ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Every day we wake up and engage in various activities aimed at achieving different goals using different strengths. This is made possible by motivation which is defined as the force which energises, sustains and directs behaviour of human beings or animals to specific goals. These forces are known as motives or drives underlying human behavior. Motivation is also the process of influencing or guiding the behaviour of people in order for them to achieve certain results which they may not achieve without the influence or guidance. Motivation takes place in various settings and sectors such as in education and sports as well as in service organizations. A person who is motivated is able to achieve better results and overcome certain challenges which a person who is not motivated may not (Health tree, 2010). There are two types of motivations. Intrinsic motivation comes from a person’s psych while extrinsic motivation comes from external sources such as rewards (Health tree, 2010). Psychologists have been in disagreement as to whether extrinsic motivation interferes with intrinsic motivation, with some arguing that the two are independent and others arguing that extrinsic motivation can adversely affect intrinsic motivation (Tauer, 2009). The complexity of motivation has resulted into different theoretical explanations majority of which tend to focus on the biological, cognitive and social factors that influence human behaviour. There are four categories of motivation theories and they include classical theories, the human relations theories, the neo human relations theories and the systems theory. Classical theories include the scientific management theory by Taylor, the bureaucratic theory by Max Weber and the administrative theory by Fayol. Human relations theories constitute mainly of the Hawthorns studies by Elton Mayo while neo human relations theories comprise mainly the Maslow hierarchy of needs theory, MacGregor’s theory X and theory Y and the hygiene theory by Herzberg. The systems theory constitutes the human relations theory, situational or contigency theory, the social technical theory and the goal setting theory. Among all these theories, the goal setting theory which falls under the systems approach is the best suited to describe employee motivation at Infosys, a software company based in India since 1981. The company was established on the philosophy of professionalism in the company’s operations and service delivery as well as motivating employees through proper remunerations. After its formation, the company experienced some challenges in picking up but with the resilience and persistence of the cofounders, it started growing in an exponential manner. The company was consequently ranked as the best employer in India. This was due to the fact that it paid the employees well and also i
The film Incendies is structured in a very particular way. There are loads of flashbacks and these memories switch real-time events with no transition. This structure mirrors traumatic memory as the protagonist of the film has to turn back to her horrific memories throughout her life. Nawal Marwan has to put all those memories together to solve the puzzle of her past. One of the major promises in the film is Nawal’s promise to find her son. She gave her promise to her newly born boy and she managed to keep it. Of course, it was a long path and Nawal kept her promise in a way she could never expect. She wrote two letters telling her son about the time they met (though, under horrible circumstances). The film can be regarded as a very loose interpretation of the Greek tragedy Oedipus . However, the distinctive feature of the film is that the mother and her son do not live happily in marriage, but son is a rapist and a torturer of his own mother. They have children but the son does not know about their existence. The film is drama and is characterised by such tool as peripeteia, in other words, a point of no return. It is possible to distinguish one of the points of no return at the beginning of the film when the young Nawal decides to escape with her beloved. One of Nawal’s major desires was to break the chain of violence. She managed to break it when she finally found her son. She realised that her son lives in a peaceful country and lives a peaceful life. His children have escaped from the country where war and violence reigned. She also revealed the truth and broke the spell of violence based on lies and delusion. The two letters also serve to break the chain of violence. The letter to her son tells him about her love and her search as well as the way she kept her promise. The letter to the father was a letter to a man who fathered to children who are beautiful unlike their father. Clearly, she had to write two letters as she had different feeling towards the two men. Anagnorisis is the point in the film when the truth is discovered. Almost all major characters have these points. One of these points is the scene when Nawal’s son is reading her letters and discovering the truth. One of the most meaningful scenes is the one where Nawal gives her promise to her newly born child. This promise is the reason why she had to endure loads of sorrows. The scene also emphasises that the mos
