ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
One of the major impacts that the current American government has brought up is in the field of healthcare. The Healthcare Bill 2010 has had a huge impact on society. Every American citizen can now access free medical services from any part of the country. This is a positive achievement that the society of America should be proud of. Having access to free medical services for everyone is a major milestone for the country. However, some factors should be considered to ensure that this noble gesture benefits all the stakeholders involved. It is a fact that with free healthcare for all Americans, there is increased pressure on the nurses. All public hospitals will be receiving an increased number of patients who will need the attention of the nurses. The government of the United States has made an effort to ensure that there is increased funding to all the public hospitals in the country. However, the government is yet to meet the standard nurse staffing ratios that will ensure that all the patients get the right attention they need when they visit these health facilities. It is important to note that nurses all over the country have been struggling to meet the demand from clients. It may not be possible for the nurses to work effectively with their current population, and they have made this very clear in their recent protests. Their protest, through their unions, may be justified because the government is yet to hire enough employees who will be able to meet this huge demand for medical attention. This research focuses on how leadership can be applied to manage this situation. While the government is trying to solve this problem of staffing of the nurses, the leadership of the nurses must attempt to come up with a mechanism through which the unrest can be brought to an end. According to Thomson (2010), understanding organizational behavior theory can help these leaders deal with the situation in a successful way. It will start with the leaders understanding the claims brought up by the nurses. In this approach, the leaders will act as part of the nurses. They will address the issues as the victims of the predicament. In this situation, therefore, they will be coming up with strategies that will help them arrest the situation while the government is looking for a lasting solution. In this strategy, transformational leadership will be important in making the employees understand and appreciate the current predicament. Through the principle of transformational leadership, these leaders will be able to appeal to the nurses and convince them that they have to do their best to salvage the situation as the government plans to come up with a permanent solution. These leaders must develop some form of propellant force that will make all the nurses feel that they have a responsibility of performing an extra job to achieve the best in their profession. Buerhaus (2009) calls this strategy ‘the tactic of transferring responsibility. The responsibility of ensuring that patients are taken care of depends on having enough nurses, and therefore, it is the responsibility of the government. In this strategy,
The U.S. people are ruled by the democratic principle under which the majority determines the policies. Majority rule is recognized by the U.S. Constitution. The same document ensures that the majority is not able to infringe on the rights of the minority. As James Madison noted in the 1780s, the majority tends to override the legitimate rights and interests of the minority group. Two parts of the U.S. Constitution are used as means to prevent the tyranny of a majority: the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Fifth Amendment grants the right to refuse to testify against himself and prohibits the second trial for the same offense. The Fourteenth Amendment gives citizenship rights to African Americans and former slaves and ensures equal treatment of all people. The majority rule is the basic principle of U.S. democratic government, which rests on the assumption that policies should be defined to meet the needs and interests of the majority. The interests of a minority group are also taken into account. However, their impact on the policy drafting is not significant. Historically, there has been a debate over the legacy of majority rule as the foundation of policy development. It is believed that the interests of a minority group are simply not taken into account (Kearney 2003). However, the democratic form of government guarantees equal representation of all groups in governing bodies. Thus, the relationship between majority and minority groups can be defined as a compromise. From a logical standpoint, it is impossible to draw the policies which satisfy the interests of all people because different groups have different interests. Democracy, on the contrary, is focused on the interests of the majority with respect to the rights of the minority. Thus, the needs of all groups are taken into account when the policies are developed. Many theorists point out that the U.S. Constitution neither gives nor guarantees human rights, and its initial purpose is to limit and restrict the government (Kearney 2003). In particular, the Bill of Rights is devoted entirely to listing individual rights. From the standpoint of the Founders, Constitution could not guarantee Natural Rights because these rights are not given by the government or the majority group. Natural rights are “endowed to us by our Creator,” and no group of people has the power to give or restrict the rights (Kearney 2003). Thus, what is the purpose of the Constitution? Many theorists believe that Constitution is very effective in protecting the rights of minorities – racial and religious groups whose views are not supported by the majority – from the abuse via majority rights. The most common abuse of the minority group by majority group was slavery. At the times of slavery, the majority group abused slaves for their own good. The majority rule was used as a justification of slavery, as a justification of minor
