ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Community policing involves police and the community collaborating so that they can help each other in solving crimes. They usually identify crimes and disorders and solution is usually sought by involving members of the community. Community policing is made up of four basic components. This enables that all the members of the community benefit equally. Members of the community and police partners so that they can be able to determine those crimes that are committed within the society and also to come up with a way of solving those crimes. Problem-solving department identifies and solves community problems. Management of police is changed so that they can involve the community. Main text Community policing helps in reducing crimes in a society since when the member so the community is involved, they are at a better position of identifying the most occurring crimes within a given area. Through members of the community police can come up with various ways of taking patrol within the area since community is willing to collaborate with them to identify lawbreakers and in inventing a way of solving these crimes. When community is involved in working with the police, place can be kept safer since patrol is more effective. This is because as people go about their daily activities, they identify some of the problems that the community is facing and therefore they can address these problems sot the police who will be at a better point of handling the issues. When police are aware of the initial cause of the problem which they get from the community, they can be able to deal with the issue at a better point than when they are not getting any assistance from the community. People within a given area know the problems that they are facing therefore they can address them to the police so that they can get help and problems can be solved. Incidences of crimes are hence reduced when police collaborate with members of the community since they can be able to identify lawbreakers within the community because people are aware of them. The wall between the police and the community is integrated since they work hand in hand with each other to solve crimes. When police interact with the members of community freely, they can get relevant information from the community which will help them in dealing with the crime. Members of the community can be
Teen pregnancy is a multilateral issue, which affects the lives of not only teenage girls and their families but also society in general. Importantly, it occurs as a result of various factors, and the complexity of the situation lies in the fact that a teenager is not ready to experience this condition and its consequences neither from the legal nor from the medical point of view. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the correlation between teen pregnancy, suicide, and poverty. Discussion The website called Tonic is a comprehensive source of information regarding healthcare and wellness. It frequently discusses the issue of teen pregnancy and its effects on a woman’s well-being. In one of the articles, it was stated that teen pregnancy is often “associated with school dropout, suicide, and substance use” (Makhijani). The main cause of these events is depression experienced by girls who are pregnant or those who have already given birth to their child. Notably, teenage mothers may develop depressive moods because of social stigmatization, inability to study, absence of time, and many other factors. Teen pregnancy affects adolescent development directly since it does not allow young girls to proceed naturally from childhood to adulthood (Makhijani). It should be noted that teen pregnancy, suicide, and poverty are related directly. In the majority of cases, pregnant teens may be observed in families with a poorer financial background. In addition, teen mothers have poorer opportunities to continue their studies, which results in lower education levels and fewer job opportunities for young women. Moreover, this condition has an impact on the social aspect of adolescent development since social shaming is quite a frequently met phenomenon. Concluding Points The topic was chosen since teen pregnancy is an occurrence that can be often observed in the US, and it is crucial to comprehend its effects on society members. It is important to discuss this issue to ensure that expectant young women can integrate into society easily. To improve the situation, it is essential to ensure that pregnant girls receive peer support. Moreover, to aid pregnant teenagers and prevent suicides, it is necessary to provide them with an opportunity to study through relevant education programs. This way, they will run a lower risk of developing depressive moods, which are the main cause of suicides. Work Cited Makhijani, Pooja. “ Teen
