ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Utilitarianism states that it is difficult but possible to justify such cruelties as murder and human sufferings, thus it is possible of the outcome benefits millions of people. The ethical weighing and summing of probable consequences of actions are known as the calculus of utilitarian ethics. A satisfactory utilitarian justification of this case or any ethical dilemma will balance good consequences against bad consequences and come up with an appropriate decision that maximizes good consequences. From a utilitarian point of view, critics may postulate the consequences that unethical treatment might have upon other members of the community and ultimately upon the profession as a whole. Therefore professional duties are owed to and by all members of the professional community. Natural rights theory is connected with such concepts as a social contract and positive law. In contrast to the utilitarian account of rights, natural rights are based on “reasoning” and “self-evidence” of truth. A person can do everything he/she wants as it does not violate the right to life. A person can own wealth and other material gains he creates in case it does not violate rights for life and liberty. In contrast to utilitarian ethics, natural rights do not take into account the consequences of actions and their benefits (harm) for a person. Yet it is not enough to give assent to this notion; we professionals must act upon it. Professional people should have the opportunity to advance in the profession-based upon their professional qualifications and contributions to the firm and to the profession. Professional people should respect one another as persons–as peers in the community. Utilitarian ethics support the notion of equality of rights. People need not go to metaphysical utilitarian goals to demonstrate this. The barest knuckles kind of consequential thinking reveals it. Simply stated, the accounting profession needs women. There is intense and increasing demand for trained and intelligent people in the accountant profession. Women meet a great deal of this demand. If bright and motivated women are treated unfairly or even if they believe this to be the case, they will take their talents elsewhere (Donaldson et al, p. 32). In terms of natural rights and social contract theory, people live in a state of nature. In this situation, natural rights are inherent and granted by the Creator. Rights rest on the fact or possibility of a distribution of pleasure or happiness (or the means thereto) that is not in accordance with the merit of the persons concerned. A duty may arise in such cases to upset or prevent such a distribution. Such a sens
Introduction If we analyze then we come to know that organizational behavior noises self-explanatory other than as a meadow of study, this word take in additional than it come into view. No doubt, organizational behavior might be defined as behavior within an association or as a field of learn. In this investigate paper, I will describe “association behavior and knowledge” as a meadow of learn. The people matters are significant in the achievement or breakdown of an association. Organizational Behavior deals by means of this regulation of organization. There is mounting accord regarding the mechanism or topics that comprise the subject matter area of “Organizational Behavior.” Although present is still substantial debate as to the family member importance of each, there come into view to be universal agreement that OB comprise the core theme of motivation, manager behavior and power, interpersonal message, group arrangement and procedure, learning, approach development and discernment, change procedure, disagreement, work plan, and work pressure (Garcia and Keleman). “Organizational Behavior” may be distinct as a field of learn of behavior inside an organization, which influences the presentation of the association. Three significant elements of behavior in association are individuals, collections, and structure. It is significant to become aware of that OB includes behavior specially inside an association. Not all the behaviors are part of OB; rather middle is on that behavior which has collision on presentation of the organization. The meaning may be abridges as OB is worried with the become skilled at of what populace do in an association and how that behavior influence the performance of the association. As OB is worried specifically by means of employment-related circumstances, it is not astonishing to find that it highlights behavior as connected to jobs, work, non-attendance, service turnover, efficiency, human presentation, and organization (Organizational Behavior 16-17). Human behavior seems chance. But OB is not simply statistics of chance behavior. A methodical move toward of studying behavior make known that behavior is not chance, and OB can assist in creation additional precise predictions about association behavior. Considering the in sequence in this document, the meaning may be supposed as an in s
Risk Identification Risk identification can be defined as the process of establishing either anticipated or existing risks along with their characteristics and outcome possibilities. The main objective of risk identification is to come up with a list of all possible risks in an area. In a scenario where a mother took her 4.5 month old child to emergence room and found to be having inguinal hernia, amongst the risks that could be identified include hernia itself, pains, delayed surgery, and discharging the child before accomplishing the recommended abdominal flat plate as ordered by a surgical consultant. However after coming up with a list of risks, the next step in most cases depends on the nature of the risk (Kavaler & Spiegel, 2003). Risk Analysis Risk analysis involves definition as well as outlining dangers brought by the risk to either individual, government agencies or businesses. According to Kavaler & Spiegel, 