ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Sleep denotes a naturally happening situation of the body and mind typified by changed perception, moderately hampered sensory action, inhibition of almost every voluntary muscle, as well as decreased interrelations with the environment. 1 It differs from wakefulness through a reduced capacity to respond to stimuli, although it is simply overturned than the situation of comatose. While one is asleep, many processes in the body are in anabolic condition, assisting in the regeneration of the nervous, muscular, immune, and skeletal systems. Human beings might suffer a range of sleep disorders, which include narcolepsy, insomnia, sleep apnea, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, and hypersomnia. Human beings are supposed to spend approximately a third of their lives asleep; nevertheless, some do not as they tend to overwork themselves, which results in different sleep disorders. 2 Though its significance is yet to be completely expounded, sleep is a fundamental necessity of every living creature, encompassing people, and its absence or inadequacy carries severe psychological problems. In physiology, sleep is categorized into a couple of broad groups; that is, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM/non-REM). 3 NREM and REM vary greatly to the extent that physiologists term them as distinct behavioral conditions. Nightmares and dreams arise in the course of REM sleep as it is linked to desynchronized and quick brain waves, deferral of homeostasis, and failure of muscular tonus. On the contrary, non-REM is associated with deep sleep (muscular paralysis). Sleeping happens in sequences of about ninety minutes each, and such an interval is referred to as the ultradian sleep cycle. 4 In this regard, sleep occurs in cycles of REM and non-REM, typically in that order and mainly four or five of such every night. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine splits non-REM into 3 phases that encompass N1, N2, and N3, where the final one is as well referred to as delta sleep; the entire sequence progresses from N1, N2, N3, to REM. 5 Rapid eye movement sleep takes place as an individual goes back to phase 2 or 1 of non-REM sleep. Rapid eye movement sleep normally stays for long toward the end of the sleeping time when judged against the early segment (a few hours after falling asleep at night). The highest share of deep sleep (phase N3 of non-REM) occurs early in the night whereas the amount of REM sleep rises in the final 2 sequences prior to natural awakening. The major physiological pointers of sleep encompass electroencephalogram, electromyogram, and electrooculogram. 6 Sleep boosts the sensory threshold; that is, when a person is sleeping, he/she perceives lesser stimuli. Nonetheless, such a person can react to loud noises, in addition to other salient sensory occurrences. 7 Sleep disorders have been established to affect many millions of individuals across the globe hence the need for effective interventions. Background and Systematic Literature Review A few researchers have centered on sleeping pro
Globalization has limited distances to the extent of words only. No more do companies or businesses think twice before reaching foreign markets to increase profits and customer base. Globalization isn’t the name of the game. The concept involves interlinked processes such as logistics, supply chain, licensing, franchising, offshoring, outsourcing, etc. These activities have made life for multinational corporations easier than ever before. Offshoring is when some internal functions of an organization are transferred to another country within the same firm (Schroeder, 2008). The idea is to cut costs. A firm can have several reasons for off-shoring such as cheap labor, abundant supply of skills, cheap technology, etc. Companies argue that if something can be produced cheaply abroad then why not import it rather than producing it at a high cost within one’s own country. Off-shoring is controversial though. While reducing costs, results in increased unemployment and wage erosion, etc (Farrell, 2006). The critics against off-shoring say that in developed countries offshoring has more negative impacts than under developed countries. The reason is that people who lose jobs get a job at a lower level than the one they were employed at. This results in lowering down their buying power even though goods have reduced in prices due to off-shoring. Outsourcing is another phenomenon that goes along with off-shoring. The basic motive behind both is cost reduction which is not possible without eradicating unnecessary expenditures. Outsourcing however is transferring an area of operations to another firm which can be native or foreign (Schroeder, 2008). In reality, in recent years purchase of off-the-shelf products has become as easier as it is stated in theory. Today, one almost can purchase just any function that is needed to run a company. Procter and Gamble for example have outsourced its IT infrastructure, human resource management, and even its products in the last three years (Engardio, 2006). Outsourcing though also results in loss of jobs and has been a very debatable topic. The issue however remains the same; cost cuts are no good if there is no demand for products that fall down in the parent country due to wage erosion and unemployment. In 2009, CEO of General Electric, Jeff Immelt, for example, urged the government to reduce outsourcing and increase the amount of workforce hired by manufacturing units as the United States could no longer depend on consumer spending to create demand (Bailey, 2009). The concept that is gaining more popularity than off-shoring and outsourcing these days is offshore outsourcing. Offshore outsourcing is the transfer of activities from a domestic facility to another firm situated in another country (Schroeder, 2008). As already discussed the threats remain the same. However what
