ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Greece is the weakest member of the euro zone, and its economy is continuously contracting at a fast pace. Sarah Hewin, a London economist, proposed that the economy of Greece had been struggling even before 2008 when Lehman Brothers collapsed. The decline in the economy translated the economic depression in Greece (Jolly para. 1-4). This paper is aimed to evaluate the position of Greece in the euro zone, and it also focuses on the effects which Greece may suffer if it decides to leave the euro zone. Problem in Greek economy Greece’s expenditures were beyond its mean even before the change in its currency from drachma to Euro. After accepting euro as its currency, the public expenditure was significantly accelerated in Greece. The level of wages in the public sector greatly increased which was the highest rate in the euro zone. The Athens Olympics in 2004 led the Greek government to exceed the limit of its debt. BBC reported that the national income of Greece declined significantly due to the tax evasion on a massive scale in the country. After overspending for years, the budget deficit of Greece went out of control, which resulted in the economic depression in Greece (Eurozone crisis explained para. 4-7). Benefits of Euro zone There are multiple benefits which Greece attains from being a part of the euro zone. In May 2010, Greece was provided bailout loans from IMF and the European Union in order to help the Greek government for paying its creditors. BBC reported that these loans had amounted in total to 110 billion Euros after that another bailout of 130 billion Euros was lent to Greece (Eurozone crisis explained para. 10-12). The growth in the value of Euro in the past helped member states of the euro zone achieve significantly better economic and financial results (Barrell para. 3-7). Euro zone provides great support for countries like Greece, which face severe economic conditions. Being part of the euro zone has helped the Greek economy to survive, acquiring huge loans. Affects of the exit from the Euro zone on monetary and fiscal policy If Greece decides to exit the euro zone, it will impact member states of the euro zone and the European Union to a great extent. Its impact on the monetary policy of Greece will be severe. The money supply may reduce if the Greek state exits the euro zone. The unemployment rate will be rapidly increased, and at the same time the interest rate might also rise. The fiscal policy, which deals with the expenditure and taxation, would also be affected by this exit. Taxes will be increased whether Greece leaves or stays in the euro zone, but the expenditure can get out of contr
Frankétienne’s Dézafi offers unique insights into Haitian society due to its examination of the complex relations between various community sections. One such issue discussed in the novel is women’s role in changing the trajectory of a group’s history (Lacet 47). Two female characters in the story, Rita and Sintila, cause such changes in their towns, but their motivations are different. Due to this, Rita is the heroine in the story as she embodies the spirit of endurance in the face of seemingly unending social problems. Rita is a young girl who has to work due to the poverty her family lives in. When the readers first encounter Rita, she is a hardworking housemaid in her uncle’s house in Port-Au-Prince (Frankétienne 25). Despite being a meticulous person in her endeavors, her uncle Jédéyon does not appreciate her efforts. She cooks, cleans, and ensures that Jédéyon has a comfortable life. However, the latter is ungrateful and does not acknowledge Rita’s dedication to serving him well (Frankétienne 30). Moreover, he continuously berates her for referring to him as an uncle, which is a courteous term. Thus, Rita persevered the poor treatment to help feed her family. Despite never having received any formal education, Rita is determined to learn. Since she worked when her peers went to school, she missed the chance to be enrolled in a learning facility (McFee 380). It is due to this reason that she is unable to read and write. However, her illiteracy does not dampen her willingness to attempt reading any word that comes across her way (Frankétienne 30). One such instance is when Rita stops by a poster on her way to the market to decipher what the words meant. This admirable effort clearly shows how Rita still had the dream to overcome her illiteracy. Besides an undying will to be literate, Rita also mourns for her lost childhood. To provide for her family in their poverty-ridden village, she starts working to earn some money. She searches for a job and eventually gets one at uncle Jédéyon’s house. After that, the girl tries her best to satisfy the strict demands of the seemingly bitter man. While working, Rita does not get the time to play as her peers (Frankétienne 30). In one instance, while going for an errand to the market, she nostalgically looks a
