ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Second World War was the most destructive in the history of mankind. A lot of people died, became invalids and orphans; European towns were tumbled into ruins. To my mind, people should be aware of disasters brought by wars and try to prevent armed conflicts. It is important to know about the reasons, course, and results of war and people, who sacrificed their lives in the name of victory. We know much about tactics, strategy, battles, military leaders, but know not much about average soldiers of the army. The book Ivan’s War: Life and Death in the Red Army by Catherine Merridale is an attempt to investigate the destinies of ordinary people, who served in the Red Army, in the course of the Second World War and after it. The most valuable achievement of the author is a successful comparison of the true-to-life actions of Soviet soldiers on the battlefield with an idealized image of the Soviet soldier, which was propagated by the Soviet Union. The book shows selective and preconceived stories about war-time deeds of the former Soviet soldiers. A lot of war crimes and inadmissible elements of their real behavior were intentionally or unintentionally withheld from the public. The book comprises facts about operation Barbarossa and the defeat of the Red army at the beginning of the war. Merridale considers the battle of Stalingrad and operation Bagration as turning points of the war; the battle of Kursk crushed the unconquerable army of the Wehrmacht. But the author focuses predominantly not on the course of the war from a military point of view. She investigates the life of the Soviet soldier on the battlefield. A lot of political, social, and personal factors contributed to the formation of the Red army. That is why the military life in it differs from that in the Wehrmacht, the American Army, or the British Army. The Great Purges, famine in Ukraine, organized by Stalin’s state machine, collectivization of peasants, and the Finnish war explain the discouragement and rage of the soldiers during the first year of the war. “…the Red Army in 1939 was a testament to the country’s social atomization after decades of hardship and state terror” (Merridale, Chapter One). The Soviet Union had to keep high pressure on soldiers in the frontline and their families on the home front. Commanding officers, osobists could execute on the spot anybody, who exhibited treacherous and craven behavior. Thus, the main difference of the military life in the Red Army was not uniform, organization, tactics, or supply, but double pressure by the German enemy and Soviet terror. The author supposes that neither NKVD nor terror of the state contributed to victory so much as willing to take enormous losses. The Red Army was the only army that could accept such heavy casualties. The British and the Am
Introduction Aquatic habitats play a critical ecological role by supporting a rich biodiversity of plants and animals that live in them and the surrounding ecosystems. The intrinsic and monetary value associated with aquatic habitats makes them important resources in every society. For instance, they are sources of clean water and food. Furthermore most aquatic habitats normally support thousands of jobs in the tourism industry. In this regard, they are used as cultural centers, and recreational facilities. Environmental and resource studies reveal that a significant number of aquatic habitats in the United States are likely to be lost in future. This is attributed to factors such as rapid increase in urbanization, high demand for water, overfishing and land use changes. Nonetheless, most states have successfully implemented conservation measures to protect their aquatic resources. This paper sheds light on the geology, as well as, the types of habitats in the Trinity River. Furthermore, the management protocols of the river will be highlighted. The Geology and Geography of the Trinity River The Trinity River is one of the main water bodies in Texas. It flows from the northern part of Texas and covers approximately 710 miles. The river is made up of four tributaries which include the following. The West Fork begins in Archer County and flows towards the southeast part of Texas. It passes through Lake Bridgeport, Lake Worth and Eagle Mountain Lake. The Clear Fork has its headwaters in Weatherford. It passes through Lake Weatherford and Benbrook Lake as it flows southeastward. The West and the Clear Fork merge in downtown Fort Wroth. The Elm Fork begins in Gainesville and joins the West Fork in Dallas. The East Fork also joins the other three tributaries in Dallas, from which they form the Trinity River. The map of the river and its tributaries is shown in figure 1 in the appendix. The hydrology of the Trinity is characterized by seasonal variations in the volume and flow of water. A significant decline in water volume normally occurs between August and October. However, little variation on daily flow is often observed during this season. The highest daily flows normally occur between January and June. This season is also characterized by the largest daily fluctuations in water volume. Generally, the lowest stream discharge and flow variations can be observed from July to October. The largest daily fluctuations and flow rates can be observed from March to May. A sharp increase in water volume and flow rates normally causes floods in the Trinity basin. Furthermore, it leads to an increase in the river’s capacity to carry and transport sediments along its course. The seasonal variations in the flow rates and water volume greatly affect the biodiversity of
