ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The use of wasta to hire employees, or transact important business in companies is an age-old behavior that has been in existence for many years. Here, individuals often use their influential capacity (wasta) 1 operational in a trusted network of relatives (or other trusted but powerful members of the society) to acquire job/business opportunities (Hansen 1996). Although one can argue that the use of wasta can be beneficial in creating a network of trust for business organizations, as it will become clear here, its justification cannot withstand moral theories that should ideally apply to all business transactions within an organization. Moreover, with the present social costs in our society that have arisen through the use of wasta, it is impossible to justify the use of wasta in hiring and performing business transactions. Wasta ethical dilemma in the UAE context Let us consider an example of a wasta ethical dilemma. Someone has just graduated from a university with a bachelor degree in business and is seeking employment. When applying for an employment opportunity, he undergoes an interviewing process after which he gets an evaluation of his chances of securing the job from his interviewer. Being honest with him, she (the interviewer) tells the interviewee that his chances of obtaining the given job are little since there are other candidates that have obtained higher scores during the interviewing process. At this moment, the interviewee starts wrestling with the idea of using wasta to contact his uncle who can effortlessly secure this particular job for him. Let us consider the theory of utilitarianism. “Utilitarianism is an ethical theory implying that a measure of happiness from an action should be used to determine if that action is right or wrong” (West 2004, 1). What one does here is judged from a threshold that measures how one’s act will affect the majority (Hansen 1996). What brings joy/happiness to the majority can therefore be considered to be morally acceptable (Hansen 1996). In applying this utilitarianism theory, we can argue that contacting his uncle (to help in securing the concerned employment) will be morally unacceptable. Looking at it closely, when such system of favoring particular people apart from merit is encouraged, it means that efforts put to hard work (by competitors for opportunities) will be redundant (West 2004). It is like a race where the best do not win; therefore, limiting inspiration for hard work. The majority of people would therefore stop to work hard seeing no reason in it; thus, creating a system that does not stimulate peoples’ talents to better the majority of our society. Moreover, eliminating competitors for particular positions on the basis of favoritism will mean that companies will be hiring less competent persons for available positions; thus,
Introduction Counseling can be defined as an interaction between a client (who is presumed to need assistance) and a counselor (who is presumed to be ready, willing qualified and competent enough to offer assistance to the client) (Gerstein, 2009.p.19). Clients may be faced with various problems or distress emanating from their internal or external environment. They may have grief, anxiety, suicidal tendencies, low self-esteem, relationship problems, work-related problems, family issues and many more. The counselor is trained to have the necessary skills of helping clients get relieved from the distress they have due to internal or external forces. There are various approaches to counseling, all of which aim at helping clients solve their problems. However, it may not be easy for a counselor to be an expert in all of them, but the counselors must be at least able to help the clients, and in some situations in which they may be unable, they may refer the clients elsewhere, so long as the clients will be assisted to solve their problems (Burnard, 2005). In all therapeutic approaches, trust, confidentiality, and openness are very essential for successful counseling. Counselors are also supposed to avoid judging their clients, but rather accept and understand them in their situations and plight (Corey, 2008). In this assignment, I will compare two therapeutic approaches namely the behavioral and cognitive-behavioral approaches on four aspects which include the conceptualization of human behavior, views on human nature, the role of the counselor and the counseling methods and whether symptoms are functional to clients or not. Lastly, I will discuss some of the multicultural aspects involved in counseling. Comparison of Two Therapeutic Approaches in Counseling Conceptualization of Human Behavior Regarding human behavior, both behavioral and cognitive-behavioral schools of counseling believe that human behavior is learned and is subject to change. The two schools focus on identifying maladaptive behaviors that cause dysfunctions in clients and come up with strategies of intervention that help clients learn and adopt new behaviors, which restores their functioning capacities (Corey, 2008). The difference between the two schools in the approach they use to change the behavior of clients. While the behavioral school uses the learning approach to help clients learn and adopt new behaviors, the cognitive school uses the strategy of changing the thoughts and believes of the clients which cause distress to them. The change of thoughts is followed by a change in behavior by the clients. Views on Human Nature Regarding views on human nature, both behavioral and cognitive-behavioral schools of counseling view human nature as being based on experience and learning and therefore being subject to change. They take the view that the problems which face human beings are a creation of their own, and therefore human beings can be helped to unders
