ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The introduction of digital technology has resulted in the production of digital equipment such as music players that are used to output information including music in digital forms. A compact disc (CD) is an optical storage medium that is used for storage of information in digital form. The digital information is usually in form of streams of 0’s and 1’s arranged in tracks and sectors within the compact disc. The memory of the compact disc is accessed directly for any digital information. The compact disc stores music information as 16-bit digital words, going from the centre hole to the outside rim of the disc, and on a standard 74-minute CD, there is around 650 MB (megabytes) of data stored. Reading of data from the CD uses laser technology, which reflects the laser light through the thin aluminum layer. The layer of clear polycarbonate plastic protects the encoded information. The reverse side of the CD is made up of the label and a protective lacquer coating (Reese, Gross, 2006). Compact disc players are physical equipments that retrieve encoded information from the CDs using a decoder section of the player, producing the output in form of sound, motion pictures, and other data forms to the display screen, and or the speakers. Data is stored on the CD as pits, which vary in length, relating to where the 1’s appear in the digital data stream, with the start or finish of a pit being the moment when a digital 1 occurs. These pits cause variation of the reflection from the laser light. Because of the drastic and dynamic changes in technology, there has been production of various CD players, varying greatly in terms of size, style, quality, design, usability, technical features and functions, and price (Clements, 1994). Some players only use one CD, whereas there are some advanced ones that can store numerous disks and play any one as needed by the user. Such players include computer CD ROMs, portable disc players (disc man), Hi-fi CD players, VHS players, home theater systems, car CD/DVD players, VCD/DVD players among others. Both use the same laser technology for reading, and or writing data onto the compact discs. Elements of CD player technology Figure showing the service components of a compact disc player. Source: Clements, 1994 The CD player technology incorporates and implements three basic service elements in all the modern CD players irrespective of the type of player used. The players are incorporated with a drive motor, which is used to spin the CD at the required speed and set the speed accordingly
Introduction According to Starr and White (2008) the Australian educational system has changed significantly in the last two decades through both at the state and federal levels. In response to globalization, for instance, the education system has undergone restructuring which is intended to increase global competitiveness in trade, workforce capacity and innovations. These changes in the education system no doubt brought with them management challenges to school administrators. Schools are unique and are managed by different managers; thus, they experience different challenges. In the past few decades women have taken leadership roles in all spheres of life thanks to several strategies and pressures on governments through affirmative Action, women have gained acceptance worldwide in management positions particularly in schools. Consequently, women managers like their male counterparts in schools are faced with challenges which require them to be very innovative, skilled, and highly knowledgeable (Sandra & Gloria 1996). Effective conflict management at the workplace ensures the smooth function of the workplace. Most often the introduction of new technology in the workplace sparks the beginning of conflicts between the management and the employees. In reaction to such developments some employees do display what is referred to as “Challenging behavior” –behavior exhibited by an employee that can interfere with the implementation of such developments at the workplace (Mayer 1995). Challenging behaviors can also be exhibited outside the workplace, thus affecting the image of the organization as well as the community. As a result, the research intends to address the conflict management issues among women school managers that result from the introduction of new technologies in the workplace. The research endeavors to unearth such challenges and suggest recommendations that are necessary to improve and address such challenges. There is no right way to manage; however, there are some fundamental principles and practices that can be employed by managers to ensure the efficiency of management techniques. Australia is among the countries that have been referred to as having feminized their education system denoting that female teachers represent a larger number of the teaching workforce. Despite these developments in the Australian educational system, most schools still employ male managers to head the schools (Reynolds 2002). Similarly, women elsewhere still remain under represented within the educational leadership as well as other areas of key executive management. Furthermore, research into women’s leadership style indicate that women managers are caring, communicative, collaborative and consensus oriented and transformational as opposed to men who are authoritarian (Reynolds 2002). This leadership style of
