ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis, a widespread disease, which often affects the human lungs and leads to severe consequences, is an essential problem for scientists. Caused by a bacterium such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the disease is transmitted through the air (“What is TB”, 2018). A person can get infected from another human when talking, coughing, sneezing, or using household items that were used by the patient with the disease. There is still no drug that would ensure the recovery from the infection. This essay will summarize the history of tuberculosis up to current days and will show statistical data on the number of cases in Georgia since 1980. The situation will be discussed further with an explanation of the significance of a level of affected people. Tuberculosis has accompanied humanity for thousands of years across countries. Its characteristic tissue changes are found in human remains dating back to about 5000 BC (the Neolithic period) and in Egyptian mummies, according to data (Barberis et al., 2017). In Ancient Greece, the disease was called “phthisis”; the etymology of this word indicates exhaustion as stated in articles (“History of World TB Day,” 2016, para. 13). In the works of Hippocrates and Avicenna, there are descriptions of acute and chronic lung diseases with such features as pulmonary bleeding, severe coughing, loss of strength, and extensive intoxication. A breakthrough in understanding the nature of tuberculosis occurred in the XIX century. In 1819, the French researcher Rene-Theophile Laennec described a tubercle, or granuloma, as well as caseous necrosis, that is, dead lung tissue (Barberis et. al., 2017). These two findings became the main signs of tuberculosis for professionals. The discovery of the causative agent of disease belongs to the German microbiologist Robert Koch, who discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882 (“History of World TB Day,” 2016). The vaccine appeared 36 years later; in 1918, French scientists Calmette and Guerin discovered the BCG (TB) vaccine, and the first vaccination was made three years later — to a newborn (Barberis et. al., 2017). To this day, BCG (TB) remains the only available vaccine for tuberculosis. Highlighting development was made in the end of the twentieth century. In 1985, German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays for tuberculosis diagnosis, for which he was awarded the Nobel prize (“History of World TB Day,” 2016). In 2000, 53 million people recovered due to effective drugs, the World Health Organization (WHO) reports (“What is TB”, 2018). In 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted a resolution approving a new strategy to eliminate the global tuberculosis epidemi
Today it is not easy to imagine a society without organizations since they relate to every area of our life. In this regard, organizational theories, which study corporate designs and structures, the behavior of individuals or groups in an organization, and how they interact to achieve their goals, become especially relevant. According to Champoux (2016), the central problem of organizations’ sociology is the ratio of personal and impersonal factors of organizations, individual and common in them, leadership and subordination, and the correspondence of various goals. In practice, the use of organizational theories can improve the functionality and efficiency of the organization. The development of the sociology of organizations took place in the middle of the 20th century, when developed societies entered a new era of social relations, called the era of post-industrial society. Scott (2004) notes the organizations sought to more fully use the employee’s human potential, using his desire for self-expression and self-realization. Moreover, the increase in the importance of civil society presupposed public entities included in managing a community. Public organizations make up a civil society called upon to influence the policy of the state. Thus, the diversity of the subjects of management and managerial ties and relations has increased. Membership in the organization is one of the critical resources for those interested in professional development or contact with like-minded people in a field of interest. I am a member of WWF whose primary goal is to preserve the biological diversity of the Earth. Membership in this organization helps me find like-minded people and even friends, contributing to the realization of my ideas and the expression of my point of view. Although there are some organizational changes associated with social changes based on the epidemiological situation, this does not prevent them from spreading their ideas and clearly following the organization’s goals.
