ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The relationship between inflation, money growth, and consumer or producer prices has in the past few decades played an important role in monetary theory and policy not only in the United States but also globally (Bagliano & Morana 2). Although inflation has been described in the literature as a monetary phenomenon, it is becoming increasingly important for analysts to assess the drivers of deflation particularly against the backdrop of recent revelations that the United States Federal Reserve is likely to hamper economic recovery by undershooting its own 2 percent inflation rate (Wolfers par. 1). The present paper analyzes the recent revelations using the quantity theory of money and concludes that the United States Federal Reserve can reverse the anticipated deflation tide by increasing the amount of money circulating in the economy, which in turn will prompt an equivalent percentage rise in the prices of various goods and services. Summary of Event A recent article appearing in The New York Times raised fears that the economy could be headed for a deflationary rut not only due to the perceived misalignment between inflation expectations and actual inflation, but also because of the fact that the Federal Reserve’s inflation target of 2 percent is unattainable in actual sense (Wolfers par. 1-6). Although the news article talked about how individuals and analysts can use derivatives to understand new perspectives on inflation expectations, its importance in this analysis is nested on how it discussed the dynamics of the money market in terms of not only tracking the anticipated level of inflation, but also providing justifications on “the risks that inflation might be too high, too low or just right” (Wolfers par. 3). The subsequent economic analysis is firmly grounded in these assertions. Economic Analysis Available economic scholarship demonstrates that “any exploration of the relationship between money and inflation almost necessarily begins with a discussion of the venerable quantity theory of money” (McCallum & Nelson 3). The quantity theory of money (QTM) can be described to an average reader as a simple theory that seeks to associate the inflation rate with the growth rate of the money supply through calculating the rate at which money circulates or the number of times the average dollar bill changes hands in a given time period, othe
Introductory Summary This report outlines the problems faced by the students and employees on a daily bases that need the attention of the University administration and maintenance committee. My focus in this report has been on how these landscapes issue, though minor at times, add up to affect the lives of people at the university. The areas which need attention, details of which are provided in the report include the parking, the walkways, the need for trees and flower beds and lastly the entrance outlook. I believe by taking care of these landscaping problems, we can contribute to making life comfortable for people at this university. Parking The first thing which caught my attention as I entered the university premises was that the parking space allocated is not smooth nor cemented, causing difficulty to the car drivers to park. Secondly, the parking space is far off from the main building with no proper walkway for people to reach their desired location. In my opinion, the parking area should be paved and linked to a cemented walkway to reach the main building. Walkway One of the major problems with the current landscaping, in my opinion, are lack of green and continuous walkways linking the main building with the dormitory, the academic block, the cafeteria, and the parking. This creates a lot of inconveniences for the students to move around inside the university premises. Another problem, which the current patches of muddy walkways create, is that during the rainy season, all the mudslides off making it very difficult for people to walk on them. I strongly suggest that the walkways should be green with flower beds running along both sides to contribute to the serene outlook. Lack of Trees One looks at the campus and one realizes the immediate need to plant trees in the university premises. For one it adds to the beauty of the university, secondly, the shade provided by the trees allows the students to sit or walk under the shades on a hot day or relax on the benches built under some of the trees in the evening. In my opinion, trees should be planted in the following areas.   * The Patio’s outside the Main Building, the Cafeteria, and the Recreational Block   * The Driveway at the entrance of the Building   * The Gardens. The Entrance I would also like to point out in this report that the entrance to the university, as well as the main buildings, looks very barren. Therefore, as a landscape engineer, I would suggest that small patios or flower beds be created outside all main buildings, with blooming flowers and bushes, all arranged in a manner that they add up to give a soothing appearance. Conclusion In concl
