ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Making observation in the recent decades, one gets convinced that turnaround time for civil cases has lengthened, thus increasing costs and uncertainty of the litigation process. From these experiences, various alternative methods of settling cases outside the court have been adopted by the concerned parties. Mediation In the recent times, ADR methods have gained international recognition and acceptance. The first ADR method was arbitration; however, with time mediation has received preferences as the best alternative and is widely accepted as a process that provides more flexibility and less procedural complexity (Miller, 2006, p.657). Yona Shamir (cited in Miller, 2006) outlines the positive aspects of mediation which include: 1) mediation largely helps in bringing to the forefront the main and contentious issues of the dispute due to the fact that it has the capacity to resolve some or all of the issues; 2) in using mediation method, agreement can be reached on whole or part of the issue that has given rise to the dispute; 3) the method has the potential and ability to focus and address the needs and interests of the parties either in part or in full to the satisfaction of the interest parties; 4) by using the method, the interested parties are presented with the opportunity of reaching an understanding of the true cause of the dispute, while at the same time, the parties are provided with a chance to chart an understanding that is able to incorporate each other’s needs and interests; and 5) by parties resolving to adopt the mediation method, they have an opportunity to make it possible for the preservation of their relationships which, to extent, may be vital to the growth and survival of the business (Miller, 2006, p.657). Why Litigation has been sacrificed Litigation has been sacrificed in business due to a number of reasons. First, litigation normally appears to be formal as compared to the ADR options. Such formal proceedings have a tendency to take long time, in addition to being costly; this is sometimes disadvantageous to the parties. ADR methods on the other hand are considered to be fast and less formal. In addition, parties are presented with options of reaching numerous alternatives (Bowen, 2005). Second, the rules used in the ADR methods are less burdensome as compared to the litigation rules. For instance, there are no rules that require the parties to present evidence; it is an agreement by both parties. Moreover, ADR methods offer the parties a chance to select and adopt ways that may ensure the expeditious and just settlement of the case. Lastly, in ADR unlike in litigation, the parties have a chance to select and choose arbitrators they desire; this may involve selecting individuals who are qualified and best suited to handle the case and his or her final decisions may be satisfactory to both parties (Bowen, 2005). Impact of Amendments on business Some amendments to the Bill of Rights have had impact on the business. Such amendments include, limits on search and inspections, just compensation (Meiners, Ringleb and Edwards, 2006). But of
Title IX Gender equality has some effects on college sports and this led to implementation of Title IX in 1972 as a potential solution to conflict on gender inequality. Title IX was implemented in schools and it enforced that all men and women should have equal opportunities under all educational programs. Title IX states, “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal assistance” (Thornton, 2011, p. 509). After the implementation, it offered a practical decision in generating equity within educational institutions. Title IX covers several issues including college admissions, scholarships, health, and programs. Currently, Title IX has created more debates concerning its functions and effects on college athletes. Several people consider it as a law of proportionality that causes negative effects on male gender. Women inequality in college sports may be classified into respect and money factors. In colleges, women receive less payment even if women they are similarly athletic matched up to men. Considering that both female teams in colleges and professional sports experienced inequality this has caused Congress to implement Title IX. The function of Title IX is to guarantee gender equality in college sports and it has supported the development of female sports. Federal government used Title IX as an approach to address gender discrimination in school sports since women and their talents have been discriminated all over the years (Bank, 2011, p. 390). However, in line with some studies, there is likelihood for the professional female athletes to draw level or even exceed professional males. Effects on College Sports Title IX is giving new opportunities to female athletes in schools. When it was passed in 1972 women received only seven percent of all law degrees, but by 1997 t
