ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The contemporary society has enhanced the growth of substitute, non-institutionalized travel tendencies, which do not necessarily observe the regulations of conventional tourism by offering a wide variety of opportunities for the fulfillment of the consumers needs. The consumers are progressively becoming active contributors in the tourism sector through the participation of a distinctive way of traveling that is linked with some features of their personal lives. This propensity has greatly contributed to the growth of non-institutionalized, Do-It-Yourself drift, which unlike conventional tourism offers the consumers a wider variety of prospects for expression of one’s personality. Home-exchange poses an exceptional concern, as it is an old and wide trend in autonomous tourism, and yet the trend has received insignificant interest among scholars. Home exchange refers to a unique trend where people temporarily swap homes after arranging for customized expeditions without involving the assistance of travel agents. It enables tourists to experience the comfort of a home in a foreign country. The trend is usually common in families with children, the retirees, the youth, intercontinental holidays, local retreats as well as weekend expeditions. This tendency can be categorized as a ‘Do It Yourself’ trend as the process involved is simple and no professional assistance is needed for people to exchange homes. When one wishes to exchange a home, he/she is required to subscribe as a member where a little fee is charged, after which the participant chooses a destination country and checks the listings from a given website. A listing refers to a list of people who are also interested in exchanging a home from a particular country and the quality of their homes is also given. More often than not, cars are a
Family as a marketing segment Describing the family as the marketing segment it would be necessary to define the role of this segment on a market. The role may be either the customer, or the promoter of the purchased goods among friends. Both these roles are rather insignificant on the background of the whole effect, but, it is necessary to mention, that the combination of these “insignificances” composes the whole effect of the success or vice versa fiasco. The definition of the family as a marketing element may be the following: family is the community, that contains either one person living alone or a group of individuals, usually but not always, who live together and whose food and other household expenses are managed as one unit. The geographical factor includes the factors and circumstances, which define the customer’s ability, the availability of the goods, and the demand level. Thus, our family, living in the agricultural region is not able to visit fast food restaurants such as McDonald’s or TGI Friday’s. Some canned food is unavailable in our region, as farmers usually take natural and self-grown food. Talking about the demands for some types of goods, it is important to highlight, that farmers support the machinery industry, buying harvesters and other agricultural machinery. Moreover, various fodders, fertilizers are created specially for farmers. Bookstore promotion The process of winning back customers begins with discovering why they left. Most companies don’t know how many customers they’ve lost, much less why they left. In order to return the lost customers, primarily, it is necessary to invent new services, or some other attractive. The lossless variant will be to deploy additional advertisement campaign. But in order the campaign was successful, the store should not have negative reputation, otherwise, the commercial breaks or advertisement banners would just irritate the goal audience. This should include all the possible means of advertisement, but the most preferable is the catalogue with the novelties, discounts and services. The additional services may be the booking of the literature that is not available over the phone. This would attract students and some
Introduction According to psychology, a conditioned response, which is also known as a conditioned reflex is a modified kind of response that is brought about by a certain stimulus. The psychology dictionary defines conditional-response as a learnt response arising from a neutral stimulus. Conditional responses are totally involuntary and uncontrollable. Ivan Pavlov demonstrated conditioned response for the first time. He postulated that the presentation of unconditional stimulus brings about an automatic natural response that he called unconditioned stimulus (US) and the unconditioned response (UR). He, however, noted that if both neutral and unconditioned stimulus are presented together, then it becomes conditional stimulus. According to Pavlov (1927), learning requires incorporation or co-function of these two responses. If a certain organism is used to these two stimuli together, then they become associated, and it is actually possible after some time for that organism to respond to one of the stimuli as it would respond to both. This is what Pavlov referred to the as conditional response. Extinction, on the other hand, is phenomenon or situation in which an earlier learnt response to a certain stimulus is reduced when that stimulus is presented in the absence of the previously paired stimulus which could be appetitive or aversive. An aversive stimulus is those that induce a behavioural change through some sort of punishment (Pavlov, 1927). By using an aversive immediately after bad behaviour, then the behaviour is unlikely to be repeated. Appetitive stimulus however, induces behaviour change through a rewarding manner. The loss of this response is known as the associated loss theory. Direct way In line to the above mentioned definitions, reinstatement in the restoration or the attempt to return the extinguished conditional responses. The reinstatement of conditioned response can be administered