ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Race and ethnicity have been a topic for a variety of surveys for many decades. Many researchers have provided data on particular areas. It is necessary to note that many studies have shown that there is certain correlation between ethnic structure of communities and the rate of crime within the communities. However, the conclusions drawn were based on quite limited data so their relevance has been questioned. Peterson and Krivo provide in-depth analysis of the matter in their book Divergent Social Worlds . In this book, the authors focus on the correlation between ethnicity and crime in urban areas across the United States. The relevance of the present research is evident as the authors provide extensive empirical evidence to support their theoretical argument. Peterson and Krivo argue that race and ethnicity “fundamentally shape the experience of urban residents, including their exposure to crime” (1). Peterson and Krivo employ several theories to support their claim. For instance, the authors exploit structural race theory and claim that urban areas are still characterized by certain kind of segregation as three major ethnic groups (i.e. whites, African Americans and Latinos) have different opportunities. The authors argue that these groups live in socially instable communities, which leads to the increased rates of crime. They rely on social disorganization theory to stress that social instability is associated with crime in communities as people have no tools to diminish crime (Peterson & Krivo 35). The authors also employ social theory to highlight “structural conditions that produce” certain gaps between different racial groups (Peterson & Krivo 20). Peterson and Krivo argue that the major factor contributing to the existing racial composition of communities is segregated nature of the American society where Latinos, Asians and especially African Americans are deprived of many opportunities. The authors state that whites tend to get better jobs and higher salaries. They also get more loans and financial aid compared to other ethnic groups. This leads to low income in families of such racial groups as African Americans and Latinos, which, in its turn, leads to few educational opportunities for children and limited opportunities to move to better neighborhoods. Notably, the authors refer to a number of theoretical frameworks to support their claims, which makes the book an important and reliable source concerning racial stratification of urban areas and crime rates associated with this stratification. Apart from extensive theoretical background, the book in question is characterized by sufficient amount of empirical evidence. It is necessary to note that many surveys have been carried out to analyze correlation between racial structure of communities and crime rates. However, previous research tends to focus on quite limited number of residents and communities. Kubrin states that the authors have carried out a number of surveys on the matter and the book under consideration is a “culmination of decades of work” (119). Peterson and Krivo provide an in-depth analysis of urban population of 91 big
In the previous reports the information presented provided our reader with a risk analysis plan for BGP technologies an international bio technology firm. In this report the information presented will assist the reader in identifying risk avoidance strategies for checks and letters of credit. In this era of online money transfers an international business entity such as BGP can easily find itself facing serious litigation from external entities. In addition to that the Company may also easily make losses through sale of goods and non receipt of funds. Among the methods that the Company can utilize in avoiding such issues include letters of credit and checks. A letter of credit is a legal document that is prepared by a financial institution that guarantees the payment of a certain amount of money in exchange for goods or services (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2009). With this therefore, the Company can continue to do business with partners who may be located in remote locations. This facility will also ensure that the company is not prone to litigation for non payment or late payment. This is mainly because a letter of credit allows the Company to state terms to be satisfied prior to payment such as number of goods, condition, date of receipt, etc (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2009). On the other hand the Company may also choose to use a banker’s acceptance for payments. However a banker’s acceptance is an instruction to pay a specified entity an amount of money on a certain date. Though this option provides convenience it is ill suited for international business owing to the risks associated. This option does not offer provisions to deal with issues such as goods received in poor condition or late which may require adjustment to the amount paid. Given that this option does not allow for conditions to be specified it places the company in a risky position (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2009). In drafting a letter of credit often an external intermediary maybe involved. The purpose of the intermediary is to clarify the terms that govern the payment since this document alone serves as the basis for payment. It is therefore advisable to ensure that all essential aspects are given due consideration (Hinkelman et al., 2005). For example, it should be stated clearly whether payments are to be made 30days after loading goods or after delivery, whether payments are to be made in local currency or in international currency. It is for this reason an external intermediary is required to assist by providing information on local and international banking regulations as well as assist in structuring the document (Hinkelman et al., 2005). A letter of credit may be revocable or irrevocable and in the case of BGP an irrevocable letter of credit is recommended (Hinkelman et al., 2005). Based on this statement it become clear that in this mode of payment the document is more important than the goods and
