ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The 1980s was characterized by bad economic times, emergence of full scale international terrorism coupled with the feeling within the United States government that their services were required to bring sanity to rogue nations, particularly those of the Middle East. It was a common belief that most of these countries supported and financed terrorism and some of them even played host to some of the most wanted criminals. It is an open secret that most terrorists target United States citizens and their interests, it was therefore the responsibility of the U.S government to protect their interests. And since most of the countries look up to them for ideological, financial, technological and military help, it had to change its foreign policy to address these matters (Becker et al., 1984, pp.23-27). This paper gives highlights of how the Foreign policy of the United States has since shifted from the year 1980 up to date due to the events emanating from the Middle East. The Middle East Situation and the US Foreign Policies The 1980s policies shifted from domestic issue to international focus; with emerging international security concerns, America put it upon them to have international agendas in all their operations concerning their friends and foes. And from then onwards up to the present day, the U.S government has been seen to be representing the interest of many countries, especially their allies that would have otherwise been voiceless in the international arena. The government has increased it defense spending gradually since then as they need to have troops in almost every troubled nation world over. There were such incidences as the Iranian hostages and beaten economy that have given the government no resting place (Boll, 1988, p.11). The situation is like revisiting the Cold War era, where States ganged against each other in the fight of supremacy. The United States provided military advice to those countries that they believed were modest, while to those like Cuba and Nicaragua that they believed were “evil leftist guerrillas” America went against them. America has been reported to be offering CIA training to their allies as well as winning more countries to be used as military bases in case of an emergency period. These moves have resulted to America being viewed mor
Introduction Communication is the process of conveying information, which requires the sender of the information, the receiver, and the message to be delivered to the recipient. The process plays an important role in passing of information and interaction between human beings. This can be either verbal or non-verbal and the choice between the two depends on the suitability to the users and the environment. In nonverbal communication, the use of body language is essential where effectiveness in this type of communication depends on the user’s understanding. This essay analyzes non-verbal communication by looking at the use of body language as well as the actual communication using communication theories basing on observations made. The shopping event The communication event took place between a friend who was a customer and a shopping mall attendant in a busy downtown shopping mall where both non-verbal and verbal communications were used for effectiveness. To begin with, the customer walked to the counter and begun addressing the mall attendant and after the attention of the attendant, he pointed to the Corner of the store where different types of shoes were displayed. He again looked at the shoes that he was wearing and continued talking to the attendant who listened attentively. At one point, the attendant nodded his head and raised his right hand towards the corner where shoes were displayed to confirm that the type of shoe that the customer required was available. The attendant then left the counter and directed the customer to the position where shoes had been displayed as the customer followed him. The customer then selected the type of shoes he required then went to the counter together with the attendant. A discussion between the two people followed and it seemed as if there was disagreement between them. Later they reached an agreement and the attendant packed the shoes for the customer. At this point, they smiled at each other and finally the attendant waived his hand to the departing customer. Expectancy value model In any communication, there are expectations from both the sender and the recipient of the message. These expectations determine the behaviour of the two parties and their attitude towards the message. In the observed event, the customer expected the attendant to respond and listen to him carefully while the attendant expected the customer to describe the type, size and the quality of the pair of shoes required. Expectancy value model therefore apply in the conversati