The subject of race and sentencing has always been a prevalent one in the US. The society is split into two groups regarding the issues surrounding racism in the justice system. Some believe that the current judicial and sentencing model is inherently prejudiced towards races of color, while others sustain that there is no prejudice at all. This issue becomes particularly sensitive when it comes to juvenile crimes. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the reasons why juveniles of color have higher rates of contact with the police, and propose correctional policies based on principles of restorative justice. Juveniles of Color and Police Contact Rates In order to understand why juveniles of color are more likely to have trouble with the law, we need to look at the problem through the lens of criminology. Cultural deviance theory attributes juvenile delinquency to various factors that have an influence on children, teenagers, and young adults. These factors are (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, 2012):   * Deteriorating neighborhoods   * Inadequate social control   * Conflict between social goals and means of achieving them These three factors, when combined, create numerous deviant subcultures, which are appealing to teenagers and turn them into juvenile delinquents. Stanford News reports that most African-American and Hispanic families tend to live in poorer neighborhoods (Andrews, 2015). Poor neighborhoods mean weaker schools, poor social security, and increased crime rate. This creates a negative cycle. Labeling theory, on the other hand, focuses on the public perception of races of color. There are many negative stereotypes surrounding African-Americans and Hispanics. Young men and women of these races are perceived as inherently more prone to violence and crime, which causes the rest of the society to view them with suspicion. The juveniles, in return, start perceiving themselves in a similar way and adopt the label, becoming criminals the society expects them to be. This mechanism is fully explained by Symbolical Interactionism theory – one of the prevalent theories in modern sociology ( Labeling theory, 2016). The police are not immune from labeling, as it happens on a subconscious level. There were numerous cases recorded by the press, where young men and women of color were stopped and searched by the police just because they looked “suspicious.” These incidents contribute to the number of contacts between the police and juveniles of color. Poverty, social insecurity, and stereotyping are the reasons why juveniles of color are more likely to turn to crime and have more encounters with the police. Juveniles of Color and Juvenile Justice Process Numerous sources report that young men and women of African-American and Hispanic descent are treated harshly at every stage of juveni
Introduction Crime continues to be a social and economic concern globally and above all-weather a crime is committed by an adolescent or an adult, both are equally punishable. Today more and more children at a very young age have taken up the violent way as they are influenced by a lot of other factors like peer pressure, watching violent acts on the television, etc. It is a well-known fact that destructive behaviors are bound to harm both the individual and the community. While several researchers are working on the issues related to early childhood delinquency and intervention programs, none of them have been standardized. Many of them point out that early intervention can help decrease childhood delinquency and behavioral problems. The purpose of the paper is to answer the above-mentioned questions if such childhood interventions can help prevent childhood delinquency and what the role of the family is in these interventions. Main body Even though the crime rates in recent years have decreased crime rates among young people have still not shown any marked decline. In addition, the seriousness of present-day juvenile crime has increased. Statistics suggest that the violent crime index for those who are less than 18 years had increased almost 50% between 1988 and 1992 (Snyder & Sickmund, 1995) and further increased by an additional 7% in 1994 (FBI, 1995). However, it is important to understand that the vast majority of individuals in this age lack certain intellectual and psychosocial capabilities that need to be present to hold someone fully accountable for his or her actions under certain circumstances. These circumstances include situations that call for logical decision-making, situations in which the ultimate consequences of one’s actions are not evident unless one has tried to foresee them, and situations in which sound judgment may be compromised by competing stimuli, such as very strong peer pressure to violate the law. Interventions help the individuals and families to recover from such behavior and also further prevent them from it. In recent years the American courts have seen that the number of child delinquents brought between 1990 and 2000 has increased by three times and is a major cause of concern for parents, teachers, and society. Research also suggests that these children are more likely to go to become adult offenders and are more prone to become serious, violent, and chronic offenders than adolescents whose delinquent behavior initiates in their early teens. Most of the intervention strategies are designed in such a way that they are concern with correcting persistent problem behaviors in children. This is done by targeting resources at preventing this behavior from occurring in younger age groups which may prove beneficial in later stages. Befo
