ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This is an autobiographical account of Richard Wright, a Negro boy who lived in America during the Post-Civil War days when the lives of the people were ruled over by Jim Crow laws. Jim Crow is the practice or policy of segregating Negroes in public places, public conveyances, and the like. Wright’s first lesson on how to live as a Negro took place when he was quite small. (Wright, n.d.) He remembers that his house stood behind the railroad tracks in a neighborhood without a touch of green. Instead, what surrounded his home was a yard full of paved cinders. Cinders made fine weapons in hot wars which the children played. At first, it was fun. Richard never realized the appalling disadvantage of a cinder environment until one day when his gang found itself in a war with white boys who lived beyond the tracks. As usual, Richard’s gang laid down their cinder barrage, but the white boys retaliated with a bombardment of broken bottles. The whites had the advantage of having places to hide- behind trees, hedges, and the sloping embankments of their lawns; whereas the black boys had no such fortifications. During a retreat that followed, a broken milk bottle hit Richard behind the ear, opening a deep gash that resulted in a hemorrhage. The black army, demoralized, scurried home, leaving Richard immobilized. Fortunately, a kind neighbor rushed him to a doctor who took three stitches on his neck. Arriving home, the boy, nursing his wound waited for his mother to arrive from work. He felt that a grave injustice had been done to him. Throwing cinders was fun, but throwing broken bottles was dangerous. When night fell and his mother returned; he babbled out the story, expecting a little sympathy. Instead, she slapped him, dragged him inside the house, stripped him naked, and beat him till he developed a high fever while imparting what he calls “gems of Jim Crow wisdom.” He was never to throw cinders again nor to fight white folks again. Didn’t he realize that she worked so hard each day in the hot kitchens of the whites in order to put food on the table? It would never do to antagonize them. She ended by telling him he should be thankful they didn’t kill him. This was not a case of “Spare the rod and spoil the child,” but of sparing the rod and subjecting the boy to a future that could include cruelty and even premature death. His mother was right. From then on, the charm of cindery wore off; and the trees, trimmed hedges, and cropped lawns surrounding the white houses became for him a symbol of fear. Richard’s painful experience paved the way for his acceptance and adjustment to the condescending ways of white folk. Much later, the family moved from Arkansas to Mississippi
Introduction Morality is supposed to be the differentiation among decisions, actions and intentions between the right ones and good ones based on ones religion, philosophy and culture. There are several places in the book of Pagan where the theme of morality is dominant. First, the book starts with Anne Orthwood and John Kendall engaging in intimacy on November, 1663. Anne is told to be single, and a servant who was aged 24 years. She had migrated to Virginia from England. John came also from England and lived in the same house with Colonel William Kendal who was his uncle and also powerful. Pagan describes the relationship as not casual, but john and Anne were involved for many months. Colonel came to know of the relationship, but did not approve it because Anne was a servant, and he did not want his reputation ruined of his kinsman having an affair and he was a powerful person (Pagan 8). The Extramarital Affair Extramarital relationship was not condoned on economic and moral grounds. Immorality was shown earlier when the book started with Anne and John engaging in intimacy which is against the religious practices of the colonel. The theme of morality comes out well here since Colonel; being the head of household, saw that he had a religious obligation of preventing his servants and family from the consequences of extramarital affairs like illicit pregnancy and its financial effects. He also believed that pregnancy to servants interfered with working in plantations and performance of domestic chores considering John and Anne worked for colonel’s plantations. Anne and John are Sent to Prison In order to achieve this, he sent away Anne to another owner of plantation, Jacob Bishopp so that John and Anne could be far away from each other but this did not prevent them from seeing each other. Pagan illustrate a situation where John and Anne met and had a sexual encounter for three hours where John promised that he would take responsibilities if Anne became pregnant and even marry her. (pagan, 7). She later became pregnant but John did not honor his promise where Anne reported him to mayor. It was morally wrong for them to engage in extramarital affairs and both were sent to prison. The theme of Morality is shown here where the mayor believed it was morally wrong for them to engage in sex before marriage. Many Virginians believed that sex was supposed to be engaged only after betrothal. The Law and Church View of Fornication Those who bore children were seen as not able to pay taxes due to problem of raising children on their own and so fornication was prohibited. Here the theme of morality comes out well where the law views fornication as immoral practice to engage in. Anne was fined two more working years or either pay 2000 pounds to his master for the time lost during her pregnancy and childbirth when she was supposed to be working. Anne bore two twins but later died after childbirth, one of her twins died also and one survived called Jasper. It is known why Anne agreed to the advances of John, but the promise of marriage could have made. She saw that law and soc
