ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Admittedly, a good plan helps to reach the major goals. A good plan enables to see the entire process divided into necessary steps. It goes without saying that education is a lasting process which requires thoughtful planning. Thus, curriculum is one of the main tools which serve to outline the entire process. Many scholars have developed effective models and theories for curriculum planning, implementation and evaluation. Saylor Model is one of the best-known theories on curriculum (Pinar et al., 1995, p. 685). Saylor et al. (1981) suggested that education is “the acquisition of the art of the utilization on knowledge (p. 140). So, it is important to note that education is regarded not only as the necessary amount of knowledge but ability to use the knowledge in practice. In terms of such definition of education, Saylor defined curriculum “as a plan for providing sets of learning opportunities for persons to be educated” (as cited in Glanz et al., 2000, p. 10). Thus, Saylor regarded the curriculum as a general plan in terms of which “particular plans for individual programs” should be worked out (Lunenburg & Ornstein, 2007, p. 413). It is necessary to point out that Saylor claimed that the curriculum should be worked out by professionals who possessed the necessary skills and experience (Pinar et al., 1995, p. 685). In terms of such definition Sailor et al. (1981) worked out the following curriculum model. First of all, planners should collect the necessary data concerning various requirements, results of latest researches in the field, professional knowledge and “interest groups” (Lunenburg & Ornstein, 2007, p. 413). On the basis of these data planners should define goals and objectives of the curriculum. When the objectives are established, planners can work out the curriculum design. Of course, it is necessary to provide the necessary instructions and recommendations for the curriculum implementation. When the thorough plan is ready and implemented it is essential to evaluate it: define strong and weak point of the plan, make the necessary amendments and think over the future implementation of the curriculum in question. Thus, Saylor Model depicts all the major stages of curriculum creation and implementation, however, particular attention is paid to evaluation of the plan since it can constantly improve the curriculum. When evaluating the curriculum in question, Saylor Model will be used due to the comprehensiveness of the mentioned approach. In the first place, it is necessary to point out that the curriculum has the proper basis. The information provided in the curriculum is conceivably based on the latest researches and comprises comprehensive amount of data. Thus, in terms of Musculoskelet
Workplace gender equality is paramount to the company’s success as different employees provide unique perspectives to the business and help it improve and grow. However, many organizations fail to offer equal opportunities, rewards, and resources to both men and women. This proposal will consider the existing gender inequality within the field of architecture and propose several changes an architecture firm should undertake to create a culture of gender equality. Women in architecture are substantially underrepresented, and architecture firms should take action to ensure meaningful changes to the current status quo. According to Arieff (2018), despite approximately 50% of architecture students being female, a small proportion stays in the industry following graduation. Mortice (2019) notes that 44% of women in architecture are primary caregivers, with only 5% of men identifying as primary caregivers in their families. Male and female architects with the same experience level earn different wages, with $140,000 and $120,000 per year, respectively (Mortice, 2019). Furthermore, there are fewer female architects in leadership positions, with a survey conducted by the Equality by Design initiative stating the management in most architecture firms is either all male or predominantly male (Mortice, 2019). Overall, it can be argued that gender inequality in architecture is consolidated with broader patriarchal constructs. The following changes are proposed to the architecture firm to address workplace gender inequality. First, a mentorship program for female architecture students should be established. The influx of female architects will help counter the pipeline effect, which states that the number of women in leadership positions is contingent on the number of junior entrants (Gibson, 2007). Female graduates would benefit from an assisted transition to employment and the support of experienced female architects. Second, workplace flexibility for men and women should be improved. Women are primarily responsible for childcare and “shoulder a disproportionate burden to maintain equal status” (Gibson, 2007, p. 90). It is essential to offer employees different flexible working options that do not compromise their personal lives. Finally, the process for setting salaries and performance evaluations should become more transparent as balanced and objective reviews with measurable targets will help reduce the pay gap between men and women. The proposed changes will help balance the existing playing field in the industry by providing women with more entry-level opportunities and ensuring their private lives are respected. The company is recommended to make structural accommodations for both men and women and promote flexible working. For example, part-time and remote work and flexible or compressed hours should be made available to male and female architects, including those in leadership positions. Day-care centers may be arranged for employees with children. Moreover, once a child is born, both parents are responsible for the upbringing, and shared parental leave