Gynaecologists and obstetrics are physicians who have specialised to deal with the medical health of women or rather the females. A gynaecologist specializes in the treatment of many disorders and diseases that may have affected the female reproductive system (Health communities 1). An obstetrician on the other hand deals with the health of females in terms of pregnancy management, labour and post-partum issues. In most of the cases, it is the same person who will handle both specialities hence accorded the name obstetrician and gynaecology. For one to be a specialist in this field, they have to undergo additional training after being trained as general physicians. This training involves four years of post-graduate training in gynaecology and obstetrics accompanied by research and experiments. During the four years, one works closely with an experienced gynaecologist/ obstetrician to achieve hands on skills. On completion of the course, one has to register with the board of certification of obstetrics and gynaecology which entails first taking both oral and written examinations of the board to get the certificate (Paid Employment 1). After the attainment of all the aforementioned requirements one has the freedom of practising although, during the initial stages, the board will be very vigilant to keep track of the medical services offered to ensure that they are ethical and of the required standards. Patients seen in this speciality may be suffering from a diverse range of diseases, conditions or injuries all affecting the females. The list is almost endless ranging from cancer of the cervix, amenorrhoea (absence of periods), dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), problems with the urinary tract, fibroids, infertility and vaginal infections such as Chlamydia, gonorrhoea etc to Partum issues such as miscarriages and stillbirths among others. Apart from these, there are other services offered by this speciality for example family planning services, abdominal ultrasounds, prenatal check-ups, laboratory tests among others (Vogt 1). All the mentioned conditions and diseases require different kinds of treatments once diagnosed depending on many factors such as the stage of development, affected areas, the patient herself among other reasons. Despite all these, the common treatments given in this speciality include medicine prescriptions, surgical procedures, physiotherapy and common nutritional supplements. Surgical procedures will be conducted to treat cancer infections, fibroids or even during a caesarean. Medications through drugs and injections are mostly used to treat infections on the reproductive system and other disease s (Johnson 3). Physiotherapy comes in when the patient
Race and Ethnicity: Defining the Terms From biological viewpoint, race indicates the difference in physical appearance, particularly in color of skins, hair, nasal forms, etc (Healey, 2009, p, 19). From social and cultural viewpoint, race and ethnicity are considered in cultural and ideological dimensions. In particular, these two notions serve as the basic for constructing stereotypes and prejudices result in ethnic and social conflicts between the identified groups. Within social and cultural concepts, race and ethnicity can also be conceived as measure of social and economical advantage (Spencer, 2006, p. 34). Race and Ethnicity: Concepts, Theories, and Approaches Race and ethnicity can be perceived through the concept of naming and categorization (Spencer, 2006, p. 33). Analysis of racial and ethnical conflicts should be carried out via the consideration of social, political, economical, and historical aspects. Finally, ethnicity, race, and gender are also presented through the prism of cultural identity. According to Spencer (2006), “race and ethnicity do not have fixed referents, but rather belong to the domain of shifting social and cultural meanings in which boundaries are constantly negotiated…” (p. 32). In this respect, the concept of categorization has existed since the colonial times. Currently, classification and naming are seen in social construction and social classes. Race, Ethnicity and Gender: Historic Perspective Racial and ethnical issues are closely associated with the establishment of historical relations between the whites and the blacks in the American society. These relations are based on the principles of inferiority and laziness (Healey, 2009, p. 99). History of racial and ethnical group is also conceived through the concept of minority and dominating culture. The examination of historical relations between races is closely connected with colonial past that have created the legal, political, and economic ground for constructing attitudes to the minority groups (Spencer, 2006, p, p. 55). In this regard, many comparisons and analyses are made on this basis of racial and ethnical concerns that influence modern attitudes and position in the U.S. society. Many problems are connected with processes as immigration and assimilation that have had a great influence on the identity construction. The American history is also marked by the period of slavery and exploitation that have forms the present attitude toward African-Americans (Healey, 2009, p. 99). In this respect, previously established relation are echoed in modern society, particular in the way people treat minority groups. Reference List   * Healey, J. F. (2009). Diversity and Ethnicity: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender . CA: Pine Forge Press.   * Spencer, S. (2006). Race and Ethnicity: Culture, Identity and Ethnicity . NY: Routledge.
