ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Epigenetics The term epigenetics was first coined in the 1940s by Conrad Waddington who described it as the division of biology that investigates the causative exchanges between genes and their upshots, which manifest the phenotype (Sidoli, Cheng & Jensen, 2012; Noble, 2015). Epigenetic modulation involves histone variants, post-translational modifications of amino acids on the amino-terminal tail of histone, and covalent modifications of DNA bases (Moore, 2015). Two forms of epigenetics exist namely molecular and molar, which are also termed as “bottom-up” and “top-down” epigenetics (Crews & Gore, 2014). Molecular epigenetics or epigenotypes revolve around the molecular level analysis while molar or epi phenotypes has its foundation on the rediscovery of Mendel’s research and involves evolution and adaptations as documented in psychobiology and evolutionary biology. Epigenetics is also distinguished based on whether it is due to environmentally-induced epigenetic modifications or parental genomic imprinting (Lawson, Cheverud & Wolf, 2013). Parental genomic imprints are genes whose expression is based on origin, for example, maternal or paternal imprint. Environmentally induced epigenetic modifications and parental genomic imprint involve methylation and histone modification (Barlow & Bartolomei, 2014). The switching on and off of the imprinted genes is the same regardless of the parental origin. Tissues-specific imprints also exist though they show monoallelic expression of genes where only one allele of the gene is transcribed (Köhler, Wolff & Spillane, 2012). Basic Principles of Epigenetics There are approximately 23,000 genes in the genomic make-up of humans that are expressed in distinct cells at a given time (Venkatachalam, 2014). The expression of these genes by cells is managed through wrapping around groups (octamers) of globular histone proteins to form nucleosomes (Nestler, 2014). The nucleosomes are further organized into chromatins. Changes that occur in the chromatins determine the gene expression, which is the switching off of a gene (when the chromatin is condensed/silent) or switching it on when chromatin is in a relaxed state (Nestler, 2014). The dynamics of chromatin are enhanced by a controlled reversible mechanism of DNA methylation and histone modification. These two processes are enzyme based, with DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), histone deacetylases (HDACs), histones acetylases, histone methyltransferases and methyl-binding domain protein (MECP 2 ) playing vital roles (Yedery & Jerse, 2015). Methylation of DNA involves the insertion of a methyl group to 5’-position of cytosine within CpG (cytosine/guanine) pairs. S-adenosylmethionine serves as the methyl donor. The large number of 5’-methylcytosine in mammalian DNA is found in 5’-CpG-3’ dinucleotides. Methylation may also occur in non-CpG sequences, but at relative low frequencie
In the study of philosophy, looking back at past events allows applying philosophical concepts and questions to them, thus assisting in the analysis. While learning more about the just war theory, it is essential to consider its application to the events of the past. The Peloponnesian War was a significant period in the history of the Mediterranean region, which caused the deterioration of the power of Athens and made Sparta the key city-state in the area. Thucydides’ text provides a complete detailed account of the war, which enables scholars to analyze its causes, course, and effects in great depth. While the book is handy to historians due to its scope and particularity, it is also beneficial for philosophical studies because it provides an overview of different viewpoints regarding the war. The concept of the just war is believed to represent realistic views on international relations and military activities. According to realism, it is incorrect to apply moral principles to the behavior of states because states will and should always be concerned with power and national security and thus act based on their self-interest. Descriptive realism differs from prescriptive realism in the view of states’ actions and responsibilities. The former claims that the pursuit of power, security, and national interest is characteristic of all shapes, whereas the latter posits that states must pursue national interests to keep citizens safe and prosperous. These interpretations make war seem inevitable and can be used to justify almost any actions taken by military powers during the war. For this reason, the just war theory posits that in order to be considered just, the war must have a just and proportionate cause, the right intention and authority, and reasonable chances of success (Carter). As explained by Carter, just wars are also considered the last resort, and this concept should thus apply to cases where the war started after diplomacy had failed. Based on these premises, just war theory appears to offer a good view on war, which does not negate the necessity to avoid war while still allowing it in certain circumstances. Personally, I agree with the idea that wars are inevitable at times and that they can be the preferred option when protecting national security. Although wars are associated with poverty, hunger, and death, these threats can be far more significant if invaders meet no opposition. The realistic view on war contrasts pacifism, according to which the war is considered ultimately wrong because of all the hardship and damage that it brings to nations. Contrary to realism, absolute pacifism extends moral rules that apply to individuals to entire countries, arguing that no state should ever engage in a war despite the circumstances. However, this perspective on war appears illogical and unrealistic in cases where a country is attacked, and military response is the only option to ensure national security. Both views on war can be observed in Thucydides’ account of the events leading to the Peloponnesian War. Book I contains th
