ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois’s novel The Dark Princess , written in 1928, is an example of his five historical works. As one of Du Bois’ beloved pieces, it examines the sheer beauty of people of color worldwide. The context can be seen in the fact that Du Bois used fiction to investigate his time in a way that is unfeasible in history for nonfiction. He depicted the entirely imaginary lives of his characters, using them to investigate the multiplicity and beauty of black culture. This particular novel of Du Bois was not very well received. It was scrutinized for its display of excessive eroticism and what some critics have considered a failed attempt at social realism. However, the work is precious for a profound appreciation of the history of people of color. An eternally relevant polemical theme of W. E. B. Du Bois, lies at the heart of this novel about sensual love, radical politics, and the pursuit of racial justice. In a fantasy story rich with propaganda notes, Du Bois depicted 1920s America as a racist country ready for militant rebellion and terrorism. Matthew Townes, the central character, is a medical student dismissed from school because his racial identity prevents him from taking a mandatory obstetrics course at an all-white hospital. Once in Berlin after his political idealism has been ruined, Townes falls in love with Princess Kautilya and joins an independent international team led by her, in which people of color unite against white supremacy. Du Bois describes their quest for liberation in a white-only world that suppresses their passionate love and divides them. The novel ends with the birth of their son, proclaimed as the Maharaja of Bvodpur, the emissary of the dark worlds. It can be inferred that the book was inspired by the First Congress of Universal Races in London in 1911, which Du Bois attended. In describing the character of Kautilya, Du Bois may have drawn some inspiration from several historical figures. This novel’s character analysis would begin with the main personage, Matthew Townes. He undergoes the most pronounced character arc – the metamorphosis of the character’s worldview. Matthew Townes, a college student in his first year at Manhattan University, is studying to be an obstetrician (Du Bois, 56). Early in the story, Townes is told that not only is he forbidden to pursue his career aspirations, but he is not allowed to graduate. His status as an African American precludes him from taking a mandatory course at a white midwifery hospital in the early 20th century, where he could have been caring for white female patients. Townes is vanquished and leaves for Germany in a kind of expulsion. There he meets Princess Kautilya of Bvodpur from India, t
The Threat of Japan and Fifty Years of New Japan , 1907-08 are two pieces of literature that were written at almost the same time and their content had relevance to the perception of modernization. Fifty Years of New Japan was written in 1910. The first article fifty years of new Japan is all about the progress that had been experienced in Japan within fifty years. This progress covered a wide spectrum of areas. Form politics, business, culture, population, and military, the article exalted the strides made by Japan. These achievements according to the author of the article are a result of Japan’s intercourse with the western countries (Welzel & Inglehart, pp. 80-92). As a result, the author enumerates areas in which the country has transformed courtesy to the influence of the west. Military aspects of the transformation of Japan have been attributed to western influence. The article has thus mentioned Europe and America as key powers whose civilization had shaped the transformations of Japan. Later in the article, the author explores the previous interactions between Japan and the other countries’ civilization. It is at this point that he mentions China, India, and South Korea. Essentially the article talks about the role played by international intercourse in the developments of Japan. The threat of Japan is an article that features a letter by Theodore Roosevelt to Senator Knox. The major concern of Roosevelt as expressed in the letter was the huge threat posed by Japan to the United States. This was primarily due to the immigration of the Japanese to the United States. As a result, Roosevelt feared that the Japanese will become many and threaten western civilization. Therefore, to protect their civilization Roosevelt believed that the government should stop the immigration of Japan into the United States. In their place, Roosevelt suggested that the Europeans of whichever ancestry be brought to the United States since this would lead to the consolidation of their civilization. At the same time, Roosevelt talked extensively about the building of the American navy to deter Japan from attacking them. As much as he was not pessimistic, Roosevelt considered Japan as a very big threat not only to the United States but also to western civilization. His major concern with the immigration of Japanese was that they were Asians and therefore would not promote western civilization. The emphasis that has been brought out in the article The two articles are all about the modernization of Japan. After a series of interactions with western powers, Japan experienced huge development which led to a transformation in many aspects. As a result the country now boasted of many achievements that had been due to modernization. The influence of western powers was instrumental in the transformation of the country (Zhang, p. 108). However