Introduction Even though I am not being particularly fond of Hollywood movies, this is clearly not the case with Ridley Scott’s 2008 film Body of Lies . The reason for this is simple – unlike what it appears to be the case with the rest of Hollywood movies, which tackle the subject of Islamic fundamentalism in an essentially formulaic manner, Scott’s film provides viewers with an in-depth insight into the Islamic fundamentalism’s true causes. Given the fact that, as of today, more and more people in Western countries become increasingly worried about the fact that they continue to remain vulnerable to the prospect of being targeted by Islamic terrorists, there can be no doubts, as to the earlier mentioned film’s discursive value. In my paper, I will aim to explore the validity of this thesis at length, while focusing on what I consider the film’s particularly noteworthy aspects, such as: a) the fact that it encourages viewers to assess the significance of Islamic fundamentalism from a discursively innovative perspective, b) the fact that it reveals the Islamic fundamentalism’s actual roots, b) the fact that it shows that the U.S. corrupted politicians do contribute to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism. Analytical part Nowadays, it became a commonplace practice among Western political observers to suggest that an ongoing confrontation between Muslims, on the one hand, and Judeo-Christians, on the other, may be well discussed in terms of a ‘clash of civilizations’. This suggestion, however, cannot be considered as such that represents an undeniable truth-value. This is because, there are now many good reasons to believe that, while attacking Western ‘infidels’, Islamic terrorists aspire for nothing short of destroying the very idea of secularism (non-religiousness). This idea, however, serves as the actual basis of a continual cultural/technological progress. In its turn, a cultural/technological progress establishes objective preconditions for people to be able to enjoy a civilized living, in the first place. What it means is that, by opposing the West; Islamic terrorists oppose the values of a civilized living, while acting on behalf of a primeval savagery. The legitimacy of this statement can be illustrated in regards to the Ridley film’s initial scene, in which the Chief of CIA’s Near East Division Ed Hoffman (Russel Crowe) expounds on what he believed is the foremost challenge of dealing with Islamic terrorists, “Our enemy has realized that they are fighting guys from the future… If you live like it’s the past, and you behave like it’s the past, then guys from the future find it very hard to see you… you turn your back on technology and just disappear into the crowd” (00.05.46). What it means is that there is indeed very little sense in believing that, because they happened to be culturally and religiously different from highly secularized Westerners, Islamic fanatics act on behalf of a civilization of their own. What also appears particularly noteworthy about Ridley’s film is the fact that it effectively exposes the erroneousness of the assumption tha
Introduction Some of the most outstanding works in American literature devoted to terrorism and overcoming of trauma are Bel Canto by Ann Patchett and Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer. The authors give different approaches in coverage of the problems, and it is interesting to compare them. Key points that are brought up for discussion in both books are the crisis of communication, the crisis of meaning, the crisis of self-identification, and possible ways out. The authors show that the post-traumatic society has a long way to recovery ahead with the healing possible, but not guaranteed. The Crisis of Meaning A terrorist attack, a real threat to life, and the death of a loved one force us to look at life differently. For Oscar, the protagonist of the book by Foer, life loses meaning after his father’s death in the September 11 attacks. The boy is too young but smart enough to reflect on the futility of being. Oscar and his father used to be unusually close, and the boy does not know how to ease the emotional pain. He grasps the first chance to distract himself. In his father’s vase, Oscar finds the key in an envelope with the inscription “Black” and sets himself on a difficult mission – to find the lock which could be opened by the key. It is necessary to get acquainted with all the people with the last name “Black” in New York to accomplish the task. There are a vast number of such people, but it does not frighten the boy, rather attracts him. Strugaru states that “a quest for a presumed hidden message is, in fact, a search for significance triggered by an intrinsic absence; it is the mere promise of an ambiguous meaning that generates the search and that, in the end, disappoints the boy” (129). These desperate attempts seem to be all in vain as there is no one to explain to Oscar that some wounds cannot be treated, and it remains only to learn to live with them. One more character with the crisis of meaning is Oscar’s grandfather. He cannot forgive himself for the death of the bride in the Dresden firebombings. Decades of years passed, but the man does not manage to overcome the trauma. One could learn about this from the letters that he writes to his son, the father of Oscar. The letters are a part of the book alongside the description of the Oscars’ adventures. The old man does not find enough meaning in his family and life in general. This character helps Foer to bind the traumas of two generations. Saal sees deep historical parallels and admits that “by sketching out the larger semantic field of World War II atrocities, Foer also conjures up what many perceive to be its central trauma: the Holocaust” (453). The horrifying catastrophes that people suffered in the 20th century continue to affect their lives. In Bel Canto, people actually are depicted
