ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In philosophical terms, the concept of matter advances the fact that all things are made up of matter and all thoughts are created as a result of the interaction of matter. Conventionally, materialism argues that matter is the only substance in existence. There are currently many schools in philosophy that explain materialism although evidently, materialism can be equated to idealism and at the same time, materialism theories can be contrasted with idealism and neutral monism (Stalin,1938). However, these concepts relate to their views on reality and the specific answers they give towards perplexing questions in philosophy. Materialism can be best comprehended through its interaction with other theories of immaterialism because it purports that matter is the primary substance of human thought and it builds on itself. This study will further analyze this concept and identify its contributions and applications. History Materialism developed from several views developed in possibly different geographical locations. Inherently, the first level of concept development started in the axial age which was largely characterized by the works of Karl Jaspers (George, 1979). In Indian philosophical circles, materialism developed from the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi and Kanada; in China, it developed from the works of Xun Zi, Yang Xiong and Wang Chong while in Greece, it developed from the works of Anaxagoras, Epicurus and Democritus and Lucretius (George, 1979, p 11). Earlier principles of materialism were developed from the principles that there was no way something could be built out of nothing and equally, “nothing” could have the effect of touch. These concepts were developed from epistemological studies that majorly concentrated on the train of thought and the nature and scope of knowledge. Epistemological studies sought to determine what human beings know, the nature of knowledge, the acquisition of knowledge, and if human beings comprehend what they know. Most studies advanced from this school of thought sought to determine what people now term as their beliefs, the truth and the justification that makes concepts truthful. Deeper analyses determined how knowledge is produced and how different claims sum up what we now term as knowledge. From this school of thought (epistemology) materialism developed because it sought to explain how knowledge is acquired. Materialism therefore came in to identify that matter builds on knowledge. Further, materialism explained that a person can only know material objects through constant mediation in the human mind which is facilitated by how the brain is structured. Baruss (1993) affirms that: “Everything objective, extended, active, and hence everything material, is regarded by materialism as so solid a basis for its explanations that a reduction to this (especially if it should ultimately result in thrust and counter-thrust) can leave nothing to be desired. But al
Establishing effective communication with members of the public is one of the most popular objectives of any organization. Following recent altercations between the police and the citizens of Dallas, this issue has become even more topical. The policy proposed here would ensure that all police officers go through mandatory ongoing training implemented by in-house specialists. The result of this policy is establishing better communications with members of the public and colleagues. The agency to implement this policy is the Dallas Police Department. According to the official report, in January 2020 the Dallas Police Department received 82 complaints from the public, among which six were due to the discourtesy or unprofessionalism expressed by law enforcement officers, two cases were connected to racial profiling, and two – to the use of force (Shinneman, 2020, para. 7). Following the onset of the demonstrations related to George Floyd’s incident, the Dallas Police Department released a report that its officers struggled to communicate with the public and act as a unified force (The Associated Press, 2020). This account highlights the need for reorganization and restructuring within the department and the need for more effective policies. The proposed strategy’s importance can be explained by the urgent need for qualitative improvement of how police officers act and are perceived by the public. However, providing policy staff with short-term professional courses in effective communication seems less effective than introducing a mandatory ongoing training program implemented by in-house experts. They are supposed to develop department-personalized teaching plans. This will allow them to make this training more effective and customized, as it also provides an opportunity to follow the trainees’ progress and make changes to the curriculum on the go. The constant character of trainers’ employment has a significant potential to improve police officers’ communication skills more successfully. In practice, this strategy would involve several stages, starting with hiring a team of communications and behavior specialists. Then the newly appointed team would carry out a needs assessment, both by analyzing the existing volume of complaints and reports and doing research on particular self-assessed problem areas for police officers representing different departments. This attitude would allow not only to determine how officers view their communications skills but also to demonstrate respect for their opinions and needs (Woods, 2000, p. 43). Finally, the training program would be developed and implemented ongoingly, addressing particular objectives, and tackling challenges as they arrive. Building a relationship between the community and law enforcement will likely prevent numerous crimes. It would allow the department’s image to improve and enable police officers to communicate with the public more effectively. Moreover, it is especially vital for the success of various community outreach programs that the Dallas Police Department participates in.