The word ‘feudal’ was created by the Renaissance jurists of Italy to label what they saw as the usual customary law on land. It lacks a clear definition, but it may be inferred from the meaning created by historians, economists and philosophers. It was a social and economic structure defined by hereditary social lines. All these hereditary lines possessed natural, social, and economic benefits and responsibilities. In this sense, wealth was primarily a creation of the land as a factor of production. However, it had been subjected to the cultured political economy at that time, which saw the serfs till it at the mercy of their lords. This concept is discussed in this paper, as articulated by F.L. Ganshof and Lynn White against the concept of feudalism by Marc Bloch. Feudalism as articulated by F.L. Ganshof and L. White Feudalism was regarded as an administrative, martial, and societal creation that brought together the classes of aristocrats in medieval Europe and the vassalage by way of land as the uniting factor. The principal advocate of this belief was F.L. Ganshof 1 , who viewed feudalism as a creation of the institutions that established and regulated the duties of obedience and service, mostly in military service, from the vassal towards the lord. In addition, there were reciprocal responsibilities of protection and upkeep on the lord the vassal. The lords would give out portions of lands to the vassals as goodies. These portions of land were commonly known as fiefs. Feudalism to Ganshof was the possession of power by the lords in the form of land and its systematic transmission to the serfs. Therefore, Ganshof’s observation and opinion were that classes had been effectively created by the feudal system, where the class of the lords or landowners protected and granted tenure of land to the vassals. Conversely, the vassals observed obedience and served the lords. 2 Professor Lynn White, Jr., on her part, spoke of technological determinism. She used a set of writings to create her own compilation in 1962, known as, “Medieval Technology and Social Change”. This pamphlet contained a detailed discussion on technology and recent inventions of the middle ages, but more importantly it had a contentious theory regarding the foregoing issue of feudalism. White 3 reckons that the presence of technology during this age enabled the growth of the ambition of many lords, who would carry out spontaneous combat attacks on distant lands more easily. She asserted that this was the impetus that drove a renowned man by the name Charles Martel to fast-track the annexation of lands that were held by the church. The lands were then distributed to his knights, who spent martial lives by buying expensive horses to back him in battle. Additionally, White 4 argued that there was a swing of political supremacy leaving the Mediterranean end of the planet and moving to the North of Europe. This wave of supremacy occurred as a result of the growing productivity in the technologized regions, whose farming was characterized by implements, such as improved carts for cu
Business communication aims at promoting services, products, or relaying information within business entities. Communication within business premises touches on consumer behavior, consumer relations, interpersonal communication, and marketing amongst others (Guffey and Loewy 21). The essay focuses on the aspects of web-based communication method, which include situations where it is preferable and not preferable, its effectiveness over other means of business communication, and its effects on the potential users. The drastic changes in the way people conduct business came with increasing demand for online communications. Globalization played a key role in the adoption of this method of communication. Success for businesses requires effective communication irrespective of their sizes and objectives (Viswanathan 71). Web-based communication comes in the form of instant messaging, emails, SharePoint and intranet sites, and video conferencing through Skype. Given the unfamiliarity that exists with these technological applications, developers must ensure that the systems meet customers’ needs and objectives of the business. In addition, developers should pay immeasurable attention to the behavior of final users and communication aspects since the systems partially replace human-to-human interaction with human-to-computer relations. For businesses, communication forms an essential component of success. For example, regular contact with customers helps organizations to understand the tastes and preferences of their clients, thus moving swiftly to address the needs in order to attract and retain more clients. Customer satisfaction becomes effective if a business puts in place a well-organized communication channel with its customers. Using web-based systems in sharing pertinent information with vendors, customers, and other stakeholders enhances accuracy and efficiency. In this means of communication, an employer can find and deliver data to all departments in the firm at any time and irrespective of the location. As long as business managers have internet connections, they can communicate among themselves without holding physical meetings (Worley 91). Using recent technological advancements in internet communication like voice and video conferencing, various business CEOs can hold virtual meetings in order to share their strategic objectives and methods of overcoming challenges in their management systems. In aiding conferences from different locations, this means of communication has been effective in cost-reduction options. The possibility of using this method of communication 24/7 also enables employees to reach out to their counterparts in other departments at any time (Viswanathan 73). Communication among employees enhances organizational cohesion and, consequently, resulting in unity in achieving an organization’s business and corporate strategies. At the same time, businesses that have websites or use social sites to reach their customers and investors, give the visitors easy time to communicate with the firm at any time (Leon par. 2). A customer can communicate to the management on stringent issues at his/her convenience. This