using a differential Pavlovian conditioning procedure. This Pavlovian procedure has two main methods of going about the reinstatement. One of them is the direct way which involves fear rating and the other is an indirect measure which revolves around the secondary reaction time task (Domjan, 1999). Fear-potentiated reaction is a relative increment in the size or the magnitude of the acoustic startled reaction when conducted in the presence of a conditional stimulus that has been paired previously with an aversive unconditional stimulus. This is a well adopted model used to study fear translationally as the model can clearly measure fear generating a non-zero baseline and what makes it even more adoptable is the fact that it can offer cross-species generalization (Pavlov, 1927). Conditioning of the secondary reaction time task In the second method which involves evaluation of the conditioning of the secondary rea
Introduction Growth hormone (GH) fuels the development of skeletal and other tissues both directly and indirectly. Isaacs, Gardner and Baxter allege, “The development promotion actions of growth hormone are ‘indirect’ and are mainly mediated through generation of the insulin-like growth factor 1, which act both as an endocrine and paracrine hormone”(2023). The direct actions of the growth hormone are usually opposed to insulin. Nevertheless, there are severe insulin-like impacts of tentative physiological importance. Scientists allege that there is a significant correlation between growth, nutrition, and actions of growth hormones. The human pituitary secretes growth hormone in a pulsatile way. The pituitary gland has a distinct structural relationship with the hypothalamus. As a result, the anterior pituitary receives blood only from a portal venous system that empties the hypothalamus. In this regard, the hypothalamus regulates the secretion of the anterior pituitary hormone by injecting several factors into the circulation. The dynamic balance between the stimulatory and inhibitory hypothalamic somatostatin, peptides, and other hormones determines the release of growth hormones (Frantz and Rabkin 1474). This paper will discuss the neuroendocrine moderation of growth hormone release. Anatomy and Physiology of Pituitary Gland According to doctors, the weight of an adult pituitary is about 500g. The gland has a diameter of between 1.2 and 1.5 centimeters and it covers about 80% of the sellar space. The infundibulum connects the Pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. The gland is located at the base of the skull and enclosed by sphenoid bones. Having a picture of the physical structure of the pituitary gland can help one to learn the methods of bleeding and infarction in the gland (Frantz and Rabkin 1479). The pituitary gland constitutes of posterior and frontal (anterior) lobes linked to a central, midway portion as shown in the figure below. Source: (Ross and Buchanan 145) The anterior portion is also referred to as the adenohypophysis. The node is responsible for the production and release of six hormones, which are helpful in metabolic functions. The posterior lobe or what is scientifically known as neurohypophysis manufactures and releases two hormones. They are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones. The posterior portion originates from the hypothalamus in the course of fetal growth. A piece of vascular tissue referred to as pars intermedia disconnects the anterior
It is said that every family has skeletons in the cupboard. If only old houses could speak, they would tell a lot of fascinating stories about bad and good times of their inhabitants. At first glance, an old house in the picture may seem to be a mere building consisting of walls, windows and doors, but its atmosphere and every its part would mean a lot for several generations that were born and grew up in it. A paved path leading to the terrace steps looks so inviting that it is hard to resist the temptation and enter the building. Stepping on this winding trail, a guest would inevitably think of those people who had walked this path millions of times day by day in the past. It is possible that these were small children who ran skipping along and perhaps even fell after stumbling over one of the stones on the path. These could also be elderly people who went slowly because it was already difficult for them to walk. Young people could walk this path in a hurry from and to work without even noticing beauty of the house. With all these thoughts in mind, a guest would find himself/herself on a desert terrace. Knocking on the door, the stranger would imagine children playing games on this terrace and an elderly man sitting in a rocky chair. However, now there are no lights in the window and the terrace is desert. Nobody would open, and it seems that now only memories and family secrets live in this house. Not able to enter the house, a stranger would stay outside and walk in the garden. It is autumn, and the bare trees share the mood and loneliness of the house. However, there are no leaves on the lawn, and it means that somebody has collected them. Someone who is now invisible has gathered the autumn leaves and neatly cut the lawn. The presence of invisible but caring owners surround the house with atmosphere of mystery. The red tiling on the roof of the house and a gabled tower make the building look like a castle from a fairy tale. There is a small chimney on the roof, and obviously small children growing up in this house were waiting for Santa Claus to come through it every Christmas Eve. Children grew up and do not believe in miracles anymore, but a small chimney remains as a commemoration of those old good times. The large windows of the house are similar to somebody’s curious eyes and connect the inhabitants of the building with the surrounding world. It is obvious that there are even more windows in this house than it is necessary for lighting the rooms in a proper way. Most rooms of the house have two or even more windows which demonstrate the openness of the inhabitants and make the building look even more inviting. It is possible that previously the house was more hospitable than on this autumn morning and guests crowded on its small terrace and in its brightly-lit rooms. However, now the house looks desert and sleeps, hiding all its secrets behind thick curtains on the windows. Looking at the exterior of the house in the picture, strangers can only make guesses concerning the liv