2003 medical risks analysis can be of great help in aligning medical related objectives with the hospitals objectives. This analysis can either take quantitative or qualitative form. For quantitative analysis, risks are analyzed numerically with the aim of establishing the likelihood of adverse circumstances and loses that might occur as a result of the event. However most risk analysis processes take qualitative form, as it does not use numerical probabilities along with loss predictions. Qualitative analysis involves threat definition, vulnerability establishment as well as coming up with countermeasures in case of risk occurrence. Qualitatively, hernia is abdominal defect that allows intestines to start sticking through a hole, it forms a noticeable bump. Intestines go back and come out again at other time; hence one runs the risk of the intestine becoming incarcerated. Fundamentally in case this stacking happens, there are risks of cutting off the supply of blood to intestines, which might lead to the dying of intestines. In case this stage is reached, then more complicated surgery will be recommended (Kavaler & Spiegel, 2003). Inguinal hernia has been found to affect mostly men of all ages, though peak incidences occur in the newborn, the aged, as well as young adults. According to the national survey research
In the present world, people believe that there is extreme suffering and evil. Consequently, people find it extremely hard to believe that there is an impeccable God. In case God knew all things, He would be aware of the terrible things that take place globally. And if God had extreme mighty, He would have the power to control all the suffering and wicked occurrences. In addition, His moral perfectness would urge Him to control all the sinful happenings. However, the world has immense suffering and miserable occurrences, which goes against the orthodox theist proclamation; a spotlessly fair God has control over the world. This poses an apparent conflict. There is a logical conflict in regard to the orthodox theism proclamations, and the existence of misery and wickedness. This paper aims at discussing the logical conflict. Moreover, there is a focus on the different theistic reactions to this issue. Free will defense has been given keen attention, since it is the most discussed theistic reaction. George Barna conducted a countrywide survey, in which the participants were given a chance to pose the most important question they would ask God. Seventeen percent of the participants had questions in regard to why there was extreme suffering and pain. If God was all- dominant, knew everything, and exceptionally good, why did He let bad things happen? Moreover, a majority of the people who suffer terminal illnesses and catastrophic losses are the tender- hearted and innocent. The concern as to why God permits bad things to happen, poses a moral protest. In questioning why God permits bad things, the majority people confess that God is not fair. Various atheists associate the presence of suffering and evil with the absence of a caring God. These atheists assert that since the justly impeccable God has a moral imperfectness, He allows wickedness and misery to happen to the just and innocent people. Therefore, there had better be no God who people believe, but end up suffering. The concept of elaborating the existence of God and evil is referred to as problem of evil. Some people argue that evil and God are unlikely to exist together. Wide arrays of reactions regarding this issue have been offered. There are elaborations that the decree and creation deeds from God, are one and the s
People manifest their attitudes through their behavior when going through different experiences. When a person feels weak or confused, the people who observe him or her know that there is a problem. The feelings of people change when they are not comfortable with what they are doing, which manifest in the behavior. Individuals tend to believe what they are told is possible if their attitude is positive. When people are asked by others to do something, which is difficult, they first consider how others could benefit from the same. Self-perception is a trait that develops in a person towards something through daily observation and interaction with others. People develop attitudes but do not relate them with their different moods when going through certain experiences. When one is able to interpret his or her behavior in a rational manner, it becomes possible to understand other people. A perception of self is a common trait for all people where one can think that he or she is handsome, bright or difficult. There are situations where perceptions of self in a person have developed in a manner that does not match with how other people perceive the individual. For example, you might see yourself as being very organized while others take you to be bossy. Therefore, it is paramount for us to be informed about the way other people perceive us if their perceptions about us are negative. This helps to improve and ensure that our behavior is acceptable and other people can benefit from our actions. There are situations where our perception on other people changes when we know more about them. The information on how other people perceive us is important so that we can compare it with self-perception. For example, when other people believe that we can be leaders and tell us, we tend to understand why they always consult us in case of any question. Perceptions of self refer to personality in human beings about their physical size as well as intelligence. For example, people may be perceived as bragging if they talk too much about their children. The significant thing is to know how other people perceive us in order to relate it with self-perception. However, perception of people on others does not always reflect the reality about the character. For example, some people are less self-defensive but other people may accuse them that they are too defensive. The problem is that an individual may clar
