ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Problems Macro From a macro perspective, the current problem with the implementation of the new management information system is its adoption by the various managers of the bank. It is the assumption of this study that the source of this problem is connected to employee resistance to change. This comes in the form of some managers at the bank being so set in their ways that they would prefer an old inefficient system that they are used to as compared to a new and more efficient one, albeit a system that needs a considerable degree of time and effort to gain familiarity (Li et al., 2012). Humans are creatures of habit in that they enjoy daily routines and standards of procedure that do not constantly change on a daily basis, it is only in instances that change is introduced that it is met with significant resistance due to the inherent desire to keep things as they were. Such a case is often seen in various corporations wherein changes implemented by the company is often met with significant resistance due to the desire of employees to retain the operational procedures that they have grown accustomed to (Tiwana, 2010). What you have to understand is that when employees are exposed to a particular procedural element for daily operations over an extended period of time they develop a certain sense of complacency in that they tend to prefer the current way of doing business. Employees in certain companies tended to oppose certain degrees of automation involving internal operational processes due to the perception that such changes would eliminate the need for their job. Even if such changes would make their jobs easier changes within the company still continued to be met with significant degrees of scepticism and fear. It should also be noted that psychological resistance to change occurs not only in employees but in managers as well (Tiwana, 2012). It is often the case that managers fear change due to the fact that they fear losing power over their employees. Managers perceive change as a negatively impacting their autonomy over their work place environments and the various factors that they have control over. In fact, it is at times perceived as a direct attack on the managers themselves despite the fact that nothing could be farther from the truth. It should also be noted that managers resist such changes due to their perception that they may lose their jobs as a direct result. What must be understood is that change often comes with the implementation of new practices that managers may or may not be able to sufficiently cope up with. As such, those who are under the belief that they would be unable to adapt to the new changes are the most resistant to them being implemented since it would be likely that they would be replaced by another person that has the necessary capacity to implement the changes as need be. It should also be noted that managers often suffer from the same perception regarding complacency and, as a result, are often
Introduction Deficit spending occurs when a shortage of financial resources in the federal budget arises. In the modern economic environment, the economies of many countries are associated with chronic budget deficits, i.e. exceeding budget spending over national incomes. Many economists correlate budget deficits with adverse impacts on economic development – the stimulation of inflation processes, the creation of barriers to economic growth, and negative social outcomes. However, a budget deficit is not necessarily an extremely negative phenomenon, and it is argued that budget deficits can provoke the revival of national economic activity. Money creation is considered a traditional method of budget balancing. The emissive method of covering budget deficits implies the increase in monetary volumes, i.e., the government issues extra money, which is used to cover excess expenditures. The major advantage of this method is the growth of money supply that is interrelated with the increase in the aggregate demand and production output (Van Lear, 2002). The increased money supply determines the decrease in interest rate growth at the money market, and it stimulates investments and growth of aggregate expenditure and output. However, it is always interrelated with inflation. To avoid adverse effects of emission, the supporters of the Keynesian perspective suggest the implementation of deficit spending as an effective method for the distribution of tax burdens in time and the consequent facilitation of debt reimbursement. Nowadays, the necessity for the use of deficit spending for the fulfillment of social needs is defined by many factors. Adherence to active social policy, an increase in defensive potentialities, international activities, etc. require continuous investments. At the same time, budget income is constrained by taxation limits. Thus, the use of deficit spending methods associated with the increase in domestic debt may help to achieve immediate loosening of contradictions between the growing social demands and limited national resources. Advantages Contrary to money emission, budget-balancing through issuing and selling securities to the population can be regarded as a non-inflationary method since it is not associated with the growth of monetary supply. The use of public securities sales is strategically more acceptable for the government than taxation increases, as the increase in taxes may lead to public discontent. Debt financing may stimulate economic growth. By incre
