ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A record of Prophet Muhammad’s sayings or his companions is known as Hadith. The contents of the Hadith include some Islamic religious laws and it might be used to supplement the Holy Quran (Al-shafi 23). The components of the Hadith are: The text, also known as the matn, the isnad and the traf which is the part of the text that refer to the deeds and sayings of the prophet Muhammad. Though the matn may be rational and sensible, it needs authentic isnad with dependable reporters for it to be accepted (Yusuf 36). Isnads are authorities that transmit the accounts of the teachings and the actions of Muhammad. Various reporters were involved in each isnad and thus there was need to introduce rules governing the Hadith in order to restrict its acceptance. Expert scholars were also chosen to assess and arrange the recordings of the hadith. They were also required to differentiate the valid from the fiction ones. The Hadith is classified into five categories, that is, the reference of a particular authority, the links of the isnad, number of reporters in each stage of the isnad, the reliability and memory of the reporters and according to the nature of the text and Isnad (Ahmad 66). In relation to the reference of a particular authority, the hadith can be identified in four different ways: Marfu’, Mauquf, Maqtu and Qudsi. Marfu’ is also known as elevated. This type describes narrations from the prophet Muhammad. For example a reporter may say I heard ‘Umar b.al-Khattab saying, “ The reward of deeds depends on the intentions, and every person will get the reward according to what he has intended; so whoever emigrated for worldly benefits or for a woman to marry, his emigration was for what he migrated.” (Ahmad 66). The Mauquf type is also known as “stooped”. It shows the narration of a statement from the companion of the prophet only. An example of this is “We were commanded to” The Maqtu’ describes a narration from a successor, for example Ibn Sirin said, “This knowledge (i.e. Hadith) is the Religion, so be careful from whom you take your religion” (Ahmad 66). The Qudsi type is also known as divine and it describes a narration from Allah, in link with the words of Prophet Muhammad. The authenticity of these four types is entirely dependent on factors like the validity of the reporters work and the type of association between them (Yusuf 37). This classification in relation to the reference to authorities is crucial. Matters concerning Fiqh; Islamic’s jurisprudence, can be analyzed since this classification distinguishes the narrations from the prophet and those from companions and successors. Various collections of hadith have even numbers of these types of Hadith. In relation to the links of the isnad, six categories of the Hadith are namely: Musnad, Mutassil, Mursal, Munqati, Mu’adal and Mu’allaq can be distinguished. Abdul describes Musnad as a “A hadith which a traditionist reports from his shaikh from whom he is known to have heard (ahadith) at a time of life suitable for learning, and similarly in turn for each shaikh, until the is
In most industries, business organizations continually face potential threats and risks that might severely obstruct the primary functions and the overall process of the companies. To minimize the chances and consequences of disruptions, it is essential to develop a comprehensive contingency plan that would account for various types of threats. Depending on the industry, the potential emergencies might include disasters, economic fluctuations, social and political trends, and other key risks. The contemporary business situation is further complicated by the pandemic restrictions in a large number of countries that might also pose a threat to the financial well-being of organizations. The current paper attempts to critically analyze the cosmetics industry and propose a detailed contingency plan for BRIGHT, an e-commerce organization specializing in personal care. Overview of the Organization The chosen organization is BRIGHT, a client-centered cosmetic brand based in Seoul, South Korea. The primary product line of the organization is skincare and personal care commodities. BRIGHT is an e-commerce company operating primarily in South and Southeast Asia, with most customers ordering from India, South Korea, Thailand, and Indonesia. To meet the customers’ needs, the website is localized in five languages, including English, Hindi, Korean, Thai, and Indonesian, respectively. Currently, the company’s primary business application is B2C e-commerce (business-to-customer); therefore, BRIGHT emphasizes customer service and acquisition as its primary mission and puts considerable effort into the marketing of the product. The team consists of eleven consistent members with occasional contractors, including package and logistics services. The full-time employees are accountable primarily for merchandising, content, marketing, and front-end/back-end development. The current dimensions and strategies of the company do not require additional labor power. Industry The cosmetic business is a rapidly developing industry of health and beauty products offering a wide range of commodities from shampoos to skincare. The industry’s growth rate is estimated at 6.4% per year (Halla et al., 2018). Nevertheless, cosmetics are also associated with a wide range of risks, including bio
