ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Genocide refers to the destruction of a religious, ethnic or any other human group in part or in its entirety (Andreopoulos 35). The term was coined in 1944 and used to refer to an extremely destructive act of violence that led to massive deaths and destructions (Stanton 6). The Rwandan genocide is one of the most awful tragedies and crimes against humanity that have ever happened. This paper seeks to find a way to make it easier for people in certain countries to speak out against genocide and ask for help. This help can give some relief or bring some peace to the lives of people who have experienced the horrors of genocide. In addition, it will provide more information on genocide and explain why people have not learnt from its past occurrences and why it continues to happen in places, such as Darfur in Sudan. Genocide is worse than death because of its horrific consequences, such as destruction of human life and the emotional and psychological trauma experienced by victims. Discussion Genocide involves the mass murder of people based on factors, such as ethnicity, religion or political affiliation. It is deliberate, well-planned and perpetuated by individuals who are motivated by prejudices, revenge, racism, injustice and intolerance (Andreopoulos 38). For genocide to take place, certain conditions must be present. First, there must be a culture of non-concern for human life in the society. Secondly, there must be a group that considers others as unworthy, less human and inferior. Thirdly, the dominant group must be composed of criminals and should have support from powerful organizations or individuals (Andreopoulos 38). The Rwandan genocide that took place in 1994 was a horrific experience for the country. The genocide was characterized by the use of brutal weapons, merciless killing and great suffering (Stanton 6). Machetes and clubs were the weapons of choice used by men who were specially trained to massacre people. The genocide involved illegal squads that received help from the military (Stanton 6). Whenever the squads experienced resistance or opposition, the military backed them up. In most genocide cases, the killings were directed towards certain groups of people that had rebellious political views. Killings were mostly perpetrated by governments that exterminated certain groups that they consi
The first fact about poverty in the United States essential to know is its concentration by race and ethnicity. According to Cohen (2020), “American Indians and African Americans are more than three times more likely, and Latinos are more than twice as likely, to be poor than Whites” (p. 136). It is evident that poverty rates differ for racial-ethnical groups as a result of numerous socio-economic factors. Therefore, being aware of this tendency and acknowledging the problem are essential steps to addressing inequality and discrimination in society. Another critical fact is the relationship between poverty and family structure. Single-parent households in the US are more likely to face hardships in life (Cohen, 2020). It is important to know which social groups require social support to overcome or avoid poverty. Generally speaking, modern society in the US is characterized by a rather high degree of social mobility. In other words, people can move in social positions upwards and downwards over the course of time as a result of various impacts. Family structure is a factor that can influence one’s social mobility. For example, children of single mothers often live in a household with a family income under $25,000, while married couples with children frequently have an income of $50,000-99,999 (Cohen, 2020, p. 144). This tendency implies limited financial opportunities and social capital needed to succeed in society. Evidently, children from lower-income households are more likely to dominate future lower classes due to the scarcities they face and a significant difference in opportunities.
Introduction Protestant Reformation was an overhaul of Catholicism, which occurred in the 1500s. The Roman Catholic church was embroiled in a conflict with the protestants over church doctrines. Purists from the West objected to the running of the Catholic church. In fact, the purists were against issues like the sale of indulgence and divine priesthood, among others. Other issue included access to the Holy Bible. This paper will explore religious occurrences in the 1500s. In addition, the paper will provide four main reasons for choosing protestant in the 1500’s Europe (Wilson 1). Discussion Firstly, Catholicism considered priests as divine in their ministry. This belief did not resonate well with the protestants. The latter wanted priests to be considered ordinary and liable to mistakes. However, based on the pope’s argument, the priesthood was a reserve of a few. Further regulations that the priests could not marry made it difficult for protestants to join the priesthood. Priesthood infringed on people’s right to marry. Moreover, Catholic priests wanted rich lifestyles; this made it difficult for them to focus on evangelism. Therefore, protestants could be considered superior in this regard (Hodges 1). Secondly, protestants allowed worshippers to access Bible for spiritual gain. By enhancing access to the Bible, protestants promoted understanding of this book through religious study. On the other hand, the Roman Catholic doctrines did not permit people to read the Bible or get a copy of it. The pope wanted the Bible to be in one language only (Latin). In this regard, Catholicism wanted to control people, as well as dictate their religious groupings. This was quite damaging to the spread of the gospel, which aimed at reaching every nation and language as