Emiratization While ontology is concerned with the identification of different types of objects and phenomena, epistemology studies the nature of knowledge about them. To examine the concept of Emiratization, I chose realism, a type of ontology, which is a view suggesting that the physical world exists without being influenced by the perception of it. When connecting the notion of realism to the sphere of ontology, it is important to mention that realism proposes an opinion that people should perceive and examine the world as it is. Therefore, our minds and senses accurately show us the surrounding world as it is in reality. The concept of idealism in contrast to realism and suggests that the reality is mentally constructed, or immaterial. In my opinion, such a view cannot be used for exploring notions such as Emiratization, which is a social and political construct of the UAE government trying to engage more local workers in the private sector, rather than governmental. Realism asserts that social concepts and objects exist in the world regardless of whether a researcher knows about their existence. The social concept of Emiratization should be explored from the realist perspective because it will exist in the world despite others’ knowing about its existence; thus, this notion exists independently from other views, opinions, actions, observations, and beliefs. To defend the pro-realist position in the ontological (or strong positivism in epistemological) debate regarding the social concept of Emiratization, it is important to give substantial evidence that the notion exists in reality and that it is accessible regardless of the human knowledge, actions, or the ability to describe its nature. Because there is strong empirical evidence (studies by Forstenlechner, Randeree, and Knoglinger), which suggests that the concept is real and exists parallel to other beliefs and ideas, exploring Emiratization from the realistic point of view is the only rational approach to the research. Examining this notion from a positivist or relativist perspective will contradict the empirical nature of the phenomenon. Therefore, my ontological position in this research correlates with the view that the concept of Emiratization is independent of my knowledge about it. The paper, therefore, aims at exploring the nature of Emiratization and determining the factors that contribute to its failure in the private sector. As stressed above, it is currently crucial to make sure that the unemployed members of the UAE society should be able to get an opportunity to explore their options as candidates for positions in SMEs. However, there has be
Introduction Considering the fundamentals of Islamic economy, it is impossible to avoid multi-faceted ownership. Economic freedom is allowed within certain cultural and traditional limits. Social justice as one of the basic principles of Islamic economy is characterized by “general mutual responsibility” and “the principle of social balance” (Ökte, 2010, p. 185). Islamic banks have been operating for four decades, since the establishment of the first bank in Mit Ghamr, Egypt. Conceptual framework in 1950-1975, experimentation in 1975-1990, recognition in 1990-2000, and swift development from 2000 up to now are the main periods in the development of Islamic banking (Iqbal & Mirakhor, 1999). The understanding of the problems Islamic banks faced in the past and the consideration of the solutions in the comparison with the modern problems and decisions may help consider a streaming development of Islamic banking sphere and its influence on population. Ancient problems and ancient solutions The peculiarities of customs and traditions of Islamic world bring many differences in the economic thought of this region and the western one. Commercial activities have never been a public affair in ancient times. All commercial affairs were led by elite which had an opportunity to manage the profit. The problem of property was urgent for Islamic world due to particular religious considerations. The principles of just prices and usefulness prevented banking from developing in Islamic world. A person had to pay for goods the price he/she considered it should cost. In other words, “goods were allowed to exchange at different prices in different places and times”, however, “one should not charge for a good more than what he would be willing to pay for it himself” (Schoon, 2009, p. 14). Therefore, the cultural peculiarities and prohibitions prevented banking development in Islamic world for a long period of time. Even though banking development was hampered by cultural peculiarities, Ottoman contribution to the establishment of financial institution in Islamic world. During this period, the flow of cash from those who could save to those who needed money was noticed. The banking system was also hampered by the fact that most services were ‘paid’ by gifts of endowments, that put the cash system under question. Complicated discussion and development of the appropriate for executives and Arabic principles model of banking was achieved. The interest was prohibited as the way of getting profit and the banks had to operate according to the principle of cash endowments. Thus, it appears that the main problem which existed in the modern world was ban on the banking interest and the operation with endowment cash (Akgunduz, 2009). Having considered the main problem of banking development, that is the issue of endowment cash, many jurists and economists tried to reconsider this p
Saudi Arabian Basic Business Industries Corporation is a multinational company that deals mainly in petrochemicals and steel manufacturer. My interest to do a project with SABIC was precipitated by its fast growth and its ability to experience an average higher performance for the last few years. In addition to the above, I was interested in a company that deals in a variety of materials. Saudi Arabian Basic Business Industries Corporation is a leading industry in the manufacture of fertilizers, steel equipment, cars, medical equipment, building materials, and many more. This would give me an expanded view in dealing with the handling of management of issues within companies that handle a variety of materials. Furthermore, to achieve the aims and goals of my project, there was the need to work in a big company as demonstrated by SABIC. With “almost 33000 employees all over the world and business operations in almost 100 countries in six continents, its good performance is demonstrated in sales of SR 151 billion in 2008 along with net profit of 22 billion” (SABIC, 2010). I had the opportunity to connect with SABIC through Mr. Abdurrahman from human resource management department. I must point out that without his presence and support, I would not have done my project at SABIC. During the time I was undertaking a project in the analysis of the quality of software at the company, I received