ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction For many years, chemical engineers (CHEs) were only involved in the application of physical and life sciences, and the conversion of raw materials to finished products. However, the current curriculum has allowed chemical engineers to encompass more than just design and processing into their practices. Chemical engineers today play crucial roles in product design, research, and development. The line between chemical engineers and chemists continues to grow thin as engineers become better and better equipped to innovate their own ideas and implement them. Going through the CHE 300 class has been an extraordinarily relevant experience for me. The overall objective of the course was to equip us with professional development skills that we need in the future as chemical engineers and other related responsibilities. Among the topics covered included thinking outside the engineering box, PSU sigma six presentation, intellectual property, lifelong learning, and ethics in Engineering, just to mention a few. Analyzing presentations A presentation by John Cirucci and Larry McAlister on ethics in engineering was of paramount significance to all of the students as future professionals. New technological innovations and market expectations have created timeless ethical issues for chemical engineers. The most significant ethical issues in the profession revolve around environmental protection, safety, and bio-ethics. As designers of most processing technologies, CHEs should be able to ensure sustainable development is achieved. Like many other professions, every engineer is expected to adhere to the code of conduct in their relationship with colleagues, resolving conflicts, handling competition, and other core values addressed in the industry. Most importantly, a CHE must guarantee human, animal, and environmental safety is not breached. The presentation helped me and the rest of the class realize that as CHE, we must always keep a commitment to perform duties in an ethical manner. Another significant presentation in CHE 300 was thinking outside the box by Brad Sutliff. In a world where competition and demand for quality grow by the day, it is paramount that one stands out as an engineer. The world is today faced with enormous technical challenges such as producing in large volumes, saving energy, and being able to anticipate technical challenges before they arise. Being able to respond to situations fast is an indispensable skill for an engineer in any field, as evident by the recent nuclear disaster in Japan. By elaborating different CHE processes, the level of accuracy required in the profession was evident. The technicality of different chemical engineering processes used as examples made it the clear need for a CHE to be creative, alert, and think outside the box. The lifelong learning presentation by Eric Jackson was an incredibly valuable part of CHE 300. As a young engineer, figuring out a career path may be difficult. The presentation took us through a CHE’s job responsibilities, what to expect and do after graduation, learning processes, different corporate climates, and alternatives options in the pro
The problems of evolution and its main aspects are discussed not only by biologists and geneticists but also by medical students and the public which is interested in the evolutionary issues. That is why the results of significant researches which were conducted by prominent scientists in the field of genetics and the problems of evolution require their further discussion and analysis in the form of critical articles and commentaries. Thus, Joel Hagen, the professor of biology and the researcher of the questions connected with the history of biology, has presented his own vision of the issues which were described by the British ecological geneticist H. B. D. Kettlewell in his “Darwin’s Missing Evidence”. This research was published in Scientific American in 1959 as the result of the series of experiments and the continuation of the previous works. In his article Joel Hagen has concentrated on a range of questions connected with the results of Kettlewell’s experiments which he determined as rather controversial. The conclusions of the article written by Kettlewell are considered as the “a convincing demonstration of natural selection at work” (Hagen 143). Nevertheless, the peculiarities of the research provided by Kettlewell were analyzed by Hagen from different sides. Hagen states that “the ways in which the experiments are retold deviate significantly from Kettlewell’s original descriptions of his research” (Hagen 143). This aspect affected Hagen’s determining the main objectives of the article. The main aim of the article is to present the complete argument for the original claim “that many retrospective accounts present Kettlewell’s research as a controlled experiment” (Hagen 144). There are also two sub-goals which can help to develop the detailed analysis of the work. Thus, Hagen also pays attention to the peculiarities of the discussion of Kettlewell’s experiments presented in the literature of evolutionary biology and in the field of science education. Moreover, Hagen focuses on the analysis of “Kettlewell’s role in retelling his early experiments on the peppered moths” (Hagen 144). Hagen’s work is divided into several parts. The first part of the research presents the examination of the background to Kettlewell’s experiments. The author describes the features of the phenomenon known as the industrial melanism. He discusses different approaches to the study and interpretation of this process and pays attention to the experiments with the peppered moth. Moreover, Hagen accentuates the peculiarities of the process’s explanation by Darwinian and non-Darwinian scientists. The peculiarities of the phenomenon’s study provided by such scientists as Haldane and Ford form the conceptual framework fo