Introduction The practice of promoting health is an urgent task of modern medicine where much attention is paid to not only prevention but also to real interventions aimed at improving the health of the population. In the conditions of constant innovations and changes in control systems over healthcare quality, the importance of documents defining relevant services’ modes of operation increases. Acts that have become turning points in the transition from disease prevention to health promotion, such as the Ottawa Charter and the Jakarta Declaration, will be reviewed. These two documents focus onthe determinants of health, and their impact on the quality of public well-being is significant. The Jakarta Declaration and the Ottawa Charter The Jakarta Declaration was the document that influenced the reorganization of activities based on the transition from health prevention to promotion. It was signed in 1997, and one of its key provisions was revising the determinants of health as the crucial elements of medical practice (World Health Organization, 2019a). As real intervention measures to maintain the innovations discussed, investment was suggested as an aspect of the target activity. The Ottawa Charter was another document that also had an important place in the mechanism of the transition from prevention to promotion. According to the World Health Organization (2019b), it was signed in 1986, and one of the merits of this act was listing the key components of health, which were called prerequisites. In particular, the responsibility of both medical providers and the public was mentioned, and the basic indicators of well-being were cited (World Health Organization, 2019b). Both documents reviewed became valuable sources contributing to the promotion of health and not just its prevention. Determinants of Health The work of medical providers is associated not only with practical cases of care but also with other aspects, in particular, the analysis of factors affecting people’s well-being. These factors are called determinants and are criteria that largely determine the health status of the population. According to the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2019a), their list is extensive; therefore, there are several groups that comb
Introduction Since its inception, the Internet has greatly transformed our lives, and although it developed quite slowly, the number of users continued to swell over time (Weber, 2004). Presently, millions of users across the world access and use the Internet every day for work, leisure, or education. Initially, the Internet was not intended to be a channel for interpersonal communication. It was established by the US Department of Defense as a channel of communication by scientists located in different places. According to Windeatt, Hardisty, and Eastment (2000), the Internet is the most radical agent of change witnessed in the recent past. Although the Internet has many benefits, it also presents serious challenges to users and organizations. Its usage has spread throughout the world, and it is being used for good as well as bad purposes. Even though no single organization controls the Internet, various organizations exist to set standards that should be followed by all users and service providers. During its growth, the Internet had to undergo radical technological changes to cater for the increasing number of users. Fundamentally, the Internet is a set of diverse networks that correlate with each other on a mutual basis. The networks that make up the Internet are linked using devices such as routers, which facilitate the forwarding of packets from one node to another as they travel to their intended destination. This paper provides a discussion on the evolution of the Internet. Evolution of the Internet The Internet started in the early 1960s when the Cold War was at its peak. To support its research projects in different locations, the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) opted to create a huge computer network for sharing data and programs (Pastor-Satorras & Vespignani, 2007). The creation of the network was meant to be a security measure to ensure that data and information belonging to ARPA remained within the system. The Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET) was later initiated by Lawrence Roberts, a research professional at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). At first, the network was intended to link mainframe computers located at four different universities in the United States. It later expanded to include other public and private institutions. Pa
Quality and Capacity: Videos Analysis The two videos illustrate the features mentioned in the textbook, namely quality (McDonald’s) and capacity (Bloomberg Airlines). While quality is the most significant characteristic of a profitable business, capacity is probably the second most important. The video about McDonald’s featuring how chicken nuggets are made shows the company’s dedication to its product’s quality. I think that McDonald’s is doing a great job letting people come to their factories and see the working process. By doing this, they prove that their company takes care of people’s health by using only fresh meat and no additions to it. By this video, the company dissolves the skeptics’ myths about its food being of poor quality. Anyone can see that McDonald’s does everything possible to supply the best products to its restaurants. While some may say that even high-quality meat does not make McDonald’s a competitive restaurant, I would say they should take into consideration the fact that it is a fast-food restaurant and not some posh place. Moreover, a posh place means high prices, and McDonald’s can boast its moderate price level. Thus, I am convinced that the company’s high quality is the most encouraging factor for the customers to choose their restaurants. The second video featuring Bloomberg Airlines illustrates another issue mentioned in the textbook – capacity. In my opinion, this characteristic is no less desired in business than quality. A thorough plan is necessary to promote strong capacity possibilities. The video emphasizes the importance of predicting the customers’ needs, tracking the strategic movements of the rival companies, and following the global prices of fuel for providing a high capacity of one’s company. Capacity undoubtedly is a vital attribute for any company that strives to be successful. I think that an airline company’s supply chain functions based on the use of capacity are bound to bring it a success.
