ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Hospital-acquired diseases are frequent incidents as the conditions in which patients are located contribute to their development significantly. Most patients have weakened immunity due to injuries or illnesses that are the causes of their hospitalization. At the same time, they are surrounded by hundreds of other people with other ailments. Even patients who cannot leave their rooms are also exposed to external factors because medical personnel carries germs and bacteria on their clothes and hand. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a leader in hospital-acquired infections as respiration devices create an environment for the growth of bacteria and this disease is especially dangerous (Lyons & Kollef, 2018). Nowadays, the cases of VAP are significantly lower than decades ago because nurses use preventive measures to decrease the risks of infection. However, the problem of inappropriate care for patients who need artificial ventilation of lungs still exists and causes pneumonia, which has to be eliminated. There are many diseases that a patient can get in the hospital, but some of them are easily transmitted, while others are less spreadable. Ventilator-associated pneumonia arises due to the wrong use of medical devices, such as catheters, improper oral cleaning, and non-compliance with hygiene rules by patients and medical personnel (Boev & Kiss, 2017). The consequences of infection can be a more prolonged treatment of the patient and their depressed state, as well as the occurrence of injuries and even death. However, there is still a lag in the literature about the prevention of these diseases. Scientists study pneumonia as part of hospital-acquired infections, for example, Salem (2019) and Bashar (2019), or evaluate the knowledge of nurses on this topic as Rafieia, Rahimia, Shafaeia, and Ommatmohammadi (2020). Lyons and Kollef (2018) study the preventive measures of VAP in detail; however, they emphasize direct care but not a general strategy. Thus, there is a need to identify health strategies that reduce the incidence of VAP, since this disease can be avoided mostly by professional skills and the care of nurses. The role of nurses is crucial in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia as they perform primary care for patients and should monitor the risks and treatment of patients. For this reason, every advanced nurse has to know and use strategies that can improve his or her direct care and performance of his or her colleagues and subordinates. Consequently, competencies of advanced nurses are necessary for this purpose, since their work is vital for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients and organizational skills are sufficient and useful for building collaboration within the staff. Possible Strategies for VAP Prevention There are several strategies for reducing the number of hospital-acquired VAP cases that advanced nurses can apply by using their professional skills. According to the Royal College of Nursing (2018), the core competencies of an advanced nurse are direct care, leadership, and collaborative practice, improving quality and developing practice, developing
Interview notes The interviewed person is a single Philippine-born woman Amihan (the name was altered due to the considerations of confidentiality). She is 40 years old, and she has been living in the US for 15 years while employed as a babysitter and paid under the table. American speaks English fairly well, but she does not have any legal immigration status, and she is worried about the prospect of being deported back to the Philippines. The following are the notes that I made during the interview, and also some of the interviewee’s most notable responses to the ten open-ended questions:   * Amihan pointed out that she never felt sorry about her decision to move to the The US, in search of some better life.   * Amihan expressed her lack of comfortableness with the fact that many native-born Americans are obsessed with enrichment while paying very little attention to spiritual matters.   * According to Amihan, the foremost challenge she experienced while trying to adapt to living in America was being required to overcome the language barrier. What made things even more difficult, in this respect, is that throughout her stay in the US, the interviewee remained strongly affiliated with the Filipino community.   * After having been asked to expound on how come she never considered marriage
Introduction Improving the quality of work and creating an efficient work environment requires various types of research. Specifically, qualitative and quantitative methods are often used to model and analyze scientific findings (Queirós, et al., 2017). Although quality improvement and research are both methods of gathering and using data, they possess profound differences. Quality Improvement and Research Differences Quality improvement and research are two approaches to obtaining data, but their purposes differ significantly. Quality improvement focuses on collecting data to achieve immediate results in a particular health care environment. Research is systematic data collection that contributes to generalizable knowledge (Carter, et al., 2021). Therefore, to distinguish between the two approaches, one must first question the aim of the scientific investigation. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Applications Qualitative and quantitative research are methods by which data is analyzed. Qualitative research is defined as research aimed to better understand a specific problem (Queirós, et al., 2017). It is mostly associated with social aspects of the investigation (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018). In the workplace, qualitative research could encourage programs to combat alcohol use. For example, management meetings where this issue could be discussed and evaluated. Quantitative research concerns obtaining precise and dependable measurements for statistical analysis (Queirós, et al., 2017). In the work environment, quantitative research that aims to contest alcohol use can come as surveys. Within my organization, these research methods were used as bullying in workplace preventive measures. Qualitative research was used in the form of open-ended questions that were presented in a natural setting. Quantitative research was employed by collecting pre-existing data records (data gathered previously for other purposes). The results of these researches, especially pre-existing records, could be used in various different health care facilities since they provide information regarding the most common signs of bullying within the workplace. Conclusion Research and quality improvement are two methods of data collection that serve different purposes. Qualitative and quantitative research methods help to structure and analyze the data. However, they also possess fundamental differences. In the workplace, these methods could be used to combat and evaluate such issues as alcohol use and bullying.