The provided draft of the report on Lidl’s expansion to the U.S. market has many strengths in terms of discussing perspectives for the company’s entry into a new market. Possible locations for Lidl stores and associated plans are discussed in detail as Strategy A and Strategy B with the focus on advantages and disadvantages of selecting this or that alternative. Much attention is paid to analyzing the competition and trends in the U.S. market with the focus on assessing the growth of grocery stores. The detailed examination of Aldi’s strategies in the U.S. market also contributes to the quality of the provided analysis because the assessment of this competitor’s strategies and successes or failures provides Lidl with more information regarding the market environments in the United States. Thus, an overview of the industry and trends in it are provided with much detail. Furthermore, it is important to note that the authors’ focus is on a comprehensive description of the industry and market in the United States as the country where Lidl plans to expand. The concentration on tendencies in the market is important to evaluate perspectives or opportunities for the company’s expansion and further progress in terms of developing a supply chain, attracting customers, and increasing its competitive advantage. One more strength of the report is the focus on current and potential sources of the competitive advantage for Lidl in the United States. Thus, the analysis of perspectives for opening stores in regions known as “food deserts” contributes to developing an effective strategy for Lidl (U.S. Department of Agriculture). The recommendatio
Introduction Ever since Galileo discovered that Earth was just one of many planets revolving around the Sun, humanity has been wondering whether Earth is the only inhabitable planet in the Universe or not. In the 21st century, this question is not idle curiosity. Humanity has a vast interest in finding and studying extraterrestrial lifeforms. Seager’s equations state that there are significant changes in finding alien lifeforms in relatively close proximity to Earth (Maccone 278). At least 20% of known exoplanets are located within the “comfort zone” of their stars and have a rock-based structure, meaning they could potentially serve as homeworlds for extraterrestrial species (Han 828). However, planets and moons located in less hospitable environments be that increasingly high temperature or permafrost, are still capable of carrying life. Some of the Earth-based organisms, called extremophiles, are incredibly resilient, capable of surviving harsh environments and even radiation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Titan’s potential as a life carrier and make suggestions and estimations regarding the upcoming mission to the moon’s surface. The Most Likely Place Life will be Found on is Titan Titan is the largest moon of Saturn. It was discovered by a Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens in 1655 (McKay 1). The distance between Earth and Titan is 1.4 billion kilometers, which is why it took approximately 3-4 years for Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 to reach the moon. Due to a series of planetary features unique to Titan, it is considered to be one of the most likely locations to contain life. Titan’s diameter is approximately 1.48 times larger than that of Earth’s moon and more than two times larger in terms of surface area. It possesses a dense nitrogen-rich atmosphere, thus being the only stellar body aside from Earth to possess a layer of gasses above the surface of the moon. According to recent observations, the chemical composition of Titan’s atmosphere consists of nitrogen (97-98%), hydrogen (2%+- 0.1%), and hydrogen (0.1%-0.2%) (McKay 3). Trace amounts of various other gaseous elements have also been detected. The upper layers of Titan’s atmosphere are filled with the results of methane breakdown under the influence of ultraviolet, the resulting clouds helping shield the planet from radiation and solar wind. It is likely for the planet to have a large source of methane either on or under its surface in order to replenish the element in the atmosphere. Due to its thick atmosphere in combination with large distances from the Sun and close proximity to Saturn, the surface of the planet is very cold. Average temperatures vary between 170-180 degrees Celsius because 90% of the Sun’s energy is mirrored back into space by thick smog found in the upper atmosphere (McKay 4). At the same time, t
Many directors and managers find their time completely occupied by fire-fighting’, dealing with the crises and problems that are occurring today, rather than considering what is necessary to ensure the survival and eventual success of the business. Corporate strategy is a flexible process which requires the time to think. The concept under analysis is a reality because business professionals have busy schedules and cannot afford the time to think about what can be and what should be. Modern managers and leaders should not accept things as they are but to find effective solutions to improve performance and productivity. Before we can effectively respond to the future, we must anticipate it. For instance, environmental scanning is one of the principal ways to become alert to potential change, both external and internal. The mechanical part of this process is steps and methods used in the analysis, while analysis and evaluation steps require flexible thinking and reasoning. The scanning process involves identifying issues, trends, and events of possible importance through topical literature searches, internal staff meetings, panels of experts, consultants, and a variety of other sources (Clegg et al 2006). Once identified, the issues are classified and ranked in accordance with impact on the organization, timing, and probability of occurrence. Responses to
