ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Television talk shows began airing in the 1950s. One of the most influential and successful talk shows is the Oprah Winfrey Show that aired between the years 1986 and 2011 (Timberg & Erler, 2002). It is rated as the most influential show in the history of American television because of its wide viewership and great impact on society. The show was famous because of its influence on different cultural perspectives and values. Many of the topics discussed were related to cultural and social issues. Winfrey used the show to influence change in society. It provided viewers with positive insights that were aimed at improving their lives. On the other hand, the show played a pivotal role in changing society’s perception of women’s potential. Winfrey never used it to enrich herself by benefiting from the products she endorsed. For example, the show did not benefit financially from endorsing books for its book club segment. History of talk shows Television talk shows began in the 1950s when Joe Franklin hosted the first show in 1951 (Timberg & Erler, 2002). Television talk shows initially involved celebrity interviews, comedy, and music. They were platforms for entertainment only. Gradually, they evolved and began to cover topics like family, relationships, and health. The Oprah Show had its origin in a talk show known as “A.M Chicago” (Timberg & Erler, 2002). After taking over as the host, Winfrey catapulted it to the top. It became the most popular show in Chicago. The show earned her several nominations for prestigious awards. The success of the show motivated its producers to remake it into the Oprah Winfrey Show (Timberg & Erler, 2002). Winfrey tried to book a celebrity for the first episode of the show. However, no celebrity accepted to appear in the show. After twelve episodes, she considered quitting. However, she decided to continue hosting the show and fulfill her dream to bring change to people’s lives. The show aimed to highlight issues that affected people, and show how they could change them to improve their lives and make the world a better place. Reality shows have real and fictional aspects. They cover real-life issues that affect people in their everyday lives (Timberg & Erler, 2002). However, other aspects are staged to give them certain auras. Many guests and people in the audience feign happiness by constantly smiling and laughing. One of the requirements for making a talk show lively is to have an excited and joyful audience. The audience expresses joy through smiling, clapping, and applauding guests. This is intended to express the liveliness and excitement of the talk show. The theme of the Oprah Show When the show started, Winfrey discussed contemporary issues that affected people like marriage, dating, divorce, infidelity, relationships, and family (Abt, & Mustazza, 1999). She offered advice to men and women about what to do if, for example, one partner became unfaithful. The show explo
Introduction Experimental studies of societal predicaments have shown that while the existence of an authorisation institution develops teamwork within groups, it has disadvantageous impact on group revenues in the short run. For a long time, there has been a raging debate on whether the introduction of public punishment has a positive or negative impact on those being punished. Over the years, punishment has been a part of life both at home and in organisations but it has always been done in private. In the recent past, this has however changed and most punishment is now administered in public limelight. While this might improve cooperation, the administration of punishment is usually a costly affair to both the administrator and the recipient. In most cases, public punishment tends to have negative effects in the short-term but it has positive attributes if it is viewed in the long term. (Gachter & Sefton, 1510) Punishments are common in everyday life and often pave the way for embargoes or allow sanctions to be avoided. In most cases, parents use punishments to influence the behavior of their children. In the school setting, bullies hand out punishment to ensure that their classmates remain submissive. In the national level, the state imposes fines and imprisonments for legal infractions. Even in the international level, opposing nations punish each other using either the economy or the military. Despite the presence of public punishment in almost every sphere of life, there is very scant scientific investigation on the role of punishment in behaviour change. Beginning from organizations to personal life, very little study is available on the behavioral impact of public punishment. (Gachter & Sefton, 1510) All throughout history, people have been known to rise to great heights due to the positive support of their contemporaries. In fact, there exists an entire industry whose sole purpose is to make people better in the public eye. This shows the importance of image and goes ahead to prove that some official punishments should only be handed out in a manner that bruises the ego of the offender. From the colonial days, public humiliation has been administered as punishment for some forms of crimes. While those crimes are not necessarily punished in the same way in the current society, a lot can be achieved if we reverted to the olden ways of punishment. Perhaps this explains why having illegitimate children, which was punishable by public humiliation, has become rampant in the modern society. (Nikiforakis, 92) In the recent past, Thailand has gone ahead to set up a form of public punishment where police officers who are believed
Employees play a vital role in the operations of any organization. They are involved in various organizational duties including administration, production, sales and distribution among others. For employees to perform at optimum level, there must be a positive association between them and the management. However, disagreements in the organizational setting are unavoidable. Industrial relations play a vital part in facilitating the process of dispute resolution in organizations. Industrial relations, which are also referred to as labor relations, deal with problems involving employment, work conditions, pay and other labor complaints within a defined structure that is fair to both employers and employees (Budd, Gomez, & Meltz, 2004). Industrial relations involve various elements that govern the relationships inside and outside the workplace. There are four key theories of industrial relations. The unitarist paradigm focuses on the interdependency of management and staff. The Marxist theory suggests that capitalism breeds impunity, which oppresses employees while profiting the organizations. Consequently, the Marxist theory argues that corporations should be run as noncompetitive state organizations. The radical theory is similar to the Marxist theory, though it argues that industrial relations do not provide the ideal
