ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Western history of humanism traces its origin from the 16 th century renaissance period when thinkers suddenly deviated from the Platonic perception of the universe to Aristotelian realism. Focus shifted to the importance of human as the central being in the universe. This paper discusses humanism as conceived in the renaissance era and the influential personalities whose works sustained it. The Meaning of Humanism Humanism stems from a philosophic reflection that was majorly practiced by thinkers in the West, though some thinkers also came from the East. The underlying crux of their thought was the essence of the human person in the universe. Consequently, thoughts were advanced on the primary end of human life as working for the happiness of humans on the earth. [1] They propounded the thought of enjoying, developing, and availing to human beings the copious material, spiritual, and cultural goods extracted from the natural world. The profundity of the implications of this gesture is indescribable yet congenial and common sensical. It is this human-centered theory of life that is referred to as humanism [2] . Humanism as a philosophy therefore, emanates from the enduring need of human beings to make their lives significant, “integrate their personalities around some clear, consistent, and compelling views of existence, and to seek definite and reliable methods in the solution of their problems. [3] In the previous medieval era before the renaissance period, the thought system revolved around the Church as a custodian of immaterial truths. Platonic philosophy, precisely the concept of world of forms, had dominated the medieval era that subjected the human body, as a shadow of a real body in the world of forms, to little or no attention at all. [4] However, towards the end of 16 th century there was a paradigm shift towards Aristotelianism that advocated the importance of the actual object of reality from which Plato had abstracted his ideas. [5] Humanism consequently, developed as the central theme of the renaissance period. Scholars shifted their focus to the human person whose needs were to be satisfied instead of spending much time on ideal truths promulgated by the Church. Even though God was retained into the picture, people became inquisitive about their beliefs attempting to replace ridiculous teachings of the Church with more plausible theories such as the Copernicus revolution. The Influential Humanists There were many scholars from a plethora of fields who shaped the renaissance era, but this paper will be limited to a few of them. They include Francesco Petrarca, Niccolo Machiavelli, Baldassare, Dante, Boccaccio, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, and Cervantes. Francesco Petrarca has been referred to as the “Father of Humanism” due to the spectacular wor
Today, in the 21 st century, most firms across the world are increasingly incorporating a multiplicity of management fundamentals and paradigms into their operations, with the view to developing critical sources of competitive advantage. This paper discusses how the beauty and cosmetics business will effectively compete based on two such fundamentals, namely business operations and customer perceptions. In the context of a beauty and cosmetics business mostly targeting anti-aging products, business operations will entail employing three important management imperatives that together endeavor to optimize value generated from business assets, hence ensuring the business is able to attain and sustain competitive advantage. These management imperatives are interdependent and include ‘generating recurrent value, enhancing the value of business assets, and guaranteeing the income and value of the business.’ Owing to the fact that newer technologies will be used to extract active and natural ingredients for use in making the anti-aging products, it is expected that these products will attract more recurring income, hence become more valuable in the firm’s product portfolio. Likewise, due to their high value and premium pricing, the anti-aging products will have the capacity to generate more recurring income, hence spurring competitiveness and growth. The beauty and cosmetics industry is a unique one due to a multiplicity of factors located at the operational level of the industry. Consequently, it is imperative to suggest that the proposed business will operate at a premium segment due to the prestige of the brands that will be produced, use premium pricing policy for finished anti-aging products, and employ the direct marketing strategy. Competition is likely to be sustained by focusing more on developing, protecting, and leveraging the firm’s unique operational resources particularly in terms of employing new technologies and using active and natural ingredients in the manufacturing of its anti-aging products, rather than putting much focus on following the rules as dictated by the current marketing environment for beauty and cosmetic products. The proposed business is also expected to compete based on customer perceptions, especially in terms of the current trends that continue to influence customer perceptions of a particular product. In the context of anti-aging products, some of the most important trends likely to drive competition based on customer perceptions include (1) manufacturing products in accordance to the fair-trade philosophy, (2) emphasizing that products are being manufactured in a way that is not harmful to environm