directed by Jesus Christ before his ascension (Hodges 1). Thirdly, the forgiveness of sins also became controversial in the Roman Catholic church. People’s sins could be forgiven by paying money or donating to the church. Moreover, the Catholic Church believed that forgiveness of sins could also be achieved through prayers. This belief was wrong since it encouraged people to commit sins and compensate it through donations to the churches. Additionally, people would just confess their sins to the priests and believe that they would be forgiven. According to protestants, sins could only be forgiven by God or Jesus. Protestants’ argument resonated well with the scriptures. In essence, the sale of indulgence was improper in Catholicism (Zucker and Beth 1). Finally, Catholic church members assumed that one had to go through a priest to meet God. This action restricted worshipers from reaching God. Additionally, this technique was also used to deny worshippers the right to read the Bible. However, protestants’ insistence on God as omnipresent enabled worshippers to meet God at a personal level. Catholicism’s assertion that only the priest could find God was wrong. In essence, reaching God at a personal level enabled people to worship him whenever necessary (Zucker and Beth 1). Conclusion Protestant Reformation in the 1500s ushered in a blood bath between Catholics
Background Information Nowadays people understand that preventing disasters is much more effective than trying to cope with the outcome of this or that catastrophe. For instance, Emerson states that “dollars spent in prevention are worth more than dollars spent in recovery” (Kunene, 2002). There are a lot of examples proving such saying. Thus, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) reports that “only 43% of businesses that suffer an incapacitating disaster ever resume operations” (Hiatt, 2000, p. 9). Moreover, 29% of those 43% remain in business. According to University of Minnesota survey 93% of companies which could not assess their data facilities (centers) for about 10 or more days became bankrupts during a year (Hiatt, 2000). Reputedly, average business loses about three percent of its “gross sales within eight days of a sustained computer outage” (Hiatt, 2000, p.10). By all means, companies get more and more interested in development disaster recovery plans to avoid any possible problems (Business Continuity Institute, 2005). Being a fast growing company, AtHand should also pay much attention to preventing any interruptions in its business processes. The successful examples of disaster plan implementation prove the importance of such planning. For instance, banks which are extremely dependant on th
Accounting is necessary for the operation of the enterprise because it allows receiving income from the work of the company, record all receipts of funds, expenses. Accounting data is constantly changing depending on the operation of the enterprise. The concepts of debit and credit are among the main ones in accounting. Credit and debit-performance indicators of the enterprise allow checking the company’s stability and profitability. Proper accounting documentation is essential, first of all, for the organization itself. Debit is the arrival of funds, the profit of the company. The sources of income can be different: sales of products, provision of services, payments of funds by creditors. By debiting the active balance sheet accounts, meaning the company’s asset registration accounts, assets at the beginning of the reporting period, and their increase during the reporting period are indicated. For example, when funds are credited to the current account, the received amount is reflected in the account debit. On the debit of the passive balance sheet accounts, meaning the accounts of the registration of the enterprise sources, a decrease in the sources of funds is reflected. For example, if an enterprise receives a loss based on the results of the reporting period, the amount of the loss is reflected in the debit. Credit describes an item of expenditure and includes the payment of salaries to employees, the cost of purchasing products and their transportation, taxes and various fees, and raw materials for production. The loan to the active balance sheet accounts reflects a decrease in the corresponding assets. For
Introduction Japan Airlines Development Company decided to establish a hotel company in the mid-1980s as a diversification and globalization strategy to strengthen the company’s position in the competitive U.S. market. Therefore, Japan Airlines Development Company formed Nikko Hotels International as an affiliate company. Essex House was to be the foundation for the future growth of Nikko Hotels international. Nikko Hotels’ executives believed that if the company could do well with the Essex House in the competitive New York market, then they would do well in all other markets in the United States. The decision to acquire the Essex House was to test if the company would thrive in the U.S market. Analysis The management team at Essex House represented a highly diversified cultural group of managers. Essex House was originally by the Marriott Corporation. When Nikko Hotels International took over the management, they invited all the directors and staff that previously worked for the Marriott Corporation. The invited team consisted of professionals of different cultural diversities. Six managers of the Marriott employee agreed to stay on the invitation. Australian director of food and beverage, an Irish director of human resources, a Lebanese chief engineer, and a North American director of marketing remained. Later a Japanese controller joined the executive. Owing to the employees’ diverse cultural nature, the corporate office of Hotel Nikko (USA) Inc. decided to organize an executive for team building. The retreat was to culminate in the development of the Nikko Hotels’ mission statement. The president of the company, Yasuyuki Miura, joined executives after the group
