ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Plagiarism Plagiarism presents itself as an academic offense where a writer copies another writer’s work or idea directly or indirectly without giving due credit to the author of the original work. It is a misdemeanor that presents itself in various forms in academic interactions and other forms of social interactions (The Writing Place, 2005). Thus, it requires that any idea or any kind of information that is textual, graphical, or mathematical borrowed and used by another writer should be credited to the original source to avoid plagiarism. However, it is possible for one to avoid plagiarism by identifying plagiarism in its different forms. These forms of plagiarism include paraphrasing a piece of work by another writer, which includes distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable paraphrasing (The Writing Place, 2005). Acceptable paraphrasing allows for the use of different word from the original document while unacceptable paraphrasing involves copying and slightly changing or rearranging text in the original document. Due to the rise and use of the World Wide Web, many students find themselves tempted to plagiarize their work, which attracts severe penalties. However, strategies suggested to avoid plagiarism include inserting original text within quotation marks if the text is not more than forty characters, paraphrase one’s work with original words but reflecting the original idea or meaning, and evaluating one’s work against the original text to ensure text used is not a copy of the original document. Despite applying such strategies to avoid plagiarism, it is important to give credit to the original source of the idea one has borrowed to incorporate in their work (The Writing Place, 2005). It is possible for one to make accidental plagiarism despite stringently following the strategies outlined above, which includes paraphrasing an original idea or text without giving due credit to a source of information, or by simply inserting sources against the wrong section of an academic writing. Thus, that approach is likely to cause others regard plagiarism as intentional, watering down to academic cheating. That invites problems and penalties associated with plagiarism. However, it is possible to overcome such plagiarism by adopting the strategies outlined above
Introduction Many different amendments form the American constitution. American Constitution is the supreme law that guides the actions, activities, conduct, and behaviors of citizens and residents. One of the American Constitutional Amendments is the fourth amendment. The fourth amendment of the US Constitution provides that “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches, and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and persons or things to be seized” (Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com) The words in this amendment endeavors to protect two fundamental interests of right to privacy as well as freedom from any arbitrary invasions. Based on many cases in the US, the Supreme Court has attempted to provide a clear understanding of the amendment. One of the cases that have brought a lot of controversy into its facts and decision based on the fourth amendment is the case of Bailey v United States. The following discussion and analysis provide a deeper cross-sectional dissection of the case about the fourth amendment (Americanbar.org) Facts about the Case In the case of Bailey v United States, the defendant, Bailey was stopped by police officers from the District of Columbia in May 1989 for lack of front license plates, which are supposed to be part of vehicles (Oyez.org). Bailey’s car did not have a license plate hence the stoppage by the police officer. Surprisingly, Bailey was unable to produce a driver’s license and this worsened the situation. The police officer ordered Bailey out of the car and in the process discovered that he (Bailey) stuffed something between the seat and front console. Bailey’s action of stuffing something between the seat and console aroused the police suspicion, which then led to a serious search. ( Bailey v . the United States , 516 U.S. 137) The search by police established that Bailey had 27 plastic bags containing approximately 30 grams of cocaine and a nine-millimeter pistol (Oyez.org). Two years later, the police obtained a search warrant to search Robinson’s house after police suspected that was Bailey’s accomplice (Oyez.org). The search obtained an unloaded 0.22 caliber pistol besides 11 grams of cocaine. In addition, the search obtained some $20 bills related to one of the previous purchases of cocaine. Question Presented The main question presented to the Supreme Court of the United States of America for judgment in regards to this case was whether the fourth amendment permitted police officers, after searching for a deadly weapon within a
There can be no doubt as to the fact that there are many similarities between French Revolution of 1792 and Russian Revolution of 1917. For example, both revolutions came because of growing discontent among Russian and French citizens over governmental authorities’ incompetence. Both revolutions idealized the concept of people’s equality, with the slogan of French revolution (Liberte, egalite, fraternite) being widely used by Russian Communists. Both revolutions had resulted in ensuing the reign of political terror, immediately after revolutionaries, such as Maximilien Robespierre and Vladimir Lenin, became the heads of new “revolutionary” governments in their countries. However, it is important to understand that whereas; French Revolution was essentially a progressive political event (it had set Europe on the path of capitalism and industrialism, while removing French degenerate aristocracy and Catholic clergy from position of power), Russian Revolution of 1917 had resulted in turning the whole country into the “testing ground”, upon which the obscure theory of Marxism would be practically implemented, for the first time in history. In fact, what later came to be known as “Russia’s Great October Socialist Revolution”, was more of a political coup – the members of Russia’s Provisionary Government, which was formed after Czar’s abdication in 1916, we being simply arrested by the group of armed Commies, who never even enjoyed much of a public support, on the part of ordinary Russians. It its turn, this provides us with the insight on another significant difference between French and Russian revolutions – whereas, French revolutionary leaders, such as Robespierre, Mirabeau and Marat never ceased considering themselves as spokesmen for their people (they were all French), Russian Communist leaders, such as Trotsky (Bronstein), Kamenev (Rosenfeld), Zinoviev (Apfelbaum) etc. were all overwhelmingly Jewish, which is why they used to openly refer to Russians as the “wood in the chimney of international revolution”. Frank Britton’s book “Behind Communism” contains excerpt from Leon Trotsky’s speech, which he delivered to the leadership of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1916: “We should turn her (Russia) into a desert populated with white niggers. We will impose upon them such a tyranny that was never dreamt by the most hideous despots of the East” (Britton 25). By 1922, 95% of Politburo’s members were Jews and this was in time when Jews only constituted 1.5% of population in Russia. In other words, Russian revolution of 1917 was only formally “Russian”. In its turn, this significantly differ it from French Revolution of 1792, which relied on ordinary citizens’ overwhelming support. Whereas the “enforcers” of French Revolution sans-culottes were French people, the “enforcers” of Russia’s Communist takeover consisted of gangs of foreigners (Chinese, Latvians, Hungarians, Romanians), hired by Communist leaders to stamp out Russian peasants’ resistance. Whereas, Fr
Introduction Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) refers to an intellectual general tool for dealing with actual-world problematic conditions. It is the outcome of the progressing feat study, which Brian Wilson and Peter Checkland among others have carried out for more than thirty years to offer a structure that will assist those using it tackle the form of chaotic problem conditions that do not have a formal problem description. In other words, a tool that introduces some form of structure in abstract situations: situations that otherwise do not have a description, especially in the field of management. Therefore, to get into its manner of operation and use, it is crucial to explicate the arena on which it lays, viz. the field of management. There is a necessity of comprehending management in its extensive sense. As a result, the association is valid with a number of conditions, where an individual or a group of individuals should establish an alteration progression (a transformation) in the actual world, with the intention of bettering a difficult condition that they could be residing in, at any given time. Through difficult conditions, it is predestined that an individual understands that a number of items are not going in the right way and require being advanced (Yang 2010). In accordance with Soft Systems Methodology, and discernment of the onlooker(s) regarding the actual world is personal and relies on the worldview (viz. weltanschauung) the onlooker(s) accept to identify the observable fact in the actual world. On this note, a thing that can be incorrect for a particular individual could be right or satisfactory for another individual. It entirely relies on the viewpoint or worldview under observation (Jae, Hyoung & Hyoung 2008). This paper tackles Soft Systems Methodology as well as issues surrounding this subjectivity. General idea concerning Soft Systems Methodology There exists a common misapprehension that Soft Systems Methodology is a tactic for exclusively tackling soft problems (that is, difficulties that engage cultural, mental, and social constituents), perhaps due to the use of the word “soft” in the taxonomy of the name “Soft Systems Methodology”. On the contrary, Soft Systems Methodology does not make a distinction b
The term BOTS refers to software applications that automatically perform tasks on the internet. Basically, BOTS perform simple and repetitive tasks at an extremely high rate that is impossible for manual operations. BOTS are mostly used in web ‘spidering’ (Spinello, 2011). This refers to the process of fetching, analyzing and filing information from a web server by an automated script. This is usually done at a speed that is manually impossible. Rules for the ‘spidering’ process are contained in files known as ‘robots.txt’ and the BOT is expected to obey these rules (Spinello, 2011). BOTS are also used in cases where an extremely fast response speed is required, for example, auction-site robots. Currently, BOTS are also used in search advertising. The Internet has evolved from being a simple academic and research network to a major source of e-commerce. Therefore, it is necessary for the content to be regulated because more people globally are getting easy access to and the internet is becoming even more complex. During the early 1990s, legislative attempts were made to regulate the internet. Some of these attempts were a success, but most of them were not. National and international cooperative entities have taken the initiative to develop and regulate the internet, mainly software and protocol infrastructure (Spinello, 2011). Laws covering fraud, obscenity and copyright are used to regulate content. However, conflict may arise due to the global nature of internet and different laws that exist in different countries (Pike, 2006) To provide solutions for regulating internet, IT specialists have developed BOTS that aid internet users in filtering spam (unwanted mail) and pornographic material. Internet users are, therefore, given control over what they want to receive and see (Spinello, 2011). This is particularly beneficial to parents and teachers as they are now able to control what their children and students have access to online (Chen, Longstaff & Carley, 2004).