Introduction Video games have in the recent past increased in popularity because of its use in entertaining various individuals. Video games have evolved beyond their fast-changing reflexes and control presses. Computer and video games have been able to play a wider part of the traditional landscape for a minimum period of three decades (Adam, 2021). Just before attaining the age of 21, the average number of Americans playing video and computer games utilizes between 6,000 and 39,000 hours (Penenberg, 2010). “The American Time Use Survey” shows persons aged between 15 and 19 years spend an average of 0.85 hours every week to play video games and use computers (Cunningham, Engelstätter, & Ward, 2016). A trait explaining the virtuosos in the hours of practice is estimated to be ten thousand (Penenberg, 2010). About 350 million individuals spend on average a collective 3 billion hours weekly playing video games (Penenberg, 2010). Speaking on a personal level, video games yield a means to providing a link offering the way to fix the reality within the real-world context. The availability of many persons playing computer and video games has provided a good venue for addressing the day to day life challenges. These fixable reality problems may be overcome in different aspects. This paper will explore five of the functional aspects essential for fixing the issues. The aspects include raising the players’ awareness, alleviation of anxiety and health-related as well as mental problems, maintaining the connection between the users and the real-world hitches, aid in learning programs, and providing solutions for the real issues. Video and Computer Games Fix Reality by Raising the Awareness of the Players The outbreak of the COVID-19 has forced many governments across the globe to shut down their economies. The closing of the financial resources by different countries was a move to help hold the virus spread the word’s inhabitants. This prompted individuals to explore alternative means of escaping the pandemic’s ravaging effects through playing video games (Ko & Yen, 2020). Individuals staying at home shifted their attention to entertaining themselves at home during this time. The engagement of multiplayer users increased by about 130%, with new friendship ties of about 23 million people registered through platforms such as Xbox Live Service (Park, 2020). The rise in the number of users indicates the upswing in the gaming product awareness campaign’s popularity. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the importance of gaming to prevent and avoid the increasing intensity of the spreading pandemic since it created awareness. This resulted in the WHO launching a Play Apart Together for the sensitization campaign within the 18 available leading gaming industries. These industries were required to send messages throughout the games to encourage the network users
Introduction The nonmarket environment of a business refers to the political, economic, social, and demographic factors that affect business operations (Qualman 2010). Usually, these outside forces greatly influence the performance of businesses directly or indirectly. Companies must factor in the external changes that are brought about by media so that the competitiveness remains unique. Critique The role of media is vital for any organization aspiring to be successful in financial wellbeing as well as increasing the shareholders’ wealth (Solomon 2012). Government policies and regulations affect business operations. The media shapes the consumers’ behavior towards the organizational public image, which further determines the customers’ trust, purchasing power, and even consumer trends. Media shapes the competition in terms of technological development. For instance, the use of technology has made the workplace safe, flexible, and efficient. Goldblatt (2007) argues that media helps every organization to be updated with the most technological business equipment. The media has significant effects on business performance. The media exposes the poorly performing entities to the public. For instance, a bad-news report on an organization spreads fast (Liff 2011). Consequently, if the organization fails to offer quick responses to the issues under contention, the negative effects of consumer behavior may prevail for a long time. Analysis Business ethics in an organization is a determinant of success. For instance, social morals and ethics in businesses involve the employees’ code of conduct and the business in trade at large (Qalman 2010). For instance, a good crisis example is the adverts from media websites that spread the news about the oil crisis, when a New Orleans judge was set to determine the oil spill case. The media interfered with the judge’s decision on the case by highlighting that the fine payments would be late. This aspect contradicts the business ethics of managing a crisis whereby the media crosses the borders of privacy. Therefore, businesses find it hard to control the media perceptions and influence to the public, which in turn affects the org
Abstract There are numerous studies on Neisseria gonorrhoeae due to the many diseases this bacterium is known to cause. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an agent of gonorrhea which is transmitted through sexual intercourse and which is possible to treat at present, even though this infection constantly develops resistance towards the antibiotics which are commonly used for its treatment. As a rule, this infection affects the urogenital tract with symptoms for men and women being quite similar. The complications, however, are different for males and females; the consequences for the latter, especially in the neonatal period, are rather severe. This paper is going to present the taxonomy of this bacterium in detail, as well as discuss the issues related to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the diseases which it causes. Introduction Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a species of Gram-negative agents of gonorrhea, a disease which became quite widespread these days. Albert Neisser was the first to discover this bacterium in 1879. Concerning its structure, it should be mentioned that Neisseria gonorrhoeae is protected by the multilayer capsule which covers the membrane responsible for preserving the internal structure of the gonococcus. Gonococcus may be active both in the intercellular space and beyond the cell surface. The taxonomy of Neisseria gonorrhoeae reveals the complexity of this species; apart from this taxonomy, the paper will also present the pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection and the methods of treating the diseases which it may cause. Taxonomy Neisseria gonorrhoeae as a bacterium can be discussed concerning its Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, and Domain. The Genus of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is Neisseria which presents a vast family of commensal bacteria with one of the species, N. gonorrhea , being able to cause gonococcal infections, often asymptomatic. Neisseria is gram-negative cocci which occur singly “but more often in pairs with adjacent sides flattened; one species ( N. elongate) is an exception and consists of short rods 0.5 µm wide, often arrange as diplobacilli or in short chains” (1). The whole family is often referred to as Neisseriaceae with many organisms which this family comprises being a part of normal flora. However, Neisseria gonorrhoeae which belongs to this family is a human symbiotic pathogen this is why its presence in normal flora causes infection. The Order of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the Neisseriales, while its class is Beta Proteobacteria which, apart from this pathogen, also contains phototrophs and some facultative bacteria (1). The Phylum to which Neisseria gonorrhoeae belongs is Protobacteria which is one of the major groups of bacteria consisting of pathogens and other types of bacteria. Finally, the Domain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is Bacteria which comprise a vast variety of unicellular microorganisms of different shapes and species (1). Therefore, Neisseria gonorrhoeae Genu
