ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
1776, which adds a new scholarship and a fresh perspective to events that took place at the start of the American Revolution, is a historical book written by David McCullough that is considered a companion to his earlier biography of John Adams. This 1776 book review essay shall analyze the story by McCullough. The period was one of the turbulent and confusing times in the history of the U.S. as the British and the American politicians made drastic efforts to reach a compromise. However, the situation on the ground worsened until the war was unavoidable. As much as the book mainly revolves around George Washington, there is also considerable attention given to “King George III, General Howe, Henry Knox, and Nathanael Greene, and the main key revolutionary conflicts portrayed in the book include the Battle of Dorchester Heights, the Battle of Long Island, and the Battle of Trenton” (McCullough 1). Themes in 1776 by David McCullough 1776 is a book about the significant events that took place when the thirteen American colonies were fighting the world’s most notable power, Great Britain, in order to gain freedom from its oppressive rule. In illustrating how America got its freedom from Great Britain, the author starts by pointing the readers to the theme of oppression that was propagated by the colonialists. The British wanted the Americans to pay taxes even though there was not even one parliamentary representative for all the thirteen colonies. First, they needed to impose the stamp act. The colonies, led by Samuel Adams, successfully forced the British to repeal these taxes by threatening the tax collectors. Besides, the British continued their oppression by imposing a tax on essential imported goods such as tea and paper. Although there were spirited attempts from the Americans to gain freedom, the British used forceful means to continue their oppressive rule, for example, the violent killing of five people during the Boston Massacre and the enactment of the Tea Act that forced locals to purchase tea only from accredited British companies. The major theme detailed in the book is the theme of leadership portrayed by George Washington. His essential role is depicted by the thesis of the book, which states that without the Continental troops led by George Washington, the fight for American independence would never have been achieved (McCullough). As much as the British troops were well equipped and experienced, Washington led an army of Americans from various backgrounds and ages that lacked adeq
Requirements for the Improvements in Coding Process There are several requirements that have to be followed in order to help the team ensure that the coding process will be improved successfully. First, there are coding standards. The latter are expected to guide the development team and help them to develop a variety of modules that will be used as a development standard (Volter, Stahl, Bettin, Haase, & Helsen, 2013). For example, the standards can be followed by means of tools such as FindBugs or UC Detector. Second, there are unit test cases. These can be considered to be one of the most important functionalities of the project because usually, there are no test cases transcribed for the development process. In real life, the rationale for this kind of improvement is the fact that the existing code will not be broken by any new lines of code added by the development team owing to the protective nature of unit test cases (Merkow & Raghavan, 2010). Third, there is the concept of code coverage. This tool is required because it helps the team to evaluate the strictness of code testing and the levels on which the latter is performed. For instance, this idea can be validated by the fact that enhanced code coverage reduces the chances of experiencing broken code. In order to support code coverage, the development team can use CodeCover or EMMA. Fourth, there is the concept of continuous integration (Highsmith, 2013). In real life, it may positively affect the coding process because every development team is able to make sure that new code does not interfere with the old developments. For instance, the team can use such tools as TeamCity or Hudson with the intention of integrating the code continuously. SDLC Models and Outsourcing Efforts The majority of managers agree that managing a typical IT project is different from coping with its outsourced counterpart. The latter has to be supported by an appropriate service provider, and the systems development life cycle will have to be managed flawlessly if the team expects to encounter positive outcomes (Clarke & O’Connor, 2012). This is why it is critical to be on the constant lookout for unpredicted challenges. In order to mitigate such inappropriate outcomes and adhere to the security and resiliency needs of the organization, the team may be subject to following a typical SDLC scenario. One of the key aspects of the team’s success is strong project management. Second, there is an obligation to deliver only high-quality systems (Davis, 2013). So as to accommodate outsourcing, the team has to plan the development proc
