ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Because of the anti-vaccination campaign spread in social media, more Americans refuse injections for personal reasons. In 2019, at least 20 states presented laws expanding immunization exemptions. Vaccination is mandatory only in five states – New York, Maine, California, West Virginia, and Mississippi (Lou & Griggs, 2019). The rest allow exemptions due to religious or personal beliefs. Although some Americans deny the danger of infectious diseases, in the past few years, there have been several outbreaks that took the lives of hundreds of people. It is necessary to inform the population in paediatrics rooms and in the media to change the attitude of citizens towards vaccination. Future changes may include the introduction of mandatory vaccination throughout the US, regardless of personal or religious beliefs. For these purposes, it will be useful to establish collaboration with medical institutions, and with celebrities who care about the health of US citizens. Immunization Campaign Because of the spread of false formation in social media, more Americans refuse immunization. It leads to an increase in the incidence rate of preventable infectious diseases and a weakening of the nation’s immunity. Over the past few years, outbreaks of measles, mumps, hepatitis A and acute flaccid myelitis have occurred in the country. Refusal from immunization may occur because people do not recognize the severity of th
Introduction It would appear as though the increase in conglomerates within the media industry is a natural result of market pressures. Some would argue that the economic benefits which accrue from such patterns are beneficial to stakeholders. However, a sociological analysis of the same phenomenon reveals the dominance of conglomerates places too much power in the hands of a few individuals. It causes them to prioritize their economic welfare at the top over other factors. Consumers must then bear the brunt of diminished pluralism as well as a decline in democracy. Whether it is inevitable and its effects A certain level of aggregation is necessary to provide media companies with economies of scale. Doyle (2002b) uses the example of the UK film industry to explain this point. Most film production firms in the country are small and fragmented. As a result, the amount of money they can put into a film venture is relatively low. The author compares £6 million, which is invested in most large UK films, to $50 million, which goes into most Hollywood films. It is the dominance of conglomerates in the US film industry that furnishes them with resources needed to make big budget films. These large sizes allow for risk spreading as rewards from successful Hollywood films make up for average or unsuccessful ones. The small UK filmmakers simply do not have these resources. Additionally, film production in the country is fragmented. Therefore, a producer will have relatively minimal control over distribution, marketing, or promotion. US firms do not suffer from this problem because a large number of them are vertically integrated. They can make a film and control its distribution, thereby increasing its potential for market returns. Cross promotion is also possible when the media firms utilize other platforms to advertise an incoming film. Film makers in the UK must bear the risk of making their productions alone. They cannot market their products aggressively, control distribution, or invest in high-quality products. As a consequence, most of them yield poor returns. The above analysis indicates that the economic case for conglomeration is strong. However, when too much concentration occurs, then other noneconomic reasons come into play. Public interests often contradict excessive application of power in the hands of a few hands. When the welfare of an elite group of corporate media owners takes precedence over public interest, then media conglomeration can become an enemy of democracy (Doyle 2002a). A concentrated media industry w
Introduction Protectionism in trade refers to the policy that aims at protecting local industries against competition from foreign companies by such means as import quotas, subsidies, tariffs, and others that are specifically placed on imports of foreign rival firms. Protectionism has been implemented by many countries worldwide, even though many mainstream economists concur that the global economy primarily benefits from free trade (Cateora et al., 2019). To elaborate further, protectionism involves government-levied tariffs by making the imported product more expensive than the local goods and services. Under protectionism, industries are stimulated where countries are prone to business recession and insufficiency. Protectionism has both positive and negative effects. One of its major benefits is the desire to keep money locally in the home countries. The authors argue that states can protect home markets by maintaining employment and reducing unemployment, conserving natural resources, and making the country a low-wage standard of industrialization (Cateora et al., 2019). When states carry out protectionism, they are guaranteed a boost in national defense in the economy, enhancing trade policies with other partners in the world, sustainability of production capacity, and quality labor provision. For example, in the US, the government has imposed various trade barriers, such as monetary