A series of protests by African-Americans marked the onset of the journey to the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. President John Kennedy called for equal treatment of all Americans in all public places, elimination of segregated school systems and the protection of the right to vote. The president sent a bill to the House of Representatives where further amendments strengthened the bill to include provisions on the protection against racial discrimination in the workplace and incorporation of all the rights described in the U.S constitution. The adoption of provisions on the protection of women rights and the prohibition of sex discrimination was a last-minute adjustment on Title VII proposed by Howard Smith. The Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson case was fundamental in the establishment of standards regarding the determination of unlawful conduct in particular forms of sexual harassment and
Introduction Exploring the heterogeneity in wages in different countries and communities can be one of the most fundamental ways to spot the signs of economic inequality. This type of inequality in financial resources can also have numerous negative spill-overs on the social integration of citizens and communities, their access to education and healthcare, and overall levels of well-being. The current report is aimed at identifying the key patterns of wage inequality within the observed dataset and giving some recommendations as to how to mitigate them or eliminate them completely. Some of the factors hypothesized as wage determinants in the current study are work experience, education, tenure, race, marital status, and the level of urbanization. Econometric Model The three formulated econometric models were aimed to answer the six key questions of exploring the wage inequality in the considered dataset. The basic model containing only the variables of tenure, experience, and education answers the first question of the case study, as well as defines the joint significance of these three variables. The equation for the first model is as below. lwage = β 0 + β 1 * tenure + β 2 * exper + β 3 * educ + ε, where   * β 0 reflects the constant of the considered multiple regression equation;   * wage reflects the logarithmic transformation of the variable wage (defined as monthly earnings of the sample respondents);   * tenure is the number of years that the individual has been working with the current employer;   * exper reflects the number of years of work experience of the sample participants;   * Educ measures the number of years of education of the individuals included in the sample;   * ε reflects the stochastic error term of the regression. The second model to be estimated includes an extended set of factors influencing the levels of wages. The specific equation to be used for this model is as below. wage = β 0 + β 1 * tenure + β 2 * exper + β 3 * Educ + β 4 * black + + β 5 * urban + β 6 * marital + ε, where   * β 0 , wage, tenure, exper, Educ, ε mean the same as in the first model;   * black is the dummy variable of race, where 1 represents a black individual and 0 – non-black;   * urban is the dummy variable of locality, where 1 represents a person living in an SMSA (standard metropolitan statistical area), and 0 – elsewhere;   * married is the dummy variable of marital status, where 1 represents an individual that is married, and 0 – the one who is not married. The third model also included the interaction terms between the variables of education and race and education and locality ( black_educ is the interaction term of education and race, and urban_educ is the interaction term of education and locality). The outputs for all of the estimated multiple regression models will be discussed in the next se
Bardy authored an article published by the Canberra Times, indicating a likely rise in poverty and unemployment due to increased taxation during the coronavirus condition. The report focused on the Jobseeker payment in Australia that faced a new rate. The payment that focused on relieving people from plunging into poverty during the current pandemic would no longer meet its objectives, as stated in its program (Bardy 2021). If more people got into poverty, the cumulative figure would rise to around 4 million, pointing to a total increase of more than a million (Bardy 2021). However, only 9500 Australians would be lifted out of the same situation if the payment remained as before. The modeling that led to the conclusion used various figures for adults. The primary target was earnings, and numbers $310 a week, some $560 a fortnight, and $625 in 2 weeks were considered (Bardy 2021). These figures added to the number that never had any jobs before the pandemic, with some struggling to set up their businesses simultaneously (BBC News 2021b). The government on its side defended the move while trying to justify the new measures’ benefits, a move that would still not benefit the country. Thus, the increase in taxation threatens both people trying to establish their business and those who already have a job. The author provides relevant concerns on the government’s need to reconsider the payment cuts for people without jobs. Mostly, it isn’t easy seeking and successfully getting employment due to the situation arising (Kawol & Nordt 2020). Reducing the payment only means people will have to seek extra money for their use and sometimes get to poverty. It is also unclear when the economy would stabilize again amid the COVID-19 situation (Australian Government no date). Helpless citizens need more intervention by the government to remain stable before they can resume their jobs. These issues are significant in avoiding any calamities that would arise from the country’s lack of employment (Gilfillan 2020). It would be better to reduce its spending on non-urgent development programs to contain the current looming poverty. Although some concepts of the arguments are compelling, for the most part, the findings and arguments do not look quite convincing. The number of people earning different figures a week or a fortnight could vary, depending on the changes in their lives. The authors needed to find information about those who got some employment and use the model to recalculate the figures. The government’s measures to revive the economy
