ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Learning styles are an important part of the education system since they deal with the manner in which learners are able to acquire new knowledge and skills. It is these different learning styles that are examined in this paper. An introduction places the learning styles in their context and the way in which they are grouped. The learning styles are then examined individually with concrete examples to elucidate their practice. In the conclusion, the importance of the use of learning styles together and individually is stressed for a wholesome learning experience in education. Introduction Learning styles are an important part of the education system since they greatly determine how education is impacted on learners. Learning styles are important to teachers and all those who are involved directly with instruction at whatever level of learning. According to Advanogy, (2007), there are three basic learning styles that have been recognized in education. These are visual, kinesthetic and auditory. The minor ones are aural, logical, social and solitary (Advanogy, 2007). These styles are used by educators to determine the way in which courses and instruction flows for the maximum benefit of the learners. These styles differ in the way that they present materials to the learners according to the manner in which learners interact with information. Visual learning style The visual learning style concentrates on the use of visuals in instruction. In this style, information, data, concepts and ideas are linked through images (Advanogy, 2007). This style is one of the basic styles and is widely used especially in elementary education. The style incorporates the use of idea maps, illustrations, graphics and other means with visual basis that can increase the learning of skills and thinking. Visual learners have some unique characteristics including organization, visualization and direction. They rely on the visual learning style to help them make sense of information and ideas that they come across in their learning process. According to Walker, (2010), it is important for teachers to assist students make sense of the new information they acquire and use it to relate to what they already know. Examples of this learning style include the use of diagrams, maps and visual aid during instruction. In a classroom setting this may include use
Introduction One of the most enduring features of human life in the world today is trade and commerce. From the ancient barter trade system to the contemporary use of money and credit cards, trade and commerce have shaped almost every aspect of human life. Contrary to one of the core economic beliefs, the world is endowed with resources enough to sustain its population. However, imbalance in the availability of resources has ensured no region on the planet gets enough of everything at the same place [1] . To survive in the ancient world, human beings were forced to conduct business through barter trading so that they can acquire what they needed while giving out what they had in plenty. This necessitated the development of primitive barter trade business transactions that mainly involved exchange of goods for goods. Though trade has a long and complicated history, the development of a medium of exchange of goods and services in the form of valuables such as gold and money marked the beginning of the modern trade age (Dunkley 89). Over time, trade has advanced and the current system of business is very complicated with various economic units that closely depend on each other. In the current system, individual interests dictated by the free market principles have bred bureaucratic trade practices that considerably hinder business and the general growth of economies. The need for ease of doing trade between various nations has necessitated the development free trade where governments formulate policies that do not discriminate against imports and exports within a particular economic region (Kowalski 28). Free trade Under free trade, authorities exercise minimum interference to imports and exports by partially or completely removing tariffs, subsidies and quotas. When the principle of comparative advantage is factored in, the sum benefits to both parties that are involved (Trentmann 42). Free trade is a wide concept that incorporates many principles that stem from complex economic practices (Berdell 66). Despite its complexity, free trade generally has distinct features that at least every such system exhibits. In a free trade system, trading of goods and services take place without trade barriers including subsidies, taxes and quotas (Berdell 66). Additionally, in such a system, there is no distortion of trade policies whether through legislation or other
Introduction This paper is a summary of the article How (Un) Ethical Are You? By Banaji, R. Mazharin, Bazerman, H. Max and Chugh Dolly, Harvard Business Review, 2003, pp. 56-64 and concludes with my opinion on the article. Summary Many managers genuinely believe that they take decisions objectively and in an ethical manner, without any bias. Yet, psychological research shows such beliefs to be wrong and the prevalence of counter-intentional and unconscious biases high. These result in unconscious thoughts and feelings that influence what they believe are their objective decisions. The first such unconscious form of prejudice or bias is implicit prejudice or the bias that stems from unconscious beliefs. From a very young age, an individual learns to associate things that are commonly seen with one another. Gray hair and old age are one such association. Yet these are not entirely true and may not be applicable across all things