ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is worth noting that the leadership structure of an organization can be very diverse, and it significantly affects the organization’s behavior in the market. The branching of the organization affects the speed of decision-making, shows who is authorized to make decisions, and determines the areas of responsibility of each employee. Regardless of the type of organization, its leadership structure should be understandable to each team member (Reisch, 2018). Awareness of the general picture makes it possible to comprehend how the division of labor in the organization is organized, and therefore, to understand the level of responsibility of each team member for a certain area. Moreover, navigating in the leadership structure of a company or organization is crucial for understanding what each employee can do independently, without additional permission, and where they will have to get confirmation to solve a specific work-related task. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the leadership structure of the Arc Mid-South located in Memphis, Tennessee. Main Body This organization has a linear-functional structure, which is justified not only by the number of employees but also by how their areas of responsibility are distributed. The organizational chart shows that in this organization, linear units (board members) make decisions, and functional units (management staff) inform leadership and help them in making specific decisions (The Arc Mid-South, 2020). That is, team members report to both linear and functional leadership. With this structure, the problem of priorities is removed, because line managers participate in prioritizing the work of individual contributors. The heads of units mustn’t be included in the organizational chart, and it is impossible to determine how long it takes to make decisions since decisions need to be confirmed by the functional managers. The leaders of the organization are mainly represented by the executive director, Carlene Leaper, and the board members (in particular, they are the president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, and so on) (The Arc Mid-South, 2020). The main style employed by them is democratic leadership, according to which leaders and followers raise each other to high levels of moral principles and motivation (Reisch, 2018). The main characteristics that all leaders in the organization share in common are the fact that they take care of the development of subordinates and their personal inter
English language is one of the most spoken and widespread languages in the world. It is hardly to find a country, where English language will not be known or spoken. The reason for such popularity is colonial character of former British Empire. Being one of the greatest states, it has conquered huge territories. Englishmen brought to new territories their culture, traditions and language. Australia was one of the colonies of Great Britain. That is why, nowadays the national language of Australia is English. Though, it is not quite classic variant of English. Due to peculiarities of the language of locals, it was changed. Nowadays, it has its own unique prosody. One of the main differences of the Australian variant of English is its unique pronunciation. It has a lot of common traits with New Zealand English and other variants of English language, peculiar for Southern Hemisphere. Moreover, there are different variants of pronunciation and dialects within Australian English. They are called General, Cultivated and Broad Australian. Each of them has its own variant of pronunciation of certain vowels. Broad variant stresses nasality, elision of syllables, while Cultivated tends to copy British variant of pronunciation of vowels, however, the majority of people in Australia speaks General variant of language, though it is not the same as British. The main differences are in the pronunciation of vowels. The front vowels in Australian English are all raised if to compare them with the same vowels in British English. Moreover, the diphthongs /ɪə/ and /e:/ are usually pronounced in Australian English with negligible offglide. Additionally, there is one difference in the pronunciation of consonants. The main aspect of Australian English is, that there are no glottal stops which are peculiar for British English. There are also some more differences in the pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs in Australian English. However, it is possible to say that these differences are not so significant and it is still easy to understand all variants of English for people which have the knowledge of Standard English. There is a tendency to consider Australian English to be similar to some dialects of British, such as Cockney. Having analyzed the main differences of Australian and British variants of English, it is possible to make some conclusions. There is no such a great difference in pronunciation and phonologies of the languages. The main peculiarities and laws, according to which these language function, remain the same. There was even a tendency at the beg
