ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract For a very long time, the relationship between anxiety and depression has been least explored until late in the nineteenth century when research in this area began. Generally, research has revealed that anxiety is closely related to other mentally related complications. The effects of anxiety in children and adolescents are detrimental both to individuals and society. It is therefore essential to detect and prevent anxiety symptoms early enough. This paper attempts to shed light on this by reviewing three scholarly articles and comparing their findings. Handbook of depression in children and adolescents A long time ago, both adolescents and children lived lives devoid of pain and calamity that often characterize the lives of contemporary youth (Hankin and Abela, 2007). Depression, suicidal deaths, and child abuse were not heard off by then. Until the 1970s, child sexual abuse incidences and suicidal deaths among adolescents were thought to be seldom and accidental respectively. Theories revealed that depression could not be experienced by young people and that being either sad or moody was part of marks in adolescence (Hankin and Abela, 2007). Such assumptions are basically fantastic since millions of youth undergo depression after adolescence accompanied by several other effects that depression leads to such as self-pity, somberness, alienation, and numbness. A report from the World Health Organization has revealed that depression adversely affects not only adults but also youth (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008, cited in Hankin and Abela, 2007). Depression is attributed to suicide, substance use, and other dangerous acts among adolescents and other youth. Unlike a long time ago when depression and its effects were least known, currently, there is increased information regarding the latest research. This handbook unrolls the developments in current studies on depression such as treatment, prevention, suicidal aspects, and other gender-oriented aspects. The book also lays an emphasis on the numerous causes of depression including various models (Hankin and Abela, 2007). The book also contains information on not only coping and resiliency but also on other profound details. Despite all this, the book presents childhood and adolescence from one dimension. The book explains depression in alienation to other mental complications and does not at any point show either the concurrence or coexistence of depression with other mental disorders. The chapters in the book shed light on the treatment of depression but do not reveal how the treatment of related mental disorders can be done (Hankin and Abela, 2007). Despite research on the relationship between culture and depression, the book fails to show the role played by culture in depression. The connection between race, ethnicity, and gender with depression is also scarcely addressed in the book (Hankin and Abela, 2007). This article is scholarly because it attempts to shed light, though theoretically, on depression – a topic that most scholars have been silent on for years. It is also said to contain a summary of the current research and theory that have
Abstract Google has grown from a small outfit operated by two people to a multinational organization in a few short years. As a company Google shapes how people think, share information, and find information through the Internet. This paper describes the corporate culture of Google and highlights some of the common characteristics of the organization as they pertain to business communication. The essay places special emphasis on rules and norms within Google, the company’s hierarchy, Google’s organizational orientation and leadership approaches as evidenced by the current management team including founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin, and executive chairman Eric Schmidt. Introduction Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two Stanford University graduates; it began as a two man operation, and over the past 13 years has grown exponentially in wealth, size, influence and global reach. Google now employs over 20,000 people all over the globe. Corporate headquarters operate out of a 500,000 square foot complex in Mountain View, California, known by the employees as the Google Plex (Flynn 2004; Google 2011). The following paper describes the culture and common characteristics of the Google organization, specifically as they pertain to communication within the organization. Google prides itself on the innovation its employees embody, and to a large extent the corporate culture and communication styles favored by the senior management team support an open system, both from a technological standpoint – open source – as well as access, management style, leadership style and corporate hierarchy. Google favors a team atmosphere, and “unlike many technology companies that have become less freewheeling since the dot-com bust, Google has maintained a casual corporate culture with on-site massage therapists, free health-conscious meals and games of roller hockey in the parking lot” (Flynn 2004). The rules and norms of Google tend to be unwritten and informal; the driver of the company is constant innovation fueled by open access, and the company favors a communication style that allows full access to its leaders at all times. As such Google’s hierarchy tends to be flat and the chain of command flexible and accessible, and the communication networks remain informal. Google’s organizational orientation supports achievement and is action based rather than role based. Thus the leadership approaches are social and ideas freely exchange across hierarchical communication structures – formal meetings co-exist alongside volleyball games, and management communication and decision-making is highly collaborative. Google’s communication style supports its corporate agenda, namely “an emphasis on team achievements and pri