and market barriers, boycotts, and quotas. However, Cateora et al. (2019) argue that tariffs under protectionism can weaken the patterns of demand and supply, and commence world trade wars, which, in the end, affect good international relations. In addition, tariffs restrict the variety of options available for customers (Cateora et al., 2019). For example, antidumping cases that have been evident during Trump’s administration are said to have become de facto trade barriers by making investigations costly and taking a long duration to resolve, hence limiting trade. How and Why Management Styles Vary around the World The mode in which businesses are conducted worldwide differs for various reasons. First, the difference comes from diverse structures that are put in place for operational efficiencies, such as management hierarchy, shareholder power, and the level under which the performance is expected (Cateora et al., 2019). The second systemic factor tha
Carnival Cruise Lines is the famous brand of the British-American company Carnival Corporation & plc. based in the United States. This cruise ship brand follows the main principles developed by Carnival Corporation & plc. in relation to the internal controls. The company’s Audit Committee and Management are responsible for monitoring the activities associated with Carnival Cruise Lines’ internal controls. From the perspective of management, control can be discussed as the checking process to monitor and regulate processes associated with the company’s operations and financial activities with references to the information system used (Daft & Lane, 2009). The Audit Committee in Carnival Cruise Lines focuses on the work with financial, operational, and compliance controls and pays attention to the principles of the information system’s work ( Carnival Corporation: Audit Committee , 2006). The measurement used to control the functions is connected with the quality of the company’s performance in relation to the definite sphere. Carnival Cruise Lines’ financial controls depend on the realization of definite rules in relation to financial procedures. The financial activity of the company is controlled with references to the financial reports or financial statements, and much attention is paid to the income statements reflecting the real financial situation within the company. These financial controls are important to plan and develop the further st
Clinically, mucor is known as a fungal mold and a microbial genus. This mold can be found in a human’s digestive system and even in the soil or rotten plants. According to Liu (2011), mucor is normally known to grow as a white to gray mold. Biologically, mucor is a member of the zygomycetes species. Mucor is known to grow in environments with very high temperatures. Although mucor is economically significant and not necessarily harmful to humans, it can also cause infections. A patient is likely to get an infection through mucor if they inhale the fungal spores. In addition, the inhaling of the conidia can be dangerous to a patient with a weak immune system. The possibility of such infection is high if the patient is suffering from other ailments such as cancer, diabetes, and kidney failure. Medics have also reiterated that patients receiving medication for acute iron poisoning can highly get a mucor infection (Liu, 2011). The pathophysiological progression of the mucor infection into pneumonia is started by a causative agent. In this case, the mucor is inhaled into the human body through the respiratory tract. It has also been proven that the aspiration of oral secretions is one of the ways through which causative agents gain entry into the human body. Consequently, the causative agent enters the lungs with the aid of the circulating blood. In this context, the commonly known causative agents are mucormycosis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neoformans, and coccidioides immitis. The causative agent multiplies and causes inflammation and edema of the lungs. This is because such causative agents can release toxins that damage the lungs. Pneumonia will only occur if air sacs and lungs’ airways are unable to function properly (Anatomical Chart Co, 2005). This is only possible if liquid instead of oxygen fills into the air sacs. In the case of mucormycosis, pneumonia intervention entails surgery (Shields, 2005). This intervention should be conducted during the early disease detection stage. Surgical intervention entails removing the already infected tissues or dead tissues. This can also be supplemented with intravenous antifungal therapy. The use of antifungal drugs can also be prescribed for the patient. Such drugs include antibiotics or echinocandins. Abnormal lab values are considered as results, not within the range of results that can be termed as normal. In this case, there is always a need to redo the lab test on the patient. In this case, the abnormal results should be compared with what is considered normal. From the laboratory tests, the abnorm
