ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the case of promissory estoppel, consideration has centered on the notion of exchange or bargain as a reasonable basis for the elucidation of what is meant by promissory estoppel in payment of consideration under the law of contract. In Williams v. Roffey, the formalistic notions of consideration were extended to their limits but it was obvious that amendment of the contract facilitated Roffey to receive some financial benefits. The plaintiff carpenter entered into a contract with the defendant to do carpentry work in 27 flats. After completing 9 flats, the plaintiff suffered a financial strain. Smelling the foulness that the work may not be completed on time, the defendant offered the plaintiff an additional bonus of £ 575 for each flat that had been fitted out by him. After completing further 8 more flats, the plaintiff terminated work. The defendant was compelled to pay the bonus for the 8 flats and also the agreed rate for all 17 flats. The main crucial finding, in this case, was that both deceit and duress were absent from the plaintiff’s side. Further, the agreement was lucidly drafted by the defendant in the genuine interest of both parties. Though, Williams merely assured to prolong his original commitments, the practical benefit to Roffey was enough to make his promise obligatory. In promissory estoppel, there are occasions where some amendment in a contract involves one party surrendering some of his privileges in a scenario in which the other party offers no further consideration to substantiate the promise. In Pinnel’s case (1602), it was held that payment of a lesser amount in fulfillment of a greater one did not cater to the requirements under the law of contract. The principle laid down in Pinnel’s case was again confirmed in Foakes v Beer (1884). In that case, Foakes had to pay £2,000 to Beer who filed a suit and obtained in judgment. A At this juncture, Foakes pleaded for more time and this was accepted by Beer that Beer would initiate no further proceedings against Foakes in return for immediate settlement of £ 500 plus agreed on installments until the whole amount was satisfied. However, Beer claimed an additional £360 by way of interest on the judgment debt. The court accepted her claim. It is to be observed through Foakes had repaid the entire loan amount (lesser capital sum), it did not discharge the greater debt. (Capital plus interest
Introduction The University City Fire and Rescue Department (UCFR) is a number of administrative, educational, training, and other bodies and units intended for the organization of fire prevention and other rescue activities. The corresponding members of the department are to ensure the security of citizens, property, give first aid to victims of fires and other natural disasters, and, in general, carry out the primary rescue operations related to firefighting activities. The department is organized to provide a platform for fire-technical, educational, and technical institutions. The work of the department includes processing the information about an accident, space exploration, rescue work, deployment of forces and resources, and the elimination of the dangerous incident, specialized works, and work for the security of the community. Organization and Structure The department has a well-aligned structure (please see the Organizational Chart attached). When performing the activities for neutralizing dangerous occurrences, the necessary proceedings include steps to ensure the safety of people, the creation of conditions for preventing the development of fires, and ensuring their elimination. In addition, the department makes use of means of communication, transport equipment; it is empowered to limit or restrict access to the dangerous locations as well as to restrict traffic and pedestrian access to the adjacent territories, and evacuate people. The Chief of the fire suppression team is responsible for performing activities for the security of the personnel of the fire brigade involved in the implementation of actions for firefighting or elimination of a dangerous manifestation. The captain sets the boundaries of the territory in which the brigade performs fire-extinguishing activities. If necessary, the head of the fire extinguishing team takes other decisions, including restricting the rights of officials and citizens in the affected territory. According to the department vision, it “is largely dependent upon the ability to attract, develop, and
Analyzing the economic performance on a larger scale, where a large scale implies a state economy, the assessment of the strategies that can be deemed most effective can take longer periods. In that regard, the countries experimenting with the approaches in financial interventions can go through crises, unemployment, inflation, etc. On the other hand, it can be said that going through such a process of trial-and-error, can put in perspective the future of the economic environment of the country, in which the success of the economic performance can be adjusted to the specifics of the country. Nevertheless, stating that the association of economic performance can be individualized does not exclude the fact that successful or unsuccessful experiences of other countries can be utilized to select an approach that promotes successful economic performance elsewhere. In that regard, this paper analyzes two distinct positions on the factors driving successful economic performance and promotes economic growth. The positions are based on the articles Conservative Governments and the Economy, 1979-97 by Stephen Wilks, and Finance Unbound by Will