Communication is a very critical aspect in any human society. Effective communication ensures that individuals can pass their message to the intended audience. Communication can take different strategies. Communication can be done between junior employees or employees and managers (Reece, 2004). Therefore, it can be noted that communication occurs on either horizontal or vertical axis. This paper outlines how an individual can present his or her ideas and plans to his or her manager in an effective manner. When one has an idea or plan that is good that should be presented to the manager, it should be done in the most appropriate manner. Although one can be tempted to rush into the manager’s office to deliver the message, it is usually best to take time and plan how to present the message. Notably, when the message is presented in a thoughtful and intelligent manner, there is a high likelihood that the manager will listen to the message and grant a positive response (Reece, Brandt & Howie, 2010). There is no sure way of communication that can guarantee a positive response from the manager. Nonetheless, there are some strategies that can be employed to boost the chances of the manager responding in a positive manner. One should gather the necessary information that will be used in supporting the idea. In this case, one should find the statistics that indicate that his or her idea is the best. For instance, if the idea is about the exploration of a new market segment, one should look or information indicating the potential of that segment. One should write the idea down on paper after gathering the data. At times, the idea can seem to be good in the head, but when the idea is written on paper, it does not look good. While writing the idea down, one should expand on the idea (Reece, 2004). One should also present the idea in the practical terms indicating its importance. It is also important to ensure that the manager envisions the positives that can be reaped from the implementation of the idea. It is also important for one to create an outline. This is critical during the presentation of the idea (Reece, Brandt & Howie, 2010). In case the manager has not requested for the outline, one should make it very short. This will ensure that the manager does not spend a lot of time reading through the outline. The use of graphics and charts is encouraged. These are some of the aspects that can be used to present the idea in an efficient way. Timing is very critical during the presentation of the idea. One should app
Introduction Fort Walton Beach is located in Okaloosa County in the state of Florida having a population of approximately 19,992 as per the population census of 2005. This city attracts many tourists especially during summer and the spring break where thousands of tourists flock to the beach. In the light of the above it is true to state that tourism in Fort Walton Beach becomes the primary driving force of the economy of this city (Moore 2007). Reasons why people travel to Fort Walton Beach As elaborated by Velton, Obolsky and Ellwood (2004), people travel to Fort Walton Beach for different reasons as this beach offers various activities that are fun to the tourists. The temperatures of the beach during the summer time and the spring break are very favorable. The city climate is clammy, a characteristic of sub-stifling typical weather. Various fun activities that attract people to Fort Walton Beach include the activity of sailing the bay where the tourists get an opportunity to explore the coast and view the Dolphins. Fishing activity also takes place in the Okaloosa fishing pier where the tourists get a chance to catch some fish, take photographs as well as enjoying the breeze from the gulf. Kite surfing is also another major activity that takes place at the beach and lessons are usually offered to the starters thus making it fun to people who have never done this activity before. The infrastructure that Fort Walton Beach has or doesn’t have.to support the current and future tourism Franklin and Mikula (2009) points out that Fort Walton Beach has good infrastructure that enable the tourists to access the parts of the city effectively. The Northwest Florida Regional Airport is located in Fort Walton Beach. In addition to that, it is the largest airport. The presence of this airport has enabled tourists from distant destinations to access the beach effectively. The city is served by various types of airlines such as the Delta Airline, the American eagle, continental express and Vision Airlines. Various transits also exist within the city that provides the entry and exit of the people within the city in a more efficient manner. A perfect example of transits is the Okaloosa County Transit that makes available transportation in the entire Fort Walton Beach. The main alighting station to this transit is the uptown station, lying on State Road 85. Ways in which the plans for hotel and restaurant development will support the growth of tourism The development of various hotels and restaurants within the Fort Walton Beach will greatly help in the growth of tourism in the area. The presence of many hotels and restaurants that provide good services for the clients will attract many tourists who will be interested in touring the city. Many tourists are usually attracted to areas where there are good amenities therefore to ensure that tourists continue to visit the beach it is important that the hotels are made suit their needs for example the provision of wireless internet which will ensure that the tourists indulge in business while on