All scholars and literature critiques acknowledge the historical value of Jane Austen’s novels. They are filled with realism and “the air” of the time. These days, Jane Austen is recognized as being among the best English novelists. Her novels head the list of literary works adapted into the movies. Sense and Sensibility is the first novel by the author, which was adopted several times. The most claimed adaptation was created in 1995 by Ang Lee and Emma Thompson. Sense and Sensibility movie stars such actors as Kate Winslet, Hugh Grant, Alan Rickman, and Emma Thompson as Elinor Dashwood. As Sue Parrill mentions, “one of the best results of the new films is that they have inspired discussion of both the novels and the films, and discussion keeps a novelist alive” (8). Indeed, the screen version of the book is the author’s interpretation of characters, events, and themes of the literary work. Thus, there are many differences in characters, settings, plot, and techniques between Jane Austen’s book and the Emma Thompson/Ang Lee Sense and Sensibility film. “Translations from page to screen are always problematic, and the creative screenwriter and director want to present their own interpretation” (Stone n. p.). However, those differences “made their job” and the worst (as it is considered by many literature critiques) novel became the best movie which got Oscar. The main difference between the film and the book is that the film is focused on the relationships between sisters in their romantic stories. The characters of the film are more developed than those of the book. Thought the screenwriter Emma Thompson managed to preserve the spirit of the book and the historical period and its moral standards as they are depicted in the movie. Thus, the differences can be seen at the very beginning of the film. At the beginning of the film, we see that Mrs. Jennings lives with her son-in-law and Lady Middleton, Sir John Middleton’s wife is dead, and the movie does not include them, though, they play an essential role in the book. Furthermore, the film does not depict such a character as Anne Steele, who is Lucy Steele’s sister. The role of this character is also enormous in the book, as it is she who betrayed to Fanny the engagement of Lucy and Edward. The character of Hugh Grant has suffered significant changes in the adaptation. In the beginning, he is established as a good person, though, this was not in the book. Another critical difference is that the girls (Elinor and Marianne) are older in the film. Elinor is 19, and Marianne is 16 in the book, but in the movie, Elinor is 27, and Marianne is 19. This change was made to make Sense and Sensibility movie more “unders
Introduction Churches form an important part of the human beings. This is because they offer the human beings with an opportunity to explore and exercise their faith . The church must look outward. It is not itself. The whole purpose of the internal organization of the Christian community is precisely to facilitate its outreach into the world, both to proclaim the message of the Gospel values of justice and peace. The church’s mission is to evangelize and to serve as an instrument for the coming and realization of the kingdom of God in our world. Thus the outward mission of the church, its serve to the kingdom, is to announce the good news, inviting individuals to receive it and to become members of the body of Christ. At the same time, this evangelization entails acting on behalf of the growth within the society of the gospel values which Jesus taught and which lead to human fulfillment in dignity, communion and freedom. The Pentecostal church The term ‘Pentecostal’ is very loosely applied to all churches upholding reformist traditions that charismatic gifts experienced on the day of Pentecost are still operative . Basically, all Pentecostals believe that the Bible is God inspired scripture, simplicity in worship, the Christ will visibly return to earth, holiness of life and believer’s baptism. Individual believers as well as the church shall be filled with and led by the Holy Spirit. History of Pentecostalism Pentecostalism has become a major movement in the contemporary Protestant Christianity. In little more than a century, it grew from meager beginnings at Azuza Street in Los Angeles to nearly half a billion followers around the world. Once thought attractive only to the poor, disenfranchasized, and disconnected, the modern movement has spread across class and ethnic lines and includes the educated world. Given its success, few would dare speculate that this institution shares a common descent with those who practice the handling of venomous serpents in their worship. However, a perceived direct encounter with God was what made the early Pentecostalism appealing to many observers, and such an encounter involved manifestations that were believed to be supernatural signs – all of which persist today as important markers in the serpent handling tradition. The doctrine The person responsible for introducing this practice as a formally stated doctrine was the Rev. Charles Fox Parham of Kansas. He was the first one who singled out “glossolalia” (speaking in tongues) as the only evidence of having received the baptism of the Holy Ghost, and taught that it should be part of “normal” Christina worship rather than a curious by product of religious enthusiasm. The service It was my first time to attend a Pentecostal church service and I found it to be very interesting. This was because of the order of the service. I chose to attend a Pentecostal church because I am used to the Roman Catholic kind of service. The two services are quite different. For instance, the Pentecostal service is more inclined on creating a spiritual experience which is based on the