Grief work is done to help those people who are undergoing their most difficult moments. This varies with different people as some people take it at a much lighter pace and get over their grievance fast while others may undergo depression and take a longer time to heal from it. During this grief work session, the person who is handling the grief work should try to convince the griever to let out their feelings and try to comfort them. The main intention of the grief work is to enable the client to feel comfortable and not to keep anything inside them which could cause them to go into deep depression. The emotions may range from initial shock, to anguish and despair as soon as the realization of the loss sets in. The grievance process is to help the griever to accept the loss and move on with their lives. One of the most difficult grievance is death. An effective grief work goes thru the following process. Firstly, the client should be able to accept the loss and adjust to the changes in their life. Next, the client should be able to express their emotions on their emotional development and also be able to face reality. This also cause the griever to reconstruct their personal believes and values as to accept the loss, and to try and let go. During the final stages, the client should be able to redevelop their social life and take responsibility by making decisions on their current life. This may also be one of the hardest phases of the grievance work as the client would need to start going back to their routine life and accepting their changed life. However, culture plays a very important part in the grief work process. The cultural background is a very important element in a client’s life. Culture shapes how we react to a situation in our life. Thus, different cultures have different interpretations of death and so on. For example, certain cultures like the Hindu culture believe that death is an occasion to be celebrated as they believe that life after death is more blissful than life on earth. On the other hand, Christians in general believe that there is heaven and hell, thus their perception of death may differ from the Hindu’s. Cultural background has very strong effects on clients as they
Abstract The conventional wisdom is that the Anglo-American model of democratic capitalism is the only viable model left in the world. Scholars such as Daniel Yergin and Robert Skidelsky, who are not known as free-market enthusiasts, write books assessing the triumph of capitalism. Indeed, Francis Fukuyama speculates that democratic capitalism may constitute the “endpoint of mankind’s ideological evolution” and hence the “final form of human government” occasional challenges such as Islamic fundamentalism notwithstanding. Globalization forces companies to sell their products in as many different places as possible, a practice that frequently requires other people and other organizations to help them. Strategic alliances come in a variety of forms. The joint venture discussed above, in which companies either hold a proportion of their partner’s equity or set up a joint company, is the most rigid form of strategic alliance. By bringing together different firms with unique skills and capabilities, alliances can create powerful learning opportunities. Company policy, e.g. defending its designs or know-how, may exclude countries. Finally, a company has, or should have, a long-term strategy that can influence the channel decision; if it wishes in the long term to exploit a particular market, then it will not license its product or process in that market. Food and beverage companies attract attention because they cater to the most elementary form of human consumption. The company responded by introducing queue monitors (young women) who channeled everyone into orderly lines. Globalization has also increased the global pool of foreign direct investment (FDI), which offers further opportunities for countries to improve productivity and expand their industrial capacity. Foreign firms can create jobs; import new technology, knowledge, and skills; and provide business to local suppliers. FDI has been important for many developing countries. The benefits of globalization have gone disproportionately to wealthy countries. Even within rich countries, many people have reason to be unhappy. All around the world children spend precious “media literacy” time learning to use the productivity tools of Microsoft Office. Introduction With the end of the Cold War, ideology in its most comprehensive and binary form has ceased to exist. Left and Right, class and labor, East and West, no longer define the field of politics. These ideological systems have imploded and new cultural forces have emerged in the vacuum created by the fall of ideology. Gone is the ability of ideology to define a universalistic vision of the social order. In our post-modern age, the penchant for certainty has given way to cultural relativism and t
Introduction Al Ain Municipality can be considered as one of the major departments within the Municipal Affairs Authority. It provides services to the Al Ain city in the country. The municipality created a policy that was aimed at making it one of the most developed municipalities in the country. This vision will be actualized by the experienced employees of the municipality using the state of art systems that are identified with it. At the same time, the municipality expects to maintain the unique characteristics and authenticity associated with it. The vision statement of this municipality is very specific and it captures the dreams and aspirations of the residents. It states: “A Distinguished Municipality and an Enduring Development for the City of Oases”. There are several core values which can be associated with Al Ain Municipality. According to the Department of Municipal Affairs [herein referred to as DMA] (2012), the core values revolve around authenticity and protection of the city’s heritage. The leadership in this municipality addresses achievements that are distinct and which vary. When one analyses the vision of the municipality, they will note that credibility, transparency, innovation as well as creativity are all significant issues to the municipality. In this paper, the author is going to assess the various attributes of Al Ain Municipality. The author will specifically factor in the vision of the municipality