ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The current model for promoting national security is designed in such a way that there are different agencies pursuing diverse roles. The major ones include the Intelligence Community, the HPSCI, and the SSCI. The proposed initiative seeks to replace such organizations with a single joint committee of both House, Senate members, and the staff. This new committee will be tasked with monitoring the entire intelligence enterprise and authorize funds. The purpose of this paper is to explain why such a proposal needs to be adopted and implemented. Supporting the Proposal My role as the representative of the independent management consortium is to provide evidence-based opinions for introducing superior reforms that can improve the efficiency of different agencies and government-based institutions. The selected source that guides the final decision is “National Intelligence Program (NIP) Budget Formulation and Justification, Execution, and Performance Evaluation”. According to this document, all the existing agencies and houses focus on different activities that are intended to deliver the intended IC goals (Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2013). The presented proposal seeks to address various challenges and obstacles that affect the way various security gaols are pursued in the targeted country. The one factor that explains why there is a need to support this idea is the need to reduce role duplication and streamline operations (Weinbaum, Parachini, Girven, Decker, & Baffa, 2018). Over the years, these agencies have been forced to file specific documents before funding is eventually made. Such a model means that all organizations should have their unique missions, visions, and goals. Consequently, there is a need to maximize coordination and ensure that positive results are recorded. When this recommendation is adopted, chances are high that the new committee will be empowered to make appropriate policies and implement them in a timely manner. The agencies will go further to combine the existing infrastructure and resources to streamline security operations. This practice will maximize the level of coordination for all activities or programs (Ma
1. The goal of lean is to add value to the flow process of manufacturing. This is by adding value to the services and products created, through a continuous process. Ideally, the focus of this process is to eliminate non-value processes like downtime, inspection, re-work, and waiting. Therefore, lean manufacturing uses lean tools to reduce activities, conditions, and behaviors that create waste in a production process. Through these lean tools, manufacturing can gain the advantage of short lead-time, less cost of storage, and less handling. 2. Lean tools and techniques increase quality management, by cutting back the cost of production, increasing the speed of assembly, improving quality of products, and thereby making a company to remain competitive. Moreover, lean thinking allows managers to enhance company performance, save on money, and reduce wastage of time and resources. Since, lean thinking focuses on reduction of all forms of waste in an organization, effective quality management that focuses on lean techniques are able to set goals to reduce waste. 3. The kaizen concept is the building of quality services and goods and the satisfaction of consumer needs. Towards this, the concept encourages employees to be involved in the “development and implementation of improvements to systems” that affect them (Summers 358). The concept is involved with the continuous effort to improve services and products, and reduce waste, thereby supporting quality management. This is through flow kaizen, which deals with the improvement of value stream, or process kaizen that focuses on elimination of waste. 4. “Value stream process mapping” focuses on what is vital to the consumer, makes the production process clear, identifies sources of waste, and eliminates the non-value added activities. Through this process map, the manufacturer can identify the value desired by client, link the desire with the appropriate process value stream, and resources through a walk-through. The purpose of the process map is to understand the information and material flow. 5. Kanban cards are identifiers found in an inventory system either in a computerized system or in a traditional filing system. The cards follow a product through the various stages of production, and include information like; name, number, instructions, date of creation, due date, and pertinent information, thereby keeping track of inventory. 6. Predictive and preventive maintenance provides production with effective and reliable equipment, through value added activities. Value added activities reduce equipment time, by reducing setup losses, idling, equipment disasters, breakdowns, unscheduled machine downtime, and unplanned downtime. This is
