ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the competitive business environment of the 21 st century, managers must concentrate and focus all their efforts on ensuring their organizations retain a competitive advantage in the market. Failure to adhere to this basic principle means failure for the organization (Weber, 2008). As such, many conscientious and assiduous managers are dumping traditional approaches of running organizations in favour of more conventional approaches that guarantee the concentration of synergies and addition of value in all organizational endeavours (Xi-Ping, 2010). One traditional management approach that is fast fading into oblivion is bureaucracy. Against this backdrop, it is the purpose of this paper to show why bureaucracy is no longer applicable in today’s business environment. According to Tikhonova (2007), a bureaucracy is an organizational structure with inflexible hierarchy of officeholders, regulated by impersonal uniform rules, protocols, and procedures. In most occasions, all the personnel within the organization have well defined positions and titles. The rules and procedures specify the type of duties that each worker must perform, and organizational functions are structured into set offices, which are holistically organized into a vertical hierarchy that adheres to technical rules and norms (Rao, 1997; Garston, 1993). The characteristics of a Bureaucracy were first formulated by Sociologist Max Weber, who believed that it was technically the most effective type of organizational structure since all formal functions are bound by rules and procedures, and each function within the hierarchy has its own specific competence (Tikhonova, 2007; Adair-Toteff, 2005). Many business analysts are of the opinion that such a system cannot function in today’s competitive business environment, especially in the private sector (Adizes, 2004). Howe
Political debates and thoughts have been inevitable both in the past and in the present. Out of these debates, hundreds of philosophical thinkers have emerged. Among these philosophers are Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Karl Marx, Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes. These philosophers have explored the nature and character of political activities. As depicted in these philosophers’ studies, political thoughts aim at tackling issues related to political life. As such, political thoughts focus on several social issues such as social standards, moral codes, and principles. This paper focuses on Hobbes’ intentions. Initially, the paper will draw attention to Hobbes’ intentions as a means of putting moral and political philosophy onto scientific basis. Secondly, the paper will focus on Hobbes’ intentions as a means of establishing civic peace and disposing of humankind toward fulfilling their civic duty. Thomas Hobbes was born in the year 1588 in Malnesbury (Morgan 576). To date, the English philosopher has become famous for his contribution to the social contract theory. On the other hand, the philosopher became infamous for asserting that individuals should surrender to the authority of total sovereign power. His contributions have influenced the advancement of political philosophy and the expansion of additional logical philosophical positions. His contributions towards moral philosophy have not been influential compared to his contributions towards political philosophy. Notably, his theories of moral philosophy have been ambiguous to most individuals. This ambiguity results from the discrepancies that emerge when analyzing the application of his laws of nature. Hobbes’ intentions as a means of putting moral and political philosophy onto scientific basis Before the 17 th century, moral philosophy and political philosophy were thought to be independent of natural sciences. It was believed that the two fields of philosophy were not related to any natural science but rather on human experiences. However, after reading through Hobbes’s works it became apparent that the philosopher intended to put moral and political philosophy onto scientific basis. Through our everyday activities, we discover the principles of the two fields of psychology. Equally, I noted that proofs in political philosophy are related to the proofs exhibited in the natural sciences. In this regard, it is clear that Hobbes’s intentions were towards putting moral and political philosophy onto scientific basis. In his works, the philosopher believes that moral philosophy is part of motion of science. Through this argument, the philosopher states that moral philosophy studies motions of the mind just in the same way physics focuses on activity of physical entities. I believe that through this argument, the philosopher was trying to
Introduction The brain is one of the most amazing organs of the body. Its manner of operation and coordination with other major body systems is filled with so much detail that it its creation can be indubitably described as perfect. It is part of the Nervous System, specifically the Central Nervous System (CNS), and it works in conjunction with the spinal cord and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The former is the second part of the CNS and the latter is composed of the nerves and the autonomic nervous system that has organs for furnishing the activities of the nervous system (Boeree 2003, p. 1). The collaboration of the brain with the mentioned parts helps us run our day-to-day activities, both involuntary and voluntary. They control activities like blinking, breathing, and even memorization. The main function of the brain in this alliance is the interpretation of messages. This is enabled by the perfect organization of the components of the brain (Swanson 2002, pp. 23- 30). Parts of the brain The brain is composed of several parts that work together to give its control and power over the human body. The brain has three major constituent parts. These are the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. The diencephalon (thalamus and the hypothalamus) and the cerebrum make the forebrain while the midbrain