Do what people believe in mean that it is right? This is one of the most critical ethical questions that are raised by moral theorists. The other critical question that is at the center of the argument by moral theorists is whether some actions are extremely right, while others are extremely wrong. One of the moral theorists who have written widely on the subject of moral theory is Immanuel Kant. As such, this paper explores the concept of ethical relativism and ethical absolutism as opined by Kant. As a proponent of virtue ethics, Kant emphasizes a lot about absolute course that is dictated by the commands that are derived from the society as determinants of the ethical code. It is imperative to begin by reflecting on whether the virtues that are instilled in the society are worth of full emulation by people in the society. This is based on the fact that the society is structured such that parents always want their children to emulate a certain kind of behavior, with the assumption that such a behavior is the one that is good and desirable in the society. However, from a broader look at the ethical orientation of the society, it comes out that not every form of behavior that is endorsed and embraced by a wide section of the society is worth emulation by everybody in the society. At this point, it is important to bring into the discussion the concepts of relativism and absolutism and the role that they play in justifying the moral course in the society. Can the orientation of the society allow human beings to completely embrace some forms of behavior and negate certain forms of behaviors? This is not only an important question to explore at this juncture, but also a pointer to the difficulty in arguing for ethical absolutism and
Introduction A family business is rather difficult to run due to the unique relationships between its employees. Specifically, the relationships of family members and the regular staff that is not related to the owner directly may involve tension due to the possibility of unfairness and biased judgment on the side of managers. Applying the theories of needs to the described scenario suggests that the creation of a family business in which independent employees are hired along with relatives will need a rigid system of ethical standards and an unbiased approach toward assessing each employee’s input in order to reduce the threat of conflicts. Needs-Related Theory In order to embrace the challenges that different types of employees face in the context of a family business, one will have to apply a needs-related theory. By utilizing Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, one will realize that in the environment of a family business, employees that are not related to the owner are typically satisfied only when it comes to the first two levels of needs
Abstract Budgeting and financial management are important aspects in the smooth running of any entity. The effectiveness of a management body depends on how efficient it is in using the available resources to increase the productivity of the organisation. The state of Ohio has put various mechanisms and strategies in place to enable it continue to succeed in its programs. The Ohio state organisation has competent and skilled personnel with skills in budgeting and financial management. Information technology has also played a pivotal role in the organisation’s exemplary performance. Introduction There are different organisations and institutions around the globe. Every organisation has goals and objectives that it would like to achieve after a given period. The success of these organisations depends on how they are organised and run. Budgeting and financial management is one area that determines the success of the organisation. This paper delineates on Ohio state organisation in the United States of America. Mission and goals of the organisation Every local, state, or government organisation must have mission and goals that guide its operations. Ohio State organisation has the mandate of addressing issues and concerns of the local people. It therefore helps to deliver/bring services to the public. Ohio State organisation has various departments that enhance its smooth operations. These departments have various missions and vision statements that guide them to achieve the overall functions and goals of the organisation. For instance, the mission statement of Ohio department of information technology is “to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of Ohio government by providing statewide leadership, oversight, products and services for activities related to information technology” (Ohio Department of Administration Services, 2012, Para. 2). The vision of the department of information and technology is “to be recognised as a leader for optimising Ohio’s investment in information technology through collaboration, policy, strategic planning and products and services development, and delivery” (Ohio Department of Administration Services, 2012, Para. 2). The goals of Ohio State organisation include delivering effective and efficient government services to its citizens. It is also aimed at maintaining and improving vital public services such as human services, health, and early care and education of the people at all levels to meet the people’s basic needs besides protecting the most vulnerable populations. Other goals include amplifying the performances of the state by collaborating with fundamental service bodies to formulate leadership besides toughening technological acquisitions to nurture client concern and strategic designing action to establish a first class accompaniment organisation/institution. Ethical considerations related to finance and budgeting within the organisation The essence of fair reporting in financial statements and bud