Introduction Olympic Games have evolved into a significant movement that affects development of societies. Olympic movement is now seen as one of the most potent movements which embrace the entire globe. First, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was an organization which was responsible for the Olympic Games holding. At present, it includes a variety of bodies with various responsibilities. The history and culture of this organization can illustrate the practical use of social theories which can help trace the trends which govern the development of organizations as well as societies. Thus, there are various approaches to understanding of organizations. Functionalist theory is prevailing as it best explains certain trends. However, the development of the IOC confirms that conflict and figurational theories can be applicable as well. It is necessary to take a closer look at the development of the IOC to consider major trends affecting development of sport organizations and societies. The history of the IOC and functionalist theory The nineteenth century Creation of the IOC is closely connected with the name of the famous French aristocrat, Pierre de Coubertin. In 1890, he became a secretary-general of the “federation of French sports clubs” (Nauright 2012, p. 23). Pierre de Coubertin became one of the representatives of the country on the world arena in the sphere of sports. Thus, he along with the Englishman Charles Herbert and the American William Sloane became an organizer of the International Paris Conference which took place in 1894. The conference was attended by 78 delegations, which represented eight countries. Interestingly, the initial title of the conference was “The Study and Diffusion of the Principles of Amateurism and the Revival of the Olympics”, however Coubertin changed the title of this conference to “Conference on the Re-Establishment of the Olympic Games” (as cited in Nauright 2012, p. 24). The conference resulted in the announcement of creation of the International Olympic Committee on June 23, 1894. The first games of the new era were held in 1896 in Athens (Nauright 2012, p. 24). From then on, the IOC have been developing and spreading its influence. Coubertin saw the organization as a regulatory body of the Olympic Games. He wanted to make sports (or at least) Olympic Games unaffected by any political influences (Liu 2007). However, this proved to be impossible as the organization was never free from politics. In the first place, the organization includes members coming from different countries. Admittedly, people tend to be affected by their political views when making decisions. Different countries have often been in conflict with each other. This has often led to conflicts within the IOC and political views of its members as well as political agendas of some countries affected decisions made by the organization. For example, the organization excluded South Africa completely due to the apartheid, which was considered to some extent as vindictive by the some members of the organization. At the same time, one of the major principles of the organization is equality of all people and nations irr
A groupware is collaborative software that supports a group of people who undertake similar tasks. With the use of software, it enables group coordination of activities while sharing information through a free communication channel from distant computers. People can communicate either directly in the same places, or different places or different shifts. Alternatively, an ordinary database is software that stores related data relevant to a specific event or institution. A database cannot function as a groupware because it has no supportive tools to provide the real-time sharing capability of a groupware. Use of Data in Groupware Groupware has many components, which include electronic conferencing, email messaging, group conferencing, and other electronic forums. The Group Decision Support System helps in meetings that are held electronically, either in audio or video form. A group can also work on a document stored in remote a computer. The document can be edited together with the creation of document databases. In Groupware, data is accessed inside its database or from external sources through a mount-point and a new folder for storage. It is easy for users to search data as well as copy paste it to the new folder. Data from outside can also be shared to the other network users. Users can share the most recent news and create mail folders which can be viewed by many users (Rama & Bishop, 2006). Groupware Deployment by Top Management The top management is the group which arranges the implementation of groupware software. They first look at each employee’s role and responsibilities to determine whether there is a need for groupware implementation. They must put into consideration the cost involved in improving groups processes and plan on how to implement the change. The management must also put away their competitive culture of individual recognition where an individual is rewarded for good work, and adapt to the group’s results through the use of groupware. Groupware Implementation and Support Bruce (2008) argues that groupware benefits the managers, supervisors and other employees because in case of management meeting, all managers can communicate through tele-conferencing and other groups that are set up with the same tasks to work as a team. In each case, participants from different geographical stations give many views in the discussion with many outlooks of a discussion, which may sometimes involve people from different countries and races. Sometimes, they use brainstorming to exchange ideas, and thus the organization saves on travel costs for meetings. Management has to agree on the implementation of groupware, and before they inform other employ
