ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Racism refers to the act of ascribing certain traits and stereotypes to individuals based on their race. It also includes the belief that certain races are superior to others and should be treated differently (Anti-Defamation League par1). Racism is a global issue that has been debated for many years. For example, racism is rife in Europe and it is a serious issue. According to Shah, “In the century of total war, and the new millennium, Europe sees an alarming resurgence in xenophobia and racial hatred” (par4). Racism promotes hathe tred and resentment among people, especially during wars and conflicts. Racism is a two-sided issue, with one group arguing that talking about certain races comprises free speech, which is a constitutional human right. The other group argues that expressing such sentiments does not comprise free speech, as it violates the rights of other people by fuelling hatred and prejudice (Anti-Defamation League par3). Over the years, racism has promoted inequality and discrimination in society. It has caused disintegration of social groups, and reduced interactions between different races. Racism was conspicuous during colonial times. However, the situation has improved significantly, although it is still present in today’s society. Causes of racism Causes of racism include stereotypes, unfamiliarity, and ignorance. Stereotyping is the most common cause of racism around the world. Stereotypes are ascribed to certain races through different forms of media such as radio, television, music, books, and the internet. Stereotyping involves ascribing certain characteristics to different races, thus rendering them either inferior or superior to other races (Cohen par3). The problem is aggravated by the exposure of such sentiments to children whose cognition is not sufficiently developed to understand the consequences of holding certain beliefs. Also, the portrayal of certain races in a negative light for prolonged periods causes resentment and hatred against the race, which fuels racism (Cohen par3). Unfamiliarity is another cause of racism. Individuals who lack exposure to other races are more likely to believe in stereotypes because they lack any familiarity with the race. Moreover, individuals who have not had a chance to interact with people from other races are likely to believe anything they hear concerning those races. It is important for individuals to interact with other races in order to learn and understand them. Ignorance refers to lack of awareness regarding a certain subject. Lack of knowledge and information about human diversity contributes to racism because some people grow up with the knowledge that everyone should act, behave, and live like them. However, when they encounter people with different skin color and who behave differently, they resent them. They consider them as inferior because of their unusual ways of doing things. Harris argues that ignorance makes people unaware of obvious things. He thus states that, Although popular and scientific understandings t
Introduction An interview refers to a meeting that happens amongst the applicant and the employees thus representing both the supply and demand of an organization. Whether an individual is applying for a scholarship or a job, it is necessary to conduct an interview in order to determine whether he/she qualifies for the applied position. Both the interviewee and the interviewer need to prepare properly before an interview. Interviews are very important to interviews therefore, they should spend some more time in preparation before attending them. In addition, job interviews are very important to employers because they help them in choosing the best candidate that suits their organizations position (McKay 2). How to Prepare for a job interview Interviewers carry out interviews for many reasons one of them is to get the interviewee’s impression relating to his/her image obtained in the application documents and those that he/she did not write. Therefore, the following interview preparation is very vital. Firstly, the interviewer should conduct more research regarding the company that he/she has an interview. This information should include what exactly do the company deal with, how successful is the company. How does it conduct its corporate culture and how do the communities view the corporate culture, investigate on their market position, find out the role played by the position being interviewed and have relevant information concerning conduction of a normal day in the company (Boyer 48). Secondly, the interviewee should ensure that he/she re-reads the job advertisements severally in order to clearly understand the job requirements and think out the main reasons to prove whether he/she can meet such requirements. The interviewer should not exaggerate things during an interview because it will appear as if he/she is overqualified on contrary, the interviewer should not lie during an interview because the information will appear to be paranoid. Thirdly, it is important that the interviewees find out the duration that the interview will take in order to allocate time for his/her answers accordingly. If possible, he/she should seek information on who will be the interviewers and some research on the interviewers favorite topics during interviews so that the interviewee can prepare accordingly. The interviewee can obtain such information through carrying out research on website where he/she can get an individual who passed through that interview earlier. Fourthly, some questions are very common in almost every interview. Therefore, the interviewee should prepare and go through such question either by taking a friend to act like an interviewer and interview him/her in order to measure his/her capability in answering questions. Such questions include; why do you think you fit this position, what are your strength and weaknesses among others. Conclusion To any company, a job interview is very relevant because it helps the company in obtaining the best candidate suiting the available company’s position. In