Men have continued to dominate the workforce in most companies for many years. This is due to the fact that they were viewed as the strongest gender. Women could not be assigned to positions that are too demanding hence they were barred from accessing powerful positions. However this attitude has changed over the years because there are many women who work in very reputable positions that were in the past reserved for men. This paper will focus on the efforts that have been made by women in a bid to achieve power. Men owe their power to their masculine bodies and money, whereas women rely on their knowledge to acquire power. According to Muoio (1998), today’s woman has proved men wrong because unlike in the past decades when she was designated to household duties, nowadays she can provide for the whole family without any hurdles. Women have managed to climb the corporate ladder by seeking more knowledge that has placed them above their male counterparts. Moreover, the strategies employed by men have been rendered powerless by those of women. Sharon Patrick outlines that men have so much pride and thus they cannot dare bow down for the sake of retaining clients lest they loose their ego. Women on the other hand apply their motherly traits in business world and that is why they have been able to influence more clients to join their business circle. She explains that they use their politeness to lure more clients, and as common sense dictates they have more customers on their side because no client would dare go to a rude and arrogant male. These tactics made Sharon to become the president of Martha Stewart Living (Muoio, 2008) Women have been successful in influential positions because they are able to stand on their ground. This implies that they have strong working principles that can never be bent. This tactic has been useful to men because in most organizations men have been undermining them probably due to their low numbers in administrative units. For instance, Linda Chavez-Thomson, an executive vice president at AFL-CIO, was looked down upon by her colleagues because in their minds they had this attitude that women can only be secretaries but then Linda stood on her ground hence they had to assign that role to someone else and in the end a male member had to carry out the task that was meant for Linda. Dashu (2000) argues that women have a very clear vision and in regard to that they are able to plan ahead, unlike their male counterparts who mainly focus on the present events. It is certain that women observed what was taking place in a few decades ago and realized that the only way they could acquire power is through excellence in academics. They were indeed right about this because in today’s world organizations are looking for outstanding talents and women have an upper hand in this because they are able to multitask without creating an imbalance on their tasks at work and their roles back at their homes. Since women are humble, they have been able to establish working relationships with clients unlike men and thus employers have been br
Realism and Naturalism in American Literature In American literature, realism is a literary technique that shows the realities in life while naturalism on the other hand attempts to apply scientific analysis and detachment in its study of human beings. In the Norton anthology of American literature, the editor discusses the role of these two literary techniques in America’s history. In the period 1865-1920 the United States experienced high industrialization rates. The innovation of the telegraph, telephone and electricity accelerated economic growth. Furthermore the completion of the railway in 1869 enabled businessmen to come and exploit the land for gold and other minerals. There was a high inflow of workers from Europe coming to look for work. The development however brought serious consequences. With the rapid increase in population the people needed more land and territory. The ordinary people could not protect themselves from the mighty and wealthy. The railway company stole land from the natives. It also shrewdly eliminated other competition and became a monopoly. Other industries like steel and oil were also in the hands of a few wealthy and powerful men. Working conditions and pay for workers was poor as the monopolies had all the power. The corrupt government turned a blind eye to the actions of these monopolies. With the increase of populations in cities there arose new publishing opportunities through several newspapers. The marginalized and under-represented people had a voice now to speak out. The writers spoke out against social injustices and inequalities due to the rapid industrialization. These were writers who had the courage to speak up. The editor of the anthology stresses the importance of realism in this period since