Food, being a resource that is essential for a human to live, has strong connections to the culture, corresponding to the lifestyle of a particular society (Douglas, 2014). Therefore, it is possible to learn about the culture by observing activities connected to the food, or ways in which the food is distributed and provided. This paper reports on a study conducted in a large grocery store not far from the researcher’s home. During our study, we paid attention to the availability of different kinds of food, advertisement, and presentation of foods, customers’ behaviors, food prices, and the explicitness of ethical issues. In the store, we saw quite a wide selection of fruits and vegetables, such as apples, oranges, bananas, coconuts, carrots, cabbages, potatoes, sweet and hot pepper, tomatoes, etc. There were many types of raw meat, as well as various kinds of hams and sausages. There also were many alcoholic drinks, and the section with beer was among the largest; lemonades, juices, and smoothies were also present. Wide selections of coffee and tea were offered. Mineral water was sold as well. The section that stored milk was big and many dairy products were available nearby. Bread and bakery were offered in a large assortment. On the other hand, prepared or half-prepared meals were not abundant in the store. Both the store labels and the food labels quite often stressed the low price of the products. Even some foods’ trademarks emphasized it (such as “Great Value,” for instance). The taste was also quite often pointed out. But especially much stress was put on how healthy the food was. For example, many labels contained an i
Where would Ann Fudge be placed in each of the Five Factor Model (FFM) categories? The Five Factor Model (FFM) includes five categories that represent specific traits that can be discussed as typical of leaders. These categories are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. While discussing Fudge’s openness to experience, it is possible to state that she can be scored high according to this criterion. The reason is in the fact that Fudge is a broad-minded leader who is interested in receiving new experiences. Thus, she was focused on finding new impressions when she decided to take a break in her career. Furthermore, Fudge became concentrated on a challenge to take the position at Y&R in order to learn and achieve more as a professional. Fudge is also characterized by a medium level of conscientiousness because she can be both well-organized and creative in order to guarantee that her team works effectively. The factor of extraversion is also important to assess a leader’s traits and qualities. Fudge demonstrates a medium level of extraversion as she is a good motivator and a decisive team leader, but she is also a good listener who can make all members of her team and other employees feel comfortable while working with her. Analyzing Fudge’s agreeableness, it is possible to note that she has a rather high score according to this factor. Thus, Fudge is diplomatic and approachable in her communication with employees to develop their creativity. Fudge also demonstrates a low level of neuroticism as she is optimistic, manages conflicts calmly, and tends to create a positive emotional environment in the company. Consider the components of creative intelligence from Table 6.3. Identify the key components that have affected Ann Fudge’s success. It is important to note that Fudge’s success as a leader who has creative intelligence depends on her ability to provide employees with the required autonomy and to draw their attention to achieving long-term strategic goals. In spite of the fact that Fudge avoids performing as a ‘remote’ leader, her control does not limit employees’ creativity. One more key component of Fudge’s creative intelligence is her focus on teamwork. In addition, this leader is also successful in applying the Six Sigma method to increase employees’ creativity. As a result of this woman’s leadership, employees are encouraged to demonstrate their creativity and innovative thinking while being a part of a successful team-oriented to achieving strategic goals. This approach is effective in guaranteeing that employees can realize their potential to help the company become more competitive in the market. Ann Fudge decided to take a sabbatical to focus on her personal life. Based on her experience, what are the benefits of such a break? What might be some drawbacks? Fudge is a leader who is open to experience and who needs innovative ideas to stimulate her creativity and be able
A health promotion program is a step taken to develop appropriate theoretical and practical perspectives and solutions to a problem related to health (Eldredge et al., 2016). It is not enough to develop a program and explain its significance. The success of the health promotion program, when evaluated, and the recognition of the main goals and achievements is important. In this paper, the evaluation of a health education program for high-risk groups will be described and explained to identify the main benefits of the idea, to choose appropriate methods of evaluation, and to clarify the problems to be encountered in the evaluation process. Improvement and accountability are two main purposes of program evaluation (Fertman, 2015). The chosen evaluation for a health education and promotion program aims at measuring accountability, meaning an assessment of current performance, which ideally will lead to improvements in motivation, choices, and oversight. Levels of Evaluation It is necessary to consider three levels of evaluation (process, impact, and outcome) in a specific order. Process evaluation should include clarification of such details as whether the program reaches the target group and identifies effective ways to educate high-risk patients. This type of evaluation is crucial because it helps to monitor and document the understanding of and the effects of all program elements. A certain amount of attention should be paid to such aspects as participants’ satisfaction with the program and the possibility of achieving the program’s goals as planned. A better understanding of the program can be developed through the use of peer-reviewed and academic sources, recognizing personal needs and their appropriate explanation and reference, and identifying steps that must be taken in a certain order. Examples of these steps include the identification of possible stakeholders