Hong Kong leadership has promoted the city as Asia’s World City, equipped with a European-style legal system and business perspectives. It made Hong Kong a popular hub for multinational companies because China was a lucrative market that attracted many potential businesses (Lu et al., 2021). Nevertheless, while once popular, Hong Kong faces many issues that threaten its position as Asia’s hub for western multinational companies. Hong Kong is experiencing a wave of governmental control coming from mainland China. With a new national-security law, the place became more hostile toward those who oppose the Communist Party (Wong, 2020). While Hong Kong was previously a safe place, free of China’s main party’s control, now it is slowly turning the opposite way, pushing many companies away from the island and its market. Various companies are currently looking for alternative cities that can provide a similar if not better quality of the market, without the same risks, such as Shanghai or Singapore (Lyons and Yoon, 2021). Shanghai, in particular, is becoming a rival for Hong Kong in terms of multinational investments. By 2017, the city’s synthetic index of innovation capability ranked 4 th in the country, as it has for several years in a row (De Giorgi, 2017, p. 111). While some view it as secondary to Hong Kong, others see it as the future hub of an Asian global market that will outplay its competitors. The city has attracted many foreigners, both business people, and immigrants, with its market possibilities. While Hong Kong remains one of the biggest multinational hubs in the Asian market, its position is beginning to dwindle with the recent government regulations that destabilize its market and scare away many investors. With a rise of competitor cities such as Shanghai and a growing attachment to mainland China’s economy and politics, Hong Kong risks losing a significant portion of its business attractiveness to foreign businesses.
Ethnicity and race are important social constructs with significant political importance in the community. On most occasions, ethnicity is attributed to natural origin, language, religion, food, and cultural markers, while the race is marked with distinctions of eye shape, skin color, and hair texture. However, ethnicity can only be described as cultural identifiers that are assigned to persons of common descent. At the same time, ethnic groups can be referred to as human groups that share a common belief in their descent because of their similarities, such as physical appearance, migration, cultural values, communication, and interaction. On the other hand, race can be described as a large family of human beings with a common origin and language. This paper will discuss linguistic normalization and linguistic othering and their relation to indexing ethnicity and race. Linguistic normalization generally entails a transformation of texts into a single canonical form that never existed before. It maps different but equivalent phrases to a single representative phase otherwise referred to as the phrase frame. It can be further divided into three forms, which are syntactical, morphological, and lexico-semantical normalization (Hill, 2009). In morphological normalization, verb forms are usually reduced to infinitives, while infective forms of nouns are reduced to nominative singular. Moreover, superlatives and comparatives are often reduced to absolute forms. Grammatical rules that form plurals are found to apply reverse while certain transformations such as verbs being turned into nouns are also used. In syntactical normalization, adverbs may be mapped onto adjectives to modify normalized verbs. The lexico-semantical normalizations stem synonyms that may have different meanings in other settings. On the other hand, linguistic othering refers to how social group dichotomie
Summary Information technology is a major factor in business growth. Concentrating on IT alone is not as productive as when combined with well supported human resource. Other business resources are also required. They include design, bench marking, and IT planning. IT behaves like commodities. Thus, it can only produce excellent results when supported by strong business and human resources (Powell & Milcallef, 1997). Strength This article has successfully established the notion that IT is a critical factor contributing to business growth. It brings out the value of human resource and disagrees with the fact that IT can replace humans in firms (Powell & Milcallef, 1997). Weakness In as much as IT gives firms a competitive advantage, the main factor in business growth is the value that consumers attach to the products offered. This article left out the relationship between consumers and Information technology (Powell & Milcallef, 1997). Conclusion Information Technology can never take the place of humans in business. Value chain drives business growth. This article is effective for firms who are concentrating on improving IT while neglecting other factors. Integration of IT and other resources is the key to growing business.
