ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Originally from California, MacDonald’s was started in 1954. Today, McDonalds is a multinational chain of fast food restaurant (Lee & Yee 2006). The name has its origin from two brothers; Mac and Dick MacDonald, thus the acronym MacDonald’s. Ray Albert Kroc is believed to be the founder of MacDonald’s, opening the first restaurant at Des plains in 1955. Globalization of McDonalds All the business enterprises have felt the impact of globalization. Nowhere is this more pronounced that at MacDonald’s, where social, economic and cultural changes have been witnessed. Food has always been viewed art as a cultural commodity, and hence acts to cement social relationships. According to Doreen (2007), the oldest known global carrier of culture is food. When MacDonald’s rolled out its operations in foreign countries as a fast food chain restaurant, this marked the start of the cultural, social, economic and political changes for the restaurant chain. Kelly (2008) opines that prior to the introduction of MacDonald’s in the overseas market, the fast foods restaurants were rarely in the limelight. As such, MacDonald’s has been viewed at as the first company that helped revolutionarise the global fast food market. Recent studies provide that MacDonald’s currently has more than 1.5 franchises in the United States of America alone (Dutta & Subhadra 2008). In addition, close to half of all its global franchises are outside the United States, in more that 120 countries. Many customers’ views MacDonald’s as a shift from traditional foods, a move that has since been dabbed as the “Americanization” of diet (Watson 2001). The culture of the globalization of fast foods has appealed to the countries that have been involved in it, as well as their population. Evidently, the culture of the Americans has proved that it transcends a wide range of cultural boundaries. A case in point is the fist restaurant that was opened by MacDonald’s in Kuwait in 1994. On the material opening day, about 15,000 customers are believed to have formed a queue that extended to well over 7 miles (Doreen 2007). Starbucks Starbucks had only a single outlet at the pike place market in Seattle. It was only after Howard Schultz came to Starbucks in 1982 that real expansion started, owing to the popularity of the espresso bars he helped start. Ever since its inception, Starbucks has been one lace where quality coffee is to be found, a trend that has continued through the 1990s the present time. Globalization of Starbucks Starbucks has always been ambitious through the numerous campaigns that it has undertaken over the years to expand its business operations beyond the United States and North America. Due to this, the company has since been dubbed as globalization flagship by especially the movements that are against globalization (The New York Times release 2008). The ultimate goal of Starbucks is to be the leading coffee brand in each one of its expansion markets. To achieve this,
White-Collar Crime If the prosecutors decide to pin him down with a white-collar crime type of lawsuit, Assange’s actions must be examined just like any other white-collar crime lawsuit tried in the United States. In this context, one can make the argument that it is impossible to convict Assange of committing this type of legal violation because his actions did not conform to the three basic elements that define a white-collar crime. A guilty verdict on the commission of white-collar crime requires the fulfillment of the following elements: 1) a non-violent act; 2) the act took place in a commercial setting; and 3) it was an act to defraud to make a profit (Benson & French, 2008). In this case, it is impossible to show evidence that the act committed by Assange was violent and that he did the act to earn a profit. Also, Assange was never placed in a commercial setting that enabled him to commit fraud. The Espionage Act It is crucial to point out that the Espionage Act of 1917 was created to thwart the handiwork of spies or saboteurs. Thus, this paradigm helps the court to interpret the said law. In this context alone, the prosecutors are facing an uphill battle in indicting Assange. Aside from the “state of war” element, there are at least three sections in the said law that may enable Assange’s legal team to mount a formidable defense (Dedman, 2013). The said sections are listed as follows:  1. there is intent to harm the United States;  2. there is intent to transmit to an unauthorized person that in turn negatively affects the position of the United States in the context of war;  3. there is intent to transmit information for the benefit of any foreign government (Legal Information Institute, 2016). It is inevitable for the defense team to deny that there was deliberate intent to harm the U.S. government. On the other hand, one can make the argument that Assange was guilty of infringing the law regarding state secrets. It is also acceptable to make the argument that Assange made a conscious act to transmit sensitive information to unauthorized groups of people. Be that as it may, the prosecuting team is tending a weak position, because of the Espionage Act of 1917 was crafted with the idea that the United States was at war with another foreign power. The Growing Support for Assange The growing support is not about white-collar crime; it is in large part due to the need to protect the freedom of the press. In other words, Assange did not get the support of the masses because he was guilty of government harassment over a non-violent crime; the support he garnered was comparable to a preventi