Hutton, while the support for the preference for a particular position in the articles will be linked to the examples of Arabic countries. The Absence of Government Interference Although it can be said that both articles are talking about the same period of the same country, i.e. Britain, where they analyzed the ups and downs in the British economy from 1979 to the 1990s, the emphasis is different in each article, in terms of the most contribution to economic success. In Wilks’ article, although covering several points, one of the significant remarks was the shift in the government’s involvement approach from interventions to regulation. The changes in the government approach were accompanied by a transfer to the market economy, and a raised interest in business corporations. In that regard, it can be stated that there were many factors that contributed to Britain’s survival from recessions, recoveries, and largely taking one of the leading positions among other world economies. Nevertheless, the main focus in the context of this paper can be given to the effect of the changes in the nature of government involvement and corporate business. The article argues that the involvement of the government in the industry is an inevitable aspect, which cannot be avoided. However, the nature of such involvement “have changed from interventionist or pl
Introduction The article, Measurement of the World City Network , by Taylor, Catalano, and Walker explores the process of constructing a data set that can be employed to quantify intercity relations. Walker and Taylor are lecturers at the Loughborough University in the Geography department. Catalano is a lecturer in the Department of Sociology and Political Science at the Calabria University in Italy. The authors have a myriad of experience and carried this research for the World City Network Formation in a Space of Flow project. The article provides an interesting insight into the process of collecting data and using the results to proactively create an interlocking network for a modern city, concerning London and New York. Specifically, the data collected was converted into a service
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Frankenstein are distinguishing works related to science and indeed, they have several things in common in terms of how the authors used science (Shelley; Stevenson). Creating pure evil from a monster made by a decomposing body, apparently, two scientists did not know how science would turn into a “horrifying” experience. This essay examines the works of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Frankenstein in providing messages about science and integrity, claiming that science is used as a tool for violence. To begin with, the majority of the scientists that launched research did not see the studies completed as the comparison between the two scientists suggested. Dr. Jekyll, for example, finds Frankenstein’s numerous scientific experiments and observations fascinating despite his abandonment. Notably, both scientists’ initial reactions to creation are quite clear and obviously different. Another message that Frankenstein’s abandoning of a scientific experiment sends is that the domains of science and integrity have distinct demarcations and bounds. For example, Frankenstein says, “My dreams were therefore undisturbed by reality; and I entered with the greatest diligence into the search of the philosopher’s stone and the elixir of life.” (Shelley, 65). A “supernatural creature can only comprehend certain intrinsic concerns,” and competing with such powers will be terrifying in and of itself. After giving life to the “monster” Frankenstein made, a horrible creature, the phrase is valid. There are selfish motivations regarding the scientific experience in both works. By the manner he exhibits his adoration and wonder of his new scientific discovery, Henry Jekyll, unlike Frankenstein, is motivated by a sense of power and overpowering depravity. He isn’t completely honest about his desire to make a human being to disprove other biblical claims. The way the two scientists approach their research reveals a lot about their personalities. While both Jekyll and Hyde are enthused about their scientific research, Frankenstein decides to abandon
Introduction The aim of this paper is to analyze a case study on Fisher-Price Toys, Inc. in order to determine whether the company should produce a new toy—ATV Explorer. The paper will also outline the following elements of a positioning statement for the product: accessibility, attitudes, opinions, and motivations. Analysis Production It is clear that the production of the toy is associated with numerous advantages. Fisher-Price has a chance of entering into the production of a new segment of products—riding toys. This opportunity is associated with substantial profits because according to a study conducted by A. J. Wood Corporation, such toys account for 22 percent of total dollar sales (Case Study, 1985). Given an astonishing rate of brand recognition (64.7%) and its previous successes with braking a price barrier, the company should launch the new product. However, it is recommended that they start with a cheaper version of the Explorer and only invest in one mold. It has to do with the fact that the number of children under six years of age is expected to decrease in the following years (Case Study, 1985). Also, it is highly unlikely that the demand for the toy will exceed production capacity since its previous best-seller, the Creative Coaster sold only 332, 000 units. Therefore, it is necessary to test the cheaper toy during the upcoming sales peak in order to