ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Hypothesis testing is a complicated procedure that builds on the knowledge acquired during statistics studies. It begins with the identification of the null hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis that challenges it. Then, the researcher has to select the confidence level for the test. Smaller values are better for trials where errors cannot be tolerated. The next step is the identification of the test statistic that will be investigated and of its distribution. An appropriate method is applied based on the latter, and the result allows the researcher to reject, or fail to reject, the null hypothesis based on whether the resulting value is in a specific region. The conclusion is then restated in accessible terms that relate to the original claim. Null and Alternate Hypotheses In this assignment, the researcher is trying to prove that his or her treatment produces better results than the absence of any interventions. As such, the null hypothesis will be that the new procedure does not increase the proportion of people whose cholesterol decreases compared to a lack of treatment. The alternate hypothesis will be that the new treatment increases the proportion of people whose cholesterol decreases compared to patients who do not receive treatment. Medicine is a field where results should undergo rigorous testing before being accepted, so it is prudent to select a confidence level at 0.01. With these conclusions reached, the test may continue into the next steps. Test Statistic As mentioned above, the hypotheses use the proportion of patients whose cholesterol decreases, as a result of the treatment or otherwise. As such, a determination of the relevant statistic and the value against which it will be compared is necessary. The population proportion is unknown, but according to Triola (2015), we may use the sample proportion as the best point estimate. As such, the population proportion of people whose cholesterol decreased without treatment may be estimated at 30/50 ≈ 0.517. We will be testing this statistic against the sample proportion for the people who received the treatment, which is 38/56 ≈ 0.679. We know that the values are distributed normally, and therefore, we can proceed using P-values. P-Value Calculation We know n, which is 56 in this case, p, which is 0.517, q, which is 1 – 0.517 = 0.483, and p̂ = 0.679. To find the P-value, we need z, which, according to Triola (2015), is calculated as follows: By substituting the relevant values into the equation, we obtain a value for z equal to 2.426. Using the tables provided in the book by Triola (2015), we can find the P-value, asserting that the hypothesis is one-tailed because we are testing to see whether the proportion is greater than its population equivalent. We obtain a P-value that is equal to 0.008 as a result of the calculation. Null Hypothesis Rejection As can be seen in the calculations above, the P-value is 0.008, while the confidence level is 0.01. The P-value is lower th
Introduction People’s behaviours are highly influenced by group norms or by people they share circumstances or worldviews (Stallen, Smidts, & Sanfey, 2013). Thus, if an individual is in a certain circumstance, which is somewhat similar to a certain group’s circumstance, they are more likely to adjust their own attitudes and behaviours and adopt the group’s behaviours/attitudes towards the circumstance. Therefore, group conformity is defined as people yielding to groups’ pressure and changing their attitudes/behaviors to comply with group norms (McLeod, 2016). The term conformity is used to illustrate “the convergence of individual thoughts, feelings, and behavior towards a group’s norms” (Smith & Mackie, 2007, p. 310). As such, group conformity is a type of social influence that makes individuals change their ways of doing certain things to fit in groups. It is worth noting that influence in a change of behavior does not necessary require the groups’ physical presence. Imagined social norms and expectations can influence a person’s behavior. Further, group conformity has both negative and positive influences on the individuals’ attitudes and behaviors. At times, group conformity can be productive but sometimes fitting into a group can ruin individuals. Moreover, when individuals’ views and attitudes conflict group norms, individuals are likely to abandon their views and adopt the behaviors of the groups (Yu & Sun, 2013). This research paper illustrates how environments influence people’s thinking and attitudes towards circumstances. The paper uses the movie “Fight Club” to illustrate how group conformity works. In the movie, group conformity is evident in many characters, since fight groups are formed and joined by a considerable number of characters. It is worth noting that the influence of the groups is not limited to the characters. The Fight Club’s influences are evident in the society since a number of fight clubs were formed in societies where the movie was watched. Fight Club The movie “Fight Club” is a drama film released in 1999 in the US. The movie is based on a novel “Fight Club” authored by Chuck Palahniuk. The main character of the film is an anonymous narrator who is a lonely employee working in an office. He is fed up with his normal life routines and, more so, his white collar job (Palahniuk, 2005). Although he lives in a lavish house furnished with ultra-expensive designer furniture, he struggles to look for the most personalized interior design that will explicitly define his personality. The narrator is constantly disturbed by his unfulfilling life. As a result, he finds it difficult getting sleep at night. He spends sleepless nights for a couple of months (Palahniuk, 2005). Insomnia’s effects are apparent at his workplace and this worsens his situation. He decides to consult a specialist who considers his situation as not so critical (Palahniuk, 2005). The spec
