ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Market failure can be regarded as an inefficient allocation of goods and services by the free market. Additionally, Marciano and Medema (2015) define it as “the failure of the market to bring about results that are in the best interests of society as a whole” (p. 1). Considering this, the overuse of antibiotics in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), as well as many other countries, discussed in the article by Cherian (2018) can be regarded as a form of market failure since it induces the problem of antibiotic resistance and poses a significant threat to public health. In the present paper, the issue will be analyzed from the perspective of the market failure theory, focusing on the description of a government intervention that can be utilized to correct the identified market failure. Types of Market Failure Widespread antibiotic overuse and the consequent problem of antibiotic resistance can be considered a negative externality. According to Kenton (2019), an externality is “an economic term referring to a cost or benefit incurred or received by a third party who has no control over how that cost or benefit was created” (para. 1). In other words, it is an effect on a third party caused by the production or consumption of certain goods and services. An externality can be either positive (such as an impact of a talented labor force on the productivity of a firm) or a negative (such as effects of pollution emitted by a plant on the health of nearby community residents) (Kenton 2019). When speaking of the antibiotic resistance, society as a whole becomes adversely affected by the actions of individuals. The problem arises because antibiotic drug consumers seek private benefits, including rapid recovery from a disease, without considering the overall social costs. As noted by Cherian (2018), access to antibiotics is extremely facilitated nowadays: anyone can buy them without prescriptions and, therefore, they frequently get drugs to treat even insignificant ailments, such as the sore throat. Moreover, many healthcare practitioners prescribe antibiotics without considering alternative remedies (Cherian 2018). However, this type of drug is associated with a massive drawback since many bacteria develop resistance to them over time and, in this way, many antibiotics become ineffective. The negative effect of excess antibiotic consumption is a high rate of deaths because of infections that cannot be treated. As reported by Cherian (2018), nowadays, 700,000 people die due to antibiotic-resistant infections worldwide every year and it is expected to rise to 10 million by 2050. Thus, there is a need to stop drug overuse for private benefit and reduce the social costs of this detrimental practice. The problem of antibiotic resistance may also arise due to such a market failure as information asymmetry, which implies the division and specialization of knowledge. As noted by Merrett et al. (2016), “an important characteristic of the health knowledge economy is the as
Introduction The contemporary world offers huge opportunities for finding a job that suits a person seeking it. Career prospects put a lot of questions to the one who dares to take up this or that activity as a profession. The profession of a video designer is not an exception; it is a rather challenging occupation and requires a lot from the one who engages in it. First of all, becoming a video designer requires much creativity. Those who can proud of their ability to see a masterpiece in the dump and render their admiration of it should not hesitate about their compatibility. Then, a person should have a sort of love for everything his or her would be work will be related to – preview trailers, static pictures, animations, TV channel design – this will be the staff of life for would-be video designers. Therefore, they should be able to remain interested in these issues and find the will and strength for getting more and more insights into the profession and developing their skills in the field under consideration. Fundamental programs Logically, only enthusiasm is not enough for becoming a professional video designer. This profession requires the knowledge of the software that constitutes the so-called essential set: these are fundamental programs without which a good video designer is lost. The first group of programs is the one for work with raster images (normally, it is Adobe Photoshop), the second is used while working with vector images (Corel Draw, Illustrator). Also, a would-be video designer is encouraged to know the programs responsible for working with video products (Adobe After Effect, Premiere, and the like), the knowledge of 3-D programs is also more than welcome as it widens the potential possibilities of video designers. But one should also take into consideration that the main thing in the creative work is the artist himself/herself and the paints he or she uses are his or her affair. The artist can work even with the help of pencils – what is important is the result of the work that stresses the competence of the artist. Other requirements to become a video designer include   * Ability to work in a team, the creative designer is often an important link in the chain of activities that in the long run offer a bright product to a consumer. To achieve the final goal of the whole team a video designer should possess the ability to work efficiently with others;   * Communication skills follow the mentioned-above requirement. Cooperation with other members of the design team is impossible without communication. The better communication ski
