ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Companies use different strategies to accelerate their growth and increase market share in other countries, for example, the expansion of operations. The strategy requires the top management team to discuss viable oversee markets. The essential points discussed are the country’s culture, politics, laws and regulations, infrastructure, and others that influence business operations. The management agreed to expand the company to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) after proposing it. This paper aims to evaluate the UAE’s history, cultural taboos, demographics, system of government, competitive environment, transportation network, and other factors that can affect business. The UAE Brief History The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a country in the Middle East that has experienced an increased economic, political, and population growth rate for the last 20 years. The country is comprised of seven emirates, including Abu Dhabi, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Umm al-Quwain, Dubai, Ash Shariqah, and Ajman. The UAE’s economic growth is attributed to oil, which is the major source of revenue. The government focuses on technology development in major cities attracting international investors and immigrants and leading to its population growth. The country is ranked among the most developed countries globally because of its technology and well-established infrastructure which promote businesses. Current Business Climate Cultural taboos, business practices, protocols, and appointments are important factors that influence the UAE’s current business climate. Meeting with new partners and coworkers is common practice in businesses. In the UAE, one has to use the right hand to shake other people’s hands, eat, and make gestures. Emiratis consider the left hand unclean and discourage its use interpersonally. Finger-pointing in the UAE is not taken kindly unlike in the western culture where only in certain situations the habit is considered rude (Global Negotiator). Swearing or spitting is unacceptable when talking to people in the country or walking in the streets. Speaking with respect is valuable among the UAE citizens and helps establish a strong relationship with them. Equally, they can interpret spitting behavior as very offensive behavior directed at them. Emiratis do not eat, drink, or smoke during the day when it is Ramadan. Even non-Muslims in the country are encouraged to fast and break after the sunset. Moreover, alcohol consumption is only permitted in licensed places or at home. The day of worship in the country for all residents is Friday, regardless of whether an individual is a Muslim or not because Islam is the national religion. Therefore, business days in the UAE are from Sunday to Thursday. Pr
Introduction Medieval scholars’ and researchers’ historical documents serve as a valuable background that provides a comprehensive picture of the development of particular civilizations. The works of the Renaissance authors provide an opportunity to study certain stages of the development of different states, their structure, and social features. Leo Africanus (1485-1554) who is known by his baptized name Johannis Leo de Medici was the famous researcher of African western regions, and it is his text is the basis of analysis. 1 Today, ethnographers have significant information about the history of statehood in these areas. One of the author’s surviving textual works is the detailed description of the city of Timbuktu, the Ghanaian developed trading and economic center, which Leo Africanus describes in the early 16th century. 2 Due to the presented facts, it is possible to assess the peculiarities of the development of the region in question, its cultural and political features, as well as citizens’ way of life. Leo Africanus’ work reflects the period of the formation of Islam in West Africa and describes vivid and clear facts that allow examining a specific period of Timbuktu’s life in detail. First Impressions The analyzed excerpt is the textual work that the reader can interpret as a travelogue received by the author during the study of a particular region. 3 Leo Africanus’ ideas form the detailed description of Timbuktu citizens’ life, including facts about the political, commercial, economic, and social structure of the city. Nevertheless, the author presents all the facts in a neutral style, without resorting to literary methods and vivid metaphors, which testifies to the scientific focus of his work. Perhaps the main reason for this approach is the purely scientific nature of all the observations but not their creative interpretation. Judging from the biography of Leo Africanus, his work was created in the early 16th century when the researcher studied the regions of West Africa commissioned by Leo X, the Renaissance pope. 4 As a result, the documentary findings are the reflection of scientific but not literary observation. The tone of the story is professionally unbiased, without lyrical digressions and personal reflections. The author raises different topics, which gives readers an opportunity to evaluate the features of Timbuktu’s orders and receive accurate information about the internal structure of the city. 5 At the same time, Leo Africanus gives quite clear and detailed descriptions of everyday and social life. For instance, he argues that “the royal court is magnificent,” and his ideas about the characteristics of the Timbuktu trade show that the author is well aware of the structure of the external market. 6 Among the values ​​that the researcher effects in his work, readers may see wealth as one of the basic city’s features. 7 Leo Africanus presents the descriptions of the government and its influence by mentioning Timbukt