Introduction There is no use denying the fact that the modern society could be taken as the complex of various institutions the efficient functioning of which guarantees its further development and prosperity. Moreover, these very institutions also provide people care and protection, making their lives easier and more comfortable. With this in mind, it is possible to say that the humanistic image of modern society promotes the growth of the interest and the level of attention devoted to these very aspects of society. Under these conditions, police also obtain new features and tools that change its traditional way of functioning. These changes are aimed at the improvement of the efficiency and performance of the police. However, along with this changes the level of demands towards the candidates also grows as they have to be able to work under complicated conditions and in terms of all modern trends. Process of hiring Thus, speaking about the process of hiring and candidates who want to become police officers, it is vital to mention several important points. First of all, one realizes the fact that a would-be police officer should satisfy the requirements that exist. It is obvious that some special training which is provided in a police academy is needed. However, not everyone could become a police officer. A person should be in an excellent shape as this sort of job implies various kinds of physical activity. Secondly, a candidate should also be able to act in complicated and stressful situations. That is why, various psychological tests that determine the ability of a person to cope with the great level of stress are provided and help to determine whether a person is ready or not. A candidate should also have good driving skills as car chases are an integral part of the work. Besides, there are not all demands which exist, however, very often theses aspects have a great impact on hiring. Necessary skills Nevertheless, in accordance with the modern requirements the process which is used to recruit law enforcement personnel consists of several stages. First of all, candidates have to answer the questions of a questionnaire and apply for the job. Thant they also have to pass the written examination which will help to determine the general level of knowledge of people who want to become police officers. The written exam is followed by the oral one. Candidates are interviewed in order to determine their sustainability for the position of Police Officer ( Police Officer Hiring Process , n.d). This exam is also very important and helps to obtain more information about various candidates. The next step is the examination of physical skills of all candidates. It has already been mentioned that any police officer has to be in a good shape, that is why the results of physical agility tests are very important for
Introduction Biomimicry is an approach in different branches of science that uses the solutions that nature provides to overcome problems in various scientific and daily challenges of human lives. This approach, although not new, was extensively developed and promoted by Janine Benyus, a writer and co-founder of the Biomimicry Institute. The main idea or aim of biomimicry is that nature is able to provide humanity with brilliant solutions that can and need to be used (Benyus 4). In her book, Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature , the author explores how humanity can use “simple compounds to produce totally biodegradable fibers, ceramics, plastics, and chemicals” (Benyus 5). As the author argues, nature is able to provide models for various branches, including engineering, computing, medicine, and others. Biomimicry rediscovers the breakthroughs made by nature and how these approaches can be applied to the modern world. Janine Benyus has earned a bachelor’s degree in forestry; as she states, she enrolled in courses that covered wildlife, tree growth, water, and more. (6). She claims that the human-centered approach is something that needs to be left behind, and nature is able to provide humanity with experience that it has ignored for a long time. The question arises: Does humanity indeed need to pay attention to nature’s tools if it has recourse to modern technology? However, many of the inventions created by humans already have a presence in the world (Lee and Thompson 8). The Earth can be considered as the ultimate lab for a nature that has been conducting experiments for approximately 3.8 billion years, and biomimicry suggests that nature can be used innovatively in human projects in a variety of ways. As Janine Benyus continued to explore this newly founded science, she was surprised to find no formal movement in place per se that would study how nature’s inventions can help humanity. However, today biomimicry is used in different branches of knowledge and industry, from medicine to architecture. The reason why biomimicry has become so popular and effective is not only that it copies nature but also because it gives its inventions function. Therefore, biomimicry is not the process of copying but rather that of re-inventing. The Biomimicry Institute The Biomimicry Institute was founded in 2006 in the United States. Today, it works with museums, educational institutions, universities, and zoos to encourage education about biomimicry and ensure that this science will be used by future generations as well. Like nature, a free catalog that provides information about nature-inspired designs was launched in 2008. Several for-profit organizations were established by the founders of the Biomim