Introduction Confinement of photographs to a square silhouette was unheard of until Instagram emerged. Instagram is an online service that facilitates photo-sharing and social networking. It allows users to take pictures, filter them using digital filters, and then share them on social networking sites of their choice. Company background The advent of Instagram brought a new experience for social networking enthusiasts. Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger developed it in 2010 to improve social networking (Lux, 2010). The service was originally unavailable to many people because it was limited to the iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch only. At the time, it had very few users. However, after adapting it for use in Android operating system in 2012, its popularity rose. Statistics showed that Instagram users increased to 100 million in 2012 after its introduction to the Android operating system (Lux, 2010). After its adoption for android, more than 1 million users downloaded Instagram on the first day. In April 2012, Facebook acquired it at a price of approximately $1 billion dollars. Industry background The social networking industry has grown tremendously for the last few years. Each entrant tries to develop unique services that will guarantee its dominance on the market. Some dynamics of the social media include ranking and content (Lux, 2010). It is important for participants to possess knowledge on the strategy used by competitors in order to develop a strategy that will facilitate dominance and competition. In addition, content is important. This includes what is on offer, its quality, value, variety, amount of activity, and its effectiveness (Lux, 2010). These aspects determine success in the indus
Abstract The subchapter is devoted to dissecting Iran’s political system to see if there is any hope for change and reform in the country. Elites and Institutions The Supreme Guide is the most influential authority in Iran and even secular authorities should always seek his approval in law-making. The Supreme Guide directly controls the army, the Ministry of Justice, and the intelligence services. Other religious institutions are the Council of Guardians, the Assembly of Experts, and the Expediency Council. The Assembly chooses the Supreme Guide and, thus, provides the transfer of power, but it is not influential in legislation. The Council of Guardians checks the legislation for conformity with religious laws (Sharia) and has the right of veto. The Expediency Council reviews legislation and ensures that there are no conflicts between different branches of power and that the operation of the state goes as planned. The Supreme Guide chooses the members of this council and its president. The Majlis and the president are elected and represent the secular law. The majlis has a say in economic and social policies, but its influence is restricted. Iran has two conservatives and two reformative movements: The radicals want to maintain the prevalence of religion in law-making and support a socialist economy. They want to export Islamic revolution to foreign countries and are mostly supported by the working class. The conservatives share the views on religion with the radicals, however, they favor private property and minimal intervention of government into the economic system. They are supported by the Supreme Guide and the Council of Guardians. The pragmatists want to maintain the balance between secular and religious authorities, and the leader of pragmatists is now the head of Expediency Council. The liberals accentuate the importance of human rights and social justice and strive to decrease the influence of religious law. The Implementation of Policy: The Bureaucracy and Security Apparatus Bureaucracy provides the stability of the current elite, as it bans the bills that can put it in danger. The bureaucratic processes are caused by Iran having two governments and a fragmented elite that cannot make decisions quickly. The solutions for that included penalties for corruption and delegating some responsibilities to the private sector. Bureaucracy also makes public organizations ineffective, which decreases the quality of life in Iran. There are three military organizations in Iran: the regular army, the Revolutionary Guards, and the Basij (a voluntary militia). Covert security structures include the Ministry of Intelligence, Security (VEVAK) and other secret security services. The regular army has been rebuilt by the clergy after the Islamic Revolution. The Revolutionary Guards sustain the changes achieved by the Islamic Revolution. The Basij members are not very disciplined but they have the support of gangs and mafia. Iran has a strong military system, and, while no one expects a coup to happen, the authorities would be in dang
Introduction Human Resource Management is a practice that has been in place since time in memorial. Amongst the factors of production, labor is listed as the most important factor and is highly capital intensive. Labor is the only resource in any business organization that has a feeling and therefore needs to be well managed without ignoring any single aspect of it. In any organization, the labor force requires constant training and motivation through pay hikes and bonuses. At the same time people need protection and proper working conditions. In order to achieve this, it is paramount that there is a management process that is sound and well organized to specifically handle employee related issues. Human Resource Management has evolved over the years. It has gone through radical changes due to dynamism in social, cultural, political as well as technological advancement of human beings (Armstrong, 2009). These changes have led to emergence of several trends in labor composition. This essay focuses on the trends in labor composition and evaluates how such trends affect the management of human resources. Human Resource Management vis-à-vis Personnel Management There has been confusion about the above two practices whereby people have thought that personnel management and human resources management are the same thing. In contrast, human resource management has to do with managing people from a broader perspective and focuses on planning and control. Personnel management on the other hand focuses on the work force, issues affecting the employees and the work environment (Armstrong, 2009). Evolution of Labor Force Management The very first stage of evolution was industrial revolution whereby workers got employed without their employers taking any particular concern for them. Then came the patern