generate a monetary safety buffer, which will help to keep the business in the sound condition if the future expensive version does not prove to be a success. Moreover, the cheaper product will help to pre-promote the more luxurious one. Generated revenues can also be used for advertising the upgraded Explorer. Price The following calculations will help to determine the product’s price:   * unit variable costs = direct cost + labor + administrative expenses = $4.21 + $0.73 + 1.56 = $6.50;   * the unit break-even point (BEQ) = $161, 000 + $18, 000 / ($9.20 – $6.50) = 66, 295 units. Therefore, the price of an original unit can be easily set at $18.50. Even if the sales of the Explorer are lower by 50 percent than those of the Creative Coaster, the company will be able to break even. However, it has to be borne in mind that the total fixed costs of the riding toy do not include advertising expenses since it is not possible to derive a precise number from the total consumer advertising budget for 1970. By removing additional components, Fisher-Price will be able to reduce the price to $12, thereby attracting more customers. A Positioning Statement The following positioning statement will be used to clarify a marketing strategy for the product: For the first-time mothers of two-to five-year-olds who are captivated by vehicles for space exploration, Fisher-Price presents an innovative ATV Explorer. Unlike traditional riding vehicles, the toy is a prestige item that meets all criteria of high quality and will last from one child to the next. Accessibility The target audience will be reached through the medium of television. Attitudes The produ
Introduction The neck of the femur and structure of the head helps in the transmission of body weight efficiently by appropriate distribution of the bony trabeculae in the neck. The system, for example, the tension trabeculae and compression trabeculae along with strong calcar femoral on the medial torsion during locomotion and weight-bearing stresses. The fractured neck of the femur occasionally occurs in young adults and children and is highly in old age this is due to osteoporosis of the region. Fractures that are intracapsular may interfere with sources of blood to the femoral head, the cervical vessels in the retinaculum of the joint capsule or even intramedullary vessels. The intracapsular nature of the fracture hinders recovery from injury. This will lead to blood remaining inside the joint capsule thus increasing intracapsular pressure and damage of the femoral head. Most patients are elderly people with a history of a fall and unable to walk. The injured lies in a position of external rotation and there is a shortening of the leg. The attachment of the capsule to the distal fragment prevents excessive external rotation of the leg. Thus there is tenderness over the anterior and lateral aspects of the hip joint. All movement is extremely painful. (Sue, 1997) Many patients with this fracture, may have other pre-existing ill-health problems, their assessment and implications for achieving the best-desired outcomes depends on satisfaction with the care, treatment and achieved the outcome. Patient with pre-existing co-morbidity desired outcomes depends on their level of dependency. Achieved outcomes need to be assessed at discharge in the subsequent three months and for those with pre-existing or consequent co-morbidity, in the longer term. The measuring and recording of pre-fracture mobility for comparison with the situation at post-fracture are important in assessment. These can be assessed by using physical aspects of daily routine, for example, walking scale or short mobility scores, use of walking Aids in both prior and subsequent to an injury. The measure of impairment and disability predominate because they are easy to measure and valuable for assessing fracture repair. There may be a useful role for multidimensional health profiles in broadening the focus of measurement to the consequences of the fracture for the individual user as this will be used for desire
Insulin production in bacteria is a biotechnology application with great significance to human health. First, because it provides reliable means through which insulin is produced in large volumes to meet the ever increasing demand by patients who suffer from type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (William & Michael, 2003). Industrial production of Insulin in bacteria is therefore my biotechnology application of choice. Recombinant DNA technology application in pharmaceutical production specifically in insulin production in bacteria is a widely applied biotechnology. It involves several procedures including cloning of human insulin-producing genes into desired bacteria (E. Coli Strains), eventual translation of the recombinant DNA into proteins (insulin). Basically, human cells are isolated then grown in tissue culture. DNA is isolated from the human cells and mixed with plasmid DNA from a bacterium then cut with restriction enzymes. The desired human DNA insert is incorporated into plasmid then transferred into bacterium cell for duplication. After transformation, bacteria colonies are screened to identify the cells that have incorporated human gene for insulin. Cells with recombinant plasmids are grown in a fermentor to produce numerous insulin-producing bacteria. Finally, the produced mass of insulin producing bacteria are collected and broken up to recover insulin protein expressed from the human insulin gene. The insulin recovered is then purified and packaged as pharmaceutical drugs such as HumulinN (Manjula, 2007). Insulin production in bacteria involves cloning