ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Red Cross is one of the largest and most influential humanitarian organizations worldwide. It works hard to meet the needs of the citizens domestically, and it functions globally through a widely spread network abroad. The programs implemented by the American Red Cross are focused on the preservation of public health and the prevention of threats. As a result, the organization admits that it is in constant need of resources such as blood donations, monetary help, and volunteers (“A Brief History of the American Red Cross”, par. 1). In the USA, the Red Cross has been working non-stop for 135 years already, and it can be accounted for hundreds of thousands of saved lives all over the world. This paper presents the history of the American Red Cross and its most memorable events. Clara Barton The person who organized the American Red Cross was Clara Barton, a well-known American activist, a nurse, and a suffragist who bravely helped the wounded soldiers carrying out versatile duties throughout several wars (“Clara Barton”, par. 1). As the Civil War broke out in the United States, Barton was one of the activists who attempted to address the urgent need for the medical help and supplies for the soldiers which put the beginning of her never-ending mission as a humanitarian (“Clara Barton”, par. 2). Having traveled to Europe and taken part in the relief efforts through the course of the Franco-Prussian War, Barton campaigned to bring the Red Cross to her homeland. Her goal was successfully achieved as the American branch of the Red Cross was founded in 1881 and was in charge of it for the first twenty years of its existence (Greenspan, par. 4). The first headquarters of the American Red Cross was located in the State of New York in a city called Dansville, and its first professional response as a humanitarian organization was to the massive forest fires in the Michigan that resulted in a lot of destruction (Rosenberg, par. 6). Obviously, the duties of the organization were not limited by the military conflicts only. For the first years after its establishment, the American branch of the Red Cross was involved in the active provision of help to the victims of natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, forest fires, tornados, and hurricanes. In 1889, the contribution of the Red Cross during the massive Johnstown flood was rather significant as the members of the organization built spacious shelters to provide temporary homes for the people displaced by the catastrophe (Rosenberg, par. 7). The Geneva Convention Since the very founding in the 1860s, the Red Cross all around the world is guided by the duty outlined in the Geneva Convention that says that during any military conflict the wounded individuals should be taken care of by either side of the confrontation regardless of their nationality or origin (Bowcutt). Even though the idea to establish an organization of this type is intended as a virtuous deed motivated by the attempt to
Chase demand and level capacity are the two types of strategies that can be implemented to achieve a balance of demand and capacity in aggregate planning. Under the chase strategy, production is varied as demand varies, matching the level of demand. A period’s planned quantity of output is equal to that period’s expected demand. The level capacity strategy is intended to supply the demand by setting up a uniform capacity level for a particular period. This strategy does not consider any fluctuations in the level of demand. Overall, under the chase strategy, production is varied as demand varies, and with the level strategy, production remains at a constant level in spite of demand variations. Master Production Schedule (MPS) is the result of the disaggregation of the aggregate plan, which shows the quantity and timing of specific end items for a scheduled horizon. The inputs of master scheduling are the beginning inventory, forecast, and customer orders. The outputs include the projected inventory of finished goods, master production schedule, and uncommitted inventory (Stevenson, 2014). A master schedule indicates the quality and delivery times for a product but does not show planned production. A key component of effective scheduling is the use of time fences that are points in time that separate phases of a master schedule planning horizon. Time fences divide a scheduling time horizon into three sections, referred to as frozen, slushy, and liquid dependent on the firmness of the schedule (Stevenson, 2014). Frozen time fences are firm or fixed phases that can be subject only to emergency changes. In the slushy phase, capacity and materials are committed to less extent. In the liquid zone, any changes can be made to the MPS as long as they are within the limits set by the production plan.
