents and experiences made a difference. The cases illustration about Effective leadership The case illustrates that effective leadership is essential in determining the success of any organization. This is because, for any form of organization to make a positive change, there is a need for the leader to nurture a spirit of belonging and the concept of a shared goal among the team members. Colonel Novak promoted teamwork, enhanced morale, and nurtured personal development among his unit members by addressing their psychological needs and providing possible solutions. This resulted in arousal and satisfaction with his follower’s motives. In this respect, the Colonel was able to enhance productivity and quality in his teams’ output. In addition, effective leadership is the ability of the leader to understand and meet the needs of his fo