Conventionally, gangs in the United States start and thrive in urban areas. The first occurrence of gangs in the US was witnessed in 1783 following the collapse of the American Revolution. However, the incubation period took over three decades until 1820s when grievous gangs started forming in the New York City. In 1926, “the first well-organized gang formed in the back room of Rosanna Peers’ greengrocery” (Kennard, 2012, p.65). Between 1860s and 1920s, different gangs made of people from disparate nationalities and especially Chinese, Italians, Poles, and Australians had taken root in New York. Scholars differ on the exact reason behind the formation of gangs. However, gangs conventionally form due to lack of mentors, school dropout, joblessness, and peer-pressure among other causes. In most cases, gangs are involved in a wide array of activities ranging from violent crimes, gaming, prostitution, human, arms, and drug trafficking among other sophisticated crimes like fraud and identity theft. Gangs come in diversified forms ranging from locations of operation like prisons, the age of the members like juveniles, to ethnic groupings like black-American gangs. The government has come up with numerous initiatives to address the gang issue, but despite the efforts, the problem is highly prevalent in the American society. Unfortunat
Japanese Mission The first missionary who came to convert the Japanese to Christianity was Francis Xavier (1506-1552). He was a major political figure, as well as the founder of the order of the Jesuits. In 1549 Xavier and the Japanese Anjiro arrived in the southern city of Kagoshima. Living at Anjiros, Francis baptized him and his family. The number of converts increased when he visited Yamaguchi and Kyoto. For several decades, members of Christ’s Society converted about 300,000 Japanese to their faith. The history of Christianity in Japan is full of blood and torment. In 1857 Toyotomi Hideyoshi arrested 26 Catholics. These people were executed. The massacre of Christians continued under Tokugawa Ieyasu, who completed the unification of the country and became famous for the killings of the infidels, who were forced to hide. Those who refused to step on the copper plate with the image of the Mother of God were brutally killed. Christianity was banned in Japan for another 250 years, although secret Christian communities continued to exist in the country. Japan remained closed to foreigners – primarily to missionaries. Chinese Mission The first known Catholic missionaries who arrived in China were members of the order of the Conventuals. In 1234 they founded the first Catholic mission in Beijing. The work of missionaries begins to bring results, and by the end of the century, there were about 30 thousand Catholics in China. At the same time, the process of Christianization of the indigenous population is complicated and until the second half of the XVI century, it remains very static. A new impetus in the development of Catholicism in China is associated with the activities of the Society of Jesus. In 1579, the famous Jesuit Alessandro Valignano founded the mission of order in the country. Soon, the Italian Matteo Ricci came there and became the central figure in the development of Chinese Christianity of that era. In 1784, the activities of the Society of Jesus in China were officially banned, which, however, did not prevent it from working on a semi-legal basis. At the end of the century, the persecution of Catholics intensified, but the heroism of priests and laity, as well as support from the West, helped the Church in China not only to maintain influence but also to continue developing. The fact that the Christian faith was established in China and persistently existed in Japan for many years proves that the missions were not in vain. The Question The rapid spread of th
Sixteenth century is a period that was marked by constant struggles between religious groups as each religion tried to establish their practices and traditions throughout the world. These battles would become so rampant over the years, thus causing a lot of tension in some religious groups. Christianity, which was highly represented by the Roman Catholic Church, was among the groups that would undergo significant changes as a result of these tensions. Before the Sixteenth century, the church had strongly established itself in most parts of Europe compared to any other Christian church. However, in the wake of the sixteenth century, a lot of opposition against Roman Catholicism was observed in Northern Europe and Central Europe, where some people who had perceived different interpretations of the church’s doctrine came out openly to stage their views. Without any doubt the Protestant Reformation would not have been possible without the contribution of Martin Luther. The strong authority of Roman Catholicism over the other churches was based on their doctrine, which strongly links the church foundation to Jesus Christ. The doctrine further states that, the designation of Apostle Peter as the first pontiff of the church by Christ Himself marked the humble beginning of the church. Martin Luther, an