Timbuk2 is a well-known company in the wearable accessories industry, offering a wide range of products from messenger bags to travel suitcases. One factor that makes it possible to succeed in selling such a diverse assortment is setting different competitive priorities for each type of product. Thus, each of the company’s products is marketed and prioritized differently in order to achieve Timbuk2’s goals and objectives of ensuring constant demand and sales. Messenger and laptop bags are among Timbuk2’s most in-demand products. Messenger bags were the first product offered by the company. Thus, it can be argued that they hold more value for Timbuk2. The company’s vision was built around what the product could symbolize, not the direct sale of the bags (Timbuk2, 2021). The messenger bag was marketed as a symbol of freedom for people living in a big city and overcoming its many obstacles and difficulties (Timbuk2, 2021). The bag designer wanted to make it accessible to everyone, which is the basis for building its primary competitive priority. Timbuk2’s custom messenger bag is a reasonably inexpensive product, and its key features are ease of use and reliability. Furthermore, the customer can order custom bags and are given the opportunity to design their unique version of the Timbuk2 messenger bag on the company’s website (Jacobs & Chase, 2021). Thus, price, quality, and custom design are the main competitive priorities for the product. In addition, messenger bags are exclusive to the Canada, USA, and UK markets. As a result, the number of competitors is substantially reduced. The competitive priorities of laptop bags made in China are somewhat different. This product is shipped to any country without any restrictions, differing considerably from the approach to the sale of messenger bags. These bags have many variations, while messenger bags are produced in accordance with one classic design with minimum changes made over the years. Laptop bags and backpacks are marketed to emphasize affordability and low price, which is what Chinese suppliers are used for (Jacobs & Chase, 2021). In addition, a certain flexibility is also demonstrated due to the wide range of products. Overall, the competitive priorities of the Timbuk2 laptop bags are price and variety. Thus, although the two products of this company are similar in many ways, competitive priorities change somewhat due to different suppliers and markets. Timbuk2 messenger and laptop bags are manufactured in different factories and workshops. Thus, messenger bags are produced in San Francisco, while laptop bags and backpacks are manufactured primarily in China. In San Franciso, the company operates in a 23,000-foot square facility, making over 70,000 bags annually (Mainwaring, 2019). According to Jacobs and Chase (2021), the cutters and sewers team in San Francisco is comprised of approximately 25 highly trained professionals
Introduction Music has evolved over the centuries with a progression from elementary works of art to the complicated and more entertaining compositions of the present age. Music has been used for various purposes leading to the development of the numerous genres. Traditionally, love and romance were common themes in most works of art. Alongside them, the theme of beauty has evolved in a significant manner. An essential period in the history of music is the 1600 where there was a transformation in Europe from the period of the renaissance to the Baroque era. The transformation was in all avenues of life including music. This period is presented in the change of composition between the two periods. Famous composers, performers, and musicians lived in this age. They are celebrated over the centuries. Among them are famous composers such as George Frideric Handel, Antonio Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach, and Claudio Monteverdi. They made changes in musical techniques, instrumentation, and themes. Moreover, opera emerged as a genre during this period of history. With it came the theme of beauty represented in the dressing and musical compositions presented therein. The essay focuses on the changes taking place in the era of 1600, their significance in music, and the presentation of beauty in the music composed and played during this time. Changes in the 1600s The seventeenth century was part of the renaissance age, which was characterized as the reclamation of culture with a progression in art, music, literature, science, and education (Mendelssohn 1956, 24). It s