Introduction United States of America is the world’s only super power, after the fall of Soviet Union in 1991. This country gained independence from the British Government in 1776 and was recognized as a nation in 1783 following the Treaty of Paris. This nation lacks an official language at Federal level. However, English is the most common language. The variation with which they speak this language makes it be referred to as American English. Over 90% of the inhabitants can communicate comfortably in this language. Other commonly used languages are Spanish, French, Germany, Japanese, Chinese, and American Sign Language among other local languages. The currency commonly used in this country is the American dollar. The country is ranked the world’s largest economy, with most of its companies dominating the world’s market. Some of the United States’ firms dominating the world markets are the Coca Cola Company in beverage industry, The Wal-Mart in retail industry, General Electrics and General Motors in manufacturing sector among a host of other multinational corporations. Certo reports that United States of America has the largest and most advanced military. 1 This country is technologically advanced, and the living standard of its populace is well above average. Although there are a few Americans living below a dollar a day, most of its citizens are in stable employment, earning decent salaries. The political system in the U.S. has been relatively stable over the years, making it the leading democracy in the world. The transition of power from one party to another or from one president to another has been done smoothly, making the economy very stable. There are two predominant political parties in this country: the Democrats and the Republicans. Politics has played a big role in the economic development the U.S. In their manifestos, these ploitical parties always put forth their economic plans for the country. This has increased accountability and transparency in the management of public funds. Other than the Great Depression of 1930’s that shook the economy and rendered almost a third of its citizens jobless, the country has enjoyed a relatively consistent positive growth in its economic growth. However, this stability in economy was shaken once again in 2008, when the country was hit by another economic recession. Many industries registered negative returns, and many financial institutions had to be rescued by the government from eminent fall. Employment opportunities became scarce, and the government revenues sharply declined. Currie reports that the rate of unemployment reached a record high of 9%. 2 The government had to act swiftly in order to reverse this unfortunate situation. Currently, there is recovery from the economic slum. The country’s economy is growing positively, estimated at about 3% in this last quarter. Gross domestic product has had a consistent growth since the end of the economic recession of 1930’s. For the last twenty years, American Gross Domestic Produ
Abstract CN Tower, opened in 1973 reflects an impeccable structural of the modern world. It was constructed by use of concrete reinforced by steel pillars. At its time, the tower amazed many designers and engineers who consider it as the seventh wonder of the contemporary world. It serves as a significant point for communications transmitting both radio and television signal due it its height. Indeed, it is the second largest freestanding structure in the world standing at 533.3m. Nonetheless, it would be safer, less laborious and cost efficient were the building constructed in the 21 st century. The reason being improved technology. Introduction Despite the growing popularity of steel buildings and structures at the dawn of 20 th century, CN Tower (a short name for Canadian National Tower) remains an iconic structure that combined both materials to rise above the heights of hitherto recognized tall towers. Located in Toronto, Canada, the building reflects an impeccable work of art and design that is inclusive of style and elegance. The tower stands at a height of 1,815 feet and weighs way above 130 thousand tons. This massive tower is composed of huge amounts of concrete that has been strengthened by steel. It plays host to restaurants, offices and recreational facilities. This paper seeks to summarize the events that inspired its construction and the way in which the building was constructed. Besides, the paper will make recommendations on how best the building could have been built in the contemporary world. Summary of Events and Factors In consideration of other iconic towers in the world, CN Tower could be considered a modern building (Billington 43). The rationale is that the idea to construct the tower was inspired by the need for an effective communication tower that would serve Canada and act as a demonstration of superior Canadian construction and communication sectors. As such, the project began its construction in 1972 and Canadian Railways was the sole contractor of the project. According to Fulford, many factors influenced the construction of CN Towers (3). First, the post World War II period saw numerous countries aim at establishing effective communication sectors that had
