ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Why legal disputes cannot be resolved by simply referring to relevant laws Application of rules is one of the ways through which legal disputes can be solved. However, laws may be vague thus limiting their effectiveness in resolving conflicts. In resolving legal disputes, the legal rules applied may be general and indeterminate. As a result, all the disputes being resolved using legal resolutions are subjected to the same set of rules. According to Loh (1984, p. 26), laws formulated to solve a particular dispute may not be applicable to other similar cases. In the process of settling disputes, laws are meant to provide an alternative way through which disputes can be resolved. Laws provide a reliable prediction of the resultant legal consequences in relation to a particular human conduct. This means that legal disputes cannot be resolved by simply referring to relevant laws. Considering the fact that legal dispute resolution mechanisms may be vague, application of alternative disputes programs is necessary. Some of the major reasons causing incorporation of alternative dispute programs include the rising litigation costs and the associated emotional and psychological costs. Some of these programs relate to arbitration and mediation. Legal conflict associated with electronic commerce that has not yet been resolved Disagreements can arise in electronic commerce with regard to the terms of the contract (Leps, 2010, para. 1). One of the legal conflicts in relation to electronic commerce that has not been resolved arises from existence of uncertainty with regard to cross border disputes. In conducting electronic commerce, some of the parties involved may be from different countries and hence the difference in jurisdiction (International Chamber of Commerce, 2010, para. 8). This means that the principles adopted in relation to ‘country-
Being under the influence of globalization, political culture has acquired significance within the national context. In this regard, the study of political communication is necessary for explaining and understanding its essence. In book called Communicating Politics in the Twenty-First Century , Sanders (2009) outlines theoretical concepts and themes related to political communication. The author also provides an in-depth study of current media and politics. Using contemporary and historical examples and cases, Sanders presents the essential theoretical frameworks and main researches in this academic field. To be more precise, the scholar presents historical, interdisciplinary, and ethical approaches to studying political communicating, stating that these aspects can better contribute to a deeper consideration of the political processes. Discussing historic theoretical model, the author provides subsequence stages of political development to explain the role of various disciplines in political communication. This historical analysis ranges from the political positions expressed by Rousseau and Dickens to the current means of political and media culture. While introducing the means of political communications – from mass media to the Internet – the author intends to explain the way public opinion and public news coverage influences the character of political communication. Hence, through means and techniques, but not through the participants, the author provides a snapshot of political process capturing a significant historical period. While analyzing political communication from the disciplinary viewpoint, the author correlates this study with ethical and cultural issues. In particular, Sanders considers it necessary to assess the role of ethics in forming political processes, including decision-making and problem-solving. Apart from ethical considerations, the author also discusses the role of cognitive sciences and political research in developing arguments concerning how politics should regulated and administered in the twenty first century (Sanders, 2009, p. 175). Finally, using a multidimensional approach to examining the study, the author also provides the major components contributing to identification of the chief aspects of political communication (Kaid, 2004, p. 89). Finally, the author resorts to ethical and cultural models of studying political communication. In particular, Sanders (2009) believes that there should a clear distinction between certain concept and theme allowing to understand the essence of successful communication. The ethical issues in politics come to the forth when it is necessary to consider moral and social aspects of democrac
The meaning of Tao Te Ching’s “The highest good is like water” has several similarities with the definition of the “highest good” in both Christianity and Confucianism. Tao Te Ching makes several comparisons between the highest good and water. All these comparisons are in one way or the other similar to some of the Christian and Confucianism values and teachings regarding this noble virtue. First and foremost, just like water, which is the source of nourishment to almost all the living creatures on earth, the highest good gives life to thousands of things without striving. In acting as the source of life to the various living organisms on earth, water does this rather effortlessly because it simply flows to all those areas where it is needed and provides nourishment to plants, animals, and human beings. In addition to giving life to thousands of things, the highest good also flows to places where people reject and, therefore, it is like the Tao (Tzu, 1997). This comparison is directly related to the Confucianism belief that impurities usually lie in low areas where water normally collects. Moreover, the comparison is also related to the Taoist belief that the Tao dwells in these low areas. In Christianity, people are encouraged to be indiscriminate in all their charitable endeavors. The ‘highest good’ is, therefore, a virtue