American citizens are proud to be associated with their own country. They are happy, proud and sometimes lucky to be Americans. America itself is a successful nation, the most powerful in the world. It fights for American freedoms and civil liberties. On the other hand, she has fought for minority countries all over the world. Americans believe in a world where individual rights and freedoms conquer, unity of purpose over segregation controls and above all, Americans understand the fundamental basics of life and human dignity. Nevertheless, there is parallelism of ideas between American citizens and American government. In most cases, American government has acted in a manner likely to suggest bullying the world. However, who is a bully? A bully is someone who takes advantage of someone’s weakness to attack, fights, and ignores rules whenever they suit. This has been the scenario with American government for a long time. (Is America the bully of the World? Para. 1- 3). For example, under Republic administration, America has invaded some countries leaving them desolate and unstable. Few years ago, television broadcasts in America saw Iraqi citizens mourning the death of a young boy who had died because of American bombing. This particular broadcast had a lot to say especially to American citizens and the international community about American government. Nobody seems to understand why the American government decided to invade Iraqi, obliterate property, stateliness and lives of blameless Iraqi citizens. From time to time, American government has used the opportunity of being the world’s strongest to maim, invade and destroy property belonging to other countries. So many instances depict America as the world bully. From the war in Iraqi (Persian Gulf War), Oklahoma City bombings the NASA space shuttle upheaval, the September 11 attack, the war in Afghanistan and the current Operation Iraqi Freedom, American government has become the subject of debate by many countries. This has seen many countries hate America and especially, the American foreign policy. Because of its bully, innocent civilians have died, property destroyed, internal conflicts escalated and enmity increased. (Planet1985 Para. 1-8). Libraries all over the world are full of newspaper articles, journals, books and magazines all criticizing American government over its bullish philosophy. Today, America has troops spread all over the world. Nobody can ever speculate why American government does send troops all over the world yet, there has never been an internal military combat in America since the Second World War. Ever since the Second World War, people gaze at America as the world bully. It was joy to many American enemies when, al Qaeda extremists crashes unites states airlines into the world trade center and Pentagon in what is famously known as, September 11 attack. (Freeley Para. 1- 17). Beforehand, United States government had been bombing and invading count
The main point of action occurs towards the end of the play when Sergeant and ‘Man’ are abruptly interrupted by Policeman X and Policeman B. The Sergeant quickly hides the hat and wig of this wanted man. His colleagues inquire about the lawbreaker but Sergeant adamantly denies that he has spotted him. This is an obvious lie because the very person they are looking for is hiding behind the barrel. At this point, the audience gets nervous because they realize that the Sergeant’s lies could be detected and the lawbreaker could be found by his counterparts (Gregory, 9). However, the Sergeant successfully covers for ‘Man’. He also manages to avoid Policeman B’s inquisitions. At first Policeman, B suggests that they should remain there with the Sergeant to wait for the wanted man. The Sergeant wittingly tells them that doing so would create too much noise and it would scare away the offender. Nonetheless, Policeman B does not stop at this point; he insists on giving Sergeant the lantern. If the Sergeant would have reached out for the lantern then he would have exposed the hat and wigs that ‘Man’ wore which would have blown his cover. Policeman B also makes it worse by trying to place it near the barrel where the lawbreaker is hiding. Sergeant gets tougher and immediately orders them to leave. They obey his orders and do so thus saving ‘Man’ from arrest. There are several reasons for selecting this part of the play as the main point of action. First of all, it is a point of tension-all the convincing that had been done by ‘Man’ could have easily gone to waste if the Sergeant exposed him to his colleagues. The possibility of this occurrence makes it an important part of the play because it leads to apprehension. Also, at this stage, one immediately detects the Sergeant’s change in heart. He does something out of the ordinary because instead of respecting his obligations as an officer, he decides to act humanly. The conversations held throughout the play eventually lead up to this point because the policemen are after a wanted man. By choosing to let ‘Mango, the Sergeant indicates that he is a man who thinks for himself and doesn’t just follow orders blindly. Policeman B and Policeman X contributed to this main action when they left the scene of the barrel to put placards in other areas (Gregory, 2). This gave ‘Man’ enough time to talk to the Sergeant. It is unlikely that he would have achieved the same success if he had met all three policemen. As the play proceeds, ‘Man’ drives towards this point of action by posing as a singer. Furthermore, he claims to know the man on the placard so that he can rouse