As a matter of fact, there are multiple causes of crime, including personal characteristics, lack of discipline, politics, religious disagreements, and racism. However, poverty may be regarded as the most substantial cause of the majority of crimes as it indirectly leads to non-compliance with the law in multiple ways. First of all, poverty frequently leads to the inability to receive proper education and subsequent unemployment. Moreover, poverty is closely connected with income inequality that may be defined as “one of the sources of aggression and violent crime in human society” (Coccia, 2017, p. 190). In turn, unemployment causes depression, desperation, stress, anxiety, and aggression that lead to alcohol consumption, drug abuse, and criminal activities. In other words, people are frequently forced to commit crime, especially robbery and mugging, as they are not provided with alternatives. At the same time, poverty contributes to the development of criminal behavior. As previously mentioned, poverty may result in depression, aggression, alcohol consumption, and homicides. In turn, poor adults who have job spend almost all time trying to earn for living. As a result, children in poor families are often neglected or even abused. Subsequently, they may also demonstrate aggression, a lack of sympathy and self-control, poor conscience, and jealousy in relation to well-off community members – these are the antecedent conditions of crime. Subsequently, early indicators of criminal behavior incorporate a lack of discipline at home, the violation of school rights, and less serious crimes, such as larceny or burglary, determined by the simplicity and quickness of getting desired things (Britt, 2019). Developmental processes refer to the involvement in more serious crimes and criminal communities. In turn, maintenance variables incorporate low education, the absence of legal opportunities for life improvement, unemployment, and growing aggression. In this way, forming criminal behavior, poverty as the main cause of crime contributes to the violation of the law.
The research on the impact of technology on the students’ progress requires qualitative approach implementation Historically, the quantitative research method was the primary approach in researching, but in the late 20 th century qualitative approach gained popularity among researches (Ary et al., 2009, p.23). Admittedly, qualitative approaches enable researches to implement deeper analysis of the situation or phenomenon. According to Lodico et al. (2010) educational research requires comprehensive analysis which can be obtained by the mixed approach. As far as the present research on the impact of technology on the students’ progress is concerned it is necessary to use the mixed approach which will reveal adequate and valid data and thorough analysis of the situation. The reasons for using the mixed approach for the present research Thus, to evaluate the impact of technology integrating into the class room it is necessary to implement the mixed approach which can be basically divided into two phases of data collection (Creswell, 2003, p.21). First of all, the research should start with a broad survey which will generalize the data, using experimental method of research (Creswell, 2003, p.21). Therefore, the research will reveal unbiased numerical results which can be further evaluated and supported by the qualitative research (Creswell, 2003, p.21). The open-ended interviews will give more specific information, e.g. students’ attitude towards the innovations, perhaps, some remarks and suggestions about improvements. Qualitative research may also bring in new possible options to consider the topic or even solve the problem. For instance, it may become clear that incorporated technologies are too sophisticated (or too outdated) and students do not reveal good academic results because the technology use is ineffective (students cannot simply use the technology adequately). This understanding will enable the college administration to find new ways (other types of technology) for dropouts decline. If quantitative approach was used the researchers could come to erroneous conclusions that technology incorporating cannot be effective and it is necessary to look for solutions in other aspects of the teaching process, though the problem lies in the inappropriate use of technology. Thus, the qualitative approach will complete the research and give the full understanding of the outcomes of innovations. In respect, the mixed approach enables researchers to obtain definite unbiased data (due to the quantitative approach) and evaluate them and reveal deeper analysis of the topic (due to the qualitative research methods). Why it is impossible to use different approaches Admittedly, the mixed research is more time and effort consuming, and sometimes it can be enough to use only quantitative or qua