Introduction The success of international market penetration is determined by a multitude of factors that need to be acknowledged in the development of an entry strategy (Tiwari, 2013). The following report provides a summary of relevant factors and a set of recommendations for Egyptian market entry by Motomachi Japanese Restaurant & Patisserie. The findings suggest relatively unfavorable conditions for entry and suggest joint venture as the most viable approach considering the resource limitations and a highly competitive environment. Polycentric approach to staffing and a transnational strategy for business operations are recommended to retain cultural competencies and sustain a competitive advantage and establish presence in the host country. Company Background Motomachi Japanese Restaurant & Patisserie is a company that serves Japanese cuisine in the UAE. The company focuses on ensuring the authenticity of the experience (“Motomachi Restaurant & Patisserie,” 2017). In addition to the diverse menu, the restaurant offers the takeaway service but does not provide delivery options. The company does not disclose its size, ownership, or history. Motomachi brand is largely unfamiliar to customers outside the UAE and the expansion potential is fairly limited. Country and Market Analysis External Factors Political stability Currently, the political situation in the country is uncertain and can be evaluated as 4/10 in terms of suitability. The country’s current president has faced a host of political issues left from the Hosni Mubarak’s presidency. While there is evidence that an overall direction taken by the government is favorable for the country’s economic condition in the long run, the resilience of certain issues still poses a significant barrier to the profitability of businesses (Nasr, 2015). In addition, the government imposes strict regulations that restrict adaptability and flexibility (Nasr, 2015). Free market systems From a formal standpoint, Egypt’s economy is based on free market system and can be ranked 8/10 in terms of suitability. In the recent decades, the centralized control by the government was gradually transformed into a more liberalized approach (Nasr, 2015). This is especially important for the international players that do not need to rely on familiarity with local regulations and can operate using the internationally accepted principles. Inflation rates Inflation rates have remained high in the recent decade and can be evaluated as 5/10 in terms of suitability. The latest data indicates an overall rate as above 30 percent (see Appendix A). Such high rate is unfavorable for the business as it is usually associated with the uncontrolled increase in the cost of operation and production and has an adverse effect on capital expenditure. It should also be pointed out that high inflation rate is generally unfavorable for foreign exchange rate which is especially relevant for international businesses. Corruption levels The level of corruption is relatively high in Egypt, which suggests a ranking of 4/10 in terms of suitability for business. The latest data from Transparency International
The Concept of Habituation Habituation is a simple learning method characterized by a decrement in intensity of the neural or innocuous response to the repeated application of stimuli. Therefore, habituation allows an animal to ignore such stimuli as irrelevant and chooses not to respond to its application when repeatedly subjected to similar stimuli (Meredith, Stein, 1996). Meredith and Stein (1996) note one such example to be a bird that becomes habituated and does not run away from people whom it could run before frequent stimulations are applied. Research conducted on the habituation of animals indicates that animals learn to positively or negatively associate specific stimuli by conditionally responding to the application of specific forms of stimuli. Habituation is ubiquitously embedded in every organism’s sensory system and enables them afford different behavioral patterns in response to the hierarchal forms of habituation. An example is a dog that has been habituated to respond to a bell despite the absence or presence of a meal. Researchers view both aversive and defensive responses as often similar in magnitude with slight variations. The varied intensity and response to stimuli and the resulting habituation is directly related to the intensity of the applied stimuli, a generally accepted principle by many researchers. However, the general consensus varies widely. According to Miller, Morse, & Dorman (1977), different approaches in investigating habituation with repeated applications of stimuli indicate varied responses. However, results from such studies verify the habituation concept. One such is habituating people with different tones. If different groups are treated to different tones, the need to orient them to the stimuli arises. This is the case with infants. When infants are habituated through the novel stimuli they respond inquiringly to the new stimuli than the old stimuli, clearly indicating novelty and habituation. Similarly, rats uniquely endeavor to investigate new objects added to a test environment clearly illustrating the novelty recognition identified above. Factors that Affect Perceptual Learning The concept of perceptual learning is influenced by the degree or extent to which individuals are conversant with an applied stimulus. A familiar stimulus leads us to perceive and build on what we have perceived. Therefore, learning is faster with prior experience than with a new stimulus. However, it is important to note the significance of attaching weight in distinguishing between stimuli. Other influencing factors include the degree of positive and negative instances in determining the contrasting stimulus that may
