ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is no secret that specialists use many non-drug methods to treat their patients in their psychological practice. Many of these psychological treatment approaches’ effectiveness and necessity remain situational, controversial, insufficiently explored, or even unproven. Distraction is one of those therapeutic methods that fall into this category (Senn & Radomsky, 2015). The poorly understood nature of this and another questionable psychological approach, namely the suppression of thoughts, motivated the author of this source analysis paper to conduct research. How this and another questionable psychological technique, namely the suppression of thoughts, affect addiction treatment is the author of this source analysis paper’s research topic. Before conducting the research itself, it is necessary to evaluate the theoretical basis critically. In this work, the author presents an analysis of one of the primary sources, namely Measuring Beliefs About Distraction: Might the Function of Distraction Matter More than Distraction Itself? by Senn and Radomsky. Research Method, Purpose of the Study, and Hypothesis In their study, the authors focused on one of the important factors associated with the essence of distraction in exposure therapy, namely the beliefs about distraction. Senn and Radomsky (2015) note the purpose of their study is “understanding the impact of beliefs about distraction on exposure outcome through creating and validating a questionnaire to assess maladaptive beliefs about distraction: the Beliefs about Distraction Inventory (BADI)” (p. 828). They also hypothesized that “a questionnaire of this nature will allow for more accurate assessment of distraction-related beliefs, which can then be used to assess better the relationships between maladaptive beliefs about distra
Background Cantonese is usually regarded to be one of the dialects of Chinese. This language is spoken by millions of people in many areas of the World, for example, the United States, Australia, Europe, South America, etc. It originated in Southern China in the province of Guangzhou, which is known in the English speaking world as Canton. The name of the language comes from the place where it originated. With migrations of Chinese people Cantonese has spread to many different countries, and this language is one of the main languages in Hong Kong, where the government officials use it for official communication. The language is also used in everyday life in Hong Kong, and many schools use it as the main language of instruction. In mainland China, it is used as Lingua Franca, which means that it is a basic means of communication in the domain of trade, where it is used by people who do not share a common code of communication. Even though, superficially, Cantonese may appear very similar to Mandarin, the speakers of the two languages usually have trouble understanding each other. Most of the similarities are in the domain of lexicon, but the differences are located in syntax and phonology. However, Cantonese has undergone some sound changes which have not affected the orthography so texts in written Mandarin and Cantonese are almost identical. Since one of the locations where this language is used the most is Hong Kong, the language is under tremendous influence of Western languages, predominantly English. Hong Kong is now a huge melting pot of various cultures, the most prominent of which are those based on English and Cantonese. Therefore, English has influenced Cantonese to a great extent, which is particularly apparent in the lexicon. Although Cantonese has ideographic orthography, it has been Romanized so there are systems for writing it by using Roman alphabet. The most commonly used Romanization system is the so-called Yale. This system was developed for multiple purposes, such as writing books and dictionaries. However, the most important purpose of this writing system is for instruction of foreign language learners. With this purpose in mind, Parker Po-fei Huang and Gerald P. Kok developed this orthographic system. This orthographic system is not flawless, and it has some features that are quite problematic to learners. The famous example is the authors’ decision to write aspirated voiceless plosives by using the same letters that are used to mark voiced plosives in languages that distinguish between voiced and voiceless sounds. Therefore, aspirated voiceless plosive [p] is written as b, while its non-aspirated counterpart is written as p. Despite all these difficulties, the experience of foreign language instructors and learners is such that one might say that this writing system makes the process of learning Cantonese immensely easier. Tone Language Similarly to Mandarin, Cantonese is a tone language. This means that the phonetic quality of vocalic tone actually influences the meanings of lexemes. This quality is a suprasegmental quality in a language, which means that it cannot be marked
Introduction With the advent of globalization, geographical boundaries are slowly vanishing and the world is being transformed into a technology-enhanced marketplace. There are many changes in the workplace: a constantly changing environment of shared leadership; focus on teams dispersed geographically and mobile; constant innovation; and increasing diversity. Managers in these circumstances require more skills to cope with the changing times. Traditionally, the job of every manager involves what is known as the functions of management: planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. The managers belonging to the old school were either general managers or functional specialists. They are no longer adequate in today’s environment. Essence Today, managers need to be well informed leaders – individuals who can discuss operational issues with an employee on the line and a few hours later, discuss corporate strategy with the board of directors. Regarding the role of the global manager, Perry and Maurer (2003) say: “ They can review