ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction An online identity is a way for users to identify themselves on internet social platforms such as networking websites and the blogosphere. Some individuals find it easier and more convenient to use their real names for this purpose but because of security issues most people adopt pseudo-names which only provide a limited level of their identity. In some instances, individuals can represent their persona by the use of avatars which are basically small pictures or graphics. Depending on the kind of presence that an individual develops on the internet as well as on the respective relationship that is built with other users, a reputation is developed which is enough to help them distinguish whether this identity is reliable primarily in terms of security. In some instances websites pick a particular user’s IP address and use it to distinguish identities. This essay seeks to analyse the other impact of online identities in society while highlighting its applications, strengths and weaknesses. To this end, examples from modern day living shall be drawn and coupled with appropriate explanations to adequately evaluate the concept. Methodology Statement A mixed method of both qualitative and quantitative research shall be used to for this task. The research will be based on secondary data collection. According to Creswell (2003, p.228), the mixed method is most ideal for research as it provides for exhaustive collection and analysis of information. Data will be extracted from various journals, articles and books. The criteria of selection for the literature will be the relevance to the research topic as well as the year of publication. Both public and private libraries as well as online libraries will be visited in order to access the data. This research will be partly evidence based and partly founded on professional research by professionals in the field. Various articles will be studied in order to provide background information which will essentially give credibility to the final essay. Virtual communities being a critical aspect of business analysis cannot be effectively analysed without obtaining information from real case scenarios. This will definitely make for some interesting research and in as much most of the information will only be used for reference purposes, it will effectively came round to form the back-bone of the paper. Information from literature will serve to provide explanation as reg
Introduction Studying mathematics can seem daunting and boring to many students because of the need to learn and apply theoretical concepts, theorems, and formulas. Nevertheless, most students in the 11th year of study are preparing to take GCSE exams, and the study of mathematics is compulsory for them. For this reason, I have developed a SMART plan that provides additional time and outside classroom support for students to increase their confidence and knowledge, which helps them to pass the exams. This paper will review and critically evaluate the innovative methods and technologies used for the SMART plan’s extra-curricular activities to determine the most relevant ones. Innovative Teaching Methods for Mathematics Modern technology and understanding of student needs allow teachers to explore and use various innovative teaching methods. As noted by Thomas, Hong and Oates (2017, p. 110), digital technology has a universally positive effect on the study of mathematics in schools. The first method that should be applied is blending learning that involves the use of traditional teaching resources, such as textbooks, and technologies such as video materials (Rajkumar and Hema, 2016, p. 72; Bhatti et al ., 2016). This approach can be used in additional classes, especially in virtual teaching, without difficulty. Another method is flipped classrooms, which can be combined with blending learning. This approach assumes that students study the lesson’s topic at home, for example, by watching video lectures and use the time in class to complete assignments (Rajkumar and Hema, 2016, p. 71). This method allows teachers to cover more complex math problems that students cannot solve on their own at home. Moreover, since individualised learning is more effective in teaching any knowledge, this method should also be applied to the math club. However, since an individual approach to each student is problematic in groups with limited 1.5 hours classes, the teacher should use computer programs’ assistance. For example, Par
Abstract Researchers have come up with several models and intervention strategies in bid to lower delinquencies and create social career developments. According to Peter Greenwood (2007), creating career development among offenders not only saves lives being wasted but also reduces societal burden created by criminal activities. The cost of untreated offenders can be measured into millions of dollars spent in prosecution, arrests, incarcerations and treatment of juvenile offenders (Greenwood & Zimring, 2007). Early prevention of onset of criminal activities has been shown to be the best approach in reducing these costs. In the end, this saves taxpayers millions of dollars through reduction in prisons spending (Greenberg, 2006). In achieving this, most researchers put emphasis over communal interactions through community based activities, family guidance, re-entry jail programs, residential programs, special programs, day treatments and special treatment focus programs (DJJ, 2007). Introduction This career intervention program is designed for first time female juvenile offenders. A lot of taxpayers’ money is annually being spent in the prisons but with limited change in the rate of crimes. Among the group, first time female victims have been neglected in most of the early research programs making their delinquencies more slow and vulnerable. This program is designed to develop a career program for this vulnerable group to aid in reduction of governments spending as well as improve the lives of female juvenile