ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Inflation is an increase in the prices paid for commodities within an economy at the expense of a constant real income. It is closely linked to increased money supply. The increase in the liquidity of an economy is intended to stimulate economic activities such as increase demand, productivity and reduce the level of unemployment. However, the actions result to increased inflation with more money chasing few goods. This study seeks to establish the relationship between product prices and the supply of money in an economy. Therefore, it seeks to verify the statement that prices increases when the government prints too much money. Inflation Many authors including Dywer & Hafer (1999) have noted Price increase as a factor that represents inflation. It may also be defined as the continuous loss of value of money. The increase in the prices should be continuous, in addition, a given commodity price should increase relative to other commodity prices. According to Makinen (2003, p. 3), inflation should continue for some time such as a week, a month or one year. Many countries have experienced drastic inflations in during different periods in history. One of the significant nations is the U.S that has experienced high inflation over time especially since World War II. Inflation can be caused by many factors with the most significant being the supply of money. For instance, the level of inflation in the U.S is closely linked to the increase in the money supply in the economy. Makinen (2003, p. 3) notes that an increase in the supply of money in an economy relative to the output in the economy could lead to inflationary pressure on prices of goods and services in the economy. It is believed that an increase in the supply of liquidity in the country could lead to increased amount of money used to purchase few available goods. Increased money supply therefore leads to increased demand for goods and services yet the amount of goods remains literally the same. Due to the law of demand and supply, equilibrium would be attained when the prices of goods and services increase hence inflation (Dywer & Hafer, 1999, p. 4). The Federal Reserve while in other countries, the central banks such as the European central bank (ECB), controls the level of liquidity in the U.S economy. As economists blame the Federal Reserve and central bank for inflation, the two provide different reasons for increased inflation in an economy. it is believed that inflation in the U.S is caused by other factors other than money supply such as activities that have a negative impact and upward pressure on prices. For instance, any attempt by labor unions to obtain increased wages for employees in the economy could increase operating costs of f
Introduction All human beings have natural liberties that governments, leaders, and policymakers should take seriously. Such rights empower people to lead better lives, record meaningful social mobilities, and overcome their personal challenges. Unfortunately, freedom remains unavailable to different members of the global society, such as refugees, minority groups, immigrants, and women. These issues arise from various malpractices that are common in modern societies, such as violence, insecurity, human trafficking, and discrimination. This paper gives a detailed summary of four selected materials that focus on various humanitarian concerns. A critical analysis is presented that can guide stakeholders to take the debate to the next level and support the affected victims. Summary of Selected Articles The article “Egypt/Sudan: Refugees and Asylum-Seekers Face Brutal Treatment, Kidnapping for Ransom, and Human Trafficking” explains how individuals in different refugee camps face a wide range of challenges, such as kidnapping, brutality, rape, and inhuman treatment ( Egypt/Sudan 1). Some of the victims from Sudan are sold and trafficked to the Sinai region or have their relatives forced to pay ransom. When such payments are unavailable, the abductors might decide to kill some of these victims. In the article “Towards a Sociology of Forced Migration and Social Transformation”, the reader observes that forced migration has become a major challenge since the 1990s. For instance, t
Introduction Provision of healthcare services entails a complex process of information exchange among a large network of specialized persons and institutions. From the very basic view, a general medical practitioner may require a patient to consult a specialized doctor such as a dentist for certain reasons. The dentist may on the other hand require the patient to obtain an x-ray before full diagnosis. It may also be necessary to refer back the patient to the general practitioner for further checkups on conditions which according to the dentist, do not relate to the diagnosis given. This entire process clearly requires accurate information exchange among the different parties involved (Abowd & Myatt, 2000, p. 23). Accurate information sharing starts from the adoption of universally accepted data recording platforms as well as a common channel or media through which the information is to be shared (Health Data Management System, 2010, p. 3). The purpose of this paper is to present a proposal for the audit of information sharing mechanisms within and among medical institutions as per the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDIS) (CDISC Standards, 2010, p. 2). The Consortium has well developed standards with the ability to be adopted globally for efficient information recording and sharing (Eric, 2004, p.45). The writer works in a health institution where the data management in use was developed to specifically fit to the requirements of the institution with little regard to the need for interaction with external institutions. Importance of