Frida Kahlo’s life was rich in challenges, which had a significant influence on her artwork. She contracted polio as a child, and was heavily injured when she was 18 years old, leading to constant chronic pain (Gonzalez, 2005). Because of this, pain and injury are themes in many of her paintings, notably, Broken Column and The Two Fridas (Gonzalez, 2005). Her health also left her ultimately unable to bear a child. After two unsuccessful pregnancies, her art references these events, as seen in M y Grandparents, My Parents, and Me (Espinoza, 2007). Considering how early some of these events occurred, and how profound an effect they can have on someone, I have no doubts that her art would be completely different if they could be avoided. Kahlo was also involved in Mexico’s contemporary politics, notably, the communist movement. Some of her works touch on the subjects of class, such as The Bus , depicting people of different social classes from a blue-collar worker to a businessman. Other works feature historical and religious figures, notably Marxist and communist leaders and thinkers, embedding more political and religious symbolism in her works. Furthermore, her art includes references to the strife between traditionalist Mexico and the capitalist and industrialist United States. Kahlo’s involvement with communism and class strife was not limited to her artwork since the man she married, Diego Rivera, was a communist and a supporter of Leon Trotsky (Gonzalez, 2005). Eventually, Trotsky was granted asylum in Mexico, where he lived, and was eventually murdered, in Kahlo’s house (Gonzalez, 2005). These facts clearly show that the artist was sufficiently committed to the ideology to endanger herself by sheltering such a major dissident.
Introduction Tarantino is famous for his specific postmodern view on the world and his ability to reveal his perspective in a perfectly postmodern manner. One of major peculiarities of postmodernism is the contrast between the past and the present, real and unreal. Tarantino seems to accept this dualism. Tarantino’s neo-noir films Kill Bill (2003) and Pulp Fiction (1994) can be regarded as suggestive examples of this dualism and postmodern agenda. It is possible to consider a number of thematic and stylistic devices to understand the essence of Tarantino’s surrealism that is manifested in his characters’ inability (and, perhaps, unwillingness) to live a real life and to be real people. Films Comparison One of favorite thematic devices employed by Tarantino is an anti-hero protagonist. In both films, the protagonists have numerous positive qualities and seem to be good people, but they also make rather questionable moral decisions. Thus, Butch is a man who has a girlfriend he cares about and who has certain moral principles (his father once had the same values) ( Pulp Fiction ). At the same time, he still accepts the offer to lie down at the fight (though changes his mind); he kills people and is rather violent. Likewise, Black Mamba is shown as a desperate woman who lost her husband and her child ( Kill Bill ). She shows compassion, as she is unwilling to kill one of her tortures in front of her daughter. However, she kills dozens of people to carry out her revenge plan. It is also important to add that the protagonists are on their quest to get their own redemption. Redemptions is one of common thematic devices used in neo-noir films, since it is also a type of escape from the real world. (Conrad 102). The use of such protagonists shows that Tarantino believes in duality of life where real and unreal is intermingled. These protagonists also show that some people (like Tarantino) are eager to escape the real world and live in the world of their own moral values. A stylistic device used by Tarantino is the way he places his characters within shots. The characters often appear above the camera, which is not common (or rather was not as common) for films. This angle creates a specific feeling of the cluster of reality and the unreal world. It seems that Tarantino makes use of certain kind of stylistic irony (Tuck 154). The characters live their lives observing different things. At the same time, they are also objects of observation. This angle helps to trace the desire to escape form the real world as well. Tarantino uses such a queer way to show that his characters stress that they are living in two world simultaneously (the real and their own world). It is possible to note that camera angles often switch quite abruptly and this is also an important peculiarity of the postmodern film. As has been mentioned above, the switch from the past and present as well as from one angle to another reveals fragility and instability of the reality. Finally, non-chronological
A tariff is a duty enforced by the state on imports or exports. It increases the cost of imported products thus making them expensive compared to local products. They are imposed to protect domestic industries from external competition; protect local consumers from harmful products, promote employment creation activities, enhance national security and for retaliation purposes. Effect of a tariff on import market Where: SS m = domestic supply of solar panels DD m = Domestic demand for solar panels P w =c= is the world price It is clear that any tariff will cause the quantity and volume of imports demanded to fall and the consumer price to increase thus reducing the price received by foreign exporters. Under free trade, the world price of solar panels are P w . At this point, the domestic demand exceeds local supply levels by the amount equivalent to Qs (aa) less Qd (dd). This demand gap is filled through importation. If the government levies a tariff of say 30 percent, the new price will be higher with the same