Problem addressed by the study The study recognizes that patients with breast cancer lack of information on chemotherapy and cognitive changes. The study therefore, aims to help breast cancer patients by providing information on crucial issues related with the condition. The problem addressed by the study is very imperative for nursing to study to ensure that breast cancer patients no longer lack information related with the disease. Study of this problem will help breast cancer patients’ informed consent, authenticate the process of CRCI and increase the satisfaction of breast cancer patients. Study purpose The main purpose of the study was to give a comprehensive description of chemotherapy related cognitive impairment. The study mainly targeted women with breast cancer and its aim was to find out related information that the affected women would use before chemotherapy. The purpose of the research was to also look out for information crucial for women with breast cancer especially during the early stages of cognitive transformation. The study seeks to help women with breast cancer by providing them with vital information that they can use to make important decisions before going for a therapy. The study acknowledges that earlier studies show that there is little knowledge on cognitive changes in breast cancer patients hence the need for the patients to be informed. Research Questions The study had mainly four research questions. The following are the questions that formed the basis of the study:  1. Women who had undergone chemotherapy were asked to explain their encounter with CRIC.  2. The women were asked what information on CRCI they thought would be useful before starting treatment.  3. The women diagnosed with breast cancer were also asked information that they would find useful on CRCI when cognitive changes manifested. The researched questions stated by the study are broad enough to ensure a qualitative study. The questions used in the study are evocative and problematic hence will attract the attention of the reviewer (Alexandrov 135). The questions used are of particular interest to the breast cancer patients because it addresses their predicaments. The research questions that the study uses are relevant especially to the breast cancer patients as the questions seek to address the problems that they face. The research questions are distinctive as they address the problems of breast cancer patients in a new and unique manner. The study uses questions that are researchable hence meet the threshold of a qualitative study. The questions also have limited variables hence making it easy to focus on the main problem and make it easy to research. Study Design The study adopted a qualitative and descriptive design methodology which is suitable for getting straight answers that are important to health practitioners (Spark, Dunn and Houlahan 345). The data used in the study was obtained by use of questionnaires, interviewing and
Introduction The purpose of this research paper will be to integrate all the readings and class discussions into work and life experiences as well as apply the theories acquired during class discussions in real world applications. The discussion within this paper will be based on the understanding and knowledge that has been gained from management studies and coursework. The paper will focus on the various aspects of management that have been acquired during the course of the studies and these aspects include emotional intelligence and positive work environments, functional and dysfunctional control systems within the organization, the essentials of quality management and the techniques that are associated with quality management, functional planning, employee motivators, organizational decision making, job characteristics, being the manager of large and small organizations, personality differences, and organization analysis. Emotional Intelligence and Positive Work Environments The concept of emotional intelligence and its impact on work environments is relatively new since it was introduced in 1990 by Salovey and Mayer after deriving the concept from Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences which included interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence. Salovey and Mayer used Gardner’s theory to develop their definition of emotional intelligence which is the ability to monitor and regulate an individual’s personal feelings and also use these feelings to guide one’s thinking and actions. Under this definition five dimensions were identified and these include being aware of one’s emotions (self-awareness), managing one’s emotions (self-regulation), motivating oneself, recognizing other people’s emotions (empathy) and handling either work or personal relationships (Luca & Tarricone, 2011). Emotional intelligence is vital for achieving positive work environments as it allows employees to exercise self-control, motivation and persistence in the workplace which are all important aspects in achieving a positive balance. Emotional intelligence allows employees within an organization to perceive the emotions of their co-workers within the organization so that their perceptions can be able to assist their thought processes when performing work duties (Giesecke, 2007). Positive work environments within organizations are usually characterized by open and positive communication, relationships that
Many Christians usually find it difficult to explain how both good and evil coexist at the same time. This fact makes this issue a popular subject for many Christian and non-Christian philosophers. On the other hand, their points of view result in arguments. One of the philosophers who have contributed to this debate is John Hick. His work on the soul-making project has elicited varied reactions. Both sides support their arguments in a number of ways. However, Hick’s soul-making project is one of the most influential philosophies addressing the attitude towards God and sin. A theoretical analysis of Hick’s theodicy offers satisfactory insight into how an infinitely powerful God might permit evil to exist or even happen. Both the weak and the strong points of Hick’s argument will be evaluated in the paper. One of the ways in which Hick put his point across is to refer to Augustine theorists. He refuted their claims that human beings were given the autonomy to choose their path. Moreover, he disputed the claim that humans and some angels misused this freedom and