Introduction Income tax means imposing or levying the proportionate rate upon the income earned. Government is empowered to levy upon the income of the individuals. “The tax under consideration has a base which includes all net gains” (Rolph, 1954, p.260). This is so done for ensuring the economic development and betterment of a country and its citizenry as well. Because, Paler (2007) states that “a state’s ability to collect revenue has long been recognized as essential to its growth and development” (p. 2). As it is mandatory upon every citizen to pay due regard to the law of the land, everyone is bound to abide by the provisions regarding tax legislation of the country while income earned from different sources by rendering services. Individuals of a particular country are levied as per the existing tax laws and regulations. Though Corporations are not levied, the proportionate shares of stockholders in corporate earnings are subject to tax. Stockholders are treated as if they were partners for tax purpose. Proper monitoring and management of tax administration helps the country to conduct its functions effectively and smoothly. The tax functionaries of the United States of America are regulated through the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Hollis (2004) shows that “[i]n 2002, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) processed almost 227 million tax returns, collecting more than $2 trillion in revenue, and it helped almost 95 million taxpayers who called the toll-free automated line, wrote letters or visited one of its more than 400 offices around the nation”. Purpose and Scope of the Study The Internal Revenue Services (IRS) is the central body entrusted with the responsibilities of executing, monitoring and supervising the revenue administration in the USA. This statutory body was established through the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). The central theme of the present study is concentrated on explaining the philosophical outlook and practice of public administration corresponding to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). In this view, the study demonstrates to discover the role of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in regard to its functions in contributing to preserve the notion of public administration. Henceforth, the present study intends to highlight on the following topics: philosophy of public administration, environment of public administration, administrative ethics, nature and process of policy making, decision making, organizational structure of the IRS, leadership and management of the IRS and other relevant matters to develop a structure over IRS. In addition, the study would also attempt to explore the defects and loopholes in the operation and management of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and recommend practical suggestions and way out for its more effective operation and help preservin
Introduction The successful implementation of social entrepreneur skills relies on the collaboration of three sectors of the economy which includes the government, business and community focused activities. The process of social entrepreneurship and its strategic goals for improving social welfare of the society harnesses a variety of capacities across different sectors which helps facilitate the initiation and maintenance of the activities. They have to remain alert to the opportunities for strategic alliance with other segments of society. Social entrepreneurs are evidenced to benefit the economy since they have been able to mobilize aspects of public and private sectors as well as non-profit organizations in addressing market failures. Their innovative skills are known pull mass crowds of both local and international interest in influencing change and providing fertile ground for the growth of their enterprises. To effectively discuss how social entrepreneurship contribute to social cohesion and sustainability development, the essay will candidly discuss how their initiatives address market failures, transform innovations and financial their sustainability. To arrive at this conclusive analysis, the essay was based on literature review, interviews with top social entrepreneurs, consultations as well as popular and academic resources from both profit and non profit organizations, public polices and scholarships from reputable social entrepreneurs. The social entrepreneurship is rapidly finding its way into media houses. Many describe them as engines for social innovation that bring about change and influence the environmental outcomes. These descriptions formed a basis for the social entrepreneurship evaluation in the context of America Society and highlighted relevant key issues, practices and standards required for their entrepreneurship. While the focus of these essay is primarily on social entrepreneurship issues, its important to note that collaboration of private and public sectors and as well as community activities are all relevant to ensuring sustainability development. Since social entrepreneurship is still an emerging field with diverse and shifting interpretations, the essay will introduce major players that have contributed to sustainability development in the New York State and the United States as a whole. Social Entrepreneurs Ashoka (2010) describes social entrepreneurs to be “people with ambitious and persistence skills in tackling major social issues that offer new ideas for wide-scale change”(p.1). They take proactive approaches in trying to change the system and provide sol
