ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It is imperative to note that the Fall of Rome is one of the most significant events in history because it has put an end to a mighty empire. The conflict between Visigoths and Rome was especially problematic (Dunstan 2010). Moreover, it has left the city devastated, and it was nearly impossible to recover at that point (“Bubbles Map”). Bubbles Map. Also, it is paramount to understand the core reasons behind this conflict and what could have led to such complications. One of the biggest problems that should not be disregarded is that Visigoths were looking for a territory where they could settle, and Rome was an outstanding option because it was one of the biggest cities at that time. Moreover, another issue that needs to be discussed is that Honorius and Alaric had a serious disagreement (Heather 2005). The biggest problem is that the leader of Visigoths has agreed to help Stilicho, who has promised to pay four thousand gold. However, he was no longer alive, and Alaric was incredibly frustrated by the fact that he may no longer get the money. Also, it is necessary to mention that many believed that his goal was to attack Ravenna, but it was not the case, and he was determined to conquer Rome. Moreover, the problem is that the city was incredibly dependent on imports, and Alaric understood that this approach would lead to starvation (“Conflict Tree”). Conflict Tree. The peace that has been suggested was not beneficial, and Alaric has demanded all the gold that present in the city. Another aspect that is worth noting is that he wanted to get access to all the barbarian slaves, and this indicates that he could have other motives besides profit. It was evident that Rome would not be able to win the fight, and they have reached an agreement, but the problem is that it was not possible to collect the necessary resources. Also, Alaric has made a suggestion to collaborate with Rome if aristocratic hostages are freed (Moorhead & Stuttard 2010). The problem is that many other complications have been introduced. Alaric has camped outside of the city, and he thought that it can be used as an outstanding opportunity to get concessions from the government. Moreover, it is paramount to note that most negotiations were not successful. Honorius understood
Introduction After the influence of salesmanship became publicly noticed in the 18th cent., the present complex form of advertising began to evolve. Nowadays, one cannot imagine his/her life without an openly sponsored offering of goods, services, or ideas through a variety of media of public communication. On the one hand, advertising convinces people to buy goods and services that they need. On the other, consumers fall victims to advertising myths, joining long queues for goods they do not even know the practical application of. Main body The main purpose that all advertisers pursue is to affect consumers’ preferences. This can be done at least in three genuinely different ways. First, advertising may simply enhance the value of a product in the eye of the consumer. This is the advertising that increases willingness to pay. Second, firms’ advertising efforts may be considered as a tug-of-war in which each firm strives to attract consumers by molding their preferences to fit the characteristics of its product; that is, each advertiser tries to convince consumers that what they want is the particular product their firm produces. This is the advertising that changes ideal product variety. Third, advertising may encourage consumers to attach more importance to existing differences between products. This is the advertising that increases perceived product differences (Fehr and Stevin 56). In each of the three cases, people become convinced that they buy what they need and adjust their buying habits to the current market tendencies. But, unfortunately, the reality of modern life is such that consumers do not buy things that are necessary for their living; they buy things just to have them at their disposal. James B. Twitchell in In Praise of Consumerism (2006) claims that people do not buy things; they just buy hopes which are offered by the sellers. The better the hope is presented, the more chances to benefit from the customer the seller gets. This complex system of interrelation between the customer and the marketer results in the artificial values that consumerism creates after all. Commercial culture and the rise of advertising as its integral component affects people’s attitude to the world around: advertisements foist off not only goods on customers but on certain patterns of life as well. Especially it is true when it comes to the youth who seems to be the most liable to the messages offered by radio, TV, and billboards. I believe that in this influence on customers’ moral principles and patterns of life that advertising has the essence of the hegemony that it creates is rooted. Through advertising not only the hegemony of one brand is established but the hegemony of patterns and ideas as well. The direct consequ
