ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Psychology scientists often misinform participants of their research details in an attempt to mitigate placebo effects, reduce bias in self-reports and reduce risks on the safety of the researcher (Weiten, 2012). Well documented and reported in the results of the study, deliberate deception may be admissible in scientific studies if the validity and independence value of the research result in positive outcomes. Whereas critics fail to decipher how ‘lying’ could enhance results in a psychology study, certain subjects inevitably benefit from the inclusion of deceptive concepts. Most defenders of deception hold the opinion that intentions of the involved ‘white lies’ causes no harm to the participants, but aid in obtaining crucial results that would otherwise not be possible to obtain. Assessment of participants at the end of study further supports the opinion that deception does not necessarily cause harm to the participants as discussed below. However, scientific principles remain that a study must always uphold responsibility to the life and the psychological safety of the participants (Ortman, 2008). Ethical questions arising from the Milgram’s study highlight the debate of the extent to which research must observe human dignity and respect. One of the most prominent ethical issues in research touches on the quality and nature of informed consent. The rule of thumb in obtaining permission to conduct research on an individual requires their voluntary willingness to participate, which becomes the basis of accepting to take part in a research. To this end, the quality of the informed consent cuts across how informed the participant gets at the end of the initial briefing (Cozby, 2012). All material information relating the studies carried out in the research must facilitate determination of quality of obtained informed consent. This implies that the respondent must not feel coerced to participate by the slightest element of the information given to them to ask for their acceptance. Relaying information in acquiring informed consent contributes to acceptance of the study by the participant. Withholding material information about the study compromises the ability of the participant to make an informed choice to participate. Alternatively, withholding material information on the study subjects the participant and the image of the studies to potential harm. From Milgram’s study outcomes, the subjects seemingly experience an unpleasant and stressing handling (Cozby, 2012). Other than exposing the participants to feelings of embarrassment and distress, studies withholding crucial information can affect participants’ relatives, friends and members of the family. The general feeling may potentially touch on the attitude that people have on the intended outcomes of psychological studies. People may feel used and disrespected, which flouts the tenets scientific research on humans. In this regard, deception may generate resentment of future scientific studies on accusations of lack of honesty and respect for participants. Perhaps, one of the most relieving aspects of the study by Milgram revolves around post-st
The phenomenon of the unprecedented success of the Republic of Venice is worth of detailed research as it illustrates the process of creating a powerful and prosperous state out of a small city. Searching for the answer why the Republic of Venice attained such power is crucial for understanding the methods of providing the solid ground for the development of a state originating from communities in the area of a city. Besides, the analysis of the causes of the decline of the Republic will help to understand the conditions that can lead to the fall of a powerful and wealthy state. The lessons learned from the experience of the Republic of Venice can help to understand the nature of past events, the way they have influenced the presence, and the possible development of future events. The Republic of Venice gained unprecedented wealth and power because its advantageous location and proactive maritime policy helped it to become the top trading center. The Republic lost much of its power because the geopolitical reality changed significantly and the shift in its strategy on the mainland led to the irreversible decline. The detailed analysis of these points helps to understand how the location can both benefit and challenge the state depending on the geopolitical reality and how the deviation from well-developed strategy can cause the decline. Background From the beginning of its history, Venice presented an example of uniqueness in every aspect. Being built “upon the mud flats of a lagoon”, the city was unique in its site (Rosand, 2005, p. 6). Being primarily aimed at protecting the borders of the Western Roman Empire from invaders, the city became one of the world economic and trading centers. It supported political connections with most of the civilized states of that time and had economic ties with both Europe and the Middle East (Crowley, 2011). While other parts of Italy were facing internecine dissensions and economic instability, Venice was gaining its power and experiencing the prosperity. Besides being extremely rich, the Republic became one of the main cultural centers of the world. The unheard-of success of the Republic of Venice remains the theme of numerous debates of historians and inspires people to explore its rich history full of events and glory. Exploring the causes of both rise and fall Venice is crucial to understanding the main factors that influenced a state’s destiny in past times. The Rise of the Republic The rise of the Republic was promoted by its several crucial specifics. Venice gained much power and wealth because it had a unique and very beneficial geopolitical position and used its advantages properly to provide the proacti