Introduction The mass media fraternity is characterized by codes of ethics. The first known ethics in the mass media were implemented in 1923 under the Canons of Journalism of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. (Vivian, 2009, p. 506) Almost every stakeholder in the mass media is regulated by well-set codes and ethics. Many people who are new in the field of journalism assume that all the choices they make in news reporting are contained in the existing codes. While adhering to the set codes can be helpful in a great way, sticking to them is not such an easy thing. This difficulty is best brought about when a broadcaster is presented with a situation where he has to make a choice between sticking to the codes of ethics and fulfilling a moral obligation to the society. A good example is the clause in the code of ethics that states that reporters are supposed to show reverence to the privacy and dignity of the public. However, there are times when these issues become obsolete considering the priorities at hand. A journalist who is confronted by such an issue would find himself or herself in a sort of dilemma that if not handled clearly may result to the fall of the journalist or harm to the public. (Vivian, 2009, p. 506) Ethics Versus the law An important thing to know is that ethics and the law are closely related. However, a major difference occurs in the way they are applied. Ethics is a matter ingrained in an individual’s conscience. It is important to understand that conscience is a matter that is inherent to an individual. In life, no two people can have the same conscience. This is the reason why where one journalist would find it unethical to report some things, another will find it to be a walk in the park. There are however some things that all journalists agree on. This is where the law comes in. It is however important to point out that there are things that the law permits but one that individual journalists would find it hard to adhere to. Other issues might be illegal but journalists will find it impossible not to report them. It is in such times when journalists find themselves in a dilemma on the right cause of action to take. (Vivian, 2009, p. 518) A classic example of a journalist confronted with an ethical dilemma was a report on roaches in a food outlet known as the Utah Restaurant Association. The 1998 report by KVTX television showed how the restaurant kitchens were infested with cockroaches. It also showed how the restaurant staff used in hygienic methods in handling the food. (Vivian, 2009, p. 497) After the report, the television station was taken to court for infringing on the rights of the restaurant. According to the restaurants’ attorney, the report had tampered with the restaurants right of privacy. This report must have presen
There can be few doubts as to the fact that the concept of hegemony, as formulated by Antonio Gramsci, is quite applicable when it comes to defining the essence of international relations in particular historical era, simply because this concept appears metaphysically versatile. According to Gramsci, the reason why ever-increased discrepancy within juxtaposition labor vs. capital did not result in the overthrow of world’s capitalist system of economic relations, by the time Western countries had become completely industrialized, is because coercion is not only the instrument of allowing bourgeoisie to maintain its dominance over proletariat. It is namely due to the fact that Western countries’ workers had felt themselves being deeply affiliated with bourgeois cultural values, that they were not able to go about effectively protecting their class agenda. In its turn, the realization of this fact had led Gramsci to suggest that, throughout the course of modern history, bourgeoisie never ceased exerting a hegemonic influence over proletariat – that is, the representatives of dominant social strata had managed in convincing oppressed workers that they had common interests with that of their oppressors. We can argue long and hard about whether such Gramsci’s observation justifies ideological failure of Marxism. However, as we have pointed out earlier, it would be wrong to doubt the conceptual validity of idea of hegemony as ‘thing in itself’, because various emanations of this idea are not being solely observed in the field of labor relations, but in the field of international relations, as well. In its turn, this explains the geopolitical phenomenon of so-called ‘superpowers’ – countries that succeeded in exerting strong political and cultural influence over the world, despite the fact that this influence appears being quite inconsistent with a particular superpower’s ability to maintain its dominant geopolitical status by the mean of an application of a direct military force. In his article “Social forces, states and world orders: Beyond international relations theory”, one of the most prominent neo-Gramscian theorists of international relations Robert W. Cox, provides us with the insight on how, during the course of 19 th century, Britain was able to attain an undisputed geopolitical dominance: “In the mid-Nineteenth century, Britain’s world supremacy was founded on its sea power… The norms of liberal economics (free trade, the gold standard, free movement of capital and p
