ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Male sexual and reproductive health is important because t influence health of the future generations and possible diseases and illnesses inherited from fathers. Considering the effects of fertility regulation on male’s mental health and social well-being can provide insights that the physical health equation–and particularly the mortality equation–cannot capture. Similar to women, men bear the physical risks of fertility. Similar to women, men can experience emotional hardships associated with their sexual and reproductive health resulting from their status in family and from feelings of shame that cause them to suffer in silence (Men Health Center 2008). Few investigators have looked systematically at how gender inequalities within the household affect girls’ and women’s sense of self-worth, that is, how girls and women feel about themselves and how they relate to others within a given “moral framework” governing the intra-household distribution of entitlements. Reproductive behavior affects men’s sense of self-worth and the fabric of their social relationships (MenWeb Men’s Votives 2008). Yet, these “psychosocial” consequences may be equally as important to women–if not more so–than the morbidity and mortality outcomes that are so commonly addressed. Human rights, men’s rights, reproductive health: do they constitute a population policy? Yes and no. Their primary aim is not fertility decline, but rather, the expansion of human rights and improvement of human welfare. In this sense, then, the interventions do not–together or separately–constitute a population policy in the limited way we have defined it. Discuss Reproductive health is extremely important because it influences social and sexual relations of a family and between spouses. Reproductive health and conditions impinge in major ways, both positive and negative, on a man ability to perform key social roles on which his survival, security, and emotional well-being depend (Men Health Center 2008). Reproductive behaviors that are innocuous or beneficial from a physical health perspective, such as using a contraceptive, delaying the first birth, or limiting the number of children to two or three, could cause some women considerable psychosocial stress in settings where such behaviors are considered deviant within a particular ideological or moral framework. That is why, ideally, one would study women in situ in order to understand how using contraception or postponing or preventing a birth impinges on their right to health in concrete situations (Men Health Center 2008). A perspective on reproductive health values a broad range of method choice in fertility regulation, including a woman’s right to use a less effective method, to use a method only sporadically, to switch freely from one method to another, or to refuse any or all services or products. These options follow logically from the principles of informed choice and self-determination. Every woman will weigh differently from every other woman the relative risks and benefits of each method of birth cont
Currently, more workers are defining themselves by their actions, and for this reason, more are spending a lot of time in the office. This situation, coupled with communication technology like instant messaging, pagers, and cell phones has given rise to workplace romances. Workplace dating is increasingly emerging as an important discussion topic in privacy laws, as courts get involved to determine the limit of employers’ regulation on the private sexual life of employees. Of interest is the utilitarian and deontological morality impact dating policies created by CartoonStock.com for their workplace. From the utilitarian point of view, as employees work together, relationships develop amongst themselves. Therefore, modern social mores expect these employees to engage in such relations as long as they do not interfere with professional performance. Despite these ideologies, the problem is the power of CartoonStock.com to interfere with the private life of employees in cases of office romance. The right to privacy is increasingly being used by employees to protect their job positions while maintaining their office romances (Wilson & Fennel, 2003). The utilitarian reason given by such employees is their ability to maintain professionalism as they keep their private life away from the office. Additionally, employers are not expected to discriminate or discharge any employee based on office romance that occurs during non-working hours. This deontological argument considers that it is immoral for employers to get involved in what employees do while out of the office, as it is an infringement on the right of privacy of employees (Gallo, 2008). Of importance are legal powers this line of thought has to fight the right for employees to have office romances. This situation was seen in the landmark case of Lawrence versus Texas (539.558, 2003), in which the Supreme Co
