ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a hereditary disorder of the blood. In the SCA patients, the hemoglobin polymerizes in low oxygen conditions, causing erythrocytes to become sickle shaped. This affects the ability of erythrocytes to penetrate narrow vessels, which results in tissue damage, painful episodes, and other complications. The sickle cell trait is transmitted by a homozygous recessive allele that belongs to the beta-globin gene family located on chromosome 11. A normal beta-globin gene produces normal hemoglobin (HbA), which gives RBCs their oval and flexible shape. However, a point mutation involving this gene locus produces HbS, which, when in a homozygous state, causes SCA. This paper synthesizes various studies examining SCA symptoms, genetics, pathogenesis, and management interventions. Introduction Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a condition that causes the erythrocytes to sickle. It is caused by a mutant globin gene, which produces a defective beta-globin protein that has Valine amino acid in place of glutamate in its sequence. This substitution causes hemoglobin to stiffen in the presence of low oxygen, making the RBCs to acquire an irregular shape instead of their usual oval shape. SCA is a heritable recessive trait that has a high degree of morbidity and mortality among certain populations. It causes severe anemia because the sickle-shaped RBCs are easily entangled in the blood vessels, blocking blood circulation (Serjeant, 2001). Due to the obstruction of blood flow, patients experience pain in the joints, organ damage, and, in some cases, fatal strokes. Individuals with SCA require regular blood transfusions to live a normal life. The lifespan of SCA sufferers is normally less than 20 years. The SCA trait is prevalent in Africa, South Asia, and the Mediterranean region where the ‘carriers’ develop a natural resistance (a selective advantage) against Plasmodium (malaria). This research paper will review studies examining SCA’s genetic inheritance, causes, diagnosis, medical interventions, and frequency in certain populations. Based on the findings of the research, the paper will make viable recommendations. Objectives This genetic disorder research paper aims to elucidate the underlying molecular causes of SCA as well as its symptoms, inheritance, treatment, diagnosis, and prevalence in certain populations. Its objectives include:  1. To describe the symptoms and genetic causes of the sickle cell disorder  2. To analyze the inheritance of the recessive sickle cell trait that causes the sickle cell disease (SCA)  3. To review recent advances in the treatment and diagnosis of sickle cell anemia  4. To explain risk fact
Every company must observe a strict ethical code in order to maintain a good reputation. Ethical compliance must be revamped in order to keep the image of the company on track. However, this requires the company to take several steps to offer a solution to ethical compliance. A company must instill a new culture that will advance transparency (Bennet, 2009). A culture of openness and accountability must also be introduced in a company that is committed to revamping its reputation. A company also has to start an evaluation process for all activities and controls. However, this evaluation process must be characterized by objection and independence. Companies that take these measures are assured of ethical code maintenance. A company that has suffered ethical issues in the past must take measures to bring back compliances. Hard decisions have to be made in order to ethically revamp the company. There are sacrifices that also have to be made to restore compliance. The first sacrifice is financial. A company must channel extra finance into ethical restoration. This is through extra training of staff. There also must be regular, independent, and objected evaluation (Pride, 2014). These processes are continuous and may take a long time. Therefore, they require money to be sustained. The company must be prepared and determined to make financial sacrifices in order to instill ethical compliance. The second sacrifice to be made by a company for the sake of ethical restoration is the staff. As stated earlier in the paper, a company must apply a new culture that incorporates ethics. This can happen if disciplinary actions are enforced on those who breach the ethical code of the company. Therefore, the company must be willing to sacrifice some of the staff for breaking the code as part of instilling the new culture. The sacrifice is usually made in the spirit of changing the culture. Sometimes it is hard because the staff might be one of the most useful to the company (Pub, 2008). A marketing mix is a tool of marketing that is crucial in the process of determining the offer of a brand. It merges product, price, place, and promotion. The mix is vulnerable to breach of the code of ethics, but promotion shares the largest part of the vulnerability. The reason for this is the direct interaction between promoters and potential customers. It is also an early stage of the marketing process where marketers try to convince potential customers (Bennet, 2009). There
From many social constructs, marriage has been one of the most common throughout the centuries. There are multiple debates and controversies over the relevance of marriage and its comparison to cohabitation. However, it still has its weight and importance nowadays despite new ways and types of relationships that exclude the possibility of marriage. This essay aims to identify the benefits of marriage, compare the level of happiness between married couples and cohabitors and analyze the conditions that contribute to the marriage advantage. Marriage, in particular ways, has many benefits that contribute to people’s health, wealth, and, most importantly, happiness. Every aspect connects, but everything begins with happiness. Individuals who are satisfied with their lives, careers, hobbies, and interpersonal connections are more likely to enter the relationships that eventually lead to marriage. Despite the popular opinion that individualism does not comply with marriage, the persons who acknowledge their inner nature and achieve full self-realiza