characteristic of its hearing and visual function has the tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain, on the other hand, has the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. The first two and the midbrain are collectively known as the brainstem. The brain is surrounded by three membranous envelopes known as the meninges. They work in conjunction with cerebrospinal fluid to give physical protection to the CNS. As the name suggests, the cerebrospinal fluid fills the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain (Leiner 1997, p. 1). The forebrain Let us have a closer look at the parts of the forebrain. The cerebrumm is the Latin word for brain and it constitutes approximate 87.5 % of the weight of the brain. It is also known as cerebral hemispheres. It is in the cerebrum that things like thought, judgment, decision, and imagination take place. It also performs motor roles and processes sensory signals. To achieve its surface (cerebral cortex) is heavily convoluted into the parental, the occipital, the temporal, and the frontal lobes. These accommodate approximate
Inequality means that the rich and the poor have different incomes and affect wealth. Without inequality, economic stagnation and lack of enterprise would exist, which have numerous negative consequences and deeper societal issues. Monopoly power allows firms to raise consumer prices. Consumers benefit from monopoly shareholders. A monopsony can hire workers below the competitive equilibrium with market power. A declining marginal utility of income can lead to social conflict (Pettinger). It can incite riots or increase crime rates. According to this story, unemployment is the leading cause of poverty because it is a market failure caused by inefficient resource allocation. Racial prejudices seem to limit his life and career choices, evidenced by his tendency to portray white male characters as superior. Grant’s desire to free his social constraints grows throughout the story (Rincon). Grant is being pushed to his limits by his aunt’s insatiable desires, the demands of his students as teachers, and the community’s desire for proper leadership. One must first understand why inequality exists to determine if it is beneficial. “Or you might never go home. And—it’s important always to have with you something of your own. That is really yours” (Capote). For example, those without access to education face more severe challenges than those with a diverse set of skills. The book examines the status of African Americans in the South after WWII and before the Civil Rights Movement. As seen through the eyes of an African-American schoolteacher in Jim Crow-era America, this film explores what it was like to feel helpless and cut off from her country. Grant is the only black man in the story with a college degree and the only black person who can overcome institutionalized racism (Lynch). The lesson’s plot revolves around the struggles of poor and oppressed people in an oppressive and racist society to gain pride and dignity. Before moving on to Jefferson’s trial and execution, the
Introduction While Descartes says that we know the mind’s nature better than the body’s, Dennett argues that we do not know our mind’s nature very well. To tell whose argument is more superior, a careful evaluation needs to be carried out of the two points of view. Further, the paper will look at what this debate has to do with eye-witness testimony. Rene Descartes Rene Descartes, first of all, gives his argument for the existence of God. He talks about the idea of substance and considers himself a substance. That is why he argues that if he is a finite being, then he must have been given that finite quality by some substance. Looking at this argument then one sees that Descartes could be affirming the idea of the existence of God. In his meditation II, Descartes says that he knows he thinks and, therefore, asks himself what kind of a thing he is. This discussion of identity makes him delve into the properties of a thing. By this the question “What am I” comes in. Descartes in this meditation is struggling to find those features that make him Descartes. These are the qualities if lost; he would not be Descartes (Kenny, 1968). Thus, he says that he can doubt whether he has a body as such a belief is just but based on perceptual experiences. He feels there must be a false genius (demon) who could be deceiving him that he has a body. Despite this, Descartes, however, confirms he cannot doubt that he has a mind since he thinks. He, therefore, feels that there could be a possibility of his existing minus the body. In other words, he is just a mind and not a body. Thus, while he had no body he was deemed to stay himself, on the other hand losing his mind might have stopped him from being himself. The issue of dualism comes in. Though his argument was that it is possible to exist without the body, mind on its own cannot be possible. Thus, bodies do exist, the only thing is that their nature is not like that of the mind (a thinking thing). In fact, Descartes does not argue for the existence of bodies until Meditation VI in which the issue of dualism comes in place. God’s omnipotence comes in his arguments. He says thought is what makes the mind while the body is just but an extension, quite distinct from the mind. Further, God in creating mind would not be obligated to create the body and vice versa. However, this should not mean that Descartes is suggesting that God can create mind and body to exist independently, but just to show that the two are distinct substances (Kenny, 1968). Indivisibility of the mind is another distinction advanced by Descartes’ argument. He says that, unlike the body, the mind cannot be divided into parts. This means that one cannot distinguish parts of the mind as one would do with the body. Daniel Dennett Dennett in his argument “The illusion of consciousness” says that t