Urban ethnography is an exciting area of sociology that allows people to study modern cities’ inhabitants in detail. The lifestyle of these people largely depends on their origin, work, and marital status. Exploring various aspects of urban life, Grazian (2011) described people’s nightlife as rich and not very moral. People who consider themselves “secular elite” are prone to aggressive and defiant actions. They diligently show their wealth and prove their superiority to others, called “urban hustle.” Thus, they assert themselves and defend their place in society. Describing “sense of place,” the author writes about the relationship between people’s behavior and the place where they are. Getting into a particular atmosphere, people try to conform to the order established in it (Grazian, 2011). Sometimes this may not correspond to their more resonant personality characteristics. However, these inner transformations are necessary to satisfy the instinct of the need to be inscribed in the collective. For this reason, people follow the “rules of place” established in a particular society. For example, in one city, people can behave quite friendly, while they can organize a real power struggle in another. Therefore, to be successful, people need to understand and accept these rules. Thus, life in a particular city obliges people to comply with the internal orders established in it. Indeed, even moving from one area of ​​the city to another, it is crucial to understand how to behave. Sometimes this is necessary to avoid aggression
Throughout history, scholars have tried to understand human behaviour. This thirst has led to the establishment of various fields of study including sociology. Sociology is the study of human society, which comprises a study of the society’s history, its cultural practices, and its composition and structural make up. One of the theories that explain the formation of society is the social contract theory. Various proponents of the theory have developed different versions of this theory. However, they all agree on the main concept that the formation of society depends upon the formation of a social contract between people in a society and the few members of that society they select to lead and govern it. The proponents also agree that the people in any society bestow power upon their leaders who on the other hand hold the power in trust for the society. Thus, they have to make decisions that reflect the best interest of the society. Scholars have tried to explain the background of human behaviour and the reasons why people do what they do. Thomas Hobbes is one of the proponents of the social contract theory. According to Hobbes, life in the state of nature where every man acts independently is brutish and short. Every individual aims at self-preservation. There are no rules to govern behaviour or dictate what is right or wrong. Charles Darwin describes this concept as the survival of the fittest. Hobbes suggests that human beings formed a society in order to ensure that everyone survives and that the government protects their property regardless of the strengths and weaknesses each individual possesses. However, Hobbes states that the society has to follow all the rules the governing individuals or institutions formulate without question. Some scholars have developed criticisms for Hobbes’ theory. He insists that there is no inherent good in human beings thus necessitating the formulation of rules. Nevertheless, he overlooks that the people making the laws are also human who therefore also lack the ability of inherent goodness (Engels 23). Another scholar in support of this theory was John Locke. His version of the theory exhibits some differences from Hobbes’ version. According to Locke, human beings are inherently good. However, some people do not always do what is right and therefore there was theft need for some form of order. He presents t
Introduction In Antiquity, the eclipses of the celestial bodies were endowed with great mystical significance. The observation of the eclipses by the ancient scientists helped to discover the nature of these phenomena and expand the astrophysical horizons perceived by humankind. Although nowadays people no longer mystified by mythological perceptions of the lunar and solar eclipses, their investigation and observation continue to draw tremendous attention both of the professional scientists and the amateur astronomers (Westfall & Sheehan, 2015, p. 1). With the ability to predict the precise time and place of eclipses, the scientists obtained the opportunity to explore the eclipses more thoroughly and became capable of finding the connections with and the effects of the celestial eclipses on Earth and its natural phenomena. However, even without the