ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Impressionism in art was a popular movement that started in the mid-1800s in France and broke the rules of classical painting in terms of content and style. The main characteristic of impressionist artwork revolved around painting nature, landscapes, and still objects, paying attention to the background and the effect of the light. The present art tour essay covers five works of art, each painted by prominent impressionist artists of the late 19th and early 20th century (Lesson and Ships). The works are Near Sydenham Hill by Camille Pissarro (1871), Idle Hours by William Merritt Chase (circa 1894), In the Greenhouse by Dennis Miller Bunker (1888), Flags on the Waldorf by Childe Hassam (1916), and Le Pont de l’Europe by Gustave Caillebotte (1876) (Lesson and Ships). Analysis Idle Hours (1894) is one of the iconic works of William Merritt Chase (1849-1917), one of the most respected and honored artists of his day in the United States. The work represents oil on canvas painting, 25½ x 35½ inches in size, which is located at Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Texas (Baker). The picture depicts four people on the beach resting on a summer day on the beach of Shinnecock. The woman in a red hat is Chase’s wife, which apparently reading a book, and two of his daughters. The woman with a parasol is possible Chase’s sister-in-law. The painting was drawn after Chase moved with his family to their newly built summer home in Shinnecock, in which he opened the Shinnecock Summer School of Art. This painting along with Gathering Autumn Flowers and The Big Bayberry, in which shows the technique of the author in integrating the figure into a landscape, all of which features his daughters (Baker). Featuring landscapes the work is representative of impressionism, although with an American take on it, focusing on the backgrounds, and the use of intermediary colors and shades in showing the effect of light on the scenery. Idle Hours (circa 1854) (Artnet) Near Sydenham Hill (1871) is an artwork by the French impressionist Camille Pissarro (1830-1903) (Southgate and Association 48). The work is oil on canvas painting with the size of 17 x 21 inches, and is located Kim bell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas. The painting represents a typical for impressionism scenery – a natural landscape of a suburban area near London. The scenery is mainly stationary with the only movement that can be identified is of a train moving in the middle distance. Brown shades prevail in the picture showing an abundance of shadows, indicating early spring, which contrast with the light on the field. The picture was painted at the time when Pissarro lived in London suburb during 1870 and 1871. The artist used was a supporter of a realistic depiction of landscape, where for him “a landscape on canvas must be the exact reproduction of a natural scene… “(Southgate and Association 48). He also used color, rather than lines to converge planes on the horizon, indicating infinity in the picture. Near Sydenham Hill (1871) (Artilim) In the Greenhouse (1888) is a work by the American impressionist Dennis Miller Bunker (1861-1890) (Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, Junk
Introduction Trade unions are organizations that are formed by workers who are interested in achieving common objectives or goals in regard to the work conditions at their workplaces (Fernie & Motcalf 2005, p. 5). The leaders of the unions bargain with the management of various organizations on behalf of the members. The bargains involve negotiating for benefits, work rules, wages, safety policies and complaint procedures. Thus trade unions represent the employees during the negotiations and their main objective is to maintain or improve the workers’ pay and terms of employment. The unions have three main advantages to the employees and their employers. First, they facilitate communication between the workers and the managers and this enables the former to understand and remain committed to the goals of the organizations (Machin 1997, vol. 41, pp. 647-657). Second, as the work conditions improve due to the unions’ negotiations efforts, the level of job satisfaction increases. Finally, they drive change in organizations by mobilizing employees to support the introduction of new polices and technologies. Despite these benefits, the influence of trade unions on the decisions of employers has been on the decline in the last 30 years. It is against this backdrop that this paper seeks to highlight the reasons for the decline in the influence of trade unions. The strategies that have been used in response to unionization challenges and the effectiveness of such strategies will also be discussed. Reasons for the Decline in the Influence of Trade Unions Underperformance of Key Industries In the last three decades, the industries that were highly associated with trade unions have witnessed significant fall in jobs. The manufacturing industry in the UK had the highest number of trade unions in the 1970s due to the fact that the industry was labor intensive (Machin 1997, vol. 41, pp. 647-657). Consequently, thousands of workers were employed in the industry and this made it easier for them to form unions. However, the manufacturing industry as well as other labor intensive industries such as the retail sector has witnessed a decline in growth over the years. The decline in growth has forced firms to reduce the size of their workforce in order to reduce their overhead costs. As the organizations layoff their workers, the trade unions lose their members. Consequently, the influence of the unions has declined as the number of their members reduces (Williams & Adams-Smith 2006, p. 7). This is based on the fact that the unions are likely to have a great impact if they have a large membership (Williams & Adams-Smith 2006, p. 7). Increase in Unemployment Rate The economic challenges that have been experienced over the last three decades have resulted into an increase in unemployment rate in most economies. Consequently, existing trade unions have not been able to increase the number of their members due to the slow growth rate in employment opportunities (Hogler 2004, p. 80). The by-laws of most trade unions also make it difficult for the unemployed individuals to become members by restricting their membership