Introduction Communication is important in people’s lives, as it is a mean of exchanging information from one person to another (Kushal, n.d, pp 1). In business, communication is necessary, as it plays a role in negotiation between an entrepreneur and the customer, and between the distributor and the entrepreneurs, among others. Therefore, business communication involves flow of information, which requires feedback. In an organization, communication may flow through various channels, hence contributing to controlling and directing employees. Communication involves feedback, thus avoiding any misunderstanding and it contributes to effective transfer of messages from one party to another. An organization has the duty of communicating its rules and regulation to the employees. Business communication has also changed with the trends in technology. In the early years, communication was evident in terms of paper work and telephone calls; however, today, communication has expanded to video conferencing, emails, cell phones and satellite, all of which have led to effective communication. Business communication can be divided in to two – oral communication (which can be formal and informal) and written communication. Normally, formal communication involves interviews, meetings, discussions, and speeches, while informal involves grapevine. Verbal communication has been evident for generations and it creates a high level of understanding, and feedback is immediate, thus contributing to quick decision-making. However, this method faces the challenge of language barrier due to the many existing nationalities. Nevertheless, verbal communication is commonly evident in interviews, telephone conversations, and video conferencing. The second type of business communication is written communication, which incorporates, reports, and agendas among others (Management study guide, n.d). Current types of business communication range from the use of internet, video conferencing, teleconferencing to the use of emails. Effective communication is an important tool to any business and organization, as it contributes to efficiency at the place of work in terms of getting tasks accomplished within the required time. According to Kushal (n.d, p1), “without communication, uniformity in the business activities cannot be brought about.” Therefore, business communication is a type of communication that contributes to meeting the organization’s needs. The role of bus
Darwinian theory is masterfully articulated and skillfully presented in a documentary series produced by Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)— Evolution . The scientist’s vision that caused the inconceivable transformation of people’s understanding of the universe and their place in it is also clearly held forth throughout a book of a philosopher Daniel Danner— Darwin’s Dangerous Idea . These two sources of information will help me to develop a paper in which I will argue that it is impossible to integrate Creationism within a framework of Darwinism without encountering substantial logical contradictions or majorly distorting Darwin’s core thesis. Darwin’s theory of evolution by means of natural selection can be summarized as the ability of the fittest individuals to survive and reproduce, thereby passing their heritable traits and giving rise to new species over time (Dennett 42). The scientist’s views have always been contested by a wide spectrum of opponents subscribing to various religious beliefs and representing numerous religious denominations. While the crux of Darwin’s argument is that no intelligent supervision is necessary for the creation of a seemingly endless level of complexity associated with living creatures, those who derive their knowledge from the Book of Genesis—just like FitzRoy does in the series—tend to hold the opposite view of the universe ( Evolution ). Creationists or literal interpreters of the Bible reject the idea that the world and everything in it is just a matter in motion. However, the argument from faith can be rejected just as easily based on the fact that people are surrounded by a wealth of evidence of gradual algorithmic evolution, whereas there is no incontrovertible proof of the existence of a creator, which is described in the Bible. If one were to accept that the Book of Genesis presents a factual account of the creation of species, they would have to agree that God’s hand is at work in the creation of new breeds of cats, cattle, and corn, which implies that at least two out of seven days of creation—third and sixth—are still in motion. However, this idea explicitly contradicts the word of the Bible; therefore, there is no way one can hold this view without exercising the art of mental gymnastics that is necessary for dealing with the cognitive dissonance produced by rationalizing tendencies of the human brain. Unfortunately, that is precisely what creationists do. Animal-breeders that oppose the theory of evolution while regularly participating in the process of the creation of new breeds argue that it is impossible to achieve speciation through the accumulation of slight variations between individual animals during countless successive generations (Dennett 43). In order to refute their position, it is necessary to consider the fact that all species exist in the environment that can be characterized by “the infinite complexity of the relations of all organic beings to each other and to their conditions of existence, causing an infinite diversity in structure, c