The present clip is from Jean-Jacques Beneix’s film Diva , released in 1981. Diva is set in Paris and follows the story of a young postman named Jules and his obsession with an African-American opera singer Cynthia Hawkins. In this scene, Jules reveals his obsession to Alba, a Vietnamese nymphet who becomes one of his close friends and a significant supporting character. Alba is the first person that Jules allows to listen to his recording of Cynthia Hawkins’ singing. Not only does he invite the girl into his residence, which is kept secret from other characters, but he allows her to listen to the recording with him. In this essay, I will argue that this scene creates a parallel between the act of listening to music and a sexual encounter. Scene Description The first sequence of shots that is relevant to my argument is at the beginning of the clip. The scene begins with Jules and Alba sitting on a moped as the elevator takes the characters to Jules’ loft. Alba is singing, high-pitched, before she breaks to ask Jules whether she is a coloratura or a lyric. As Jules begins to open the door into the loft, he states that she is dramatic, to which Alba acts disappointed: “You said lyric!”. As the door into the loft opens, the camera moves to show the main setting of Jules’ residence: multiple crashed cars are arranged in a semi-circle, with a broken car part in the middle. Alba takes a moment to criticize the gloomy surroundings before she walks to one of the cars, set in the back. The camera follows her movement, and so does Jules, who appreciates Alba’s choice of car: “The lady has a taste.” He is still holding his red moped helmet in his hands as he approaches Alba to explain that the car she chose is a Rolls-Royce. They talk about the incident briefly when Alba mentions meeting a man who drove the same car: “I didn’t hesitate, I climbed right in.” Another sequence of shots that I want to discuss occurs towards the end of the clip when Jules and Alba prepare to listen to the recording. The sequence begins when Alba sits Jules on the sofa next to her and starts to take off his watch. Jules begins to protest but does not stop the girl as she removes the watch and g
Identification of premises and conclusions One outstanding argument in the paper ‘Religion is the cause of war’ is that religion causes conflicts even within families. The conflicts penetrate families that do not subscribe to the same religion. Another argument is that terrorism arguably results from sharing of resources. However, it has been observed that religious extremism and antagonism are the major causes of terrorism in different places. The conflicts that continue to erupt in the Gulf region owes to the diverse religious differences. Israel masquerades behind national security in its effort to obtain a huge portion of land to settle the Jews. The hate expressed by atheists against the need to eliminate Christianity indicates religious hostility among the believers and non-believers. Identification of fallacies It is not a fallacy that religion creates tension and eventual divorce between the couples. Thus, tensions escalate in the entire society. Evidently, the differences in religious beliefs make it difficult for couples across religious divides to have a harmonious relationship due to pressure from their religious leaders. The assertion that terrorism arises or sharing of the available resources is a fallacy. The Westgate Mall siege by attackers who claimed to be linked to the outlawed Al-Shabab was evidently a religious war of Muslim extremists against other religions. Equally, it is misleading to assert that the Middle East conflicts are mainly due to the scramble for resources. In essence, the conflicts between Palestine and Israel are largely due to religious differences. Each of the parties seeks to dominate the region to settle those who subscribe to their doctrine. Validity of arguments The argument that religious differences cause conflict within families is substantiated by the fact that the families having different religious beliefs do not entirely trust each other especially when food is involved and considered taboo. The statement made by the attackers in the Westgate attack validates the argument that terrorism is a religious war. The assailants demanded that the hostages recite some verses in the Quran. Those who were not Muslims were executed in cold blood. For years, the war between Palestine (mostly Christians and Muslims) and Israel (Jews) is essentially due to political and religious differences. Similarly, the Al Qaeda network has always claimed that its terrorism actions are to get rid of the non-believers. This argument is validated by the many conflicts that emerge among individuals of different religions despite being of lower magnitude. How to change the arguments to eliminate fallacies In reviewing beheadings of the Muslims who denounce the religion, it is evident that the atrocities are perpetrated to those who denounce the religion irrespective of their closeness to the perpetrator. Couples have also been known to divorce due to religious differences while others are subjected to domestic violence leading to acrimony linking to the families as well as communities. To eliminate the fallacy that terrorism is a war for the distribution of resources, it is important to co