Introduction Pride in their port, defiance in their eye, I see the lords of humankind pass by. Oliver Goldsmith (cited in Tracey 1997) The history of mankind knows many examples of changes which were caused du to the development of the relationships between various countries. Also the flow of international influence was supported by a growth of scientific thought and some significant discoveries as of the geographical picture of the world. The period of time between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries is known to be a colonization time. Many of the Western countries provoked their main forces to achieve a precious share of the world. The emergence of fleet was the impulse for representatives of different European countries to obtain a huge part of the world and achieve hegemony over merchant fields of activity, so that to provide current policy with personal profits. Pointing out the idea of world’s limits in the geopolitical coloring the most outstanding empires divided spheres of influence in various ways in order to protect their own interests and maintain political approaches towards mutual interaction without breaking the territorial wholeness of the colonies. “…institutional changes in the international economic order speeded the process in banking, finance, transportation, and communication,” and their source, industrial technology, “made it virtually impossible for any non-Western society to resist Westernization, at least in the field of trade and exchange.” (Tracey 118) Main Body The Netherlands was one of the most influential and powerful empires in the world of between, especially, the fourteenth up to the eighteenth centuries. The country was known at that time to be one full of merchants. The population of the country consisted mainly of the layer of traders and sailors supported. It is quite significant to outline that this country was the hugest empire for a long period of time due to the activity of the Dutch West India Company having encompassed the bigger part of the colonies all over the world. The point is that Dutchmen are of that kind of people who always want to earn money in large amounts. That is why the aim of The Company was not to occupy the territories,
There are two types of assessment methods: summative and formative. Summative assessment is an assessment criterion that focuses on evaluation of a learner’s competence in what has been learned for a certain period (Fox Valley Technical College, 2007). Formative assessment focuses on providing feedback to both teachers and students so that they can adjust teaching and learning methods to suit, a student needs (Boston, 2002). Assessment is not only useful in measuring the skills, beliefs, attitudes skills and knowledge of an individual learner but also the entire an institution thorough standardized tests. This paper will evaluate the essence of summative assessment and how they can be useful in not only appraising both the learner and the leaning process.   * Summative assessment focuses on the content rather than the learner. Its objective is to test what has been learned up to a certain period. It gives a report on the learner’s achievements. This means that a summative assessment report can be useful by an institution in keeping a record of learning outcomes. Summative reports are best at ranking student and thus useful for placement purpose. They can also be used in ranking institutions where standardized tests are used (Harlen, 2007).   * Despite the fact that summative assessment is content based it should not be viewed as unhelpful to both the learner and the teacher. Summative repots lead to formative assessment. Teachers can use summative reports to identify learners, and indeed the entire class or institutional areas of weakness and thus determine what other teaching variables the teachers will use to address learners weaknesses. This is intended at motivating learners (McMillan, 2011)   * Summative assessment is a very important tool in giving feedback to relevant authorities. Parents need to know the progress report of their children. Colleges and universities need final year reports to decide which student to admit or not. Education policy makers rely heavily on summative reports to make the necessary policy changes (McMillan 2011).   * Summative reports not only useful in accrediting student’s for placement but also useful in design new teaching and learning methods at the developmental stage of learning meant to address learner’s needs, just like formative evaluation (McMillan, 2011; Nicholls 2002). In conclusion, summative assessment is a traditional way of assessing a student’s performance. However, it is still very useful in the education systems today, though not all conclusive about a students academic potential. Educationists explain that summative reports alone can have detrimental effects, as they are not student centered. To address this they have worked out a solution that incorporates synthesizing these reports and then using that knowledge as valuable feedback that will help develop teaching methods that are student centered. Reference List Boston, C. (2002). The conc
Religions are incredibly important cultural and philosophical frameworks that ground human longing for greater meaning and act as stabilizing factors in societies. Reflective of the internal feelings of faith, religion provides appropriate institutions, rituals, and scriptures that enrich the religious beliefs and aid in its manifestation. For each believer, their religion is sacred, deeply personal, and, frequently, the only possible choice. The said choice is informed by their cultural background and is often, but not always, linked to the country of origin. Hence it is reasonable to say that the religious beliefs of a person are most often singular and perceived as the truest possible worldview. Consecutively, any strong religious belief has the potential of becoming exclusionary and intolerant towards the members of other religions. Across different religious traditions, the core values tend to remain similar, but other parts of canon differ drastically. Scriptures of Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and other religions have different origin stories for their respective Gods and the creations of said Gods. And when one begins