Without certain services, it is hard to imagine a human life; such elements of everyday reality as shops, movie theaters or water supply have become an integral part of existence. Therefore, people seldom question the mechanisms behind these services, the processes that push the massive machine producing goods. However, by far the most neglected industry in that sense must be the transportation services. Although it has not been long since the first cars were introduced into the mass production, fast and efficient transportation has become a staple of the modern reality. However, the transportation industry faces many challenges, is the most frequently updated according to the latest technologies and, in fact, makes the rest of industries dependent on it, since supplies and goods need to be transported within specific deadlines. That said, it is necessary to take a closer look at how the master data concept is applied to the transportation industry and how the business core processes can be identified in the most efficient way possible. Before going any further, it is necessary to specify the steps that are recommended to identify the core processes in the transportation system. For the given purposes, the Master Data Management tool can be utilized as a way to carry out “data profiling, complex data analysis, metadata management, data modeling, data integration, parsing, standardization, record linkage and matching” (Loshin, 2010, 18). Applying the given tool will help define the customers, as well as their demands, which will lead to analyzing the possibilities of the industry. Hence, the steps that will help identify the core processes are: Business Goal and Model Definition The analysis of the previous practices has shown that for a successful coordination of transportation processes, a business goal has to be defined. Establishing the goal that the industry will strive for will help figure out  1. who the target customers are;  2. what the customers want;  3. how to promote to them. Applied to the industry of transportation, the business goal will be delivering specific goods/materials to the customers fast; or, for that matter, helping the customers get to a specific destination within the minimum time with maximum comfort and for a reasonable price. Once the business goal has been defined, the business model should be defined as well. Process Map Creation The given process involves:  1. Establishing the basic goal (delivering goods/passengers on time);  2. Listing the main objectives (attracting more customers, offering land, water and air transportation, etc.);  3. Defining the relations between various processes (e.g., the negotiation and the transportation processes);  4. Analyzing the rol
Gender, racial, and ethnic inequalities among college students cannot be ignored in regard to student engagement due to a number of long-term implications. Mixed races, multiple cultures, and gender prejudice demonstrated during the first years of education in college can stay sustainable over the next several years or even decades (Howard-Hamilton, Marbley, & Booner, 2011). As soon as the community is spoiled by an idea of possible inequality or preferences are given to a certain group of people, the outcomes and further development of this issue are hard to predict. On the one hand, the lack of student engagement among the specific student population may increase the level of self-esteem and pride among other groups of students. They just admire the fact that certain priorities can be given just because of the color of skin or gender without even focusing on personal knowledge and skills. On the other hand, minority students can easily decrease their potential and fail to use the opportunities they actually have. The role of such characteristics as race, gender, and ethnicity determine student engagement and achievement. Student backgrounds influence social engagement and labor market earnings (Hu & Wolniak, 2013). As soon as a student is deprived of one opportunity because of the color of skin or gender, he or she can hardly pay attention to other opportunities believing that demographic characteristics play a crucial role. The result of such neglect and prejudice is the inability to deal with poverty, inequalities, and prejudice in society. The question of racial inequality in American society can never be closed, and it is one of the main long-term implications of limited student engagement that cannot be ignored today.