offenders. This program covers a three years program of two phases in a year. It is a multi-level approach that involves the female juvenile offenders, police force, counselors, community, courts, family, religious institutions and government bodies. The research was carried out through literature analysis of various career intervention programs in deferent states. Program Design For the three years, a comprehensive approach was developed which focuses on every stake holders that influences female juvenile offenders’ career development in the State of Ohio. In the first half of the year, teaching and counseling program were developed for the juvenile offenders. The program was aimed at enabling the victims develop sense of belonging, acceptance, identity and as well equip them with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The program was designed in a way to prepare the group for their career development and acceptance in their community (Pitts, 2009). The second half of the first year was aimed at educating law enforcers. These group were equipped with skills that enable them conceptualize their work in multidimensional aspect. Police were trained on how to handle first time victims in rendering disciplinary measures. This program was carried out by creation of interaction programs among law enforcers and the offenders through games and discussions (Waller, 2008). The second year program started with community involvement and government partnership. After realization that most offenses could be avoided from the causes of societal problems such as poverty, political disunity, lack of education, family break ups and
Introduction Today no special mechanism is standard for preventing school violence due to diversity in social status, economical status, and location. Schools implement various measures to prevent violence such as warning signals, checklists and, policies for zero tolerance but the dangers still persists, because some of these measures end up exacerbating the issue. Hypothetically, the school-based violence has a close link to poverty, which is the key factor for discontent and frustration and consequently the anger especially in developing nation. Other cases have a close link to the experiences and development. The domestic violence also has a close link to behavioural and learning problems. During development, a child may feel the need for retaliation. Other possible sources may include discrimination, the societal background, the common school drug related problems, cultural imagery on the television and audio shows, materialism, competitiveness and lack of identity. A good example of the school violence is the April 16, 2007 tragedy at Virginia Tech University, which remains a big sear for the hearts of those who were directly involved as well as those affected such as the victims’ families or friends. On that terrible day, the struggling loss of lives due to one disturbed young man make many people ask what made Cho to act in a beastly manner like he did, and likewise, what can be done to prevent such kind of massacre form happening again. According to Hauser of “The New York Times” newspaper on the day of the tragedy, thirty-three people were involved in a mass murder at the university after one of the student: Cho went round the bend to a shooting rampage, in a close link to the reports made by federal law enforcement officials at the site. Many of the victims were students shot in classrooms and dorms. In a close link to Feldman (2009), we can only stop inquiring ways of preventing such scenarios or why they occur if we realize that all the requirements for prevention are within reach. There is need for commitment over the facts and full transparency concerning logical understanding. The universities need to be on the forefront in ensuring they are well equipped with required facilities to handle health related matters. This may include the student’s counselling centres, mental health programs or support groups, procedures for making referrals and, emergency psychiatric services to encourage students to seek and share feelings before they are out of hand. Selected Solutions to school violence There is an urgent need for the educators and parents to have the initiatives of pursuing this issue through a coordinated procedure. It is possible to implement the violence prevention programs based on the specific school setups through solicited funds and, the government or sponsors grants. Secondly, it is promising to utilize the intelligent and well-planned campaigns to stop the violence issue and thus the need for proper and critical considerations over such crusades. This is an awareness program to fight violence especial
Historical Development and Purpose Norfolk Department of Human Services (NDHS) is an agency comprised of several departments under the collective goal of providing support to the local community and help citizens in achieving sustainability and self-reliance. The purpose of the agency is best described through its mission, which lists the improvement of the lives of children and adults on individual and community scale and the generalized aim of enhancing the well-being of the local residents (Norfolk Department of Human Services [NDHS], 2012). The ultimate goal of the agency is the emergence of self-supporting and productive individuals who live in a healthy community capable of self-support and favorable to its residents. The development of the agency is an ongoing process since it is constantly transforming to include new sections and target new goals, so no exact date can be pinpointed. However, it is closely connected to the emerging trends in the city development process, so it can be said that development occurs locally and is tied to the emerging community issues and goals. Currently, the department provides a range of services such as support to children at risk and their families via Children’s Services Act program, adult services such as foster care, support to victims of suspected neglect and abuse, assistance with