and its core values. Al Ain as a Service Authority The municipality can be considered as a service authority which attracts a large percentage of most recent and scientifically advanced information and communication technology apparatus in the country. It is also considered as one of the city’s sectors which continue to develop its labor force which is sourced from the country’s highly skilled population. The municipality’s business strategy is derived from the Abu Dhabi government’s policy agenda (DMA, 2012). This is given the fact that Al Ain is involved in the achievement of the greater plan drawn by the Abu Dhabi government. To this end, it can be argued that the government does benefit from the implementation of the municipality’s vision statement. Prioritizing the Strategies It is also noted that Al Ain has prioritized its individual strategies to make sure that the objectives are fully achieved. This approach has made it possible for the municipality to achieve most of the objectives as compared to other municipalities in the country. Al Ain municipality has prioritized its strategy within the following areas: Sustaining Urban Development It is assumed that the municipality is crucial to the development of Al Ain city and Abu Dhabi at large. The municipality aspires to provide the necessary services and infrastructure in a timely manner. The organization responds to this by focusing on planning and managing infrastructure assets. Improved Service Delivery The structure of the municipality and the strategy adopted makes sure that service delivery to the members of the community and
Signs and Symptoms Robert shows lack of interest in personal care, likes spending time alone and does not like company. Moreover, he shows no respect for others and recently, he claims to perceive things others cannot hear or see. He also believes he is being tracked via a micro-chip implanted in his body, which makes him behave badly. DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis Robert’s symptoms are characteristic of mood disorder features. Based on the DSM criteria, Robert’s condition can be diagnosed as “Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Mixed, and Severe with Psychotic Features” (APA, 2000, p. 336). He manifests some features of psychosis, which are also present in depressive episodes and schizophrenia. These symptoms include seeing or hearing images others cannot perceive (hallucinations), and believing in false ideas about oneself (delusions). Explanation Robert displays symptoms that are common during psychosis (manic phase), depression and schizophrenic disorders. Delusion of reference is apparent in his claim that someone sends him messages via a micro-chip instructing him to do bad things. His firm, albeit, false beliefs are signs of a bipolar disorder and schizophrenia hence, his diagnosis is ‘mixed bipolar I disorder’. His hallucinations, though common in schizophrenics, also occur in people with depressive psychosis (APA, 2000). His lack of interest in personal care and anti-social attitude are characteristic of bipolar disorder (BPD) and psychosis, whereby an individual loses interest in social relationships due to paranoia. Conclusion In the case provided, Robert displays bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms and depression. Psychotic features (delusions and hallucinations) mark the bipolar I disorder, but can also appear in depressed individuals and schizophrenics. Robert experienced hallucinations and was delusional as he claimed to perceive things others could not perceive. Reference American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA.
The origin and heritage of the modern game of hockey lack full documentation but the game dates back in the early civilization. The historical records of the game suggest that the hockey sport started in ancient Egypt approximately 4000 years back. Similarly, other chronological records posit that the amusement started in Ethiopia around 1000 DC. Moreover, there is numerous evidence that put forward the emergence of hockey in countries such as Greek, India, and South Africa before the beginning of the 15 th century. In line with this, this paper explains the history of hockey sport highlighting Canada as a specific country where the game is more famous. To begin with, Hockey sport refers to a game-like, which involves sticks, balls among other equipment. By definition, the word “hockey” originates from a French expression ‘hoquet’ which means ‘shepherds crook’. Historically, some of the equipment used in the early days of this sport such as ‘paganica’ (Romans), ‘hurling’ (Irish), and ‘shinty’ (Scots) satisfy the above definition. However, the modern game of hockey evolved in the 18 th century around schools in England. In particular, the birth of modern and more sophisticated hockey began at the Teddington Cricket Club. Therefore, this club represents a turning point in the history of hockey because it is where formulations and modifications on dribbling, rules on scoring, passing, and all other modern procedures took place. It is also important to note that, the Hockey Association formulated further rules upon its formation in 1875 in England. This association administered guidelines that regulated regular tournaments. Subsequently, the first competitive game transpired in a field approximately 200 meters in length with all players chasing after the ball from both ends. Progressively, the game developed into a modern-day style by defining specific positions for players in the field. This development of the pyramid system in 1889 defined the exact number and positions of players in the field (Pelletier & Houda, 2003). Consequently, this system branded players as either forwards, backs, or goalkeepers, a system that illustrates the current game of hockey. The first active Olympic competition in hockey occurred in London before its subsequent drop from Stockholm Games in 1912. Following several negotiations, the game resurfaced in 1920 at Antwerp before organizers of the Paris Olympic Games omitted the game in 1924 citing a lack of international federation. Notably, the sport experienced one of its vital steps towards officiating when Paul Leautey called delegates from six countries of the federations in 1924 that lead to the formation of the international governing body for hockey games. For example, this meeting materialized the formation of the International Hockey Federation (FIH). According to Johnstone
