ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the present day world, corporate and professional executives are on higher demand. To be a good professional, irrespective of the field or sector, a person needs good decision-making skills. So, decision-making is of great importance in every person’s life, and this is especially so in the case of youngsters. Decision-making as a process can be defined as a process of purposeful selection of an action from the given set of alternatives in light of a given objective. This process also involves planning, controlling and coordinating. Decision-making Process Decision-making as a process involves certain steps, which can be summarized as follows:   * Identifying the purpose   * Gathering the most possible information   * Identify the principles and values for the judgment of alternatives   * Brainstorm and listing out the possible alternatives   * Evaluate each choice with reference to the consequences   * Determining the best alternative   * Implementing the decision   * Evaluating the outcome Who is an adolescent? Why they need Care? Putting in simple terms, adolescence period refers to the stage between childhood and maturity, occurring roughly between the ages of 10 and 20. It can be described as the transitional stage of physical and emotional development that happens between childhood and adulthood. The emergence of secondary sexual characteristics marks the beginning of adolescence period and it will be continued until sexual maturity is complete. The common changes during the period involve biological, social and psychological changes. Puberty, cognitive, emotional and social transformation which the person is experiencing includes the major changes during the period. The physical changes are also followed by psychological changes and
The author evaluates the evolution of Thanksgiving in the US. The focus was on the adoption of Thanksgiving among the middle-class and poor families during the 19th century. The author also researches on the additional elements about Thanksgiving that were introduced in the 1930s. In the 19th century, communal celebrations were done when the poor families demanded to be treated respectably by the wealthiest people. This scenario led to the rise of domestic celebrations. The domestic celebrations were regarded as a sign of family unity. The main focus of domestic celebrations was to enable women to show how much they love their children. Mothers guided their children during the celebrations. The domestic celebrations were divided into two: private and public celebrations. The private celebrations involved the women who were perceived to be homemakers. The public celebrations involved the middle-class people who organized celebrations with the help of servants. Domestic celebrations were perceived to be special occasions that brought all family members together. During the industrial revolution, the idea of clock time evolved. People who had gone to work away from home dedicated a few hours to celebrate with other family members. The introduction of luxury gifts caused the emergence of domestic Christmas. The chaos experienced during the Christmas seasons led to the introduction of security forces during the celebrations. The history of Thanksgiving indicates that it started as early as 1621. This is the time when pilgrims held feasts. The government leaders supported the events of Thanksgiving, and a special day was proclaimed for national Thanksgiving. England was not the only country that practiced Thanksgiving in the 19th century. In this case, the Mid-Atlantic states practiced Thanksgiving during this period, but to a limited extent as compared to England. Texas and the Mid-Atlantic states adopted Thanksgiving in the 1850s. Religious and secular social systems accepted Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving events united people. In this regard, people working in the industries joined their families for this event. Abraham Lincoln encouraged people to practice nationhood during the Thanksgiving events. According to Lincoln, Thanksgiving was an event to thank God for blessing the country. During the Thanksgiving ceremonies, youths disrupted the occasion
Introduction Carrying out an analysis of consumerism trends in a specific society is an essential step towards designing tools for reducing inflation rates within the specified area, as well as identifying the key threats to and opportunities for the local economy. An overview of the Canada’s Municipal Spending Watch (Gormanns, 2014) shows that, while increasing together with the overall amount of the Canadian citizens, the overall spending rates are still dangerously high. Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses and Suggestions While the next issue to discuss might seem a nitpick, it still points at an obvious flaw of the report that may lead to further misconceptions and, therefore, the location of an improper strategy for addressing the problems raised. Particularly, the fact that the study takes little to no account of the stabilisation fund and its further role in the state economy deserves to be mentioned. On the one hand, Canada may not necessarily need a stabilisation fund, as no major natural resources such as oil can be located within the state. On the other hand, Canada does have a range of assets that need to be protected from financial crises and, therefore, require the enhancement of the role of the stabilisation fund. By omitting the subject matter, the author makes the report incomplete. It seemed reasonable that the author focused on the key changes that occurred in the financial landscape of the state over the past few years, such as the introduction of the municipal pension