The main reasons behind involvement in deviant behaviors have fascinated sociologists and scientists alike. This is in view of the fact the term “deviance” is relative and depends on what society perceives as out of line with the norm. Becker (1963) has however used statistics to define deviance by stating that “The simplest view of deviance is essentially statistical, defining as deviant anything that varies too widely from the average”. In an attempt to understand the perspectives of acts that are considered deviant, Chambliss has effectively carried out a comparative analysis of the saints and the roughnecks – two groups of young deviant boys at Hannibal High School. Chambliss (1973) summarizes that external factors that would contribute to the group being labeled as deviant include bias, visibility, demeanor, and reinforcement. Deviance is a sociological term that describes behaviors that violate cultural norms. It is therefore a violation of social norms and failure to conform to these norms that are entrenched in the culture of the society. Goffman’s idea about stigma has its roots in Greece where it was originally referred to as body markings that identified people as criminals, traitors or society villains. In modern times, Goffman has positively identified three types of stigma that are directly related to deviant behavior. These include body abnormalities which include physical deformities. The second deformity is the character blemishes and the third is the stigma associated with religion, race or nationality. According to Goffman (1986), “stigma is something that detracts from a person and that normal people cannot ignore it; it is something that makes them less than human, and normal people construct a theory to explain their inferiority and the danger they present to them.” In addition to the above, stigmatized people may at times feel normal in their own understanding and demand a fair chance in society just like everyone else. According to the preliminary conceptions, “Society establishes the means of categorizing persons and the complement of attributes felt to be ordinary and natural for members of each of these categories” Goffman (1986). This defines the key concept of stigma theory in understanding the aspects of deviant behavior. Stigma and social identity are interrelated aspects of deviant behavior that are greatly influenced by social settings. The daily routines of social interactions within our settings allow us to deal with strangers in a completely different way without paying attention or thought (Goffman, 1986). The limitations of normals in society refer to the possession of stigma in undesired levels on what the society anticipated of them. “We and those who do not depart negatively from the particular expectations at issue are referred to as the normals ” Goffman (1986). The attitudes we “nor
Executive Summary Chevron Corporation (Chevron) is a leading multinational company operating in the integrated energy sector. The company deals in oil, gas, and geothermal energy. It was established in 1926 and is headquartered in San Ramon, California. It has an operation in 180 countries worldwide. It operates in the upstream and downstream markets. Though, historically the company has shown excellent performance, it has deteriorated considerably in the last two years (2014 and 2015). The global oil and gas industry is highly volatile and susceptible to fluctuating energy prices. Both macro and microeconomic factors affect industry performance. High global crude prices since 2014 have affected the industry adversely. Further, the global financial crisis of 2007 that crippled most of the industries had also taken a toll on the energy sector. Notwithstanding the high industry pressure, Chevron has performed significantly vis-à-vis its closest competitors Dutch Shell Company (Shell) and Exxon. The present financial analysis of the company demonstrates that Chevron has performed satisfactorily as compared to the industry averages. However, Free Cash Flow continues to give negative results. According to our analysis, this is probably due to the downward trend in oil prices. Overall, Chevron can be considered as a stable company for investment, though it cannot be considered completely risk-free. The Industry Chevron operates in the oil and gas sector. Its main operations are mining and refining of crude oil and gas. In addition, this sector includes all other industries that operate as ancillary industries. It is evident that this sector is highly important in establishing the infrastructural backbone of society. History The history of the oil and gas industry in the US dates back to the Industrial Revolution in the 19 th century. The sudden rise in demand for oil due to the commercial usage of railroads, iron and steel industry, and construction industry, increased the necessity to supply energy. This resulted in the proliferation of oil drilling companies in the US. However, Standard Oil was the first company to secure the first contract to drill oil in Saudi Arabia (Wall). This opened the road for other companies to operate globally. By the 1950s, four companies were the global leaders in the oil industry – Standard Oil, Exxon, Shell, and British Petroleum (Eden 73). These four companies retained the lion’s share (almost 70 percent) of the global oil market (Eden 73). Currently, the two main drilling destinations for the oil companies are the Middle Eastern region and Venezuela. Challenges The oil and gas sector faces high demand due to increasing developmental needs around the globe. However, the companies that operate in the industry are large, as operations require large infrastructural investment. This increases the rivalry in the market. Further, the industry also faces the threat of new entrants who want to make their mark in the industry. Further, crude
