ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Population growth among the humans is leading to over exploitation of the eco system in trying to provide food, shelter and clothing. Santa in her publication World Is Undergoing Mass Extinction shows how over exploitation of the environment is causing imbalance in the eco system. The imbalance in ecosystem is eventually leading to extinction of some species from the earth surface. In equatorial Africa, over exploitation of the equatorial forest to provide trees for timber and medicinal herbs is leading to desertification. The Equatorial forest together with the Amazon forest used to boast of the widest varieties of birds and animals which most of them no longer exist. The extinction and endangerment of animals in these forests are caused by human being activities. Sheldon, in the article Endangered Species/Species Extinction – Causes, Statistics, and Trends , suggests that human beings should develop a way to exploit the environment without affecting other species living within the same surrounding. Natural extinction can be slowed down even if it is caused by forces of nature. The natural extinction within the Amazon forest is being brought about by climate change. The climate change is brought by human activities which include industrialization and farming. Using of environmentally friendly sources of power to run the industries might reduce the global warming by 25%. The Greater Horseshoe Bat a bird found in Britain is endangered because of human activities of lumbering and use of pesticides within its eco system. The bird left without a natural habitat and food making is hard to survive in the new polluted environment. Laws developed to protect the endangered animals are not enough to protect the rare species. Governments need to involve the local communities in trying to protect the animals which would be an effective process. Kurpis, in her article Ways You Can Help Endangered Species , suggests that communities should be involved in forming game reserves or parks where the endangered animals will be reared. The need to protect endangered animals is a necessity because of the technological advancement among the humans. Human beings have come up with weapons that can kill some of these animals in thousands within a short period. Poachers use these weapons to hunt the endangered animals eventually contributing to eradication of certain species of animals like the white rhino. The anti poaching laws and willingness of people have proved pivotal in increasing the white rhino’s population within the Earth’s surface. Research by Bishop, in his publication Biodiversity loss from species extinctions may rival pollution and climate change impacts , has shown areas with massive extinction are facing decrease in biodiversity. The extinction is leading to such things as global warming, low production, and air pollution. These changes are some of the contributors to global warming a major problem in the current century. Environments that harbor a wide variety of species have a large production of food. The massive pr
The idea of hyper presidential implies that the president of a country has overwhelming power and can dominate the political process. Thus, the president does not need to consider the political influence of other types of power, such as moderating or legislative control. In the example of Hugo Chavez, the president has substantial control over the nation’s political course, which is achieved both through the governing process and Chavez’s strong personality. The first type of Chavez’s hyper presidential is his ability to reply to or comment on the country’s events directly, without the restraints of other parts of the government or diplomatic considerations. For example, his talk show has allowed him to talk about papers written about the infrastructure of the state. Chavez’s comment on the article about the decline of healthcare demonstrates how the president’s power extends that of an elected official. Although the show does not directly repress the freedom of speech, it places the newspaper and its workers under pressure. In another instance, in 2007, Chavez did not renew a license for a broadcasting channel because he saw it as a political opponent. This is a similar example of Chavez following his personal views to enact new laws that can affect hundreds of people. Nonetheless, the most prominent example is Chavez’s change of reelection limits. Before his presidency, the term for serving as president lasted for four years, but Chavez expanded it to six. Moreover, he also allowed rerunning to stay in the office for two or more consecutive terms. In this way, Chavez found a way to remain president for a longer time, following the plan that he might have had for the country. Simultaneously, other parts of the constitution were changed to centralize the power, and Chavez did not extend a similar reelecting opportunity to local governors.