It is widely accepted that nurses are as important as doctors in patient treatment. There exist numerous different theories and experiments regarding nursing and healthcare, which suggest implementing new ways in medical care. However, some of them are controversial or have limited application. Despite this fact, clinicians attempt to continuously innovate their practice to offer valuable solutions that make the treatment process better and easier. This essay discusses an example of implementing online communication for improving relations between patients and healthcare providers. The Role of Nursing Nurses are among the most significant contributors to human life as they play a crucial role in healthcare and overall treatment. Such specialists outnumber physicians, spending more time with patients and developing meaningful connections with them as an outcome. Clinicians earn trust from their patients by counseling on health, protecting their clients’ health from possible deterioration, and alleviating pain and suffering. However, this communication is often limited to the hospital setting. Nurses also assume the role of educators, providing patients with information about disease symptoms, prevention, and treatment. This duty is especially vital for community nurses and policy advocates who aim to raise the awareness of their clients. It is clear that communication is essential to nursing, and healthcare providers require stable and reliable channels to talk to patients and ensure their adherence to treatment or prevention practices. Moreover, nursing gives patients both psychological and physical support, which are the keystones of an effective healthcare system. Consequently, new ways of delivering knowledge and conversing with clients need to be developed and implemented. These strategies need to align with healthcare professionals’ current models of care, focused on holistic approaches (Fawcett, 2017). One of the models that nurses apply in their work Jean Watson’s Human Caring Theory that encourages specialists to think about the mind, soul, heart, and body of their patients (Fawcett, 2017). To address such concerns and integrate them into patient-provider communication, new methods can be used. New Nursing Concepts Nowadays, nurses have a wide range of concepts and approaches, which they can implement in their practice. Despite such a great choice, many of these concepts are developed to suit only specific conditions, which lowers their applicability. For example, various challenges during the communication between nurses and patients can arise in hospitals that do implement new ways of interacting with clients. Such problems are not always reliant on a l
The American cereal market is enormous due to the specific perception of the product itself. Cereal is expected to be tasty, healthy, and appealing to kids as well as other groups of the population who do not have time or enthusiasm to spend time cooking. I have chosen three well-established brands on the market: Honey Nut Cheerios (General Mills), Raisin Bran Crunch (Kellogg), and Reese’s Puffs (General Mills). All of them are loved by millions of people across the US. Nevertheless, all of these brands have completely different backgrounds that determine brand loyalty and brand associations to this day. Aaker and Moorman (2017) state that the way a product is marketed can significantly influence the way people begin to perceive it. If the product proves to be a success, this legacy does not vanish. Instead, it can both encourage loyal consumers to purchase even larger quantities or undermine further marketing efforts designed for rebranding. Honey Nut Cheerios, introduced by General Mills in 1979, provides an excellent example. The brand was rolled out amid an economic crisis, which directly affected the way it was marketed. According to Burrows (2018), General Mills gave away 29 million free coupons, and the marketing campaign was an immediate success – the brand still targets broad audiences and generates the second-highest revenue in the industry. Nevertheless, recent years were marked by a steep decline in sales. Reese’s Puffs is adored by cereal lovers and is positioned as an everyday option with special appeal due to the peanut butter taste. The brand manages to show substantial revenue increase even as the number of units sold remains unchanged. Customers can afford to spend an extra yearly price increase of 10 cents per unit. It signals a level of loyalty brand, which is virtually unprecedented in the cereal market. Raisin Bran Crunch is promoted as a healthy option due to the high percentage of fiber it contains. Although it is not the healthiest brand, at least in terms of sugar, it is still generally perceived that way and boasts a loyal customer base. It is my favorite brand, as wheat bran flakes taste better than corn flakes and any other type of cereal. Moreover, I am one of many customers who enjoy raisins and honey-oat granola clusters. They are both delicious and appealing to those who seek to find optimal nutritional ration. My neighbor buys a new pair of Adidas trainers and posts a few pictures
Potential costs and benefits of Nissan actions Nissan Motor Company responded to the 2011 earthquake disaster using several actions. These targeted actions presented numerous benefits and costs to the corporation. Such actions presented unique benefits and costs. The main focus after the disaster was to use a powerful emergency-response strategy. The first action was to improve the level of information sharing. Many experts from different regions came to Japan in order to solve the targeted problem in a holistic manner (Schmidt & Simchi-Levi, 2013). This effort made it easier for the firm to deal with the disaster. The firm was on the right path towards recovery. However, the effort affected the performance of other subsidiaries in different parts of the world. This was the case because every manager concentrated on the disaster. The “second practice was the allocation of supply” (Schmidt & Simchi-Levi, 2013, p. 6). This approach brought together different teams in order allocate various supplies. The firm’s resources were allocated in a proper manner depending on the targeted demands. This effort supported the firm’s supply chain. This strategy was critical towards supporting Nissan’s business model. The third approach was to manage Nissan’s production. The firm “considered in-transit and in-stock inventory within its networks” (Schmidt & Simchi-Levi, 2013, p. 6). This approach addressed the bottlenecks that might have affected the firm’s recovery process. These actions made it easier for the firm