ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A Pulitzer Prize-winning book called The Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation is written by Joseph Ellis. The literary work focuses on the interactions among individuals of various origins who had a profound impact on the evolution of a new nation and culture, the United States of America. In particular, the account relates to the group of gifted individuals, including Franklin, Jefferson, Burr, Hamilton, Madison, Adams, and Washington, who managed to create a new union and survive in a new world. In the book, the author highlights the realities of the end of the eighteenth century during which the Founding Brothers, also known as Founding Fathers, sought to define the practical underpinnings of our government, as well as create the content and ideals for the Constitution and Declaration of Independence. Summary The work focuses on the six significant historical episodes, including Burr and Hamilton’s deadly encounter, Washington’s Farewell Address, Adam and Jefferson’s correspondence, Franklin’s endeavor to make Congress consider the issue of slavery and Madison’s resistance to his attempts, and, finally, Adam’s political administration and cooperation with his wife. In the first chapter entitled as The Duel , the scholar introduces personal and political encounter between Burr and Hamilton, leading to the deadly duel predetermined by the challenges of the Revolution. While looking through the prism of historical events, the duel is considered one of the most significant and famous encounters known in American history. The rivalry resulted in Hamilton’s injury and death whereas Burr’s experienced indignation and disapproval on the part of society. The main conflict between the politicians was premised on the discrepancies in personal outlooks. The second chapter narrates the secrete negotiations resulting in the selection the Potomac River location for building the new national capital. Such a decision is made in exchange for Virginia’s advocate of Hamilton’s financial plan. The plan referred to the development of states debts that should be acknowledged by the federal government. In Chapter Three called The Silence, the author uncovers the confrontation between James Madison supporting the postponement of slavery discussion and Benjamin Franklin who signed the petition that withdrew the importance of slave trade and slavery for the welfare of the union. The fourth chapter of the book is called The Farewell and discloses the Presidents George Washington’s Address in which he presented his view on the political and social reforms that were vital for prosperous development of nation. The speech represents the classic message of republicanism through which the former presidents warn American society about the political hazards they must avoid to maintain and develop the nation’s veritable values. The Collaborators is the title of the fifth chapter, in which two important relationships are discussed. The first one involves the political partnership betwe
Introduction The study of the human genetic composition has helped in developing an inner understanding of the human body and cells. Genetic engineering has assisted in the study of living things and can be credited for the development of better breeds of living things especially in agricultural products. This paper seeks to research on how genes work, the future of humanity based on genetic study as well as the scope of genetic functions. How genes work Genes are commonly known as the blueprints of life (Boyle par. 4). They are called the so due to several reasons but the major reason is because they tell the human body cells what to do and when to do it (Boyle par. 6). In a nutshell, all of our body functions are determined and controlled by genes. Genes work by making proteins and it is correct to say that every gene is a recipe for making a particular protein (Boyle par. 2). The importance of a gene is emphasized by the fact that 50% of the hard weight of cells is protein. The uses of proteins in the body are numerous including and they include heavy lifting, digestion, and communication between cells among others. Genes are responsible for giving cells instructions while proteins carry out these instructions. Each protein performs a particular function and for a cell to perform a new task, a new protein must be created for the task (Boyle par. 2). If a cell needs a task to be performed faster or slower, then it gives more or less proteins the responsibility to discharge the duty. Genes are responsible for telling the cells which protein is appropriate to make (Boyle par. 2). Where geneticists think the humanity is heading Geneticists have been of great help in demystifying so
Introduction Scholars have recognized apocalyptic literature has a distinct class of works since the time of Friedrich Lucke in the early 19th century. However, this field has not progressed like other fields of study i.e. there is a general lack of pseudepigrapha. At the same time, there are also other factors that have hindered the progress in this field. First, there has been confusion with regard to the use of the word apocalyptic to refer to a collection of literary, social and phenomenological elements. Scholars like Koch, Stone, and Hanson agree that genre of apocalypse should be separated from the apocalypticism and apocalyptic eschatology. Second, Bible scholars did not clearly recognize and label the apocalypse genre in the ancient history. The use of the term apocalypse seems to have originated from the last book of the Bible in the New Testament, Revelation. In this context, scholars used the term to refer to a class of writing among the Jewish literature. Third, Jewish apocalypses joined various and distinct literary styles, such as vision, prayers and legends, among others. This has made some scholars claim that the