Neuroscience studies how the brain works and what is the structure of the brain. It is important to understand the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry of the brain, and to correlate them with the behavior. Despite that, neuroscience still provides no cues on how the conscious actually emerges in the brain. Different disciplines are emerged based on the neuroscience: one of them is neuroethics. Neuroethics is a modern field of science where ethics and neuroscience are studying together. There is no particular “ethical region” in the brain, though (American Psychological Association, 2017). Instead, there are certain patterns in the brain connected with different kinds of ethical behavior, and neuroscience can help in exploring it. Neuroethics learns how to use tools affecting brain and mind directly, such as psychoactive substances and devices with direct brain stimulation. Another possible interpretation of the term “neuroethics” is the “ethics of neuroscience”. In this meaning, neuroethics studies the ethical basis of brain science. The ethics is always based on facts, and in the case of neuroethics, it raises questions about how to use tools and instruments of neuroscience, which consequences can follow from this usage, how to interpret the data of neuroscience (American Psychological Association, 2017). It provides an ethical norms and decision in the brain studies, ensuring that it will be no sufferings during those studies and that the results of them will be beneficial. The main points are summarized in this list:   * Neuroscience is important with all psychological and psychiatry fields, as it provides tools for measuring and exploring the brain.   * Neuroscience allows to understand some of the levels of causality of how the brain works, but not the others. It is the one possible way to address the mind-brain and mind-body problem, some of its models are working and practical, but they are still only models.   * Neuroethics have two possible meanings: “the neuroscience of ethics” and “the ethics of neuroscience”. Both of them should be used simultaneously by those who study it, to be sure that all advances in neuroethics will be ethically correct and acceptable.   * The main topics of neuroethics are: the usage of brain devices and psychoactive substances, the modifications of the brain, ethical issues of abolishing the pain and expanding the cognitive abilities. Reference American Psychological Association. (2017). Neuroethics: Addressing the good, bad and the ugly – application of neuroscience [Video]. YouTube. Web.
Introduction Violence in schools has seized media attention as they present a side of the adolescence or childhood that is beyond public imagination and creates extensive outcry. A more recent shooting occurred in Washington state high school where a teenager open fired in the cafeteria and then killed himself (Death Toll Rises to 5 in School Shooting, 2014). Newspapers and television channels, the next day, are covered with this news with headlines like “2 Die, Including Gunman, in Shooting at Washington State High School” (Jhonson & Lovett, 2014), “’Senseless tragedy’: Second girl dies in Washington state high school shooting” (Molinet, 2014), and “Two Dead in Shooting at Washington State High School” (Phillips, Grind, & Elinson, 2014) are typical description of school shootout incidents. The social and political impact of the news story is apparent with the rampant negative media coverage that creates a dislike for violence. The annual report on school crime and safety shows that the in 2012 there were 35 non-fatal and victimization in 2010 and 52 in 2013 for 1000 students within the age group of 12 to 18 years (Morgan, Kemp, Rathbun, Robers, & Synder, 2014). Any event of violence in school is usually covered with great zeal by the media, and during its lifespan, the media often end up reframing the story by emphasizing on different attributes of the event (Menield, Rose, Homa, & Cunningham, 2001). Given this goal of the media, it is important to understand the motive of the media while broadcasting particular news. To serve this end, the study aims to examine how media coverage of Marysville school shoot out has been covered by popular media in order understand the underlined media agenda. Thus, the study will answer two specific research questions:  1. How does media coverage (on school violence) contribute to the cultivation of violence?  2. What framing themes emerge? The paper is divided into three sections. The first section presents a review of literature of similar events by academicians. The second section will discuss the background of the Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting episode and discuss the methodology and the data collection method. The third section will discuss the specific case of Marysville Pilchuck High shooting and how media has framed the story of this particular event. Then the analysis portion will deal with the tying up of the primary findings with the theories derived from the literature review. This section will also entail
Article Summary The Business Excellence Model (BEM) has been described as a set of practices and procedures that are result-oriented and are implemented by managers (Leonard & McAdam, 2002). The article provided sought to find out how managers perceived BEM, how they used it, and ways in which the Business Excellence Model could be used to increase productivity and profitability in companies. 19 organizations were recruited into the study using the grounded theory methodology. Results showed that indeed, managers used BEM mainly for operational efficiency. BEM was also used as a measurement tool by some managers. Through the study, it was noted that a significant group of managers, who had a more in-depth approach, explored the audit role of BEM. BEM is an asset when it comes to reinforcing plans within an organization (Huang & Chuang, 2013). The approach provides a synopsis of the organization where programs can be charted out and measured as well. The grounded theory methodology did not, however, explore all the managerial levels. Thus, there is still a need for further research that examines the tactical and strategic aspects of decision making. Overall, it can be stated that BEM has three primary functions; planning, structure management and measurement of outcome (Paranitharan, Ramesh, Pal, & Jeyathilagar, 2017). Not all managers have explored all three roles.