Chosen for the analysis works are two statues from MFA. The Colossal statue King Aspelta is an ancient Egyptian stone. Hercules is the bronze figure of early Imperial period of Roman. Both of them Hercules and the Colossal statue King Aspelta are the figures of strong, idealized, muscular men and this is only one similarity between two works, the differences between two works are more important due to the different origin, meaning and values of each work for its cultural background. The bronze sculpture of Hercules is a figure of strong nude man of middle age who has a skin of a lion or tiger on his left shoulder and hand. He holds his right hand to the people. He has a beard on his face. However, it is impossible to see his eyes, there are only two hold instead of them. The scientists say that originally Hercules’s eyes were made from the different material and have been left during the centuries. It is a complete work of art, not a part of some scene or ensemble. Such sculpture can be used as a part of interior decorations in the home of the rich Roman or in one of the various temples. The Colossal statue King Aspelta is a typical artifact of the ancient Egypt made from stone. It is a figure of man who looks quite young. Perhaps, he was middle-aged man. He looks not so muscled or strong, but his figure seems proud as it should be in case of ruler. The present sculpture was a part of the decorations from the King’s tomb. Therefore, it is possible to say that this sculpture should be used together with other artifacts from the tomb. For the ancient Egyptians, every sculpture had a sacral meaning and was made in order to emphasize the divine origin of king and help him to join the gods after the death. This is one of the fundamental differences between two sculptures. The figure of Hercules did not have any sacral sense, although he was a hero of the myths, had a divine origin being a son of the major Roman god Jupiter and had a list of the outstanding characteristics. For the Romans, the sculpture did not have such sacral meaning as the Colossal statue King Aspelta for the ancient Egyptians. Conditions of the works are quite good. It is obvious that condition of Hercules should be better due to its age and material from which the statue is made. Probably, when Hercules was produced it had looked more bright and light. As it was produced in order to honor this famous hero of the ancient Greece and Roman Empire, the figure looks proud and majestic. Today, the bronze is dark. However, the statue still looks good, although there are several cracks on the body. Condition of the Colossal statue King Aspelta is very good in
BMW has adopted many strategies for the multi-product. Among the strategies BMW has used in their Multi-product in price differentiation for different market segments. This is attributed to the fact that people with high disposable income tend to spend more on a prestigious good. Secondly, some markets like Africa, part of South America, Asia and Europe people have low disposable income, which the company cannot sell the product at higher prices like in areas where there is high disposable income. There are many risks and advantages associated with the marketing strategies adopted by BMW while market their products. BMW have tried to use technological economies scale and scope to produce multiproduct that is actually meets the customer needs in various market segment. The company has chosen product approach where capital and labor are employed to reduce economies of scale. Under this method, fixed cost associated with the production are sold in a market where people have high disposable income, while people with less disposable income goods are sold to them at variable cost only. BMW in their strategic policy has chosen differentiation as strategy for positioning in the market. In some markets have produced a sleek car that is expensive while other markets have produced different car that meets the market standards. They managed to sell the car which economic, reliability, functionality performance, elegant, sleek design sporty, aggressive fun emotional competitive appeals hard charging for the German and Europe market while a similar vehicle that fits Africa market where the disposable income is low. BMW is not using volume in their production but they use differentiated Although BMW clearly competes on a generic strategy based on differentiation focus, through these, they are able to be market leaders. Through this, they are able to build; quality of BMW cars was for different market and different cost and charges different prices. This has made them more competitive. Using the strategy cube above BMW have followed porters argument of differentiation in which he argues that in order to achieve good benefit, you have to incur some costs which are more than average to attain higher profit. For example, the BMW Company produces a costly vehicle, which is sold to the market with higher disposable income. The same vehicle can be sold to people with low disposable income excluding the cost of non-production activities. Another position that BMW can adopt is the position with high benefits at the same time high cost but low price. This is when the company is incurring long-term economies of scale. Variable cost is considered leaving fixed cost. As well as BMW can also adopt the strategy where high benefit, which is, associated wit low
