ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article ‘Where have all Criminals Gone’ focuses on two major issues, abortion and crime in Romania and the United States. In 1966, Nicolae Ceausescu who had been president of Romania for one year declared abortion illegal. He was a dictator who neglected the citizens and only built himself palaces. In addition, he ensured that the most prestigious positions in the government were occupied by his relatives. Before abortion in Romania was banned, it was used as a form of birth control. According to Nicolae, banning it was an effective way of strengthening the country. The ban produced the results he anticipated since within the first year the population had doubled. However, the children that were born after the ban often led miserable lives. Their performance in school was poor and they did not succeed in the labor market. It was also discovered that they had high chances of becoming criminals. After the Romanian citizens could not tolerate the oppressive regime of Nicolae any longer, they launched street demonstrations to remove him from power. He was ousted and killed together with his wife when they were caught trying to escape. At the time Nicolae met his brutal death, something else was happening in the United States. Crime was increasing at an alarming rate. It became the main talk throughout the country. In 1990, the rate started to fall suddenly in a manner that could not be explained. Nevertheless, it remained unclear where the criminals went after the sharp decline in the rate of crime. This prompted experts to look for answers to explain the sudden decline. Eventually, the Romanian case was used as a point of reference in understanding whether there was any relationship between abortion and crime. This is basically the biggest issue that is addressed in the article. Information Identification and Use In a bid to understand abortion better, experts from the U.S started to analyze the country’s past policies regarding the matter. The country allowed abortion in its early years but by 1900, it was illegal in all the states. In the late 1960s, some states started legalizing it until the Supreme Court raised its voice on the matter. It gave a famous ruling in Roe v. Wade. This ruling by the Supreme Court legalized abortion in the whole country. According to the court, there were valid reasons that compelled women not to have children. In the first year of Roe v. Wade, thousands of women opted for abortion. Most of those who aborted were in their teens, the poor and the unmarried ones. Studies revealed that had the aborted children been born, they stood high chances of living in poverty and growing with single parents. It was therefore observed that the factors that led women in the U.S to procure abortion were the same reasons that would have led their children into crime had they been born. Legalized abortion had many consequences including increased conceptions and decreased births. However, the most critical consequence was its impact on crime. Studies showed that it led to a decline in t
English language learners (ELLs) are students for whom English is not the native language, and who, therefore, have to learn it as the second language at school in order to be able to receive further instruction (Haager, Klingner, & Vaughn, 2007). Clearly, these students may face additional difficulties in learning English. In addition, it is difficult to distinguish between pupils who struggle due to learning disability and those who have problems because of the additional load (Brown & Doolittle, 2008). This paper provides an overview of Response to Intervention (RTI), also known as Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS), which is a framework designed to detect struggling learners and help them catch up with their curriculum. A brief explanation of RTI The RTI is a multi-level system of educational assistance that is aimed at detecting students who struggle in the general education classroom, and providing them with additional, more intensive instruction; if the latter fails, the students are transferred to the special education classroom (Genesee, Lindholm-Leary, Saunders, & Christian, 2006). To be properly implemented, RTI requires the presence of four basic components: high-quality instruction, continuous monitoring of the student’s educational performance, multi-leveled, science-based instruction, and the involvement of parents in the educational process (Haager et al., 2007). The RTI is usually described as a three-tiered system for providing educational support for children. At the first tier of the approach, which typically lasts no longer two months, the students are supplied with high-quality instruction; this is paramount to make sure that the students who lag do not do so due to poor instruction (Genesee et al., 2006). The lagging learners are identified and supplied with additional teaching and screened further. Those who still struggle are moved to the second tier, which means that they are supplied with targeted intensive teaching in groups over a period of time (Wanzek & Vaughn, 2007). The learners who fail to demonstrate adequate advancement in learning are moved to the third tier, where they are provided with intensive individual instruction. If the students still do not show progress, the provision of special education for them is considered (Haager et al., 2007). Recommendations for Teaching English Language Learners with Reading Difficulties It is known that ELLs often tend to perform worse than their counterparts for whom English is the native language (August & Shanahan, 2009; Francis, Rivera, Lesaux, Kieffer, & Rivera, 2006). In particular, the ELLs are known to be at increased risk of difficulties with reading and oral language skills (Vaughn, n.d.). There is a dearth of information pertaining to the provision of RTI for these learners; in particular, it is not known how to address the problems of pupils who do not respond appropriately to the RTI approach (Vaughn, n.d.). However, on the whole, the implementation of RTI has been shown to permit for effectively addressing the problems of ELLs who struggled with obtaining appropriate language skills (Linan-Thompson, Vaughn, Prater, & Cirino, 2006; Wanzek & Vaugh