Introduction One can hardly imagine the modern world without digital devices. The technological advances in the sphere of science have given rise to some innovative approaches which are used in all areas of human activity. The rapid spread of technologies is also preconditioned by their enhanced efficiency and ability to guarantee improved outcomes. The combination of these factors is fundamental for the modern world, which has become characterized by increased rivalry. The fact is that the sophistication of contemporary society results in a high level of competition as well as in the need for a significant competitive advantage to preserve a leading position. Due to their unique nature, technologies could help to accomplish this task and guarantee positive outcomes. For this reason, the modern revitalization of the economy should be associated with the current technological advancements. The majority of innovations are used to improve the functioning of a company and help it surpass leading competitors. In such a way, rivalry becomes one of the factors that drive technologies in modern capitalist economies. Background Traditionally, innovation has been one of the primary drivers of change, introducing new approaches that significantly increased the efficiency of various processes and ensured enhanced outcomes. However, the modern situation remains unique because of several factors. First, the scale of alterations is significant, especially about
Compensation plans that employees and employers might favor Employees are more likely to favor defined contribution plans over defined benefit plans. A defined contribution plan involves contributions by both an employee and employer toward an employee’s pension plan. In a defined contribution plan, an employer pays a monthly amount of money toward an employee’s retirement benefits (Martocchio, 2011a, 2011b). Defined contribution plans give employees some assurance that they would benefit from their pension plans because they would control the amount they would be contributing, as well as what their employers would be contributing on a monthly basis. Through defined contribution plans, employees are able to earn interest on the retirement savings because they are invested in many forms of investments, for example, stock markets and real estates, among others. Once an employee retires, his or her account is utilized to offer retirement benefits, which could sometimes be used to buy an annuity that provides a regular source of income (Martocchio, 2011b). Plans that employers might favor On the other hand, employers might favor defined benefit plans over defined contribution plans. Employers use predetermined formula to calculate what they contribute toward an employee’s retirement plan. Rather than giving contributions based on the amount of money that employees contribute, employers use parameters such as an employee’s age, salary history, period of service, and age to calculate the actual amounts (Martocchio, 2011b). The inclusion of the factors in the calculation results in different amounts of contributions made by an employer to different workers within an organization. In addition, employers would calculate and be aware of the amount of retirements that they would pay to workers (Martocchio, 2011a). Choices to control healthcare costs Employers can control the amount of costs they incur in providing healthcare to their workers by several ways. First, they can promote healthcare consumerism by enhancing cost transparency and consumer buying behavior. Consumerism would enable employees to become better shoppers with regard to healthcare services (Martocchio, 2011b). Second, they can select providers who are characterized by competitive healthcare rates or costs. By so doing, they would make considerable savings on the costs they would pay for their employees’ healthcare. Third, employers can invest in personal health coaches who would work to ensure that employees do not engage in lifestyle activities that would lead to poor health. This could involve advising workers to stop smoking and eating healthy food. Fourth, they can encourage their workers to be more proactive with regard to their healthcare matters (Martocchio, 2011a, 2011b). This would help employees get better coinsurance percent
Introduction Most studies on nonverbal communication revolve around face-to-face interaction. However, modern communication goes beyond face-to-face interaction. Facial expressions are explicit ways of passing information from one individual to the other. It accounts for a larger part of nonverbal communication. A number of factors such as environmental conditions, physical characteristics, and behavioral factors influence communication. In organizations, employees draw a lot of behavior from experiences they find in firms. This would mean that firms shape the communication styles of employees in a number of ways. In fact, the use of facial gestures is just but one of the non-verbal communication techniques. In this paper, the use of facial gestures in communication is explored in detail. Facial expressions say much more compared to spoken words. The expressions that fail to much the spoken words with indicate serious discomfort, lying or lack of confidence. Mouth, smiles, movement of the eyes and lips form part of what to study during a conversation. They are efficient and bring