Introduction Since 1949, the National Basketball Association (NBA) has grown exponentially to accumulate a rich history characterized by remarkable stories and captivating characters. NBA has also over the years grown from a small league in America to a global phenomenon. However, its biggest achievement has been the fact that it has propelled basketball to be one of the fastest growing sports around the world. To affirm its growth, the league has grown its number of teams over the decades from only 8 to more than 30 teams, as it’s currently constituted (NBA, 2010, p. 1). Kirchberg (2007) makes a comparison of the growth of the league to the growth of athletes by noting that the league has grown “From the first superstar, center George Mikan of the Minneapolis Lakers, to its current star, Chinese center Yao Ming of the Houston Rockets” (p. 3). This shows the characteristic of the league’s growth in players Many fans, not only in America, but globally, appreciate the origin and growth of the NBA and this is why this study seeks to document the important hallmarks and changes that characterize NBA history to date. This will be done by making a special reference to some of the most influential players in NBA history, such as Larry Bird, Michael Johnson, Elgin Baylor and the likes. More importantly, it is crucial to note that; for people to appreciate the current status of NBA in world sports, it is crucial to recognize the history of the league over the decades. More importantly, this study will demonstrate that NBA was as important to its fans when it started, as it is now. Birth of NBA After the end of the Second World War, business was booming in America, and socially, there was an equally increasing demand for indoor sports activities, which prompted some of the most influential business owners in the Northeast to come up with a nationwide basketball league (NBA, 2009, p. 2). Initially, the only basketball league that existent was the National Basketball League (NBL) which majorly operated in the Midwest and therefore never had a wide nationalistic appeal (NBA, 2009, p. 2). The Basketball association of America (BAA) was thereby established to compete with the National basketball league (NBL), but the league never had a wide nationalistic appeal either because it only operated in 13 states across America. However, two teams out of the 13 teams from different states dropped out, leaving only 11 teams in the league. The performance of the BAA was also widely considered below average and therefore the league suffered a dent in its public image because of this reason (NBA, 2010, p. 2). Due to these criticisms, there was a need for a major overhaul of the league. This was eventual
Differences between emir” and “ethic” approaches and its importance in field research Emil approach is regarded as an inductive or bottom-up approach. Emic approach is used when researchers give an account as well as a description of a particular culture in a community by analyzing the data collected and delivering appropriate categories and conceptual schemes that are important to the community being studied. When using Emic approach to study a certain population, researchers ignore previous theories or assumptions and concentrates on the subject matter being studied in order to let the participants as well as the data gathered speak to them. This method helps in discovering appropriate themes, patterns as well as concepts. This method is mainly used for those topics that have not been heavily researched on. Its main advantage is its ability to appreciate the uniqueness of context being studied, respect for local perspectives as well as its ability to uncover unexpected findings. On the other hand, an etic approach is considered as a deductive approach. It is a description, an account and an analysis that gives appropriate conceptual schemes that are relevant
A poster is a significant representation of a particular message that can be relayed in words or graphics and is displayed on public walls and the internet to get the great masses to view it. Posters have been a form of communication long before the internet came, and it was a reliable source of spreading important information to many people at once. Israel uses posters for advertising its best touring sites to tourists interested in visiting the nation (“The Palestine poster projects archives”, 1948). These posters have evolved over the years due to changes in technology and preferences to remain relevant and valid. While posters may be biased on the locations and the depicted activities since they mainly focus on showing the best, Israel’s self-expression to potential tourists is through creating appealing posters with the republic’s best features. In addition, changes in posters over the years have helped increase the number of tourists in the country, which has promoted the state’s economy. There are two standard posters that Israel has used to promote tourism in the nation; they include the “Visit Palestine” poster of 1936 and the “Fly to Israel” poster of 1948. These two posters served the same purpose of advertising Israel to potential tourists. However, there are some distinguishable features between the two signs which serve different purposes. These differences were brought about by technological changes and other attractive features appealing to tourists (“The Palestine poster projects archives”, 1948). The central theme of these posters is visiting the state of Israel, which is visible from the way the poster’s title speaks of “Visit Palestine” and “Fly to Israel”. Therefore, these posters’ primary purpose is to create awareness to tourists of the many sites in Israel worth visiting. The “Visit Palestine” poster of 1936 displays an image that shows the historically enriched country of Israel and the political regime that reigned during that time. The pictures of this poster show a tree, and further below portrays some ancient buildings which represent the rich culture and influences of the people of Israel. This image also shows a wall surrounding the buildings forming a barrier surrounding the city of Jerusalem (The poster art of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, 1936). This town has distinguished features such as
