ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the year 1968, a company of American soldiers involved themselves in an unfortunate event in the Vietnamese village of My Lai. The incident occurred during the American-Vietnam war when soldiers raided a Vietnamese village and killed all persons that were insight. The soldiers raped, physically abused, and killed all persons, including the elderly, as well as women and children. Aside from killing the residents, the soldiers also destroyed the villager’s homes and other properties. The Genesis of My Lai The soldiers had gotten information that the villagers were what was referred to as Vietcong. During the war, the term Vietcong was used to refer to persons who sympathized with the Vietnam side of the war encounter. The soldiers and their commandants used this information to justify their actions in the village of My Lai. At the beginning of the war, the argument was justifiable, given the situations that exist when a war is starting. It was impossible for the soldiers to identify their enemies as the Vietcong applied guerilla techniques to fight the American soldiers. As such, it was difficult to tell the civilians apart in a group of enemies. As the war continued, the justification issued by the American soldiers made less sense. When the war progressed, it was clearer to the soldiers who the civilians were and how to identify them in a group of Vietnamese people as the civilians were not armed. The book My Lai: A Brief History with Documents paints a clear picture of the main explanations that were given by the American troops for their actions during and after My Lai. The soldiers claimed that the Vietcong attacked. There was a characteristic pretense of memory loss among the troops in order to avoid questioning. The troops also argued that they received orders from their superiors. Soldiers’ Accounts The American troops had been informed that by attacking My Lai, they would be able to neutralize the Vietcong troops as well as their sympathizers who resided in the village. The reality of the matter was that there were very few Vietcong who inhabited My Lai. According to Colonel Oran K. Henderson, “all persons living in this area [were] considered to be Vietcong or Vietcong sympathizers by the District Chief 1 .” Colonel Henderson, as well as other officers, who were of his rank or other ranks above, dispatched men to My Lai on the basis of this belief. Even when the actions at My Lai were brought to the fore, the officers denied the reports and used this argument to justify their reasons for sending the troops to the village. Notably, Colonel Henderson made a report in which he stated that 128 Vietcong were killed during the attack and that only a total of 20 civilians had been accidentally caught in the line of fire. The report was inaccurate and went against the existing evidence that indicated that more than 150 civilians had been caught i
This paper clarifies the concepts of health and fitness, briefly explains why attaining both is essential for all ages, and imparts a beginning program for those who are truly motivated. Being in the best of health means more than the absence of illness. Beyond avoiding the sickbed, being healthy and fit has immense physiological, cosmetic, and psychological value. Since keeping fit means staying active and engaging in a program of exercise, one gets improved muscle strength, bone density/durability, and cardiovascular tone. In turn, better circulation improves skin tone and appearance. If your preferred exercise is playing a competitive sport, so much the better. Stress recedes and the pleasant feeling of exhaustion afterward calms your nerves and helps you sleep better (WebMD LLC, 2009). Given these physiological benefits, exercise is great for helping prevent or delay the onset of osteoporosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (Atwal, Porter, and MacDonald, 2002). What to Do Exercise can take many forms. Start with a program of brisk walking on the treadmill at home. Or walk several laps around the track at school. Sign up for an aerobics dance class at one of many gyms around town. Or go biking around the park or forest trails and marvel at the sights you used to miss. The Body Composition Benchmark Since it is good to engage in exercise for the long term even if improvements in physique and health are subtle at first, it is good to have a reliable benchmark. The American Heart Association (2009) recommends keeping track of body composition: how much of your body are fat, bone, and muscle. Typically, an inactive but reasonably slender adult female may have 20-25% body fat. A nurse can measure how thick the fat layer under the skin is with calipers or run one through a bioelectrical impedance analysis device that measures resistance encountered by a low-voltage electrical current to assess body fat. After a period of exercise at some vigorous sport (multi-lap swimming or distance running), one can get fat down to as little as 10% of body mass (National Institutes of Health, 2007).