Auditing refers to the practice of assessing the financial statement of an organization to ascertain its truthfulness and validity. The procedure of executing this exercise depends on the policies set by the auditors in relation to the General Accounting and Accounting Policies (GAAP). Due to the rampant dynamics, in some scenarios, auditors adopt the policy of evaluating and establishing the evidence of some segment or the whole of financial statement. Based on the auditors’ opinions concerning an organisation’s financial statement, the organization’s stakeholders become enlightened on the appropriation of funds. In case of fraud, errors, or misappropriation of finances, auditing reveals the hidden secrets or manipulation of data in the financial statements. The practice of conducting auditing on some selected transactions is considered to have both beneficial and detrimental effects on the opinions concerning financial statements. In the event that auditors test the validity and truthfulness of only some transactions, a realistic judgement that shows the status of the few departments would be obtained. This allows the auditors to analytically and critically scrutinise financial statements and obtain the true reflection of organisations’ use of funds. Additionally, auditors can draw the appropriate opinion on the manner in which financial statements are prepared, and establish their soundness. In the case whereby different auditing exercises are executed by multiple auditors on different transactions in the same organization, an appropriate opinion that is valid for the whole organization can
Admittedly, education is always affected by the contemporary philosophy. For example, any teacher plans the curriculum in accordance with his/her opinion as for the main points and less important issues. Since teachers are brought up in a certain culture based on a particular philosophy they form their curricula in terms of this large context. Moreover, teachers tend to develop not only their students’ mental activity, but they strive to foster people characterized by the major values of the culture they pertain to. Of course, it is not the most important for teacher to teach students to do sums or know where human’s heart is. Teachers develop learners’ ethical qualities so that students become worthy members of the society. Thus, teachers try to shape their curricula so that not only student’s mind and brain but student’s soul and heart could be developed (Brummelen 2). Many educators pay much attention to the correlation between philosophy and curriculum. For instance, Brummelen provides many effective approaches to plan the curriculum in accordance with contemporary philosophy. To my mind, he helps not only teachers but students as well since he articulates many useful points which teachers can implement. As far as students are concerned they also benefit from reading such books since they start understanding the importance of this approach. Moreover, the book enables learners to focus on what is really important. What impressed me most was the attitude towards religion and its place in the curriculum. For instance, it is suggested that all disciplines can and should be integrated with major principles of religion (Brummelen 229). Of course, it is not surprising when religious issues are considered during History or Literature classes. However, I was a bit startled while reading about using such principles during Biology or Physics, for example. I used to think that science and religion are in different camps since sciences always tried to debunk certain points promulgated by religion. In its turn religious people often denied some major findings of scientists or condemned them for interfering in some divine activities. Besides, I often disliked when teachers started moralizing, so I thought that any deviations from curriculum was useless waste of time. I thou
Introduction This article is a contribution of both Scott Cook and Dvora Yanow, two university professors from California’s San Hose and California State Universities. The article is written in essay form and it mainly explores theories of organizational culture. According to the authors, the most popular approach to organizational learning is to consider the topic from two points of view: organizational and individualistic. It is also common for organizational learning to focus on the cognitive abilities of individuals and not their organizations. In this essay, the authors propose a new approach to organizational learning by cultivating an understanding of organizational culture. The study of organizational learning and culture is a popular research topic for scholars who are interested in understanding how organizations function. This essay is a critique of the article “Culture and Organizational Learning” by Cook and Yanow. Critique of subject matter The subject matter in this article is presented in the context of public administration. For instance, the essay was first presented in the “Second Annual Symposium of the Public Administration Theory Network” (Cook & Yanow, 1993). This essay makes substantial contributions to Public Administration’s theoretical research. For example, at the beginning of the article, the authors promise to answer two pertinent questions: whether an organization can learn and the nature of learning that pertains to organizations. These are important considerations because they seek to personify the nature of an organization about public administration. The authors lay out pointers