that requires a person or any other party seeking to attain it to be universal in their approach while helping others (Tzu, 1997). In this context, the term universal does not imply that the person has to travel all over the continent helping others. It simply requires that the person or party should not discriminate while extending their services (Tzu, 1997). This requirement is present in both Christianity and Confucianism where there is advocacy that followers should be indiscriminate while helping people who might be in need. In addition to the aforementioned comparison of the ‘highest good’ in both Christianity and Confucianism, the underlying aspect that is being highlighted in this Taoist teaching is the approach used and the relationship that exists in Christianity, Confucianism, and Taoism. In many ways, the approach towards doing right to others is similar to the highest good as asserted by Tao in his comparison between this virtue and water. In addition to giving life to thousands and going to places where men reject, Tao also gives some direction about some of the values that should be practiced by human beings in their approach to doing right. ‘In dwelling, be close to the land.’ (Laozi, 2012). This simply implies that people should not stay disconnected from the main issues that face society as a whole. This is attributable to the fact that such closeness is essential in understanding the
The problem of waste has been a global problem for all humankind for many years. Moreover, its number is still proliferating all over the planet. Recently, the popularity of raising the problem of waste recycling has been growing and increasing. The generally accepted methods of getting rid of garbage and waste are burial and liquidation. However, such waste disposal can harm the environment and human health. In the article The Reign of Recycling author’s main purpose is to show how recycling can be damaging for the environment. The problem of waste recycling has had its roots since ancient times. At first, before the spread of large settlements, people did not have such an amount of waste to pollute the environment. However, later, with the advent of permanent settlements, the amount of garbage increased significantly. In the Middle Ages, people dumped it near houses or even out of the window and often set it on fire to get rid of the unpleasant smell. Thus, not only the soil was polluted, but also water bodies. With the growth and development of technologies and the industrial industry, the sphere of waste and garbage processing began to develop. However, along with industrialization, the amount of garbage began to grow, which was no longer so easy to process on time. It is also worth noting that the volume of waste increased dramatically when cheap disposable products appeared. The problem of recycling is discussed in the article The Reign of Recycling by John Tierney. The author argues that “despite decades of exhortations and mandates, it is still typically more expensive for municipalities to recycle household waste than to send it to a landfill” (Tierney, 2015, para. 4). Moreover, the financial side of refining, such as the price of materials, has undergone changes due to a significant de
Introduction From 1400 to 1600 AD, the Renaissance period continued to take shape in Europe and other parts of the world. Most of the works of art produced during this era presented various attributes and aspects that rejected the ideas of the past. This paper gives a detailed analysis of these two works: Madonna and Child by Giovanni Bellini and Wine Drinking in a Spring Garden by an unknown painter. Historical Analysis Giovanni Bellini produced the work Madonna and Child , towards the end of the 1480s in Venice, Italy. Its medium is oil on wood and tries to present the true attributes and aspects associated with the Romanticism period (Dominiczak, 2017). Bellini was a famous Renaissance painter born in 1430 and died in 1516. Through his artworks, he managed to introduce a more coloristic and sensuous form of art. Figure 1: Madonna and Child by Giovanni Bellini (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2019a). The painting, Wine Drinking in a Spring Garden , was painted in the year 1430. Many historians and researchers indicate that the work was produced somewhere in Iran (Lin, Chen, Chen, & Lin, 2015). Its medium is gold and opaque watercolor on dyed silk. Based largely on the Romanticism period, the painter managed to get inspiration from the famous Chinese models of the time. This kind of influence is notable in the manner in which the artists arranged different figures. Nothing is known about the artist behind this work. Figure 2: Wine Drinking in a Spring Garden (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2019b). Visual Analysis The painting by Giovanni Bellini employs the unique elements of art to make the work relevant and meaningful. Through the use of lines, shapes, dense colors, and value, the pain
The plot Toni Morrison’s novel “Beloved” is a sensational story about the history of slavery and racial segregation in America. “Beloved” is based on the story of a fictional character named Sethe, who escaped from enslavement, and her children named Denver, Howard and Buglar. Their home is haunted by a visible ghost, whose presence is associated with bizarre occurrences, such as objects being are hulled at them and the mysterious death of Sethe’s mother in law (Morrison 33). The ghost attacks are traumatizing and almost drive Sethe insane. Nevertheless, Paul D, Sethe’s friend attempts to restore sanity, and almost succeeds by driving the ghost away. The ghost, sensing Paul D’s power turns into a charming young woman. Seethe is won over by the woman’s charm, and banishes Paul D’s from her house. The young woman’s charm seems to give her superhuman powers. She overpowers Paul D to the extent that she forces him to have sex with her. Paul D’s