Abstract Mistakably people would wonder how long the long run production is and how long the short run is, but in economic terms, it is the flexibility of the decision makers over production rather than the time span. Arguably, one would state that short run is a period that involves fixing a certain quality so that quantities of other inputs vary while long run is time span that allows all input quantities to vary. This does not entail fixed time but it rather varies from one manufacture to another. For instance, if a company’s products are in high demand then it requires quick requests for more raw materials and more labour to satisfy the high demand. The raw materials and labour in this case are the variable inputs since the employees can vary their input time to cover the high demands. The equipment used in the company may probably not vary but it would depend on time required to implement use of additional equipments in which case this is not a short-term project. (Thomas, Christopher and Maurice, 2008) Difference between shot and long run production In line with Thomas, Christopher and Maurice, (2008), it is possible to increase the production unit but it would require more time therefore given enough time, all inputs are variable. The short run production involves one or more important conditions, which do not vary while long run entails the situation where all inputs are variable. Production is management of resources and the general environment. The next process after producing is distributing the goods for consumption. This process of producing, distributing and consuming goods and services defines Economics. In production of economic goods and services, the natural resources are the source of raw materials and energy while the skills and labour comes from the human resources. Today production depends on the pure market economy where the government controls all the procedures involved unlike traditionally where resources for production were people who were self sufficient to manage them independently. Phenomena of production and cost in short and long-term The phenomenon of production and cost in short or long-term come about through the principal of supply and demand where the market equilibrium is the focal point. The aim of most producers is to increase production as a positive sign of development or for economical growth through which the simulation is growth of the population. Population growth causes increase in consumption of natural resources and per capita consumption. The measures of economical growth such as Gross National Production (
Changes in Supreme Court Decisions Concerning Vehicle Searches between Carroll v. the U.S in 1925 and U.S v. Ross in 1982 In the case of Carroll v. U.S of 1925, the United States Supreme Court upheld that warrantless searches of cars for contraband goods do not violate the Fourth Amendment of the constitution (Del 56). They upheld that the mobility of vehicles targeted for a search makes it impossible to get a search warrant in time. This ruling meant that security agents had the mandate to stop a vehicle and conduct a thorough search similar to what they would do if they have a warrant as long as they had just cause to believe that the vehicle had contraband goods. Inasmuch as the issue of infringing the personal privacy of the owners of the vehicles as stated in the Fourth Amendment was raised, the court held that getting a warrant to search an automobile in not practically possible. This is so because the police will not have the authority to detain the car for the entire period of getting the search warrant (McCord 92). In 1982, the issue of warrantless search and seizure was brought back to the Supreme Court of the United States in the case U.S v. Ross (Champion 78). The court ruled that police officers may conduct a warrantless sea
Job analysis refers to the process of gathering all the relevant information pertaining a given job specification. It involves evaluation of data on the overall job content and the required personal attributes necessary for the successful execution of such duties. Three Elements of Job Analysis Job analysis comprises of three major elements; sources of data, data collection and data analysis. The initial stage of job analysis demands that the recruiting or hiring personnel identifies sources of data relevant to the job at stake. These sources may include; the current manager of the proposed position for which hiring is being done, workforce plans and even staff members who had previously held the same position. External data sources include managers who employ similar positions as well as staff members from other organizations with similar positions like the one in question (Hartley, 2001). Data collection involves the actual process of gathering information related to the position. During this process, information that provides solutions to issues such as the objectives of the job, the physical location of the job and the current trends in the job market are considered. Sometimes, the hierarchical position of the job must also be given much weight. The final element of job analysis is the evaluation of the information collected where
The film Good Will Hunting dwells upon the story of life of one genius who does not value this quality. Watching the movie, it is possible to consider some theories the therapist uses to get along with the patient. It is crucial to state that there are too many therapists who refused to work with Will Hunting because of a number of reasons, the main of which was the character’s contempt to them. Such behavior is the result of cognitive and psychological problems which lie deep in Will’s mind. To convince the patient (Will in this case) to cooperate and work together, some specific methods had to be used. Sean Maguire was a specialist who managed to work with Will and help him understand a lot of things. Sean Maguire was the person who helped Will feel better by mean of a number of theories of counseling. First, Sean Maguire tried to act more like Will Hunting. This was an effective strategy. When Will comes to Sean and tries to behave in the same way he did with the previous five therapists, he meets with a rebuff. This addled Will and did not give him an opportunity to recover from this when Sean used another method. Will’s aggression and contempt can be explained as a defense mechanism. There is one more theory of counseling Sean uses to. Will was born in a terrible region and this influenced his behavior. Sean was from the same district as Will was, so it was not so difficult for them to get along with each other. Sean could speak the language Will did: Sean: My wife use