1. Forecasting is an important process in order to understand the future possibilities for a business. Quantitative forecasting requires historical data to generate the forecast. Therefore, the first condition required for quantitative forecasting is the availability of time series or historical data that can be used to generate a prediction for the future. Further, for quantitative forecasting to be effective, there must be existing evidence that the historical data available for forecasting is relevant and can be used for forecasting. Therefore, for appropriateness of quantitative forecasting historical data, that are measurable, must be available and there must be proof that these data is relevant for forecasting. When these conditions are not met, then quantitative forecasting cannot be done. 2. Error in moving average is determined by the difference between the actual value at time period say t and the forecast value at next time period i.e. t+1 . As moving average is the arithmetic mean of the data, the most recent values will give a smaller error as the recent forecast would be closer to recent values than values in distant past. The number of terms is decided on the nature of fluctuations in the series. When more number of data is chosen, lesser weight is given to the recent data and vice versa. However, how many numbers of observations are taken is decided by the nature of the data. If there are great fluctuations in the time series data then a larger number of data is desirable while if the data shows relatively smooth trend, then a smaller data will also be appropriate for forecasting. In the former case, the difference in data is large and therefore the error is higher and in the latter case the error is smaller. Therefore with higher error the number of observations taken is higher while when error is smaller, the number of observations taken is smaller while computing moving average. While making this choice one assumption is made regarding the future i.e. the future too will follow similar trend in fluctuations in the values of the observations as according to their past trend. In other words, when error is large indicating a large seasonal fluctuation in data, it is assumed that similar fluctuation will be seen in future. 3. Seasonal index values can be used for forecast by the following method. First, the seasonal indices of the observations have to be computed for all the years taken for the forecasting. Then the index values have to be ranked from lowest to highest such that there are five values observable under each month. Then the sum of the three central values of each month are taken which is done by eliminating the first and the last value each month and they added together. The aim of the this step is to eliminate any extreme value from the data . 4. Irregular index is used in forecasting. The irregular index is actually the error component that accounts for the fluctuations in a time series data, which cannot be explained by seaso
Introduction The guard incorporated in armed forces human resources structure is a project plan that is employed in business change Agency’s as a defense systems acquirement executive in the U S department of defense. It is the largest project resource planning program that has ever been employed for human resources. The DIMHRS is a project which is expected to enhance quality, Speed, Dependability and Flexibility in costs in the U.S Army. The project is expected to convey all payrolls as well as personnel roles for the Army into one included web-based scheme. It is expected to roll out the U.S Air force, the U.S Navy and the Marines after implementing the Army (Brad, 2005). DIMHRS project was implemented as the best strategy that would support military personnel and pay functions. According to (Wong et al, 2005, p. 614) there were significant functional shortcomings and excessive development and maintenance costs that were caused by the Department of Defense’s, multiple Service-unique military personnel and pay systems. The department of defense would be was to be implemented as a single department with all its service and components. The personnel and the pay system would be fully integrated with common software. DIMHRS system is a feasible answer that is likely convenes military objectives by means of enhancing improvement through the support of a reorganized program achievement. The services that are provided by the DIMHRS system Wong et al, (2005, p. 615) advocates that, DIMHRS arrangement is anticipated to offer the military in the company of more perfect as well as timely pay. The system resolve to convey revolutionize in personnel that are estimated to repeatedly keep posted the pay information in a solitary incorporated system. The changes in personnel will generate a sequence of routine payroll changes based on the rules of each Service rather than having two separate systems that are performing different functions. DIMHRS will also develop the value of services in the logic that it anticipate to present an extra self-service features that could be used to observe and manage the Service member’s own human resource information. It will be easier for the service members to update information, record direct deposit choices. They will as well be able to demand other personnel in addition to pay actions in a straight line online throughout the Internet reasonably compared to lining up the personnel office on their local base. DIMHRS system will ensure that quality, speed, dependability and flexibility in costs since it will bring new features to the military human resource management. The features are one record service, an integrated system, self service and joint s