Political Factors The political factors that influence the manner in which business is conducted by organizations are basically the extent to which a government influences a country’s economy. There are several fronts from which a government can influence a country’s economy. These include political stability, formulation and implementation of social policies, trade regulation, tax policies, and entry mode regulation (Chaneta 2011, p.11). The political stability or instability of a country is a key determinant of what happens in the business environment. When political temperatures are high in a country, the business environment becomes uncertain (Njanja, Ogutu, and Pellisier 2012, p. 196). Countries in which politically instigated violence occurs often experience high commodity prices. This rise in prices is due to the constraints in the supply and manufacture of the commodities because of the difficulty and risk involved in obtaining raw materials. As a result, businesses raise commodity costs to cover the risks involved. Additionally, due to the decline in the supply of commodities or raw materials during warfare, prices rise because the demand exceeds supply. When this happens, organizations are compelled to adjust their marketing mix to synchronize with the prevailing circumstances (Njanja, Ogutu, and Pellisier 2012). Thus the political stability or instability of a country causes a shift in the demand and supply balance thus affecting the pricing element of the marketing mix. Another political factor that influences the marketing mix decisions of an organization is the formulation and implementation of social policies. These policies are formulated and implemented by governments to protect citizens from unscrupulous business activity (Chaneta 2011). Some organizations engage in business activities that sometimes do not auger well with the social well being of the people of a country. Under such circumstances, the government has to take the initiative of ensuring that necessary social policies are formulated to protect the citizens. For instance, a government may restrict the advertisement of alcoholic drinks on mass media or call on the manufactures of such drinks to indicate on the packages that the drinks are harmful to human health (Chaneta 2011, p. 15). Such policies influence the promotion media business can use and the extent to which the promotion can be done. They may also cause fluctuations in prices and dictate where a commodity can be sold. The government determines the taxes to be paid by business organizations (Chaneta 2011). Depending on the country in question, different levels of government may have different tax regimes. This implies that some taxes can be levied at the national level while the others can be changed only at the local government level or in some cases at both levels. Taxes have a direct effect on prices because they are like additional expenses incurred in the process of getting a commo
This essay examines a research paper, Allometric scaling of maximal metabolic rate in mammals, written by Weibela and Hoppelera. The paper analyzes the existing facts on maximum metabolic rate (MMR) in several mammals (Weibel, Bacigalupe, Schmitt & Hoppeler, 2004). As illustrated in the paper, MMR depicts the rate at which oxygen is consumed by a homoeothermic animal’s body, when at maximum aerobic output, during maximum exercises. On the other hand, basal metabolic rate (BMR) refers to the lowest energy needed to fulfill an animal’s daily living needs, calculated when an animal is at rest, fasting and under its normal temperature (Weibel et al, 2004). All through their investigations and findings, the researchers attempt to uncover the paper’s hypothesis that stated, “To determine the factors that influence MMR in mammals.” By examining the existing literature, the researchers noted how aerobic scope varied from one mammal to another. From their research findings, Weibela and Hoppelera confirmed that aerobic scope in large-sized mammals is much higher than in small-sized mammals (Weibel et al, 2004). Similarly, the report illustrated that athletic mammals posses a higher aerobic scope as compared to non- athletic mammals. Weibela and Hoppelera’s work indicated that a lot of BMR related researches have been done as compared to MMR related researches. For instance, the report indicates that more than 600 mammal species have been used in the analysis of BMR, while less than 50 mammals’ species have contributed to the recent knowledge in MMR (Weibel et al, 2004). Through this, Weibela and Hoppelera were able to develop a comprehensive report on the topic. These research findings did not only rely on other researchers’ works, but also on their own investigations (Weibel et al, 2004). During the research, many animals were used. To select the best data, the researchers employed the standardized approach used in the estimation of the V O2max. Under this approach, several animals were placed on a treadmill running on varying velocity. Thereafter, V O2max estimation, morph-metric examinations, and psychoanalysis were carried out on the animals (Weibel et al, 2004). Afterwards, the animals were killed, and their lungs replaced with intratracheal installation of glutaraldehyde. It was not long before some of their organs and muscles tissues were removed for further analysis.