Introduction Healthcare services have become very important in the current society. As the world continues to experience advancements in the field of technology, the amount of physical work that adults engage in reduces, and with this come some health consequences. In the United States, a number of health concerns are on the rise, most of which are associated with the lifestyle. Both the private and public sectors have been working side by side to come up with a solution to this menace. The government has come up with various policies, including the famous Obamacare, to try and manage the shape rise in adult diseases which affects the labor force of this country. In the private sector, both nonprofit and for profit organizations have come up with mechanisms through which, healthcare services can be improved in this country. The project involves establishing a state-of-the-art healthcare facility within this country that will provide quality healthcare services to adults within the country. The hospital will hire some of the best physicians in this country in order to address various problems. At this facility, the focus will be put on the need to ensure that the country has the ability to address most of the health problems that have been identified as leading causes of death. Top of the list will be cardiovascular disease and cancer among other health issues experienced by adults. Although patients will have to pay for the service rendered by this hospital, the facility’s focus is not on the profits generated from this activity, but positive results that American adults will get by visiting the facility. The facility will be a center of hope to many Americans who have suffered from various chronic disease for a long time. With a policy of a free America freed from shackles of diseases among adults, the firm will be focusing on how to find real solutions to health problems that have bedeviled Americans for a long time despite advancement in various sectors of the economy, including healthcare. Organizational Structure In every organization, it is always important to have a clear chart that would help in defining leadership structure within the firm. According to Plunkett (2008), it is important to ensure that every organization has a clear leadership structure that would dictate the flow of information from the top management unit to the junior most employees. It is through this structure that an employee can identify the approach that should be taken when approaching issues within the organization. Below is a diagram showing the organizational chart
Introduction Tufts-New England Medical Center (Tufts-NEMC) in Boston, MA, is one of the oldest permanent medical facilities in the county. Nonetheless, it is a distinguished healthcare organization known as a general medical and surgical facility rated high for performing in computer technology and education around the world. Due to the prestige and acclaimed healthcare operations, the medical center received $2.3 billion in research grant money from the National Institute of Health. The $2.3 billion grant was the highest grant amount given to any medical facility in that region, second only to California. Therefore, it was a privilege to receive that much funding. Unfortunately, in the 1970s and the 1980s, Massachusetts hospitals, along with other medical facilities in the nation, accumulated a significant amount of debt to renovate the facilities and purchase new technological equipment. As healthcare facilities faced hardship, Tufts-New England Medical Center was among the healthcare facilities that experienced financial struggles during the 1990s. The medical center was unsuccessful in forming critical network alliances with other hospitals, hurting Tufts-NEMC. Nevertheless, Tufts-New England Medical Center was able to deploy federal urban renewal and hospital construction programs to finance an aspiring expansion program designed to allow it to compete with other prestigious Boston hospitals. This was due to current CEO Ellen Zane, who put in blood, sweat, and tears in order to make changes in order to get this hospital back on top. This paper will provide an in-depth analysis of the case study focusing on the problems facing Tufts/NEMC and the approaches the organization used to position itself for change. The Multiple Elements of the Problem Tufts/NEMC’s financial position remained vulnerable; the company responded to changes in the business environment slowly and incompetently. The cash flow control and operational productivity improvement process were dysfunctional. Furthermore, Harvard-Pilgrim Health Care rejected to provide insurance cov
Abstract The core aim of the Stroop experiment was to reveal the differences in perception of congruent and incongruent words. The study hypothesized that the nature of words influences the reading rates among students. First, the paper focused on the research plan involving such aspects as hypotheses and methods where the latter specifies the design, procedure, materials, and other relevant components of the experiment. Descriptive statistics and mixed-design ANOVA was used in analyzing the data presented in the Appendix. The section of the discussion provided some insights into the interpretation of results associated with interference. Finally, the conclusion embraced key points of the research and identified limitations along with the prospective studies. Introduction Stroop effect refers to the process of automatic determination of the semantic meaning of colors. According to Flaudias and Llorca (2014), the basis of this effect is the difference between theoretical and practical logic of visual perception. This effect is successfully used in psychology as a diagnostic tool that determines the attention as well as the development of logic and theoretical aspects of perception (Lamers, Roelofs, & Rabeling-Keus, 2010). Therefore, this