Introduction This income tax analysis incorporates the effects that the federal income taxes have impacted on the taxpayers. Under the income tax law analysis, different researches software tools have been made use of in solving the tax problems. Among the most famous tax software tools would be the ‘ CPA tax software’ , which is often used for both the reporting and planning in audit purposes. In fact, the CPA tax software facilitates accurate reporting on the company’s tax position. Income taxation under both the legal and political environment analyzed Both the political and legal frameworks of the federal governments directly impact on the enactment and legislation of various tax laws, especially in the United States. The implementations of the income tax law require the political and legal willpower of those who are in the leadership positions. These leaders are the law-makers who control the policies regarding the income taxation. For instance, the political leaders might pass laws that impose very stringent measures regarding the income taxes paid by the individual citizens. Tax preparers’ ethical as well as the legal obligations It is neither ethical nor legal for the tax preparers to engage in malpractices such as financial frauds, which are inconsistent with the prevailing tax laws. The tax preparers should not be involved in those activities, which are likely to lead to financial losses on both the parts of the individuals and the states in general. In fact, the tax preparers should not engage in either tax avoidance or tax evasion. Tax law sources The laws on income taxes in the United States of America come from different sources. These sources include, but not limited to the constitution of the United States, the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), treaties, opinions of the federal courts, and the treasury regulations, which are categorized under the first tier. On the other hand, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the Public Administrative Rulings (PAR) are found under the second tier. Finally, the sources of the income tax laws include the legislative history and the Private Letter Rulings (PLR), which are found under the third tier. Individual’s Income Taxes Computation When calculating the income tax for an individual, the following procedure should be followed. Mr. X Income Tax Computation for the Year ended XXXX Nature of Income              Amount  Taxable Amount                               USD     USD            Employment income                     xxx            Add: housing benefit                                 Add: motor vehicle allowance                         Add: other income                                    Business Income               xx                     Rental income                 xx      xxx            Taxable Income                        xxxx            The taxable income amount is taxed at the prevailing
Introduction The concept of women’s beauty has attracted the attention of many scholars over the past several decades. Different factors have been used to define the beauty of women at different times in history. Kim and Lee explain that in the past, fat women were considered more beautiful than slim ones (10). The beauty of a woman at that time was based on her curvature. However, that has changed significantly over the recent past. The beauty of a woman is currently determined by how slim and physically fit one is, and fatness has become a factor that defines less desirable women. The media has been used to propagate the idea that slim women are more attractive. In beauty contests, women are offered the opportunity to demonstrate how flexible and physically fit their bodies are when they catwalk. Mills et al. believe that mass media, especially televisions and magazines, entrenched the belief that the beauty of a woman is defined by her weight (147). Social media has also promoted the same idea, which explains why young women are currently keen on ensuring that they ma
Introduction Establishing a fully fledged enterprise is process. According to Hisrich, Robert, Peters, and Shepherd (2005) entrepreneurial development is much more than diligent management of the enterprise. Enterprise development follows four distinct phases. As such it is akin to a journey. The first phase involves the identification of existing opportunities, which is followed by development of the business plan. Once the plan is in place the entrepreneur must identify the necessary resources that the enterprise needs to thrive. Business management is the last phase on enterprise development process. In view of Hisrich et al.’s (2005) model, this paper will evaluate the entrepreneurship development process of two businesses in the IT industry. Noldus IT has a mission to provide the best IT tools that facilitate data collection in scientific disciplines such as neurosurgeon, pharmacology, ergonomics among other human and animal behavioral sciences (Noldus IT 2011). Since inception Noldus IT has operated under a business model informed by asset parsimony, a concept that allows businesses to effectively utilize scarce resources. Pharming, initially known as GenPharm, develops technologies concerning biopharmacology. The firm target is to develop technologies that would help cure extraordinary but fatal medial conditions. Due to the nature of its business, the firm has to establish partnership with crucial partners such as the Dutch government, education institutions as well as financial institutions (Pharming Group NV 2011). Identifying opportunities For Noldus IT, the business opportunity was noted by chance. Initially a keen software engineering student discovered the market niche for computer software while in the process of completing doctoral studies. The student initially developed biotechnological softwares as part of doctoral research work, but found out that they could be sold to clients met during seminars, conferences and lectures. After disco