subsequently brought trouble on themselves. Finally, Hick disagreed with the notion that evil came about after human beings committed the sin. Therefore, he concluded that malevolence was not a punishment for the original transgression. Hick’s soul-making project defends the antagonism to Augustinian theorists by quipping that the fall of soul beings was not necessarily a calamity. In that case, the fall of humans was viewed as a manifestation of the weakness found in human beings. That flaw was part of human beings right from creation. To support that claim, Hick asserted that human beings were created not in the “likeness” of God, but in His “image”. Therefore, human beings are infants spiritually. The creator’s intention was to let humans grow both morally and spiritually. Hick then made the conclusion that evil did not exist as a punishment. The arguments articulated by this theory are very shrewd and convincing. Another strong point of Hick’s theory is that it can easily be adapted to the present-day doctrine. The soul-making project points out that the world is a place where souls grow and develop. Therefore, no one is to go through his/her life as a ready-made person. Human beings have to
Lately, there has been a fair share of debate around the safety and quality of the current healthcare system. Shortcomings were detected in many areas be it patient satisfaction, complication rate, or treatment efficiency. An impetus to further development would be goal-setting by government bodies and policy-makers. This essay will discuss the most efficient ways of introducing accountability to healthcare organizations. Accountability is a complex phenomenon, and while it is attainable, holding healthcare providers responsible involves making meaningful changes and taking numerous measures. Denis (2014) argues that there are three key elements to ensuring accountability: setting relevant, well-defined goals, monitoring progress and revising outcomes, and communicating the consequences for health providers if the goals are not met. The only issue that Denis (2014) points out in his article is the unclear concept of goal-setting: to him, quantitative goals only reflect the volume of care. A more effective approach would focus on the quality of care instead. Deber (2014) outlines three major approaches toward promoting accountability. First, the author claims the efficiency of financial incentives as they can be both a tool for encouragement and punishment. Second, regulations play a significant role in health care as they standardize the services. Lastly, the researcher reasons that the government should allow the market to decide which providers are the best. It is assumed that health providers have great potential for aligning their practice with the highest standards of care, which constitutes the concept of accountability. Accountability can be interpreted as responsibility for care quality and awareness of bigger goals. A practical approach toward ensuring accountability would include a set of measures among which are financial incentives, legislation, and information provision to compel customers to make independent choices.
Introduction Definition and Characteristics Fascism is a political ideology that promotes high expressions of nationalism and aggressive approach in the defence of one’s nation (Passmore 72). It is characterised by a one-party rule usually under a dictator and denial of individual rights. The basic principles of a fascist nation include authoritarianism, a deep understanding of state being more important than the individual, presence of an enigmatic leader and action oriented governance. Unlike communism, fascism did not strive for a class-less society. Rather, it was supported by industrialists, lower middle class and the military. Great examples where fascism existed are Italy under Benito Mussolini, Germany under Adolf Hitler and Spain under Francisco Franco among others (Payne 15). Dr. Britt Lawrence (22) found fourteen distinct defining characteristics common to every fascist regime. These were powerful and continuing nationalism where symbols and patriotic slogans were used in public displays; disregard for the recognition of human rights which led to executions and torture; identification of a perceived common enemy which was used as a uniting cause like communists and socialist were used as scapegoats; the military is highly idealized with great amounts of government funding going to them in the expense of domestic agendas; most fascist nations are male-dominated hence rampant sexism; censorship of mass media, where the government directly controls the media content; fear and intimidation is used to motivate the masses towards National security under fascism rule; they use a common religion that supports their ideals and uses it to manipulate public opinion; the industrial and business upper classes which form corporate power enjoy government protection; in fascist nations labour unions are either banned or harshly suppressed; contempt for intellectuals and the arts with hostility to academia; occurrence of a police force that has limitless power showing fascination with crime and punishment of opponents; rampant corruption and eventually fraudulent elections. Fascism in Italy and Germany The First World War had a great impact and devastating consequences for Italy, although it was among the winning powers. The war brought inflation which increased greatly due to military expenses; there were political divisions and frequent social unrest, and unsatisfactory peace treaty because it received a small portion of the territory they wanted. There was mistrust in the Liberal politicians leading to the rise of Fascism. As Martin Blinkhorn puts it, one cause of the rise of fascism in Italy was the problems it faced after World War 1, which are post war economic crises, mass demobilisation and acute social unrest (Blinkhorn 34). After the unification in Italy, which was dominated by the elite, the south was neglected leading to chronic poverty that was worsened by limited spending and soaring taxes. The Liberals failed to transform the economy which was severely suffering from post-war depression after World War 1, giving fascism a chance to increase its mass backing. The western powers which included