Introduction The purpose of this research paper will be to discuss the techniques that are used in achieving effective communication within a project team by focusing on the commercial construction industry. The thesis statement for this research paper will therefore be “to identify techniques for achieving effective communication in the project management of a commercial building construction”. To further understand the various concepts that will be covered in the research paper, the terms project and project management have to be defined. A project is defined as a temporary activity that a company engages in that has a pre-defined start and end date. Projects are usually constrained by the time period needed to complete the project’s activities as well as the amount of money that will be needed to complete the project (Cleland and Ireland 25). Projects are usually identified by the number of unique goals and objectives that are needed to bring about a beneficial change or add value to the operations of a company. They differ from normal business operations because they are repetitive and short term in nature. For projects to be managed effectively, project management has to be introduced to ensure that the various activities of the project have been handled properly. Project management is defined as the planning, organizing and management of resources that are needed to successfully complete a project. The most common approaches that are used to manage a project include the critical chain management technique, PRINCE2, event chain management, agile project management and process based project management (Haynes 3). Project management in the construction industry involves developing goals and objectives that will be used to complete the activities of the construction process within the specified time frame and through the use of the allocated materials and resources. Project management in construction of buildings involves managing and controlling the various activities of the building project until it is completed. It involves managing the construction project from the time the project is initiated to the time it is completed and also ensuring that the project delivery concepts have been incorporated into the project management exercise. The role of the project manager during the construction process usually varies with the company contracted to do the construction work and it also depends on the annual revenue, availability of support staff and the complex nature of the building under construction (Levy 9). Despite the various changes that are taking place in the construction industry, the role of the project manager has continued to remain the same with the main duties and responsibilities being to control work processes for the construction and also manage the costs that are associated with completing t
Introduction Before, 1991, there was a functioning government in Somalia headed by the late Siad Barre. However, after the outbreak of the Somali civil war, in 1991, his government was dethroned by rebel forces comprising of different clans and supported by external forces, including some Ethiopians and Libyans (Doornbos 2002). Since the fall of the Barre regime, Somalia has never witnessed any meaningful form of government. Consequently, war, terrorism, famine and drought have characterized the East Africa nation, forcing many of its citizens to flee from the country. According to Barrett, Mude and Omiti (2007), about 2 million people live outside Somalia. Today, illiteracy, poor infrastructure and the breakdown of health care and education services characterize the state (Warah 2014). Based on these facts, some people have often painted the picture of Somalia as a nation that cannot effectively operate within a system set by a conventional state (Akpinarli 2010). Thus, for a long time, many researchers, academicians and political commentators have viewed Somalia as one of the world’s most iconic failed states. In this paper, we argue that the lack of consensus-building and a bottom-up approach to state-building have largely contributed to Somalia’s failures. Key sections of this paper demonstrate that the most valuable lessons about state-building in Somalia could be learnt from Somaliland, which is an autonomous region within Somalia. Thus, they show that consensus-building and a bottom-up approach of designing a government are two aspects of state-building that have eluded international players in trying to create a stable government in Somalia. We use the success of Somaliland to support the above-mentioned assertions because although the region is not the first governance system to introduce democratization in the horn of Africa nation, it is the first government to merge electoral democracy with a nation-state government (The World Bank 2015). Our objectives in this paper are as outlined below:  1. To find out what aspects of state-building have eluded international players in establishing peace and prosperity in Somalia  2. To investigate the social, political and cultural dynamics of Somaliland that have led to conflict and instability in Som
Vancouver based Dajoji Inc. has unveiled a new design of chef jackets made of organic cotton, with the aim of redefining sustainability in restaurant kitchens. Dajoji Chef Jackets brings eco-fashion awareness on kitchen apparel. Dajoji Chef Jackets are also stylish and as well as having enhanced functionality to improve the chef’s performance in the kitchen. Vancouver, BC, March 11, 2011— It is increasingly becoming a common occurrence for restaurants to serve menus not laced with pesticides or antibiotics. However, such sensibilities are not extended to the type of apparel worn by chefs. As a result Dajoji Inc. aims to extend the same eco-friendly sensibilities to chef’s apparel. Cotton grown under conventional methods involves use of hazardous pesticides. Thus, Dajoji Inc., a Vancouver-based company, in collaboration with Texas Organic Cotton Farmers Cooperative, designs stylish organic chef jackets from organic cotton in efforts to extend these sensibilities to the chef’s apparel. According to Dajoji Inc. founder Anthony Nicalo “sustainability is important, but not the driving force behind Dajoji’s coats”. Nicalo wonders whether it is possible to see a “chef