The digital medical image formation process An image is a representation of reality. A medical image is an image used for a diagnostic purpose, thus must not only represent reality but be an accurate demonstration of it (Zheng, Glisson & Davidson, 2008). A digital medical image is one which is stored and manipulated in a discrete digital data form on a computer rather than a continuous analogue form. A digital medical image may be obtained from general computer radiography. This is an indirect method and first, require the transmitted x-ray beam to interact with a phosphor layer which is within a radiographic cassette. The phosphor layer consists of very small crystals of photostimulable barium containing trace amounts of bivalent europium as a luminescence centre. When irradiated the phosphors fluoresce, transferring energy to the Eu2+ sites which are oxidised to form Eu3+ and the ejected electron is trapped within a conductive band. This electron pattern within the conductive band is the latent image. The readout is the next step; the latent image is scanned by a red light which releases the stored electrons. The electrons then fall back into their original position, releasing the difference in energy as a photon, thus a light signal is produced. The light signal is collected with a photomultiplier tube (PMT). This process is called sampling, and is the first of the four steps involved in an analogue to digital conversion; Sampling A process of regular, periodic measurements whereby the analogue signal becomes digital. Frequency of the sampling is important, and a low sampling rate will result in a course signal void of subtle changes. The ability of the sampling process to yield an array of pixels depends upon the sample aperture which accesses a signal defined length of the signal/image while ignoring the rest of the signal/image, and the scan pattern which must be accurate. Sensing Light or X-ray is converted into electrical voltages or currents which are related to the original stimulus by a transducer. The photomultiplier tube also completes this step, and it also amplifies the signal. Sensing can also occur before sampling. Quantising Produces a series of discrete levels at each of the sampling points proportional to the signal, therefore determining the contrast resolution of the final image; the great the number of values given to award the greater the range of contrast. Coding Codes the discrete output levels of the signal resulting from the quantising stage into the particular digital format used by the computer system (bytes). The image is now in a digital form ready to be displayed. The chain of events in human image analysis The psychological events in image analysis can be thoug
Introduction The importance of histopathology can hardly be overrated. Defined as the analysis of a tissue sample carried out with the help of a microscope to locate possible health issues (Bennett 2012), the field in question helps locate the factors that may possibly enhance the growth of malignant lumps and, therefore, ensure that the patient should not be exposed to the harmful environment. Aims The key goal of this practical is to learn to identify changes in the patient’s body, which may lead to the development of malignant lumps, as well as prevent or address the specified changes correspondingly. The practical has helped me locate the key symptoms of carcinoma development in a patient, as well as assure that the target audience should be protected from the factors that may possibly contribute to the development of the specified disease. Additionally, the practical assignment mentioned above has created premises for learning more about the issue of breast cancer. There is no need to stress that this disease remains one of the key threats to women’s health worldwide; thus, addressing it properly is the prime responsibility of a therapist. Methods The practice in question was carried out with the help of specific equipment; particularly, a microscope was used to identify the alterations in the sample tissue. Results and Discussion Normal Skin Histology Figure 1 Three key layers of skin are identified. These are epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Epidermis, or the outer layer, is characterised by ridges and squamous epithelium. Dermis, or the middle layer, is split into a papillary and a reticular level. The former consists of blood vessels, nerves, lymph, etc. The latter, in its turn, includes vascular plexus, lymph, nerves, collagen fibres, etc. (Yong, Woodford & O’Dowd 2013). Figure 2 There are two types of human skin, i.e., the hairy and the non-hairy one. The latter is characterised by a thick epidermis, whereas the former one is represented by a thin on. Among the appendages, which human skin may have, the following ones are traditionally listed: hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands (Yong, Woodford & O’Dowd 2013). Carcinoma Figure 3 As the picture provided above shows, the carcinoma appears in the squamous cells of the skin. The type of carcinoma in question can be considered the second most common one in cancer patients (Alam, Bordeau & Yu 2013). Defined as the uncontrolled increase in abnormal cells among the skin squamous ones, the phenomenon in question affects the external layers of skin, i.e., the epidermis, for the most part (Alam et al. 2013). Figure 4 In addition, the basal cells of the skin have been affected by the disease. The specified type of melanoma is the most frequently occurring one. Unlike the squamous cell carcinoma, the disease in question occurs in the deepest layer of the epidermis. T