It is a common notion for many authors to explore life in their writing. While some authors do it by creating a complex plot to show character development and growth, others use linguistic styles and features to illustrate life metaphorically. The three texts from the course that provide a metaphorical view of life are The Road Not Taken by Robert Lee Frost, Happy Endings by Margaret Atwood, and The Lover Not Taken by Blanche Farley. Although the three works are different in terms of their structure, style, and purpose, they all seem to highlight that the journey of life is more important than its components, such as choices or the ending. The present paper will seek to analyze how each text represents life metaphorically and compare the interpretations of the works. Textual Analysis The Road Not Taken The first author, Robert Lee Frost, was an American poet and playwright who is particularly famous for his depictions of ordinary people and life in New England. His poetry focuses on life as it is, providing realistic illustrations of people’s behaviors and actions. The Road Not Taken deviates from the author’s realistic style because of its metaphorical meaning and the focus on the narrator’s inner thoughts. In this work, Frost emphasizes people’s preoccupation with making choices and how it influences their future life. The poem also questions the reasons for people’s decisions, and whether or not there is a correct path to choose in life. The poem begins with the narrator standing in the forest and facing two separate roads (Frost, n.d., para. 1): Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; The first stanza highlights some important concepts that are also evident in the rest of the poem. Firstly, the author stresses the irreversible nature of choices made by people: “I could not travel both” (Frost, n.d., para. 1). Secondly, the author also reflects indecisiveness by stating, “long I stood/ And looked down one as far as I could” (Frost, n.d., para. 1). The fact that both of these concepts are introduced at the very beginning of the poem allows suggesting that the author sees a cause-and-effect relationship between them. In other words, to Frost, it is the irreversibility of each decision that makes it hard for a person to choose their path in
Introduction Whirlpool Corporation is a leading home appliances manufacturer operating on the international scale. For this company, organization behavior and leadership are important because they determine and support strategic envelopment of the corporation. At the heart of the discussion of management and leadership are the concepts of goal setting and results. Common to both managers and leaders is the focus on the results they produce, which are based on the goals they pursue. As they labor to bring about a result, shared values, goals, and common purpose form the bedrock of achievement. Whirlpool managers create a climate in which pride makes significant contributions to shared goals. Whirlpool managers inspire and motivate and managers effectively manage organizations; resources, but the consequences are of little use unless they accomplish the purpose for which the organization exists. There is a need to view management with a new and fresh perspective. Organizational Context Whirlpool Corporation is a global company with annual sales of $18 billion. The company has 70 research centers around the world. Whirlpool corporation hasa centralized structure based on hierarchical relations and delegation of authority. The key people are Jeff M. Fettig, Chairman & CEO and M. A. Todman, President, Whirlpool. The taks of these leaders is to develop strategic objetives of the entire top management team. These individuals are in a position to see the organization as a complete entity. The top management team also experiences firsthand the relationship of the organization to the external environment (Lamoureux 3). The CEO and the top management team focus attention on internal and external environments in order to establish critical goals that will produce vital long-term results (Daft 76). Strategic management is a results-oriented philosophy of management. It is a philosophy of focusing the activities of an organization so as to achieve success. It is not a technique but rather a belief with a clear purpose, philosophy, mission, and goals. People will respond well to molding the future, as it is a natural human characteristic to strive for meaningful goals and objectives (Carrell et al 13). Strategic management is a philosophy about results, attitudes, and perspectives. It formalizes a stream of actions that result in clarity, consensus, and commitment to a basic purpose for the entire organization (Robbins 17). Organizational Climate Whirlpool Corporation formally declares its values, norms, and ideals for the overall corporate structure. These values, norms, and ideals become the moral compass upon which managers rely. They also underlie an organization’s strategy by bringing meaning to the employees’ work. For Whirlpool Corporation to be effective, both managers and indi