Introduction Professor Akbar S. Ahmed in his book “Journey into America: The Challenge of Islam” critically looks at the wide-ranging experiences that Muslim have undergone in the U.S, and American individuality influenced by its origins and history. Additionally he looks into the experiences that various religious assemblies have gone through and the effects they have had on these groupings, and how these aspects have had effects on each other. People always turn defensive whenever they feel others are judging them resulting in conflicts which are a mechanism to try and counter the growing conflict. Culture is commonly used as a lens by which the characters and practices of people are judged thereby coming up with assumptions and groupings of people as victims, heroes or villains one has to ask themselves where or how prejudice originates from. Grouping and classification of people into an assortment of clusters with particular distinctiveness is a necessity for living in a multifaceted world such as this. However one has to ask themselves psychologists’ perceptions, of this phenomenon on prejudice beyond the above statement that is so obviously true and often repeated to an extent people find it trite or meaningless. Theories on the foundation of prejudice, its psychological purpose, and why some persons feel prejudiced and discriminated on more than others, can and are still being formulated. Culture Conflict: Stereotyping, Bias and Discrimination Stereotyping is a generalization of thoughts and notions held by the public on particular groups or individuals that do not fit into the universal picture. Stereotyping comes about when one is not able or unwilling to obtain a complete picture to enable them to make fair conclusions about other people thus getting a situation where one has to make up things to try and fill in the vacant spaces devoid of any concrete information. This is a phenomenon created and propagated by the society that people live in although it may seem that it does this innocently it often results to biasness and discrimination and at times persecution. Walter Lippman a journalist came up with the term stereotype in 1929 to describe the generalization interpersonal perceptions and behavior. Stereotypes emerge due to an apprehension of persons found in minority groups. For example, people suffering from mental disabilities are viewed as more prone to violence but in real sense this thinking contradicts with researched data that gives evidence that people suffering from mental disabilities’ level of proneness to violence is at par with a normal person. This thinking is brought about by much publicity being heaped on the few isolated cases of mentally disabled people going running amok thus turning into a myth about mentally disabled people through this stereotypes are born and perpetuated leading to discrimination. A group may be unfairly generally characterized due to some isolated characteristics of one or two members of their group. Prejudice is an omnipresent experience due to the act that human beings are social animals. People are
Executive Summary Issue of shares through IPO involves Offer by prospectus that is shares are offered to the public at a fixed price to subscribe. The prospectus gives information relating to the company performance for present and prospective performance in future. The other methods of issuing shares to the public are placing where shares are given to specific institutions to sell or buy them. If the members of the public wishes to own shares of the public they will be purchased from those institutions. Offer for sale, is an invitation of the public to apply for the shares of the company, based on the information contained in the prospectus. There is another source of raising equity capital for companies not listed in any stock exchange called private negotiations. Private negotiations is for those companies that are not quoted, but they are rich or well performing companies therefore venture capitalist moves in to buy those shares of that company when the company requires that money. This process operates under a management system approach in service provision, which begins with the definition of the particular characteristics of the process that has an embedded value in the actual delivery of service, as well as employing certain metrics, management tools, and strategy selection for interdisciplinary collaboration. This service and the process utilized to manage it has been widely critiqued both for poor service quality in the past which might be attributable to overcrowding or under-staffing, as well as admirable demonstration of massive improvements within a short period of time, making this process a dynamic and engaging topic for examination in this particular project. The IPO’s ongoing service process provides challenges, which can be identified and benchmarked against improved models and therefore highlight the processes’ potential for process improvement. The quality of services increases customer satisfaction, which is of primary importance in IPO processes that entails relational activities where optimization of individual functions takes dominance. As such, the value of process management in an IPO process cannot be stressed enough in how numerous salient elements of the multiple interdisciplinary services must connect successfully to bring on an effective system that provides a positive impact on customer satisfaction. The dynamic improvement of quality of services will further bring on realignment and improvement, if instituted and managed well with proper control measures to bring on