Qatar is currently accused of contravening international labor laws as it aims at facilitating the completion of various world cup projects, including upgrading and construction of new stadiums. According to the Qatari government, the event is so important nationally and internationally because it will be viewed in all continents given the fact countries are equally represented. Even though the tournament is vital, people should not be taken through inhuman conditions to achieve the desired results. It is reported daily that several laborers are forced to work under poor conditions with diminutive compensation. The government has to change course and ensure manual workers are taken care of while managers of various concerned organizations should be empowered and rewarded because the event will present several opportunities to the country. Whenever a state holds a cultural event, such as world cup, Olympics, or continental tournaments, chances are high that the GDP will be boosted owing to the foreign exchange flows in the country. Recently, government officials made changes to existing controversial labor laws, which attracted international condemnation, as workers were required to stick to their jobs and ensure they accomplished the tasks, irrespective of the time limits (Nnedumm, 2013). The ministers of interior affairs and labor met at the country’s headquarters in Doha to announce the new changes, a move that was seen to respond to the piling pressure from the international community. Before the new amendments, the government sponsored all expatriates by giving them free healthcare services. In this regard, no employee was expected to seek transfer upon receiving a contract from the employer. Currently, any worker is free to seek better employment that offers a high salary and better terms of service. Again, expatriates are free to leave the country at any time without necessarily waiting for their contracts to expire. Before the new law, employees were supposed to seek approval from their employers before leaving the country, but the ministry of interior affairs announced that the government is puttin
Funding for all intelligence and related activities within all Department of Homeland Security components should be transferred to the National Intelligence Program, under the financial management control of the Director of National Intelligence. The current situation in the country requires an increase in intelligence spending on defense and national security, as well as a clear focus on threats from a number of countries. The budget should cover a wide range of spending areas, including spy satellites, cyber weapons, and developing a network of foreign spies and informants (Sauter & Carafano, 2019). Despite the fact that the transfer of funds should remain secret, it is possible to disclose some details of the change in costs and explain them by an increase in costs due to a shift in focus from the fight against terrorism to espionage and the fight against cyber threats from other states. A similar reallocation of the budget will be made, taking into account new national security and national intelligence strategies. Countering the potential available to certain countries is a complex process, and shifting the focus of the information agencies to the competition of countries requires more resources. It is important that such a decision be approved by Congress. In accordance with the new responsibility, the Director of National Intelligence will be able to balance the costs so that all critical areas are covered (Lowenthal, 2019). The new funding program will sponsor U.S. intelligence community projects and activities to gather the information necessary to ensure America’s national security. It is important that additional injections will give impetus to programs of intelligence, counterintelligence, and monitoring of the activities of foreign countries at the state level. Thus, a series of programs implemented by agencies that are not formally part of structures that directly ensure America’s military security will be included in the national intelligence program. In addition to the arguments listed above, it should be noted that the United States needs to reassess the capabilities of several countries in the field of space warfare. The increased ability of some countries to interfere with satellites or the possibility of their destruction poses a real threat to the United States, so additional expenditures are inevitable. Countries with greater military potential can consider space as a sphere of the country’s military and economic vulnerability (Sauter & Carafano, 2019). Some countries already have cyber, electromagnetic, and orbital weapons capable of hitting US space objects, which makes the country vulnerable. Against the background of these fears, the National Intelligence Program will require intensive financial injections since they will help maintain US national security in space. Thus, it can be concluded that the transfer of funds is necessary due to the f