Introduction Religion is a very complex and wide issue. It can be defined as a set of beliefs in regard to the various aspects associated with the universe for example its cause, nature and purpose. The universe is perceived as the creation of a supernatural being and hence there are devotional practices and ritual performances that are directed towards the relationship between people and the superhuman being and a set of codes that oversee the way people attached to a certain religion behave. It can also be said to be a particular set of beliefs and practices established and approved by a group of individuals such as Islamic, Buddhist, and Christian religions. Various parties were involved with the changes that have been experienced in the indigenous African religion. Christian missionary is one major factor that cannot be underemphasized when talking about religion in Africa. This piece of work looks at the issue of Christian missionary activity on indigenous African religion in the 19 th and 20 th century. The focus will be on the extent to which Christian missionary activity effectively suppresses the religious traditions which in one way or the other strived to replace it. The focus will be on the Europeans experiences with indigenous African religions especially those in East Africa. Background information Traditional or indigenous religion has been there as long as human beings have lived. In Africa, it was orally transmitted as opposed to the use of the scripture. There has been not much distinction when it comes to concepts of Islam and Christianity in most parts of Africa. This is because these aspects usually co-exist with components of indigenous spirituality. Although there have been a controversy on whether Islam should be termed as a traditional religion, a significant number of people argue that it is a traditional African religion based on the fact that it not only co-exist in Africa but it has also been absorbed into the African culture. Christian religion is also not a new aspect but rather a concept that have existed for approximately 2000 years. It mainly entails following the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Although the initial Christian church faced a lot of challenges and opposition from the Roman officials, Christianity spread rapidly. Right from the beginning, there was the belief that it is the responsibility of Christians to share their religious beliefs in an effort of converting others into Christianity. Starting from the early 19 th century to the end of the 20 th century, a significant number of Christian missionaries from different parts such as North America, Europe as well as West Indies was all
The Spanish in the Southwest and Mexico The Spanish presence in what is now known as the American Southwest is notably different from that in the Valley of Mexico. The colonists maintained a well-organized and robust presence in the former Aztec empire, subduing and nearly exterminating the native people. However, in the Southwest, they coexisted with aboriginals, although they still assumed a position of superiority and oppressed the Indian population. The Native Americans were afforded a significant degree of freedom, which allowed them to form their own communities and even to revolt against Spanish rule. This post will discuss the reasons behind the difference in the presence of the European settlers in the two locations. The variance in wealth between the two locations may be the primary reason behind the amounts of attention devoted to the two areas. The lands of the Aztecs were extremely rich in terms of gold and silver, while the Southwest failed to live up to the expectations of the Spanish (Anderson and Chamberlain 2008, 28-31). The lands still had significant resources that could be claimed and used, but the lack of the massive wealth displayed in the Mexico Valley turned people off. They preferred to take the opportunity to become reach exploiting the yet-unclaimed resources of the Aztec territories, leading to massively disproportionate migration rates. However, the Southwest had its own resources, and the Spanish who lived there were concerned over other matters. The initial expedition by de Coronado was a failure that met with significant hostility from the Native Americans due to the behavior of its members (de Nájera et al. 1904, 236). Furthermore, the opposition continued after the Spanish conquered the tribes, culminating in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 (Boyer et al. 2016, 79). Even in times of peace, the colonists did not dominate the natives entirely, and the two groups became interlinked instead of fostering a one-sided relationship (Brown 2004, 490-491). The constant danger kept the numbers of willing emigrants low enough that they could never feel safe. The culture of the Valley of Mexico was dominated by the Spanish because they were interested in its wealth and had mostly conquered or eliminated the resident Aztecs. However, the situation was different in the Southwest, as the territory attracted significantly fewer colonists due to its worse prospects. While the migrants subjugated the resident Native Americans, they remained in large numbers and harbored hostile sentiments. In addition, the threat of invasion by other tribes from yet-unexplored territories beyond the Southwest kept the Europeans concerned. As such, their hold on the area was considerably looser, and the natives of the land had significantly more freedom as long as they did not openly antagonize the Spanish. Catholic Christianity and Native Americans The adoption of Catholic Christianity by Native Americans was characterized by a significant degree of mutation and adaptation. Indians accepted the religion but incorporated many of the elements of their old beliefs into the rituals. The missionaries did not approve of the practi