European marketing plans over breakfast in Paris and hold their own with a product design team in Chicago over dinner. They have simultaneously mastered both, the art and the science, the detail and the big picture, the local culture and the global context. They are true renaissance leaders. ” (Gerrity, 1998). The global corporation of today is an innovative organizational form that needs to be run using global strategic management (GSM). McKinsey management consultant Kenichi Ohmae (1990) argues that the global firm should be ‘decentered’ and this can be achieved by staffing it with neutral ‘equidistant managers’ In his landmark article “Who Is Them?” in the Harvard Business Review Robert Reich described the new global manager as one who is “driven by the irrefutable logic of global capitalism to seek higher profits, enhanced market leadership and an improved stock price”. To this global manager, “the playing field is the world” (Reich, 1991). The global manager must be one who is comfortable in different cultures and has the ability to think globally, while at the same time, he can also act appropriately in the local domain. Teaching managers to avoid cultural gaffes and “bridge cultural gaps” has become an industry by itself. The new manager must be able to recognize these cultural differences or diversity and also take advantage of them in order to become a successful member of the transnational cosmopolitan business elite. The defining qualities of the new “global manager” have been beautifully put in a nutshell by Bartlett and Ghoshal in the Harvard Business Review titled “What Is a Global Manager?”. In this article, the global manager is referred to as “global business manager” and it is pointed out that there are three roles “at the core” of such a person’s job. According to Bartlett and Ghoshal (1992), the global manager is “the strategist for his or her organization, the architect of its worldwide asset and resource configuration, and the coordinator of transactions across national borders” (125). Ea
Introduction The internet is the subject of rapid and relentless change. The search engines like Google are constantly trying to increase their coverage of the web and to improve their functionality. Information professionals, therefore, need to work extremely hard to keep up to date with developments in order to ensure that they are up to speed on which are the best search engines, whether in terms of the extent of their coverage; their functionality; or, in the case of specialist search engines which limit themselves to resources pertinent to their subject specialism, the quality of the sites they list. Google was founded in 1996, and in 11 years become one of the leading search engines and advertising companies in the world. Product – Service Lines Google proposes products and services for two main market segments: the general public and businesses. The main categories of products/services are Web applications, solutions for businesses, and advertising networks. Advertising is the main activity of the company bringing $10.492 billion in advertising. Many global companies use the Internet itself the Google search engine to advertise their services or products. Google uses Content Network, AdSense, and AdWords to advertise other sites. Also, Google generates money from licensing agreements ($112 million). In the second place are search engine services. According to the financial report, Google obtains a 53.6% market share. Google launched such services as Google Video and Google Earth, Google Labs, and Google Space to attract new users. In the third place are applications for businesses. For instance, in 2007, Google introduces the Google Apps program aimed to improve e-mail, API access, and premium support services for business users (Mccullough & Holmberg 20050. Geographical Distribution Channel selection has a great bearing on Google’s financial requirements and market capability. Given the total range of services supplied by a channel Google is able to distribute to broader market areas and to expand its production capabilities. Geographically, Google search engine services cover all regions around the world with the Internet assessment. Its advertising services and business applications are more popular in America, Europe, and some Asian countries (China, India, Japan). Notwithstanding, channels are shaped by changing demand configurations and current business structures (Gozzi 2006). The concentration or diffusion of markets, their geographic spread, and customer wants and needs affect channel decisions. In most situations, however, the choice is neither direct nor simple. Workable rather than optimal choices must be made because of the lack of complete information (Campbell, 997; Horn 2006). Google Competitor Analysis The main competitors of Google are Yahoo! and Live Search. Both of these companies obtain a strong market position insuring moderate g
Summary Syrian civil wars and combat conflicts continue to rise despite the many adverse effects they have on civilians. People are facing hardships, insecurity and internal displacement due to the never-ending crisis. Despite being on the international agenda for over a decade with a lot of public awareness, costly relief operations and advocacy campaigns, the conflicts rage on, making it challenging for humanitarian activities. This presentation reviews some of the challenges facing internally displaced persons in Syria, obstructions to humanitarian activities, and the Syrian government’s role in ensuring aid to displaced people. Background Syria’s war began ten years ago as an uprising against the government to eliminate the Assad regime from power. The rule had been in power since 1971, leading to an autocratic power system that practiced unethical leadership. During the administration, Syria faced a decline in economic growth despite Assad’s attempts to modernize the country. The country faced socio-economic crises such as unemployment, food insecurity and poverty, affecting millions of