or circumstances. These subconscious associations of implicit prejudice are what differentiates it from conscious forms of prejudice and make an individual unaware of its existence and are the reason why individuals who do not demonstrate conscious forms of prejudice can demonstrate implicit prejudice. Key features of implicit prejudice include wide prevalence; conscious desire not to be biased does not eliminate implicit bias; it is contrary to conscious intention; varies in degree, depending on group status, and is consequential and costly. The second form of unconscious prejudice is in-group favoritism or bias that results in favoring one’s own group. Doing favors to people who belong to one’s group, consisting of common nationality, social class, and religion, or race and alma mater are commonly seen in all societies and seldom associated with any wrongdoing. Yet it is discrimination in favor of those known and particularly so when scant resources like jobs and promotions are decided in this manner. The third form of unconscious prejudice is over-claiming credit or the bias in favor of one’s self. No doubt success brings about confidence and the belief of being more than average. However, along with that comes the likelihood of an excess belief in the self contributions to the success instead of an objective evaluat
Vitamin A supplementation facilitates child survival and growth and it also aids in enhancing their body’s immunity. Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of childhood blindness. However, children with moderate Vitamin A deficiency tend to have a weaker immune system and are at a higher risk of developing respiratory infections, malarial episodes, measles, and diarrheal diseases. A meeting was conducted earlier last week, and we were able to attend it. It included the government health officials and health care providers to facilitate Vitamin A Supplementation in the local region. The meeting was conducted to ensure endless supplementation of Vitamin A to children within the age bracket of 6-59 months of age. The supplementation program will aid in reducing mortality and morbidity rates and thus improve the quality of life. The supplements were to be delivered to children during the health system contacts. After the accessories are given to the children and marked on their children’s health cards, it will help keep track of the defaulters who did not receive the second dose of the supplements. The children who received the Vitamin A supplementation were given a package of interventions such as deworming tablets, immunization, and mosquito nets. In the meeting, we developed a suggested supplementation scheme for infants who are immunocompromised. The infants between the age of 6-11 received a dose of 100,000 IU of Vitamin A one dose. Children within the age bracket of 12-59 received a dose of 200,000 IU of Vitamin A, where the amount was administered every 4-6 months. To ensure quality assurance of Vitamin A supplements, one will ensure that they are well packaged and stored in a well-ventilated and uncontaminated environment. The meeting was terminated after we had agreed.
Several studies have revealed that electromagnetic fields impact significantly on the human health. One of the sources of these electromagnetic fields is the mobile phones. This poses a big danger to the community because the mobile phone usage remains very high in the world. In most countries around the world, more than half of the citizens use mobile phones as an integral part of their communication (World Health Organization: Electromagnetic fields and public health; mobile phones par 4). However, the number is increasing at an increasingly high rate. Previous studies have revealed that the electromagnetic fields produced by the mobile phones could be carcinogenic to humans (World Health Organization: Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones par 6). Some studies have found that the electromagnetic fields from the mobile phone have a significant impact on human health, both short term and long term effects. One of the major effects of the electromagnetic fields from the mobile phones in human health is tissue heating (World Health Organization: Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones par 8). This is where the radiofrequency energy interacts with the human body hence generating such heating effects. When an individual is using a mobile phone, the skin and other tissues absorbs the heat that results into the rising of the temperature in the brain. This heating can also cause rise in temperature in other parts of the body. Over the past years, there has been an intensive epidemiological research seeking to find out the long term effect of radiofrequency exposure especially from mobile phones in respect to brain tumours. These studies have however been undermined by the fact that the mobile phone have been in intensive use just about two decades ago. It therefore becomes difficult to relate health risks to the continued use of the mobile phones. The study that has been conducted on human reveals that there is a high cancer risk for long term exposure to electromagnetic fields (EM Watch par 5). These findings reveal that human beings are at a high risk of getting cancer from continued use of mobile phones. Electromagnet radiation from the cell phones can also cause protein changes in the skin. From a recent research, ten women were exposed to a radiation from GSM cell phone for a period of one hour. After the exposure, their skins were screened to see whether there was any stress reaction. The results indicated that two of the proteins were significantly affected (EM Watch par 3). A study conducted in Israel revealed a close relationship between mobile use and the salivary gland cancer. According to this study, those people who used cell phones more than 22 hours a day were at a higher risk of developing parotid gland cancer than those who did not use it frequently (AlOrainy 4). Electromagnetic field from mobile phones also leads to aggressive growth in Leukaemia cells. This was confirmed through the res