Introduction Asynchronous IT Course:   * Students choose pace;   * Adaptable schedule;   * Sufficient level of technical literacy;   * Flexible adaptation to the current market demands. The following is a set of instructions on the asynchronous online course intended for developing advanced IT skills and aimed at specialists of the developing markets. The asynchronous method implies that the student does not necessarily receive information when the teacher delivers it. This allows the students to choose their own pace, which is a preferred variant as the populace oriented towards IT sector has sufficient skills of online means of communication, both software, and hardware, and can easily incorporate the tasks of varying difficulty and length. Learning Management System While simpler means, like the e-mail and discussion forums, can be used for the asynchronous learning, usually the dedicated software is utilized, like the Learning Management System, or LMS (Kats, 2010). Content Delivery Web-based (recommended):   * Podcasts;   * Videos;   * Presentations;   * Interactive content. Physical Optical Discs (possible, but not recommended):   * Time-consuming;   * Can be costly. In the case of the online course, about 80 percent of the content is delivered by means of the Web (Burns, 2011). The online material may be in audio format, like the podcasts on iTunes, video format, like the preloaded lectures, and the interactive content. The latter is especially crucial for the IT course, as the interactive Web-based content is essential for the majority of the topics on the matter. Such approach is known as Web-Based Training (WBT) and is available through LMS and similar platforms (Driscoll, 2010). The delivery via physical storage media, like the optical discs, is not recommended, as it takes up much time and will be ineffective when dealing with the international students. Facilitation Student-centered learning Average student:   * Generalized IT knowledge;   * Irrelevant specialized knowledge;   * Does not meet the market demand. Student-centered course:   * Specialized knowledge relevant to the market needs;   * Meeting the students’ aspirations. As the course will be aimed at the students from countries with developing IT markets, the average learner is expected to have the generalized knowledge and possibly the specialized knowledge which is not currently in demand on the market. Thus, the course will be aimed at people seeking to get the skills relevant to the current market needs, and therefore it is absolutely necessary to make it student-centered. Active learning:   * material triggers discussion. Collaboration:   * competitive group task (requires team work). Student engagement:   * sharing experience. The dominant part of online learning is based on active learning methods, so the student participation is crucial. Thus, all the material should be organized in a way that triggers discussion and asking questions. At the same time, the environment must be open for interaction, i.e. students must feel their questions are welcome. A good exampl
Introduction Attending regular health checks is a critical medical provision. Nonetheless, it is evident that men hardly realise the virtues of taking such initiatives. There is a need for a constructive plan that will establish, ratify, and help men embrace regular medical checks. This section of the assignment will discern the media intervention in sensitising and mobilising men to embrace the recommended customary medical checks (Valente, 2002). This will incorporate media plan, media relationships, media release, Permissions Forms, and materials required for the success of this project. This project endeavours to promote healthy eating habits and regular medical checks amidst men. This is a critical initiative when considered comprehensively. Media Plan It is important to develop a proper media plan that suits the entire project. In order to facilitate this project and realise its success, the media will be incorporated. The concerned media will help in spreading the ‘word’ (the need for regular medical checks amongst men) through numerous ways (Butler, 1994). This indicates what the media and project organisers can do to support this project. The media will develop community service programs helpful in promoting the values of regular medical checks. This will enable men to take the required initiative. Additionally, through media, it will be possible to develop supportive advertisements or messages and establish viable programs in regard to regular medical checks. These will be based on the key messages incorporated in the project (Nnakwe, 2009). The media will know about this project through numerous means. The project developer will meet with them to discuss more about the project and why it should be advertised. This will also be possible through credible partnerships among the concerned stakeholders (Issel, 2009). Concurrently, sending them some background information and then calling them to talk about the project will be appropriate. Precisely, it will be advisable to send them a media release. The media people that will be contacted include Maurice Carta, Jane Miriana, and Collins McGriffins of ABC Radio, Citizen Broadcasting, and Healthy People Television respectively. Their contacts include +144345876, +144988765, and +144521667 respectively. These personalities will be contacted a week after the implementation of the project (Moyer & Diem, 2004). Media Relationships It is vital to keep track of which media outlets have been contacted, and who will follow them up (Kerzner, 2003). One of the media tasks that will be considered promptly incorporates the sensitisation of the public, especially men on the concerned regular health checks. Its responsibility will include regular advertisements on the matter. This is a critical provision in the context of media relationships