in-depth comprehension of the nature of the eclipses, many people around the globe enjoy watching the spectacular scene of the Moon and the Sun being completely or partially hidden in shadows. The Perception of Eclipses in Ancient times In the present-day world, people became more knowledgeable, and intelligence has grown since the technologies have evolved through time. The sky is now regarded as an object of studying and investigation. Nevertheless, there were times when “sky was seen as home to capricious divinities who were to be feared and propitiated” (Kochhar, 2009, p. 54). The ancient astrological perception was rooted in the religion, and the discoveries made by the ancient astronomers were usually linked to the spiritual rituals and customs. Indian religious scriptures, such as Vedic, Buddhist, and Jain texts, written in the third century BCE and earlier, mention some astronomical facts and data (Kochhar, 2009, p. 55). These texts prove that the history of the astronomical explorations began thousands of years ago. In many ancient cultures, the Sun and the Moon were regarded as gods and the patrons of humanity. People performed the rituals and made sacrifices to propitiate and worship their gods. The Sun and the Moon were the constant followers and bystanders of people’s everyday life. Therefore, the first eclipses observed by people filled them with a great fear. They believed that eclipses are the demons “swallowing the sun or the moon” (Kochhar, 2009, p. 59). In the ancient people’s imagination, in times of eclipses, the gods became engaged in the battles, and each time the sun or the moon appeared in the sky again was regarded as the proof of their gods’ power. The eclipses also were often perceived as the portents of great sorrows and calamities. The superstitious beliefs imprinted in the literary and cultural heritage belong to the field of mythology. However, the studies in astronomy continued and progressed since time. The myths became more factual while the “gods” began to be regarded as planets. Astronomy became less mystical and more scientific. The observation of planets, the Sun and the Moon, allowed the scientists from the antiquity to comprehend the periodic nature of eclip
The film Melancholia (2011) can be regarded as a very good illustration of Freud’s vision of such psychological state as melancholia. The film focuses on Justine’s psychological state. She is facing certain difficulties. In her case, it is the loss of some illusions and beliefs. Her world is ruined and she suffers from melancholia. It is necessary to note that the film is full of symbols with its major symbolic representation of melancholia. Seemingly, Justine has no reason for being unhappy or devastated. Wedding is one of the most enjoyable experiences for any bride. However, this day becomes one of the unhappiest for the protagonist as she understands that her life is full of delusions. According to Freud, people who lose close ones often endure sever psychological ‘turmoil’. They can also experience anger which is often targeted at their own ego. In other words, they start blaming themselves for their problems. This makes them feel unhappy and anxious. This is just the case with Justine. She experiences many losses. First, she loses her mother. It does not mean her mother dies. However, she dies in a certain way. She insults Justine during the wedding (which is supposed to be the happiest day of her life) and the young woman alienates from her mother, i.e. she loses her mum. She is also enduring some difficulties concerning her job. Thus, she loses interest in the job which is full of disappointment. She is also alienated from her husband and loses him as she cheats on him on the day of their wedding. Finally, she is alienated from her sister and loses the connection with her, too. All these losses make Justine angry and anxious. This anger is targeted at her own ego. She is blaming herself. She does not understand her psychological state as the anger and frustration are only symptoms of melancholia. Remarkably, the film provides a symbolic representation of Freud’s theory. The planet is representation of the anger. Thus, a person accumulates anger, which is a result of multiple losses (or a single loss). This anger is revealed for some time. Thus, a person can be rude with others. However, soon this anger acquires another target, the person’s ego. The anger attacks the person’s ego and this often leads to self-destruction. Likewise, the planet is first seen in the sky. Then it disappears. However, it comes back soon and collides with the Earth. The planet is representation of Justine’s anger and the Earth is Justine’s ego. Thus, Justine’s melancholia leads to her self-destruction. In conclusion, it is possible to note that the film under consideration illustrates Freud’s theory on melancholy. The film shows several days from a young woman’s life who is suffering from melancholia. The film also reveals the reasons for the woman’s state, i.e. a number of losses. It is possible to state that Justine is a conventional patient suffering from melancholia. Apart from presentation of particular symptoms, the film also reveals a schematic representation of Freud’s theory. The movement of the planet represents people’s anger that is targeted at people’s ego which leads to self-destruction.