honesty. Happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, confusion, fear, desire, excitement, and contempt form part of the universally accepted forms of body language (Mcshane, & Seen, 2008). The eyes reveal so much about an individual’s feelings and thoughts to an extent that they are generally referred to as the windows to the soul. They are the main direct and understandable signals that lead to instant creation of feelings regarding an individual. It is therefore necessary to observe their movement. Note whether there is direct eye contact, they are turned away, blinking, or they have dilated pupils. Direct eye gauze may mean that one is paying attention and interested in the conversation. Prolonged eye contact could cause or indicate intimidation. Too much or frequent shifting of the eyes may mean that an individual is distracted, uncomfortable or h
Introduction Smoking is a social ill that the society has had to contend with as time goes by. This means that there should be concerted efforts to ensure that the society is free from this activity. The development of this issue has been as a result of a high number of smokers in the society. As much as there has always been a campaign to sensitize people against smoking, the number of smokers has been increasing thereby reversing gains that have been made. Smoking needs some energized campaigns that will identify the key targets that are supposed to be reached for long term sustainability. The effects of this activity are there for everybody to see and that is why the society needs to stand up against smoking which can be proved by the resources that are used to treat diseases that are associated and related to smoking (Goldberg 27). In fact, many people have argued that smoking is a social poison and that is why everybody needs to stand up and participate in this campaign. This marketing campaign is reenergized based on the negative effects that smoking has had on the society when looked at from different perspectives. Every society has something to speak about when it comes to smoking and that is why this issue can be developed as a good marketing campaign for everybody. Many people are becoming aware of the dangers of smoking which necessitates awareness campaigns (Burns 45). The percentage of smokers has continued to increase because of various reasons and this are aspects that need to be looked at. There are a lot of illnesses that are related to smoking and this extends beyond the known and reported ones. The purpose of this campaign is to sensitize people on the dangers of smoking and why it should be taken seriously as a social poison that needs to be eradicated. This campaign also seeks to enlighten people with information that is needed as far as smoking is concerned. Lack of information can be blamed on the inefficiencies that have been witnessed in past campaigns that have not been successful. It should be understood that many people are aware of the dangers of smoking but they have found it hard to quit (Harris 73). These are people who need to be given priority because they are at more risk than others who do not smoke. In fact, the
Introduction Healthcare represents an intricate system that comprises exceptional economic practices, regulatory demands, and quality pointers that are not established in traditional organizational settings. Consequently, the development of unique sets of proficiency-associated leadership in an organization and the creation of interprofessional teams are vital for executives at any stage in the healthcare system (Ong, Koh, & Lim, 2019). As intricacy in the medical care settings rises, there is a need to comprehend the extensive advance to the effective management of the care of patients across the continuum and the manner in which notions of organizational leadership and the establishment of interprofessional teams uphold leadership in the creation of patient-centered surroundings. This study discusses a structure through which one can comprehend distinctive leadership perceptions in healthcare and realize insinuations of regulatory and business demands in recognition of patient- and family-centered care. Systems theory and team establishment concepts will be employed to devise a policy to boost individualized and family-centered care. The application of leadership notions and theories ensures a sustainable model of healthcare provision in the process of the dynamic system that is influenced by future inclinations, regulatory demands, and evidence-based practice. Analysis Business Practices To ensure successful organizational leadership, in addition to the establishment of interprofessional teams, it is essential to understand the way the healthcare system remains current and is upheld to generate effective services for patients whom they serve and the involved personnel. Business practices play a vital role in influencing patient- and family-centered care within the healthcare system. Comprehension of how business practices influence patient-centered care requires understanding the significance of individualized treatment (Ong, Lim, Tan, Chan, & Lim, 2016). Such realization is imperative since patient- and family-centered therapy results in the provision of quality care to both patients and their loved ones. This translates to such patients and members of their families having a high probability of recommending the health institution to other people over and above the likelihood of returning whenever the need arises. It also improves satisfaction for both patients and health professionals. Enhanced satisfaction of health professionals will guarantee reduced turnover and create good operational affiliations amid staff. This leads to improved retention of professional individuals hence making health facilities