reform into the framework of the state’s operations. Despite the fact that the above-mentioned innovation is only in its conceptualising stage at present, it has already had its toll on the overall course of the state economy, which the report stresses in quite an obvious manner: “Last February, the Quebec (provincial) government proposed legislation that would require municipalities to restructure their pension plans under certain conditions” (Gormanns, 2014). In addition, the fact that the report addresses the employment issue in the target area should also be recognised as a very valid point to make. By highlighting the employment issues, the authors of the report link the economic and the social issues that can be observed in the target society. Particularly, the connection between the social challenges and the economic ones can be drawn. Apart from the above-mentioned issue, the analysis of growth in the number of jobs, including both municipal and the ones suggested by private entrepreneurships helps view the scope of the Canadian private business development, i.e., the success and promotion of the local SMEs. Therefore, by shedding light on both positive and negative aspects of the financial policy and the budget allocation that the Canadian authorities designed for 2014, the report provides a rather objective analysis of the key factors that defined the economic growth in Canada in 2014. The author’s decision to include the information concerning the correlation between the overall spending trends in Canada and the increase in the number of the Can
Introduction Tied intrinsically to the Islamic religion, which is currently known as the second-largest one in the world, Muslim culture is unique in its variety across different ethnic groups, as well as its rich and profound history. With its focus on ethics, particularly, the necessity of catering to the needs of the disadvantaged, specifically, the elderly, Muslim culture is worth studying as the source of wisdom and a window into the worldview of Muslim people. This paper will look at some of the foundational characteristics of Muslim culture and the associated values, notions, and perceptions. History The history of Muslim culture is vast and rich. Due to its connection to the Islamic religion, locating the approximate point in the world history when Muslim culture originated is not quite difficult. Namely, the existing historical accounts indicate that the oldest artifacts belonging to Muslim culture date back to the 7th century, which places Muslim culture among the youngest ones (Perkins, 2020). Nevertheless, despite having originated comparatively recently, it has already gained rich history, developed unique signifiers, and has been represented by a number of essential historical figures. Prophet Muhammad is the central figure in Muslim culture since He represents Allah’s law. Cultural Context In the American context, Muslim culture also holds a rather strong position, mostly due to the fact that Islam is currently the third largest religion in the U.S. (Thobani, 2020). Currently, the Muslim community is quite populous in the U.S. (Thobani, 2020). However, the presence of a large number of Muslim people in the U.S. does not imply that they are represented at the proper level (Perkins, 2020). In addition, there is a notable trace of hostility toward Muslim people within some communities due to the perceived connection between Muslim people and acts of terror (Perkins, 2020). Although the specified stereotype is very far from the truth and extremely harmful, it perpetuates in American society. Individualistic/Collective Depending on the type of relationships within society, a culture is viewed either as an individualistic or a collective one. As a rule, Muslim culture is viewed as a collective one due to the active involvement of all community members into social life. However, there is also a tendency in Muslim culture to emphasize the importance of personal responsibility, which aligns with the principles of individualism. Therefore, it embraces the two notions and blends them into a unique worldview. As a result, Muslim culture gains uniqueness and its own personality. Artistry, Values, and Religion Similarly to any other culture, Muslim one has high appreciation for art. Muslim culture is highly artistic, having a plethora of traditional dance
Introduction In his book, The Idea of a University (1899), John Henry Newman writes “If then a practical end must be assigned to a University Course, I say it is that of training good members of society” (Newman, Pg.160). Newman’s belief of universities as institutions of imparting universal knowledge is evident in this excerpt, he also argued against the effects of markets on the design of the curriculum. Newman’s anti-utilitarian position in supporting university learning provides a philosophical basis and a separation point for the analysis of university education. University education is considered core to keeping alive the relationship between market values and those relating to civil society that cannot be viewed in a commercial perspective but are critical to complete democracy. Objective The objective of the paper is to examine how different authors view higher education’s ultimate cause of offering education to members of society. For this study, we shall look at the works of John Henry Newman (The Idea of a University), Clark Kerr (The Uses of a University), and George Fallis (Multiversities, Ideas, and Democracy). Discussion Clark Kerr writes in his book The Uses of the University, “About eighty-five institutions in the Western world established by 1520 still exist in recognizable forms, with similar functions and unbroken histories… these seventy universities, however, are still in the same locations with some of the same buildings, with professors and students doing much the same things, and with governance carried on in much the same ways” (Kerr, pg. 115). The university system w