The article primarily focuses on improving the overall understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on Saudi Arabia’s students. The authors aim to highlight the critical intricacies of anxiety and the latter’s relationship with the pandemic, where the primary data collection method was online questionnaires. The research utilizes Zung’s self-rating anxiety questionnaire, which provides a wide range of anxiety indexes that can be further studied on the correlational relationship in regard to gender, age, and year of study. The article is highly useful to the selected topic of research since it provides valuable insight into how the pandemic affects university students without viral infection. The study’s core limitation is that measurements are done only in one university, meaning that the data might not reflect other educational institutions. The COVID-19 pandemic was a catastrophic experience not only due to the virus itself but also its indirect impacts, such as the increase in overall anxiety and stress among the population of the nation. The article will not be the core basis of my research, but it will be utilized as an essential source of information and evidence for anxiety-related data.
Introduction This educational project paper aims to reduce cases of rehospitalization at the facility after discharge. The project focuses on a for-profit nursing facility where rehospitalization is common. The project is useful because rehospitalization has raised many concerns to government agencies and is a part of healthcare reforms. The literature review shows that there are avoidable and unavoidable cases of rehospitalization. However, there are also various factors, which influence available literature, such as different methodologies, purposes, geography, and interpretation of results. Therefore, policymakers find it difficult to harmonize such data for formulating policies. The project used pretest and posttest to conduct the project among the target group (nurses). The preceptor implemented the project in four stages. He used test scores to evaluate the effectiveness of the project. Description of the setting The nursing and rehab center is a for-profit agency located in Roswell, Georgia. The agency is a part of other nursing homes in different states. The agency has 220 beds with 33 bed ventilators. The occupancy rate at the facility is 68 percent with 181 residents. It is a skilled nursing facility (SNF) but not a special focus facility. It provides most of its services on-site to residents. However, the agency offers few services offsite. It has both short-term and long-term care services to residents. It participates in both Medicare and Medicaid programs. The role of the preceptor includes providing services on-site and offsite to patients. Purpose of the educational project There are several cases of rehospitalization of patients after discharge from nearby hospitals and nursing homes. Rehospitalization takes place because of many different factors, such as Medicare and Medicaid services provided, availability of post-acute care provided by SNF and on-site and offsite rehabilitation services offered. Rehospitalization has effects on patients. For instance, Medicare policymakers expressed their interests to change the system by not paying for preventable cases of readmissions. Among the elderly, rehospitalisations can results into decline in functional abilities and cause disabilities. This implies that senior patients must seek long-term care after rehospitalization (Berkowitz et al., 2011). The purpose of this project is to design education project plan that can enhance patients’ care and assist caregivers to realize effective transitions of patients as a fundamental part of their roles. Design of the educational project  1. The topic of the educational project is reducing rehospitalization in the agency from other nearby facilities.  2. Presentation of the project shall be through pamphlets. The pamphlet shall have the following:       + What is rehospitalization or hospital readmission?       + Causes of hospital readmission       + Effects of hospital readmission       + How to reduce rehospitalization       + Evaluation of effectiveness of interventions         Th