researching beyond monotheistic faiths, the differences grow exponentially. I think that any believer, independently of their religion and cultural background, would benefit massively from exploring and studying the beliefs of other religious groups. The more you learn about different perspectives on the divine forces, the more understanding you are of the ways other people perceive the world around them. This would tangibly improve our quality of life by making society more tolerant and accepting. Becoming acquainted with the fundamentals of others’ worldviews would make us not only more informed but better people in general. Due to the complicated and bloody history of the relationships between major religions, the popular perception of the role of faith and religious practices in history is severely misplaced. To truly serve its role as a facilitator of peace and mutual understanding, any major religion should enrich and update its knowledge of the ones it has to co-exist with. This awareness is crucial for building respectful and lasting relationships with members of other cultures. The more one knows about doctrines and scriptures of the other religious traditions; the deeper is the understanding of the traits those religions share with one’s own. It arms the well-informed person with cultural competence and enables them to have an open and mutually respectful dialogue that is beneficial in all areas of life. Due to Christianity’s close, historical ties to colonial oppression, the believers of the Christian religious tradition might in particular benefit from said cultural competence. As the European colonizers of the past identif
Introduction The successful implementation of a project is widely dependent on the risk management. A poorly planned project may result in loss of resources and can even lead to quitting of some of the members. Project managers need to do risk planning in order to identify potential problems that might hinder the success of your project. They should also evaluate the probability of a problem arising and the actions that should be taken to diminish the risks that cannot be avoided and avert those that can be avoided. Risk is all that can arise and alter the results of the project. Research issues Risk is uncertain and should be handled carefully when planning your project. One of the options used to tackle the risk is to avert it. The other way is to mitigate risk taking an action that will make the risk do minimal damage to your project. Also the risk can be transferred to another party. A good way of handling is to buy insurance. Lastly you can accept the risk. The other thing is for the project manager to come up with a specific plan on how to handle the risk. This outlines how the risk will be assessed, who will work on this problem and the frequency of doing it. The plan should put the risks under various categories. The plan should also describe the probability of the risk occurring since some risks have a high probability of occurrence than others (Royer, 2001, p. 45). It should also evaluate the effects of the risk to the project and classify them on a scale from minimal to severe. For big projects a Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) should be used to come up with a risk management plan. It is a very effective way to tackle the risks. After categorizing the risks, one more important thing is to identify the risks. The best way is to involve the team members to help you identify possible risks. One of the best ways to identify risks is brainstorming by the project team. According to Royer (2001), the facilitator of a brainstorming session should lead the team members to turn their ideas into a list of risks. The other way to identify risks is through interviews. This can be done to other members of the organization or experts (Royer, 2001, p. 25). The Delphi technique is used to get experts’ opinions where they are gathered into a room and then asked questions. The other way to identify risks is to use of the root cause identification. This invo
Introduction In his second edition book, Medieval Iberia, Olivia Remie Constable describes the Iberian history in relation to the relationship that existed between Muslims and Jews together with other religious groups of that time. This essay synthesizes the tributes and Jizya imposed by the Moslem rulers in the 12 th century Medieval Iberia, based on Constable’s book as the main reference material. Tributes and Jizya imposed by the Moslem rulers In understanding these tributes and Jizya, it is important to underscore the fact that this section of Iberian is vital in establishing the Jewish life history in Al-Andalus from between the 10 th and 12 th century. However, very little information is known about Abraham ibn Daud, who is believed to have died in 1181 (Constable 91). The career of Jacob ibn Jau is equally essential in unraveling the truth behind these tributes and Jizya that were imposed by Moslem rulers. Jacob was a senior tax collector and renowned administrator after being appointed towards the end of the 10 th century. One unique observation during this period is the fact that appointments were temporal as a leader would be in power today and land in jail the following day. During the period, support and rebellion was a major determinant for the success or failure of a king. As such, resistance against the Rabbi tremendously fell even among close allies of Ibn Shamash. The two brothers Jacob Ibn Jau and Joseph also changed their stance by showing less resistance to the Rabbi. The two were merchants and