Social accounting refers to the process through which organizations understand the impact of their activities on society. Davis (2003, p. 204) asserts that organizations in different economic sectors are charged with the responsibility of evaluating their social performance. There are numerous reasons why organizations should integrate the concept of social accounting in their operations. According to Holdaway (2005, p.43), economics alone cannot be used as the “only measure of accounting since this is likely to have severe impacts on earth’s survival”. Modern management practice is fast moving towards sustainable management of available resources. This implies that firms willing to exploit natural resources need to conduct a thorough assessment of the social and environmental impacts before venturing into such activities as mining. This would not only realize the reduction of social and environmental but also sustainable utilization of natural resources. Given Holdaway (2005, p.45) and Davis (2003, p. 204 ) assertions, it is imperative to analyze the social and environmental impacts emanating from the failure by Ok Tedi Company to implement social accounting standards. In its operation, Ok Tedi Company had negatively affected the livelihood of the society within which it operated. This is because the company caused environmental degradation. For example, Ok Tedi Mining Limited disposed of its mine tailings into the river system which was the source of livelihood for the locals. The locals depended on Ok Tedi and Fly rivers as a source of drinking water and food through fishing. In addition to environmental changes, disposal of the mine tailings into the river system by Ok Tedi Mining Limited negatively affected the traditional lifestyle of the locals. Other negative effects that the company’s operations had on the locals include disagreements amongst the various clans that depended on the river system for economic reasons. It also led to ill health amongst the locals. This is because the mine tailings caused the rivers to flood due to the deposition of sediments on the riverbed. As a result of river flooding, a significant proportion of the riverine vegetation was buried culminating in massive environmental pollution. Approximately, 30 square kilometer area of the forest was destroyed. As Gray (2001) asserts, the company’s need to assess the social and environmental impacts of their business activities before investing as an ethical business practice. This minimizes adverse social and environmental consequences on communities that depend on those resources under question (Holdaway, 2005, p.46). Thus, based o the destruction caused on social and environmental set up by Ok Tedi Mining Limited business activities, implementing a social accounting and reporting seemed relevant. The social and environmental impacts mentioned above are just an indication of the deeper and long term problems accrued from the company’s activities. It is also imperative to evaluate the cost implications. Gray (2001) explains that while many of the soci
Introduction Born in 1856, Fredrick Winslow Taylor was a mechanical engineer, but later specialized as a management consultant in “worker productivity and industrial efficiency”. In his “scientific management”, Taylor puts forward a science-based methodology, which he believes has the potential to improve worker productivity and enhance industrial efficiency (Taylor, 1911). Since its publication, the methodology has remained a significant topic in industrial development and business management. The purpose of this paper is to summarize Taylor’s “Selections from the Principles of Scientific Management”. Taylor’s thesis Taylor’s theory revolves around his main idea presented as his thesis. The idea argues that the actual prosperity of an industry is rooted in the increase in the productivity of the worker, where both parties would gain from changes in the industrial efficiency (Taylor, 2010). Here, Taylor develops a “circle” in which employers have the role of studying and implementing how tasks are carried out within a given organization in an industry. According to Taylor (2010), the result would be an increase in production and a significant decline in the cost of production. In turn, this would result into an increase in the company’s productivity and provision of better pay as a reward to its employees. Thus, Taylor’s theory develops a situation where both the employee and the employer maximize their earnings due to an increase in productivity. Taylor’s four principles of scientific management With his thesis, Taylor proceeds to develop his famous principles of scientific management. Here, he proposes a system of “initiative and incentive” as the best system of managing production (Taylor, 2010). The system, according to Taylor, allows management to provide ‘incentives’ to employees for their good work, which then makes workers give their ‘best effort’ to the company. In this case, Taylor develops the four principles of scientific management. The first principle calls for a replacement of the old ‘rule-of-thumb’ method by developing a scientific approach to every element in human labor. Secondly, scientific selection of employees, training, teaching and developing labor is needed to replace the old system that allowed every employee to choose his own labor in addition to self-training. Thirdly, the managers must cooperate effectively with their employees to ensure that every bit of work is done according to the scientific principles (Taylor, 2010). Taylor’s fourth principle claims that the division of responsibilities and labor between the employers and employees must be on equal basis. Taylor’s theory of common maximization of benefits In addition to these principles, Taylor introduces the idea of ‘mental revolution’. He argues