Introduction Making use of the unused spaces, for instance, the rooftops, which are abundant in many colleges and universities, is a creative solution which can contribute to developing an eco-friendly environment among other beneficial aspects. Rooftop greening can help in solving some of the common environmental problems, hence this is an effective way to ensure reduction of negative consequences which may result in a climate change. This report aims at giving limelight to the rooftop garden project that is carried out in the university. Objectives The project’s major objective is to make use of the dead space on the rooftop, reduce carbon emission and encourage behaviour change among the students. It also aims at cultivating environmental awareness and promoting exchange of values between the sustainability industry and students. Finally, the project will support the government as well as the locals in ensuring arrangement of green spaces in the city. Research questions The research questions that will help in achieving the above objectives include the following ones:  1. How does integrating the key elements of the promotion mix help in achieving the environmental sustainability objectives?  2. How can the Internet be effective in managing relationships with the students?  3. What is Geo-demographic segmentation, and what value does it have?  4. How would you approach developing organizational or business profiles to achieve environmental sustainability objectives? Methodology This study will address the above questions by focusing on scholarly materials, such as books, journals and other online databases. How does integrating the key elements of the promotion mix help in achieving the environmental sustainability objectives? Shannon (1996, pp. 56-68) asserts that promotion mix is generally a combination of all the promotional methods that are used in the promotion of a certain product. The four major elements of promotion mix are public relations, advertising, sales promotion and personal selling. These elements, if implemented, can help a lot in ensuring that the objectives of the project are fully achieved. These elements will help in environmental sustainability as they will play a major role in informing, reminding as well as persuading the target audience, which in this case, are students, on the importance of coming up with a rooftop garden and ensuring that the free space is fully utilized, and the environment is eco-friendly. The green vegetation will ensure that there is reduction of carbon emissions. Advertisement and personal selling will ensure that the students are enlightened on how the university communities benefit from the rooftop garden, thus encouraging positive behavior and cultivation of environmental awareness as part of their lifestyle. Also, through advertisements and public relations, there will be exchange of values between the students through education. The four promotional mix elements, if fully utilized, will hel
Gender Amongst the many social forces that orient the society to behave in a particular way, gender has played a substantial contribution to the manner in which responsibilities were shared since the onset of the human race. In one way or another, women were prejudiced and allocated roles that were more of considered inappropriate to their ‘superior counterparts’: men. Fights to eradicate gender-based inequalities were initiated for instance in America by women groups and other lobby groups, which labeled themselves as ‘feminine’. The consequences were conferment of equal voting rights for both human genders. Over the decades, fights against the gender-based prejudices have taken their toll with advocating of equal job status and opportunities for both women and men in the corporate levels. However, this is an ideal case in theory. Many scholars get intrigued whether this ideal proclamation of gender equality is applicable in practice. Do women bosses create similar leadership command to the employees tantamount to that of men bosses occupying similar positions? Throughout my life experience, I have not encountered a scenario of gender prejudice, as claimed by some scholars apparently because the modern gender distinctions seem much played under the table. It demands ardent scrutiny to recognize it for instance in Canada acts of gender inequalities, which remain heavily punished by the law. According to the Standing committee on the Status of women, “A new set of indicators that puts more emphasis on the economic functioning of the different indicators ranked Canada, in terms of the gender gap between women and men in 2006, at number 14, and in 2007, at number 18” (Para. 1). This suggests down ward trend in the fight against gender biasness. This finding constitutes a major blow to Canadian incredible fight against gender bias that resulted to its ratings in the united nation s development reports that focus on gender and human development index. To me, I fill to agree with this information since women have significantly improved their contribution to the labor markets especially to their increased attainment of women education. Furthermore, with regard to the statistics provided by the standing committee on women status (Para. 3), the evolution of women in labor markets has significantly grown from “From a low of 46.5% in 1977, women’s participation rate to the Canadian labor market increased to 62.1% in 2006”. The same report indicates that during the same period, men’s participation decreased from the heights of 77.6 % to 72.5%. Statistics are provided by many advocates of existence of gender inequalities in Canada to provide the evidence for their argumentations. As a way of exemplification, majority of the researchers for instance, Nelson claims “Witnesses provided the Committee with national statistics and indicators that demonstrate Canada’s gender inequa