Introduction Abu Dhabi Distribution Company is the organization which is responsible for distributing such services as water and electricity supply to the customers all over the country. The company tries to make all possible to create the conditions for high quality and systematic supply of water and electricity in every home. The development of safe and economical water and electricity distribution are the priorities for the company. Having been working since 1998, the organization has already designed a specific plan for performance, still, there are always ways for development. There are a lot of different quality management techniques and tools which may help Abu Dhabi Distribution Company increase its efficiency and effectiveness. Affinity Diagram The affinity diagram is a tool for management and planning which is highly effective. Affinity diagram is created out of a plethora of ideas and opinions and is clubbed together into rational groups. Usage of this tool purely depends on the planning time which would ultimately result in extraordinary dividends due to the ideas that are generated being implemented properly. Dissimilar to the most basic tools for enhancement which deal with collection and analysis of complicated data, this tool predominantly focuses on concerns and ideas. “An affinity diagram is the result of a creative process focused on finding the major things that are affecting a problem by generating a number of ideas, issues, or opinions. The process identifies these ideas, groups, and concept which tie each grouping together” (Syque Quality). An affinity diagram is also useful if any incremental changes are required. It offers immense clarity about the broad themes impacting the particular situation. There seven different steps that are involved while planning for Affinity diagram. They are:  1. The first step in the affinity diagram is to get the right team in place. The team should be of roughly six members who are acquainted about the situation. They should be relatively familiar and coordinating with each other and accustomed to working together.  2. List the key issues. The affinity process will be more efficient if the issue is randomly stated. The statement should be unbiased for averting direct response to ideas. “ When the phrasing of the statement is decided it should be written down on the top of the flipchart or board so that it can be visible to the group” (ICMR – The ICFAI Center for Management Research) .  3. The ideas are to be generated clearly and recorded appropriately. This step uses the conventional brainstorming guideline.  4. Display of the generated idea cards. The idea cards are to be randomly laid out to ensure that the team members can take a look at it.  5. Arranging the cards in to normal groupings forms the next step. The objective of this step collection of ideas which are identical. All the cards need to be kept visible during the process so that each group mem
The first wave of rock music met its demise due to the combination of two factors. First of all, at the end of the 1950s, rock and roll lost several important figures. In particular, Little Richard quit music and became a minister, Elvis Presley was drafted into the army, and Chuck Berry was convicted of a prison sentence (Covach and Flory 105). The fate was especially cruel to Buddy Holly, who was killed in a plane crash along with Ritchie Valence and the Big Bopper on February 3, 1959. The loss of so many popular artists significantly weakened the early rock and roll scene. In addition, the growing popularity of rock and roll threatened the business interests of the major record companies and labels. At the beginning of the 50s, major labels recorded and released the most hit pop records (Covach and Flory 106). The early rock and roll stars reversed this trend by recording their songs on small independent labels and paying the DJs to play them on the radio. Payola , or practice of paying a DJ to play the records, was common in the music business. However, major labels and pop-song composers could not tolerate rock and roll, a genre disrespected by many in the music industry, encroaching on their market share and popularity. The following payola scandal resulted in the removal of rock and roll from radio station broadcasts. Alan Freed, a DJ who played a big role in the rise of rock and roll, lost his job for taking payola gifts. As a result, rock music changed drastically by the beginning of the 1960s. Music business professionals who effectively ended the first wave of rock and roll saw the commercial potential of youth culture and rock. The industry sanitized the product by promoting clean-cut, nonthreatening, much less independent artists (Kot). Major labels focused on producing teen idols, and no big names emerged in the 60s rock until the Beatles and the British Invasion. Works Cited Covach, John, and Andrew Flory. What’s That Sound?: An Introduction to Rock and Its History. 5th ed. W.W. Norton & Company, 2018. Kot, Greg. “Rock and Roll.” Encyclopedia Britannica , Web.