in addition to high-risk patients, material used, and expected outcomes. The next stage of the evaluation process is impact evaluation. This focuses on the goals of the program and the effects that can be observed in environment or behavior. Health education may have multiple goals, and this program’s goal can be specified in terms of the subject of high-risk patients. Work observation is integral to the process. All stakeholders should be eager to participate in the program and demonstrate their interest. Clarification, in the event of changes in patients’ behavior, should be made. The measurement of awareness and attitudes is required (McKenzie & Smelter, 2001). The unique feature of this part of the evaluation is the recognition of the role of health professionals and the use of data that can influence the decision-making process (Boursier, Charbonneau, Cahill, & Dannenberg, 2015). Finally, outcome evaluation should be used to clarify whether patients’ knowledge has been improved as a result of the offered program. In addition, it is necessary to discover if there are other outcom
Cloud Computing Among the described and considered security dimensions, Kumar and Goyal put forward several potential threats related to both the system in general and the layered stacked model. However, they also propose a list of necessary actions or directions of development that should help in eliminating the identified threats. Moreover, most of the two lists are correlated according to the available items: eleven security problems were compared with eleven potential solutions. Nevertheless, despite the wide range of suggested measures, not all of them fully reveal and solve the shortcomings of the security system. Some solutions are indicated in a too general manner, for example, “security measures in network communication.” Naturally, protecting data in the data transmission path during transit through firewalls and other points will solve some of the tasks. However, the direct connection of this method with the existing problems is not indicated. Thus, the list of unsolved problems includes denial of service, weak identity management, advanced persistent threats, usage of cloud services in an abusive way. The issues indicated, which do not have a solution, have one common feature: they require a specific approach. The authors, however, designate solutions that are too general. Even if these problems can be solved within the framework of the proposed measures, this will require a more explicit statement of the problem. For example, in the case of advanced persistent threats, it is necessary not only to secure the system from possible intrusions but also to analyze those areas that can be attacked to strengthen them specifically. On the other hand, weak identity management refers to the user side since insecure or weak authentication data can be much more susceptible to theft. However, protecting users from such attacks is a responsibility of a company, which must, in such cases, exclude the possibility of creating weak identities at the registration stage. Fortunately, the existing literature partially contains answers to the questions presented. For example, the denial of service (DoS) attacks are discussed by Somani et al., Who discuss in detail the factors in choosing techniques to eliminate these problems. Nevertheless, there is still a rather long list of the issues requiring attention and detailed study. Mobile Cloud Computing Mobile technologies at the moment are in many ways similar to conventional computer technologies. However, there are several security problems inherent only to mobile specifics, including the extremely limited amount of stored data compared to a PC, insufficient power of processors that process data, and limited battery power. These three components lead to the formation of the leading security problems that
Teotihuacan is a large archaeological site located in the Basin of Mexico, about 50 kilometers away from Mexico City. This archaeological site contains a number of attractive features including some of the largest pyramidal structures believed to have been constructed during the pre-Columbian Americas era (Middleton 2012, p. 260). Other features found in the site include the residential complexes, well-preserved murals, and the Avenue of the Dead. Another interesting structure in the site is the thin orange pottery style that stretches all the way to Mesoamerica (Beezley & Kellogg 2011, p. 56). The site is said to have been built in 100 BC, but the establishment of the site continued until around 250 AD. Teotihuacan was considered the largest city in the pre-Colombian Americas era during the first half of the first millennium of this period. During this time, the city had a population of more than 125,000 people. The big population made the site one of the largest cities of the world during the 1 st millennium of the AD era (Middleton 2012, p. 261). This paper will outline the history and the features of Teotihuacan site that make it so important to archaeologists. History of Teotihuacan Teotihuacan is said to have begun around the first century AD as one of the new religious centers in the Mexican Highland. The city attained its peak in 450 AD when it became one of the largest and most populated centers in the world. It was considered the center of a powerful culture whose influence could be felt in the entire region of Mesoamerica. During this time, the city covered a vast area of approximately 30 square kilometers with more than 250,000 residents (Middleton 2012, p. 272). The name Teotihuacan is interpreted as a place where gods are created. It is a reflection of creation myths that were associated with the