percentage. The new price now including tax will be These higher prices discourage consumers from consuming and thus lowers consumer surplus (n) but raises the government revenue levels by (m). The net welfare change will be: (losses+ gains). The decline in consumer surplus will be o+p+m+n, producer surplus will increase by (a) and government revenue will be (m). The net welfare decline will therefore be o+p+m+n- (p+n) =p+n. The label (p) is dead weight loss or production inefficiency created by increasing prices thereby shifting available resources away from the intended sector and towards solar panels. The label (n) is the dead weight loss/ consumption inefficiency created as a result of increased prices of panel. Overally, because U.S.A is a small economy in consideration to the world prices, there will be no effect of a tariff on the terms of trade. Therefore, world price will continue to exist at. Tariffs increases the prices of goods by the same margin of the tax. For example, a 50 percent tariff will increase the prices by 50 percent. Such initiatives make the local producers competitive but will reduce the demand for the imported varieties. In fact, the local demand for imported goods falls while domestically produced
Whenever one has to name the women that made the most difference in the history of the world, Margaret Thatcher will inevitably get her mentioning; of all female characters that had an impact on the course of historic events, she is the most memorable character for a number of reasons. Despite the fact that in the XX century, it was quite hard for a woman to take the leadership position and have an influence on the state affairs, Margaret Thatcher managed to fight the gender stereotypes of the time, thus, becoming a household name in the history of feminism and politics. It is rather peculiar that Margaret Thatcher’s first speech, which also happened to be the one that brought her the widest recognition and made her famous all over the country within the several minutes that the speech delivery took, rendered the media as one of the most powerful bases of power in the XX century. According to the existing evidence, Thatcher’s report was impressive in its thoroughness, a great amount of details, sufficient statistical data and the fact that Ms. Thatcher barely consulted her notes when delivering the speech – Thatcher was practically engaging the opponents into a talk. The given approach was bound to become Thatcher’s trademark since then; as the recorded data shows, Thatcher adopted a very specific manner of exercising her influence on the public and the UK government. Unlike the rest of politicians of the time, who resorted to various strategies to remain in the spotlight, she put the emphasis on her hard work and the fact that she was striving for the greater good in general and the nation’s benefit in particular. The given approach was where Thatcher’s credibility stemmed from. Despite the fact that the radical manner in which she voiced her opinion, as well as the fact that she was the head of the right wing, did not add credibility to her position, Margaret
Introduction In the study of social and literary philosophy, the context of the era within which a particular phenomenon is being studied is paramount. One of the most prominent examples of the influence of the effects of time and social thought on the analysis results is the role model of women. Centuries ago, a woman was expected to behave exclusively as a loving wife and caring mother, and any deviation from such behavior was considered deviant. Deviant women engaged in self-education, careers, or science were not encouraged by society but rather were viewed with derision and contempt. As is evident, for modern society, this attitude toward women is no longer acceptable, unethical, or socially discouraged: people are used to seeing women as scientists, career women, mothers, doctors, teachers, and any other roles, and thus the stigma toward this gender has gradually ceased to be relevant. In fact, the example discussed above is only a fraction of how public attitudes change over time. In order to study these metamorphoses qualitatively and in an effort to build on theoretical foundations, the principles of the critical theory were developed at the right time. In a general sense, the critical theory allows society to be criticized and evaluated on the basis of an analysis of the underlying relationship between the individual and the structures of power. In this case, ideology (“a woman is a mother”) is regarded purely as a construct that prevents the liberation of the individual from the oppression of social pressure. It is very important to say that, in the context of literary analysis, the use of theories of criticism is not aimed at creating hypotheses or assumptions, but rather, it creates holistic, framed conclusions based on a particular paradigm. This essay engages in an in-depth, meaningful, and critical discussion of the most significant theories of public criticism. It is true that a modern academic course identifies more than ten theories in the classification, and discussing them in depth would take up a large number of pages. Instead, the essay parallels the theoretical contexts of different critical paradigms on specific issues. How Critiques Are Formed It is true that by now, a whole host of critical theories have been developed, each examining a societal slice through a particular paradigm. As a rule, the focus of a theory is clearly described by its name: thus, a critique of feminism, queer criticism, or Marxism requires no further explanation to understand which paradigm they are using. It is true to recognize that criticisms of literary theory do not arise by chance but instead are shaped by public sentiment. Thus, feminist criticism was hardly spoken of during the epic literature of ancient Greece since the role of women in society was not a priority at all at that time. In other words, each of the theories is reflected in the era. It is fair to emphasize that many of the theories are also not born by themselves but become extensions of other, more fundamental paradigms. This is true of progressive views on literary theory, which have their origins in th