Introduction Hosting mega sporting events has become a matter of prestige for the countries despite their economic consequences. The standard rhetoric for hosting the Olympic Games is that it promotes investment opportunities, open the country to the world, and increase tourism. However, the long-term outcomes of mega sporting events arouse doubt in the postulates. The present paper aims at exploring the short- and long-term consequences of the 2004 Olympic Games in Greece by reviewing scholarly and newspaper articles published by authors of varying qualifications. The review demonstrates that the impact of the Olympics is controversial. Source 1 The article by Associated Press (2010) aims at answering the question of the 2004 Olympic Games in Greece were the reason for the country’s financial crisis. The authors review government publications and interview experts in the field to address the question. The author of the article is not mentioned; instead, a corporate author is stated. Associated Press is a reputable news agency that employs a wide variety of specialists and various fields. Even though the qualifications and skills of the author cannot be assessed, the reputation of the news agency adds to the credibility of the source. It is unclear if the Olympics had a considerable contribution to the economic crisis in Greece, and no empirical analysis was conducted. The authors of the article do not have an explicit reference list that could help to identify the reliability of other incorporated sources. However, the names of people and organizations mentioned in the article demonstrate that the authors reviewed a wide variety of sources and interviewed people representing competing views. The assumption employed by the authors is that the Olympics had a negative impact on the country’s economy. However, the extent of damage is open for discussion. The author uses methods with questionable validity since the qualitative approach to measuring economic impact seems inappropriate. The credibility of findings, however, is medium since the interviewees are experts in the field, but the data to confirm their opinions is limited. As predicted by the authors, the Olympics had a negative influence on the economy of Greece. However, since expenditures associated with the Olympics are only a small portion of the country’s debt, the event cannot be considered the sole reason for the country’s financial problems. Source 2 The article by Boukas et al. (2013) examines the impact of the Olympic Games on the built and human heritage and cultural tourism in Athens. The authors are affiliates of the Center for Sustainable Management of Tourism, Sport, and Events of the European University in Cyprus. The authors seem to have appropriate qualifications since they have published several scientific articles t
Problem Statement From the information gathered from literature review, it is evident that many studies have been conducted on individuals who live in reservations. Some of these studies have laid particular interest on women. However, it is crucial to state here that the studies have been limited to studying a specific character trait within the Native American Indian women on reservations. Browker (1992) studied the rate of school dropout among females who live in the Reservations. He found that the rate of dropout among women from the reservations was high compared to other women in the U. S (Browker, 1992). This phenomenon was attributed to the difference in priority that women reservation and other women within the U.S have. Consequently, Light and Marrin (1985) conducted a study that focused on the upbringing of children in reservations. This study does not specifically concentrate on the guidance of women but gives an overview of how children are brought up in the reservations. From the studies that have been covered in this paper, it is evident that minimal research that specifically focuses on the women who want to raise their children outside the reservations been conducted. It is, however, important to note that women from reservations face very many challenges and limiting the focus to just one aspect will lock out other probably more influential issues. Therefore, it would be important to get the information on how raising a child on and off reservations is different for women who grew up on reservations (Hodge, 2009; Rizos and Krizova, 2007). Moreover, previous studies have concentrated on the generalization of the people from the Reservations. This study will open the window for women from reservations and specifically Native American Indians to give the experiences they have gone through both on and off the reservation (Swischer & Hoisch, 1992; Pallacios and Kennedy, 2010). Purpose and Significance Culture is different and the way a given group of people carries out their day to day lives is different from the way other groups do. In this respect, this study will gather the information of the exact experiences that woman from reservations face. On the same note, the study will try to bring determine the attitudes and perceptions that women have with regards to raising their children on and off the reservations. Since the effects of these experiences for Native American Indians cannot be generalized for all Native Americans, this paper will bring out the specific experiences that are unique to Native American Indian women and how these experiences affect the process of upbringing children. Getting the facts about how previous experiences of growing up on reservations affect the social life of Native American Indian women is crucial for various reasons. To begin with, the information collected from this study will provide crucial information