The siege of the Alamo is a battle which represents the struggle of Texan forces against Mexican conquerors for independence. Stressing the importance of the Siege of the Alamo in the whole battle, it should be stressed that both sides fought with courage and the victory of Mexican forces in the particular event can be explained by their superior forces. The battle was lost, however, it still remains as one of the most important events in the fight for independence. The courage and reimbursement of each of the soldiers who tried to protect the Alamo Mission could not be overestimated. Speaking of the hero who can perfectly represent the events of the battle, William Barret Travis should be referred to. Much is known about the duration of the fight and occupation from the letters he sent from the Alamo Mission to John W. Smith, a Texas politician and mayor who supported the fighters during their fight for independence. The siege of the Alamo is the first fight between Mexican and Texan armies during the fight of independence. Being invited by John W. Smith to taking part in this fight William Barret Travis could not refuse the invitation, but he had serious concerns about the successful outcome of the affair referencing to the number of Mexican forces and Texan ones. The situation appeared to be worse than Travis predicted, there were between 1,800 and 5,000 of soldiers from the Mexican side, and between 189-257 soldiers from Texan side as per different sources (Gunderson 20). However, the soldiers fought for death. To understand the situation Texan soldiers appeared while the siege of the Alamo, a letter from William Barret Travis to public pronouncement should be presented here. I am besieged, by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna. I have sustained a continual Bombardment and cannonade for 24 hours and have not lost a man. The enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion, otherwise, the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken. I have answered the demand with a cannon shot, and our flag still waves proudly from the walls. I shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism & everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid, with all dispatch. The enemy is receiving reinforcements daily and will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible and die like a soldier wh
Cyclooxygenase is a gene responsible for the regulation of the synthesis of prostaglandins. mRNA is derived from the sequence of the DNA in the process of transcription. The initial sequence referred to as the Pre-mRNA or the primary transcript is subjected to further processing to yield the mRNA. The latter is transferred from the nucleus to the cytosol for translation into proteins. The process involved in the modification of pre-mRNA to mRNA in eukaryotic organisms entails capping of the 5’end, polyadenylation of the 3’ end, and splicing. During capping, a 7 Methyl GTP group is added to the 5’ end of the mRNA strand during the mRNA synthesis process. This process is catalyzed by the Guanyltransferase enzyme, which dissociates from the transcript on the completion of the capping step. This process is important for enhancing the efficient translation of the mRNA by ribosomes into proteins. In addition, the process of capping is responsible for protecting the mRNA strand from degradation by the action of nucleases (Proudfoot 272-278). During polyadenylation, several Adenine nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the mRNA transcript. This process is catalyzed by the PolyA Polymerase enzyme, which results in the formation of a Poly A tail at the 3’ end of the transcript (Wahle and Kuhn 41-71). The enzyme recognizes an AAUAAA sequence located upstream at the site where the poly-A tail is to be added. The process of polyadenylation is responsible for enhancing the recognition of the mRNA by the transport machinery from the nucleus into the cytosol. Similarly, the addition of the poly-A tail is responsible for enhancing the stability of the mRNA molecule. The added poly-A tail is recognized by the translation machinery (Hall-Pagar et al. 2565-2579). The Pre-mRNA sequence contains the coding and non-coding regions of a gene copied from the DNA strand. During mRNA processing, the noncoding regions also called introns are removed in a process called splicing (Cox et al. 112-126). The coding regions are normally referred to as exons. This explains why an RNA-DNA hybridization would reveal some missing portions in the mRNA transcript. The process of splicing is responsible for removing the introns from the transcript and joining the exons. This process occurs by transesterification in which the removal of introns occurs by the formation of a lariat structure coupled with the formation of a branch point. In this transesterification process, a transfer of equal phosphate ester bonds occurs resulting in the consumption of no energy. The entire transesterification process brings together two coding regions initially separated by a noncoding region. The noncoding region is excised in the form of a branched lariat structure. The figure