The concept of leadership is as old as mankind. A number of theories and conceptual models that explain this concept have been put forward by psychologists among other organisational experts. The theories have been classified into eight broader schools of thought. They include: the trait approach to leadership, the behavioral theories, the contingency or situational school, leaders and followers, dispersed leadership, participative theories, relationship theories, and management theories (Bolden, Gosling, Marturano, & Dennison, 2003). These schools of thought emerged in the course of the twentieth century. Most of the early theorists were interested in the qualities that made leaders unique compared with their followers. On the other hand, latter theorists have considered various variables like situation and level of skills in understanding leadership. This essay discusses the transformational theory of leadership, which is under the leaders and followers relationship. Key terms used in the theory shall be explained, major components presented, as well as a description of how the theory works. The strengths and weaknesses of the theory will also be offered. Furthermore, the essay will present a selected organisational behaviour and show how it links to the transformational theory; for instance, the influence of leadership on the identified observational behavior or vice versa. Transformational Leadership Theory Transformational theory of leadership is mainly concerned with understanding and explaining the relationships between the leaders and their followers. The theory argues that leaders seek to motivate, encourage, and be a source of inspiration to others by assisting them realise the significance and the higher value of the task presented to them (Covey, 2002). While other theories focus on the leader as a unique figure, transformational leadership theory is interested in exploring the significance of the relationship between the leader and the follower. The roles of a leader and the one being led are interrelated. Transformational leaders place high priority on the success of their followers in general as well as individual excellence. Thus he or she is supposed to be a team leader. The concept of transforming leadership was first suggested by James MacGregor Burns in1978. He defines transforming leadership as a relationship of mutual motivation and promotion where followers can assume leadership roles while leaders become agents of moral principles. Burns suggested further that this kind of leadership occurs when leaders and followers interact and in the process uplift one another to advanced levels of motivation and moral values. In proposing this theory, Burns was inspired by the humanistic psychology movement and he suggested that a transforming leader has the capacity to change, alter, and raise the motives, values, and objectives of meaningful transformation among those being led (Covey, 2002). According to Burns, transformational leadership is different from other styles because of the roles expected of a leader
Introduction Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the human behavior. Moreover, the subject also focuses on the effects of human behavior in society. Other scholars view psychology as a branch of medicine that offers counseling services (Davis, Giordano & Licht, 2009). Professionals in the field are usually referred to as psychologists. From the definitions provided above, psychology is a profession that specializes in curing social problems through counseling. Just like in any other profession, psychologists are guided by stringent codes of conduct and legislations. Some rules governing psychologists are discussed in this article. Informed consent and refusal Psychologically challenged individuals suffer from mental illnesses. Mental problems are brought about by unfortunate events, which may have social and cultural effects. For instance, an individual would be affected by the actions of a serial killer, particularly if an individual is used to living in a peaceful environment. Madness is a social problem brought about by a number of causes, including the loss of the loved one. A psychiatrist has his own ways of soliciting information from the patient. In fact, some of patients would be willing to admit their crimes before doctor. However, the doctor
Introduction If you’re studying the pros and cons of abortion, the essay below will be a great place to start your research. For a very long time now, the right to abortion has been one of the most controversial topics on the planet, pitying two major sides. On one side, pro-lifers insist that it is immoral and amounts to murdering an innocent child, while pro-abortionists argue that it is just a form of birth control. The latter claim that there is absolutely nothing wrong with it as all children should be born when they are wanted. The numerous legislations, policies by governments and even hard-line stands by some organizations like the church have made this subject more controversial instead of offering solutions. At one point, one may argue that there would never be a consensus on abortion’s pros and cons in any essay or discussion. This debate is likely to go on for several years unless the sturdy stands taken by both pro-lifers and pro-abortionists are softened. People have to find ways of accommodating the views of each other regarding the subject. The author will evaluate the issues surrounding the abortion debate. Analyzing the pros and examining the cons of abortion, the essay will seek to find solutions to the conflicting ideas. Pros of abortion There are several arguments that one forward in support of abortion. First of all, any birth of a child should occur when the parents want and not by chance (Potts et al. 229). This