The philosophical works of Immanuel Kant indicate that deceptive promising for self-interest is not acceptable from an ethical viewpoint. To a great extent, this argument includes several premises and concepts. For example, one can speak about the notion of universal law. It implies that a person should act only according to those principles which can be adopted by everyone. Additionally, one should speak about the assumption that a person should not treat other people as a means for achieving a certain goal. This is one of the categorical imperative that an individual should not violate. In turn, false promising can certainly be viewed as the attempt to use other people only as tools, rather than ends in themselves. Additionally, Kant’s approach to ethics implies that a person should imagine a world in which everyone acts on a certain maxim like deceptive promising. It seems that every form of cooperation can become impossible in this world. Furthermore, deceptive promising will become useless and impossible if every individual chooses to adopt this behavior. This is why such an action is not permissible. This approach differs from the explanation provided by John Stuart Mill who believes that deceptive promise is very likely to produce negative impacts on the society, in general. So, as a rule, it is not permissible. Yet, one should bear in mind that Mill may justify this behavior if a person can clearly show that it can improve the general welfare. In turn, such actions can never be permissible from the perspective of Immanuel Kant. In this case, a person should act only out of duty, rather than the estimation of potential consequences. These are some of the differences that can be distinguished.
Introduction The problem of autism is not so much in autism itself as in discrimination from society. In countries where work with autistic people is aimed at making the community more accessible to them, many autistic people can work, create families, and sometimes do amazing things. Vocational rehabilitation counselors are part of this effort with the job of assisting people with various disabilities to find employment. Adam from the video is too affected by the implications of Asperger’s Syndrome. He says that the issue is not only in his illness but also in how people react to it. These reactions, as Adam believes, might affect his academic performance. Opportunities, however, do exist for him and people with similar illnesses because how well they will do is only a matter of the environment where they are working. Main body Despite the suspicious and often hostile attitude of potential employers, workers with autism have many personality traits that are perfect for certain types of work. For instance, autistic workers often enjoy routine and permanence and can be extremely reliable. They often correctly recognize any phenomena and succeed in logical constructions, and they can usually remember instructions well, which is vital in urgent situations or emergencies. For these reasons, I believe that Adam is capable of working in many positions and should not be deprived of any opportunities. Furthermore, as Adam stated himself, while there are people that cannot talk properly because of autism, Adam has an excellent delivery. He is also capable of communicating with other people well because he has a sense of humor and speaks excellently. Hostility from other adolescents, however, could be the only challenge that is posing a hindrance. His pushfulness can be seen from the fact that he had a YouTube channel when he was only ten years old, where he talked about the implications of autism in his life. There are several ways in which vocational rehabilitation counselors might help people like Adam. I would personally concern myself with his stress management skills, self-determination, and motivation. Because he is sometimes a subject to taunting and mocking, he needs to learn how to deal with it and manage it in a way it does not affect his life. Also, he needs to learn about many opportunities that are available to him. Some companies in the IT industry, for instance, have been welcoming candidate
Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman are often recognized as the most influential American poets who shaped various literary canons. This paper is aimed at examining the similarities and differences between the themes that they explore. One can discuss these issues by analysing such poems as Song of Myself by Walt Whitman and My Life had stood-a Loaded Gun by Emily Dickinson. Overall, it is possible to argue that both authors focus on the way in which individuals perceive their inner world and their relations with other people. These poems are largely introspective. However, there are some differences that should be considered. In particular, Walt Whitman focuses on the experiences of a free individual who cannot be restricted by the conventions established the society. Additionally, the unnamed narrator of this poem lays stress on his self-sufficiency. In contrast, Emily Dickenson describes a person who is not independent. The narrator of her poem is guided by an external force; in fact, this narrator is compared to an object that can be manipulated. To a great extent, this poem reflects the vulnerability of Emily Dickenson and her religiousness. The main similarity between these two poems is that the authors show how the narrators perceive their own experiences and their position relative to other people. For instance, Walt Whitman’s narrator says, “I celebrate myself, and sing myself” (Whitman 1). To some degree, this author wants to emphasise his freedom, independence, and ability to appreciate the beauty of nature. This person wants to reflect on his feelings or emotions evoked by various visual images and his encounters with other people. In turn, Emily Dickinson’s narrator also lays stress on his/her identity. It should be noted that the gender of the story-teller is not identified. Still, Emily Dickenson wants to show how this person examines his/her inner world. Neverthel