Music production is one of the most lucrative businesses. It involves several activities from production, recording, distribution to sales. Music production requires professional expertise; most of the musicians do not have the expertise to do this. This is where record label companies come in. A record label is a trademark company that records produces, distributes, sells, and promotes musicians. It also protects music copyright, scouts and develops new talents. Record labeling is one of the most lucrative businesses with stiff completion between record labels to win musicians’ signatures. This paper will discuss one of the most successful record labels Sony BMG Music Entertainment. The formation of Sony BMG Music Entertainment was born out of the 2004 perilous merger between Sony Corporation of America and BMG Music Group. It became the second largest music recording company; universal was the first. Ownership was on 50-50 basis. Sony Corporation of America is a subsidiary of Sony Corporation, a Japanese investment giant, ownership held by several trustee accounts and Japanese banks (Anaswerbag para. 4). It is the world leader in the production distribution and supply of electronic goods especially in sound, audio visual, communication and information technology (Sony Corporation of America para 1). It also has stakes in the financial sector and owns Sony Life Insurance Co., Sony Bank Inc., Sony Assurance Inc. and Sony Financial Investment Inc. Sony BMG had other interest apart from music. It ventured into selling classic photos of famous personalities. The company acquired these photos from a gallery previously owned by Columbia Records, a company Sony Corp. took over in 1988 (Pompeo para 1). Sony Corp and BMG merger did not capture the expect market share and its fortune dwindled considerably culminating in BMG selling its stake to Sony Corp of America to form Sony Music Entertainment (SME) . Illegal online music piracy threatened the music industry so much. As a result, SME sort to distribute music online via secure mobile phone technology. Together with Dada, they formed Dada Entertainment, each owning 50% share, to distributed music content via mobile phone platform; Dada was to provide the application technology while SME provided the music (Lawrence and McDaniel 99). Similar partnership with Warner Music Group and a Chinese digital technology firm Access China created online music distribution platforms for mobile phone customers. It is currently working with Mobile Roadie to develop personalized mobile phone applications that will offer interactive services for musicians and their fans (Sony Music para. 3) Financially it experienced a 16% drop in 2009 revenue, despite a 5% increase in its market share from 2008 (Peoples para 2). This was an impressive performance bearing in mind the challenges of dwindling return
Introduction The purpose of this study is to examine the roles played by educators, teachers and students in the issue of social and academic culture of Emmett Scott High in South Carolina between 1965 and 1970. The reason for focusing on social and academic culture in the school is because it played great towards the academic environment that existed during that period. As it is noted later by scholars there were issues of racism and discrimination that were evident during this period of time and the major reason is to examine whether social and academic culture played any significant role in this. (Delgado, & Stefancic, 1999) From the interviews that were carried out from the administrators and students it is clear that they did not contribute to this. Even though there were many challenges the administrators went through they were proud to be associated with the school from principles point of view as well as the students who were proud of the school and said that it was a place where they were trained to be leaders. (Delgado, & Stefancic, 1999) As we know issues of racism and discrimination in the society are highly practiced especially in places where there are both whites and people of color. The racism is basically based on the skin color, sociological issues as well as cultural issues and values. These are issues that are highly mentioned and experience in western culture where by people of color are not viewed to be equal with the other people in the society. Because of this issues and view of the minority groups most of the people tend to suffer in the society due to lack of essential necessities like education and other valuable services. (Delgado, & Stefancic, 1999) Racism and discrimination is one of the things the Emmett Scott high school experienced in its growth. The school was basically for the Negro children and because of this there were essential requirements that were not provided for these children. The children because of their race and social status they could not afford to pay for tuition fee hence most of them could not have an equal opportunity to learn just like the other children. However much they tried to raise their voice for help they were not heard since there was nothing that was done to save their situation. On top of this before the establishment of the school there was no public education for the Negro children and this made it more difficult for the children to access education just like the other children of whites. (Witherspoon, 2008) Topic and purpose The major purpose of carrying out this study is to analyze and understand the role that educators and students played in the academic and social culture of Emmett Scott School. Though the school underwent a lot of challenges today is said to be a symbol of pride for the African American community and academic fraternity in Rock Hill South Carolina. Although the school later underwent challenges and desegregation and it was later closed and today it acts like community center for the people in the area. (Witherspoon, 2008) Background of the study The history of the Emmett Scott School is what has led to the study sinc