Summary In their article, Vokurka, Stadig, and Brazeal compare and contrast the most influential quality awards. According to the authors, over the past few years, awards stopped being only the means of performance evaluation and a reason for raising the competitive rates in a specific field; instead, awards have become a powerful tool for organizations to analyze their weaknesses and strengths in order to figure out the course for the further growth. Therefore, the owners of companies can consider existing threats and opportunities. Vokurka, Stadig, and Brazeal have provided a detailed evaluation of the key standards and rubrics of such awards as “the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award from the United States, the European Quality Award, the Deming Prize from Japan, the Canadian Quality Award and the Australian Quality Award” (Vokurka, Stadig & Brazealhave, 2000, 42). As it turned out, all programs involved have similar quality criteria; yet the approaches that the given awards presuppose are unique. In addition, the points of allocation, which are placed on the above-mentioned criteria, vary considerably. That being said, the provided models work only when applied to a specific case; in addition, without results evaluation, models do not work. Therefore, the models alone cannot improve the quality of organizational management; they are only tools that help approach a problem from different perspectives. Key Learning Points  1. Quality awards can and must be used to analyze the company’s score and develop further strategies;  2. The criteria used in most awards are largely similar since they all are a part of the global quality model;  3. Each program offers its own definition of quality performance; as a rule, the differences concern the emphasis put on a specific aspect of an organization;  4. Most quality awards stress the necessity to pursue a customer-driven quality of performance;  5. The Japanese Deming Prize is the only award that does not recognize leadership as one of the top criteria, perhaps, due to the cultural specifics of the state and its business traditions;  6. No matter whether the award has been granted or not, an organization must pursue further development based on the evaluation results. Relevant Statements to the Session In addition to the analysis of the existing business awards and the way in which their standards can be applied to a specific organization to improve its score and provide the foil for future progress, Vokurka, Stadig, and Brazealhave specify the major
Introduction Today, authors of articles of different types frequently adhere to convincing strategies to present their reflections on a particular topic and persuade the readers of their credibility. All of them use three kinds of appeals, which are ethos, pathos, and logos. For instance, in the publication Universities, Governments, and Industry: Can the Essential Nature of Universities Survive the Drive to Commercialize , Young, reveals a hot-button problem in the field of education. The author argues that it is crucial to encourage interest in research instead of paying significant attention to economic motives. Actium Research and McMaster University Collaborate to Commercialize Stem Cell Technologies describes the activity of the company Actium . It aims to “develop anti-cancer stem cell drugs that are directed against a newly identified cancer stem cell marker in leukemia and breast cancer” (Actium research, 2012, para. 8). This way, the purpose of this paper is to compare both articles on the criteria of ethos, pathos, and logos and decide which one is more persuasive. Logos First of all, it is essential to consider the logic of the narration. The structure of both of the articles is precise and allows one to get acquainted with the issue comprehensively. However, this criterion appears to be the stronger point of Universities, Governments, and Industries compared to Actium Research. In general, the latter presents the description of the company and the specifics of the scientific field, which is the focus of the explorations. There is no sufficient reasoning, which proves why the chosen methodology appears to be one of the most effective in the market. The importance of this project causes no doubt, though the thesis is unclear, and the adherence to this approach compared to other options is not explained. On the contrary, Young’s article contains persuasive arguments, which are strong enough to compete with opposing opinions. The author provides a precise thesis for his perspective and gradually introduces the reasoning for it. Thus, in the context of logic and argumentation, the article mentioned first appears to be more descriptive than persuasive compared to the second one. Ethos As for demonstrating the credibility of the text, both of the articles include some points in this regard. Actium Research involves references to the speeches of David Young, C