all the necessary support I needed. While there is a general abidance in the fact that there are a number of ways through which an organization can enhance its ability to attract an external workforce, available research work and articles demonstrate that their effectiveness depends largely on the culture of an organization. Both the management and operational culture within SABIC make it an ideal atmosphere to not only undertake a research project but also become a full-time employee. In the course of my project, I got the opportunity to discover and have the practical view of the software application within the company. This was also possible because of the good and conducive atmosphere at SABIC that is necessitated by its good operational culture and the open-door policy within the company. Once you join, you are a member and nothing is hidden from your view. This gave me the continuous chance to interact with several senior personnel with the company that ensured the smooth running of my project through continuous support and encouragement. This is because the management of SABIC has fully realized that people form the most prized asset of the organization and there is a need to attach the greatest value to their well-being about their skills and knowledge and the continuous improvement of the same. I was thus accorded the necessary support as entrenched in the management culture of the organization. In addition to the above, I successfully managed to obtain the best information regarding the level of software a
While exploring the new market segment in the Asian region, particularly the one located in China, Starbucks company has faced several difficulties due to the discrepancies in cultural values between the Western and Eastern markets. Specifically, China is regarded as a tea-drinking country because this is a traditional beverage that is associated with many customs and rituals. A strong preference for tea is also explained by its medical value, whereas coffee does not have any qualities contributing to health (Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best, 2010). Chinese customers’ expectations are attained to five major factors characterizing the product – high quality, fair price, good for health, customer care, and conformity with self-image. These values contradict entirely the values introduced by Starbucks’ philosophy because the product is strongly associated with the Western lifestyle, fashionable status, prestige, and wealth. At this point, the new brand will fail to penetrate to the Eastern market unless shifts in cultural orientation are introduced. The success of Starbucks’ penetration to the Chinese market could have been enhanced, provided the networks of cafés had been oriented on meeting the tastes and preferences of local consumers. For instance, instead of imposing Western values, the company could pay attention to the local cultural values through the introduction of new coffee brands of higher quality. The company could also launch an advertising policy that would enlarge the healthy qualities of coffee. The company was confident that such values as prestige, wealth, and pleasure from drinking coffee could attract more consumers. Additionally, orientation on fashion trends in drinking was also prioritized (Thomson & Martin, 2010). However, these values meet strict opposition on the part of the Chinese consumers who are more conservative in their choice of beverages. Known as a tea-drinking nation, Chinese consumers are reluctant to visit coffee bars because of high prices as well since most of the population is of low-income status. Hence, the brand values dictated by Starbucks did not work in this region. About the above difficulties, the major barriers to product development and commercialization are cultural issues, economic instability, and demographic issues. The latter relates to the prevalence of the rural population that rarely visits Starbucks shops and bars. More importantly, although the company launched the brand of instant coffee in 2009, its spread and popularity cannot be guarantee even though China is a 1.3 billion-populated country. Some of the problems relate to the diverse orientation and choices of Chinese people because not all of them prefer drinking coffee with milk and sugar, which is highly popular among consumers all over the world. While considering the issue of economic instability, it should be stressed that Starbucks’ idea of instant coffee will not be successful in the region because Chinese people will not sacrifice high quality for the possibility to receive an instant coffee.
The collaboration of specialists from different disciplines is a necessity to improve patient care. A comprehensive view of a few professionals on the problem helps to identify challenges and unique ways of their solving when one specialist is limited by his or her area of ​​competence. Consequently, professional nurses can use such strategies to promote collaboration with other healthcare disciplines and professionals as setting shared goals and encouraging interpersonal communication, motivating, and eliminating domain thinking of the employees. The first task of a leader in nursing is to motivate his or her colleagues and subordinates to interact. Dongen et al. note that often, professionals focus only on their field and have a lack of interest in other areas of medicine, which is a manifestation of domain thinking (5). Therefore, a leader needs to motivate nurses to collaborate for the benefit of the patient. For this purpose, a manager can encourage interdisciplinary research by rewards or independently offer interesting topics and research papers from other areas. Besides, a leader should formulate common goals for specialists in various fields in addition to caring for the patient. Participation in the competition in which the prize is the financing of the hospital can be such a mission. Nurses can also initiate informal meetings at the hospital, as, according to Dongen et al., personal communication increases the chances of professional cooperation (5). Consequently, a friendly interaction of specialists from different fields can push them to work together. In conclusion, the main tasks of the leader in nursing are the motivation of their employees to collaborate in their area and find common goals with specialists from other disciplines. Nurses themselves will find ways to interact through the solution of joint problems or the need for consultation if they have sufficient motivation. At the same time, the leader can apply strategies aimed at finding like-minded people from different areas of medicine and hospital departments to improve patient care. Work Cited Dongen, Jerôme Jean Jacques van, et al. “Interprofessional Collaboration Regarding Patients’ Care Plans in Primary Care: A Focus Group Study into Influential Factors.” BMC Family Practice , vol. 17, no. 58, 2016, pp. 1-10.