So far, I used to think that numerous companies experienced financial crises and even bankruptcy because their CEOs had failed to provide viable solutions to problems. In addition to this, as my work dealt with public sector administration, I firmly believed that the governance strategies were applied to non-profit and governmental administrations. During the lectures, I have realized the actual meaning and definition of corporate governance, which can be defined as an integral system embracing policies, people, and processes, that serves stakeholders’ needs by controlling and assisting in business activities directed at objectivity, integrity, and accountability. More importantly, I have learnt other related definitions, like globalization, integration, and market magic that are closely connected with corporate governance and leadership policies. Finally, in the course of study, I have also understood the main peculiarities and recent tendencies of conducting business as well as possible types of legal violation. I have also concluded that the creation of multinational corporations provides some challenges for managers since they should take into account ethical and cultural issues to prevent communication problems and to encourage company’s productivity and sustainability. Relying on this theoretical framework, I have defined that the Vodafone-Mannesmann case reveals the problems connected with corporate culture established within the company (Clarke, 2005, p. 402). The case has disclosed the encounter of two strategic poli
Background Information The rising cost of fossil-based fuels has seen an increase in biofuels and their users’ interest globally. The other motivations behind using bio-fuels include the world-wide concerns of the rate of atmospheric temperatures and a phenomenon known as global warming over the years due to greenhouse emissions from engines running on fossil fuels like diesel. While bio-fuels’ usage has received admiration as being responsive to the dwindling fossil oil-resources across the world, it has also been subject to various condemnations based on ethical considerations (Friedland, 2008). Bio-fuels are mainly derived from food materials. For example, bio-ethanol is a derivative of starchy foods such as maize, and bio-diesel is manufactured from oils in vegetables or animal products. Other sources of the fuels are non-food vegetations across the globe. The ethical concerns surround the usage of food materials in the production of fossil fuels in the face of the starving populations in various parts of the world and the destruction of the environment through vegetation clearing (Friedland, 2008). Ethical Questions on Usage of Bio-Fuels The continued rise in budgetary allocations and support by governments to enhance their countries’ capacities for biofuels’ production may negatively impact the nations’ food security. The advanced economies have been encouraging farmers in poor countries to take up large land expanses under the cultivat
Introduction Many political, economics, and philosophy scholars contend the Karl Marx is an iconic thinker who has influenced the modern political, economic, and social systems in numerous ways. Central to Marxist theory is the argument that societies are divided into two main strata. The first stratum is composed of all those people who own all means of production or what Karl Marx called bourgeoisie. The other stratum is composed of subordinates (proletariat). They are the labourers hired to support and ensure that the production process continues without being halted. These two strata provide substantive grounds for cutely understanding the mechanisms of operation of social relationships in the international arena. Marxists hold that social relations are enshrined within the perspectives of the “material conception of life” (Samir 1982, p.48). For nations to remain materially endowed, they engage in capitalistic productions. Imperialism also holds a similar point of view. With regard to Barbara (2006), imperialism involves “the massive export of capital to foreign countries for the purpose of exploiting and dominating both their labour forces and markets” (p.45). Therefore, it may be argued as encompassing the highest order of capitalism, a concept that advocates for globalisation view as being the only way that societies can remain competitive. The paper argues that the modern political systems are giving a rebirth to the reemergence of situations characteristic of societies operating under imperialism and Marxism revelations. Therefore, it is suggested that Marxism offers a coherent account of the modern international political system. Interpretation of modern international political system from paradigms of Marxism The international political system is ideally capitalistic in nature. Therefore, the postulated concepts of class struggles, materialism, and the surfacing of a capitalistic world market incredibly provide a point of alignment of the Marxism concepts and theories of international relations. However, while associating Marxism concepts with the interpretation of the international political system, it is crucial to note that Karl Marx never postulated a theory of international or world politics. The interpretation offered for Marxism paradigms sets forth a means of interpreting the concepts of materialism and class struggles within the modern international politics. Advocates of Marxism are predominantly concerned with providing an explanation of various world events from the perspective of economic factors. In this context, Marxism runs short of being a right paradigm of interpreting the modern international politics since such categories of politics are driven by many factors rather than just economic self-centeredness. Nevertheless, it is also possible to argue that economic gains supersede any action taken by nations to influence the political environment in any particular direction. Marxists essentially claim that they are able to subtly underst