From a conventional viewpoint, the major cause of the current financial crisis was the reckless lending by European banks and governments. This left countries like Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Italy, and Spain with huge debts. Although the people in these countries are blamed as being reckless borrowers, the European banks were also reckless lenders because they gave out money without putting into consideration the financial statuses of the people and governments. It is believed that most of the lending institutions and banks knew that the borrowers were lying but wanted to make profits out of the European boom. The paper analyses how the issue could have caused the current financial crisis and if it was foreseen. It also analyses whether it could have been ameliorated and what can be done now to improve the situation. The reckless lending practices by banks and governments in Europe led to the opaque and complex financial instruments of risk transfer (Daianu & Lungu 2008, p.80). This is supported by the fact that the reckless lending of the huge amount of finances in the subprime markets led to financial shocks in the European markets (Nugroho & Miles 2009, p.2). Because of the low levels of transparency involved in the financial transactions especially in the assets market on credit instruments, the rate at which the financial markets would fall was accelerated. This caused a breakdown in the relationship that existed between the lender and the borrower. The lenders issued out money without considering the credit risk of the borrowers and the assets markets prices. This was necessitated by the boom in the housing sector that was high. The banking sector and the governments lacked regulatory and supervisory oversight that would ensure transparency was encouraged especially from the borrowers’ side. Because of the laxity in the banks and lending institutions, faulty accounting models and risk managements models , and the incentive structures, risk was underpriced (Ely 2009, 99-100). The incentives encouraged borrowers’ take risks and collude with credit rating agencies, insurance companies, appraisers, real estate developers and financial institutions which later lead to the underpriced risks costs. The situation was foreseen but according to Ely (2009, p.94-95) the crisis was encouraged by self interest from the lenders and the borrowers. It could have been averted but based on the reckless lending and lack of transparency the crisis was bound to happen. Based on the current situation of the market financial crisis that has widespread across in the Euro zone, the situation could be improved with time. So far, institutions like IMF and the European Union have come together to rescue the most affected nati
Introduction Over the past decade, juvenile crimes have been on the rise in many regions around the world. These have been attributed to an increase in drug abuse, media influences and negative peer pressure among the youth. As such, laws have been enacted to deter the youth from getting into trouble. In addition, parents have been advised to set curfews in order to restrict their children’s activities during certain hours of the day and night. Arguably, curfews help in the reduction of juvenile crime and victimization. However, opponents of this fact argue that curfews deny teenagers their civil rights. This paper shall argue that curfews are beneficial to society in regard to the role they play in improving the lives of teenagers, and maintain social order. This shall be done by reviewing the arguments forwarded by the opponents and proponents of the impact curfews have on teenagers’ behaviors. Impacts of Curfews on Teenagers Logically, if there are indications that teenagers are getting into trouble between certain hours of the day or night, implementing curfews may help monitor their activities. Curfews provide a convenient way of deterring teenagers from juvenile crimes and victimization (Adams, 2003). Aviram (2011), states that the implementation of a curfew decreases the likelihood of juveniles to commit violent and property crimes by 10% within the first year of its implementation. This percentage increases substantially in subsequent years (Aviram, 2011). Similarly, Williams (2012), states that curfews enable parents to set boundaries, responsibilities and sleep patterns for their adolescent children. Through curfews, teenagers are able to know what is expected of them, their responsibilities and manage their time effectively. In addition, Williams (2012), states that teenagers learn of the importance of rules, and the consequences of breaking those rules (for example, mistrust). These aspects help make the teenagers better citizens, while improving the bond between the parents and their teenage children. Aviram (2011) argues that curfews facilitate the preservation of social order. At the teenage stage, individuals equate their freedom to the amount of time they spend with their friends. Similarly, at this stage, individuals are more likely to get into social problems due to peer pressure and reasoning inefficiencies. As such, a teenager without restrictions is bound to do what he/she wants. In this regard, setting a curfew may help teenagers understand their responsibilities, and stay away from activities that may affect the level of trust and privilege given to them by their parents. On the same note, Puzzanchera and Sickmund (2008) suggest that curfews help teenagers develop a more structured and disciplined routine. The ultimate goal