Nature, Structure, and Types of Products or Services of Apple Apple Inc. is a leading multinational corporation operating in the electronic and hand devices market. Founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne as a desktop manufacturing company, the company has registered impressive growth to become one of the top brands in the electronics market (Burke & Graeme, 2016). The company’s leadership structure has made it possible to achieve that rapid growth. It has embraced the culture of innovation at every level of the organization. The approach has made it easy for individual employees to explore their talents for the benefit of the firm. The nature of communication within the organization, especially its open-door policy, has made it easy for the top managers to interact with junior employees more often. The company offers a wide range of products. The products include Macintosh, iPhone, iPad, Apple TV, Apple Watch, iOS, macOS, and HomePod (Lusted, 2012). The company is also exploring the field of security, especially the manufacture of metal and explosive detectors that can be used in airports and other sensitive areas. Key Factors in the Organization’s External Environment That Can Affect Its Success It is important to appreciate that the external environment has a significant impact on the ability of this company to achieve success. One of the important external factors is government policy. The policies enacted by the government to regulate the operations of companies within this industry may influence Apple Inc’s ability to achieve success. Some of these regulatory policies may be geared toward increasing public expenditure. Such policies often translate into increased sales for the involved companies, making it easy to achieve success. Another important external environmental factor is market competition. Currently, Apple is facing stiff competition from Samsung and many other companies from North America, Europe, and Asia. When the competition is stiff, firms may be tempted to engage in unhealthy practices such as price wars. Such competition may have a serious negative impact on the firm’s ability to succeed. It reduces the profit margin for the affected companies. Ways the Primary Stakeholders Can Influence Apple’s Financial Performance The primary stakeholders at Apple Inc can play a critical role in influencing the financial performance of this company, starting from the shareholders to managers and junior employees. The shareholders are responsible for policymaking, especially the approval of major policies such as the need to explore new markets. They can help in improving the financial performance of this company by engaging industry experts before approving any major decision. Cooper (2017) says that shareholders have the responsibility of ensuring that they only make approvals after getting the right information from
The need of accrediting in the educational establishments is vital, for the support of different governmental and non-governmental organizations can evaluate the extent of training and skills gained during the years of studying. Moreover, students are supposed to have abilities to puzzle out this or that discipline. In this respect the use and straightforward work of Accreditation agencies is necessary. The thing is that Community Colleges, in particular, as others educational establishments should be examined thoroughly in terms of high standards of education prescribed according to the current law on educational standards. This is why the paper deals with the evaluation of such agencies along with giving them proper extent of significance within the rest ones. According to Kaplin and Lee (2007) the accreditation agencies are divided into two major types, namely: institutional (or “regional”) and program (or “specialized”). In this respect two kinds of agencies are outlined by the difference of their applying to the entire or particular educational establishments with appropriate programs and approaches. In other words, institutional agencies deal with different educational institutions on an entire base, when program agencies are intended to cooperate in one or more particular program or approach according to the institutions or parts within such institutions. Along with above mentioned division accreditation agencies can also be governmental and private. Among the main and well-known agencies are: the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) which is formed due to the cooperation of a group of community college presidents and is able to oversee regional and specialized types of accreditation (Kaplin & Lee, 2007). This organization helps to trite distances in education and provides better promotion, control, and examination of knowledge throughout the world, so that to scrutinize the process of distance learning (Cohen & Brawer, 2002). One more organization is the Association of Specialized and Professional Accreditors (ASPA), which also serves as an organ of direct control over the standards maintained and provided by the government in Community Colleges (Community College Accreditation, 2009). Furthermore, the work of accreditation agencies is estimated by the government and official structures in their total readings about a definite educational establishment. Thereupon, a Community College may be accredited by several organizations with straightforward implementation of activities in the educational field. Also there are many accreditation agencies with a relatively long history and experience as well. Among them are: Western Association of Schools and Colleges, Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges, Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools, Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools, Accreditation Commission etc. (Community College Accreditation, 2009). These organizations stand for the reliable and respectful motivations, in order to omit any gaps in knowledge promotion and accredit educational institutions respectively. In this case there are some organ