place (Beezley & Kellogg 2011, p. 58). The first people who built the site appear to have taken advantage of the geographical features of the Basin of Mexico. For instance, they promoted the formation of channels to allow for easier transportation of food from farms around the area using canoe traffic (Beezley & Kellogg 2011, p. 59). Teotihuacan as the Place of the Gods The name Teotihuacan means place where men turned into gods. This aspect has made the place an interesting site for archaeological works. It is regarded as the most important city that was built in the pre-Hispanic times in the continent of America. The city was considered an important political, cultural, and religious center in the region (Beezley & Kellogg 2011, p. 62). As result of the archaeological wonders found in the site, Teotihuacan was named s World Heritage in 1987 by UNESCO. Some of the wonderful archaeological features found in
Introduction The selected video revolves around the partially tabooed topic of BDSM as for broad populations, it is considered some kind of unhealthy or perverted practice that cannot be attractive to mentally and sexually healthy people. However, the clip delves into the issue and explains the basics of the practice and how people should behave and act to be sexually satisfied when doing BDSM (“BDSM 101”). The core idea of the video is that pain and power can be powerful arousers that attract people. This message correlates with the concepts provided in chapter 9, stating that sexual expression is a complex process through which people show their selves and desires. They might be extremely diverse because of the existence of multiple factors that shape our preferences and contribute to the development of various fetishes. As for BDSM, it also presupposes the presence of some sexualized objects such as leather, latex, power play, role play, and others that can be considered fetishes (“BDSM 101”). People use them in their sexual life to achieve higher levels of satisfaction and express themselves. Discussion The video and information provided by it show that, contrary to some opinions stating that BDSM is a negative practice that humiliates people and their dignity, there is a set of factors why this practice might attract people sexually. It contains elements that work effectively and affects brain centers responsible for pleasure. The given information might help to reconsider the existing biased attitude to BDSM and people who like it as at the moment, the majority of its fans are ashamed of this fact and had to hide their preference
The psychology school of thought known as Behaviorism states, that all types of learning whether regarding humans or animals take place when they interact with the environment. This theory is based on two postulations i.e. firstly; the environment is responsible for initiating changes in the behavior and secondly taking into account someone’s opinion, passion, and way of thinking while explaining behavior is futile. Classical conditioning is the theory that is associated with the branch of behavioral learning theories. There is a deep connection between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. The process of learning which occurs due to repeated associations between both stimuli is known as classical conditioning. Unconditional or primary stimuli are known as involuntary action generators because proper training is not required to initiate action for this kind of stimuli. Examples of such stimuli are food, pain, or other instinctive stimuli. Animals do not have to learn about these stimuli and they only need to learn that how to react (Lavond & Steinmetz, 2003) On the other hand, a secondary or conditional stimulus occurs when animals give respond to something only after learning. These are connected with a primary stimulus. For instance, in Pavlov’s experiment, the dogs were not familiar with the sound of the bell and hence it intended noting for them. However, when the sound of the bell was connected with the food i.e. when a dog would hear the sound of a ringing bell, he would get food and it automatically became conditioned stimuli. A secondary stimulus regards the likes and dislikes of the learner because a learner act in response to secondary stimulus respecting his likes and dislikes. For instance, for students, these are school grades and pocket money. Students who don’t care about their career and future might ignore the importance of grade A but those students who are concerned and committed to their studies, struggle hard to get good grades. Classical conditioning theory is used by trainers, especially animal trainers because it is very difficult to train animals without motivating them or diverting their attention towards their desired reward, which they might get after the completion of a task. So it is used to change their behavior indirectly according to our desired outcome. Classical conditioning plays a vital role in training animals because trainers can easily associate things as a reward with the desired outcome. Coaches or trainers identify this practice; a viaduct as it associates time at which the animal executes a preferred task with the time when it gets the desired reward. Dolphin and whale trainers use different methods such as whistles and clickers. Here is a table that shows how a dog is trained to sit by using the classical conditioning approach. Table: Example of Classical Conditioning procedure Figure 1. Example of Classical Conditioning procedure By giving them food to the dog just after putting a carpet in front of him means that putting carpet is a condition and he would be getting food after sitting on the carpet. So whenever the trainer would place