Immigration refers to a situation where individuals move to a foreign country and settle there. America has the biggest number of immigrants in the world. As a result, the movement has impacted the United States positively and negatively, although the pros outweigh the cons (Walker et al., 2016). The advantages include economic productivity, more innovation, a better-educated workforce, enhanced occupational specialization, and better skills matching with employments. Walker et al. (2016) explains that the disadvantages are overcrowding, increased costs of education and healthcare, and disagreement between various religions and cultures because individuals from different areas converge and live together. A social construct is defined as the thoughts or ideas established and accepted by individuals in society or a country. Walker et al. (2016) explain that human knowledge and perspectives play a primary role in forming firm social constructs. Human beings create them to make sense of the objective world. For example, people develop social constructs by structuring what they experience or see (Walker et al., 2016). Observing a person with a different skin color establishes the race social construct while tall plants with branches and thick stalks indicate a tree. Race is a different population found within larger species, while ethnicity refers to people’s culture in a particular geographic area who originated from natives of that place. The two terms are used interchangeably, although they have distinct meanings. Race is biological and defines an individual’s physical characteristics such as color, eye, hair, or skin. On the contrary, ethnicity is a social science construct that describes a person’s cultural identity, including nationality, religion, tribal affiliation, or languages. Ethnicity can be hidden or displayed depending on an individual’s preferences, while racial identities cannot be concealed and exhibited in different degrees. Reference Walker, S., Spohn, C., & DeLone, M. (2016). The color of justice: Race, ethnicity, and crime in America . Cengage Learning.
Introduction Information has become very important in modern society. People need the information to make critical decisions that not only affect them but also impact on people around them. However, it has become very challenging to get credible information in the modern world that is infiltrated by social media. Everyone has been turned into a journalist as long as one can use social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube among others. The problem with the information in social media is the issue with credibility (Portny 2013). People will always twist information to suit them. It is for this reason that the team decided to come up with a new and independent firm that will publish credible news happening around major learning institutions within this region. The firm, known as The Third Eye, will have a group of journalists that will collect information from the field and report to the auditors. The auditors will not only check for the appropriateness and accuracy of the reports but also on issues of objectivity of the content (Heldman 2011). This project will be of benefit to society around the college. The firm will generate its income from the adverts placed on its website. Project Charter Project Scope This project will be focused on reporting on issues affecting our college and other learning institutions within the district of A. All the members of this project are students at this college. They have to attend all their classes and engage in other academic functions besides participating in project activities. Their tight academic schedule and limited resources at this firm may not permit them to travel outside this district. The context that will be carried in the website may go beyond the defined scope only if the partner firm-New York Times- provides the information. It is important to note that the intended partner is yet to receive the partnership request from this new firm. Our proceeds will directly come from the advertisement proceeds (Friedlein 2001). The firm will resist any attempt to influence the context carried in our articles in favor of a party that is willing to pay some fee. Our team members know that such unethical business practices may affect the sustainability of this firm. Business Case The online platform has provided a variety of business opportunities that entrepreneurs can take advantage of. After careful market research, the project members realized that advertising is increasingly becoming one of the most lucrative opportunities offered by the internet (Heldman 2011). Many firms are willing to pay handsomely for any online entity that has a huge following. When the project members noticed this opportunity, the next huddle was to determine how to develop a website that can be frequented by many people. We had to come up with a website that will provide what is needed by the local population. Upon a careful review, we noticed that parents, teachers, students, and many other stakeholders had one need in common, which was information. Parents wanted to know why their children were behaving in ways that they find strange. They also wanted to know what was affecting their students while