Introduction The modern world exists in the era of media giants which can control the agenda and direct people’s thoughts in a certain direction. Moreover, the media today are not only the print press and television. Many bloggers on YouTube, Twitter and other social networks have become active newsmakers by using new modes of communication. In general, there was a radical shift from traditional media to new ones in recent years. Content of the Articles Kaiser et al. states that the way we communicate changed in multiple ways and dimensions. Modern social networks created possibilities for many-to-many communication where every individual can contribute to the discussion with users of any social status (Kaiser et al., 2018). For example, it is easier to communicate with government officials because every modern politician has a website and Twitter account. Neuberger indicates (2014) (cited in Kaiser et al., 2018, p. 441) that the Internet changed communication in the public sphere in four dimensions: the spatial, social, time, and sign dimension. The time dimension is characterised by the possibility to get acute news and search for past debates in social media in one moment. Journalists can communicate and prepare news articles from the different parts of the glove (spatial dimension). The Internet also allows hyperlink signs and phrases to refer to past articles, which was unavailable for past journalists. The social dimension of public communication on the Internet is termed “produsage”: the possibility both to use and produce content simultaneously (Kaiser et al., 2018). Bainbridge discusses the trends behind the monopoly of the media space by mainstream media, which, even in the presence of the Internet, prevent small media from setting the agenda. He claims that ‘mainstream news is largely hegemonic <…> the broader mediasphere is pluralist’ (Bainbridge, 2015, p. 12). In other words, although mainstream media are headliners in public discourse, they, unlike authoritarian states, do not prohibit other media from creating their own news materials in any way. The ideological preferences of the media are also different: although most mainstream media are liberal, there are also conservative right-wing ones. Bainbridge (2015) states that such a tendency corresponds to a postmodern approach to diversity as a tool for giving voice to all social groups. The growth of communication on the Internet has brought serious challenges. Scott and Overly (2020) point to the significant flows of misinformation and ‘fake news’ caused by the 2016 US presidential elections. The misinformation of opponents of Covid-19 vaccines can also be attributed here. Silicon Valley companies like Facebook face persistent accusations of failing to remove misleading content that can even be life-threatening (Scott and Overly
This paper will discuss a case study of Loretta, a 72-year-old Australian diagnosed with dementia, describing a woman’s clinical condition by using ICF terminology and structure and outlining the measures which need to be imposed for providing her with effective interventions and enhancing the professionalism of the involved exercise physician. Description of a clinical condition Body structures and functions Loretta is a 72-year-old Australian citizen living in Melbourne who is diagnosed with dementia. The pathological neurofibrillary changes in her central nervous system caused the structural impairments and had a devastating impact upon her cognitive functions, including the impaired memory and semantic processes which in their turn affected Loretta’s communicative abilities. The conversational difficulties in Loretta were caused by the decline of the mental processes essential to the communicative functions, including the functions of recognition and usage of language signs. The impairments of declarative memory resulted in communication difficulties, repetitive questions, and word-finding problems. Activities and participation The impaired cognitive abilities in Loretta significantly reduced her skills of learning applying knowledge and communicating with others. The communicative difficulties limited Loretta’s participation in the community and social life and threatened her interpersonal interactions and relationships. It made Loretta passive and uninvolved in domestic and community life. Environment and contextual factors Loretta’s communication disability can be regarded as the outcome of her ineffective interaction with her environment. She lacked interpersonal support because her husband and children perceived her clinical cognition as the loss of self. Having problems communicating with large groups of people and strangers, Loretta isolated herself and rejected any contacts. Intervention project An effective treatment program for Loretta’s condition requires developing multi-component interventions with special emphasis put upon physical training, psychosocial and emotional support through educating the family caregivers and involving the community in the treatment of patients with dementia. This approach would allow considering the body structures along with the environmental factors for providing complex treatment for the patient diagnosed with dementia. Taking into account the fact that elderly individuals with dementia are under the threat of decline in their physical functioning, it can be stated that the physical training component is significant for developing an effective intervention program for Loretta. The multi-component physical training interventions, including the exercises intended to enhance the patient’s endurance, strength and balance have proven to be effective for improving the participants’ physical functioning, regardless of the stage of disease (Blankevoort, van Heuvelen, Boersma, Luning, and Scherder, 2010, p. 393; Flicker, Liu-Ambrose, & Kramer, 2011, p. 466). Moreover, the best intervention outcomes can be recei