livelihoods. However, the government retaliated against the civilians’ peaceful demonstrations leading to conflicts and wars between the two parties. The government used military and police resources to fight civilians for a year until opposition militia groups started forming in 2012 to help civilians battle against the regime. Up to date, Syrians are under civil war, causing millions of displaced persons within and outside its borders. Currently, more than 6.8 million Syrians are internally displaced (Baghdadi, 2021). Yet, humanitarian services and State protection cannot offer adequate aid to the displaced victims leading to more suffering and hardships in the communities. The following factors are challenges facing humanitarian activities and State protection from aiding the internally displaced persons leading to inadequate aid in the disaster areas. Funding Currently, Syria has the most extensive Humanitarian Response Plan globally due to the high number of displaced people and vulnerable communities facing challenges in the region. The plan consists of a $4.6 billion budget that should cater to the service workers and the affected districts (Adem et al., 2018). Some of the worker’s needs include food, shelter, security and medical insurance. Simultaneously, the affected populations also need shelter, protection, education, food, water, and health services that require more financial resources since the population is more prominent (Doocy et al., 2017). Despite the numerous areas that need capital, the relief area does not receive enough funding to cover half of the demands. Humanitarian workers are often left at a loss when they run out of food and watch as children hunger, despair and die from starvation. According to the United Nations / Syria, 2020 report, the humanitarian activities in Syria only have 27% funding which is not enough since more populations face displacement due to the continuous wars. In regions with ceasing conflicts, community members are also unable
Wayne Memorial Hospital Wayne memorial hospital is sited in the county of Wayne in the US. The hospital was founded in the year 1896, and it is an influential access hospital with a bed capacity of 316. The hospital has more than 124 physicians and dentists on the medical staff. Wayne Memorial Hospital mainly provides dedicated healthiness services such as, anesthesiology, dermatology, critical care, emergency medicine, cardiology, endocrinology, neurosurgery, pathology and plastic surgery. Wayne memorial hospital has set the standard for gainful, expedient and empathetic medical care. A number of specialty physicians form part of the medical staff at the hospital. This makes the hospital a preferred option by patients. Type of nursing care Ambulatory care This care is given to patients who want to stay at the hospital for a period not exceeding 24 hours. It involves diagnostic processes and other medical services constrained by time. At Wayne memorial hospital, this nursing care is provided in outpatient departments (Deyoung, 2009). Critical care This nursing care gives critical and specialized care to patients. It is provided in the Hospital’s intensive care units (ICU) and emergency rooms (Billings, D.M. & Halstead, and J.A. 2009). Orthopedic care Orthopedic care is also provided at the Hospital. This care is given to patients with injuries, arthritis and joint pain and lastly patients with birth defects. At Wayne Memorial Hospital, this care is provided at the inpatient department, maternity section and outpatient surgery (William, L. 2007). Oncology care Oncology care is the care given to patients suffering from cancer. This nursing care at the Hospital is provided at inpatient and outpatient department (Handzo, 1993). Psychiatric care This nursing care is provided to patients with mental disorders. Nurses also act as therapists and counselors. Labor and delivery care This is care given to the women before, during and after the birth process. This involves monitoring the mother’s labor process, examining both the mother’s and child’s condition. They educate the mother about labor, delivery and newborn care (Murray & Huelsmann 2009). Volume of activity The volume of activity differs at the various sections of the hospital. Emergency section is of average activity as th
It is impossible to remain optimistic about the “institution of marriage” in the conditions of the current cultural anxiety when the importance of marriage and family is declined. Young people are more devoted to their feeling and emotions both while getting married and while divorce as being free in their decisions, people are interested in personal freedom and when they are restricted in it, they prefer to get rid of the ties which connect them. Family ties are not that important for modern people. There are a lot of different reasons which impact the desire to ignore the traditional institution of marriage and stress on personal freedom. The first reason which makes people refuse from family as the obligatory condition for family creation is the greater freedom for women. The possession of freedom for women means that they are not going to be housewives anymore. Their desire to get a career to achieve something greater than just the clean, flat, and tasty supper makes those become stronger. Thus, they do not need the support of men as they are able to protect themselves as they feel that they are able to protect themselves, to earn enough money and make it possible to make their life comfortable. The popular culture of the present youth is directed at independence; therefore, there is no place for the family as the institution. The traditional understanding of the family is based on the dependence on each other and circumstances. The modern situation has changed. Young people do not want to be responsible for anything, they are brought up in a world where each one is for oneself, and there is no place for others. Second, many young people understand that they are able to bring up their children themselves, and that is why they do not hurry up to get married even if a girl is pregnant, and there are no restrictions from marriage. The popular culture has influenced the situation. Many stars of the movie and singing propaganda their private life where they are presented as good mothers or fathers, or whether they are married for several times and the modern youth wants to be like them. Of course, they want to look like their idols, and there is nothing strange that many women refuse from marriages, or even if they get married, they do not value this sacred union as their parents did. Third, looking at the modern culture and the values people, it becomes obvious that there is no particular goal people are looking for. Education, relationships, career, etc. are just the stages on the way to achieving something greater, the goal of the whole l