nutrition, nursing care, and medical needs (NDHS, 2012). Besides, family members who require child care assistance, as well as homeless families, may seek support from designated support teams, and a separate program exists which is responsible for the readiness of children to kindergarten. Finally, several programs target issues such as prisoner re-entry, support of juvenile justice, and assistance in applying for the public benefits program. Since the agency is multifaceted and constantly evolves, recent years saw the addition of several initiatives corresponding to respective changes in purpose. For instance, the focus on a family-centered model initiated the organization of the temporary assistance for needy families program covering the purpose of creating a family-driven child development and preventing undesirable outcomes such as wedlock pregnancies and unemployment. Similarly, the Family Strengthening and Fatherhood Initiative indicate the shift of needs from a client-based perspective to the perception of a family as a social unit and an increase of family functioning through emotional and financial involvement (NDHS, 2013). The agency’s services are related to other services provided by the local government, with the ones from the Norfolk Community Service Board (NCSB) being the most evident example. The NCSB provides services on crisis stabilization for individuals with mental health disorders, support for people suffering from mental illnesses, and a range of services for individuals with intellectual disabilities
Crime is a geographically dispersed social problem with economic implications on people and nations (Wolf, Gray, and Fazel 2). However, a causal relationship between crime and poverty is not obvious because crime can affect either the affluent or the poor in society. This leads to the question of if a correlation exists between poverty and crime. This is because crime rates in many countries such as the USA have reduced significantly between 2000 and 2008. Examples include states such as Minneapolis, with a 47% decrease, 31% for New York, 39% for Seattle, and 17% for Los Angele (Sudbury 3). However, poverty causes certain stress among different people which results in individuals committing a poverty-related crime (Jones 2). While the statistics fail to positively correlate crime with poverty, other studies elsewhere affirm otherwise. This is evident in the period between 2009 and 2012, which shows a positive correlation between poverty and crime (Townsend 8). The goal of this study is to establish whether there is a positive correlation between poverty and crime (Bradshaw 8). The topic of discussion is important because it is not only interesting but provides an explanation that links poverty with the crime. We used data from 40 countries that were hosted on two websites which shows the crime index and the percentage of people living below the poverty line. The data was analyzed using both SPSS and excel spreadsheets. Typically, there was no data collected on other variables that could affect the poverty index in the countries. The first step was to run the data on SPSS and generate the descriptive statistics showing that data was taken from 40 countries. As shown in table 1, the minimum percentage of people living below the poverty line is 7.90% and the maximum value is 80% in the countries of interest. The mean and standard deviations are 30.4100 and 14.90599 respectively. The minimum value for Crime Index is 22 and the maximum value is 84 while the mean is 53.74 and the standard deviation 14.884. In both cases, the standard deviations show that the results are widely dispersed from the mean. This implies that there is a state of unequal difference because of different factors underlying crime in different countries. Statistic test Table 1. One-Sample Statistics                        N   Mean     Std. Deviation  Std. Error Mean Crime Index            40  53.74    14.884          2.353           Below Poverty Line     40  30.4100  14.90599        2.35684          The histogram in figure 1 shows that the variable, crime index is fairly distributed with a normal bell-shaped curve. This shows that crime across the countries is normally distributed with a mean of 5374 and a standard deviation of 14.884. On the other hand, the curve in figure 2 is not symmetrical about the y-axis and the mean, which indicates that crime is not equally distributed across the countries that were investigated for the relationship between poverty and crime. To determine the correlation coefficient between the crime index and
Developing language skills fast and efficiently is one of the necessary attributes of being a member of the XXI century society. Because of the globalization process, economic, political and cultural boundaries between different states and their representatives are being erased, which creates the premises for acquiring new communication skills (Norton & McKinney 2010, p. 88). Though the phenomena of second language learners and bilingual speakers have been known for quite a while, it was not until the globalization process that the issue of second language acquisition and the study of the code switching processes occurring in bilingual people gained a close attention of researchers (Chowdhury 2013, p. 40). Understanding the effects that the context of formal and informal discourse has on the process of learning the second language and the bilingual people will help define the ways of shaping the learner’s identity and contribute to improving the process of language learning, as well as facilitate the environment, in which a bilingual learner or the learner of a second language can develop the required skills faster and acquire new knowledge in a more productive manner. The significance of formal discourse cannot be overestimated – it provides the second language and bilingual students with the basic information about the language and the culture of its usage. However, the significance of informal discourse is not to be underrated either. Despite the fact that the role of the informal context of language skills acquisition for bilingual and second language learners is often underestimated, these are the elements of informal discourse that allow the learners to develop such skills as a fast analysis of the message generated by the sender, the acquisition of new lexemes and their further application in the context, the ability to process information instantly and provide a prompt response, etc., thus, making the process of learning the second language or, in case of a bilingual learner, being able to perform the code switching process faster and more efficiently, possible (Butler & Hakuta 2004, p. 115). Because of the necessity to incorporate the study of the language phonology and the need to learn new vocabulary, as well as start using the latter in p