Introduction Lush Fresh Handmade Cosmetics is a burgeoning beauty cosmetics company that presents itself as a socially-responsible enterprise. Its products are made of natural ingredients, such as fruits, vegetables, seeds, and others (Packham 2021). The company pursues a policy of protecting nature and animals by encouraging recyclability and standing against animal cruelty – 80% of its products have not been tested on animals, and the other 20% having done so only due to regulations imposed on the product (Loeb 2017). Lush demonstrates that colors and fonts chosen to represent a brand is not what ultimately defines success, but rather the quality and practices associated with the brand (Bom et al. 2019). For Lush, brand perception is reality, and they seek to shape that perception by engaging with consumers and acting in a socially-responsible way, which is what their target audience wants them to be. Thesis: Lush Fresh Handmade Cosmetics maintains the consistency of their brand image of a sustainable, natural, and eco-friendly beauty product by encouraging recycling, using package-less practices, choosing natural and vegan materials to produce their cosmetics, and not engaging in traditional advertising, relying on word of mouth as means of showing sincerity and saving the environment. Introducing the Brand Lush is a multinational corporation specializing in handmade beauty products. They provide options for socially-conscious customers in terms of bath, body, hair, and skin care cosmetics (Shum 2020). Some of their most famous products include fizzy bath bombs, dry shampoos, seed-and-flower petal soaps, and many others. 85% of their products are certified vegan. The company has over 900 shops in 49 countries, with the largest market being the US, with 200 shops (Craft Co 2021). Its worldwide sales fluctuate between 700-900 million dollars in revenue per year (Statista 2019). It is ranked in the top 50 companies by Beauty Inc. (WWD Staff 2016), and is expecting growth despite the setbacks posed by the COVID-19 crisis, due to a growth in digital sales. The company brand’s strengths lie in its association and presentation as an eco-friendly and ethical company. It purposefully does not engage in practices that may harm the environment, encourages recycling efforts in its customers, and promotes products not associated with animal cruelty (Wallace et al. 2020). Such practices encourage buyers to make moral purchases and return to the shop again and again in order to make them. Lush revolves around networking and is popular among the younger generations (Wakefield-Rann 2017). The weaknesses to its brand promotion strategy revolve around some of the concepts that do not mesh well with the logic of the market (Do 2019). Lush practically does not engage in brand promotion the same way other companies do – through advertising, as they believe that it is wasteful and that genuine intent will eventually win them the market. Analysis To demonstrate Lush’s brand strategy in action, three examples will be analyzed – the company logo, the shop interior design, and the product design. They will be measured against the relationshi
Introduction According to Friedmann, alternative development is an ideology that argues for the modification of the already open imbalances in economic, social and political influence. From Friedmann’s point of view, we see that alternative development goes beyond the status quo of development discussion. Thus alternative development is inevitably centered in the ‘politics of claiming’ as it seeks to be the intellectual voice of the marginalized by trying to push for their interests in the development plan their moral claims as a response to the hegemonic powers that oppress them. Therefore, alternative development is seen as a defender of the poor and the less privileged in the society as it advocates for their socio-economic and political empowerment. Friedmann further argues that in order to achieve significant empowering beyond the grass root level, the state must play an important role as individual communities are not in a position because of different goals and interests. 1 Unconventional/ Alternative Theories The unconventional theories were as a result of the critics of the capitalism. They found that the existing capitalist structures were fundamentally flawed, lacked ethics and were dangerous to the man as well as the planet. The view of these theorists is that some existing characteristics and structures of the society need to be changed. An example of these characteristics is where nations redistribute wealth by taxing the rich and spending the revenues on subsidized social services such as affordable healthcare and education to all. They propose that market should be regulated through social planning and government intervention. Capitalism has bought social problems in the society like prostitution and crime also need to be addressed by sociologists. Generally, all these unconventional theories focus on the well balanced growth rather than economic growth. They view growth as possible threat to the lives of humans and animals especially the major issue of conserving our environment. They also argue that development can be achieved without growth a view that conflicts with the conventional theorist like the classical and neoclassical theorists. These developments can be achieved by: redistributing production; consumption and income from rich regions to poor regions. Among the alternative theories we will focus on are: the Marxist and neo-Marxist theories; post structural theories as well as the feminist theories. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Alternative development refers to giving the people an economically, viable, legal alternative to the existing conventional methods of development. UNODC is currently implementing the alternative development strategies on six different nations. These nations are: Bolivia, Afghanistan, Peru, Myanmar, Colombia and Lao People’s Democratic Republic. An example is the case if Bolivia where the UNDOC works to reduce the growing of illega