The existence of God since time memorial has been as subject of debate with different philosophers coming up with different expressions to show that God really exists. The ontological argument primarily centers on explaining the real nature of God’s existence. Majority of these arguments are just analytic because most philosophers have based their arguments on their individual perceptions of the world. For example, Descartes notion of existence of a perfectly supreme being is questionable because, unless one proves that the reality of the Supreme Being is coherent, then the argument is void. It is important to note here that, it is very hard for individuals to evaluate the concept of perfectionism because the idea is relative depending on the conditions at hand. In realty most ontological arguments are mere descriptions of thoughts or individual perceptions, hence they never directly give insights on the existence of perfect beings. In addition, one main prerequisite of ontological arguments is the selectivity of words as the main mechanism of explaining or proving concepts, depending on the context under which individuals apply them. Although this is the case, it is important to note that, although ontological arguments use specific vocabulary, the property does mean that all ontological arguments are subject to critical analysis and inquiry. This is because majority of ontological arguments use such vocabularies to prove a point, which in most cases causes a dilemma on the validness of the presented argument. Consider Anselm’s argument on the existence of God. His definition of God as the greatest conception that the human mind can have implies that, God above all creatures is the most perfect being that exists. Regardless of the title one may accord such a being of great perfection, one main thing is for the argument’s premises to prove that in realty such a being exists. Anselm’s argument that God is the mightiest being elucidates many questions on the real existence of the perceived God. This is because critical analysis of the question clearly shows that, it is almost impracticable to ascertain that God never exists in reality. This is because from his statement it is not wrong for one to argue that, God is omnipotent, hence can bring into existence anything that humans perceive. Although this may be the interpretation of the mightiest nature of God, further inquiry on the existence of some things makes it hard to believe it. For instance, can God create a triangular circle? In this like a scenario, logic takes center stage, hence putting into test the ability of God to go against the rules under which philosophy bases logic. This therefore brings the argument that, God has the ability to do only what others can do, but has no power to break the rules of logic. However because it is hard to ascertain the real qualities of God, one thing remains clear is; God has the power of doing everything (Brown p.1). On the other hand, the use of the phrase “the most possible being” implies that, no matter the circumstances or prevailing conditions, something that is possible has some aspect of real existence, hence can never cease to have the
Ray Krone, Phoenix, AZ (1991) Ray Krone was wrongfully convicted of kidnapping and murdering Kim Ancona in the CBS Lounge, where he was an occasional customer. As a result, he spent more than ten years incarcerated in Arizona prisons, including approximately three years on death row before a DNA analysis in 2002 cleared his name. In that period, he was subjected to two trials, in which the case against him on both occasions was entirely dependent on circumstantial evidence and the testimony of an “expert witness”. His wrongful conviction was attributed to several investigative errors, and the gravely misleading application of junk science that was overlooked (Cooley & Oberfield, 2007). In the first trial, the prosecution emphasized two pieces of evidence: the bite marks left by the murderer on Ancona’s left breast and the other various scientific findings regarding the blood and hairs obtained from the victim’s body. Furthermore, since only presumptive tests were performed (blood type and hair analyses), the results obtained were not sufficient to be used to give a death sentence in a criminal court. This is because presumptive tests do not prove beyond unreasonable doubt (standard of proof in criminal court) that Krone committed the murder (Wodage, 2014). On the one hand, the blood found on Ancona’s jeans and panties was a match to Krone’s blood type, a common blood type; hence, it could not sufficiently conclude that it was Krone’s. On the other hand, the seventeen single hairs collected from Ancona’s body were found to be consistent with both the victim’s and Krone’s head and pubic hair. However, Krone had supported this by stating that he had been once “in the company” of Ancona. Moreover, what the court failed to know was