way it would go a long way in assisting the world to have an environment where all children that are born in this world have an environment conducive for proper development. There is no need for inflating the world with many children who cannot have access to basic needs like adequate clothing, food, shelter, and education. It should also be noted that when a person decides to carry out an abortion it is not out of her dislike for children but because she feels that it would not be a wise decision to proceed with the pregnancy as it is still not yet the right time to have a baby (Potts et al. 229). In the case of rape or incest, keeping a pregnancy is very traumatizing to the person raped as no one would wish to keep a child that is a result of this, and the best solution to this problem would be to abort the unborn child. For the case of rape, the emotional effects of the occurrence are too traumatizing and take time to heal, and some rape victims do not recover at all. Adding a child to the rape victim is like adding more salt to a wound and would be a constant reminder that is likely to add more emotional trauma to the victim (Khoster 35). Many studies on the morality or immoralities of abortion have found that some of those against the morality of abortion tend to agree that it is acceptable to abort a pregnancy that is a result of rape. For instance, the gulp poll carried out in Canada found only 13% of the respondents were against the practice completely while interest
Abstract This paper looks at the possible methods of solving problems that couples go through in their marriages. It uses Robert and Sophia’s situation to contextualize issues that couples face and their possible solutions. In addition to the case study, the paper uses eight sources to back the arguments. The study shows that most problems that couples face are a result of OCD, and goes further to advocate the Accommodation Therapy and the Exposure Therapy as the best solutions to problems among couples. Introduction The Family System proposes the division of the mind into three sub-categories. The founders of this theory called these parts, the managers, exiles, and firefighters. Each of these parts plays a role in the formation of the self. The most problematic part is the exile, which entails traumas, pains, and humiliations from an individuals’ childhood. The firefighters and managers prevent exile problems from disturbing an individual (Yahav, 2002). In the case of Robert and Sophia, they both have burdens from their childhood. Robert is antisocial because of the alienation he underwent while growing up while Sophia experiences a trauma because her uncle raped her. During my first interaction with the couple, I will ask them to talk about their past lives. I will create an environment that will make them talk freely. Talking about themselves will enable me to detect their tones and moods when they mention certain events about their past lives. These elements of their will expose their burdens. I will then talk to them and convince them to stop keeping their painful experiences within themselves. An intensive talk will serve to make their protectors
Introduction Placebo and pharmacological effects are factors that have complicated the study of behaviors in response to various stimuli in the environment. The study of placebo and pharmacological effects is very important in distinguishing between drug-induced response and classical conditioning due to the environment. Pharmacologists and psychologists have been grappling with great challenge of varying doses of drugs at different environments. Numerous studies have revealed that effective doses of different drugs vary according to environmental conditions, which have placebo effect or cause classical conditioning. Revelation of these studies has compelled pharmacologists and psychologists to establish the relationship between placebo effects and pharmacological effects. Ader, Mercurio, Walton, James, Davis, and Ojha (2010) argue that, unraveling the relationship between pharmacological effects and classical conditioning is very critical in establishment of tolerance and addition of drugs (p.195). This means that classical conditioning has overwhelming influence on development of tolerance and addiction. Thus, effective doses of drugs do not only depend on physiological mechanism of the body, but also psychological and environmental conditions. Since effective dose of drugs depends on placebo effects and classical conditioning, how do they lead to tolerance and addiction? Problem Statement and Research Question Placebo effects and classical conditioning are two environmental factors that have greatly influenced effective dose of drugs. Researchers have established that, there is variability of drug dosage given to patients according to patient expectations and environmental conditions making them to consider presence of other mediating and confounding variables as well. The variability of drug dosage is due to placebo and classical conditioning that influence pharmacological effects of drugs in an individual. The variability of drug dosage used in treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer and psoriasis