The global economic downturn stimulates a resurgence of enthusiasm for the philosophical works of Karl Marx, particularly Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto . Marx remains one of the world’s few modern philosophers able to integrate weighty theoretical concepts into a practical form applicable to both intellectual and non-intellectual society. What, precisely, do we still need to learn from Marx? In a word: revolution. Said revolution will be quite quiet, and distinctly personal, and so will occur mainly within the confines of individual skulls. This revolution requires no weapons; no bloodshed or violence ensues. The only death, per se, will be the death of delusion. We need to adopt a revolutionary mindset in order to grasp the one salient truth that may prove to be the emancipation of all humans, not simply one select class. The Truth Revolution involves the comprehension that ownership itself is a myth, a myth which in turn shapes a dangerous and destructive delusion that forms the beating heart of capitalism: the illusion of control. Critical speculation abounds as to how Marx would characterize the current financial crisis, characterized by “frantic efforts by merchants to unload onto the consumer, at almost any price, the vast surplus of unsold commodities that have accumulated since the credit crisis began to take hold” (Hitchens 2009, 89). Certainly, several of Marx’s key theories, namely “the bitter struggle between finance capital and industrial capital,” prophesized the global economic meltdown, as Hitchens reflects, in a manner that borders on downright eerie (Hitchens 2009, 89): “[T]he pride of American capitalism has seized up and begun to rust, and…automobiles may cease even to be made in Detroit as a consequence of insane speculation in worthless paper “derivatives.” The lines of jobless and hungry begin to lengthen, and what more potent image of those lines do we possess than that of the “reserve army” of the unemployed – capital’s finest weapon in beating down the minimum wage and increasing the hours of the working week?” (Hitchens 2009, 89). Marx did n
It is always crucial to find the right way to communicate with people who surround you. It could give you a great advantage and help to prove your point of view. Moreover, an appropriate communication tactic could help an orator to persuade the audience and make people believe in his/her words. That is why the issue becomes extremely important for the justice system as the words of a lawyer or an attorney could precondition the final result. The importance of the issue is evidenced by numerous cases that were solved using appropriate communication patterns. The accused who had no chance for success was justified and provided with another sentence. The movie 12 Angry Men provides a bright example of how different tactics chosen by a member of the jury could alter the situation and persuade other people. Juror #8, played by Henry Fonda, is one of the main characters of the movie as he manages to impact the audience and to demonstrate new facts that could help the accused boy to get another sentence. From the very beginning of the movie, Fonda wants to acquit the defendant and uses three specific tactics that help him to attain the goal. First, Juror #8 uses rational persuasion. He states that a boy could be sentenced to death. It is one of the most powerful aspects of his speech. Speculating about the great value of human life and about the high responsibility of jurors who could doom a defendant, he tries to persuade them to look at the case from another perspective. “Well, I think testimony that can put a boy into the electric chair should be that accurate.” By saying these words, Fonda emphasizes the outstanding necessity of the comprehensive investigation of the issue and detailed analysis of all pieces of evidence that are used to sentence a defendant. Moreover, he also uses the word “boy” to demonstrate that the accused is still a child and his life is valuable. Furthermore, appealing to the use of the electric chair Fonda shows that the boys death will be painful and severe. Moreover, he asks “I’d like to find out if an old man who drags one foot when he walks, cause he had a stroke last year, could get from his bedroom to his front door in 15 seconds.” This fact makes people think about the sentence and the case in general as an old man could hardly perform the outlined action. In other words, using personal persuasion, Jury #8 manages to attain a significant advantage as he implants doubt in the minds of other jurors and initiates vigorous debates related to the issue. Personal appeals are the second efficient tactic Fondas character uses to argue with his colleagues. He realizes the fact that people who comprise the jury might have their chi
Introduction Background to the economic performance and development in Guatemala since colonial period The state of Guatemala is the most populous country in the Central American region, with an estimated population of about 13.39 million people. As of 2013, the country’s Gross Domestic Product per capita is estimated to be one-half that of an average for the Caribbean and Latin American nations (Krznaric 114). Since the country was first invaded and colonized by the Spanish, it has largely remained an agricultural economy, with current statistics indicating that the agricultural sector accounts for more than 13% of the GDP and about 40% of the total labor force (Benería 53). In fact, the country heavily relies on agricultural export, mainly on such products as sugar, coffee, bananas as well as vegetables. The high level of poverty among the native people has been a major challenge for the economy since it gained independence from Spain. The Spanish colonialists exported massive volumes of indigo and cochineal. However, with the invention of synthetic dyes, these two products lost their world market, thus ceased to be the country’s chief exports. For the better part of the 19 th and 20 th centuries, the country heavily depended on cocoa and oil as the chief exports to fill the export void. By the end of the 20 th century, Guatemala’s economy was the largest in Central America (Benería 53). After the Second World War, Guatemalan government saw the need to reduce overreliance on agriculture by emphasizing on light industries. In fact, the country has been exporting products from light industries since 1970s, including tires, pharmaceuticals as well as clothing. Despite this, agricultural products still remain the major form of economic activity, taking over 58% of the national labor force and accounting for over two—thirds of the country’s foreign earnings. Moreover, the country’s standards of living are relatively low, while personal income is yet to achieve the international standards. There is no domestic market in existence, with an exception of the subsistence crops. Although the economy was booming between 1971 and 1974, it was adversely affected by an inflation that reached 21.2% by the end of 1974 and the worl