that the hair analyst did not test all the 17 hair strands. Failing to analyze all the collected physical evidence is a serious matter, particularly when the court seeking to take a suspect’s life. Finally, with regards to the primary premise of the trial, the bite-mark on Ancona’s left breast, Dr. John – an expert witness-proclaimed that the bite-mark on the victim matched Krone’s dentition. Moreover, his findings were further supported by Dr. Raymond Rownson, a renowned forensic odontologist in the state of Nevada, who submitted a videotape. The findings of the two expert witnesses were later found to be flawed by the defense in the second trial. For instance, Dr. John by then had not been a certified forensic odontologist, and the videoed testimony was found to be edited with several parts deleted. Joyce Gilchrist, Oklahoma City Crime Laboratory Unethical and incompetent experts adversely impact the validity and reliability of forensic findings to aid convictions. A textbook example of such an instance in the case of Joyce Gilchrist. She
Children should not under any circumstance be kept away from their parents. In the event of a divorce or a separation, a parent should be allowed to pay visits to the child over the course of the week. This enables the parent child relationship to be maintained as well as strengthened. When a child is separated from a parent there are certain negative effects that may take place on the child’s welfare. In most cases, the child tends to suffer from emotional disorders. These are normally a result of environmental factors such as being shifted to another home far away from the parent. Most of the disorders are caused by the experiences or relationships these children have with their parents (Friedes, 2007, p. 7). These changes in emotional behaviors result to emotional disorders according to Drew and Gelfand are categorized as follows, Phobias , anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, behavior and conduct disorder among others (2003, p. 157. One of the most common emotional disorders experienced in children is Enuresis. This is basically the failure of a child to prevent urination during their sleep time. Instead of this child responding to the urination urgency by going to the lavatory, he or she just lets it go. In most cases it can be noted when a child who has not been bed wetting but goes back to it. Usually, this is an outcome of psychological stress which is due to the separation from the parent amongst other reasons (Frieden, 2007, p. 144). A child who is separated from his or her parents may become angry which in the long run culminates to aggression against parents, siblings and animals among others. This child more often than not turns out to be very destructive. Sometimes the remaining parent may experience physical abuse from the child. When this happens, it shows that the child has a strong feeling that he or she has been victimized. As a result they end up dismantling things in the house for instance breaking utensils and destroying some of their siblings’ belongings (Herbeit & Webster, 1994, p.45). Children are likely to suffer from mental stress which if goes unchecked for long while will add up to depression and mania (Frieden, 2007, p. 148.).These are emotional disorders that really do affect the well-being and development of a child. They are commonly associated with being sad, low and unhappy. Other symptoms of depression include vegetative preferences which include a declining appetite and energy as well. More so, these children continuously express pessimistic thoughts. According to researchers, a long duration of depression in children translates to a deep interference in the cognitive as well as the social developments (Grace, 2010). The separation of a child from his parents also leads to a lot of anxi
Gifted and talented Aboriginal students The world’s policy on education reveals that education is a necessity for all. Gifted and talented Aboriginal students are part of the society and contribute to the world’s population. The word gifted Aboriginal students refer to a group of students with sound educational abilities (Frasier, 1997). These students require special care and support to realize the United Nations policy on education. Talented and gifted students exist in Australia. Although the government enacted various educational policies, gifted and talented students suffer in Australia. The importance of education includes learning and support; however, gifted Aboriginal students face hardship during their learning period (Butterworth & Candy, 1998). The educational system does not support their disadvantage. Gifted students have common characteristics; they have a similar identity, lineage, and language (Gagne, 1985). The population of talented Aboriginal students in Queensland exceeds ninety percent, a figure, which reveals the delicate nature of the problem (Malin, 1990). Gifted