several social issues were spoken of boldly. These were the issues of the railroad monopoly that took the land of small farmers and the corruption of government officials. Helen Hunt Jackson spoke of the US injustices against Native Americans, Charlotte Perkins Gilman spoke of wealth and human rights and Thorsten Veblen spoke of the greediness of the extremely wealthy businesses. These writers affected the sociology, philosophy, and economy of the people. There were also writers who spoke against racial injustices. These issues were highly challenging causing the authors to turn to aesthetic realism where they used descriptive and colorful language to represent life as it was. It was known as local color writing where dialects, social relationships and the current natural environments were depicted in their novels. Mark Tw
Elizabeth Harris is an executive director for a center that specializes in providing services to the uninsured segment of the population. This center is called Foundation health Care Center. Mrs. Harris is a trained nurse possessing a master’s degree in Health Administration. She is in charge of a team composed of seven employees excluding the medical director. Mrs. Harris elaborated that she gives equal treatment to all her workers without any form of favoritism. In addition, she treats all patients in the same manner even though she acknowledges the challenges faced when dealing with those patients with a low level of education and as such, she says the most basic of communication techniques should be used in handling such patients. Mrs. Harris reiterated the importance of taking to heart the eight attributes of management when handling day-to-day affairs. Consequently, she emphasized the application of these eight attributes in managerial roles. Mrs. Harris elaborated the ways in which they run their systems at the center. She mentioned that they utilize checks and balance system in addressing errors and mistakes at the center. The medical director does tracking and fixing of the identified mistakes, by utilizing checking charts. Since the center does not have modern technological systems, mistakes are usually discovered vey late. Mrs. Barry elaborated that patient follow is carried out for provision of adequate care to this segment of the society. Mrs. Harris stated that it comes a time when one has to say NO to both the patients and colleagues to facilitate provision of quality care to all. She is optimistic that the center will soon be a paperless organization with acquisition of computers and other hardware despite the lack of money. She says that if resources were available she would strive to improve the working conditions of the staff by acquiring more space to ensure providence of quality service. I learned from Mrs. Harris that to be an effective manager, one sometimes engages in chores that have no financial remuneration in order to extend a hand of help to others. In addition, we should as managers cultivate the culture of professionalism in dealing with all members of the society. Patients with
For many years, access to care has been one of the most commonly discussed issues related to public health (Perwira, 2014). In medicine, the service areas for primary care were determined with the help of a substantial body of research and a significant effort in the evaluation of the information about the patient origins and population density (McKernan, 2012). However, there still exists the need for this kind of research in the field of dentistry. Just like many other developed and developing countries, the United States of America faces the problem of poor access to care among different groups of the population; in turn, this issue is recognized as one of the factors associated with the overall prevalence of dental conditions among these population groups (Perwira, 2014; Razdan, Degenholtz, & Rubin, 2016). The choice of topic fell on this particular issue due to the necessity of research on this topic arising from the fact that the insufficiency of access to dental care results in poor dental health that is, in turn, connected to a wide range of other problems such as diabetes, heart disease, the diminished quality of life, and limited chances of employment (Malecki et al., 2015). The purpose of the future research is to identify the specific causes of poor access to care and the groups of the population that are at risk of different oral health problems due to being underserved. Moreover, a discussion on this subject will involve different intervention strategies and solutions of the problem helping to minimize the adverse effects of poor access to care. The problem under discussion can be successfully resolved with the help of a well-developed framework and the appropriate management. Poor access to dental care may result from a variety of different factors. Some of the most common contributors to the limited access to dental care are the low level of income, geographic location, and social status. Addressing the former factor, researchers found that the individuals who cannot afford the services of dentists and orthodontists are likely to develop oral health problems (Friedman & Mathu-Muju, 2014; Malecki et al., 2015). As for the second reason of poor access to dental care, there exist research studies confirming that the populations dwelling in rural areas located far away from dental clinics and centers are more likely to be underserved and experience untreated oral health issues (RHRC, 2015; Wendling, 2016; Fisher-Owens et al., 2016). Finally, discussing social status, scientists noticed that the socially isolated population groups, such as jail inmates, often have unmet dental care needs (Perwira, 2014). The other population groups affected by this factor can be migrants, homeless people, the individuals placed in mental health institutions, and the populations temporarily isolated due to the external impacts such as natural disasters. The limitations of access to care inflicted by each specific factor of the ones listed previously can be addressed with the help of versatile strategies allowing direct dental care and services to the areas and people in need. There exist several different approaches to the solut