Pierre Schaeffer – Etude Aux Chemins de Fer Musique concrete occurs when specific, usually “found,” sounds are arranged into a musical composition. Pierre Schaeffer makes a good attempt by integrating variation suspense and interest in developing the piece. This is no ordinary piece since it generates a thrill that takes you outside town. Contrary to the first impression of common every evening sounds, the piece is deceptively obvious to the ear and reminds the listener of a moment they have all encountered in their lives. It stands aside from the all too common EL-Dabh’s 1944 piece that gained prominence only in Egypt but not enough of presence in the outside world. The timeliness of its presentation and emergence has gone a long way in ensuring that it gets worldwide face. The metallic and rather distant pondering of items introduced by a mysterious whistle completes the set. It sets the mood of activity and aggression and wild intrigue from the far off sounds of birds. The varying whistles blend a modern set up with spoiling the wild scene that filters through the piece. He has blended the peculiar sounds of the journey of the train, preferably a steam engine. Undeniably this is a good piece. Edgard Varèse – Poème Électronique Edgard Varèse has, for the longest time, been misunderstood for his lack of obviousness and discreetness. That makes his pieces much more original and storytelling. The piece dies and creates death from the beginning, then streams to blend secular salvation with an ambiguous touch of selfless aggressive twist. Church bells often associated with ambiance and misery is made to play the role of a bystander. He maintains a touching gravity and intense fright with screeches and scratches from metal soothed by the wild squeaks. This is no simple ordinary edited sound, and it has the original feel of death in life. The dead walk and bring life to its knees, but the dead mean no harm. The smooth equalization merges the scenes into a rather solid texture of mixed impressions and tales. 1958 has seen the rise of several other artists like EL-Dabh’s whose pieces were left to slip through the view noticed by a few. It is not a reproduction of programmed sounds. This piece is origi
The main ideas in the journal Quite a number of issues have been addressed in Bealer’s journal ‘A Theory of the A Priori’. In the journal, Bealer discusses the relevance of the a priori and posteriori knowledge in building a concept. Simply put, a priori knowledge is that knowledge that is derived from a priori justification. A priori justification is that which is not based on any experience but which is intuitively generated. Bealer challenges the philosophers who assume that the concepts of a priori knowledge, analyticity and the necessary truth are, in the actual sense, one and the same thing. A necessary truth is one that cannot just be false in the ordinary context, in every possible world. A negative argument of the statement will be contradictory and will often be referred to as self-defeating and justificatory. For instance, given the reproductive nature of animals, it will be necessarily true that all the mothers are females. This will be the case among all the living animals in the universe. Analytical justification is one that follows some logical reasoning. The idea that emerges here is that, what can be true for analytical justification may not be true for a priori knowledge or necessary truth. The former may be considered the whole truth and this does not necessitate the acceptability of the other two. It is first illustrated here that the concept of a priori knowledge is actually acceptable having assumed that modality is acceptable. An issue is also addressed concerning whether a priori justification can be defeated by other forms of evidences like the empirical evidence. This is discussed and it emerges that the a priori justifications cannot ordinarily be defeated by the empirical evidences. Cases are however hypothesized where a priori knowledge may be defeated by empirical evidence. The debate is however still fresh among the philosophers of today. There is also a notion that knowledge and true belief are equivalent concepts. There is a further allegation that justification is equivalent to providing good evidence to support a concept that is in question. Controversial issues arise concerning these concepts. Bealer believes that if the equivalences were to hold then the knowledge and evidence would be closely married to one another. On the other hand, others like Gettier (4) have proved that both true belief and evidence are not enough to constitute knowledge as others further suggest that good evidence is not necessary at all for knowledge. They believe that the rational intuitions are not in any way capable of providing a form of justification. However, a consensus seems to have been reached that some element of good evidence is necessary for knowledge especially in the theoretical contexts. The importance of one’s intuition in a priori knowledge is also developed and addressed in details. It is shown that intuition is good evidence that is necessary in the fields like Mathematics and Philosophy. A significant difference b