Both Wartime Lies by Louis Begley and Tzili by Aharon Apelfeld describes the coming of age of Jewish children during the Holocaust of World War II. The natural experiences of growing up are changed and twisted by the war and its horrors, but the specific developments, their perceptions , and impacts are affected by the children’s personalities and circumstances of their lives, which results in two completely different stories. Childhood The two children have different personalities, and their childhood experiences are almost opposite. Maciek is the only child who used to be surrounded by loving adults: his father, grandparents, aunt, and babysitters, of whom he especially remembers Zosia. His early years are full of learning and playing, the taste of homemade food and loving touches of Zosia. His childhood is happy and wealthy, and the change brought by the war is especially horrific in contrast. Tzili, on the other hand, is the least favorite daughter of a big family; at school, children often mock her for being calm, quiet, and not too clever. She is taught Judaism, tough, and she often recalls the words of her teacher. For example, she keeps reciting the holy words when she is abandoned by her family to “look after the house” (Apelfeld 10). The night when her native town is almost destroyed by the soldiers, her prayers calm her down and help her to stay hidden. Support and Teachers During the Holocaust, Maciek is not alone; his aunt Tania helps him throughout his wartime experience. She becomes an “essential worker” and finds German “friends” (Apelfeld 34, 39). Together with the grandfather and the friend they manage to forge false documents for the entire family to cover up the fact that they are Jewish. Tania also helps Maciek by educating him and teaching him the survival skills of lying. Tzili, on the other hand, constantly meets people and loses them. She is abandoned by her family, escapes Katerina; then Mark leaves her. She believes that Mark stays within her in the form of their child, but the child dies in the end. Apart from that, it is difficult to say that any of th
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide case study. The analysis will focus on the leadership of Charlotte Beers in the company. Specifically, the objectives that she tried to achieve will be analyzed. This will include the process that Beers and her team used to create a new vision. What Beers Tried to Achieve The main objective that Beers tried to achieve was to create change to enable the company to regain its leadership position in the industry. Her mission was to transform Ogilvy and Mather from a beleaguered organization to a rejuvenated company that was capable of satisfying market needs (Ibarra & Sackley, 2011). Beers believed that the company lacked a clear vision and values that defined what it stood for. She also believed that the company would only succeed if it helped its clients to manage the relationship between their customers and products. Thus, Beers focused on encouraging her team to change by adopting brand stewardship as a philosophy that would enable them to utilize their talents to address market needs. Getting the Vision Right The new vision statement created by Beers and her team was “to be the agency most valued by those who most value brands” (Ibarra & Sackley, 2011, p. 11). This vision statement was effective because it was based on the brand stewardship philosophy, which was expected to improve the company’s effectiveness in satisfying market needs. The vision was likely to improve the competitiveness of the company by facilitating client acquisition. Nonetheless, the vision was not realized because of ineffective implementation strategies. There was no consensus on the importance of brand stewardship among managers. Additionally, the company’s organizational structure and compensation system were not aligned to the new vision. This means that Beers and her team got the vision right. However, they failed to implement appropriate strategies to achieve it. Creating the Vision The main strength of the process used to create the new vision was that Beers was able to create a sense of urgency for change (Mind Tools, 2015). She was also able to establish a powerful coalition of managers and employees who believed that the company needed to change by adopting a new vision. Nonetheless, the process was not effective in harnessing the ideas and concerns of the coalition. Ogilvy’s organizational culture promoted informal debates, which occurred outside meeting rooms. Beers did not take advantage of informal interactions to get genuine feedback from her team. Consequently, she merely challenged the team to support the vision instead of seeking alternative ideas to improve it. Communication Effective communication was not used to achieve the required buy-in. For instance, the significance of brand stewardship was not clear to most workers in the company (Ibarra & Sackley, 2011). This led to resistance from middle-level management and employees. Poor communication was caused by the fact that only a few top managers were responsible for creating buy-in. Conclusion The aim of Beers was to turn around the