Introduction When it comes to discussing whether Sufism can be considered the ‘heart of Islam’, it is important to establish a methodological framework, within which this discussion will take place. Based upon this proposition, we can well suggest that researching the subject matter in question should be ultimately concerned with making a qualitative inquiry into whether Sufism does emanate the very spirit of Islam, as a religiously formatted sublimation of one’s strive to objectify itself within the surrounding reality. Given the fact that Sufism and Islam are indeed closely interconnected, in the historical and theological senses of this word, the suggestion that the mentioned ascetic-esoteric movement within Islam can be considered the religion’s actual ‘heart’, appears formally legitimate. This, however, is far from being the case de facto . The reason for this is that, due to being essentially the form of a cognitive/perceptual ‘pantheism’, Sufism does not quite subscribe to the monotheistic conventions of Islam, as we know them. In this paper, I will explore the appropriateness of the above-stated at length, while promoting the idea that the theological/philosophical postulates of Sufism do not account for the pathway towards grasping the true significance of Islam, as one of the world’s major religions. Main Body One of the major differences between Islam, on one hand, and the rest of the world’s monotheistic religions (Christianity and Judaism), on the other, is that unlike what it happened to be the case with Christians and Judaists, Muslims do not experience the temptation to anthropomorphize their god Allah. The reason for this is that the theological paradigm of Islam presupposes the sheer totality of the physically experienced emanations of divinity: “O mankind! Worship your Lord (Allah), Who created you and those who were before you so that you may become Al-Muttaqun (the pious)”. 1 This explains why the adherents of Islam make a deliberate point in refusing to come up with the visualized depictions of Allah – hence, establishing the objective preconditions for Islam to be considered the most ‘non-mystical’ of all monotheistic religions. After all, according to Prophet Muhammad, in order for just about anyone to be considered a thoroughly committed Muslim, who fully qualifies for the Islamic version of paradise, he or she simply needs to never cease being observant of the provisions of the Islamic law of Sharia , while facing life challenges. In its turn, this presupposes that the mystical leanings of Muslims are essentially counterproductive; because they derive out of these people’s unconscious strive towards ‘miracles’ – hence, revealing their lack of faith in Allah. After all, according to the theological paradigm of Islam, the Quran is itself the biggest miracle ever. In the formal sense of this word, Sufis fully adhere to the Quranic provision of Allah’s omnipotence. According to them, God indeed deserves to be praised, on the account of its greatness as a ‘thing in itself’: “The glory of God consists in His independence of anyone and in His power to do whatsoever He wills:
Labor relations entail the managing unions of employees; it covers organization bargaining under the Human Resource Management (HRM). Organization bargaining, which is also known as collective bargaining within an organization touches on the ability of workers to associate freely with each other in negotiating for proper working relations. Notably, the employer and employees have an equal share and bargaining power in the negotiations in order to ensure that the outcome is fair and equitable (Collective Bargaining, 2009). Fairness in the employment relationship averts scenarios of costly labor disputes, rampant workers strikes, and persistent unemployment. Collective bargaining is a joint work done between one or many people who take sides thus resulting in a collective agreement in their terms and conditions as well as recognition. For example, in North America, the government is the only body entitled to issue a certificate of recognition to the workers union (Boivin, 2012). The certificate shows the support that the union has towards the absolute majority it presents in collective bargaining. The government offered mediation services to facilitate consensus-building process at the workplaces. North America gives the collective agreement a period, which is usually more than one year. The government recognized unions after a colossal strike by workers in 1947. The establishment of the Rand Formula that led to the recognition of workers’ unions paved way for the introduction of medical insurance and universal pension plans for employees. In other countries like Canada, the provinces contain jurisdiction towards labor issues excluding federal government regulated factories. According to Boivin (2012), collective bargaining involves two conflicting parties with separate interest concerning workers with the urge of getting income and job security. This allows the union to have successful pluralistic goals since it is not pathological; none of the parties can attain its goals minus the other. It is a for
Introduction Cancer breast is the one cancer among women which produces the largest casualties. There are several ways to watch for it and notice the earliest symptoms of this fatal illness. Detecting it early is the best way to deal with it. It is an illness which affects ladies in hundred thousands while comparatively only a handful of men are affected. Genetic predisposition is another factor related to Cancer Breast. Being so, ladies who have a predisposition can be detected early through genetic tests. Tests ad follow-up are expensive. Insurance companies do not help for genetic testing. They may cut on insurance money for people with a predilection for any cancer. Employers may discriminate when giving jobs. The essay deals with various opinions across political, social, medical and journalist circles. I have highlighted a few articles including research and newspaper reports of the political issues involved. Genetic Predisposition to Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in females. Though the numbers of new cases are increasing, the mortality is decreasing for various reasons. As in all cancers, many risk factors are assigned to breast cancer too. Genetic predisposition is only among