The US federal law Defense of Marriage Act, passed in 1996 asserts that same-sex marriage ought not to be treated as valid even if it is so in other states. Under this act, marriage is legitimate if it involves one man and one woman. This law does not recognize married couples of the same gender. In other words, as those whose marriage concurs with it enjoy federal benefits, the other category suffers discrimination because of their illegibility for the benefits. This law denies the rights of the states to a large extend and therefore, I agree with the editorial writer’s viewpoint that the law is unjustified as it is unconstitutional as elaborated next. The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is against the constitution. For instance, under this law marriage comes in as a factor that determines whether one is entitled to benefits or not. The federal government has it that “…marital status is a factor in eligibility for benefits” (Geidner 7). In addition, following the ordaining of the law, many countries have permitted not only civil unions but also gay marriages. It, therefore, collides with the constitution that holds that all people are eligible for benefits, with regard to their citizenship and regardless of their marital status. Any person with a marriage not recognized under the federal laws is liable of paying more tax compared to the one whose marriage abides by the laws. This on the other hand is unfair, hence declaring the act indefensible like the editorial writer. As the editorial holds, the power of the law is lower than that of the congress and therefore its application on the subject of marriage is like depriving the congress of its powers of regulating the marriages. This claim concurs with the promise and the performance of the American democracy. The editorial writer also addresses the issue of discrimination. The writer observes that the law significantly discriminates the gay people. “A focusing on a group…subjected to unfair discrimination…is supposed to get a hard test” (Bernie Para. 7). This is in accordance with the core democratic value ‘Interest group’ as it appears in the promises of American democracy. This value recognizes such groups as gay people, who also need to enjoy their rights not based on their marital status but based on citizenship. The US constitution seems relevant to this piece. The editorial upholds the rights of same-sex married couples claiming that they too deserve social security and the right to tax returns as well as survivor payments. The US constitution on the other hand bears the Full Faith and Credit Clause that supports same-sex marriages, granting the couples their relevant rights. In addition, “The tenth amendment to the US Constitution reserves to the state any power not delegated by the federal government” (Dickens 4). The editorial, in favor of this clause, opens by declaring
Introduction It is quite important for us to understand our brain and how it functions to make learning an interesting venture. The following essay highlights the various parts of the human brain and how its constitution contributes to our gender differences. Triune brain The human brain is divided into three layers, hence the name, “triune brain”. These parts have developed with evolution and each of them has its own functions. They include, the Reptilian Complex (R-Complex), which is the part of the brain that we share with birds and reptiles. It is involved in body maintenance and controls actions like hunger, ‘fight or flight reactions, and temperature. It is the part that acts very fast such that in case one is frightened; he/she acts without thinking. The second layer is the Limbic System, whose function is to control emotions and storage of memory for later retrieval. It is also engaged in actions concerning food, sex and feelings of love. We share this brain with mammals like dogs, horses and cats. The third part is the Cortex. Cortex controls the high level of thoughts, language, and speech. It helps us to think logically and plan ahead. It enables learning to take place and hence learning environment should be secure, free from any pressure. The three parts are interconnected with each other such that the functions interplay, hence defining every person’s individuality. Gender Differences Some differences experienced in the two genders can be said to be attributed to the brain composition. For instance when it comes to skills like understanding directions, men seem to outperform women. This is because women rely on neocortex in working out such tasks whereas men use the hippocampus which is located in the interior of the brain. It deciphers the information regarding one’s location at that time. In women, the hippocampus is not at work at that time hence they tend to rely more on visual features like buildings. When it comes to information dispensation men mostly rely on the higher level of thinking (cortex/language side) while women use both sides that is, the cortex and the limbic system. With the cortex being the highest level of thinking, mostly involved in problem-solving, making sound thinking and forming language, it may enlighten on why men are not as talkative, tend to work alone and are more concerned with the outcome. On the other hand, women use both sides of the brain and in this case, emotions are in action. This is why females work better when in groups, talk a lot and are more concerned with ways on how to get to a solution other than the solution itself. Women also find fun in activities like shopping while many men find it an odd job. Another character common in women is the ability to spot and manage certain emotions, whether facial or tonal variations, and interpret them faster than men. This is because females have more callosum which is in charge of controlli