Introduction Riots in the Arab world are a phenomenon rooted in history, dating back to the 1920s. At that time, the British occupation of the Balfour territory created tension among the Arab inhabitants. Jews and Palestinians did not co-exist peacefully in Israel at the time. When the British put forth the Balfour Declaration, the Arabs expressed their dissatisfaction through violence to show the British that variability in Israel was an important feature. The Arab riots in 1929 went a step further after the fourth Aliyah. The first factor leading to the longstanding bitterness in the region was the British brutality. As Jews immigrated into the area, acquiring a significant piece of land, Arabs were ultimately displaced, which contributed to their loss of jobs (Kimmerling, 2005, p. 37). Their influence on major decisions in the country was also reduced. The riots gained power in light of rumors that Jews were planning to establish a synagogue near the western wall. These riots ignited the removal of Hebron’s indigenous Jewish community (present-day Israel), ultimately leading Arabs in the Arab world to adopt radicalism (Kimmerling, 2005, p. 27). This paper analyzes the Wadi Salib riots, which occurred in Haifa in 1959 (Elazar, 1989, p. 190), using two major models: consociational democracy and dominant party theory. The Wadi Salib riots were a sort of street demonstration characterized by vandalism in Wadi Salib, Haifa, in present-day Israel (Peretz & Gideon, 1997, p. 148). The riots targeted ethnic profiling centered on the Mizrahi Jews. Through a comprehensive literature review, the current paper will determine to what extent the Wadi Salib riots linked the two theories of political models examined. This paper is divided into four major parts, examining the theoretical background, the historical background, and an analysis of the selected models before drawing conclusions. Theoretical Background Consociational Democracy Model Lijphart (1969, p.207) illustrated the topology of various political systems. He asserted that three types of Western democracies systems exists i.e. the Anglo-American political systems practiced by United States and Britain, the continental European systems practiced by Italy, Germany and F
Introduction The concept of ecommerce is rapidly gaining popularity in the world today. The major driving force behind this growth is the rapid development of information communication technologies (ICT), especially in relation to the internet. According to Turban et al., ecommerce refers to the process of conducting business transactions on the internet (21). It entails carrying out digitally enabled commercial transactions. It involves exchange of goods and services between organisations or individuals. Just like in any other parts of the world, the ecommerce industry in the Middle is developing very rapidly. The industry is particularly fuelled by the increasing global demand for energy, of which the region is the biggest supplier. Consequently, the wealth of the Middle East economies is increasing by the day. According to European Travel Commission, the number of internet users in this region is estimated to be about 90 million (par. 1). However, only 15% of the businesses in the region have an online presence. In spite of this, the European Travel Commission predicts that by 2015, B2C ecommerce sales will rise to about US$15 billion (par. 1). The value of ecommerce in the region is also expected to hit the US$4.9 billion mark within the same period (European Travel Commission par. 1). Kuwait has the third largest ecommerce market in the Middle East. The market is worth $280m. The first two slots are occupied by Qatar (with $375m) and Saudi Arabia [with $520m] (European Travel Commission par.1). However, it is important to note that in spite of these figures, the prevalence of ecommerce in this region varies across the countries. For instance, UAE currently leads at 46%. It is followed by Kuwait at 35% (Ipsos 17). Kuwait has the highest rate of online shopping, where 19% of internet users do their shopping via the virtual market (European Travel Commission 1). Given this level of ecommerce penetration and adoption in the Middle East, an idea of a business model that relies on the platform seems viable. Kuwait is one of the leading countries in the region. In addition, it has a well established ecommerce infrastructure. The developments provide support for the establishment of an e-shop. Souk’s e-storefront will focus on the Kuwaiti gifts and greetings cards industry. However, the shop will serve other markets in the region using the ecommerce model. Business Description A gift shop can be generally considered as a business that is involved in the sale of items meant to be given to others. However, most of the items (gift) add no material gain to the recipient. The businesses are also known as souvenir gift shops. The items sold include, among others, handmade collections, t-shirts, stuffed animals, postcards, and coffee mugs. Souk Gift Shop deals with these and other types of gifts. Most of the souvenirs found in the shop however are of Ar