Introduction According to Hofstede’s five dimensional model regarding national or organizational culture namely “Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism, Masculinity and Long Term Orientation” (2005), the emphasis indicates that performances and dimensional adversity of a company depends on its level of aggression. There is urgent need for any company to ensure it avoids blending differentiated values especially at the individual levels. What is an organization culture? It is a programming done through thoughts as a combination of executable set of instructions and rules, which distinguishes member groups or one company from others. It is attributable to a collective phenomenon connected to different aspects and departments in the organization or firm for the purpose of guidance through its undertakings. One acquires organization cultures from the social setting of a firm or organization. When a person changes the job, the organization culture also changes but only to certain levels because the concept following many structure rally behind the business standards, regulations or policies. The organization culture is not like the other cultures because it allows employees to practice their business undertakings through implementation of the set regulations. Methodology The report of IBM company setting adopt a methodology of critically analysis of the available or already existing literature based on performance and business transactions. Secondly is the re-examinations and study of the literature from experts observations regarding the topics especially those who are directly involved with the implementation into the business world. Good analysis involves companies that face high affects by the circumstances and are still in the market segments. E-commerce and its issues Today the designers of products, manufactures and, marketers are in different locations and often need to complete transactions through the net. Their information requires proper security for an effective collaboration. Many large companies such today have various engagements through the internet for the daily routines. Substantial investment on the security of information is therefore crucial as part of extending enterprises. The big companies invest heavily on the security compared to the smaller companies but the threats befall all the companies, arguably more sophisticated and disproportionate on smaller firms. The security risks entails, disruptions or delays especially on companies with extended enterprises. Other risks may include stolen patent laws, compromise of data integrity and others that are worse such as total loss and manipulation of information to gain profits. Most executives do not understand the viability of the information security and therefore the factors that drive the firms into the investment include; customer requests, government regulations and business policies or requirements. In the marketplace, some companies quantify the investment in information security as a competitive advantage because customers feel comfortable transacting in such firms. Inf
Summary of the claim Jessica is an employee of Tasty and high heels are part of her uniform. The women do not want to wear them as they cause discomfort and pain in the foot. The work of the waiters requires constant movement and walking, which further exacerbates the situation. Besides, such a uniform makes her feel that women in cafes are valued and respected less than men by both managers and clients. However, Jessica is required to comply with the dress code, which states “female waitresses are required to wear heeled shoes at all times during working hours.”. For this reason, Jessica intends to bring a tribunal claim because of the uniform policy. This claim is supposedly a case of gender discrimination. Background Jessica has been working in Tasty as a waitress for two months already. Every waitress has to work at least 8 hours a shift during which she crosses the hall dozens of times from the kitchen to the customers’ table to bring them food. This work is tiring for legs, and also the Tasty policy forces all female waitresses to wear heels during the shift, which makes their legs even more tired. At the same time, only women have a piece of their uniform that brings their inconvenience and pain. Also, their dress code consists of a medium-length skirt, hats, and blouses. Jessica complained to her manager Mr. Gate that it was difficult for her to work in heels all day, and this part of the uniform should not be mandatory for females. The manager, in turn, replied that heels are part of the dress code that complements the image of the waitresses and attracts customers. All employees must abide by the dress code, and if they do not wish to do so, they will be suspended or fired. Jessica also told the manager that low-running shoes are more comfortable for long shifts as that doesn’t harm people’s legs, and women also feel defiant when wearing high heels. However, the manager did not respond to the comment and told Jessica to return to work. Legal Issues The main legal issue, in this case, is a working dress code, as well as methods and measures for its adjustment. In the 1979 case of Schmidt v, Austicks Bookshops Limited set a precedent for the employer having the right to require a dress code at work, and it should not be identical for men and women, since specific features can be different (Cave, 2016). In addition, the Equality Act of 2010 also permits a dress code that distinguishes corporate culture or is necessary for the safety of employees or customers. Also, a uniform can be different for men and women if it does not have elements that emphasize gender discrimination or treats one group more favored than another. The employee also can be dismissed for not following the dress code. However, this legislation does not prohibit high heels, the obligatory wearing of skirts for women, or makeup. The 2018 Government Directive made several recommendations that say to avoid gender-specific elements, including makeup, skirts, manicures, or hairstyles (Government Equalities Office, 2018). The Directive