Patients Report Mr. Y, a ninety-year-old man was admitted in the Intensive Care Unit with a diagnosis of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The presenting complains at the time of admission were dyspnoea at rest, difficulty in feeding, productive cough and inability to perform activities of the daily living. He was diagnosed with the aforementioned condition five years ago and has been on treatment. He has been hospitalized severally for the management of dyspnoea on exertion. He has never undergone any surgical operation. He stays with his son. He used to work at the quarry where he was mining stones. He smokes more than three rolls of cigarettes per day. Dyspnoea The main symptom of Mr. X is dyspnoea. On inspection, Mr. X appeared anxious and cyanotic. He had difficulties in breathing and talking. On auscultation, coarse crackles were present. On percussion, a dull sound was produced. On palpation, slight peripheral edema was detected. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The bronchodilator reversibility test was used to rule out asthma. According to the spirometry results, the FEV1/FVC ratio was 53%. Although the heart rate of Mr. X was high, the blood pressure, temperature, respiration and pulse rate were within the normal range. Literature review Introduction Dyspnoea is the core manifestation of chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD). As COPD progresses, the severity as well as the extent of dyspnoea increases. If the health care professionals do not manage dyspnoea well, the patient’s quality of life deteriorates and he can even die. Although it is difficult to manage dyspnoea in the advanced stages of COPD, health care professionals should work collaboratively and attempt to improve the patient’s condition. Therefore, this paper will provide a literature review of the management of dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Management Drugs therapy Although clinicians recommended the use of corticosteroids in acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD, some researchers are against it. Barr et al., (2009) reported that corticosteroids especially the inhaled formulations predispose a person to dermatological conditions, cataracts and pneumonia while inhaled can cause diabetes as well as adrenal insufficiency. On the contrary, Ambrosino & Simonds (2007) reported that corticosteroids cause inflammation when used for a long period and should only be prescribed in the absence of other treatment modalities and avoided in patients with stable COPD. Opiods have been used for a period to treat dyspnoea. Rocker et al., (2009) reviewed secondary data and found out that many health care practitioners prefer using opiods for the management of dyspnoea because it modulates dyspnoea by reducing the res
Introduction Eclectic paradigm is a theory used in the field of business economics. It is also referred to as OLI-Framework or OLI-Model, and has been related to international business through the advantages it possesses, which benefit multinational corporations. It is describes an improvement of Dunning theory of internalization that was based on transaction cost theory. Eclectic paradigm has been the strongest ever paradigm that offers a greater understanding of cross-border transaction and foreign value-added activities of business firms. This is through agreements on inter-firm collaboration and trading at arm’s length (Dunning, 1997, p.4). Application of theories There was an earlier belief that no single theory could explain the existence of foreign direct investment. This is the reason why Dunning come up with the eclectic approach. He suggested that international production is a result of internalization, ownership, and localization process. These theories target the determinants of foreign direct investment. According to Dunning, it is much possible to view the act of using international financial market as a cover mechanism to mobilize ownership and location factors through foreign portfolio investment FPI. This is in the case when the decision involved in FPI is firm specific and recognized (Dunning & Gray, 2003, p.16). In real world, eclectic paradigm can be used to give a clear explanation on the means of ownership, internalization, and location advantages, which give shape to multinational Enterprise (MNE) entry to specific market (Johnson & Turner, 2003, p.226). Modes of Internationalization Internationalization aspects are more culturally based visions that highlight human variables underlying particular corporate actions. In addition, Internationalization is associated with economic and business strategy analyses of international market (Sitkin & Bowen, 2010). There are various modes of entry into international markets including direct export, licensing, international agents, international distributors, strategic alliances, joint ventures, overseas manufacturing, and international sales subsidiaries. Internationalization process takes place in a number of stages that involve indirect licensing, direct exporting through a local distributor, foreign presence, home manufacture, foreign assembly, and manufacturing (Anon, N.d). Comparison and Contrast between Comparative Advantage and Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm Comparative advantage This may be defined simply as the ability of an individual, company, or economy to conduct an activity better than another for some fixed, almost unchangeable reason. Comparative advantage is important in making decisions such as what products one should make or sell. If a company is unable to make a product that is unlikely to change, the company might be well advised to make a different product. Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm In