Introduction Discovering of Panama’s pacific coast by Vasco Nunez de balboa in 1513, empire builders and merchants saw the need to have a shortcut for ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. This would save them the 12,000 miles long journey they have to take around South America. Several visionaries tried in the next two centuries to advocate for the channel creation. Simon Bolivar, a revolutionary, hired architects and engineers to plot a viable route for the canal after independence. Col. Charles Biddle of the U.S army sent by President Andrew Jackson in 1835 confirmed the impracticality of the Panama Canal project (DuTemple, 2003, p. 12). However, over the next years several speculators came up with possible canal building schemes. Theodore Roosevelt, the president opted to ensure us naval power domination in the two oceans by building the canal. This is because of the long time it took naval ships to the Caribbean from San Francisco during the brink of war with Spain. In 1903, the independent state of Panama gave U.S. a nod to start the construction. Several risks challenges came at the beginning of the project like yellow fever that was overcome (DuTemple, 2003, p. 7). The canal was completed in 1913 and opened in 1914. The canal is a viable commercial project and its expansion is set to be complete by 2015. Panama Canal expansion risks and risk management methods Panamax project is a large infrastructure project in terms of the resources involved and the amount of work at hand hence it involves various risks. Therefore, formal risk management methods are vital in a project of its magnitude thus the need to know the enterprise risks involved (Kendrick, 2003, p. 2). Such is a combination of natural environmental risks, operational and financial risks. Panama Canal Authority (ACP) has the task of assessing the risks and coming up with an elaborate risk management plan. All the risks faced by the expansion project are characterized into a risk management cycle which balances on management measures. ACP’s risk management plan prioritizes and quantifies the material risks involved in the project. There is analysis of unexpected future risks with reference to the present working scope. The review by ACP identifies several risks that can prejudice the completion of the Canal expansion project, though probable risk implications vary across the association. The table below elicits the risks involved in the expansion project (mayo, 2005, p. 1-2); The risk on analysis can cause a delay of over 1 and ½ years with costs shooting up to $200 million. The main quantifiable risks involved are;   * Completion delay as a result of material delay: This can arise from difficulties on the side of contractors delivering resources, labor, logistics, equipment and bad weather. However, many of these have chances of partial mitigation.   * Structural organization: The present orga
Introduction The street food market is one of the most rapidly developing areas that are represented by various offers. For example, McDonald’s and Burger King provide fast food that is bought by many customers all over the world. However, the recent trend is that more and more people think about what they eat and how their nutrition habits affect their health. Also, the idea of environmental protection becomes very popular, especially in developed countries. Therefore, street food vendors try meeting these modern requirements and ensuring that customers receive what they want. Wil’s Grill case presents the story of John who manages to provide clean food sourced from the local farms. This report aims at analyzing the mentioned business, revealing its strengths and weaknesses, and concluding with relevant recommendations. Problem Identification The owner of Wil’s Grill is John whose parents had a restaurant and ranch in Cave Creek, Arizona. The boy was fascinated by cooking and offering people healthy food. With his father, John opened Wil’s Grill, where they served fries, beverages, and burgers, working with the local suppliers. When John entered the Northern Arizona University, his father had to close the business. Furthermore, in cooperation with his friend, Karl, they opened a new street food vendor and targeted the so-called clean food. Among the services, there were street food events, catering, and individual sales. The main goal of this business was to build a local supply chain and provide hospitality-driven services. It should be stressed that John was well-aware of customers’ needs in eating healthy food at a reasonable price. When Karl decided to relocate, John became the only proprietor of the business that added more responsibilities. The part of the work performed by Karl was to be made by one person, and John hired an assistant. With time, the business grew, and revenues grew, but insufficiently. Currently, the main concern of John is how to extend the business and serve several events at the same time. One may note that there are various issues that should be taken into account. For example, one may note operational costs, promotion and advertising, cooking, partnerships with local suppliers, and so on. The restricted budget sets limitations on spending on employee salaries and innovations. Another problem is associated with investment options, which is critical to serve more events and attract more customers, both businesses and individuals. At the same time, it becomes clear that some investment in equipment is needed to ensure a high quality of products and good taste. In terms of the local market, it is important to analyze competitors and monitor customers’ preferences to remain competent in the industry of street food. As for sub-issues, it is possible to state that the problem with promotion also exists since the ways of attracting more customers is vague. In addition, Wil’s Grill is yet not deep-rooted on the local market of catering and vending, which i