Introduction to the Problem Problem to be addressed Vaccination is a life-saving procedure that prevents long-term health consequences of infectious diseases. Despite the proven efficiency of vaccines against such severe illnesses as measles or mumps, part of the world population refuses or delays immunization. It has caused a measles outbreak in New York and an increased number of measles cases in Europe. According to WHO, vaccine hesitancy has become one of the major threats to global health (Altman, 2019). Problem subtopic Although low immunization is characteristic of developing countries, now it is becoming prevalent among U.S. and European citizens. However, if in low-income countries, people may have problems with access to vaccines, some U.S. residents refuse this procedure voluntarily. Generally, if there are enough vaccinated people in the community, it leads to the development of herd immunity that prevents outbreaks of diseases. Due to vaccine refusal, the number of vaccinated people in the U.S. has decreased, and by the summer of 2019, there had been over a thousand cases of measles reported. This illness has been considered eliminated in America since 2000, but people seem to have revived it by rejecting immunization. If the situation does not change for the better, the world will see more outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases (Children’s Defense Fund, 2019). Possible Causes and Maintaining Forces Cause One reason for vaccine hesitancy is the shift from the fear of diseases to the fear of vaccination. Generally, before a vaccine is invented, people suffer from an illness and observe its consequences. After a preventive preparation is introduced, disease rates decrease, and individuals start to forget its effects. Against a background of a declining illness, adverse effects of vaccination become more prominent, and people switch their attention from the gained benefits of the vaccine to its rare side effects. This has happened in the U.S. and other developed countries. After such diseases as measles ceased to trouble people, they stopped considering them a real threat. At the same time, the news about possible negative consequences of vaccination became widespread and influenced individuals’ attitudes toward immunization (Omer, Amin, & Limaye, 2017). Cause Another reason for vaccine refusal is misinformation and distrust of medicine. The public opposes immunization because of faulty beliefs in vaccine toxicity, its harm to the immune system, and the existence of “Big Pharma” that infects children intentionally to gain profits from selling medications. The spread of misleading arguments has been promoted by physicians, such as Andrew Wakefield and Robert Sears, as well as celebrities, activists, and bloggers. These thought influencers base their assertions on the information from the Internet, without bothering to search for scientific proof or consult experienced healthcare professionals (Smith, 2017). Why the problem persists The continuing dissemination o
The question regarding whether Health care organizations in general are concerned with competitive advantage or are content operating as “Sole sources”, often within niche markets should be of extreme importance given the value that quality service in this sector adds to community as a whole. It is for this reason that the discussion presented in this paper will attempt to provide information to show that Health care organizations are actively improving service delivery and gaining competitive advantage. To justify this position, the case of the health care sector in Taiwan after the inception of the National Health Insurance Scheme in 1995. Following the implementation of this scheme there has been marked increase in competitiveness in the health sector in the country. The population of the country has also become increasingly aware of the importance of quality service and as such there has been an increase in demand for quality services. The policy in place requires that health care coverage follows a plan which sub divides the region into sub regions with an aim to provide equal coverage and improve living standards. This has led to a scenario where selection of appropriate locations involves the use of sensitivity analysis and analytic hierarchy to decide on the most suitable site for a health care center. Thus, it appears reasonable to justify the stance in favor of health care organizations and efforts to improve competitive advantage (Wu, Lin & Chen, 2007). Further evidence that suggests the truth of this position is the evidence of increased co-operation between competing health care entities with a view to improving the quality of service offered. This trend that has been practiced in corporate commercial circles during the past 20 years or so has also taken root in health care sectors in some western countries. More specifically this co-operation is witnessed in centralization of purchase units and the establishment of inter-trust units that assist in formulation of medical protocols that define spheres of operation. This has not eliminated competition within the sector but instead has created a level playing field for participants within the sector. This ultimately leads to improvement in service delivery while considering means to accommodate as much sharing of resources as possible. It should be noted that the main driver behind these initiatives is the implementation of new legislation and would infer a need to perform periodic reviews to assess progress and handle new developments (Barretta, 2008). Due to the brevity of the paper the above examples should be adequate to justify the stance in favor of the Health Care sector. However, it would be unfair to ignore other issues within the s