paper aims to examine the Stroop experiment in order to verify the assumptions suggested by the scholar. Hypotheses The study hypothesized that students read congruent words faster than incongruent ones. Methods Participants The study employed an opportunistic/volunteer method in conducting the research among students while assuming the inclusion of other participants. Design In the framework of the repeated-measure design, participants took part in both conditions yet only in one group. As there were four groups, the first group of participants reads congruent words before incongruent ones while the second group read them in vice versa. The third group participants completed the congruent list words before reading the alternative list of incongruent ones, and members of the fourth group read them in vice versa. Stimuli and Materials The following equipment was used to conduct the experiment: a timer, word lists, and consent forms. Procedure Every participant was provided with a consent form and instructions, explaining the course of the experiment. Then they were tested and timed in a safe environment, either at home or any other convenient place. The allocation of participants to groups was made randomly and the results were recorded either on computer or paper. Ethics and Risk No one under 18 was invited to participate in the experiment. The communication with participants was provided in an appropriate and correct manner to minimize any misunderstandings. Results Table 3 in the Appendix illustrates the data that was collect
This report aims to discuss hypothetical natural hazards to which the City of Golden may be exposed to. Furthermore it is necessary to review various mitigation techniques, which can be used to avoid or at least minimize these risks. The recommendations, proposed in this paper are based on quantitative and qualitative data, gathered by seismologists and synopticians in the course of more than a century. This information enables to identify those regions which are most susceptible to environmental disasters. First, it should be pointed out that there are five types of rocks in this area: granite, basalt, shale, sandstone and marble (Colorado Geographical Survey, unpaged). In Golden, basaltic rocks are most widespread. Unlike others, they are more viable to weathering and decomposition. Yet, rock falls are not the only danger which the population of this town may face. In the following maps, we have tried to show the places, where the possibility of catastrophe is very high Flood Map: meteorological data for the twentieth century Rock Fall Hazard Map Landslide hazard map Soil Swelling Hazard Map In the vast majority of cases, floods in Golden are caused by excessive thawing or ablation. Floods in this area can be classified as flash ones. The water quickly exceeds the capacity of a river channel, which cannot contain the torrent. The aftereffects can be quite damaging to the infrastructure of this town and the property of the inhabitants: roads, cars, house footings and so forth. In some cases, they can lead to severe casualties. The region that seems to be most vulnerable is Big Thompson Canyon, because there torrent accumulates maximum speed. There are several mitigation techniques, which can be equally useful: construction of levees and weirs (Godschalk, 169). The second natural hazard is rock falls: they occur mostly in spring due to the constant alteration of thawing and freezing (Colorado Geographic Society, unpaged). They can demolish housing, cars and result in many deaths. It is believed that complete avoidance of this hazard is utterly impossible. Yet, local authorities should set rock fences or concrete barriers. Additionally, rocks can be stabilized by gunite cementing and bolting (Colorado Geographic Society, unpaged). Thirdly, we should remember about the possibility of landslides: downward movement of a relatively dry body of rock due to the force of gravitation (Colorado Geographic Society, unpaged; Godschalk; 482). It should be born in mind that the southern part of Golden is exposed to bot
American government and Federal Reserve have done much in restructuring the economy by overcoming various challenges at different capacities. Major challenges have been linked to those in Silicon Valley which comprises of unbalanced trade, keeping edge in innovation and counteracting recession. These problems and economic challenges could be solved through either private sector or government actions. The major challenge for the last few years was solving the problem of unemployment and bringing back the levels to normalcy. Records show that GDP growth within the fourth quarter of 2010 was analyzed to be between 3- 3.2% while the rate of national unemployment decreased to below 10% in the month of January 2010 (Romer, 2011, pp. 1-17). These statistics indicates positive growth within the U.S. economy, this is because decline in the unemployment level shows that employment losses experienced in the year 2008 and 2009 have been well compensated for. However, current reports indicates that the real GDP still runs below the long-run trend level since it still trails by almost 5% margin. Meaning that United States is operating below their productive capacity, this is what results into high unemployment levels since there is also continued shortfall demand. Compared to the year 2007 which marked the beginning recession, unemployment rate in some counties are stabilizing (Romer, 2011, pp. 1-17). Low rate of employment represents one of the major set-backs within the economy of the U.S. it leads to destruction of families, businesses and federal budgets. This called for major changes ensuring that the recovery process is reinforced through private sector. GDP Report indicates that there is increase in the level of consumer spending but less inventory investment. It is and indication that most firms have stagnated and therefore need to recapture their legal positions within the economy by stepping up production and employment rates (Romer, 2011, pp. 1-17). The government have taken necessary measures in encouraging firms to make greater investments in equipment and software within the year 2011. This will help in the creation of jobs in the short run and productivity improvement in the long run. These actions could be boosted through incorporation of productive government policies. However, the Federal Reserve’s policy of quantitative easing brought some sense of discomfort amongst investors since they thought the policy had potential contributions towards inflation. The results were contrary to the expectations of many since the inflation rates remained low, hence the federal reserve helped in reducing long-term interest rates which at the same time encouraged economic growth (Romer, 2011, pp. 1-17). Some acti