The Atlanta based Communicable Disease Center (CDC) has evolved into a giant public health organization from its humble background when it was incepted way back in 1946. Its main focus by the time it was being incepted was Malaria control in war-torn areas. Its growth momentum has been rapid and diverse. Currently, CDC’s presence is felt in almost every corner of the globe in its bid to promote each and every aspect of public health (Communicable Diseases Center, 2009). According to their website, CDC is currently concentrating on five strategic areas namely improving global health, devising effective measures to lower mortality, reforming health policies, developing and implementing strong surveillance measures in epidemiology and giving support to both local and state health departments. Consequently, in order to fulfill the strategic goals identified above, CDC strives to attract and retain the best brains in respective fields. Due to their diversified goals, the center also offers diverse employment opportunities to individuals interested in availing their expertise to promote public health around the world. A visit to their website directed me to their employment section whereby several vacancies are advertised. Apparently, the listed vacancies are on a continual basis. In addition, public health vacancies cover all aspects of public health (Communicable Diseases Center, 2009). For instance, they have opportunities for Medical officers, Public health advisors, Public health analysts, health in education specialists among others. However, what interested me most was the ‘CDC registered nurses’ Program whereby they offer registered nurses a chance to serve society at large (Communicable Diseases Center, 2009). Under this program, an individual has opportunity to attain the highest career level in nursing such as being a branch chief or deputy director (Communicable Diseases Center, 2009). For this reason, I feel CDC will give me the best opportunity to promote the much needed health practices in society. Moreover, as a registered nurse at CDC, an individual has the opportunity to be work as a public health advisor. Indeed, I feel this may be quite unavoidable in promoting public health on a global scale. Issues and trends in modern nursing practice The recent upsurge of new cancer cases is likely to usher in inevitable challenges to nursing practice. In its latter stages, cancer may result into unbearable suffering of patients and their families. Most importantly, when the aged are diagnosed with the condition they may feel guilty of being too demanding to their already incapacitated families who have to take care of them (Larue, 2011). In such cases, there are those patients who might opt for euthanasia. However, as far as the above decision is concerned, there are various ethical issues surrounding such a judgment (Larue, 2011). Euthanasia is growing ethical issue in the medical field that has elicited more questions than answers (Larue, 2011). On this note, am
Jordan: At the Forefront of Fight against Terrorism The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan’s geographical proximity to Syria and Iraq exposes the country to a deadly and costly impact from the ongoing war on terror. For now, Jordan’s King Abdullah II plays an active role at the international arena and has entered viable political alliances. This paper will discuss how he was able to preserve peace inside his country and support the war on terror with smart practical steps and well-measured policies. Strong Leadership: Jordan’s Core Asset How did Jordan manage to retain relative peace while the war raged at its doorstep? The country was making tangible progress due to its strong strategic partnerships with the Western countries. Continued training of elite secret services and cooperation with the ISIS–fighting alliance thwarted terrorist attacks inside its territory. Jordan became a valuable asset for the overt and covert operations against terrorists by providing its airfields to the allied forces and setting up one of the alliance’s major Command Centers. Therefore, strong international cooperation, covert security operations, and high-quality training have become valuable steps by the country’s leadership at retaining relative peace (Opall-Rome). Despite Jordan’s obvious and valuable strengths, the nation currently fights an uphill battle inside the country. Millions of refugees from Syria and Iraq, including the undocumented ones, plus a high rate of youth unemployment are some of the major ill effects from the war going on near its borders. “ Generational Fight for Good over Evil” The country directs its efforts at resolving issues of refugee integration and societal involvement. Jordan is working to resolve its unemployment issues and keep up its fight against extremist religious propaganda among the disengaged youth. Encouraging citizen involvement and vigilance over expressions of religious radicalism and extremism is an equally important tactics, as well. Winning the war on terror and against terrorist organizations requires a mutual effort. To achieve that, Jordan would have to involve in this fight all of the citizens. Besides, Jordan has strong leadership qualities, great alliances, and well-trained military with a top-tier secret service. Armed with its people’s solidarity against common enemy, Jordanian kingdom is a great asset in an ongoing war against terror. Work Cited Opall-Rome, Barbara. “Jordan Proves Heavyweight in Fight Against ISIS.” Defense News , 2016, Web.