Significance of Diabetes in cognitive impairment Diabetes mellitus has many adverse effects on the brain apart from the cardiovascular and peripheral nervous system effects. The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus due to the sedentary lifestyles and high-calorie diets of the modern world and enhanced longevity is significant in that the risks of depression, dementia and cognitive decline is heightened. It is known that diabetes influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. However, the role of this system in diabetes-impaired cognitive decline has not been fully investigated. Stranahan and his team have attempted to study the effects of diabetes on the hippocampus, which is the part of the brain associated with recent memory, perforant path synaptic plasticity, and adult neurogenesis. They also indicated that corticosterone, a glucocorticoid, mediated the effects. The research was done in insulin-deficient rats and insulin-resistant mice. Studies that echo similar sentiments Another study has echoed the same idea that increased glucocorticoid levels produced dysfunction in the hippocampus and is associated with spatial learning deficits in rats (Lupien, 1998). The study showed that aging people with high levels of cortisol showed a lower volume (14% reduction) of the hippocampus and a deficit in hippocampus-dependent memory tasks when compared to people with normal cortisol. Other studies (Issa, 1990) have mentioned that the cumulative effect of the high level of glucocorticoids produces structural and functional effects on the hippocampus. They compromise hippocampal integrity and the cognitive functions dependent on the hippocampus (Issa, 1990). Glucocorticoids are secreted from the adrenal gland after stress (Karst, 2000). It is mentioned that these hormones affect synaptic plasticity apart from modulating ionic currents, monoaminergic transmission, and cellular viability, mostly in the hippocampus, where corticosteroid receptors are enriched. The study acknowledges the role of glucocorticoid receptors in hippocampal integrity, mental performance in aging, and psychiatric disorders (Karst, 2000). Identification of the signaling pathways of glucocorticoids helps in developing intervention strategies to reduce cognitive impairment. Summary Human beings with both Types I and Type II diabetes mellitus showed a greater cognitive decline when compared to similar-aged non-diabetic persons. Rodents who were made diabetic (Type I) by being given streptozocin, a pancreatic beta-cell. The toxin showed a lesser performance in spatial learning ability. A similar result was seen. in mice with
Introduction Cost accounting is an important component of managerial accounting that has a considerable effect on the development of organizations. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the key players in the economic arena of the Middle East, as well as world trade. International corporations are willing to enter the Saudi market, while Saudi companies also try to penetrate new markets (Abdallah 29). Compliance with international accounting standards and regulations enables companies to avoid certain litigations, as well as increase their profitability (Herath and Alsulmi 2). However, the introduction and adoption of these international standards in Saudi Arabia are associated with several difficulties and peculiarities. Ethical decision-making is one of the areas characterized by the most significant issues. Internal reporting can be seen as one of the most challenging aspects of cost accounting, as it is often less regulated and dependent on the organizational culture (Taschner and Charifzadeh 10). This research proposal highlights the central aspects of the research that aims at exploring the challenges associated with internal reporting in Saudi Arabia. Background and Significance Companies operating in the global market and organizations that have to compete with multinationals in the Saudi market have adopted international financial reporting standards (IFRS), which has an impact on their cost accounting practices. Ethical decision-making is one of the key goals related to the establishment of any standards and rules. One of the primary aspects of ethical decision-making is the disclosure of information to authorities and companies’ executives. The major focus of scholars is placed in this area (Habbash 742). The studies linked to cost accounting in Saudi Arabia and ethical decision-making often touch upon the cultural, social, and political peculiarities of the country and their influence on the use of international standards (Herath and Alsulmi 4). The gap between the existing accounting norms and international guidelines can be considerable and difficult to address, especially when it comes to some industries or smaller organizations. Internal reporting receives less attention although it is relevant for the sustainable development of companies. Rodgers and Al Faye claim that the current research on the matter is insufficient and inconsistent with the needs of practitioners (220). The researchers report that three major ethical pathways are employed, including rule-based, preference-based, and principle-based (Rodgers and Al Faye 220). Nev