Education goals Education goals are written in general terms and they each touch on a specific aspect of the society and the learner as an individual. They do not have specific criteria for achieving them. The learners only achieve educational goals after exposure to a particular part of a study program. Instructional goals are more specific and focus on one or two areas of the curriculum. They target the entire group of students taking a program and not the achievement of individual students. The educational goals that I have set for my instructional unit are:  1. Education must meet the needs and requirements of the development of the country  2. Education has to depict national images by the inclusion of the diverse culture of the country  3. Education must give provisions for the development of learners personality, abilities, and talents  4. Education has to provide an avenue for justice in society, an avenue for morality, social responsibility, and social obligation  5. Education has to promote a positive and conscious attitude towards other countries  6. Education has to create a wholesome individual who is developed mentally, spiritually, and morally  7. Education has to foster the necessary skills needed for the learners to make contributions to societal development  8. Education has to ensure that the learner has developed cognitive, psychomotor, and affective skills  9. Education has to lay up a good foundation for individ
Religion is faith-based and can be of different forms. Some beliefs were practiced in the olden days by people and can be considered as a religion. In the modern setting, religion is based on an unseen supreme being who is considered the provider. So that a person ascribes to a certain religion, he/she must have heard a message of conviction. In psychology, it is noted that instilling beliefs in the human subconscious causes them to believe. This method is used in varied spheres of life including marketing. Religions of the world use teachings to set a base for beliefs. These are passed on to the audience in different forums and media. The growth of religions can be attributed to how humans have come to understand psychology. If the human can relate to the information and they feel comfortable, they tend to subdue to it. Religion uses assurance in a world where uncertainty is everywhere. Once a person has a feeling of guarantee they tend to be happy and live peacefully. Most faiths have a promise that is the drive to give followers a purpose. Without this, it will be just like any other task in life. Body The practice and supplication of the teachings cause religion to thrive. Most of all religious practices have a dogma to which followers attribute their faith. As witnessed by the scholars, there has to be an inner conversion for the religion to appear outwardly. The Christian faith has Jesus as the center of its teachings. The believers have faith in Jesus and what He has done for them. This can be found in almost all religions where a figure is considered the focal point. The teachings are geared towards the consciousness of the being and hence the following. Although religion is about the unseen, followers tend to follow their goals regardless. This is attributed to the way the teachings are taught and an
Saputo Inc. is one of the most popular Canadian dairy companies, and it owns such a brand of cheese as Armstrong. Saputo was founded in Canada in 1954, and Armstrong cheddar presented in cheese blocks is one of the first company’s brands which became recognized widely. Saputo positions itself as the company to support the people’s healthy lifestyle. That is why, the company responds to the environmental issues while proposing the energy-efficient products. Furthermore, the company follows the Canadian programs to reduce carbon emissions and to train employees in relation to their ecological consciousness. In addition, the company sponsors the community’s initiatives associated with the promotion of the healthy lifestyle principles proposed by such organizations as FitSpirit and the Grand défi Pierre Lavoie (Pederson, 2004, p. 363; Saputo , 2014). To discuss the company’s marketing strategy in relation to the promotion of Armstrong cheese blocks, it is necessary to focus on the analysis of the environmental scan, consumer behavior, and target market. Environmental Scan The dairy industry in which
The movie under consideration is the Strange Fruit directed by Kyle Schickner which aims to show people the social problems and their arousal by means of the appearance of one song, from the day of its creation up to the day of its release in public which has managed to make an outburst of public opinion and antiracial movement. Watching the movie from the first up to the last scene, you understand that the song has managed to raise social opinion and the historic facts cannot be changed, but the movie is directed in such a way that each time one is worried about the outcome. The movie is psychological as well as historic and the struggle against discrimination has always been a priority for some people, but n0o one believed that a simple song can impact the society in the way it did. As for me, it was difficult to watch the movie as being psychological drama it made me worry about each of the characters, especially those who were subjected to lynching and discrimination. At the same time, I was impressed with the history of the song creation and how one single performance can change the attitude of the whole society to the problem. Even though the movie shows the history of the son and its creation, the main idea is deeper. The movie is devoted to the social illness and points at one of the solutions which may be taken for solving the issue which is in the air, but people are afraid of talking about it referencing to the fear and social prejudices. The main idea of the Angela Davis’ essay “‘Strange Fruit’ Music and Social Consciousness” is to show the society how one particular song may become the icon for the whole nation, how one particular idea may help people understand that it is important to resist lynching, racial discrimination and other specific biased attitude in relation to some particular classes of people. “She could not have predicted that “Strange Fruit” would impel people to discover within themselves a previously unawakened calling to political activism, but it did, and it does. She could not have foreseen the catalytic role her song would play in rejuvenating the tradition of protest and resistance in African-American and American traditions of popular music and culture” (Davis 196) is the quote which shows that the singer song this song to entertain people and could not even expect that others would feel the same as she did, the desire to act against those who believe that lynching and discrimination are the normal actions in the society; it describes the meaning of the song and perfectly summarizes the main idea of the Angela Davis’ essay “‘Strange Fruit’ Music and Social Consciousness” as it points at the problems which the quote arises and at the same time considers the relation of the singer to the song, particularly the unexpected success of the song in the context is appeared; it is obvious that the song raises the problems of discrimination and it is important to remember that the presence of such films inspire other people for creating something new, such as the movie Strange Fruit also aimed at increasin