Introduction Strategic Human resource management is a concept that had been advanced more recently by human resource specialist that recognize employee as key factor to the success of the organization (Pinnington and Edwards, 2000). SHRM is different from traditional personnel management in that it recognizes the need to incorporate and align employee work procedures with the organization’s long term business operations strategic objectives. Thus, SHRM is concerned with attainment of two main objectives, that is best utilization of the human personnel which is achievement of the organizations strategic business and operational objectives as outlined in the organization’s mission statement as well as ensuring that the human resource achieves job satisfaction in the process (Stone, 2006). Unlike ordinary personnel management strategies, SHRM goes beyond the routine activities of human resource such as recruitment, training, personnel development, and salary processing. The key concept of a SHRM is to achieve an efficient human resource that complement the organizational business goals and visions which also build on a framework that integrates the external factors of the organization as well (Fernado, 2005). SHRM Concept The SHRM model is based on seven groups of characteristics that have been designed to highlight the core values of a framework which should be incorporated in any form of employee management that is designed to be effective. There are four models of SHRM which have so far been advanced: Harvard, Soft or Hard, Unitarist or Pluralist and Relationship to IR (Butod, 2009). The Harvard model concept is build around employee efficiency that it identifies to be of crucial value that an organization must invest in order to achieve organization desired goals effectively. Hard or Soft HRM model is a two part approach to employee management where the Hard element of the model focuses on strategic employee management to achieve personnel efficiency, and Soft engages employee in workplace through consultation, communication and cultivates personnel commitment (Stone, 2006). Unitarist or Plur
Founded by Gregory Boyle, ‘Homeboy Industries’ has been playing an incredible role in offering mental health counseling, training, and job placement, and removing tattoos from gang members after they have been set free of charges. Established in 1986, ‘Homebody Industries’ serves an excess of 8,000 people from 700 different gangs in Los Angeles. The organization also provides other services such as anger management and parenting among the gang members (Boyle 19). Rival gangs are given an opportunity to work together in five different lines of business. Boyle has an immense passion for facilitating gang rehabilitation in a society where violence is a normal way of life. This observation suggests that Homeboy Industries has yielded success in reducing the problems of gang violence within Los Angeles. However, a question arises concerning the extent to which Boyle’s book, Tattoo on the Heart, provides lessons that the American government can emulate in addressing gang violence problems within all major US cities. Felony disenfranchisement cases have characterized the history of the United States since 1965. By noting that America advocates universal human rights, several states have been concerned about the continued growth of the number of felony convicts and ex-convicts. By 2003, about 4.7 million felony ex-convicts in the United States had been disenfranchised. In societies whose democracies are based on people’s rights, punishment for crimes committed by convicts is enhanced through the curtailing of some fundamental rights of people, including the right to association and traveling. From Boyle’s work, the US can learn a different approach to dealing with problems of felony and negative implications that may influence ex-convicts, including the possibility of reverting to crimes after serving sentences. Boyle identified the need for rehabilitating gangs, other than just placing a sentence and sending them to jail. Indeed, in all the sermons that he delivered in jails, he has never been tempted to preach hellfire on offenders (Boyle 131). In this context, although Boyle may disapprove of felony crimes that offenders commit, the US government can learn that imprisonment does not mean the rehabilitation of gang members. Jailing offenders is not also perhaps the solution to dealing with gang violence. The government should be busy integrating offenders into society rather than portraying disappointment with their behaviors. From this perspective, the government needs to interrogate why people engage in crimes while others do not. A response to this issue can yield information that can help the government to share different experiences of different people in a bid to enact the appropriate strategies for ensuring that their lives turn around. When felony convicts’ rights are eroded, including voting privileges, their rehabilitation process is impaired. They may perceive themselves as having lesser equal rights in comparison with other people who have not committed felony crimes. Siegel also holds this position by claiming that the denial of voting rights impaire