Dr: Tell me about your problem. From what I got from your late father’s staff, your mental disposition is questionable. However, I could honestly not tell by looking at you. Hamlet: I cannot tell where my sanity lies. When I set out to avenge my father, I decided to feign madness and told Horatio to do the same. However, after some months, I was no longer sure if I was actually feigning. I also cannot tell whether I am mad. However, I will rely on you to tell me the truth about my mental state. Dr: At what point did you feel that this “madness” was taking control of you? Hamlet: At first, I really could not tell how far I could go, which in a way is indicative of how mad I might have been, but when I was unable to kill Claudius while he was praying, it made me doubt myself for a moment. Dr: You mean you thought it was crazy not to kill him? Hamlet: At first, I only wanted to kill him regardless of whether he would go to heaven or hell. Failing to go through it made me realize that my passion for blood was beyond my understanding. Dr: How did that make you feel? Hamlet: I felt I was failing myself, and the next time I got a chance to kill him, I failed again. Dr: Did you feel any remorse for the death of Polonius? Hamlet: I must admit that I was quite surprised by my own reaction. Although I had not planned to kill him, his death did not really bother me. This is surprising because before I got on the path to avenge my father, I would have felt very disturbed by the idea of killing anyone even if it were accidental. Dr: What about the young woman you were courting? What made you treat her as you did? Hamlet: The truth is that I really loved her. At no point did I wish my actions to cause her pain. However, I was also aware that I could not reasonably expect to prove myself mad if I kept treating her in an ordinary way. My cruelty towards her was meant to be temporary, and every mean word I said to her hurt me probably as much as it hurt her. Her death caused by my behavior was my biggest regret. If I had known she would end up killing herself, then I could probably have thought to be more considerate. Dr: I was also told that your two friends who accompanied you to England died because of your actions. Hamlet: That is true, but I think that they deserved death because they had betrayed me to Claudius. In addition, they were on a mission to have me executed once we arrived in England. Dr: Do you genuinely believe that acting mad actually made you become mad? Hamlet: That is a difficult question, doctor. Throughout the charade, I was acutely conscious of what I was doing and what a normal person would have done under such circumstances. In addition, I constantly reflected on my actions, something I am not sure a mad person would do. However, I cannot say that despite my awareness, I always did exactly what I would have d
Introduction Wellness has been commonly associated with being free from diseases. Therefore if a person is not feeling sick then he or she is believed to be healthy. This perspective of looking at health is currently changing. Absence of diseases is just one aspect of being healthy, but it does not guarantee total well being. Wellness is a choice of lifestyle and everybody has the obligation to lead a healthy lifestyle. This can be achieved by ensuring that one has access to: “proper nutrition, exercise, and control of weight” (Blaylock, 2006). Wellness also demands that a person should avoid bad habits such as taking alcohol, smoking, and general drug abuse. All these factors if considered leads to the wellness of a person. Personal care is the key to wellness. In health the word wellness can be defined “as an active process through which you become aware of and make choices toward a more successful existence” (Null, 1986). A good lifestyle motivates a person to develop habits which enhance a good health. Impact of Safety, Nutrition, and Health on the Wellness of Person Safety, nutrition, and health work closely to contribute toward the wellness of an individual. Apart from the family members of a child, teachers are also very instrumental in the development of a child’s health (Blaylock, 2006). It is therefore important for teachers to understand the elements of wellness. Several factors also affect the learning abilities of children hence it is important for teachers to understand them. Teachers who lead good lifestyles are able to encourage young children to also practice the same (Blaylock, 2006). For example they should create conducive environment that facilitate proper learning. How to Teach the Concepts of Wellness in Preschool Teachers can teach children the concepts and elements of wellness using the following methodologies. Demonstration is one of the methods that can be used in teaching wellness concepts and it involves showing the students what to do using various teaching aids. For example you can show students how to wash their hands as part of self hygiene. Explanation is also an appropriate method of teaching these concepts. For example you can explain to students how to maintain good health. In addition to the normal teaching methodologies, a teacher should understand the developmen