Introduction Corruption is a serious problem in various parts of the world, especially for the developing economies in Asia and African continents. According to Pielke, corruption is like cancer that eats away the potentials of a country’s economy. 1 A few people enrich themselves unfairly at the expense of the masses. It is a global problem that affects almost every country, but to a varying degree. Some of the countries ranked in the Transparency International’s list as the most corrupt countries in the world such as North Korea, Venezuela, Haiti, Iraq, and Sudan have experienced stagnated economic growth. Such countries cannot develop because of a culture where those trusted with the role of protecting public wealth are using it for their own financial gains. In such countries, mediocrity- especially when it comes to handling public projects- is the order of the day. Companies without the capacity to undertake specific projects are awarded contracts to undertake infrastructural development because either those in power own them or the directors of such companies are willing to pay bribe. Doing business in a corrupt environment is not easy. Other than the normal taxation, sometimes companies are forced to pay regular bribe to the government officials on a regular basis for purposes of protection against real or imagined threats. In fact, companies adapt to such environments by ignoring basic guidelines, especially those meant to protect the normal citizens, and instead focus on giving regular bribes to the relevant authorities. Companies, which are ethical enough not to engage in such practices, find it almost impossible to operate in such countries. The victims in such settings are the innocent citizens. They are denied basic services such as quality education, healthcare, and well-paying jobs. Economic growth and infrastructural development stagnate or sometimes even experience a negative growth. Some people are forced to leave their home country in search of better opportunities elsewhere. As Mashamba simply puts it, corruption is a social evil that cannot be tolerated in a country that is keen on achieving economic growth. 2 That is why it is necessary to fight this vice through any means possible. In this paper, the researcher will look at the role of arbitration when dealing with corruption. Research Questions Corruption is one of the worst economic crimes in any given country and rooting it out should be the focus of scholars, academicians, government officials, students, parents, and the general members of the public. As such, when conducting a research that focuses on corruption and how to deal with it, it is important to have a clearly guided approach of the study that can help in achieving the desired goals. The following are the research questions that will help in this investigation:  1. Do arbitrators have a role in combating corruption?  2. Do anti-corruption investigations influence or affect arbitrations? Discussion According to a report by Mashamba, North Korea has one of the worst
Introduction Iran’s revolution was marked by popularization of movements that were advocating for democracy. The aftermath was the declaration of Iran as an Islamic state. The 1979 Iran revolution was “one of the epochal events of the twentieth century inaugurating a period of Islamic revivalism and struggles against modernization in many nations where Islam was the predominant religion” (Satya Para.1). The circumstances leading to the revolution were instigated by political regression against the political systems of Mohammad Reza. This system was ideally a monarchy. It perpetrated violence through state machineries such as SAVAK, a police force that operated in secret. In Iran, there was also a “widespread corruption by individual public officials and members of the oligarchic economic elite, as well as official favoritism besides a rising income inequality” (Satya Para.2). Compliance to the authority was also a key dominant feature of the Mohammad Reza system of administration. In Iraq, an outbreak of the revolution was experienced in 1958. At this period, Iraq had been experiencing a tremendous material growth due to rapid exploitation of its oil reserves. However, its monarchy system failed to continue acting as a political system that would deliver public good. Therefore, a revolution took off. Iraq was experiencing a gap in leadership in relation to the creation and inspiration of public confidence. While the young generation had the capacity to seal this gap, “the older leaders resisted and embarked on an unpopular foreign policy including an alliance with Britain through participation in the Baghdad Pact and opposition to the establishment of the Un