Children and teenagers, in particular, are some of the most vulnerable groups of society. The pressure that the outside world puts on teenagers through public pressure, bullying, domestic violence, exposure to substances, and mental health problems results in high numbers of suicides among youth. The problem is equally relevant across the world but is not covered enough in the media. With the development of the modern Information Society, teenage suicides present a more significant threat than before. This research paper focused on the issue of teenage suicides will include information on the current situation and analysis of valuable statistics connected to the topic. Then, the paper will provide an explanation of common reasons behind suicides among teenagers and information on current teenage suicide prevention methods and programs. The Importance of the Issue The modern Information Society significantly simplified the nation’s life by introducing widespread communication technologies that allow development and growth in all areas, from economy and education to politics and healthcare. Information society offers the ability to acquire information, create content, share it with others, and instantly connect with people in ways that did not exist just a decade ago. However, the digital age also carried several drawbacks with increased control over people, intrusive social media involvement in everyday life, and unavoidable negativity in the online space. Attachment to mobile devices, mainly online-based social interactions, and exposure to outside pressure are what makes current teenagers different from teenagers a decade or two ago. While the long-term consequences of growing up in the digital age are not fully explored yet, according to reports, the specialists already connect increased social media use with anxiety and depression (Britska et al., 2021). The tendency of depression and anxiety presents a severe threat to cases of teenage suicide, which is why current teenagers and the environment in which they are growing up are different from previous generations. All serious problems and issues in society require thorough research, coverage in the media, and governmental support to increase the population’s awareness of the matter. In the case of teenage suicides, the issue extends to providing rehabilitation and mental support to suicide attempters. Although suicide attempters constitute a separate group, cases of self-injury also provide valuable information in terms of reasoning and factors influencing the suicide outcomes, such as demographic, medication, and socioeconomic factors. According to Wasserman et al. (2021), current programs for teenage suicide prevention are primarily centered on school activities that raise awareness through providing information about mental health and suicides and protective skill training. However, the awareness of adult groups is not covered by the programs; thus, most of the popula
Connection Between a Country’s Evolution and Parity Conditions The parity conditions within a given country can be eventually linked to different manifestations of currency or a country’s evolution. In the course of international trade, the constant exchange of currencies may give rise to various discrepancies. The parities are often more pronounced when the disparities between the two exchanged currencies are substantial. However, if the economic trajectories of any two countries remain constant, the parity conditions do not have any significant impact. The problem arises when one of the trading countries experiences an economic evolution that is accompanied by a significant shift in currency status. For instance, parity conditions are most noticeable when “economic conditions and changes in economic conditions in different countries take effect on the value of goods measured in different currencies and the relative values and opportunity costs of these currencies” (Bhatti and Moosa 49). Therefore, if a country is experiencing rapid changes in its economic outlook, the sudden jolts in valuation can be linked to parity conditions. It might take some time for arising parities to be noticed and realigned in cases of currency evolution. Furthermore, the fast-changing nature of a country’s economic landscape makes it difficult for stakeholders to keep up with rapid changes in parity conditions. Most currencies derive their value from international parities. However, the factors of currency evolution are also an important consideration when determining parity conditions that touch on a country’s economic circumstances and other arbitrage factors. Interestingly, a currency or country evolution might trigger distortions in parity conditions. On the other hand, parity conditions can trigger a currency or country evolution, albeit in a smaller scope. Some of the most prominent parity conditions include interest rate parity (IRP), purchasing power parity (PPP), and the international fisher effect (IFE) (Gandolfo 56). All these parities determine the growth patterns of any currency that features in the international market. In extreme cases, it is not possible to curb the evolution of any currency using international settlements. For instance, in the past few decades, the United States has unsuccessfully tried to affect the evolution of the Chinese currency. After assuming office, President Trump sought to address the parities that offer China an advantage when it comes to currency policies. According to the President, China’s currency evolution makes the country a ‘currency manipulator’ owing to the pre-existing parity conditions (Dorn 1). In an attempt to address this problem, the country has eventually turned to the assistance of the National Trade Council (NTC), a body that reports directly to the White House. According to the NTC, all countries that are guilty of lowering their foreign exchange values should be subjected to financial penalties. For a long t