apocalypse is not literary genre but a mixture of compositions (Collins 1998). The literature of Daniel contains full-blown elements of apocalyptic literature in the Bible. Consequently it has received far more attention than any other Jewish apocalypse, but its special status has not always been beneficial. Likewise, scholars have a tendency to view Daniel as the typical example of apocalypse, although, in fact, it represents only itself. On the other hand, there is even now a spirited attempt to separate the canonical book of Daniel from the rest of the apocalypse genre. Attempts to dismiss the non-canonical apocalypses as Daniel’s imitators should by now be dismissed. There are, however, differences between Daniel apocalypses and other traditions of apocalypse literature like Enoch, some apparent and some real, which require consideration. Some Bible scholars argue that the place of the book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible was because the author presented the work when the writers had closed the prophetic canon. According to them, the significant question is whether or not Daniel belongs with the other prophetic books. Consequently, they have concluded that Daniel is not a prophetic book but an apocalypse and the only one with the full examples in the Hebrew Bible. The genre of Daniel as apocalypse When we take the book of Daniel as a whole, it is an apocalypse book. Specifically, it belongs to the category of historical apocalypse. This category of apocalypse does not involve other worldly journey, but uses the strategy of ex eventu prophecy (this is a presentation of previous events as future prophecy) of hi
There is a certain nationwide pride in the recreational potentials of the Australian environment than any other environment in the world. Australia presents itself to the world as a country with perfect cultures of leisure and struggle. Cultural historians assert that the current Australian cultures resulted from a set of different colonies, cultures, and inhabitants (Jalland, 2002). This paper focuses on transformation and change in Australia between the years 1850 and 1945. In Australia, a bush refers to a scarcely populated region with or without vegetation cover. Cultural historians believe that in the 19 th century the term bush referred to any area outside the urban regions (Ferber & Healy, 2002). Bush culture is a famous icon in the country’s lives and features. The culture is symbolised in Australian literatures, paintings, music, and films. When the first immigrants arrived in Australia, they found that the country’s bush was exceptional compared to other landscapes in Europe. As such, the bush was considered a basis of national ideals fostering a sense of patriotism. Between the years 1850 and 1890, the residents came up with several folklores about Australian bush. During this period, bush ranging was a favoured way of living among the early immigrants. The outlawed act resulted from limited supplies among the early settlers. Although several bushrangers were very popular, some of them were violent and more often attacked the gold miners and transporters. In the year 1853, native troops were employed to protect the gold miners and transporters against the bushrangers. The fame of these bushrangers has been celebrated in the bush songs and myths. On the gold mines of the years 1854 and 1855, the miners were commemorated in tales and songs as brave men who enhanced democracy. The suburbanization of Sydney and Melbourne began in the mid 19 th century. In the year 1870, the expansion of the suburban settlement had absorbed the bulk of a rapid and sustained growth of the colonial population (Ferber & Healy, 2002). Melbourne city increased from 268,000 individuals in the 1870 to 473,000 individuals in the 1880s. In Sydney, the population grew from 38,949 in the year 1861 to 369,721 in the year 1901 (Metusela & Waitt, 2012). The attractiveness of suburbs was a persistent social force in Australia. As such, there was an abundance of land for urban expansion. Infrastructure expanded rapidly after the 1870s. With the expansion of infrastructures, communication between settlements became easier. This increased a sense of national identity among the settlers. Before the end of the 19 th century, six colonies had vowed to unite and work together. During the early years of urbanization, immigrants perceived the expansions of towns as a potentially alienating and de-humanizing force. These attitudes were reinforced by t
Directed by Blake Edwards in 1961, Breakfast at Tiffany’s is a masterpiece American film based on Truman Capote; a best selling novel that incorporates drama in classic romantic comedy just like the film. This classic film highlights the theme of women independence after World War II, search for personal identity and quest for personal freedom. Blake employs cinematic symbols to underscore the themes of the film. The cat character symbolizes Holly Golightly in her quest to achieve freedom while her empty house typifies her destitute self and personality. On the other hand, Golightly’s dialogue and character represents the pursuit of women independence. The three symbols achieve Blake’s agenda so perfectly that they make the film worth watching. Breakfast at Tiffany exposits the story of a lovely but naïve young girl called Holly Golightly as she unravels the mystery of her identity. Holly undergoes a tumultuous childhood pushing her to marry at the tender age of fourteen. Unfortunately, the marriage does not last for she runs away from it before her search for freedom takes her to New York City where perhaps she thinks she can experience some form of freedom away from the pressures of marriage and the haunting ghosts of unstable childhood. Unfortunately, within no time, she becomes lonely and penniless. Therefore, to meet her needs, she starts seeing moneyed men coupled with delivering