Similarities The Commandments and Pillars of Islam form the foundation of the Christian and Islamic faiths respectively. These are set rules that present the blue print of what a Muslim and a Christian have to do in their contact with the Creator and fellow humans. The contravention of these superlative laws is considered a sin that one has to seek deliverance from the Supreme Being, thus the call for an individual to acknowledge the dogma presented by the law. It is thus noted that these laws are restricted in the Holy Books of these two religions that is to say the Bible and the Quran. The denying of any one of the five pillars of Islam deliberately is grave and leads to unswerving excommunication from the religion. The commandments and pillars are comparable in some ways as regards to the affiliation of man to man and man to God. However, some sharp differences also emerge as regards to these supreme religious rules governing the Islamic and Christian faiths. In as much as Islam and Christianity are distinctively dissimilar, they exude similar tendencies that govern relations among the faithful. The initial pillar of Islam reckons faith in the existence of one superlative God referred to as Allah; consequently, it attaches importance to the presence and roles of Prophet Muhammad (Voorst 323). This implies that any individual professing the Muslim faith should hold belief in only Allah and no other supreme being. Furthermore, the Muslims should pursue the teachings of the Prophet since Muhammad was Allah’s messenger and proclaimed applicable information from the superlative Being. The profession of this pillar forms the foundation of the connection between Muslim and Allah and under no grounds shall it challenged by any person professing comparable or dissimilar faith. A telling comparison is drawn connecting the first pillar of Islam and the first two commandments as illustrated by Christianity. These commandments preside over the affiliation between God and man. The primary directive states that man shall not have any other god before Him (God). This commandment is inflexible and forms the basis of the faith of the Christians in the continuation and existence of one God. The second commandment puts prominence on this by prohibiting the making of any article in the semblance of God and paying reverence to it. This law puts importance on the oneness of God and the ideology that only He should be worshipped. This is in line with the Islamic principle in the existence one superlative Being, Allah. The respect for the oneness of Allah is thus drawn across the different populations and religion. The next pillar of Islam places a distinct importance on the art of prayer which is referred to as Salat thus applies to significant proportions of Muslims. These are five requisite prayers that are led by a person with the knowledge of the Quran. The prayers are said at dawn o
Introduction Boilers are mainly classified based on their mode of operation. One of the most common types of boilers is the fire tube boiler. This boiler operates by passing hot gases through tubes that run from the water inlet. The tubes pass through a container filled with water that is heated by heat from the gases. The boiler operates through many processes. For example, thermal conduction is the process through which the heat of the gases is absorbed by the water in the tank. The heat is used to produce steam from the water. The fire tube boiler is one of the four main types of boilers. Other types of boilers include the low-pressure tank boiler and the flued boiler. The boiler comprises pipes, a tank of water, and a source of fire. The fire tube boiler was very common during the 18 th century ( Electrical Engineering par1). However, its popularity waned as more advanced boilers emerged. How it operates Hot gases are passed through pipes that run through a tank of water. The tank is inside the boiler. As these gases pass through the fire pipes, heat is absorbed and then used to raise the temperature of the water until it evaporates. As the water absorbs more heat, its temperature rises to a point that it turns into steam (Heselton 274). The buildup of steam in the steam vessel increases the amount of pressure thus raising the boiling point of water. An increase in the boiling point of water reduces the amount of steam produced because water takes longer to boil and produce steam (Heselton 274). The steam is then stored in the vessel after which it is released for the intended purpose. The steam is released through an outlet on the vessel. After the steam is released, more water is added to the boiler through a water inlet. The boiler does not produce high-pressure steam because the steam and water are stored together. The boiler should be constructed professionally because it can cause serious accidents in case it explodes due to pressure buildup. Advantages of fire tube boiler The fire tube boiler has several advantages. First, it is cheaper than other types of boilers such as the water tube boiler ( Electrical Engineering par4). Secondly, it is compact because it has distinct parts that are assembled together to make up the boiler. These parts include the furnace, pipes, fire tubes, and steam and hot gases outlets. The fire tube boiler is not as complex as other types of boilers. Therefore, it is easy to operate and maintain. On the other hand, its ease of use means that it can be used by both small scale and large-scale industries. The boiler is safer than other types because the supply of water and transfer of gases is exec