The validity of an ethical theory is determined by its correctness in explaining its views. It is not allowed to object to the opinions of other approaches. It should have facts that are visible and can be gauged to establish whether it is valid and if not so, another method should be launched. A theory may not be correct throughout its existence but should not be misleading. Some of the most famous methods are perfect either because changes in the future may cause the views of a theory to be objected. Theories aim to give a detailed explanation about something. Melden argues that one thing can be explained differently, but the views provided have a common goal just like there are several ways of greeting someone. Theories are founded by different people who give their opinions concerning a particular subject by explaining why something happened (3). The terms good and bad are explained by philosophers to conflict with each other. The good is expressed as the correctness in a logic which is acceptable by the majority because doing something correctly is perceived to bring happiness and illustrates one’s responsibility. On the other hand, the bad term is used to explain how something is incorrect. Philosophers argue that the good is enhanced by strong feelings towards something and also being properly informed or knowledgeable about the outcome of the good. Both the bad and the good are optional in such a way that one chooses according to self desires. Good is said to promote success and increase tolerance. The bad is thought to be caused by a lack of information about the outcome. Some people choose to do wrong because they don’t care about themselves. The bad is also linked to the wrong information about the outcome of good. When something is said to be bad, it is not preferred by many. Bad is mostly driven by hatred (Melden 4). For instance, one can not kill another human being if he/she truly loves that person and the act of killing can not be done in an open place; hence it’s done in privacy. Perhaps the offended person does not know of any other possible way of solving conflicts. People do bad things to create evenness in situations where they feel they don’t deserve what they got (Garcia 13). The society at large appreciates the good because it benefits all while the bad is rejected because it brings undesired emotions. Good add worthiness in one’s life because its thought to conform to the instructions of the Creator of mankind. According to Hume, Norton, and Norton (2000), the Creator appreciates the good by making life easier for people who do good things while He punishes the people who do bad things by creating more problems into their lives (23). If people knew the rewards of both the good and bad, there would be no conflicts among humans. Most theor
Chronic respiratory illness and pneumonia are major cases of respiratory disorders contributing to higher rates of mortality among the indigenous population, more than the general population. Research, through the National Health Survey suggests that one-third of the indigenous people; mainly the Aboriginal peoples of Canada and the Torres Strait Islanders of Australia, experienced long-term respiratory illness. Chronic respiratory illness such as asthma, emphysema and bronchitis are caused by cigarette smoking, climate and air pollution. Pneumonia is a respiratory condition characterized by an infection of the lung caused by bacteria and viruses in the air. Respiratory disorders and pneumonia were the fourth most causes of death among the indigenous people, affecting the young and middle aged. Poverty, nutrition, smoking and limited access to health services are some of the key factors contributing to ill-health experience by indigenous people. As a remedy, there has been the introduction of indigenous health care workers in community health care programs. Role of Indigenous health workers and communities The use of the Indigenous Health Care workers (IHCWs) who have diverse skills and responsibilities, which include health promotion, education and leadership skills, proved to be strategically and economically efficient. Supplementing of health professionals through employment of health workers from the community has drastically reduced the cost of health services. The IHCWs partner with non-indigenous health professionals such as nurses to improve the health care and minimize the impacts of communication barriers in the performance of their duties. This partnership has improved medical services such as; immunization, cervical screening, wound and chronic disease management (Giblin 12). Provision of health services among the indigenous population is most likely to be facilitated by a provider’s indigenousness, and as such, IHCWs being indigenous, are of great importance to the health system. They provide a sense of security in areas such as emotional support and problem identification. In respect to communication barriers, IHCWs act as liaison between professional and local health languages and customs. This is vital in the understanding of the community’s health beliefs. IHCWs are actively and credibly involved in the life of a client due to the shared commonality, hence fostering a favorable relationship between the provider and the client (Giblin 18). Although during the past thirty years the use of IHCWs has been in an in and out fashion, there has been major improvements in the levels of health care provided in the rural areas. Survey shows that, improved health programs in the indigenous society have decreased the levels of
Introduction The PATRIOT Act became federal law in October of 2001. It was quickly accepted by Congress just a month and a half following the September 11 attacks. Pressure to pass anti-terrorism legislation prevailed over the need to understand what the 342 page Act entailed. Most Congressmen admit to not have read the Act before voting to pass it. The PATRIOT Act, as many citizens and legal experts alike, have argued, violates the fundamental rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution’s first ten amendments, the Bill of Rights (Savage, 2006). This includes the freedom of speech and assembly (First Amendment); the freedom from unreasonable search and seizure (Fourth Amendment); the right to due process of law (Fifth Amendment); the right to a speedy, public, and fair trial along with the right to counsel and to confront the accuser (Sixth Amendment), the freedom from cruel and unusual punishment (Eighth Amendment) and freedom from punishment without