Introduction Consumer trends are rapidly changing, and one marketing, consumer, and business trend that is gaining significant traction recently are ‘going’ or ‘buying’ local. Driven by concern and perhaps activism that the globalized economy is unsustainable, the trend is aimed to reduce these, primarily environmental, impacts while at the same time supporting local economies. This trend can potentially be related to the philosophy of existentialism which addresses problems facing humankind as an individual and a collective. Authentic existentialism through ‘going local’ consumer trends can have positive outcomes on sustainable consumption and encourage personal responsibility of consumer participation. Philosophy Existentialism can be described as a philosophical tradition aimed at discovering the meaning of being human, happiness, and searching for self-identity (Steiner & Reisinger, 2006). Common themes in existentialism include freedom of thought and personal responsibility for actions. The freedom of the individual stems from the ability to create their essence, since both the capacity of free will as humans is the sub of decisions made, including the roles and identities which constitute the essence. Existentialism is a personal decision-making philosophy, based on individual choice, not the tendency to hide behind group thought when making a decision. The element of freedom also creates accountability for the choices made (Agarwal & Cruise Malloy, 2000). The existentialism philosophy consists of 3 notions: anxiety, avoidance, and authenticity. Anxiety is expressed through existentialist thinking as the discomfort of the human consciousness in a chaotic and unpredictable world. Humans exist in a world of meaninglessness and having unconditional freedom while facing inevitable death and universal alienation which leads to existential anxiety. It is a state of dread, a natural response to the chaos of life and unpredictable but inevitable death that can make life unsettling (Yalom, 1980). Becker (1973) derived what is known as the Terror Management Theory, which is the existential motive to defend against death via a range of behaviors. These are typically anxiety-buffering processes that establish a sense of immortality. The two categories of behavior known as anxiety buffering processes can be identified as cultural adherence and self-esteem which defend against death anxiety. Cultural adherence helps an individual to identify with a specific social group and act by their norms, as a transcendence of individual decay. Meanwhile, self-esteem emphasizes individual uniqueness and greatness, particularly being recognized among peers and in general (Canavan, 2018). Meanwhile, existential avoidance is strategies that humans use to evade, postpone, and flee from that discomfort of life. Instead of confronting these realities, the existential school of thought believes that people choose to ignore them and distract themselves. People choose to become immersed within the routine, often via the anxiety buffering proce
Unions can play a significant role towards supporting the rights of different workers. Labor Unions ensure every employee gets “the best remunerations, allowances, compensations, and equal representations” (Mello, 2014, p. 29). This fact explains why such unions have been on the rise. However, labor unions can affect the productivity and performance of different workers. Every company that bargains with labor unions disorients its business performance. Such negotiations can result in poor employer-worker relationships. Many American companies have been using appropriate strategies and procedures in order to ensure their working environments are union-free. According to Mello (2014, p. 59), “proper remunerations, medical covers, insurance policies, and provision of proper working environments can support the needs of different workers” (Mello, 2014, p. 78). This essay examines the major issues affecting Tread-way Tire Company. Identifying the Major Issues Surrounding Tread-way Tire Company Tread-way Tire Company has been closing down some of its plants. To begin with, “the tire manufacturing industry has continued to face new challenges such as skyrocketing prices for raw materials and increased global competition” (Skinner & Beckham, 2008, p. 2). The cost for raw materials has increased due to the changing oil prices. Every Line Foremen has been playing a critical role towards supporting the company’s objectives. The company supports its Line Foremen in order to achieve its goals. The declining number of these supervisors affects the company’s performance. The company expects its Line Foremen “to tackle different issues affecting the company’s goals” (Mello, 2014, p. 83). A new tension has emerged at Tread-way Tire Company. Every Line Foreman uses inappropriate strategies to deal with different issues affecting every worker. These people lack the required power to deal with most of the issues affecting the company. This situation has resulted in adversarial relations between managers and employees. The company also fails “to support its employees using the best incentives” (Skinner & Beckham, 2008, p. 4). This situation has forced every Line Foremen to focus on the best organizational goals. The company also expects such individuals to empower and support eve
Podcast Reaction Paper National Public Radio’s (NPR’s) Talk of the Nation, ‘ America’s Great Debate’ Saved Union from the War , presents the issues that occurred in the1850s and the events that prevented the Civil War. Even though some of the information was discussed in class, it was important to learn more about the Compromise of 1850 and the role of the law regarding fugitive slaves. The latter decision turned the federal government into an active hunter for African American fugitives. The federal commissioners considered the claims of slave owners and also appointed people, whose functions included the detention of runaway slaves (“’America’s Great Debate’ Saved Union From War”). The podcast helped to understand the role of the mentioned law, namely, its consequences and the intention to expand slavery. The given podcast confirms the understanding of the crises of the 1850s by providing essential details. For example, the fact that Zachary Taylor, the US President of that time, expressed his readiness to head the army that primarily consisted of Texans to enter New Mexico, thus upholding slavery, proves pro-slavery views. At the same time, it is noted that he was against slavery expansion but has his own slaves. Such ambiguity seems to be ironic to some extent. Nevertheless, this shows that the Civil War was close to begin 12 years earlier than it actually happened and that it was unlikely that North could win in such conditions. It seems to be interesting to explore the impact of Fugitive Slavery Law in Northern states and ho