Communication skills are of paramount importance for establishing rapport in a professional setting. According to France and Weikel (2014), these skills ensure the development of therapeutic relationships and a favorable environment. However, several pitfalls can potentially impede effective communication. In particular, these errors result from the violation of the principles of moderate authority, understanding of the client, natural manner of interaction, and focus on the productive change (France & Weikel, 2014). Thus, it is essential to understand these guidelines and avoid possible mistakes in the process of their implementation. First of all, asserting a surplus authority can significantly impair the communication process. Indeed, it is necessary to “use the least amount of authority” for accomplishing an objective (France & Weikel, 2014, p. 164). Therefore, I would avoid the mistake of using too much authority by careful consideration of the amount and structure of my questions, eliminating the excessive and unnecessary ones. In such a manner, I would prevent exerting pressure on the client. I would not interrupt the client and would refrain from inappropriate advice, irrelevant to the discussed problem. I also would avoid assuming redundant responsibility for actions, which the client is capable of accomplishing. Furthermore, it is essential to demonstrate an understanding of the client. Failure to follow this principle results in non-effective communication. For instance, “using vague words,” “amorphous feeling terms,” and such statements as “Tell me more” without due consideration what the interlocutor has already told reflects the lack of understating (France & Weikel, 2014, p. 165). I believe that this error may primarily reflect a worker’s self-obsession and unwillingness to listen to others. If I were in such a situation, I would have an impression that a worker is more interested in my problem, rather than in myself. Thus, this error ignores the client’s role as an active agent of interaction. Moreover, the natural manner of speech is vital. By contrast, using recurrent expressions and repeating the client’s phrases renders one’s communication “artificial and programmed” (France & Weikel, 2014, p. 165). In my opinion, such an error can render communication an unpleasant and unfavorable experience for the client,
Introduction The Global Compact is a strategic policy scheme by the United Nations meant for corporations that are willing to align their business operations and working strategies with ten principles that are universally accepted with regards to human rights, anti-corruption, and environment. The United Nations Global Compact was launched in July 2000 (Tully 2007, 101-106) [1] . The two principles addressed are: The principle against corruption This was the 10 th principle on corruption adopted on June 24, 2004. Corruption is a multifaceted and convoluted issue with a broad scope. Many tools and resources have been established to help firms and corporations to develop and effectively implement policies that restrict corruption activities. In order to stop and check corruption within companies, the Global Compact came up with certain guidelines on how corporations can be made to engage in clean business. The Global Compact recommended that corporations should incorporate a vivid anti-corruption commitment into their corporate citizenship program. This principle also requires that corporations should avoid all forms of corruptions bribery and extortion (Rasche 2010, 520-563) [2] . The company’s point of view The incorporation of this principle into the operations of the company may not be difficult. However, there is high likelihood that the company may not be able to come up with the appropriate and effective strategic means of tracking corrupt activities since the reality is that corruption takes place secretly and in many cases may involve the top executive officials; this actually makes it potentially difficult for responsible junior officials to effectively investigate any corrupt dealings within the company. So, as much as the company may be willing to incorporate the principle in its business operations, the outcome may not be positive as expected. The principle about the respect of human rights Under this principle, business organizations are expected to give support and also respect the preservation of human rights that are recognized and proclaimed internationally. The business corporations are also required to ensure that they are never be involved in the abuses of human rights (Mares 2004, 94-96) [3] . The company’s point of view Respect for human rights is very important both for the reputation and success of the company. It is important to note that any business entity that does not respect human rights is bound to fail. This stems from the fact that the most important part of a company is the personnel. A company needs human beings to provide labor and also needs customers or clients to consume its products (Stationery Office 2009, 71-75) [4] . Without respect to human rights, the company fears it may lose out in business which is the case with any business entity (Alston 2005, 141-157) [5] . Positive and negative lessons from the company’s perspective and other companies’ experience in the process implementing the practices There are a number of positive lessons that have been learnt in the process of implementing the practices. One of them is that integration of the pr