Introduction CRM may be interpreted as a management system that utilizes all available resources – and people equipment, and procedures in order to increase safety and enhance the effectiveness of flight operations (RAS, 1999; Lauber, 1984). Jensen (1995) defines CRM in terms of applying the aviation judgement. He uses the term judgment when referring to single pilot operations and CRM, when referring to multi-person crews in aviation. Helmreich and Foushee (1993) developed a theoretical model of CRM, which takes into account group processes and performance. They define CRM as the function of human factors in the aviation system which reiterates modifying the existing person-machine interface and acquiring not only timely and appropriate information, but also the interpersonal activities (Helmreich & Foushee, p 4). Background The involvement of Federal Aviation Administration in CRM began in 1975 when there arose an exception from Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 121.409. It allowed LOFT (Line Oriented Flight Training) at Northwest Airlines to train crews in the cockpit under practical settings (Butler, 1991). Subsequently, it was amended by FAR in 1978 to set aside LOFT by any airlines in their training programs. The series of the accidents of the major commercial aircrafts during 1970s indicated that training of pilots left much to be desired and that new strategies had be developed (CAP 719, 2002; Gregorich, Helmreich and Wilhelm, 1990). National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) sponsored industry workshop titled Resource Management on the Flight deck in 1979 in effort to respond to the lack of crew skills such as, leadership, captaincy and communication (Cooper, White, & Lauber, 1979). In Figure 1(See Appendix), we have tried to explain the correlation between inadequate communication, situation awareness and their effect on wrong decision-making which results in a serious or even fatal accident. From this seminar, Cockpit Resource Management formulated new techniques with the basic thought of implementing CRM flattened hierarchy to follow in the cockpit. Every crew member was responsible for examining the performance of other team members. This helped to throw light on human mental processes and emotional shortcomings, management and allocation of tasks, the development of command culture (Pat, Karen, Stephen, and Robert, 2008). CRM intends to set out the behaviour that the industry and regulators will require aircrew to demonstrate during the flight. United Airlines took the lead in developing and offering formal training pro
Louis Wirth has made important contributions to sociology through his research on urban life and the social issues that face urban residents. He identified the key characteristics that define a city by suggesting that it can be studied as a physical structure, and a system of social organization, or as a set of attitudes and ideas. In his three suggestions, Louis started by understanding the challenges of the minority in the Nation’s Capital. Although this was not related to Marxist theory, Wirth built his sociological theory of human hostility in order to comprehend the dynamics of social life and human associations in the Nation’s capital (Gmelch, 2002). According to him, social relations in the Nation’s capital are superficial and anonymous due to the complexity and rationality ascribed to its residents. The city dwellers tend to stand in a useful relationship in a manner that each has an overwhelming role in the life of the other. As a result, every resident gains a certain level of freedom from the emotional controls of friendly groups. In the Nation’s capital, there is spontaneous self-expression, confidence, and a sense of participation in communal activities, and this is the fruits of living together in an integrated society(Wirth, 1964). The segmental and utilitarian nature of interpersonal connections in the city makes the residents have an institutional appearance in the creation of specialized tasks. However, these associations lead to predatory behaviors among the residents of the Nation’s capital, and this tends to hinder the efficient functioning of the respective groups. The advantage that the capital has over other urban cities is that it has the capability of centralizing the resources of all its dwellers. According to Wirth, the fact that the Nation’s capital has a high density increases the complexity of its social structure and helps in diversification. He further suggests that the close physical relations of numerous residents in the city create a shift in the mediums through which the residents orient themselves to the urban milieu. According to Wirth, the workplace is dissociated from home, and this is evident in the Nation’s capital due to the closeness of industrial and other business establishments that make the city both economically and socially unsuitable for residential purposes. Population numbers, land values, convenience, prestige, and other factors such as the absence of noise pollution affect the desirability of various cities as residents for different segments of the populace. This is evident in the Nation’s capital, where different parts of the town have different functions. The Nation’s capital, therefore, tends to bear a resemblance to a mosaic of social associations in which the shift from one to another is sudden. The concurrence of divergent personalities and ways of life tend to generate a relativistic perception and a sense of toleration of disparities, which Wirth regards as “prerequisites for rationality.” According to Wirth, “The close li