The Women’s Liberation Movement The women’s liberation movement that gained momentum in the 1960s was not an entirely new social phenomenon. Lee calls this a second wave because the first attempts to draw attention to women’s problems were made earlier (25). Through the efforts of small groups and widespread protest campaigns, in the second half of the 20th century, women from different countries actively promoted the protection of their rights. Bruley examines the course of this movement in the UK and notes the role of post-war reforms as triggers for females to demand changes in their social status and gain more rights (68). In general, this movement is part of the spectrum of a broad feminist idea that has influenced social and other spheres of life, including art. This paper is aimed at analyzing four different art objects that are relevant to feminism and either anticipate or summarized the events of the 1960s. Music Video As an example of an art object that touches on the idea of ​​feminism, one can cite a modern music video by Ava Max, a famous dance-pop singer. Her song is a hymn to feminine power and emphasizes females’ value in a world they could rule ( Ava Max – Kings & Queens ). Notably, there are no men in this music video, only women. Released in 2020, the video is a retrospective of the events of the women’s liberation movement and concerns it indirectly. In addition, this art object does not condemn the lack of women’s rights but speaks about the potential opportunities that women could achieve in their world, which also underlines the indirect connection. However, the current situation differs from that more than half a century ago, when, as Lee states, feminism manifested itself in more radical forms (27). Ava Max does not pursue special political views, but her work shows that from a social standpoint, she is ready to speak out against the oppression of females. Thus, the proposed music video differs from art objects in the era of active movement by its less aggressive and categorical presentation. Book Another example is the book The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan, published in 1963. The author calls gender inequality “the problem that has no name” and emphasizes the importance of women’s struggle for freedom in various fields, including education, politics, labor, and other areas (Friedan 15). The book is a contemporary of the liberation movement and can be considered one of the catalysts that prompted a massi
The moral justification of punishment relies on theories such as retributivism and utilitarian theories. “Retributivism and fallible systems of punishment” by George Schedler is interpretative research formally published in 2011 (Schedler 141). The study delves into the unspoken weaknesses of retributivism as a punishment theory. Schedler starts by explaining that Immanuel Kant’s theory of retributivism is weak (241). The reason is that the theory is affected by syllogism that counters its practicability (Schedler 242). Deductions made in support of this rationale are that the theory is irrational and biased. I concur that the theory is flawed in terms of its implementation and the ability to curb recidivism. Retribution is a punishment theory of inflicting pain similar to the magnitude of the offense. This theory holds a criminal justifiably punished by the extent of the crime committed. This explanation means that excess or lenient punishment is unjust punishment. A classical legal attribute to this theory is “lex talionis,” which implies counter with equal force (Schedler 243). As mentioned in the article, “punishment must be commensurate with the wrong committed to cancel the wrong” (Schedler 246). Therefore, this theory implies that a crime is punishable by equal force as the offense. For instance, if someone beats up their neighbor, the responsible authority should inflict the same pain on the offender by beating. Even though this theory seems like a fair deal, its practicability in different case scenarios may be limited (Schedler 245). For instance, if a murderer commits a crime, should they also be killed? Schedler answered this question by quoting a phrase within Kant’s retribution theory that requires murderers to be put to exile (247). However, this does not prove that the crime will not occur again. For instance, in the case of a murderer, deportation does not counter this crime because it gives the murderer a chance to continue with their offense at a different location. Unlike the retribution theory, the utilitarian theory involves inflicting different consequences to a specific crime (Schedler 262). In the case of a murderer, lifetime imprisonment would be applicable because this theory focuses on deterring crime through mentorship. The idea in utilitarian law is that punishment should bring cause less harm. This theory is more humane and viable because when a criminal receives a jail term, the correctional system confines them from causing more harm. In the incarceration system, they receive rehabilitation to become better people (Schedler 262). Although the consequences are there, there are more benefits because it provides a second chance for offenders to reform and reduce recidivism. Although Schedler disagrees with some aspects of Kant’s theory of retribution, he admits that he is a thoroughgoing retributionist. However, Kant seems to contradict his stand at some point by ignoring strict adherence to the rule. For instance, this theory punishes rapists by castration which h