Introduction The Florida Everglades is one of the last bastions of nature left in the U.S. where human progress has pushed plants and animals alike to the fringes of human civilization. It is the largest of the remaining subtropical environments left within the country consisting of 10,000 tiny islands, various rivers, lakes, streams, prairies, forests as well as a plethora of plant and animal life. It can be said that the Everglades is a type of microcosm of the various environments seen around the world due to the varied environments contained within a location that is roughly 1.5 million acres in size. Based on current studies, the Everglades at any given time is home to up to 150 species of trees, 40 species of various mammals, various reptiles and amphibians as well as a host of innumerable insect life. Unfortunately due to human habitation the Everglades and its surrounding areas have been adversely affected resulting in its slow deterioration. Previous studies examining the Everglades reveal that originally the Everglades covered 1/3 of Florida’s land mass and its main river was 110 miles long. Presently the Everglades only covers an area of roughly 1.5 million acres and the river is only 70 miles long. With human development came an encroachment into the natural ecosystem of the area resulting in water, that normally went into replenishing the various rivers and tributaries in the Everglades, being diverted to various farms and urban cities resulting in a slow decline of the Everglades since the 1980. Plant and Animal Species in the Everglades As mentioned earlier, the Everglades has a plethora of different animal and plant species, for the purposes of this paper though it would not be feasible to describe every single one of them as such what will be focused on will be the most notable and well known species of animal and plant life in the area. One of the most notable and widely considered to be symbolic of the Florida Everglades is the American Alligator. At 16 feet long (or longer), it is the largest reptile in North America and one of the most common sights within the Everglades itself. Considered the top predator in the area the American Alligator is usually seen in the news as being involved in various cases of human death but it is usually due to intrusions into their territory that causes such incidents to happen. Another large species of reptile found in the Everglades is the American Crocodile, smaller and far more secretive that its cousin the American Alligator, crocodiles are usually found in the Flamingo area of the Everglades national park. It is speculated that their ability to coexist with alligators is due to the fact that they rarely directly compete against alligators and are in a more isolated area as compared to alligators that are more spread out. Aside from reptiles the bird population in the Everglades is one of the largest in North America with various species existing in the low lying marshland areas. Birds in the area (at 350 species and counting) usually act as a method co
In the field of education, there is a wide range of literature that addresses learning styles and the way they should be used in the classroom. In that regard, it can be seen that the constant progress in the educational field implies the occurrence of new methods of learning as well as new findings regarding the implementation of these styles in the classroom. The issue of accommodating the learning styles and the instructions is also in focus, as the individualization of the teaching methods can be seen to take a separate direction in taking the students through the curriculum. Defining learning styles, it can be said that the wide range of definitions mostly ranges from the preferred sensory modalities to descriptions of personality characteristics, and cognitive information processing. (Smith & Renzulli, 1984, p. 44) Taking the perspective of the wide array of learning styles definitions and the results of studying the correlation between learning styles, teaching instructions and the outcomes on students’ performance, an evaluation of the research methodologies implemented in each study might help to evaluate each study and accordingly the value of their evidence and findings. In that regard, this paper presents an evaluation of studies presented in four articles based on the methodologies and the design of each study. The evaluation would be addressed to answer the question “Should instruction be matched to student learning style?”, as well as recommending the design and the method suitable to address such question, based on the results of the evaluation. The main evaluation criteria used in this paper are based on the consistency of the study as well as the appropriateness of research methods. Research Problem It should be noted that despite the fact that the studies presented had a common subject, the formulation of the research problem and the accordingly the conclusions made differed from study to study, as narrowing the questions to specific setting might change the statement of the study. Accordingly, the research questions and hypotheses formulations can differ according to the type of the study chosen for the research, i.e. quantitative, qualitative or mixed. Generally, the research statement can be considered as the signpost which “establishes the central direction of