Introduction This paper seeks to write a business plan for a video game stores in St Charles or Jefferson country in a high traffic, multi-store mall. Case facts provide that discussion with accountant produced an estimate of the project of cost of putting up the store with as start up capital of $200,000. The amount will be used to purchase the cost of video machines, other store equipment and inventory of videos for sale. The same amount as well as the periodic earnings of the business will be used to pay insurance, loan amortizations and the salaries of two employees. Since it was also provided that the owner has $50,000 of savings that will be invested, the balance of $150,000 will be financed via bank loan. To pursue therefore the project a business plan that will convince the bank to extend a loan of $150,000 is needed. This paper will therefore prepare a business plan supported by projected financial statements for the next five years to convince the bank to approve and extend the loan to the owner. Analysis and Discussion Name and nature of Business The name of business will Johnny’s Video Games and will cater to different customers who may want to spend an entertainment or their leisure inside the mall. The business entity will be ready to comply with regulations in the area by securing the necessary permits and paying all registration fees and taxes in order the make the business legal. Capitalization The start up capital will be $200,000, and $50,000 will be finance via investment by the owner with cash while the $150,000 will be borrowed from a local bank. Projected Income Statement The business will have projected revenues of per year and projected net income that will be favorable to the business. Sales revenues are estimated to be not less than $400,000 per annum for the next five year and with modest increase every year. The level of cost and expenses including taxed in relation to sales remain not more than 90% for the next five years hence the net profit margin at a tax rate of
Introduction and Overview Oil and gas well servicing and drilling activities involve a wide variety of materials and equipment, all of which should be handled with care and safety. Recognizing and controlling possible safety violations is critical for preventing such adverse implications as injuries and deaths. The purpose of the current exploration is to conduct an observation of the processes occurring at an oil and gas plant, identifying the threats to safety and health hazards as well as suitable control measures and timescales, as well as making recommendations on realistic practices that would improve the environments at the facility and encourage the following of norms and regulations. It is expected to review the situation in relation to oil and gas extraction activities, namely, explosions and fires, ergonomic hazards, machine hazards, electrical and other hazardous energy sources, high pressure equipment, falls among workers, as fell as issues associated with confined spaces. Vehicle collisions also represent a challenge for oil and gas extraction plants because both workers and equipment have to be transported between locations. Vehicle crashes have been noted to be the leading cause of fatalities among oil and gas extraction workers, with 4 out of every 10 killed on the job in the industry as a result of vehicle accidents, as found by the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Therefore, the work at an oil and gas facility presents significant risks to safety, which should be identified and immediately acted u
Introduction Any company has to utilize well-developed HR policies because they make it possible to recognize and address employees’ needs. Having a written policy, organizations receive an opportunity to ensure that people will not interpret provided information in different ways. The documented policy can be easily accessed by the personnel, which contributes to its execution. Unfortunately, the company I currently work for lacks numerous significant documented HR policy items, which causes employee misunderstanding and dissatisfaction. Personally, I believe that it is critical to overcome existing problems and to develop written guidelines. The major issue that can be currently observed and requires immediate addressing deals with the employee rotation plans. While the company has well-established policies for managerial positions, the cases of ordinary staff members are not discussed. Main body Rotation plans are critical for appropriate company operations because they identify all opportunities and limitations associated with the possibility for a professional to move to another department within the organization. For now, my company implements a system according to which those individuals who are going to obtain managerial positions and change their working department are to have three-year experiences within their initial department. This kind of rotation does not even presuppose the necessity to receive approval from a current manager and is considered to be the first step in the implementation of the Opportunity Gate. The leaders of my company stated that the second step would reveal guidelines regarding the possibility for the ordinary staff members to move to another department for a similar position. Although it was announced years ago, even now HR policies do not provide any information regarding the minimum years an ordinary employee has to spend before being eligible to request rotation. To my mind, the fact that this project was stopped proves that the management turned out to be unable to accomplish it successfully and decided to drop it instead of developing other solutions. The leaders of my company announced that the second step of the Opportunity Gate was not put into practice because they expect a huge number of applications from the staff members that could not be handled by HR professionals because of the lack of resources. However, such an excuse reveals the company’s inability to manage its personnel and increases the gap between managers and employees. I consider that the possibility of numerous applicants should have been forecasted before the implementation of the initial step of the Opportunity Gate. Even if the company failed to act proactively, it should have established a clear policy that gives an option and a fair cha