Introduction One of the most important concerns for the modern Arabian linguists, the aspect of the language development requires thorough considerations. It must be admitted that the theories of Ferguson did have sufficient authority and were based on the solid fundament of facts and logical train of conclusions. Yet the consequences of the language change might be somewhat different from the ones predicted by the linguist. In this paper, I am going to write about whether the predictions of the philosopher came truth and what predetermined such results. Taking the High and the Low Roads It is necessary to mark that Ferguson (1963) split the Arabic language in the high and the low dialect to explain the processes that were occurring in the linguistic sphere. According to the ideas expressed by the scientist (Ferguson 1963), it was quite likely that the “low” variant of the Arabic language would finally oust the “high” one, thus making it closer to the spoken variation of the Arabic: ”A brief and superficial glance at the outcome of diglossia in the past and a consideration of the present trends suggests that there are only a few general kinds of development likely to take place” (20), the linguist warned. Therefore, Ferguson saw the final triumph of the “low” Arabic as the one and only possible ending of the linguistic process taking place then. Therefore, it was highly likely that the language of the lower layers of society would finally oust the “noble” dialect of the Arabian elite. Taking a retrospective into the times of Ferguson’s theory, one can possibly claim that these ideas did have sufficient basis. In addition, there were enough of historical examples to support this idea. However, as time passed, the credibility of Ferguson’s theory was slowly decreasing. At present, it is highly probable that the initial idea that Ferguson suggested was erroneous. However, it is still worth mentioning that Ferguson’s theory is scientifically based. There is no doubt that Ferguson suggested the idea that both was rather witty and contained a grain of truth. It is remarkable that Ferguson was the first to notice the language split – as it turned out, the phenomenon exists in the modern Arabian world as well. Therefore, even with the plethora of criticism aimed at Ferguson’s theory, it still proves to have its major points established in the right way, as Bassiouney (2009) explained: Despite all the subsequent criticism of Ferguson’s theory, his proposal that there are two poles, an H and an L, is sti
Introduction Who is to blame for poverty? Because this issue is complex, there could be multiple answers to this question. Provided movie “Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream” looks at the origins of the problem and people responsible. The NPR segment titled “The Culture of Poverty” showcases the different aspects of poverty. Both present an informative look on the issue and are still relevant even years later. Discussing these points of view might help us better understand the problem. Discussion The movie focuses the most on the interactionist and conflict theorists’ point of view. The wealthy supporters of the tea party represent interactionist views at their extreme. They believe that people are personally responsible for everything that happens in their lives. Inspired by the writings of Ayn Rand they promote lower taxes for the wealthy, reduction in welfare spending, and belief that government should not help the impoverished. The movie then presents a conflict theorist point of view by covering how wealthy individuals use their funds to affect laws, strip people of power, and manipulate the working class for their gain. It examines how poverty is not caused by a “culture of poverty,” but a result of policies bought by the rich for their self-interest. In contrast, the uncaring and greedy attitudes of the people in the movie could be characterized as a “culture of wealth.” Being rich does not make you responsible for poverty, but sharing beliefs of the group in the movie does. The NPR interview provides a more functionalist point of view on the issue. By having different people present their experiences with poverty, it lets us see a larger picture. The interview shows that people in low-income areas do tend to fall into similar patterns, but it also indicates that these patterns are not exclusive to these areas. One caller talks about her experience with studying in a rich school and seeing the same patterns. The difference being that for wealthy families it is much easier to recover from any issues that can come from drug abuse, poor motivation for education, and teenage pregnancy. The interview only briefly touches upon the government’s responsibility for poverty, but it does provide the most interconnected view of the issue. The movie is five years old now, and the interview is eight years old. We live in a world where a rich but desperately unqualified person has been elected by poor people with no faith in traditional government. The situation has gotten worse, and it is hard to see the idea of the American dream being even remotely viable today. Response I agree with the sentiment of the presented text. With low-income neighborhoods lacking prope