Introduction The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress in 1776. This year signifies the separation of the United States from Great Britain and the creation of an American independent nation. The formation of American identity was determined by “whitening”[1] of the citizens, and, therefore, precisely race determined inclusion and exclusion of ethnic groups in US society, which in the end led to social, educational, and residential segregation during 1776-the 1930s. White Identity While defining the American nation, “the first Congress convened under that Constitution voted in 1790 to require that a person be “white” to become a naturalized citizen of the US.”[2] Hence, it was vital for new coming immigrants to be naturalized and gain their civil rights. They needed to be accepted and included in a “white” American ethnical group. The idea that “becoming white insured greater economic, political and social security” dominated at that time. [3] This concept proved itself to be true in practice since non-whites were used “in the dirtiest and most unhealthy jobs.”[4] Therefore, to improve their standards of living, minorities were eager to surrender their ethnic differences to become true and naturalized Americans, meaning “white” ones. Eugenics as Basis for Race Segregation However, there was no clear definition of the term “white” in the Constitution. In fact, “racial classifications were based on selected and visible traits, including skin color, hair color and texture, and facial features.”[5] Thus, there was no identity between Europeans, for example, visibly there were three Caucasian groups, such as North and West Europe, Central Europe, South, and East Europe. [6] Still, the dominant white ethnical group was not clearly defined. For example, Irish together with Southern, Eastern Europeans, and Jews were “termed nonwhite.”[7]. Only in the 1850s did Irish “gradually fought, extended and voted their ways into the white race in the US.”[8] Thus, the United States needed a solid and definite basis for determination of a white ethnical American. Therefore, following Sir Francis Galton’s “Eugenics Movement” and Herbert Spencer’s claim about the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon, Sir Henry Main introduced “the theory of the Teutonic origin” in the United States in 1870. [9] Hence, according to “eugenics movement” and “Teutonic origins theory” first European group, not Asian or Black, and then from all European groups Northern and Western one was chosen as the dominant white ethnical American group, namely Anglo-Saxon group. Nonetheless, racial ideology had to be supported on political, social, and religious levels to proclaim this theory for all Anglo-Saxon Americans. Political justification of racial ideology The United Stated’ victories in wars with Mexico and Spain in the late nineteenth century were seen as evidence of Anglo-Saxon supremacy, and they justified American racial ideology and expansion. Mexicans were seen as a mixture of inferior races, namely South European (Spain) and Indian. Moreover, Mexicans lost in the Mexican-American War (
Background It is widely promoted that one must wash their hands after visiting the restroom. It is also necessary to dry one’s hands after washing them, because wet surface serves as the nurturing environment for bacteria. To make the hand drying process faster warm air and jet air hand dryers were placed in the restrooms all around the world. They are believed to be more efficient than paper towel dispensers, because using hand dryers one does not have to touch anything in the room. Many contemporary researchers note that the warm air coming from the hand dryers is far from being sterile and may serve as the perfect environment for airborne bacteria. Research question The effectiveness of hand dryers over paper towels in reference to the maintenance of sanitary conditions Hypothesis Towel dispensers may be old-fashioned, but they are much safer in relation to airborne bacteria spreading. Prediction Hand dryers tend to collect bacteria and then stream them on people’s hands with the flow of warm hair. Source PubMed Heath website. Data The research involved warm air and jet air hand dryers along with paper towels. Contaminated gloves covered in lactobacilli bacteria solution were dried with each of the devices. Afterwards, other participants used the dryers, and the number of bacteria on their hands afterwards was measured in close proximity of the dryers and one meter away. The results of the research measured that the count of bacteria spread by the jet air dryers (70.7 colony forming units) was four and a half times higher than the one of warm air dryer (15.7) and twenty seven times higher than that of paper towels (2.6) (Air dryers ‘blown away’ by paper towels in germ tests par. 24). The results measured one meter away of the dryers were similar and showed 89.7 colony forming units for jet air dryer, 18.7 – for warm air dryer and 2.2 for paper towels (Air dryers ‘blown away’ by paper towels in germ tests par. 25). The research also showed that the distribution of bacteria does not hit only hands, but the whole upper body, and bacteria can be still in the air fifteen minutes later the drying procedures (Restroom Hand Dryers Spread More Germs than Paper Towels, Study Finds par. 5). Person-contamination experiment involved black paint instead of the bacteria and the users wore white suits, to detect which areas of the users’ bodies were hit the most. Paper towel dispensers did not produce any paint spots, while jet air dryer users’ suits counted 144.1 spots and those of warm air dryer users – 65.8 spots (Air dryers ‘blown away’ by paper towels in germ tests par. 29). Conclusion The research was conducted in November this year, it is relatively new, but the hypotheses existed for at least a year. The data collected during the research is reliable and sufficient to present strong proofs of the theory. One limitation this research has it that the contaminated hands were placed under the dryers without washing, which assumes that a person would use the dryer right after using the toilet but skipping the hand washing procedure. The resea