coded messages to a mafia ringleader who is serving a jail term in prison, all in the name of earning a living. As time goes on, Holly meets Paul, her new neighbor and they become friends at the first sight. At this point, the film director takes the audience into lengths of exploring Paul and Holly’s relationships divulging Paul’s struggles in his writing career coupled with his bearing lack of confidence. On the other hand, Holly’s short and unsatisfying relationships come into light as Paul falls for her slowly by slowly. Before Paul can make his feelings known, Holly falls for Jose, a Brazilian tycoon whom she decides to marry for provision only. In fact, Holly is ready to accompany Jose to Brazil. Unfortunately, before her plans can materialize, she is arrested for dealing with the mafia ringleader, prompting Jose to change his mind concerning his hitherto plans to marry her. As the movie closes, Paul addresses Holly briefly about life lessons before she discovers herself and things that make her happy in life. As aforementioned, search for freedom is one of the themes explored in this movie. Holly escapes from her marriage and hometown and moves to New York hoping to be free far from any commitments and relationships. In her mind, freedom is the absence of any commitments where one can do as he/she pleases. The nameless cat used in the film stands for Holly. Namelessness typifies lack of ownership explaining why Holly deserts her husband, therefore; she carr
Of all the elements that a human being needs to reach the state of happiness, freedom must be at the top of the list. However, when shaking the hideous chains off, the has-been “prisoner” of a more powerful opponent might feel completely lost. When the long desired independence is finally granted, the ones who have never been taught to act on their own are most likely to be lost and even frightened. The shock that came along with the Partition of India was far too huge to overcome it (Bates), even though the freedom that was eventually granted to the Indian people had been awaited for for decades ( Partition of India ). By disclosing a personal drama to the audience, Deepa Mehta’s 1947 (Earth) tells a story of a tremendous political change and the following challenge that India had to face in order to survive. The way in which Mehta manages to intertwine the Indian political and economical situation of the time with the lives of ordinary people is truly incredible. To start with, she managed to place the leading characters, i.e., Shanta and her friends, in a specific microcosm where social and religious differences do not matter. Lenny, belonging to Parsi family, her ayah Shanta being a member of the Hindu population, and the Muslim suitors of Shanta represent both the chaos in which India at the moment of its partition existed, and the delicate balance that needed to be restored. Thus, Mehta set a contrasting element to the violence and chaos that gripped Indian during its partition process. Unlike many documentaries, 1947 (Earth) is packed with metaphors. Every single frame leaves an impression and gives a lot of food for thoughts; however, by far the most meaningful scene seems to be the one including Ice Candy Man and Lenny talking about the lions. It is hard to come up with an accurate metaphor for the conflict that took place between the Muslims and the Hindu in 1940s; however, Mehta manages to nail it down precisely. Comparing the religious conflict and the opponents to a pride of lions, she makes it clear that this pivoting point in Indian history was bound to come eventually: “’Who’s guarding the lions?’ – ‘Nobody.’” ( 1947 (Earth) ). Finally, the issue of religious tolerance (or its absence, for that matter) should be brought up. By portraying friendship between the representatives of different religions, Mehta makes it clear that religious tolerance is the only approach to tackle the related conflicts. However, a number of states consider the murder of an “infidel” acceptable. Thus, two different religious visions collide. There are different opinions on the given issue. However, to kill someone in the name of God seems a very disturbing idea. Since God is the Creator, it is only Him to d
The Global Automobile Firms Global Automobile firms that operate in the USA include Mercedes, Nissan, General Motors (GM), Ford, and Volvo. However, these are a few of a long list of other automobile companies that operate in the US. These firms have generic competitive strategies that uniquely identify and differentiate their products in a fiercely competitive market for positioning their firms for strategic market advantages (Stoner, 1987). Generic Competitive strategies In theory and practice, Porter’s generic competitive strategies include cost leadership, product differentiation, differentiation focus, and cost focus. However, with regard to the US market, these global automobile firms have generic competitive strategy that uniquely characterizes each of them. These strategies are specifically tailored to target specific market segments, demographic distributions, income levels, and consumer behavior (Stoner, 1987) and (Humphrey & Memedovic, 2003). Mercedes’s competitive generic strategy of product differentiation targets buyer behavior. In its generic strategy, higher premium costs of the Mercedes model reflect value added features and product quality. It is clear that Mercedes prices its vehicles higher than other models due to additional value integrated into its Automobile units. However, the firm clearly makes customers understand and appreciate the higher product prices (Stoner, 1987). On the other hand, Nissan’s generic competitive strategy is based on cost leadership. That is particularly the case in the current global economic environment, where consumer income and spending have significantly dropped. The strategy is based on the argument that being the producer of low cost vehicles, the selling price of their units can be accommodated in a market characterized by reduced income levels. However, the firm does not significantly differentiate its product though it is projected to enjoy a large market share (Stoner, 1987). General Motors’s generic differentiation strategy is tailored to suit its operational macro and micro environment. The employs a combination of cost focus and differentiation focus as its competitive strategy in its rivalry against competing firms (Stoner, 1987). Ford differentiates its products along the value chain by combining different product specifics sp