Television Viewing Patterns and What they tell us about the Scope for Liberal Islamic Scholarship in Egypt The electronic media has the potential to influence public opinions. Egyptians use the media to educate themselves about their government. New electronic media refers to radio, television, podcasts and the internet. The internet is a dynamic source of information. It enables people to access the resources required to make well informed decisions. Due to the rapid growth of information and communication technology, Egyptians have been introduced to new schools of thought. Before the advent of informative television programs, Egyptians may have viewed the western world as an oppressive regime which used the media to corrupt the minds of its consumers. The electronic media has introduced Egypt to the rest of the world. It has given Egyptians a chance to make well informed decisions that are based on facts. Rumor-mongering political figures have less influence now than they did before. According to Hamada (2001), television serves as a public forum through which Egyptians are able to engage in various social and political discussions. More than 15 years ago, controversial programs were censored by the Egyptian government. Information was passed through a strict political filter. The government only allowed culturally appropriate films to be broadcast. Egypt was under an oppressive regime. Egyptians have begun to voice their opinions. Information and communication technology has influenced Egypt’s political system in many ways. Before satellite television was introduced, Islamic scholars had strong reservations towards sex. Men were only allowed to socialize with women on rare occasions. Interactions between young men and women were strictly forbidden. Premarital sex was a sin that had to be punished based on strict Islamic laws. The western world has exposed Egypt to a more liberal approach towards marriage and sexuality. Islamic leaders are now more lenient than they were before. There have been some changes in Egypt’s traditional approach to courtship as well as other rites of passage. Some scholars have argued that Islam is the most influential religion (Labib, 1997). Modern technology has therefore been used to sustain the spread of Islam. However, new electronic media can be used to corrupt as well as improve the minds of many religious groups. Islam is no exception. In Egypt, new electronic media has given rise to what scholars refer to as progressive Islam. This relates to Egyptians who have been given the opportunity to express their own opinions. Technology can therefore be used to “to enhance public communications and enrich democracy” (Blumler and Gurevitch 2001). The media can be used to empower the people of Egypt. It is a p
The article published by Forbes and written by Kenneth Rapoza focuses on the technology industry trends, specifically the semiconductors. The article title is “China turns semiconductors into the ‘new oil’ while GM runs out of chips,” and Rapoza (2021) showcases how China was able to overcome reliance on foreign semiconductor chips. Rapoza (2021) discusses an important trend in the tech industry because semiconductors were previously produced only by several businesses, most of which resided outside China. The semiconductor industry is in shortage of products, while demand for car manufacturers is consistently increasing. Rapoza (2021) argues that car companies have become essential semiconductor purchasers as they integrate advanced technology into their vehicles. The main message of this article is that the global technology industry should prepare for changes because China will become less reliant on foreign semiconductors. The only barrier for the Chinese is the lack of equipment and knowledge base needed to produce machines that would manufacture the semiconductors (Rapoza, 20210). However, it is possible that Chinese manufacturers will soon address this problem, which will mean that they will no longer rely on purchasing this equipment from the United States. The issue is that most business articles and discussions are currently focused on Bitcoin and solar energy and their impact on the markets. Rapoza (2021) that semiconductors have become the gold of the technology industry, and China is becoming the leading supplier of it. Moreover, the demand for these semiconductors also surged from China’s Greater Bay Area, a region where most technology producers reside. The change in the semiconductor production capacity and origin is a part of the Chinese government’s strategy to surpass the United States. This strategy significantly affects the United States’ semiconductor producers since Chinese policies provide manufacturers with subsidies and other support that allows the latter to lower production costs. The United States manufacturers, such as Intel, do not have this advantage (Rapoza, 2021). Moreover, recently Intel’s CEO wrote a letter to the President to ask for aid and create a national strategy for supporting the semiconductor production industry. The United States is not the world’s most significant semiconductor producer, but the ability to manufacture them is vital. Rapoza (20201) argues that only 12% are produced in the United States, while 80% are manufactured in China. However, the United States companies have better know-how and strategies for designing and producing semiconductors. Despite this, the problem with rising costs, lack of governmental support, and technology production created in the United States in China may allow the latter to copy this know-how. Many of the technology manufacturers from the United States use Chinese factories for production. With these partnerships, the former provide China with information and documentation, which allows them to mimic technology and produce similar ones (Rapoza, 2021). Hence, with the global shortage of semiconductors, the Chinese strategy to overcome the United States’ lea