Culture plays a critical role in the functioning of any organization. It impacts customer behavior, their preferences, and expectations from a particular product or service. For this reason, planning an expansion or aiming at entering a new country, a company should acquire an in-depth understanding of local peculiarities to adapt its offerings to existing demands. If knowledge of culture is unsatisfactory, the risk of failure increases. The case of Euro Disneyland is analyzed from this perspective, as the insufficient consideration of French culture contributed to the inability to meet the desired goals. It will be analyzed using the Decision Matrix and Hofstede’s dimensions of culture to understand the central problems associated with the project. Figure 1. Decision Matrix                                   Variables    Challenges             Weighting  Availability  Meeting the local vision  Attractiveness                                   Score         Total                     Score           Total  Score  Total Food                   5          2             10                        1               5      1      5     Drinks                 5          1             5                         1               5      1      5     Personal space         4          1             4                         1               4      2      8     Working culture        3          2             6                         1               3      1      3     Entertainment culture  5          3             15                        1               5      1      5                                                                                                                   Total                                           40                                        22            27     Differences in the U.S. and French Cultures The differences in mentalities peculiar to various nations can become a critical element preconditioning the effectiveness of a particular project and its popularity among the target audience. The case of Euro Disneyland shows that the inability to consider these alterations is critical as it might deteriorate the planned outcome. For this reason, applying Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, it is possible to outline the major differences between the USA and France. First, the individualism/collectivism dimension should be applied. It shows the degree of independence peculiar to various society members and the importance of group interests. Comparing the two cultures, France has always been an individualist society (Hofstede et al., 2010). The traditional approach to upbringing a child presupposes making him/her emotionally independent from the group and acting as a single person. People prefer to focus on their own visions and values, avoiding some group demands or popular concepts. In the USA, collectivist societies prevail and impact the mentality of people. They feel belonging to a part of the group, ready to share their feelings and emotions with other representatives, and they welcome emotional cooper
Introduction The traditional process of human communication has always involved a certain degree of direct personal interaction between individuals yet with the introduction of new technology preferred methods of communication have become more impersonal resulting in an increasingly isolationist society. As technology improves methods of communication have steadily become more convenient wherein people are no longer limited in their ability contact one another but rather can choose from a plethora of choices. The creation of mobile phone technology has enabled people to be contacted at anywhere at anytime through either a direct phone conversation or a more discreet text message. Online methods of communication such as email, chat messengers or even online video conferencing services such as those on Skype have made it so that global methods of communication have become far easier and affordable compared to the situation two decades ago where international communication was an arduous affair often involving significant delays, costs or even an inability to be contacted due to ones location. It was through the greater interconnectivity of countries through globalization that communication similarly became more globalized thus making it more convenient for the average user. Despite the current ease of use most people have with utilizing an assortment of methods of communication, as of late the most popular methods of communication such as texting, email and chat messengers have actually promoted a culture of isolation (Reid, 423 – 435). This is due to the fact that as these popular methods of communication become the norm so to does the level of social isolation of its users increase due the lack of direct face to face communication (Gordon, 60). As such, this brings up the question if it is possible to become more isolated due to the use of popular methods of communication despite the greater level of communicative interconnectivity that technology has brought about, and if so what are its negative consequences? Trend in Social Isolation Direct face to face interaction in order to communicate ideas and gain insight has been replaced with the convenience and rapidity brought about by the today’s popular methods of communication. With the loss of direct interaction comes a growing trend of isolation wherein people prefer being able to communicate with each other through short rapid fire messages rather than the long eloquent styles often seen in face to face interactions (Denial of Isolation, 10). As a result, emotional cues and responses usually evident in most direct conversations are absent resulting in more individuals becoming isolated both emotionally and socially from the world around them due to the lack of interaction (Cole and Cole, 40). It is due to these factors that there has been an increase in social awkwardness among young adults who have become so used to popular methods of communication that when placed in an instance of direct social interaction they tend to stumble around the conversation because of a certain lack of pract