to recover from the disaster. The fourth approach was “to support a rapid action ” (Schmidt & Simchi-Levi, 2013, p. 6). Every person in the firm was part of the decision-making process. A Global Disaster Control Headquarters (GDCH) was created a few minutes after the disaster (Schmidt & Simchi-Levi, 2013). This team formulated the best strategies in order to restore Nissan’s operations. The company was forced to incur more costs in order to support the above actions. The important thing was to support the firm’s business goals. These four approaches encouraged the firm to restore its global activities. The main goal was to optimize the company’s supply chain. Nissan used its production plants in Europe to supply the required spare parts. The European team collaborated with different counterparts in Japan. This action made it easier for the firm to support its business strategy. The action also supported the needs of the company’s customers. What else could Nissan have done to prepare for and respond to the disaster? It is agreeable that Nissan used a powerful strategy to respond to the disaster. However, the existing supply chain could not support the company’s recovery efforts. Nissan had always maintained a simple product line. The firm also “used a build-to-stock approach for its SKUs” (Schmidt & Simchi-Levi, 2013, p. 4). The company’s supply chain philosophy was “characterized by extreme vigilance associated with single point responsibility” (Schmidt & Simchi-Levi, 2013, p. 4). That being the case, Nissan should have implemented a Disaster Management System (DMS) before the earthqua
In The Taj Mahal: Architecture, symbolism, and urban significance an architectural historian Ebba Koch claims that the Taj Mahal, built in 1632, in Agra, under the patronage of Shah Jahan, was not just a burial place for Shah’s wife, but a powerful tool to emphasize the significance of the ruler, and support the dominant imperial ideology, a framework that presupposed the mighty monarch and justification of the imperial society as the only way to evolve. Based on the analysis of palaces built under Shah’s patronage, Koch supposes that one of the essential goals of the Taj Mahal was to demonstrate Shah Jahan’s significance for the country and create a visible and impressive monument to his exceptional power and rule. For this reason, the building combines many unique solutions and features, differentiating it from other ones, and forming a recognizable image of the mausoleum. To prove the idea that architecture, symbolism and urban significance of the mausoleum praise Shah, he focuses on the in-depth analysis of the building, its style, selection of the place, and purpose. The Taj Mahal is known as a burial place for the wife of a ruler, Mumtaz Mahal. At the same time, Koch champions the idea that grief was not the only reason for this project. He points out that the surrounding, the peculiarities of the area, and the role architecture played at that period of time preconditioned the use of this art as the tool to popularize the name of Shah Jahan and make his rule memorable. Koch explains the choice of the forms and adherence to the style by the dominance of imperial ideology and the requirement to demonstrate the achievements of the state to all people. That is why the surrounding and urban context also play a vital role in the formation of the image of the Taj Mahal. The mausoleum also serves as a source of knowledge about the architectural principles of that p
Our world is full of different captivating things, which may entertain, disappoint, make us happier or sadder, and just fulfill our existence. Of course, it is impossible to say that our life is all about good things only. There are so many negative issues, which turn out to be an integral part of this life, and we should not forget about them. Peer pressure, alienation, teenage gangs – all these are the components of one word with huge meaning, all these issues are about crime. What is a crime? Who or what may perfectly define crime and present a clear explanation? Is it possible to fight against crime and improve this society? The answers to these and many other questions I want to give in this paper. Lots of writers have already tried to introduce a more or less clear explanations of crime, define its nature, clear up what anti-social behavior means, and find out the types of crime; with the help of examples connected to peer pressure, sociological positivism, teenage gangs, and so on, we will try to present a clear picture of what crime is all about and whether it is possible to prevent crime. Many theorists admit that not only criminologists should be able to define crime; those people, who study or just try to comprehend and prevent all those outcomes of crime, should be also able to realize what crime may count. (Henry & Lanier 2001) This is why our discussion should be started with a clear definition of crime and its major components. For example, in their book Crime , Bancroft and Darrow define it as “an act forbidden by the law of the land, and one which is considered sufficiently serious to warrant providing penalties for its commission.” (Bancroft & Darrow 2007) After we get a clear explanation, it is high time to think about the nature or crime that is closely connected to the causes of crime and offenders’ characteristics. These and many other characteristics “show a pattern of crime consistent with the recreational patterns of youth and inconsistent with the vocational patterns of adults…they show that accessibility increases the risk of potential victims.” (Gottfredson & Hirchi 1990) These authors argue concerning criminal behavior, make a wonderful attempt to explore the nature of the crime, and choose the best conceptions only for their General Theory of Crime . As crime is considered to be a kind of violation of settled rules, it is