Intellectual disabilities pose a great challenge to students, parents, and teachers alike. The effects of these disabilities vary from individual to individual and usually require intensive management. This partly arises from the wide range of differences in the types of intellectual disabilities, and differences in the range of impairment even among students suffering from the same type of intellectual disability. This paper explores different types of disabilities and their impacts, to review the efficacy of policy initiatives meant to streamline the management of students with intellectual disabilities in the Sky View Elementary School District. Definitions This paper discusses the main types of intellectual impairments. These disabilities include intellectual disability, autism, severe disabilities, and multiple disabilities. This section reviews the definitions of each of these conditions. According to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), intellectual disability describes a condition characterized by “significant limitation in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior”. The condition must be existent before the age of 18 for it to fit in this definition. The main causes of intellectual disability are genetic factors, malnutrition during pregnancy, birth trauma resulting in asphyxiation, and illness or injury leading to brain damage. They can occur before or after birth. Autism covers a wide range of developmental impairments. Modern literature does not refer to autism as a single condition but as a spectrum. The autism spectrum reflects the varying severity of autism in autistic persons. Autism refers to a developmental disorder that generally inhibits the development of the skills needed in “communication and social interaction”. An autistic person may or may not have learning difficulties. There is no consensus on the actual cause of autism. However, there is a growing body of evidence linking the occurrence of autism to genetic predisposition. However, the onset of the condition depends on environmental factors during pregnancy, during childbirth, and the initial days after birth. Severe disabilities and multiple disabilities refer to a special category of impairments. Usually, people with severe disabilities require help in more than one area of their life to live normally. Severe disabilities usually include retarded mental development. In the case of multiple disabilities, one person usually suffers from more than one disability. For instance, a person may experience mental retardation and a form of physical disability. In these cases, the person requires full-time care to live normally. Severe and multiple disabilities results from various causes. These causes include prenatal conditions, birth defects, accidents, infections, and exposure to toxins. The impacts of intellectual disability, autism, and severe and multiple disabilities on education are very many. T
Heroism is generally associated with qualities such as courage, determination, self-sacrifice and risks taking. Furthermore, a hero most of the time is seen as reflecting the ideas of the community or a country, and as a person who has performed things that other people have not achieved but they wish they had. Mostly, heroes are known to be engaged in extraordinary and unique actions. Heroes become world known either when they are still alive or long after they have passed away. The way they conducted themselves is always perceived as a source of moral teachings or even institutional legends. Heroes and heroines come in different forms and shades depending on the situation; they act in an extraordinary manner and show powers and strength beyond normal human expectations. Epic heroes or heroines usually show extraordinary courage, determination, leadership and self-sacrifice during wars to protect the society. On the other hand, romantic heroes or heroines show extraordinary love for the lovers and may go to a great length to show their love. Put in such situations, epic heroes or heroines do everything possible within their powers to rescue people in the society during the war. On the other hand, romantic heroes or heroines are known to show extraordinary capabilities just to show their love or protect their love. However, it is recognized that heroism lies in the eyes of the beholder and takes many forms. Thus one person may view someone as a hero, yet in the eyes of another, that person may not be a hero. In Oroonoko written by Aphra Behn, Prince Oroonko is both an epic and romantic hero. However, all his actions are driven out of love and thus he is more of a romantic hero than an epic one. He marries Imoinda, the daughter of the king’s top general but the king takes away his wife because he too, is in love with Imoinda. With some help, Oroonko meets Imoinda but they are discovered and both are taken in as slaves by the king. However during the war, he is captured and taken as slaves together with Imoinda who he discovered, is still alive. With his wife pregnant, Oroonoko unsuccessfully seeks for their freedom. Ignoring the consequences of his actions, he organizes a slave revolt but they are later captured and punished. His heroism leads to him killing governor Bryam and to protect Imoinda; then they plan to die together. Oroonoko kills her and later shows bravery while being dismembered publicly as a punishment (Behn, Gallagher and Stern 75 – 150). Despite his slave origin, Oroonoko shows great courage and decides to marry the daughter of the king’s general. He even kills a governor just in the name of love. It takes the courage of a hero for a man to do such things. Moreover, unless you are a hero, it is not easy to decide to kill your lover just to protect her from being violated by others. Prince Oroonoko goes against the norms’ conventions of the society which do not allow slaves to marry such sons and daughters of import