Many arguments have been made whether a difference exists between lobbying and bribery. There are those who feel that lobbying is a form of polished and sophisticated bribery, whereas others are of the view that a clear line of demarcation exists between the two. This essay is going to look at the differences between lobbying and bribery and what legislations in the United States of America treat the two. The story carried by the Washington Post on January 15, 1999, brought to the fore the arguments supporting or refuting the differences between bribery and lobbying. The paper reported that lobbyists of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games have been accused of bribery in their efforts to influence the members of the International Olympics’ Committee (Washington Post, 1999). The story reveals that a fine line which is sometimes blurred separates lobbying from bribery. Lobbying can be conceptualized as efforts to influence politicians and other key individuals to make decisions on ones favor (Atkinson, 2008). On the other hand, bribing is also described as efforts to influence politicians and other key individuals to make decisions on one’s favor. However, the difference between the two is the fact that lobbyists offer no money or gifts. But the main motivator in bribery is the offer or promise of money and property by the individual (United States Department of Justice, 2008). This means that lobbying is legal and is carried out overtly. In contrast, legislations such as Foreign Corrupt Practices Act illegalize and criminalize bribery. Bribery is mainly carried out covertly (Rich & Janos, 2004). The SLOC members may respond to the bribery allegations by maintaining that they were lobbying and were not involved in bribery activities. They can do this by proving that they did not cross the thin line separating lobbying and bribery. This they can do by arguing that the payments they might have made to the IOC officials were not meant to influence the latter to favor their cause (Herz & Larson, 2004). The SLOC lobbyists may use the definition of knowledge as provided for in the 1988 amendments of FCPA. This is by arguing that they were not aware that their conduct may influence the IOC officials to award Salt Lake City the rights to host the games. By proving this, the officials are likely to negate the fact that they were involved in bribery. For example, they may argue that when they offered medical treatment for hepatitis to one of the officials, they were not aware of the fact that the official may vote in their favor and grant Salt Lake City the rights. The question regarding the appropriate punishment for the violation of ethical and legal principles persists. There are those who argue that individuals who have been proved beyond doubt to have violated the principles, but who prove beyond doubt that they had no intentions to do so, should not be punished. However, it is my view that ignorance should never be used as a defense for such violations. The offenders should be dealt with accordingly and in line with the provisions of the particular offence committed. For e
Nowadays, there are a considerable number of research types in medicine. One of the most accepted practices in nursing is evidence-based practice. According to Roussel et al. (2016), “EBP (evidence-based practice) is a process involving the examination and application of research findings or other reliable evidence that has been integrated with scientific theories.” (p. 4). This method can lead to increased requirements for medical personnel, as they will need to develop their critical thinking and improve the quality of scientific knowledge. Evidence-Based Theory EBP developed as a result of a synthesis of the strict American system and European freer medicine system. Doctors and nurses can achieve the most effective treatment by combining an individual approach to each person and rigorous medical algorithms. This type of medicine involves the collection of all available data and their subsequent analysis. As Ellis (2019) claims, “nurses need to develop a reflective approach to their practice, which includes finding out about the latest research and evaluating findings, so people’s needs are responded to using the best available evidence. (7)” For sufficient examination and subsequent treatment, medical personnel should be able to think critically and highlight essential evidence from secondary sources. Nurses can acquire this skill and develop their scientific knowledge using expert opinions, libraries, and online resources. Doctors need to analyze the received information after active data collection. Since the collected evidence covers not only the research data but also the patient’s personal information, the analysis stage will be more helpful and informative. Star Model of Knowledge Transformation The Star Model of Knowledge Transformation includes five steps of examination and treatment. Nurses are conducting discovery research, which means doing a survey using medical equipment. Then, there is a general assessment of the obtained data and summing up the intermediate results, and redirection of the patient to the appointed specialist. The fourth step is the integration of substantial evidence into a theoretical basis. In the end, there is a treatment process and analysis of the results obtained at the exit. Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice Scientists developed the described model as an aid for the implementation of nursing care for a patient. The first step is a clinical survey; the specialist must conduct a verbal study and identify the patient’s problem. The second step is a traditional study of the received data with the usage of professional literature and online sources. Then there is a critical assessment of the evidence obtained and the introduction of changes in the ongoing treatment. Th