and talented Aboriginal students encounter personality issues, they are challenged with two personalities. Aboriginal students have a characteristic culture from the main culture. A gifted student struggles to fit into a normal life. The differences in culture and way of life often leave their parents to societal dilemmas. The situation leaves a gap between normal and Aboriginal students. This makes learning difficult for talented Aboriginal students in Queensland Australia. Identification Gifted Aboriginal students must be identified among the population. The ability to identify each individual improves the chances of learning. The first solution to the problem is by identifying educationally challenged students. Aboriginal students require delicate support and an enhanced educational curriculum. Aboriginal cultures may affect the learning process of gifted students. Talented aboriginal students can be identified using the following methods:   * Individual assessment   * Differentiated programs like IQ test, Blooms, Wiggins.   * Group competitions   * Individual competitions   * Creative analysis   * Observation   * Classroom grades The classroom conditions may affect their understanding. The need to identify these obstacles improves their assimilation. Gifted Aboriginal students must participate in enrichment curriculum and programs that will create a positive educational support (Gibson, 1998). The educational curriculum in Queensland is inadequate in reaching the world’s policy on education. Aboriginal students do not get supervised support to face learning hurdles. Teachers contribute to the problem because they do not care for the challenged students. These students require close supervision. The following recommendations will improve the learning process of gifted and talented Aboriginal students.  1. Talented and gifted Aboriginal students must be identified at the earliest stage
Introduction The term war can be used to refer to the situation whereby one or two sides have a conflicting struggle which involves the political, religious, or economic struggle between countries, individuals, or between some groups respectively. Thus war may be seen as a hostile interaction between two parties who have more than one differing policy. Wars can be regarded as being civil or proxy respectively depending on the occurrence of that war about the territory of origin. A civil war can be regarded as a war that arises as a dispute between the parties who exist in the same country. At the same time, the war which occurs when some third party uses the other parties to fight so that that third party gets some gains in the form of economics, religion, and nationalism is referred to as the proxy wars. Wars have been in existence since the medieval period, thus they can not be seen as a new thing at all. For instance, wars have existed since the time of the civilization revolution and even the wars are constantly recorded in the holy books such as the bible and the Koran respectively. From other perspectives, the wars can be seen as the cultural practices which have evolved as a result of the repetition occurrence between some communities as a result of hatred. Wars at the same time are a universal issue. Wars have dates back to the ancient time wars such as those of Israelites- Amalekites war and the Israel-Meadinites wars to the common wars which occurs between two or more states or two different empires. Consequently, wars may occur in different settings such as the land, air, and the sea. The wars have taken different forms in nature which are aimed at arming the involved enemies. The forms which have been used include the use of the militaries to attack the opposite enemies, use of the economical embargos, movement restrictions, or the use of the genocides to harm the enemy nation. Wars have been explained by the use of many theories but the causes of wars can be categorized as being material causes or being ideological causes. The material causes include the economic cause and the territory causes. At the same time, the ideological causes include religious causes and nationalism causes. (Blainey, Geoffery, 55-60). Some of the commonly reported wars which have occurred in world history include the American civil war which occurred as a result of the human rights discriminations, the Gulf war, Israel Arab war, Pakistan India war, Burundi Rwanda war, Congo war, Chinese Tibet war, French revolution war, Spanish tribal wars, Sudan war, and the Sierra Leone wars respectively. This paper tries to analyze the material causes of wars about the historical and current trends of occurrence of these wars respectively. At the same time, this paper will try to evaluate the effects of these wars on the present society. Territorial causes of war The most appealing cause of wars is the generally referred material cause which has been seen to bring a lot of impact to the rise of cou