The great reformer Martin Luther initiated a new way of Christianity. His sermons laid the foundation of the Protestant Reformation. The analysis of A Good Friday Sermon on How to Contemplate Christ’s Holy Sufferings demonstrates the ideas of Martin Luther about the importance of personal comprehension and reflection over the visual form accepted by the Catholic Church. Martin Luther begins his sermon with reflections about the sufferings of Christ. Luther says that it is better to think about it on Good Friday than to pray the whole year, to read the books, to behave like a good Christian but do not realize the true sense of the sufferings of Christ. Seeking selfish interests, people will not find understanding and bliss. An idea of the excessiveness of the pictures and decorations in Christianity is the foundation stone of Luther’s Reformation. According to the preacher, people lost the meaning of the suffering of Christ as well as they lost the value of personal appreciation. Decorations replaced the true meaning of religion and faith. Attending the mass, people may think that they can get the blessing just because they come to church. However, Luther supposes that it is impossible without real comprehension. The mass is not an institution that can give the blessing. Moreover, the priest can’t be the mediator between God and man. The true meaning of the mass is the order to make us worthy, to make us reflect and repent. This idea is criticized by the Catholic Church which pays more attention to the visual form. For Luther, a soul can’t get salvation by the work of church or priests. Martin Luther emphasizes the senselessness of the sobbing during the mass. People should weep for themselves and their children, not the suffering of Christ. It is one of the most important postulates of Christianity. Thinking about the suffering of Christ, people should repent and feel deeply about all that happened on Golgotha. If people don’t feel this, the sufferings don’t come for one’s good yet. According to the postulates of Christianity, reflections about the meaning of Good Friday are a very important part of the humility of mind and soul. Like Christ put the body to the suffering, people should feel torment in their minds. Martin Luther warns people against false satisfaction by making rash and random acts. Especially, Luther disputes about popular among the Catholics practice of indulgence. The preacher expresses his disappointment about the false satisfaction and pilgrimages. Luther’s thoughts about the suffering of Christ are the most important part of Christianity. From this point of view, Luther’s sermon completely reflects the ideas of the church. However, his arguments about the perishable nature of the ceremonies, icons, and even priests contradict the traditions of the Catholic Church. The sermons of Luther tell us more about him than about the people who hear. His messages are full of uprightness and enthusiasm. However, many postulates of Luther run counter to the Catholic Ch
Introduction The main topic of the film My Sister’s Keeper mainly covers the subject of organ donation. The ethical dilemma revolves around kidney donation to a patient who is also suffering from acute promyelocytic leukemia. The patient’s name is Kate and is she supposed to receive a kidney from her sister Ann. Ann is a test-tube baby and the decision to cultivate her through this method is suggested by an oncologist called Dr. Wayne. Wayne believes that the umbilical cord tissue from the birth of Ann can be used to treat Kate’s cancer. Their parents, Sara and Brian, yield to the suggestion, which in the end does not work. Ann despite her good relationship with her sister is not ready to donate her kidney to save her life. According to Ann, she is not able to donate the kidney as it will interfere with her future career and interests. Kate on realizing that her sister Ann is not ready to donate her kidney willingly chooses to be left to die. Attempts of Kate’s mother to stop her from euthanasia through legal procedures prove futile as judge Joan Salvo rules in her favor. This paper will present the ethical implications surrounding organ (kidney) donation. It will discuss the characters in the film and the decisions they make regarding kidney donation. It will also evaluate whether these decisions were legal in relation to legal and ethical issues in nursing. Lastly, the paper will describe a decision-making process to show how such a process can influence how decisions are made in nursing. Ethical Implications in Organ Donation Organ transplant is regarded as one of the most significant medical advances as it gives life to patients who suffer from terminal failures of important organs. Organ transplants require the voluntary participation of donors and the society at large in donating the vital organs from living or deceased members of the society (Guido 2010). At the moment, there is an acute imbalance between organ supply and their requirement. This has been precipitated by the ever-rising cases of organ failure as compared to the few individuals who are willing to donate their organs. At times, the situation becomes so bad that medics resort to replacing the organs that have malfunctioned with animal ones (Farrell, 2011, p. 124). There have been several ethical and moral implications regarding the practice of organ transplants. Some societies believe that it is wrong to take an organ from a deceased person even if it was his or her dying wish. On the other hand, some people do not want their organs extracted even after death; worse still, the same societies believe that it is unethical to replace someone’s organ with equivalent ones from animals (Farrell, 2011, p. 127). In order to regulate clinical practices regarding organ transplants, several ethical and moral standards have been set. The first standard involves the rules governing the giving and receiving of body