This article is based on the sexual objectification theory of American women. Sexual objectification implies that women are being put under scrutiny based on their appearance. Then the theory posits that girls and women internalize these ideas within themselves and become preoccupied with their appearance. The author believes that American women have been an object of such scrutiny. This the authors exemplify through a very simple example of media’s depiction of women and men, where the latter is depicted with emphasis on head and face, women are mostly depicted with over-emphasis on their body. This article aims to study the effect of such “sexual objectification” by media on women. The theory on self-objectification states that sexual objectification internalizes among girls and women and takes the shape of self-objectification, which in turn, leads to psychological consequences such as increased shame, increased anxiety, decreased “flow” states, and intensity to bodily cues. This leads to mental health risks such as disordered eating, depression, sexual dysfunction, etc. but the self-affirmation theory will state that self-objectification will enhance an individual’s mental abilities and so the ability to do mathematics. The hypothesis the authors take to prove their study is self-objectification produces body shame, reduces the mental ability and math performance, and this is more evident among women than men. Two experiments were conducted on the participants, the first where they were asked to try a swimsuit or a sweater and then answer a questionnaire aimed at measuring body shame. The second experiment was done through a food taste test and a math test. 72 participants were randomly assigned to the experiment and their weights were taken and accordingly labeled as underweight, normal weight, and overweight (24, 38, and 10 respectively). The questionnaire they answered was based on twelve body attributes and how important each is to their physical self-concept. They used an indirect method of body shame. They used measures such as motivational and behavioral components of shame such as the desire to hide, escape, turn away, disappear, or become smaller, as well as the desire to change the failed aspects of the self. The participants rated themselves based on a 4-point scale. The analysis was done in three phases: first, it was done on a unisex scale, the second was to try on and evaluat
Introduction Raising a child can prove to be challenging since majority of parents adopt parenting styles that suit their beliefs and tastes. The diverse parenting styles used by parents help to explain why children exhibit different levels of cognitive and social development. A child’s development depends on both the mother as well as the father. Despite the little time the fathers spend with their children, many manage to contribute positively to their children in social and cognitive development. Purpose of the study The purpose of the study is to analyze a research study based on fathers’ parenting styles, and then find a suitable avenue that can help to improve this research study. One of the factors that can be used to address the issue is putting into account the life span development. This is of paramount importance since lifespan development states that acquiring the knowledge of engaging children in social activities, such as playing, helps them to acquire positive learning outcomes due to cognitive development as well as social acceptance (Hetherington et al., 2001). These aspects are exhibited by children through expressing their emotions in a socially appropriate manner and engaging them in communication with their peers. Summary of the topics In his article, Kazura (2000) has presented several topics in a bid to evaluate the role of fathers in parenting. In providing the readers with knowledge of the information or content of his article, Kazura defines how he carried his research study, as it is outlined below  1. The problem statement: defines comprehensively the causes of low levels of time allocation for father-child relationship as social responsibilities, children’s protection from their mothers, and lack of point of reference for father while taking care of a child.  2. Research question: prompts the question on whether a father-child relationship can be enhanced through play interaction rather than engaging in social interactions and providing care to the child  3. The purpose of the study: the study attempts to evaluate the qualitative effect of the time fathers spend with their children.  4. Hypothesis: Tries to find out whether there is a significant difference between mothers and fathers involvement with the child; there is a significant difference or similarity between mother and fathers with regard to how they interact with their children on attachment, social, and playful point of view.  5. Sampling: consists of families from diverse backgrounds, including the adopted children. It also includes the criteria for selecting parents.  6. Constructs: includes children’s age, gender, status, rank in the family, cognitive development, and social development, the parents’ age, education level, and ethnicity.  7. Procedure: started by interviewing the parents and observing the children as they play. The playing session assessed the child cognitive and social abilities in the presence of their parents as well as in their absence.  8. Data analysis: ANCOVAs and t –tests were used to
Introduction Conflict can be defined as disagreements between people or groups. Conflicts can also be seen as healthy since sometimes is through conflicts that people can be transformed. Hence as a result, when conflicts arise there is a need to solve these conflicts. Conflicts can be of different forms like they can be political, religious, economical, or even social conflicts. For instance, Conflicts can be political in the sense that differences may arise in the way people get power, leadership styles, and hence as a result, you find that this can lead to political problems for the citizens of that country. In order to end these conflicts, there is then a need for conflict resolution like the United Nations peacekeeping missions. It’s through the United Nations peace-keeping missions than during the Second World War, it was through it that the war was in a position to end. So when these conflicts arise, there is a need to resolve them by the correct methods like