ex-Roman Catholic Monk who was not convinced by the truth in these views went on to stage serious opposition to the church and its practices. Luther used the power of media to publicize his numerous theses that outlined his disagreement with the church, thus setting the stage for the Protestant Reformation. In his revolt against Roman Catholicism, Martin Luther challenged various traditions and practices aligned to the church. For instance, Luther condemned the sale of indulgences in the church as a way through which followers can be pardoned of their sins. In regard with this practice, Luther would base his views on the claim that, it was only through faith that salvation comes to people, whereby Faith is acquired through contemplation of the scriptures (MacCulloch 65). Luther went on to challenge the authority of the Pope, making it clear that salvation was a divine gift that comes freely to people after they have truly repented their sins before God. Luther also raised complaints about the luxurious lifestyles that were associated with the Church administrators. Luther and his followers also denounced some key customs and beliefs associated with the church such as pilgrimages, fasts, saints’ veneration, and the belief on purgatory among other aspects. Another interesting observation by Luther that would raise a lot of controversy was the perception that clergy should be allowed to marry. I personally believe that Martin Luther was right about his attacks on Roman Catholicism. Apart from what was contained in the doctrine of the Church, Luther simply had a different imagination about faith, and in that case, his main interest was to influence Catholics to believe on his own mold of salvation that appeared to be more perfect. In this regard, thinking that Luther was wrong by using
The advertisement on the “skinny boost” energy drink was designed purposely to attract the women who are interested in losing weight to buying it so that they can achieve their goal of being slim. Skinny Boost. The company chose to use the picture of the woman who has is slim with a flat belly, measuring the size of her waist to show how the energy drink helps women cut down weight faster. They also have in the advertisement indicated how it helps in burning fat, controlling hunger, low glycemic, and also patented and balanced energy. The picture of the woman was printed large so that it can attract the people to get interested in reading its contents. The figure of the woman is just good enough to make someone stop and stare at it! The producers of this product have used quite a convincing language as their persuasive strategy; they have indicated all its benefits clearly that most people who are interested in losing weight want to have. Women usually are known to have cravings for food more than men, and due to these, they take snacks during the day, and this could be the reason they gain weight faster. So with its ability to control hunger, meaning it will also reduce the need to snack often (Coberley 2014, p. 25) Personally, I could be interested in this product because it will help me burn fat. I hate the fact that I have a lot of fat in my body, and the ability it has for helping me get rid of it could make me buy it. Apart from knowing that I l
Southernization refers to the multifaceted process that started in southern Asia and spread to other parts of the world. During the time of Schaffer, the culture of the Indian ocean was the most dominant player in the Afro Eurasian trade system and included commercial exchanges from China, India, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. The merchant cities were concentrated in the Indian ocean and self-governed themselves to limit violence and trade monopolies because they were all interested in preserving their wealth. Due to its predominancy, the Indian ocean impacted other cultures’ way of dressing, language, religion, and interaction. For example, cotton cultivation and textiles for export virtually clothed the world, typical diet such as rice and fish due to shared environment. This effect could have changed depending on who was dominant during the Indian ocean trade because all the players differently impacted the interactions. European cultures were impacted in the Middle Ages because of the wealthy Europeans who wanted access to the world economy. India Ocean trade led to the spread of Buddhism in China through the disunited realm and cultural exchange between India and China, creating opportunities for social revolution economic, political, and technological development for the Chinese. In addition, the gunpowder for igniting flames and the south-pointing needle were adopted and developed in new versions (Shaffer, 2019). The Arabs were responsible for spreading sugar, cotton, and citrus fruits crops that were important in creating more intensive agriculture in the Middle East. The everyday trade items were pepper, Indian cotton, and silk cloths. These influenced how people dressed because cotton was the leading clothing in the Indian trade. A diet such as palm, rice, fish, spices, and palm wine became common, determining the most valuable items. For example, one ounce of pepper was equivalent to an ounce of gold, marking pepper as one of the valuable items of the Indian trade. Reference Shaffer, L. (2019). Southernization. In R. E. Dunn, L. J. Mitchell & K. Ward (Eds.), The new world history (pp. 242-258). University of California Press. Web.