meticulously plating her latest 100-Mile Diet creation wearing something akin to a paper sack” (Robinson par 4). This underlines Nicalo’s motivation to create jackets designed on functionality rather than on sustainability. Such a motivation emanates from the need to design chef jackets that enable chefs to easily operate in fast-paced environment that is characteristic of a professional kitchen. Nicalo’s creations are informed by his first hand experienced in a fast paced kitchen. Having worked 14 hour a in a busy Chicago restaurant, Nicalo grew tired of the conventional jackets; they were uncomfortable and made the wearer feel boxed, thus the desire to design organic jackets that also improves performance. Having relocated to Vancouver, Nicalo found his match in Leanne McElroy, an ethical fashion designer. Together, they collaborated in creating organic cotton chef jackets, designed to enhance movement; the jackets had “an athletic fit, a bit of style and lots of comfort” (Robinson par 6). Dajoji’s ties with Vancouver go beyond collaboration with Elroy Apparel; D
The word “Hero” as a literary device is commonly used to describe the main character of a story. However, the word relates to a rather specific kind of protagonist. A hero is someone who is willing to face dangers and opposition while displaying feats of moral integrity, bravery, and strength. These qualities are admired throughout many cultures and are found in many characters no matter what the genre, time, or country are. However, cultural and historical factors play an important role when delivering the message. Most authors write their works through the prism of contemporary worldviews. A fictional hero is often a projection of the author in an imaginative world. It is a vessel, which carries out the writer’s thoughts and opinions. In order to understand a literary hero, one should analyze not only the story and the hero. The time and culture during which a book or a story is written have to be considered. This paper is going to analyze Candide – the main hero of Voltaire’s satire written in the year 1759, and Tripitaka from The Journey to the West – a Chinese novel from the 16th century. Candide is a relatively classical hero. He is a genuinely good-natured character, generous and honest. This is demonstrated many times throughout the story. He readily gives money to a deposed and impoverished King and to Brother Giroflee (Voltaire 75). He also stays committed to marrying Cunegonde, even though his desire and love for her are long gone (Voltaire 92). However, being a classical hero is not the sole purpose of this character. Voltaire uses Candide in order to rebuke the wide-eyed idealism of Leibniz teachings. His story is that of naive innocence, which does not survive the confrontation with the harsh realities of the world. He is a bland character, though sympathetic. The author did not intend to make him independent. The name Candide means “White” or “Blank” to illustrate the point. He is like a blank sheet of paper, and stronger characters are able to write whatever they want on it. The topics raised in the story correlate with the realities of the world in the year 1759. It is said that Voltaire became disillusioned with the concept of optimism after a series of terrible events in the world, starting with the Seven Year’s war and ending with the earthquake that leveled Lisbon to the ground. These tragedies caused many scholars to revoke their belief in Leibniz’s teachings. Candide was created to demonstrate this. Tripitaka is one of the main heroes of The Journey to the West – a Chinese 16th-century novel allegedly written by Wu Cheng’en. He is a stereotypical Buddhist monk. He shares some similarities with Voltaire’s Candide – they
Schaefer contributed greatly to the field of sociology because he coined several terms that are mostly used in explaining the social phenomenon. He analyzed the views of various prominent scholars in the field, as well as the major ideas of great theorists, such as Karl Marx, Durkheim, Merton, and Max Weber. For instance, he revisited the ideas of Robert Butler on ageism, which is a coined to discuss the prejudices and all sorts of discriminations directed towards the older people in the community. The author invented the term agrarian society meaning the technologically advanced pre-industrialized society that depends on simple machines in the production of goods and services. He also looked at the validity of Durkheim’s ideas on anomie whereby he observed that when people lose direction, the problem has to be explained by understanding the dynamics of society instead of attributing the behavior to an individual. Based on this, social problems are explained after a comprehensive analysis of the social structure, which includes the various agents of socialization such as the family, the school, the polity, the peer, and the media. The most important term that the author formulated was the egalitarian family, as it presents a new issue of concern in many societies because the role of women in the industrialized society is yet to be recognized. He proposed that the community should embrace an egalitarian family whereby the contributions of women should be taken into consideration instead of assigning them inferior and degrading roles, such as housekeepers, secretaries, nurses, and caregivers. Under the new arrangements, the adult members of the family unit should be regarded as equals meaning the views of each person should be incorporated into the decision-making process. Traditionally, only men were allowed to design and implement policies, even those that affected women. For instance, it was a man who determined the number of children to be reproduced while women were expected to obey the men’s authority. In his analysis, the author noted that social changes had facilitated the emergence of complex family relations whereby the father is no longer regarded as the head of the family. Some scholars refer to these new developments as alternative families or postmodern family arrangements, which explain the changing forms of relationships, pa