Senior citizens are noteworthy members in most communities. A rich information source can be found among the seniors. A society’s way of life was normally treasured in an individual’s life experience. Senior members of a population shared their knowledge with individuals who were ready to listen. An interview session was scheduled with an elder of 65 years. The meeting was set up to interrogate the man on his life experiences. An interview synopsis was prepared for the exercise. A sustained information probe by the interviewer was conducted. The interview questions were skillfully designed. The interviewer was able to capture information on the interviewee’s life experience by asking the interrogation questions. The interviewee was allowed time for information clarification. A diagnostic interview session method was applied. Information on a variety of subjects was sought from the respondent. Aspects of childhood, life events, physical status, psychosocial challenges, present gratifications, and acumen were cross-examined. The interview meeting was carried out in a sequential questioning approach. Open ended questions enabled the elder to express himself fully. Furthermore, echo questions assisted the interviewer to validate and gather additional information. The session produced good results as expected by the interviewer. A report on the interview account was later prepared. Information details were presented in an essay format. Life experiences and physical wellbeing of the interviewee were cross-examined. The gentleman of 65 years remembered vividly his childhood days. He attributed his life contentment to a good childhood background. A characteristic smile engulfed the interviewee as he narrated his well groomed upbringing. The elder was satisfied with living all through his days (Ehrlich & Isaacowitz, 2002). At 65 years the elder could maintain a subtle degree of emotions. The interviewee reacted steadily to the quiz questions, no mood swings were observed. The interview session established that life contentment remained equal or increased with age as observed in the senior citizen (Ehrlich & Isaacowitz, 2002). The respondent explained his childhood experiences with passion. In the rural setting, individuals were trained on life skills by senior community members. The interviewee narrated how they were exposed to numerous life operations as a young boy. The man of 65 years credited his intelligence to a well structured community setup. In addition to a happy upbringing, the elder statesman had an equally gratified adulthood. The elder had a wonderful marriage with three children. The nucleus family was noteworthy in the interview. The elder reflected on how his family has enjoyed love and peace. He delighted in his two children whom he treasured. The elder was resourceful and could satisfy the family needs (Kim & Park, 2000). The man’s vibrant healthy appearance could be linked to his ingenuity an
Introduction It is very important for any organization (PTB included) to ensure that they have effective communication that manages diversity, values emotional intelligence, and considers perceptual differences. For communication to be successful and take care of conflicting interests in an organization, it is supposed to manage diversity (Crossman, 2010, p. 15). This is because an organization hires people from different areas with varying cultural preferences. Communication is done for different reasons and sometimes there might be need for individual attention. This therefore demands total efficiency. There are different and competing demands in an organization and that is why it should cater for emotional intelligence and perceptual differences (Littlejohn, 2002, p. 9). From the case, it is evident that there are cultural diversity problems that could have been solved by an effective communication approach. This is because Japanese workers felt that they were not taken care of more so in terms of food. Emotional intelligence was not valued. This is because James did not really appreciate that he was supposed to work with Mika. There was need to manage the emotions of other workers as far as signs are concerned. Perpetual differences are also seen in a broad way. For effective communication to be guaranteed, the company is supposed to ensure that these continuing differences are dealt with (Emory, 1997, p. 11). Perpetual differences are seen between James and Mika and these needs to be taken care of as it might be extended to other employees who might feel that their counterparts did a wrong thing yet it was just a communication problem that needs to be sorted out. These aspects have an integral role to play in communication and that is why an organization like PTB needs to ensure that they are well taken care of. As a matter of fact, the management seems to be placing more emphasis on these aspects because they have a direct impact on communication. They are doing this because it is necessary to have effective communication in the workplace for success. On the other hand, work place communication covers different disciplines like; management, marketing, public relations etc. In addition, they are correlated with these aspects and that is why the management seems to be laying more emphasis on them. There might be added complications in relation to this aspects and that is why the management is always keen to ensure that such incidences like cultural diversity do not affect communication. The company has approached me because there are various communication problems that need to be investigated and addressed to ensure that they do not recur in any case. Wholesomely, there