Introduction In the contemporary world, information technology role on everyday activities has significantly increased. The modern businesses are characterized by high level of information technology, which has improved the level of efficiency to a greater extent. Information technology has facilitated interaction among different people from all over the world. This has facilitated business activities through such interactions. Discussion In every business, information plays a pivotal role in making critical decisions about an organisation. It also facilitates various business activities hence improving the level of efficiency. In the contemporary world, information has enabled many organizations to meet their customers or clients all over the world through the social networks. Social networking applications is part of technological advancement whose popularity has rapidly increased in the recent years with the rise of globalization where there is an urge of interconnectivity among individuals and organizations irrespective of the distances involved. The social networking applications are mainly used for communication and dissemination of information that could be of essence for continuity of the organizations. Although the application of technology in different activities and practices in organizations is associated with a lot of benefits, there are also security threats that go hand in hand with it. These have threatened the effectiveness of information technology application. Through the advancement of the information technology, many businesses have managed to overcome the barriers related with physical limitations. As a result, this has led to increased efficiency in business operations. For instance, many organizations have been incurring high costs through paperwork. For example, customers were forced to travel up to the warehouses in order to make orders. Organizations were also forced to hire more people to record these orders. Furthermore, customers sometimes may be forced to travel for long distances so as to make orders. All these costs have been eliminated through the development in information technology. Customers can now make orders online. This process solves both time and financial resources. According to Jorge (2002), information communication technologies are a contributing factor towards growth and development of an organization through facilitating information dissemination, allowing for access to technology and knowledge and providing a variety of communication capabilities among other benefits. In the contemporary business world, social networking applications have significantly increased (Boyd & Ellison 2007). This has been fuelled by the increased interconnections in the society. Many companies have embraced this technology in their day to day operations. Most of the multinational companies are using social network in marketing (Anonymous 2009). There are however many challenges that are associated with the use of information communication technology (ICT) especially due to the requirements that are needed
Introduction Capital budgeting is that aspect of planning that involves the decision to invest in capital expenditure. Capital budgeting is an important aspect of financial planning to any organisation. It has been employed by both the corporate and the public entities. One of the advantages of capital budgeting is that the budgeting entity is able to plan the on the risk and return of investing in a capital projects while assessing the cash flow, both outlay and cash inflow from the investment. This paper discusses how proper capital finance and budgeting could heighten the success of a government organisation. The Importance of capital budgeting to a public organisation Like any other finance field, it must be noted that the modern day organisations operate under scarce resources. This means that there are unlimited cash needs that compete for the limited finances. A public organisation therefore ought to plan and budget for its capital expenditure so as to ensure maximum benefits are derived from the chosen capital expense. Most of the governmental organisations work not with a profit motive but to increase the social wealth of the citizens. As such, there is a need to ensure that the capital project chosen is one that derives maximum benefits to the stakeholders, most of who are the public. The different capital expenditures carried by governmental organisations are usually implemented at the expense of recurrent expenditure. This is because any governmental organisation usually has two main types of expenditures: capital and re-current. A proper budgeting of a capital expenditure by a governmental organisation helps to balance between capital projects and also reserve some funds that are to be used to as the projects operating costs. This is the main advantage of capital expenditure budgeting. An organisation should not commit all its funds in a capital project and lack the funds to run the operation of the project. These operation costs include such expenses as services, repairs, and maintenance. Rift Valley Railways capital investment decisions Rift Valley Railways is an arm of a government that took over the management of Railway transport in the country. Recently, the authority decided to invest in a train that will travel at a speed of up to 80 miles per hour. This decision was reached due to the increased cost of road transport and the need to de-congest the road transport. The authority had evaluated several options that would have been used to address the situation and came up with the final decision to invest in a train. The decision was reached after the executive council formed a committee of financial experts to evaluate the various options available and advice on the most suitable of all. Among the other available options were construction of an additional road that serves the city, and extension of the available road through construction of over-asses and by-passes etc. The committee used one capital investment appraisal tool to carry out the evaluation. The used tool is referred to as the Net Present Value (NPV). This is capital investment appraisal method that uses the present value of the antici