Basic facts about the statues “Colossal Head of a King. The sculpture was acquired by the museum in the 1920s. However, details in the carving have led the Egyptologists to re-asses the statue’s authenticity. In particular, the eyes and lips certainly do not reflect what is typical of late New Kingdom statuary. Ancient Egyptians sometimes re-carved the statuary to reflect the features of a different owner. The large seated statue of Ramses II (E635) in this is an example; the statue was originally carved for a king of the middle kingdom. Many hundred of years later, Ramses II had the head reworked to resemble himself. Its possible that this head originally belonged to a heavily eroded statue of ancient Egyptian king and was re-carved in modern times (in the 19 century) to make it more appealing. “ The next sketches represent the statue of the Egyptian King “Limestone portrait of a roman matron. Babyke-Hierapolis (Membidijo), Syria 3 rd century AD. This sculpture may be a portrait of Julia Maesa (d. AD 226), one of a group of prominent women in the severan dynasty who wielded considerable political and social power. The austerity of the portrait is both symbolic of her strong character and representative of the unflattering and realistic way in, which 3 rd century imperial women were portrayed.” The next sketches are a representative of the aforementioned roman statue. Comparison of the Roman and Egyptian sculptures In the Roman and Egyptian culture, there was accentuation of the features, qualities and ideologies of a leader by using sculptures. Depending on the originality, each sculpture presented different characteristics. The sculptures of the limestone portrait of a Roman Matron and that of the colossal head of the Egyptian king have comparative features. The artistic nature and the symbolic characteristics of each sculpture have a great difference. However, there are a few similarities, which are notable when comparing the sculptures. The next discussion compares the stylistic characteristics of the above sculptures. The Egyptian sculpture is broad, wide and somehow assuming a triangle shape. The sculpture stands on a round base and only the facial features in addition to the neck are clear. In addition, there is the roman royal attire, which covers the head of the sculpture. Thematically, this features shows that the sculpture belongs to one of the pharaoh. The large size of the portrait symbolically represents power and masculinity. The accentuation of the facial features like eyes, ears and nose adds reality
Introduction Improving the quality of work within an organizational setting may sometimes be a very challenging process. As shown in the case of Tokai Shinei, many firms are often quick to source solutions from external sources whenever they are faced with internal operational problems. There is always the feeling that the external experts have unique capabilities to address internal problems in the most appropriate manner. However, the case study presented shows that a real solution can only come from the internal stakeholders within the firm, not the external experts. These internal stakeholders understand what affects their operational activities, and when allowed to be part of the solution, they can easily find the most appropriate ways addressing their challenges. The case of Tokai Shinei demonstrates this fact. It shows how the three pillars of housekeeping, self-discipline, and standards helped in transforming the company from a sluggish firm with low profitability rates to an efficient company that understands how to lower the cost of operations in order to increase its profitability. In this paper, the focus is to discuss how Tokai Shinei used its own team of employees to set standards and address the internal challenges to help the firm achieve the desired success in the market. Executive Summary The Tokai Shinei Electronics case study focuses on how a small struggling electronic company used housekeeping, self-discipline, and standards to transform its operations into an efficient and successful firm. The management started by identifying the main challenges that the firm was facing in its operations. At first, there was an attempt to use external experts (consultants) to solve the identified problems. However, it became apparent that the approach was not yielding the desired outcome. That is why the management shifted its approach to its internal stakeholders. Through housekeeping, the team ensured that the premises remained clean, everyone was responsible, and employees interacted regularly away from their workplace. They now feel that they are responsible for the sanitation of their workplace environment. Through self-discipline, it became easier for the management to control the employees and ensure that they work as per the set guidelines. The introduction of standards helped in ensuring that the work done by e
Research Topic Recovery time among high-school athletes Methods Participants The choice of sample size depends on multiple factors, including research designs, goals, and objectives, as well as the availability of eligible participants (Clark, Berger, & Mansmann, 2013). The sufficient sample size for the study will be 100 participants, of which half will be first-time concussion patients, and the other half will be those who had a concussion before. The present research focuses on high school athletes, and thus the two key inclusion criteria are current enrolment in a high school and participation in sports. To ensure that potential participants fit the chosen criteria, the researcher will ask them to fill in a short survey. The survey will contain questions about the participants’ age, school name, sports affiliation, and the number of concussions suffered in life. This information will help to establish the independent variable for each participant. Another essential inclusion criterion is that the suitable participants need to have an established diagnosis of concussion. The exclusion criteria for the present research are severe injuries besides a concussion, critical chronic diseases, or autoimmune conditions that could affect their recovery time. Participants who take drugs affecting brain function or sports performance will also be excluded from the sample to avoid inconsistency in the results. The recruitment will take place in hospitals or emergency departments where high school athletes with head trauma are admitted. In this case, all teenage students admitted to the facility because of a head injury will be considered potential participants for the study, but only those diagnosed with a concussion will be included. Each potential participant will then fill in a survey to determine if they fit other inclusion criteria. Probability sampling, such as simple random or stratified sampling, would be the ideal option for this research (Jacobsen, 2017). However, given that the number of available would probably be limited, convenience sampling should also be considered. If convenience sampling is used, all the available participants would be involved in the study, thus increasing the sample size. Based on the notes above, the sampling method should be as follows. The researcher will first collect data on every available participant who fits the criteria for inclusion. If the number of participants exceeds 150 by the time the preliminary stage of the research, stratified sampling will be applied. The available subjects will be separated into two groups depending on the number of concussions suffered, and then 50 subjects from each group will be chosen at random. This method will allow ensuring a sufficient n