Transportation is the ability to change the location of commodities, human beings, or animals. This takes place on dry land, ocean, pipeline, and in the air. Security refers to actions taken to protect the goods till the end of the destination (LaBrecque, 2017). This essay paper will critically analyze the Air transportation security system and measures to control terrorism. The air transportation system has enacted the following measures against terrorism. The first is the reconciliation of luggage and passengers to ensure no luggage is unaccompanied. Security control for passengers and access to restricted areas like the cockpit. Screening of luggage. Final inspection of the interior and exterior of aircraft before departure (LaBrecque, 2017). These measures have proven effective because the level of terrorism attacks occurring from having unauthorized luggage or passengers onboard have been eradicated. Worldwide, the air transportation system interacts with search security organizations like the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) (LaBrecque, 2017). Domestically, air transportation in the USA interacts with the following security organization, which is the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), which regulates all the Arline transportation systems. Air terrorism affects every country around the world. Therefore, among other stipulated measures, various countries ensure that they always remain in contact between the aircraft and the ground security men through voice communication to help detect terrorism. Inspection of goods in air transportation is faced with the following problem. There is a lack of privacy of the passengers’ goods. This is because every good has to undergo a thorough check before the aircraft takes off. This may increase cases of stealing from aeroplanes. Reference LaBrecque, B. (2017). Terrorism and General Aviation. The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology , 9 (2), 6.
The definitions of Hedges by various Linguists According to Nikula (1997, p.188), hedging is a technique in communication which speakers employ in their utterances to ‘soften’ their magnitude of their speeches. The approach aims at enhancing agreement between the speaker and the listeners. In short, he suggests that it helps to bring the hearers and the speakers to the same levels and enhance understanding and acceptability. Hedging applies most in situations that deal with criticism. The approach therefore, acts as a tool to cool down the tempers of the hearers by making them accept the speaker’s views. Hedging can act a substitute to politeness or a means in which the speaker uses his utterances consciously in order to find acceptability thereby avoiding any negative perception from his/her listeners. Lakoff (1972, p.195) refers the strategy as ‘face’ which he uses to mean, “Making things less fuzzy.” The original application of the word hedging meant “expressions, which show some words modifying others like ‘sort of’, ‘kind of’” (Markkanen & Schroder 1997, p.4) among others. A good example is “a cat is kind of a cheetah family species”. The illustration shows how the use of hedge changes the affiliation that exists between a cat and a cheetah. Clemen (1997, p.238) criticizes Lakoff of basing on logical relationships in his use of words and some semantic hedging facets by not putting in mind the context as one of the most imperative aspect in giving hedges their outright meaning rather than viewing them as self-determining lexical. Other people have seconded the idea of Lakoff asserting that the techniques employed in almost all languages seems often used by various speakers in their conversations. Furthermore, other linguists have used the foundation of Lakoff to build on the idea of hedging for instance, Mauranen (2004, p.173) who views hedging “… as pragmatic apart from its semantic phenomenon.” He asserts that hedges not only convey semantic phenomenon but also contribute to pragmatic strategies like alleviation and courtesy in a communication process. Hedges also refer to elements in relations that link the slit between the writer’s versions and the information found in the text. Hedges therefore “…contribute in terms of semantics to statements they feature” (Lyons 1977, p.196). On the other hand, hedges act as devices in linguistics that alter the archetypal words or items for example, “a lion is a kind of animal” (Coates 1987, p.21). Hedges play a very crucial role for instance enhancing relationships. Functions of Hedges Hedges Soften Face-Threatening Acts Hedging serves a variety of functions in the linguistic aspects of the day-to-day interactions. Markkanen and Schroder (1989, p.89), provides a lengthy discussion of some of the functions hedges plays. One of the functions of hedges is that they soften face threatening acts when it comes to disparagement, complains or suggestions. For instance, a speaker may use them in his/her speech to suggest an idea in a different manner thereby fostering consensus and avoiding any kind of disagreement between him/her and the listeners. For instance, the speaker will em