thus it is a typical example of biotechnology. Moreover, this application has a major benefit in that; large scale production of human insulin is obtained from bacteria. From the biotechnological perspective, this biotechnology application does not seem to be associated with any negative impact because proper screening is done during insulin production. In addition, no harmful proteins are known to be produced in this application thus it is safe (William & Michael, 2003). Peer Post Replies Post by – Shontelisha Mitchell Hi Mitchell! I liked your choice of Biotechnology application. In fact, Genetically Modified Organism’s (GMO) technology is currently gaining a widespread popularity. This is probably because of its reproducibility and easy application, especially in the Agricultural field for production of food products to meet the current nutritional needs of the whole population. Ordinarily, plant genome is easy to manipulate while maintaining the plant’s initial genetic composition. For instance, disease-resistance genes in a low-yielding crop can be incorporated into the genome of a hig
Avacta Group is a small biotech company that is based in Wetherby, Yorkshire. It is focused on the production of high-end biological testing systems that are needed for the pharmaceutical industry and the veterinary market (Blythe 25). It also produces a device known as Optim 1000. It helps drug companies to determine whether their new medicine will be successful or not. The importance of the given tool could hardly be overestimated as it guarantees good perspectives for a new venture. Avactas second product AX-1 is a desktop blood-testing machine that could help to test blood, saliva, or serum and provide credible results without the additional usage of laboratory equipment. Finally, the companys other important project is the artificial manufacture of antibodies that are used for medical research. Besides, the above-mentioned product AX-1 has a number of important functions. First, it provides an opportunity to test blood and other important biological substances without the usage of some additional equipment (Blythe 25). Moreover, it helps to save costs and avoid extra spending on transportation and other aspects. Furthermore, AX-1 reduces the risk of samples becoming contaminated or mixed with other important substances (Blythe 25). The given equipment is expected to become an efficient tool and alter the situation in the market. In this regard, AX-1 should be considered an important product that could help Avacta become prosperous. It is obvious that the company is oriented on the functioning in the biotech area. It tries to create new devices to guarantee a scientific breakthrough and obtain a significant competitive advantage. The given sphere is one of the most promising at the moment as it assures great incomes for the main actors. Moreover, the further evolution of science preconditions the appearance of new opportunities for companies working in the given sphere. That is why Avacta Group might have good perspectives for its further evolution. However, the main peculiarities of the companys functioning and the nature of its major products predetermine the appearance of conflicts between Avactas researchers and marketers. Yet, implementation of AX-1 could guarantee great incomes for the company. Besides, it is crucial to prove that the equipment is able to work on human beings. Researchers have already performed a number of tests to assure that AX-1 is able to work on animals. However, it is not enough as the numerous demands for a new medical equipment state that it should be totally safe. For this reason, researchers have to assure that while working with people, AX-1 will not do harm to patients and provide the credible results needed for the investigation. Hence, marketers are obviously interested in the speedy market launch and acquisition of great incomes. Avacta Group should be considered a creator of the unique equipment that could bring it a significant competitive advantage. At the same time, the introduction of the revolutionary new product provides the company with a unique opportunity to impact the f
Introduction A wall of fire rising is a masterpiece short story by Edwidge Danticat. This story explores the life of a poor man trying to provide for his family. However, the reader can sense a deep longing for something better, which appears elusive to the man. Guy is longing for freedom, but he cannot achieve it no matter how hard he tries. In a bid to explore this issue, the author uses a hot balloon as a symbol of freedom for Guy. This paper explores symbolism in the short story, A wall of fire rising. Symbolism in the Story The hot balloon is a symbol of freedom for Guy. First, the author notes that the balloon has been imported from the United States of America. Conventionally, the United States is dubbed as the land of freedom. In addition, the country is supposedly full of opportunities, and thus the origin of the balloon symbolizes freedom from poverty and other misgivings that bedevil third world countries like Haiti where Guy lives. Most specifically, Guy wants freedom from poverty, which can easily be found in the United States, where the balloon has come from. Every time Guy nears the balloon, he is lost in a world of thoughtfulness perhaps thinking of how he can achieve his freedom. His wife is quick to note this behavior for as Guy tries to get the balloon via the barbed wire, she can almost tell the bliss that he imagined to achieve once he gets into it. The wife knows the problems that Guy has gone through in the poverty-stricken country, and thus she can relate