Hudaibiya treaty between Prophet Muhammad and Quraish tribe started a new chapter in the journey of Prophet Muhammad, in achieving his goal of spreading the message of Islam beyond Arabia. Prophet Muhammad started sending envoys to the kings who control parts of the world at that time, inviting them to Islam. Most of the leaders responded well to prophet message of Islam, but the kings who did not respond positively to Prophet Message was attacked by warfare. Prophet Muhammad sent ambassadors to kings, in various kingdoms in the world. The envoys that were sent to these kingdoms knew the language spoken by the people in these kingdoms. There are about 1.4 billion Muslims in the world today, the shadow of Prophet Muhammad has spread for many years, and has made Islam to be the second largest religion after Christianity. Thesis statement: had Prophet Muhammad not victorious in many wars he fought, Islam would have been downgrade to a geographic backwater in the world today. Prophet Muhammad was a true general, in a space of 10 years he fought and won eight battles, led eighteen raids on tribes which were against his course in spreading Islamic faith. Prophet Muhammad was a great general and tactician, heroic solder and a combat general. Prophet Muhammad always employed war, in order for him to achieve his goal in spreading Islamic faith, to the people who did not want to embrace the new faith of Islam. Prophet Muhammad was a strategist; he used war to strengthen his long-term position on Muslim followers. Prophet Muhammad belief in Islam as a true religion, and he also believed himself as the “messenger of true God”, he revolutionized war among the Arabian people, which resulted in creation of an ideology of Jihad (holy war) and shahada (martyrdom), in the Islamic faith, where, it changed how other religion thought of war, as a fighting tool to spread there course. These two ideologies were transmitted during the war between the Muslims and Christians in Spain and France. Prophet Muhammad used war as an instrument to spread his quest of Islamic faith, which began within two years before his death. He revolutionalised a new kind of army which has not been seen in the whole of Arabia region. Prophet Muhammad introduced more that eight military reforms that transformed the ways his army fought in the quest of spreading Islamic faith. Prophet Muhammad was able to transform his army, to defeat his enemy’s i.e. Byzantium and Persia armies, who were against him in spreading the message of Islam. First and foremost, Prophet Muhammad was a religious guerilla leader, when you compare Prophet Muhammad with other generals, he did not seek the defeat of a foreign invader. In order for him to achieve his mission of spreading Islamic faith, Prophet Muhammad replaced the existing social order, which was there in Arabian society with a new one. Prophet Muhammad began his struggle with a small guerrilla army, which was capable of undertaking limited offensive against t
Introduction Learning is, essentially a change in behaviour and understanding. Various learning theories attempt to explain how people and animals learn. Right from the time of Aristotle, various philosophers and theoreticians aimed at defining it. As a result, a number of schools of thoughts emerged. Behaviourism and the cognitive theory of Piaget are chief among them. Behaviourism Behaviourism studies visible features of human behaviour. It is a theory of learning which believes that all behaviours are acquired on account of conditioning. Conditioning occurs subsequent to a person’s interactions with his environment. All behaviourist theories hold that it is the stimulus-response association that determines behaviour in man. John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner are the two major discoverers of behaviourist approaches to learning. Behaviour is essentially actions; not thoughts or emotions. Response to stimulus can be observed quantitatively. Behaviourism ignores the possibility of thought processes occurring in the mind with regards to responses ( Watson, 1997). Behaviourism is based on the assumption that behave is what organisms do. It is a scientific study of behaviour which aims at answering how behaviour gets modified. It has been observed that “behavioural psychology claims that behaviour can change as a result of extrinsic motivators such as incentives, rewards, and punishments. Behaviourists advocate influencing behaviour through the systematic adjustments of stimulus-response reinforcements” (Weiner et al ., 2003, p. 404) Classical conditioning The Pavlovian Classical Conditioning Theory led to the real beginnings of behavioural theory. It is a form of associative learning. In order to explain his famous Classical Conditioning theory, Pavlov employed food, a dog and a bell. He taught a dog to relate a tone with a food-reward. Along with a stimulus of some significance, Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus too. He could envisage that dogs would salivate when food was placed in the mouth through a reflex called the “salivary reflex”. The Pavlovian experiment was simple. The dog was given food just after ringing the bell. Every time the dog heard the ring, it expected food. Following tha