religious leaders can be of help when such conflicts arise. Many historians would like to question those people who lived in epochal historical events. In order for one to deal successfully with the relatively recent past, it was actually possible to do so by a certain technique called oral history. It was through history that people could be interviewed by use of certain techniques which included things like interviewing people about their own lives and various events which actually occurred at that particular time which they actually observed and participated in and this was very much vital since people were in a position to understand the past events through those interviews. People were in a position to understand things like the spirit of the age and this was only possible through those people who lived in that age. It also bridged the gap between impersonal forces and the personal and individual responses to them. It is actually known that oral history can sometimes be fascinating and sometimes so challenging. There is also the problem of the interviewee misleading the interviewer in the sense that he might stray from the subject in question and hence as a result he may lead to a wrong understanding of that event or subject. Also, you find that most of the interviewee like telling only the positive side of the story and fails to say the negative part of it and hence, as a result, you may find that this may lead to wrong interpretation of the whole story since the wrong information was actually given. Also, others may actually forget the whole story the whole event of what actually happened, a
Americanization was a euphoric movement that intended to integrate immigrant people in America into the American way of life. The subjects of Americanization were coerced into adopting American values and culture. Americanization movement came under criticism for the segregation it seemed to propagate. Some people claimed that the movement also had a racist nature (Finzsch et al 30). The movement started in early the twentieth century, and was very active during the course of the First World War. The immigrants were enrolled as military personnel in the American forces in the war as a part of the process of Americanization. Some serious social forces were responsible for the inception and the strength of the Americanization movement (Finzsch et al 36). Government campaigns and support for the movement was the main cause of its rise. The authorities engaged the immigrants in civic education that taught the immigrants American values and responsibility. Obviously, there was a political reason for the movement. The government in power then feared that the new immigrants who had come in large numbers would not be assimilated into the American culture and social inclination. This was a reason enough for the government to form organizations for campaign and education of the immigrants. In addition, the Native Americans thought that the immigrants would not be able to integrate into the American community quickly (Sollors 61). This posed a danger of social conflict in the American society. Consequently, private civil movements geared towards promotion of American culture and values among the immigrants were formed. Furthermore, the United States government did not want the influence of the socialist and communist nature that was already taking root in the Sovi
Introduction Corporations, firms, and companies implement stringent measures to improve operations during periods of severe financial constraints. Many livelihoods depend on their stability and it would be unethical to fail to take action. In addition, it is necessary to protect the investments and interests of stakeholders who would be affected if the businesses collapsed (Pride et al, 2009). Therefore, it is crucial for organizations and companies to take necessary steps to safeguard interests of stakeholders. The 2009 strategic alliance between Chrysler and Fiat was a bold move towards saving Chrysler, a company that had operated for many years (Reeves, 2012). The merger was a major setback for Chrysler to a certain degree. Chrysler lost a lot of money when it allowed Daimler to relinquish its portion of the company to Cerberus because the offer price was less than a quarter of the initial capital (Reeves, 2012). However, the merger saved Chrysler because it was in a financial crisis that had pushed it to file for bankruptcy. It was a lose-win deal. The merger was a rescue deal initiated by the Obama administration as part of a plan to bail out companies that were on the verge of collapse. The strategic alliance was beneficial to Chrysler considering that it had made huge losses during the 2006 financial year. Chrysler dismissed over 13,000 employees because it was on the verge of bankruptcy and could not afford to pay them. The merger was beneficial to Fiat because it was an important strategy to reenter the North American market. Reentry would not have been possible if Chrysler had merged with other automakers such as General Motors, Toyota, Isuzu, or Volkswagen. Fiat exited the car market in North America back in the 1980s after decline in sales. On the other hand, Fiat was highly successful in Europe. This created an opportunity for Chrysler to create a niche in the European market. The merger combined the forces of two great automobile companies. The merger is currently benefiting both companies. Fiat has capital and advanced technology that supports manufacture of high-efficiency automobiles. On the other hand, Chrysler is a reliable and trusted brand that has international appeal. Chrysler has improved its operations by utilizing Fiat’s advanced technology to manufacture fuel-efficient vehicles (Natarajan, 2011). The merger has a bright future because of Chrysler’s new leadership. In 2003, Fiat was on the verge of bankruptcy. However, under the leadership of Sergio Marchionne, it made a turnaround and regained financial stability. There is hope for the merger’s success because Marchionne is the current CEO of Chrysler. The fu