Organizing people in a manner that allows reducing costs to a minimum while increasing performance to a maximum is one of the central problems that any middle- and large-size business encounters. In this regard, the current essay seeks to discuss some of the crucial questions related to people management. They include the advantages and disadvantages of centralized and decentralized company structure, existing types of authority, and methods to reduce the conflicts between line and staff. Firstly, any company management design can be generally divided into centralized and decentralized control. The former implies that all the important decisions in the organizations are delivered by top-level leadership, while the latter signifies that the lower-level administrative units are delegated some of the power functions. Overall, it is hard to say which of the two structures is better as they each have some advantages and disadvantages. For example, centralization is usually associated with faster decision-making and reaction to new realities, more focused development, and a clearer authority structure than decentralization. Therefore, centralized management can be much better in such situations as, for instance, economic crises. However, on the other hand, an overly consolidated authority may lead to worse worker performance, less innovativeness, and reduced employee loyalty. Now, it is important to distinguish between various authority types that can be present in an organization. The first type is the advisory authority which implies that staff departments serve as experts and consultants for line departments but cannot enforce their decisions. Next, line authority is the manager’s ability to influence other’s performance directly. Finally, the functional authority provides staff personnel with limited line authority over certain organizational functions. Functional authority can be a good choice for many organizations to balance the managerial power of staff and line departments. Nevertheless, there is a drawback of such management type, which is a potential conflict between line and staff due to the lack of command unity. To address this issue, top-layer administrators should ensure that functional and line authorities do not overlap, but if it happens, the higher managers should be constantly available to resolve the conflict. Another way to avoid excessive conflict is to organize free communication between staff and line departments, which would allow openly discussing and collectively resolving all the problems.
Hamlet involves many important and universal themes which can be easily applied to our times. Shakespeare portrays that in a world of complexity, instability, and unpredictability, people are struggling to make sense of the changes and to situate themselves within the new milieu. Without education and knowledge, people would be limited by their narrow worldview based on domestic values and prejudices. Thesis Shakespeare vividly portrays that education and knowledge give people great opportunity to choose their life path and become free from other people, social prejudices, and narrow worldview shared by society. Learning has always provided the advantage for human survival through difficult, even seemingly impossible, times. In the play, Shakespeare portrays that learning is at the core of our being, as individuals and collectively. Hamlet and his friend Horatio are students who support each other in difficult life situations. Hamlet exclaims: “And thy commandment all alone shall live / Within the book and volume of my brain, / Unmix’d with baser matter: yes, by heaven!” (Shakespeare, 1995). As we moved into a new century, there are compelling social forces that necessitate better learning and learning in new ways. In modern terms, the challenge for educators is to apply this new learning to help pupils deal with the opportunities and stresses of shifting and unpredictable social forces in their lives. Different subject disciplines provide intellectual frameworks to help make sense of information and ‘turn’ it into knowledge. From a personal standpoint, education means self-realization and personal achievements important for every student. For many students, good education and knowledge mean a possibility to expand existing knowledge if you are a persistent, hard-working, and talented personality. At the beginning of the play, the King declines Hamlet’s request to return to school. “For your intent In going back to school in Wittenberg, / It is most retrograde to our desire “ (Shakespeare). It is possible to assume that knowledge and education were perceived as tools of personal Independence and freedom. Knowledge gives total freedom and guarantees complete control over life. Without knowledge and education, people are limited by their false views and interpretations of events, unable to compare and contrast their universal values. The ability to read and write opens new horizons for information search and knowledge retrieval. Education allows one to find a better and a steady job which also reduces personal dependence and failures. Learning has the potential to foster creativity, and creativity is an essential feature of learning. It requires hard work, commitment, and practice. New ways of learnin