Arabic literature has undergone some changes since its inception with several writers having had a profound impact on what actually constitutes this genre today and one such writer is Naguib Mahfouz. Born in Egypt in 1911, Naguib Mahfouz is one of the most celebrated Arabic writers with some of his works gaining global recognition for their vivid depictions of the issues under discussion (Beard, 15). His hard work and dedication saw Mr. Mahfouz being awarded with the Nobel literature prize in 1988 (Beard, 27). Ever since he continued to produce more works ranging from novels, short stories and plays. Mr. Mahfouz works have to a great extent been influenced by the experiences that he has had to undergo ever since he was a little child to his adult years. Beard (36)notes that Mr. Mahfouz spent his early childhood years in Al-Jamliyya, a small working class town in the country’s capital city where his parents lived. This accorded him with an opportunity experience the various social economic challenges that the people living in such neighborhoods had to undergo. Later on, Beard (40) asserts that Mr. Mahfouz parents moved on to live in the suburbs and this suburban life also had a profound impact in his life, an impact which is depicted in his literary works. As adult, Mr. Mahfouz got an opportunity to work as a civil servant and he managed to continue writing even as he performed his duties as a civil servant (Beard, 52). In addition to his life experiences, Mr. Mahfouz work has also greatly been impacted by his educational background which culminated in him graduating from Cairo University with a degree in philosophy (Beard, 57). This paper will analyse one of Mr. Mahfouz short stories titled Qismati and Nasibi, a short story about two conjoined twins who have to deal with the challenges that have arisen due to their situation and also face deal with the discrimination that they have to face as a result of this situation in the modern day Egyptian society. Diversity and how such diversity is addressed has always been a major issue when it comes to societal cohesiveness. Diversity in this context refers to the variations of individuals that make up the greater society and these variations might exist in different fronts including religion, culture and even sexual orientation. There are various reasons that can be attributed to the diverse nature of human beings including genetic make-up, life experiences, a person’s environmental surroundings and a person’s life goals or ambitions. Starting with genetic make-up, each and every person has a unique set of DNA that is responsible for their uniqueness as a person, influencing how they behave and how they perceive life in general. Genetic make-up might be influenced by a person’s pare
Leadership is one of the basic social institutions that drive change and contribute to the emergence of significant alterations in peoples lives. In modern society, this phenomenon preserves its topicality and impacts individuals. Moreover, the unique importance of this aspect of interpersonal relations results in the appearance of numerous theories describing diverse types of leadership and models of behavior a person could explore to manage people and make them accept particular suggestions or solutions. The significance of leadership could also be evidenced by its role in management, business, healthcare, and policy. The last domain has always been associated with the phenomena as the ability to persuade individuals and make them follow a leader is central to politics. However, the success of these actions depends on the correct choice of the leadership style. This assumption could be analyzed using the suggested article and analyzing the behaviors of its main participants. Nevertheless, the article revolves around the attempts to introduce crucial alterations to the budget and debates between the Republicans and Democrats. The primary aim of this discussion, also known as the Grand Bargain, was to achieve historic cuts in the federal government and increase in federal taxes (Newton-Small, 2011). However, negotiations were unsuccessful and failed. Delving into the article, we could find several leadership theories implied by it and arising from the context. First, it is the contingency theory stating that every leadership style should be based on unique peculiarities of settings. The fact is that all leaders found in the paper (Obama, Boehner, and Cantor) acted differently depending on the situation and the current context. Another theory relevant for the article is the transactional one emphasizing the importance of beneficial relations between all parties. Finally, signs of the transformational model could be found in Obamas attempts to transform his opponents visions and attain success. As has already been stated, there are three leaders presented in the article. Boehner is the first one. He believes that the suggested tax reform will be essential to any grand bargain (Newton-Small, 2011). It means that his primary aim in these negotiations is to come to the agreement and accept the new approach. Being the representative of the Republican party, he had limited opportunities to impact the final result as there are also other agents (the Democratic Party, and the President) who might introduce alterations to the agreement. Trying to gain his point, Boehner refused to accept the idea of rising 50% more revenue which complicated negotiations (Newton-Small, 2011). Analyzing his behavior and the whole situation the democratic leadership approach could be recommended. It implie