Introduction Experiences of isolation, social exclusion, and loneliness foster numerous detrimental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and chronic feelings of worthlessness, increasing a person’s risk of mortality and morbidity. The lack of companionship is a rising global public health concern whose prevalence has reached epidemic proportions, exerting enormous pressure on the healthcare sector and communities. A global survey indicated that an estimated 33 percent of adults worldwide and over three in five Americans experienced solitude (Varrella, 2021; Demarinis, 2020). These statistical findings underpin the pervasiveness and severity of the crisis, necessitating the adoption of such innovative interventions as artificially intelligent emotional surrogates (AIES) to alleviate the loneliness and associated trauma. However, these technologies enhance the distress through their mechanical nature, overdependence on humans, the inability to satisfy a person’s emotional needs, and relative incompatibility with senior citizens. Although adopting artificial intelligent-driven technologies can modify social norms by replacing and reducing the significance of human relationships, their use should be encouraged to help mitigate the detrimental consequences of loneliness. Rising Levels of Loneliness Loneliness is a fast-growing societal problem with severe negative impacts on health and the overall wellbeing of individuals. It encompasses an affect distress and cognitive discomfort emanating from a perceived gap between a person’s desire for social relationships and the actual degree of connectedness (Hoorn, 2018). The global magnitude of people reporting the lack of meaningful companionships has reached alarming levels, with various statistics indicating that 33 percent of adults experience solitude globally (Demarinis, 2020). According to Varrella (2021), over three in five Americans feel socially excluded, which is a strong agent for subsequent isolation. From this perspective, the frequency, intensity, significance, and degree of social interactions, relationships, and connectedness have been shrinking rapidly in recent years. Notably, these changes have been associated with accelerated adjustments in the family structure, increased digital orientation, urban social lifestyles, and sedentarism. Macia et al. (2021) contend that these developments and alterations impact the quantity and quality of social interactions as well as people’s values and expectations about them. Therefore, loneliness and social exclusion are rising g
Introduction bOK System Corporation was born out of an idea by Aydin who was angered by the high costs of phone calls. Other than calling cards, there was no other option that facilitated the use of cell phones at low costs. Students were adversely affected because they could not afford the large sums of money needed to make calls. After conceiving the idea to introduce another option that could enable people to make calls at low prices, Aydin started bOK. However, he faced many challenges that led to the failure of the startup because of the high demand that could not be handled by the system. Main Body If I were the CEO of bOK, I would use three options to implement the idea. These would include obtaining venture capital, bringing in a new CEO, and quitting all other engagements to concentrate on developing bOK. Many startups fail because of two main reasons. Lack of knowledge to implement all necessary strategies in order to stabilize the startup, and inadequate funding stalls operations of the startup. According to research, many startups collapse within two to three years after launching (Bradberry, 2011). The rationale behind bringing in a new CEO would be to involve a professional with a different perspective on the matter. One of the requirements would be that the CEO should possess experience in the development of startups. On the other hand, the rationale behind obtaining venture capital would be to facilitate adequate funding of all business operations. These operations include wages, operating permits, and professional consultancy. I would quit all other engagements and focus on developing bOK because it is a viable startup whose short stint in the market proved that it has a bright future. I would not consider either selling the firm or quitting to try a new idea. Quitting other engagements would help me concentrate on solving problems that made bOK fail. These problems included inadequate marketing and adoption of a poor business model. The demand that bOK experienced after its launch was an indication that if a good business model was adopted and adequate marketing conducted, the startup would grow tremendously. These three options would bring in new ideas and solutions that would enable bOK to launch its services again and appeal to many people. I would choose these options because they lean towards the revival of bOK. I would implement these options in several ways to revive the startup. First, I would advertise the post of the CEO and list all requirements and qualifications for the position. Some qualifications would include extensive knowledge of startup businesses, at least five years of experience in management, and work experience in the telecommunications industry. The management of any startup determines its future success (Sullivan, 2000). To ensure that bOK gets a highly qualified CEO, I would seek the services of a hiring agency. I would give all requirements of the position to the agency to ensure that they hire