Abstract In this modern-day, there are many risks and threats that are involved in the world. There is a heightened level of insecurity and much as we would like to depend on the government’s forces to provide security, sometimes they are not the only solution to the insecurity problem. It is in this respect that various entities have to step up security arrangements in their capabilities. This is because there are numerous threats that are associated with day-to-day activities in the modern world. It is in this respect that these entities need to come up with good threat assessment and security management systems so as to ensure the safety of the people as well as the assets. Acts of terrorism have heightened the levels of insecurity in the world. Terrorists have claimed a lot of lives as well as destroyed assets and property worth billions of shillings. It is important to note that these losses could have been avoided if some of the terrorist’s targets had taken the best risk assessment and security management that is offered by experts in the world. Apart from terrorists, risks have also arisen from the rising crime rates in the world. These have also brought about a lot of losses to various organizations in terms of loss of lives, assets, and property. This study will look into threat assessment, security management and a case study of a terrorists attack in Islamabad Pakistan. All this will be put in the context of physical security (Patterson, 2004). Security Management Security management is a broad field that covers the fields of asset management, human resource functions of safety, and physical security. It encompasses the use of mechanisms and systems which identify an organization’s asset of information and the various developments, policy implementations, documentation, guidelines, procedures, and standards that an organization uses in managing its security (ASHRAE, 2004). Physical security This term is used in describing all the measures that are used to counter, deter and prevent attacks from various fronts in accessing an entity. This entity can be a facility, information storage system, or resource. It is mainly involved in designing mechanisms that are capable of resisting hostile’s activities as well as hostile individuals. It varies in degrees and can range from the simple and traditional locking of a door to more elaborate and state of the art technology of security systems or a system of guards and placement of guardhouse (Smilowitz, 2005). Security engineers have determined various elements in which physical security can be enhanced. These elements include protection against explosions and explosives, obstacles that are very helpful in deterring and frustrating attackers, and also very helpful in delaying access to serious attackers so that protective steps can be undertaken. There is also the system of lighting, alarms, closed-circuit cameras, and also a mechanism enhanced by security guards. Finally, there is the element in which a well-organized response team is put in place and it is mandated to catch, repel and frustrate attackers when they are detected. In a well-designed securi
Security is paramount for any organization or a company. Lack of security may lead to loss of customers and goodwill. This essay summarizes some important ideas that can be implemented to improve the security of Just Relax Inc. Since the operations of the company are to be computerized, a high level of information security should be maintained. The digital devices replacing the ID/credit cards should be enabled with the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). With the GPRS, management can monitor the device holders and all the transactions made by the guests on the devices. Security management information systems should be installed and operated with maximum care and caution. These systems should be operated by authorized people only. Information software should be updated regularly by the company’s software or information technology engineer. The information systems should be supported and maintained by a trusted supplier to ensure that operations are not interrupted. All communications between the guests and any other party should be recorded and a database maintained. All data transmitted through digital devices should be encrypted with codes that only management can decrypt. Encryption of data protects the system from hackers who may fraud the company. The operators of all the management information systems should work in shifts to avoid human errors caused by working for too long hours. The company should create a strong firewall on the management systems to prevent intrusion by unknown networks. The systems should be linked with the available financial institutions to access the finances of the visiting guests. The guests should be able to access their banks via digital devices. This security step ensures that clients cannot fraud the company. In conclusion, Just Relax Inc. should invest heavily in information security. Adequate data security discourages intruders and malicious guests who may fraud the organization. The information system keeps a database of the transactions that help in proper control.