conviction (13 th Amendment). Main body According to the Justice Department, the PATRIOT Act gives support to and encourages enhanced sharing of information among various law enforcement agencies at the local, state, and federal levels. In addition, this law assists law enforcement in their efforts to “connect the dots” from a wider scope of agencies when assembling evidence so as to “develop a complete picture” regarding possible threats from terrorists (Ward, 2002). The PATRIOT Act gives law enforcement more latitude when attempting to intercept transmissions of ‘suspected terrorist’s discussions via electronic surveillance. Agents of the government can now secretly tap into any citizen’s phone calls or internet communications including all visited websites (Rackow, 2002). If directed by the Justice Department, police officers can enter people’s homes without the benefit of a warrant and even seize their belongings and not ever have to inform the homeowner of the search. Individuals, as well as religious and political organizations, can legally be spied on by law enforcement agencies whether or not those agencies can produce any evidence a crime has or is planning to be committed. In addition, citizens are denied their Fifth Amendment right of due process by the Act. They can be forcibly detained and refused access to an attorney with no evidence being supplied by which to justify this previously illegal action. Critics of the Act suggest that is in contrad
Introduction Credit crunch is the defining moment of the current economic business cycle in the UK. The housing slump that happened in the spring of 2007 in the United States of America initiated the crunch. It later developed into what people described as the liquidity crisis of global economies during the late summer of 2007. In autumn, the UK experienced credit crunch repercussions through financial crisis that resulted to collapsing of businesses coupled with erosion of consumer confidence during winter (Finn 2008, Para. 1). However, now, it sounds relieving to the businesses especially that signs of the first phases of the crisis are arguably over. Nevertheless, the damage done on the UK economy prospects coupled with recruitment markets is irreversible (Finn 2008 Para. 2). With this point in mind, the paper essentially focuses on scrutinizing the impacts of credit crunch on recruitment, selection, training, and development. At times, to help deal with economic crises, organizations adopt stringent measures to cut costs including measures of cutting employees’ benefits. Quoting the words of Dr. Ronald Leopold, the vice president of institutional business, “In this age of ‘consumerism,’ open enrollment is often the one time of year when employees have the chance to act like true consumers by evaluating their benefits coverage and ensuring that they do not have gaps or costly overlaps in coverage” (NorthgateArinso 2011, Para.3). NorthgateArinso argues out that, credit crunch can affect the human resource functions negatively. Awarding benefits indeed entangle one of the mechanisms of helping the human resource to establish and maintain a motivated workforce (Daniels & Burns 1997, p.34). Therefore, it is plausible to evaluate how measures predominantly meant to cut costs such as digging into employees’ benefits would affect the hum
Criminal behavior is defined as the violation of laws, rules and regulations against which some overriding authority recommends conviction of some sort. Different human societies may define criminal behavior differently, as every criminal activity breaches the law; but not every breach of the law amounts to a crime as some may be considered infractions. The other area in the study of crime that brings in confusion; is the area of why and how criminal behaviors develop; and whether the means of crime development are the same at different age groups, stages of development and different societies. According to the “life course theory”, there is a prevailing connection linking individual lives, the socioeconomic and chronological frameworks in which these individuals are nurtured. The theory contends that the whole life model; can be explained as a sequence of socially explainable incidences and roles that the given individual goes through overtime. These events and roles, in turn, sum up to form the individual’s experience, though they don’t have to take place chronologically. This, therefore, leads to the generalized conclusion that the concept of life consists of age-differentiated social experiences, distinct between different stages of life, ages, time and place. From this analysis, it is evident that people experience lifelong changes in life, which can be attributed to their social-historical and physical location. This is the case because individuals adapt to different social and location conditions like poverty, by engaging in crime as a means of livelihood. Another key principle that leads to this development is the timing of lives; as it is clear that different stages within life have varied characteristic needs and demands. The other core principle that brings in lifelong development is homogeneity or variability. This is because it results in either identifying oneself with others or being different from them. Other principles that influence the development process are the connectedness of life, human agency as opposed to personal control; and the effect of the past on the future. From this account, it is evident that the characteristics of individuals are ever-changing, as opposed to the contentions of the latent trait view ideology. The factors that result in the development of criminal behavior vary from one stage of development to another as accounted for in the life course theory, as opposed to the master trait contentions. According to the master trait view, criminal behaviors develop from impulsivity or lack of self-control. The reason that disapproves these ideas from being a perfect explanation of criminal behavior is that it does not account for the factors leading