The article “Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges”, delves into the issue of resource sustainability in the face of common usage. From the perspective of the article, it is necessary to place limitations on Common Pool Resources (CPR) to ensure that they continue to exist in the future (Ostrom, Burger, Field, Norgaard and Policansky 278). The main problem that the authors expound upon is the fact that the usage of particular resources at the same time by multiple parties will lead to rapid deterioration resulting in dire consequences. From an environmental preservation context, the article does have a valid point since history has shown that the global demand for particular resources has resulted in their decline. Examples of this can be seen in the rainforests of South America, the Blue Fin Tuna population in various oceans as well as the destruction of numerous habitats in order to create viable areas for human settlement. Some solutions that were advocated by the authors came in the form of imposing restrictions on resource extraction by governing bodies. While such a strategy has proven to be somewhat effective when it comes to environmental preservation practices in many of the world’s forests, the fact remains that the authors neglect to take into consideration that such an imposition will only last based on current levels of demand (O’Keeffe 184-188). Due to the current escalating population level of humankind, it can be stated that the demand for resources will continue to grow resulting in more pressure being placed on governing bodies to release the restrictions so that demand can be met. Examples of this can be seen in the case of China, the Philippines and various other countries within Asia wherein due to the growing level of industrialization and development within such countries, the previous restrictions that were put in place involving the extraction of mineral (ex: mining) and plant resources (ex: logging) were eased in favour of developing economically (O’Keeffe 184-188). While this response paper agrees with many points within the article, I still find it highly flawed due to the lack of focus on the economic realities of the current global economic market place and the need for countries to be competitive. It is this desire to be competitive and provide for the “modern day needs” of its citizens that creates issues involving CPR limitation since there will always be a considerable level of hypocrisy between developed countries that utilized resource extraction to become wealthy yet are demanding developi
The core idea of the collision theory is manifested in the notion that reactions only occur when particles collide with each other. In addition, the colliding particles must carry enough energy for the reaction to occur. The overall orientation of the particles is also critical for the reaction since they need to be oriented accordingly. In short, according to the collision theory, the factors affecting reaction rates include collisions, orientation, and activation energy levels. When applying the framework, the key elements are a steric factor, collision frequency, and activation energy per unit, as well as other important chemical variables, such as temperature, concentration, and constants (Gottfried 418). Therefore, the collision theory is comprised of three core factors as well as additional variables. It is important to note the fact that activation sources can be different. Reactions between ions in solution occur with small activation energy, which is required to dehydrate the ions. Reactions between free atoms and radicals do not require activation energy since atoms and radicals are active species (Timberlake 107). In homogeneous gas reactions, the main source of activation is collisions, the proportion of which is determined by the Boltzmann distribution law and increases with temperature. Activation can also be caused by external causes, such as the absorption of light quanta during photochemical reactions, the action of electrical discharges, the impact of electrons, a-particles, neutrons, and other radiations (Gottfried 423). In heterogeneous catalytic reactions, the sources of activation can be the changes that occur in the reacting molecules when they are adsorbed by the catalyst surface. In the event of a collision of active molecules, there must be a well-defined arrangement in the space of the active groups that make up the molecule, which would ensure the formation of final products. The steric factor, in most cases, characterizes the probability of a certain geometric configuration of particles in a collision. The collision theory, with its comparatively simple treatment of the problems of chemical kinetics, has explained many different factors. However, at the same time, because of its schematic nature, it led to contradictions with observations. The method of active collisions does not explain the influence of the solvent, pressure, additions of inert gases, and other factors on the reaction rate (Gottfried 460). It does not allow a theoretical assessment of the steric factor, and to a certain extent, the theory of absolute reaction rates is deprived of these shortcomings. It should be noted that when utilizing the collision theory in practice, th