Introduction The Novice to Master: An Ongoing Lesson in the Extent of My Own Stupidity by Morinaga is an exciting autobiography with significant life lessons. The book is divided into three parts, including the novice, training, and master, respectively, each of which represents a stage in Morinaga’s life. The central theme is the quest to gain knowledge and stability, which facilitated the transition of the protagonist from an ignorant boy to a monk, full of wisdom. The aim of this essay is to provide a response to the first chapter of each section. The Prospect of My Own Death The context for this chapter is Japan, during and shortly after the Second World War. Morinaga states in the introduction that the phrase to represent his forty years as a monk is “an ongoing lesson in the extent of my own stupidity” (Moraniga 2019, 15). He further explains how some understanding can only be acquired through experience. Next, the author narrates how students pursuing arts and literature were drafted to join the army and fight in the Second World War since those subjects were considered insignificant. It is at this point that Morinaga saw the reality of death. Nonetheless, they were urged to believe that death was a small sacrifice for the just war. On August 15, 1945, Japan unconditionally surrendered to the allies, and the author realized that aggression stirred up the battle (Moraniga 2019). Furthermore, those responsible for the fight were to be executed. One of the Buddhist concepts that are apparent in this chapter is Zen training, which is not intended for cramming but transforming false imaginations and thoughts. The idea of Pāli: dukkha, which means suffering or dissatisfaction, is also present. When the writer, at the age of 18 years, is compelled to leave his studies and join the army, he is stressed. The only consolation he has is that the fight is more important than clinging to one’s life. It is never in the interest of Buddhists to surrender or be a slave to an individual, but, in this case, he was subject to the government. In addition, anatta , which holds that there exists no permanent pattern of an identity, is apparent in the passage. The author has “no self,” as evident in changes from student to a soldier ready to die for his county and then to a person seeking insights. As a student who is not studying mathematics, science, or other technological subjects, I can relate to Morinaga. Convincing my parents that all disciplines are relevant was not as easy as they urged me to pursue a course in Engineering. The frustration of stopping school due to the perception that a person is doing an irrelevant study can be stressful. Worse still, the author and his colleagues were given a death sentence, which they were expected to embrace as loyal citizens. I think that Moraniga never processed his circumstances because it
This theory postulates that iron from the volcanic ash fertilizes the sea and enhances excessive growth of phytoplankton thus providing food for zooplankton and small fishes, which in turn become food for salmon. This theory explains why there is excessive growth of salmon in rivers of British Colombia and Canada following a volcanic eruption, which occurred on the Kasatochi Island. This theory sparks a lot of controversies internationally as to whether or not to fertilize the sea with iron to boost dwindling fish stocks. Supporting this theory, the population of salmon fishes in 2009 was very low as compared to the excessive numbers in 2010 in Fraser River in British Columbia. The leading proponent of this theory who is also an eminent fisheries research scientist, Tim Parsons argues that ash from volcanic eruptions contains iron which indirectly enhances the excessive growth of salmon. Other fisheries scientists support Parsons’s school of thought because of his great experience in oceanic sciences that earned him a medal from the Canadian government. Another research scientist, David Welch says that practical determination of the salmon growth is by checking seasonal growth of scales and comparing 2010 and 2008 growth if there are any significant differences in their growth. Opponents of the theory such as Carl Walters dismiss the arguments saying that the theory is as good as any theory meaning there is nothing new or interesting about it. He further argues that the practical determination of the seasonal scales will not give a significant difference to support the theory. Since salmon fishes depend on zooplankton and small fishes as their food, it is, therefore, unrealistic to attribute their bloom just one month after volcanic eruption because of the growth of zooplankton and small fishes take several months to a year to reproduce even though there is evident phytoplankton bloom. Moreover, if the volcanic eruption is the cause of the salmon glut experienced in the Fraser River, the same scenario should replicate itself in another place where volcanic eruptions are prone. Scientific research has confirmed that iron is a necessary mineral for the growth of phytoplankton; the primary producer of food in the sea or ocean. Phytoplanktons are food to small fishes and zooplankton, which in turn form the main food of the salmon fishes. The low population of the salmon fishers in the Northern Pacific Ocean is due to the limited amount of iron in water but recent volcanic eruptions and dust from Asian deserts are increasing the concentration of iron in the North Pacific Ocean. The theory is credible because, in places where volcanic eruptions had occurred, there was a subsequent increase in the population of salmon several years after. Although the theory gives a plausible biological explanation for the excessive growth of salmon in the North Pacific Ocean, it will prompt fish industries to add iron deliberately into the oceans to increase fish reproduction posing unforeseen danger in marine life. There is a fear that big companies formulated the hypothesis for them to dump huge