manufacturers who found themselves in the King’s courtyard at a time when Muslims expressed their recognition of Rabbi’s kingship by reporting to him complaints against some of his officers. Besides this peaceful mission, the elders thought it wise to prepare gifts for the king. However, none of these goals was achieved (Constable 91). What started as a peaceful visit, turned into harassment, humiliation and defilement. All the gold gifts were scattered in the courtyard, with their plea to have them landing on deaf ears. This describes the brutal nature of the Rabbi as he had the complainants hustled off to prison. The two thousand pieces of gold were collected by Joseph and his brother before they left the courtyard. However, they chose to please the king and win his favor by taking back the money to the palace together with gifts and offerings. This was also aimed at escaping the wrath of their enemies (Constable 92). The idea won the king’s attention, who later supported them to become the most successful silk manufacturers in Spain. Additionally, their generosity towards King Mansur and King al Mansur ibn Abi, earned them historic influence and power. Jacob ibn Jau was given power over Jewish people within a region covering from Sijilmasa to river Duero (Constable 92). He was therefore empowered to oversee all legal proceedings in the region, make any appointments and collect taxes as he wished. During his early days in office, he threatened the Rabbi against his legal jurisdiction. In his brutal nature, King al Mansur ordered the imprisonment of Ibn Jau, after fearing to be overthrown. His jail te
Introduction In order to devise a good method of instruction to any group of learners, the instructor/teacher should first understand the needs of these learners. The teacher should do this by analyzing the group of learners in terms of their age, beliefs background knowledge and the likely impact the subject of instruction will have on them (Blackburn, 2007). It is only through this knowledge that the instructor will know the best method to apply when giving instructions to the learners. This is because the instructor identifies with these learners and gets to know, first hand, the plight of these learners. He will know what they (learners) know and what they do not know; thus, will give instructions in a comprehensive manner (Wiggins, 2005). Topic of Instruction The unit of instruction for this instruction process is Human Sexuality to children aged between 12 and 13 years. This is a relevant topic since, at this age, children start exploring on matters regarding their (human) sexuality. They have a lot of unanswered questions. However, they feel embarrassed to discuss these issues, and teachers, parents, guardians and other elders need to provide a good environment to discuss these issues with kids (Bolin & Whelehan, 2009). Therefore, the kids will know a lot about their sexuality. They will develop in to adults who are mature sexually, socially and emotionally. Specific /Projected needs of the learners As already stated, these groups of learners are very curious, and they need to be taught to deal with issues of human sexuality. First, these learners need to feel appreciated and wanted. At this stage, these children can develop in isolation if they are not shown affection by other people. They are developing emotionally, and the instructor should have this in mind so as to avoid situations that could hurt these kids’ emotional development. The kids need to be constantly monitored in terms of their interactivity with other kids. They should be persuaded to relate with other kids; this way, they will develop an appreciation for other people, and they will also appreciate themselves in the process. The learners in this age bracket are also undergoing a lot of physiological changes, and these changes need to be explained to them. Girls of this age bracket start developing breasts, and this is a development that could make them embarrassed. They also start to have menstrual cycles, and unless this is explained to them,
The research shows that criminalizing pregnant women who use or misuse drugs is harmful to both them and their unborn children. It emphasizes the consequences of policies that penalize pregnant women who use drugs instead of providing adequate therapy or care (Thomas et al., 2018). The findings suggest that criminalizing pregnant women for drug use is inefficient and damaging since it can result in poor health consequences for mothers and babies (Weber et al., 2021). Furthermore, the regulations are frequently discriminatory, and harm reduction measures help to guarantee that pregnant women get the treatment they need. This is one of the reasons why criminalizing drug use by pregnant women is harmful to both moms and babies. Pregnant women who use drugs may be terrified of being arrested, detained, or imprisoned if they seek prenatal care or drug treatment. Furthermore, criminalizing a woman’s behavior during pregnancy breaches her fundamental rights, particularly her right to privacy and equal protection under the law (Carroll et al., 2021). It claims that it infringes on a woman’s freedom to procreate and bodily integrity. It penalizes women who want to go on with their pregnancy and encourages them to avoid criminal punishment to terminate their pregnancy. As a result, it is essential to note that specific regulations may favor abortion (Carroll et al., 2021). Furthermore, it discriminates against women in general since it does not penalize dads who engage in behavior that may harm an unborn child.