Abstract Atomic spectra occur when atoms and ions undergo excitation. The excitation causes electrons to vibrate in their energy levels, and thus them to move from one quantum level to another. During excitation, electrons emit different forms of light, which vary in terms of wavelength. Spectroscope can separate stream of light into different colors using diffraction grating. Thus, analysis of the diffracted light shows that colors that exists in a stream of light vary according to their wavelengths. Introduction The formation of the atomic spectra occurs when atoms or ions intermittently absorb and emit energy due to the excitation of the electrons. For example, when atoms or ions gain energy in the form of heat, electrons in them changes their quantum levels from ground state to an excited state. Since the change of quantum levels is intermittent, there is an emission of light in form of spectral lines. To measure atomic spectra, spectroscope is necessary. Spectroscope measures atomic spectra by generating a stream of light using a slit (entrance slit). After generating stream of light using entrance slit, spectroscope then allows the stream of light to pass through diffraction grating (lens or prism). The diffraction grating then diffracts the stream of light and separates it into atomic spectra according to their respective wavelengths. If the angle of diffraction (θ) and the distance between lines on a diffraction grating (d) are known, then one can calculate the wavelength using the equation (λ = dsinθ). To determine unknown wavelengths using standard wavelengths, calibration plot is necessary. Procedure The experiment used spectroscope to determine wavelengths of the visible colors. The spectroscope comprised of the cigar box, which has a slot, a source of light, a diffraction grating, and a graph-paper scale. According to Grossie and Underwood, the slot is an entrance slit that allows 1mm of light beam to pass into the box and hits diffraction grating at an incidence angle of 30° (287). Since the beam of light diffracts as it leaves diffraction grating, an observer can view the diffracted light on a graph-paper scale, and note the readings. In the experiment, when the observer viewed the diffracted light, red, yellow, green, blue-green, blue, and violet are sequential colors that are visible on the graph-paper scale. The procedure of the experiment deviated from printed procedures because the position of the graph-paper scale and observer is unique. However, the experiment did not present any new spectra lines. Data and Results Table 1: Calibration with Helium. Color       Scale Reading  λ (nm) Red         45             667.8  Yellow      35             587.6  Green       23             501.6  Blue-Green  22             492.2  Blue        19             471.1  Violet      16             412.1   The table 1 shows relationships among color, graph-p
The book introduces the representation concept, which implies the emergence of meaning, which is further exchanged between the representatives of different cultures. This concept includes the use of language, signs, and pictures representing things (Hall, 1997). Hall described two types of representation in his work: mental image and a language one. Mental representation implies that the things a person imagines are attached to the concept in their minds. Therefore, meanings entirely depend on the ideas which build communication between people who have similar mental maps. The meaning is interpreted by a set of codes that relate both to the native language and concepts. For example, people from different nations may have the same concept of God, but they have different meanings for it. On the other hand, language plays an essential part in representation. It means that there should be a shared language to communicate things. Language, in its turn, consists of signs such as words, sounds, or meanings that tangibly explain concepts. Visual symbols are represented through different means and can be interpreted with the same conceptual maps. Some signs can be material, and some are not; the difference between them can be observed through the opposition with other signs (Hall, 1997). Therefore, visual symbols are arbitrary; that is, they are not the meaning, nor the concepts but merely the objects surrounding people. For instance, in the English language, we have the word “dog,” while it is spelled like “cane” in Italian. Therefore, these two words are merely codes in different cultures. In semiotics, meaning solely depends on a language and signs that need to be read. Meanwhile, the discursive approach focuses on discourse with knowledge and ideas, and they are the center of meaning. Reference Hall, S. (1997). Representation: cultural representation and signifying practices . SAGE.