attempts to resist the ghost are efforts in futility. Instead, Paul D appears to be helpless. Paul D reveals to Sethe his intentions to impregnate the young woman (Morrison 293). In the midst of this excitement, Sethe reveals to Paul D about her unfortunate past, and the reason why the community in Cincinnati fails to accept her. From this revelation, Paul D learns that Sethe had escaped from slavery, to her mother-in-law’s home. He also learns that, she attempted to kill herself and her children in order to “keep them where it was safe” when her master came for her (Morrison 233). Fortunately, she only manages to kill her eldest daughter. Shocked by the revelation, Paul D leaves the house, paving way for the return of Sethe’s dead daughter in form of a ghost. She haunts the house, but eventually the black community unites in Sethe favor and helps her to chase away the ghost. Historical significance “Beloved” is based on true story, and is of historical significance especially regarding American Civil Rights Movement. Set in the 19 th century, “Beloved” reveals underlying biases with regards to concept of race. The story alludes to major legislations that helped to define the concept of race in 19 th century America. For instance, the arrival of a posse to reclaim Sethe and her children reflects the machinations of the Fugitive Slave Act, passed in 1850. The Act gave powers to slave owners the
Abstract Dnata is one of the subsidiary companies that work for Emirates airlines (Peevers 178). In order to evaluate how certain factors affect Dnata’s operations, a research was conducted on the same. The research focused on the price of oil as a factor that negatively affects the company’s performance. On the same note, the research focused on the impact of reward strategies and how it affects employee performance in relation to organization performance. This research was prompted by the fact that Dnata Company was performing poorly in finance. This led to a negative impact on the company’s performance on logistics, operations and financial management. On the other hand, the company’s employee performance was deteriorating as evidenced by a staff strike of Dnata staff members at Geneva airport in the year 2012. Such employee actions can be a bad precedence to other staff members across the globe. From the two scenarios, it is evident that the company’s performance as a global company in the airline industry was at stake. From this context, a research on factors affecting the company’s operations and employee performance was initialized. The research conducted used both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. By administering questionnaires to the Dnata employees, the research was to understand the employees’ perspective on issues affecting the company operations. In addition, the questionnaires revealed the plight of the staff members and factors that influence their performance. By using both quantitative and qualitative research techniques, the research was done in an integrated manner. This made the data analysis easier by using descriptive statistics and analysis of the inferential data (Maxwell 133). Such data analysis methodologies are effective as evidenced when analyzing the impact of high oil prices on the Dnata’s performance. Additional techniques included the use of graphs and charts in analyzing data. On the other hand, the research on employee performance was done through open-minded questionnaires. However, the results were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics. The results of the research indicated that the fluctuation of oil price in UAE led to the slackening trend of Dnata performance between the year 2008 and 2012. In fact, as the oil prices increased, the company became vulnerable to other risks associated with high costs of operations management. In this respect, the research recommended that Dnata Company engage in outsourcing some of its operations to reduce the cost of operations. On the other hand, the research on the impact of reward strategies on employee performance indicated that employees tend to perform better given rewards (Musses 54). The research indicates that employees preferred monetary rewards and better working conditions to improve on their performance (54). Employee welfare became a critical issue from the research. In this respect, the research recommendations were that the Dnata Company should use reward strategies. The result expectations of this research were that
The ‘Allegory of the cave’ and ‘You, Screws’ are two metaphors that different authors have used to show some similarity in the way people think and limit themselves to view the world and reality as though they are shattered from the rest of the world or landed in a prison. Plato succeeded to create a wonderful piece of art that denotes how people are ignorant to the extent of not being aware of their own surroundings. It portrays a humanity that has failed to be wise, so nobody can achieve anything, and as a result, people are stuck in the darkness of their ignorance. This is so because they have time, and there are a lot of chances for them to change the things for better, and it is a matter of realizing what is at their disposal to make the best way out of the difficult situation. Irrespective of the status that one may have, Plato brings out a fact that it is possible to succeed and join the elite of the society. The same sentiments are echoed in “You, Screws” , the author of which understands that everything is exposed, and everyone can get it. The story features a man who has been imprisoned for seven years for charges of terrorism. The thing that two articles have in common is a theme of prison. However, the authors depict different types of prisons. Plato portrays a prison as a mental state, i.e. the inability of human beings to perceive light or rather the real situations with different circumstances that occur in the world and