Discuss why product frills rarely produce long-term gains in market shares The current competition in the global market reduces the ability of an airline’s product to gain long term market share. Varey (2006) argues that several organizations imitate competitors’ frills and hence, consumers tend to rely more on the brand than the frills. The two considerations significantly affect competition in market share. This argument is related to socioeconomic variables. Even though frill products are not readily accommodated in an identifiable market segment, an effective product frill strategy should be based on differentiation. No-frills usually involve price reduction. According to Wirtz and Johnston (2003), no-frills have similar impacts in gaining market shares. Similar product frills can be easily imitated. How can an efficient database cause overbooking and reservation problems for an airline? An efficient airline database system is made up of revenue and airport accounting, ticketing as well as reservation system processes. Most of the processes provide numerous opportunities for staff members or clients to accidentally or intentionally undertake revenue leakage. Varey (2006) points out that some of the causes of such problems include abuse of reservation systems by travel agents, change processes in travel schedules, and accidental revenue abuses by poorly trained airline staff. Besides, it is worth noting that some airlines have less control over reservations, booking, and other distribution channels. Therefore, it makes it difficult to attain revenue accountability. Discuss how fleet and schedule-related product features differ between low-cost carriers and legacy airlines Low-cost carriers and legacy airlines have different business models. These make their fleet and schedule-related products differ and consequently allow them to enjoy the merits of market share. Low-cost flights’ (such as Southwest Airlines) themes include no-frills, reduced overall fares, and minimum comfort. On the other hand, legacy airlines (such as Trans World Airlines) provide unique products and services like in-flight entertainment and meals. In addition, it has exclusive airport lounges, frequent flyer programs as well as business and first-class seating arrangements. Choose an airline and then discuss each stage of the product life cycle. What stage of the PLC do y ou feelthey are in? Why? Virgin Australia Airline offers low-cost flights between major cities in Australia. The company is based in Brisbane. It is the second-largest airline by a fleet. According to Wirtz and Johnston (2003), the airline’s strategic goals are similar to the operational objectives of Southwest airlines of the United States. The latte has witnessed tremendous growth due to low-cost flight. The goal of offering low-cost fligh
GDP and total planned spending When the level of income increases either through employment or other sources of income such as business, the gross domestic product also increases. People tend to do more purchases, and this means increased spending. However, this does not influence people’s interest in obtaining money from banks and other lending institutions. Interest rate is the key factor that determines whether people take loans or not, when the rates go down, demand goes up. Changes in prices may not have a direct effect on the gross domestic product and the planned expenditures because this is determined by the money that is in supply. Prices affect demand for funding negatively. This is because when prices go up, demand goes down hence people are constrained from doing extra purchases by the increased prices. When people get employment and money from other sources of income, they gain wealth. How they spend their accumulated money is not determined by its availability but other factors; they include prices of imported products and foreigner’s income. Interest rates affect the way money is spent because if they go down, people borrow to invest and establish businesses. If the rates go up, the level of spending goes down because people avoid borrowing. Therefore, whether prices go down or not, it is the interest rate that influences spending. However, the rates do not affect the gross domestic product directly given that spending does not reflect its results immediately. It is a long term process. GDP and the aggregate planned expenditure will always remain balanced as long as the autonomous expenditures do not influence the level of GDP. These expenditures are controlled by adjusting the interest rates to favor or discourage autonomous expenditure accordingly. When the rates rise, autonomous expenditure goes down and increases in the fall of interest rates. Therefore, the interest rates, do not affect the GDP but the other expenditures which are not factored while obtaining the GDP. Aggregate demand for funding about expenditure is not significant because purchasing is not influenced by the money available. It is influenced by the money that is in circulation which is consequently influenced by the interest rates. On the other hand, Aggregate supply of funding increases spending thus the gross domestic product is only influenced by increased levels of output. Economic profits For a firm to obtain maximum profits, the costs should increase at the same rate as the revenue generated. When the cost of production decreases and the prices of units increase, revenue increases. Exceeding the minimum profits expected by a company yields economic profits. This attracts new entrants. An increase in the number of firms is expected to bring the prices down to their original position. However, t