Manufacturing resource planning (MRP) systems, which have been intensively developed since the early 1960s, are now present in almost all integrated information systems that help in enterprise management. The main idea of MRP systems is that any accounting unit of production materials or components product must be in stock at the right time and in the right quantity. According to researchers, the primary inputs of MRP are a bill of materials, a master schedule, inventory records file (Stevenson. 2014, p. 496). One of the main advantages of MRP is that it helps to minimize the costs of managing raw materials and products in stocks. In addition, it assists supervisors in determining the amount of each component for a given order size. Another benefit of using these systems is that it provides information that is needed to decide when to release orders for each component or when items need attention. For this reason, it would be safe to assume that MRP is a sufficient way to manage production. Nevertheless, since these systems had been developed a long time ago, new types of resource planning were also created. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is considered to be the next progress step since it has additional benefits. One of the many advantages is that an ERP system combines information about different types of resources on a single computer. In this way, companies could easily manage orders, supplies, and finances. Since the mid-1990s, ERP has become extremely popular in the manufacturing sector as its use for resource planning has significantly reduced lead times. Moreover, the use of ERP helped enterprises to reduce inventory levels and administrative staff while also improving the process of acquiring customer feedback.
Any small and large business will once face a crisis. In some cases, the only way out may be to reduce the number of employees. Therefore, other ways can help the organization cope with difficult times, such as outsourcing or freezing additional payments. However, if it is impossible to avoid a reduction, it is necessary to choose with seriousness and deliberation which employees should leave their workplace. The first solution that can replace the reduction of staff may be the use of outsourcing. Performing non-core tasks often take much time for both the management team and employees and requires significant financial investments. Contacting outsourcers helps relieve employees and not waste time looking for good specialists (Somjai, 2017). In addition, outsourcers are professionals in their field, and it helps to reduce additional costs. A local act must make out partial or complete termination of the payment of bonuses for the company. In this situation, employees should know that this decision was made in connection with a difficult situation and that bonuses were lost not only to them but also to other employees and management. Another problem, in this case, maybe a decrease in the efficiency of employees since they will lose motivation to achieve results. That is why the manager should tell them how long the anti-crisis measures will last. Even highly qualified employees are not immune from staff reduction at work. The employer determines the pre-emptive rights, and a specific algorithm is provided for this. First, all candidates for dismissal exclude employees whom the law prohibits from reducing: pregnant women, single mothers, or mothers with disabled children. The remaining employees are evaluated according to their skill levels and labor productivity. The comparison is made between employees who hold the same positions created within the same structural unit. If the comparison revealed the same skill levels and labor productivity, then family circumstances and other advantages are considered when reducing the employee. In conclusion, it is necessary to say that staff reduction is not a rare phenomenon in the difficult economic situation in the country. However, in certain situations, the employer may look for options that can avoid drastic actions. So, employers can resort to outsourcing TLT to reduce unnecessary cos
The concept of human violence has interested many scholars in the recent past as they try to understand the interplay of factors – biological or environmental – that qualifies man as a violent species. In early 1990’s, a researcher undertook to study the patterns of violence and sociality exhibited by primitive human societies. These patterns were then compared and contrasted with already documented work of the great-ape species and other multifaceted pre-state human societies. The variables used by the researcher to access the level of violence in this sample included food and resource sharing, male competition for sexual favours from females, inter-group competition, and sociality characteristics. The study found out that simple human societies differ with both great-ape and pre-state human societies in displaying a comparative “absence of competitive male dominance hierarchies and of systematic violence between closed social groups, while being more egalitarian among adult males politically, sexually and in terms of resource sharing” (Knauft, 1991 p. 391). This particular study also revealed that the cultural norms of sociality in simple human societies are actually strong and fundamentally prone to any lethal contravention within the grouping. Indeed, the violence that was noted to occur within these human societies was triggered by differentiated cases of territorial and property rights, ritual status and male leadership concerns (Knauft, 1991, p. 391). An important point to note is that the male leadership wrangles were triggered more by consensually accepted status levelling than the male status elevation. These societies were found to share food and other resources in a more structured manner. Indeed, food and resource sharing in these simple