Introduction Although redundancy is not new, it has played a major role in shaping the world economy and in influencing organizational behavior, particularly in how employees react to change, in downsizing and restructuring activities where their job is at stake. Most employees are exposed to two forms of redundancy – voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary redundancy is when employees are given an incentive but obligated to the dismissal terms and conditions. Involuntary redundancy is more severe where employees are simply terminated without any type of settlement (Employment New Zealand, 2016). According to Waters (2007), voluntary redundant employees experience lower levels of depression and engage more in job searching activities than those that are involuntary. The involuntary employees reported a higher level of insecurity and lower organizational commitment in their new jobs (Waters, 2007). A new job can refer to another department within the same organization or a new company the employee has found. Redundancy is the common term used in the United Kingdom UK and Australia for employees terminated from their jobs for some reason or another (Parris & Vickers, 2010). Seglow (1970) examined the reactions to redundancy and found that procedures to restructure or downsize are crucial in assessing the labor market and behavioral patterns in a redundancy situation in which laborers have various negative reactions. Management should be careful in evaluating workers’ functions, whether this worker’s job will be affected or not, as this will create impact not only on employees but also on the future of their companies. Downsizing might be a trend for cost-saving measures of firms but there could be other ways. Firms have to discreetly assess the situation before informing employees of a possible downsizing or reorganization. Although this research is more than 40 years old, Seglow’s (1970) work is still relevant to the current situation as he examined the reactions to redundancy and found that not all workers’ attitudes can be explained in a work situation. Economic impact and the method of dealing with redundancy should be taken into consideration. Seglow’s (1970) research has some limitations as he did not examine directly the economic implications of redundancy on the workers, what these workers would do after they would lose their jobs, the loss of stable social relationships attached to the job, and the feeling of an insecure future. Some studies have not properly investigated the primary cause of restructuring. Gold Thorpe (cited in Seglow, 1970) argues that looking at how autonomous the workplace enterprise is concerning the wider social structures involved is of crucial importance as it will define how the affected workers perceive the redundancy. The environmental perspectives help workers adjust to the situation of redundancy. Withenshaw (as cited in Walsemann, 2005) argues that firms should be more fl
Introduction to Research and Research Proposal Research is an essential process in informing action, evidence collection for theories and contributing to the advancement of knowledge in a particular field of study (Alfakih, 2017). It is essential to understand the importance of research since it is crucial for any individual in a learning institution or a research organization. A research proposal is a structured write-up that provides information about a project that one proposes to execute as a section of the main study for a certain level of education (Kivunja, 2016). The development of a research proposal is based on an identified research topic. It provides details of the aim and objectives and the research methodology used during the main study (Kivunjaa, 2016). The main purpose of a research proposal is to inform what one intends to research, the significance precisely, and the method applied in the study. A proposal also tells others about the ethical issues that might need consideration and the necessary resources to accomplish the task. This research proposal will outline several sections that will be essential in the achievement of the main project’s research aim and objectives. The first section will introduce the topic of research and the research proposal. The introduction also identifies the aims and objectives of the proposal. The third subsection of the introduction shall include the introduction to the specific research topic on the effects of COVID-19 on the tourism industry and the significance of the research. Chapter two discusses the theoretical and empirical results of the COVID-19 pandemic and the worldwide tourism sector from the past scholarly works. The methodology will form chapter 3, under which the description of the data collection method and analysis of results will occur. The last chapter is a summary and evaluation of the research proposal with the appropriate recommendations. The Objectives of the Research Proposal The main objective of this research proposal is to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global tourism sector with an outlook on the United States tourism industry. The research focuses on all states and defines the challenges they experienced in tourism and the short-term and long-term strategies to combat the problems. The following are the specific objectives of the research:  1. To determine the rate of and extent of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US  2. To assess the rate of change in travels based on cancellations, and government measures and policies  3. To identify the effect of the pandemic on various components of the tourism industry  4. To compare the revenue from the tourism sector before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Introduction COVID-19 pandemic has potentially resulted in severe damage to the economy from the disease outbreak. COVID-19, also referred to as SARS-CoV-2, is a new virus that injures the respiratory system. The novel coronavirus disease was first discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, after which the outbreak significantly expanded glob