As the global security continues to worsen because of terrorists’ threat to the world, there has been a plethora of methods to counter the looming perpetration of grievous terrorism. Countries often participate in providing collective security, military bombardment of countries that support terrorism, port blockades, and economic sanctions amongst others. Seldom does the world see dialogue between countries and terror groups intended to have a peaceful resolution. However, some people feel that the cost of war, blockades, economic sanctions amongst other means of combating terror often cause suffering to innocent civilians. They advocate for peaceful resolution of problems like proposing having peace deals and using other friendlier means to stop terrorism. Mexican adage says that one can catch more flies with honey than vinegar. Hostility has previously found much use with no significant positive outcomes. However, as the paper unveils, though there exist several ways of fighting terrorism, Mortenson’s argument in the book Three Cups of Tea reveals the use of education as the best way of doing it. Greg Mortenson tells the world his story through his book Three Cups of Tea . This book was an inspiration from the lessons he learnt from his stay at a small village in Afghanistan. He intended to climb the second tallest mountain in the world to honor his sister Christa but did not make it; he got ill and had to retreat to a nearby village. Korphe was a small village in Pakistan inhabited by Balti ethnic group (Mortensen, and Relin 23). The community nursed him until he was well. One day he asked the villagers of a school. They felt terribly embarrassed and were reluctant to take him to one. However, when they finally did, what Mortenson saw tremendously moved him: a group of children seated in dirt writing with sticks in sand. There were only seven slate boards worth sharing among 84 students. He felt a strong desire to help. He felt the need to raise the spirit to inspire fresh hope in these children. He realized at that moment that he had to return to Pakistan someday and build a school to honor Christa since he had failed to reach the mountaintop (Mortensen, and Relin 29). Building a school to fight terror is a unique strategy because it is obvious that terrorism has an amorphous nature, it can arise from other reasons them manifest itself in a remarkably different form (Ali 542). Organizing hostile war on terror is immensely complicated. The world works on principles with many roots like religious beliefs, culture, education self-identity and creativity (Berrebi 1). Aggressive war relies mainly on power schemes, without which war on terror was impossible. Religion has been used in the by Popes to control Europe. However, with the fall of communism, new powers have emerged. Education offers the best means of giving extremists what they need most: a premise for integration and removal of their colonialism mentality (Mortensen, and Relin 123). With Pakistan being one of the countries in the world deemed to be staunch supporters of terrorism, Mortenson was bound to face some serious challeng
The budget for the City of Dalles exhibits a flexible budget. This is because the budget is prepared at different levels. The budget was prepared by the Dalles city council department managers and other stakeholders. Flexible budgets show a plan for different levels of activity. This budget can be used to evaluate performance when the budgeted level of activity is the same as the actual results Budget Contextual Issues Budgeting is a process of planning and controlling the use of assets in running the business activities of an organization. It is a comprehensive process that cuts across various departments in an organization such as in finance and operations among others. Therefore, budgets help management to control the use of the city’s resources in the provision of services to residents of Dalles City. Also, they form a basis for comparing performance against the targets. The main concern of this budget is the maintenance of the General Balance Ending Fund to balance with the four months General Operating Fund net expenditures. Besides, the budget attempts to prioritize projects of the city in terms of funding needs and urgency. Besides, the budget addresses the income of its staff through a substantial increase in their earnings. Program Priorities The main programs that are prioritized in the budget are completion of the Public Works Relocation Facility, completion of the Widening Project for the Tenth Street, environmental project completion, and upgrading water/sewage management system within the city. The projects that aim at providing public goods such as roads, environmental conservation, and housing are given the top priorities in the budgeting plan. Government Actions The main actions that the government should adopt to ensure that inflows and outflows are balanced in the budget include partnerships with the stakeholders and partners in the infrastructure expansion projects for the city. Besides, the government may introduce a clear tax policy and revenue collection in terms of property taxes, income taxes, and household good taxes. Besides, the authority can initiate special tolling services aimed at increasing the revenue collection. The relevance of the Budget Message The budget message captures the three main elements of a complete budget. There are long term, short term, and midterm goals that are allocated resources according to their agency and costs of implementation. Besides, the budget statement has a clear policy for reviewing performance and raising revenues to fund its development goals. Also, the budget factors in the demands of the city in terms of infrastructure and possible means of financing their expansion. Nature of the Budget Message Being a public institution budget, it is apparent that it has a political language especially in addressing the core social pillars of the City such as environmental conservation, provision of public good (road expansion), and macro-management of the city’s sewage and water systems. Besides, the voters fall in the first pyramid in the hierarchy of the comman