In the modern world, cosmetics play an important role as a decorative technique used by young girls and women. Today, women and girls also wear more cosmetics than ever before. In earlier decades, a “painted” woman was automatically an immoral one. During the Twenties, mascaraed lashes, face powder, rouge, and red lipstick appeared on most women and girls who wanted to appear fashionable. They often plucked their eyebrows into a high arch, like the film stars of the decade, and used lipstick to shape their lips into a “beestung” look, tiny and pouting. Today, fashion demands that women use decorative cosmetics and makeup to look fashionable and charming. The topic is important because it influences the appearance of a woman and her self-identity. On the other hand, the cosmetics industry is one of the most powerful and influential determining our tastes and priorities. Thus, fashion and appearance are as important as behavior when people look to the movies as models. Girls wear very tight sweaters and heavy makeup. The flamboyant styles of black rock singers also influence these teens, who adopted the stars’ extreme “drapes,” or loose-fitting trousers with narrow bottoms, shirts with wide collars, and, in imitation of the famous song, blue suede shoes. It is important to understand what good taste is and how to use cosmetics and makeup properly. At the beginning of the 20th century, makeup was used to protect and project a sense of self. As already noted, techniques of decoration were not distinguished from fashion. They were regarded as traditional and unchanging reflections of social hierarchies, beliefs, and customs. Makeup embodied meanings of feminine nature and freedom while also encoding power relations. Occasionally, makeup was also acknowledged as an art form with aesthetic meanings. In doing so, they found that there were individual variations in makeup behavior as well as changes in decorative techniques over time. In short, new social and political ideas changed fashions in the details of the headdresses and makeup. Makeup became a part of style defined as a combination of simplicity, practicality, and suitability (Peiss 136-137). Critics explain makeup as a ‘body technique’ which displays social behavior expressed and displayed through a unique personal image by a girl. Rather than restricting fashion to culture, fashion is a general technique of acculturation. Following
Introduction The world has a composition of individuals who have diverse languages based on factors like heritage, interactions with others, as well as religious inclinations. Notably, these factors have contributed to the dominance of some languages and the passiveness or redundancy of others. Some of the languages, which have dominated the globe, include English, German, French, Arabic, Spanish, and Mandarin. The languages have gradually gained popularity, and they are widespread across several countries of the world. The debate revolving around the popularity and demand for the languages concern the threat of extinction suffered by native dialects not envisioned among the popular languages. Various scholars have advanced debates regarding the need to look into the issue so that the native and diverse languages used in several countries do not disappear or become unimportant in the near future. It is within this backdrop that the essay discusses the popular and widespread languages, presents the arguments concerning their dominance, and concludes with a possible solution that can be useful in addressing the argument. Widespread and Demanded Languages English and German Remarkably, English is top in the list of languages that are dominant and widespread across continents of the world. Jones notes that the total number of native English speakers in the world is 355 million (para 5). These native speakers of the English language comprise people who live in places like Canada, the United States, New Zealand, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Besides the native English speakers, there are millions of people across the world using English as their official language. The majority of the countries are on the African continent, parts of the United Arab Emirates, and parts of Europe. Khan et al. allude that in countries like Africa, English speakers are mainly former British colonies and, as such, chose to use the language in order to communicate successfully with them (225). A total estimate of the diverse and widespread English speakers can reach a billion making it one of the dominant and popular languages in the world. Another widespread language spoken by millions of people around the world is German. Research by Pereltsvaig indicates that while 95 million people are native German speakers, the number of people who have learned the language triple the natives (68). Furthermore, the research indicates that about 144 countries train their students the German language in schools with the intent that by doing so, they enable them to access better opportunities in Europe and other parts of the world. In the United States, German is the fifth most popular language after English, French, Spanish, and sign language. Some of the countries, which have people who speak German as their second language include Argentina, South Africa, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Chile, Namibia, and Israel. Moreover, a sizeable number of German speakers, which exceed a million individuals, live in Brazil and the United States. Besides its dominance in the continent, German is also a