Topic Children with disabilities have been recognized as one of the ‘at risk’ groups for a long time; in particular, ‘at risk’ is the term commonly used to identify special categories of children, and also, it carries quite a strong emotional and intuitive connotation (Moore, 2006). However, education for children with disabilities is a relatively new issue that has appeared eventually as society grew to develop a more liberal and egalitarian view on the place of individuals with disabilities. In particular, less than a century ago, people with disabilities used to be excluded and isolated from the rest of the society as severely ill and unfit to function alongside their peers without disabilities (Shonkoff & Meisels, 2000). Sadly, the interventional and educational programs for individuals with special needs only started to be developed and implemented during the 1960s; however, the pattern of isolation continued to persist (Shonkoff & Meisels, 2000). Today, in the USA, the number of schools embracing inclusive education varies from one state to another; in particular, among the children with autism, the rate of inclusion is about 37% (Heasley, 2014). However, this percentage shows an average number collective of all states, whereas in Iowa, the actual rate of inclusion is as high as 62%, and in Washington D.C. it is only 8% (Heasley, 2014). The general percentage of inclusion for children with disabilities is rather low, even though it has been steadily rising over the last ten years. As a result, the problem of barriers to inclusive education is rather significant and needs creative and fast solutions helping to foster further improvement in the area and the increase in the number of included learners. Rationale The problem of barriers to inclusive education was recognized globally in 1994, when the representatives of ninety-two governments and authorities from twenty-five international organizations gathered in Salamanca, Spain, to discuss the problems related to inclusion in education and work out an appropriate policy for their minimization. As pointed out by Miles (2000), the Salamanca Statement specified that “every child has a fundamental right to education, and must be given the opportunity to achieve and maintain an acceptable level of learning” (para. 10). Moreover, in the Statement, it was recognized that it is one of the major objectives of the education systems to provide the children with the required quality and type of education regardless of how different and unique their learning styles and abilities can be (Miles, 2000). In that way, it is possible to name the need for inclusive education as one of the superior requirements for the modern education systems functioning across the globe and the one in place in the United States. Moreover, according to Opertti (2008), the representative of The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), inclusive education is a way towards the formation of an inclusive society and the elimination of isolation and alienation patterns faced by children
Introduction Modern world is full of violence and injustice. People became very angry and rude to each other. Morality is one of the aspects of people life which should be followed. Morality and ethics are two notions which have appeared not by chance. People should live according to some rules, in other case the chaos will appear on the earth. People should know what bad is, and only in this case they will be able to distinguish good things. People should live according to some rules and should value the moral rules according to which other people live. Main Body We all have been taught to tolerate other beliefs and values. In the question at what point we should no longer tolerate these others beliefs and values I would like to turn to religion and philosophy. I am inclined to think that moral rules and values are mostly presented by our religion and in the philosophical studies of philosophers. “Moral philosophy is the attempt to achieve a systematic understanding of the nature of morality and what it requires of us – in Socrates words, of “how we ought to live”, and why” (Rachels James and Stuart 2006-1). To answer the question about tolerance we should consider what tolerance is and how we understand it. Tolerance Tolerance means the indulgence to other people’s actions and opinions even if you disagree with this; it is the ability to treat these actions and opinions without irritation. In this meaning tolerance is a very rare trait of person’s character. Tolerant person respects the views of other people without trying to prove his personal point of view. Cases where tolerance is redundant So, till what situation we should be tolerant. In which situations we should remain calm. People are different and their points of view are different. We always try to impart our point of view on others. But there are situations when we must try to convince person, to show that they are wrong. These situations may deal with cruelty, death penalties, lynch law. My opinion is that we are simple people and we have no right to punish people (death penalties, lynch law). The destiny will make everything as it must be. People who insist on death punishment do not quite understand as they are, in most cases, under effect of some cruel actions directed against them or their relatives. Yes, in some cases pain may last for a long time, but if we will insist on death penalties, how do you think, does not it mean that we will become the same as those people who we want to punish. Yes, we will become the same, people, who think that they can do everything, even to kill, cannot call themselves moral. In this case, the opinions may be different, but people should understand that killing other people, no matter what kind of crime he or she has committed, is inadmissible