gain some experience to become more wise. In “You, Screws”, the author talks about a real (physical) prison where some of the prisoners are taught to act as leaders to the rest. These poses a question for a reader whether it is a physical or a mental prison that hinders a person from achieving something in his/her life. As far as Breyten is concerned, people will always drag you to the pit the moment they realize that you has finally been enlightened. Breyten was a prisoner on his own, and he will never let imprisonment deter him from advancing in knowledge. Thus, he addresses his article to all screws who decide to listen to him as a way of gaining knowledge. He says that he does not regret much of having been shattered from the world but “I normally resent all attempts at dragging me back particularly when they come from the sentimentally deprived or the vicarious heart-eaters and self shitters who wallow in victimization and heroism by proxy” (Breytenbach 15). This is what is echoed in Plato’s allegory of the cave. The thing is that ordinary folks that are not enlightened will always misunderstand those who have an intellectual insight. The character in Plato’s story at last understands his environment and tenaciously overcomes the challenges experienced in the cave, which are his mental incapacitations in his long and tortuous intellectual journey. Plato’s Cave represents human knowledge “showing the intellectual journey to truth as a gradual and arduous process” (Plato 134). He compares people to prisoners in a cave whose only perception of reality is a play of shadows on a w
Abstract The McGurk effect is a sensory phenomenon based on the ability of the brain to process and interpret a certain type of information by relying on the data from other sensory means; in particular, to correct auditory data in accordance with received visual clues. Despite being extensively studied in terms of the relevant factors, very little research exists on the McGurk effect outside the English-speaking audience. This project aims at confirming the hypothesis that the effect is observable, and retains the same robustness among Arabic speakers, to the same extent as in the English-speaking population. Introduction Language recognition is a key factor that allows the existence of the complex phenomenon of language in human culture. While some mammals demonstrate similar abilities, none of them approach the level of complexity characteristic of humans. In part, this result is possible, thanks to the fact that sensory perception usually involves more than one sense in obtaining and interpreting information. In the case of spoken language, the information is derived from the auditory source. However, as oral communication has been traditionally conducted face-to-face, the sensory system usually accounts for other available signals, primarily the visual information. Thus, the comprehension of the speech is augmented by visual factors like the lip movement. This may lead to the emergence of illusions, like the McGurk effect, a perceptual phenomenon that results from the difference in auditory and visual feedback. When the lip movement is inconsistent with the received sound, the brain produces information in a different way, leading to the receiving of the sound that is different from the actual recording. The effect has been extensively studied since its accidental discovery in 1976 (McGurk & MacDonald, 1976) and has shown to work in different age groups (Rosenblum, Schmuckler, & Johnson, 1997), in varying brain-prestimulated conditions (Keil, Müller, Ihssen, & Weisz, 2012), and independently from the involvement of the motor regions of the nervous system (Matchin, Groulx, & Hickok, 2014). The intensity of the effect has also been shown to be influenced by the multitude of conditions, like the previous exposure to similar discrepancies (Boersma, 2012), the varying levels of the reliance on auditory information (Massaro & Cohen, 2000), and various brain disorde
Methods Research Design Researching the effects of early cochlear implantation and its impact on literacy in deaf students all around the world, it is important to learn the opinion of the users of implants and their families. Besides, the points of view of the teachers and supervisors working with deaf learners could contribute to the research. That way, the design suitable for this research is qualitative and narrative since the focus is the impressions of the quality of life and learning after the implantation. The narrative study will rely on multiple personal stories shared by the individuals, who have experienced the effects of the implants. It is important to include many pieces of evidence provided by the people experiencing cochlear implantation from different perspectives (users, their families, their tutors). Since the research is qualitative, the main objective is to find out the individuals’ interpretation of the effect produced by the implants. That way, the insights and opinions in the sampled materials are to be interpreted objectively, and any kind of bias should be avoided. Sample The sampling technique for this research will be based on convenience. In other words, the materials comprising the sample will be selected from sources of various types located on the internet. The sources will be chosen based on their characteristics as determinants of their suitability for the research. The sources are to be personal stories and insights about cochlear implantation and its effects on literacy. Since the researched population is young children, the sources will be considered suitable if they present the commentary or parents, doctors, and teachers of deaf children with implants. Besides, since the implantations have been available since the 1980s, it is possible to find evidence from the actual users of implants who were provided with this intervention at a young age and now are in their 20s. Google Search was