The Belmont report commemorates an important milestone in the history of nursing research. The paper manifests the ethical rules and guidelines that are key to the nursing industry. For instance, the report gives guidance on the need for respect and justice for all (Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1979). In order to provide the necessary respect, the article points out that informed consent must be contained from owners of data to avoid risks of privacy violation. In fact, in exercises such as research, the report asserts that there is a need for getting consent from the subjects before publishing any private and personal data. The main purpose is to protect subjects and participants in clinical trials or research (Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1979). Additionally, data privacy protects patients from harm or ascertains that measures are taken to reduce risks and guide research plan that gives an important distinction between research and practice. Beneficence is one of the key principles the report discusses. According to the report, beneficence is people treating everyone in an ethical manner, including respect of decisions, preventing causes of injuries, and offering a secure and safe environment for operation. In essence, beneficence is the kindness and flexibility of rules and policies to allow people to operate in a conducive environment (Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1979). Typically, there are two rules in the beneficence principle. The rules are not to cause harm to any person and offer maximum benefits to motivate operation and minimize injuries (Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1979). In effect, the protection of data privacy positively affects the researchers and the subjects. For example, when private information is kept confidential, subjects are motivated to participate in any study (Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1979). Therefore, it is the obligation of the researchers and study institutions to adhere to data protection guidelines to minimize the associated risks with personal information breaches. Technologically, nursing needs Big Data to ensure data protection. The use of Big Data is key in information breaches because information affects privacy research and informed consent (Higgins et al., 2018). As such, Big Data reduces control over personal data and brings the possibility of a range of negative consequences, including access to personal data. For instance, people participating in the research may feel that researchers have violated their privacy without proper management of their data. Another effect is that dangerous people such as hackers may access important information about patients, therefore violating informed consent. In short, the Belmont report is a call for Big Data applications for protection.
Introduction The following case study is an analysis of the issues encountered by the Northwest Industries Company in its quest to sustain competitive advantage with reference to the production of recreational vehicles. The case study identifies the main problem faced by the firm’s top manager [Craig Hansen] in his bid to transform the organization’s performance through restructuring. The core problem entails failure by managers to adopt effective leadership and change management practices. Subsequently, the organization’s culture is affected negatively. The paper highlights the importance of integrating effective leadership, organizational culture, and change management practices. The problems and recommendations are based on the following detailed analysis. Analysis Organizational structure, culture, and leadership Northwest Industries Company had optimally positioned itself as a growing entity with reference to the manufacturing of recreational vehicles. The firm’s growth potential was further enhanced by the strong demand for recreational vehicles especially in North America. However, the recreational vehicle market segment was characterized by two main business cycles, viz. the high season in mid-June and the low season in winter. Despite the market changes, Northwest Industries was committed to sustaining its positive performance by boosting production. In a bid to achieve this goal, the firm incorporated a summer apprenticeship program targeting college students. The apprenticeship program was aimed at enhancing the firm’s production capacity by increasing inventory during the low season in all its plants. The firm adopted a hierarchical structure, which was organized into three levels of management; viz. the General Plant Foreman (top-level), Assistant Plant Foreman and Inspectors [middle-level], Foremen, Lead-men, and Worker [lower level]. Employees at the various levels of management were assigned specific job roles and responsibilities. The firm’s organizational culture was characterized by a top-down communication strategy. The lower levels of managers were required to report directly to the General Plant Foreman, Craig Hansen. Craig Hansen ensured that all the production activities were completed within a specific period. Therefore, the organization was characterized by a bureaucratic organizational structure dominated by rigid functional work units. Clear boundaries were established between the respective job roles. New Brunswick’s organizational culture was also characterized by teamwork. Employees at the various levels of management such as the supervisors, workers, and lead-men worked as a team in order to maximize the firm’s production capacity. New Brunswick considered equity as one of its organizational cultures. The firm ensured that employees were remunerated fairly and equitably. For example, the employees received pay increase depending on their skills, experience, and length of stay in the organization. This aspect led to the development of a strong organizational identification amongst its workforce. Moreover, the organization’s culture was base