By looking at various musical compositions that represent various historical periods, one can explore the development of a country or a city. In particular, it is possible to compare several hip-hop compositions such as Posse on Broadway by Sir Mix-a-Lot, Joe Metro by Blue Scholars, and The Town by Macklemore. To a great extent, they present various images of Seattle. In particular, they can portray some unappealing sides of this city as well as its beauty. It should be noted that this city is one of the places where hip-hop culture began its development (Abe unpaged). Many of them strived to depict urban life, and their compositions can indicate how Seattle evolved with time passing. There are several similarities that can be identified. First of all, various performers show that in this city, there are certain neighborhoods that are profoundly affected by poverty, drug abuse, and crime. For example, in the song, Sir Mix-a-Lot speaks about streets where a person can see “nothing but thugs” (Sir Mix-a-Lot, unpaged). Moreover, the performer mentions that drug abuse is a widespread phenomenon in this area. A very similar theme is explored in the song Joe Metro performed by Blue Scholars. In particular, they compare certain parts of Seattle to a “straight warzone” (Blue Scholars unpaged). Therefore, one can say that these musicians show that there are hidden and not very appealing aspects of Seattle. Similarly, Macklemore speaks about people who are reduced to poverty (Macklemore unpaged). Overall, these performers focus on the hardships that people can encounter. This is one of the similar aspects that can be identified. Nevertheless, there are some distinctions that should not be overlooked. First of all, one can argue that the city has become more multicultural in these years. For instance, Blue Scholars note that in the streets of Seattle, people can see Native Americans who were previously almost excluded from urban life (Blue Scholars unpaged). It is important to mention that Macklemore also stresses the beauty of the city and the impression that it produces on a person. It is possible to argue that these performers offer a very interesting image of Seattle. The listeners can notice that the culture of this city incorporates different customs, traditions, and styles. Moreover, it is represented by people who belong to various racial or ethnic groups. Additionally, these songs indicate how Seattle changed during the last decade. For example, it is possible to see that this city has been affected by economic problems. Moreover, many of its neighborhoods could become extremely impoverished. Nevertheless, in spite of these difficulties, the city gradually overcomes these difficulties. This is the main aspect that can be identified. Certainly, it is not possible to say that musical or literary works can accurately depict the transformation of an urban area. Such performers as Macklemore and Sir Mix-a-Lot present their subjective perceptions. They are not interested in evidence or data that can highlight the transformation of Seattle. Nevertheless, their comments are very thought-provoking. To a great extent, this disc
Liberal democracy is a political philosophy that focuses on political rights. This paper introduces the main arguments presented in two Mearsheimer’s lectures, “The False Promise of Liberal Hegemony” and “Can China Rise Peacefully?”, to reveal the criticism of the liberal hegemony and to analyze the theory that explains the possible future of China. The arguments in the first lecture relate to the explanation of the liberal hegemony and how it leads to failure, concluding that it contradicts the country’s values. In the second lecture, his arguments are based on three assumptions: the United States is seen as Anarchy, it has the offensive military capability, and it cannot know the intentions of other States. Mearsheimer has an opinion that the United States “are addicted to war” that happen due to the promotion of liberal democracy (Yale University, 00:29:30-00:29:37). The speaker gives an example of NATO expansion that is considered a cause of the war between Russia and Ukraine, and this war was not driven by a realist logic, just as the war between Russia and Georgia in 2008. For instance, the purpose of the conflict in Iraq was “to turn it into a liberal democracy to stop wars in the Middle East” (Yale University, 00:30:40-00:30:45). He calls the idea of democratizing the Middle East foolish as that region did not have a democracy before, and the United States decided to do so at the end of a rifle barrel. This statement is opposite to the theory that states that democracies are more peaceful than authoritarian regimes as the wars are liberal driven. Hence, it proves that democratic countries have as many conflicts as other political philosophies, which can mean that liberal democracy may not be worth implementing all over the globe. I agree with the presented opinion as interfering in other nations’ business that has a different cultural background, and trying to change it is not a convenient approach. Moreover, liberal hegemony leads to failure in many cases. The speaker presents various examples of countries, such as Iran, Iraq, and Syria, where the conflict happened on the grounds of “promotion of the liberal democracy” (Yale University, 00:35:20-00:35:45). As this regimen leads to conflict and promotes war, it prevents society from pursuing freedom. The United States is engaged in continuous warfare due to liberal hegemony, which contradicts the core values of the country. Mearsheimer criticizes liberalism and liberal hegemony specifically, and he provides three reasons to explain why liberal hegemony is doomed. The first reason is that “social engineering in foreign countries is a difficult enterprise” (Yale University, 00:31:35-00:31:41). Foreign countries do not want foreigners to occupy their land. He gives an example of the U.S. blaming Russia for interfering in the 2016 election. The U.S. tends to intervene in various circumstances and take steps that violate sovereignty to promote liberal democracy, and the consequences of this do not benefit American society. He then explains in the lecture, “Can China Rise peacefu