Coca-Cola is the world’s leading carbonated drinks manufacturers; the company’s management has withstood hard economic times like the World War II and the Asian Financial Crisis. To remain competitive, the company’s management keeps changing its strategies, policies, and products to meet customers’ expectations and enhance efficiency. When adopting new strategies and policies, the company engages the services of its change management team. Change management is a structured approach which aims at translating/shifting an organization, functional teams, or individuals from current/past state to a desired future state. The process of change starts by systematic diagnosis of the situation to transform and gauging the capability to change; the process involves all stakeholders at different levels (Newman 12-78). This paper examines the various changes that have occurred at Coca-Cola Corporation; it will further discuss the change management approach that the company has undertaken. Coca-cola Corporation Coca-cola was founded on 8 th May, 1886 by a local pharmacists in Atlanta called John Pemberton,; initially Coca-cola, the product from the company, was sold as a drug to cure diseases like dyspepsia, morphine addiction, headache and impotence. A year later, the drug was selling well in the market; Asa Griggs Candler noted the trend in the market and obtained a stake in the John Pemberton, invention. In 1887, Asa Griggs Candler advised that the production be done at a company level; jointly they incorporated a company and called it Coca-Cola. To protect the formula, the company sort for legal rights and exclusive rights for the formula which was granted; since then the company has kept changing its business approached to remain competitive. Over the years, people, systems, and environments have evolved; the only thing that has remained constant is change. Change is evident from the physical, environmental or situational attributes of the business environment. It is enacted in either internal or external attributes of a business. Changes that have occurred at Coca-Cola can be classified products change, process change, internal structure, and processes changes and changes in markets (Coca-Cola Official Website)
Coke and Pepsi have remained the leading marketers of carbonated drinks. The firms have been using powerful corporate strategies to emerge successfully. Coke’s intensive strategies focus on new markets and product developments. For instance, the company has been redesigning its products to address the health needs of many customers. The same strategy has also been used by Pepsi. As well, the companies have identified new markets and age groups. The two firms also use similar integration strategies. The firms have been attracting new distributors and bottlers. The firms have also been identifying cheaper sources of fructose. Diversification is achieved by producing non-carbonated drinks. Such unrelated products have continued to support the company’s goals. Coke has produced coffee, water, and tea. Pepsi has also introduced “Aquafina” to compete with Coke’s “Dasani”. These companies can embrace better strategies in each of the above directional practices. To begin with, Pepsi can widen its intensive strategies by developing every product. This approach will produce superior products and attract more consumers. Coke can use powerful advertising strategies to increase the market share of its present products. New integration strategies can focus on different business partners. The firms can open their retail stores and outlets to increase sales. They can also purchase more bottling plants. Coke and Pepsi can transform their diversification strategies by introducing similar products that target new individuals. For example, they can produce specific products for elderly citizens. It is agreeable that Coke and Pepsi have developed similar business models. However, an intensive corporate strategy can work effectively for the firms. The approach will ensure such products address the changing needs of more customers. They can also acquire more bottling plants to achieve their potentials. However, the “decision to take actions to pursue growth is never a risk-free choice for firms” (Hitt et al., 2010, p. 158). Such approaches will reduce costs and attract more customers. Reference Hitt, M., Ireland, R., & Hoskisson, R. (2010). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Introduction Proteomic analysis plays a central role in the identification and characterization of proteins expressed by various genes in biological systems. Techniques employed in the proteomic analysis include molecular approaches, separation methods, protein identification procedures, and protein structure techniques (Murphy, Dowling, & Ohlendieck 2016). Gel-based and mass spectroscopy-based techniques constitute separation methods and identification procedures of proteins. The exposition of the application of these techniques requires a review of an experimental study, which reported its finding in a peer-reviewed journal. In this view, the coursework selected the peer-reviewed article by Liu et al. (2018) named ‘Comparative proteomic analysis of chicken, duck, and quail egg yolks.’ Therefore, to enhance the understanding of proteomic analysis, this coursework summarises the objective of the study, evaluates the rationale of applying proteomic techniques, recaps proteomic methodology and results obtained, assesses the significance of findings, and provides details regarding citation and advancement of the study. Summary of the Overall Objective The objective of the study was to compare the nature of proteins in egg yolks of chicken, duck, and quail, which are three common species of poultry. In comparing proteins in egg yolks, the study utilized two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS/MS) (Liu et al. 2018). Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome shows that duck and quail have a close evolutionary relationship with chicken. According to Liu et al. (2018), the comparison of protein sequences and structure obtained from these three species of poultry shows a high level of homology. Moreover, the study aimed to undertake a comparative analysis of amino acid sequences to establish the expression pattern of proteins in egg yolks in three types of eggs. The establishment of expression patterns and protein-specific regions formed the basis of ascertaining biomarkers, which act as reference residues in the identification of proteins (Liu et al. 2018). Accurate identification of proteins increases food safety because it would single out adulterated eggs and prevent health risks, such as egg allergy and protein hypersensitivity. The Rationale for Using 2D-PAGE MALDI-TOF-MS/MS Since the study focused on identifying the nature of proteins in different egg yolks, 2D-PAGE is an appropriate method of separating these proteins according to their isoelectric points and molecular masses. Murphy, Dowling, and Ohlendieck (2016) report that the inventor of 2D-PAGE, Patrick O’Farrell, describes it as a method with a high-resolution of separating proteins based on two physicochemical properties. Negative and positive charges of amino acid residues aid in the separation of proteins because contribute to the overall charge (Paulo 2016). In the first dimension, 2D-PAGE separates proteins in egg yolks based on their isoelectric points. Ampholytes create a pH gradient that allows proteins to migrate through
Introduction The American history provides scholars with a deep and wide understanding of the formation of the United States. The United States was the ultimate result of the process of colonization by England. Had it not been for colonization by many colonies such as Britain, Spain, and France, the United States would have never existed. Colonization occurs when a superior power establishes policies and/or practices to control a weak area. Various reasons, such as monetary issues and religion, motivated the process of colonization in America. However, colonists did not realize that their motives for colonization drove towards the emergence of a new and powerful nation, namely the United States. Thus, as the paper reveals, the colonization process and the formation of unique cultures in America were essential since nothing else contributed so significantly to the emergence of the States. It led to the Development of a New World The process of colonization of America that began in the mid of the 16 th century was instrumental in formation of the United States. Indigenous people lived harmoniously on that territory for thousands of years before colonialists began streaming into America. The state consisted of different people from different races since most of them were migrants. The major motive for England to colonize America was to find a ‘new world’ because of the religious persecution that was taking place in the country. The search for religious freedom and financial benefits compelled America to undergo the trouble that accompanied colonization. In addition, other monetary reasons and exploitation of natural resources motivated English colonists to take over America. Through the colonization process, America was exposed and opened up to the world. Many colonial powers such as Spain and France received information about the new colony and became interested in America because of its potential. Furthermore, the exploration of the various areas fuelled the emergence of the new state. The discovery of America whose settlers were mainly Indians consequently led to the development of the United States. It led to the Development of Industries that characterize the US The process of colonization in America was vital in that it led to the establishment of various industries due to the exploitation of natural resources by colonialists. The industries were set up in different areas where resources were available. The result was the emergence of towns and cities all over the country due to entrepreneurship and other trading activities that took place at that time. In addition, colonialists trained and provided skills to the indigenous people so that they can work in the industries. The US stood out in industrialization among other nations. Colonial powers in charge of the various areas drove the French out of the state, thereby maintaining control of the territory. Over time, the British colonies imposed new taxes on Americans. The move angered the people, thus drawing great resistance bec