Persuasion and propaganda are so close in meaning that many people use them interchangeably and most people could not begin to define the difference beyond that propaganda is bad, Of course, that statement stems from propaganda, very successful propaganda, and there is a difference between that and persuasion. Essentially, there are two major differences and one difference of perception. Persuasion is a transactional process and generally appeals to both logic and emotion. Propaganda is unidirectional and only appeals to emotion. The difference of perception is that propaganda is seen as inherently bad or even evil, while persuasion is seen as “friendly”. The two ads from Dove could be seen as propaganda if we only considered the emotional appeal and as persuasion if we only considered intent. However, we must consider both method and intent and even the intended audience in order to decide that these ads are, indeed, very powerful persuasion. “Persuasion is interactive and attempts to satisfy the needs of both the persuader and the persuadee.” While propaganda is a form of persuasion, not all persuasion is propaganda. Persuasion is based on discourse and dialogue; propaganda is intended to be one-sided” (Cain, Bonnie Ann, 2006) Some researchers, such as Cain (2006), look at any piece of media communication according to the ten points identified by Jowett and O’Donnell (1992)that can measure if the communication is persuasive or propaganda, it is really only necessary to look at those key points which differentiate the two: the appeal to reason or logic (persuasion) or the push for emotional response (propaganda); whether the process is a transaction or unidirectional; the expected cognitive response and the intent of the communication upon the target audience. Cognitive responses refer to “all the thoughts that pass through a person’s mind while he or she anticipates a communication, listens to a communicat
Introduction Baroque, which is an early form of Italian music, thrived between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries during the Renaissance period when people believed music to be an important tool of communication (Richardson, n.d). Baroque originated from an Italian word ‘barocco,’ which means “irregular shape”. Because of the early negative attitude people had toward baroque music, they felt the word ‘barocco’ suited it (Sartorius, n.d.). The Baroque era of music evolved in three stages between the 1600s and 1750s. The period of Italian opera, which existed during the Renaissance era, is the time music pioneers invented homophony. In the late period between 1680 and 1750, homophony became an important acquisition in music development because its manipulation led to the resurgence of polyphony. It was during the Baroque era that artists manipulated the ‘opera music’: a style that employed the use of instruments and drama to perfection. During both the early and middle period (1640-1680), opera music was the most popular style because of its technique of engaging drama and musical instruments into a single piece of entertainment ( A short introduction to Baroque music , n.d.). Unlike the opera music, oratorio music depicted biblical teachings rather than drama and comedy (Sartorious, n.d). It evolved during the late Baroque period of the seventeenth century with artists opting to perform in their reserved states instead of using regalia and other styles of acting. Significantly, the artist who composed both opera and oratorio was Georg Friedrich Handel. Not only was Handel the only artist who had influence on music during this period, but there was also Johanne Sebastian Bach who through his religious interventions composed the Chorale music and t
Implementation Setting The implementation setting for Tobacco-Free SFU is focused on the Simon Fraser University in British Columbia. Target Population The organization targets students of the Simon Fraser University, as well as the members of its faculty. The Goal of the Program The goal of the program is the adoption of a Tobacco-Free Campus policy, which would ensure that tobacco companies have no effect on the actions of the faculty, students, or any policymakers that may have power over the university. The policy would also prevent smoking outside of designated areas, and appearance of any tobacco marketing on in the area. Main Components The campaign is mostly focused on cigarette butt clean-up events, the creation of educational materials, lectures, and presentations on the negative impact of cigarettes on people’s health and the environment around them. Clean-up events were focused on the collection of cigarette butts and other related waste in the main areas of the SFU Burnaby campus. Such events involved the participation of multiple teams led by students. The event was promoted through social media. As a result, approximately 65,000 cigarette butts were collected, put into glass jars, and displayed in the university to raise awareness. Educational materials created by the organization are primarily presented as posters containing information related to tobac
Hispanic Population with Diabetes Diabetes is one of the most widespread and dangerous diseases that affect multiple populations across the world. However, given the health disparities related to race and ethnicity play an important role in the prevalence of particular illnesses in specific communities. According to the Office of Minority Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2019), “Hispanic adults are 1.7 times more likely than non-Hispanic white adults” to be diagnosed with diabetes and 1.4 times more like to die from this illness (para. 1). Therefore, it is vital to develop a system of health recommendations that would promote the prevention of diabetes in Hispanic Americans with regards to their disproportionate exposure to diabetes. Since diabetes is predominantly a result of obesity and overweight, the primary care health promotion recommendation must contain professional guidance for a healthy diet. Nutritious food consumption with the elimination of a high level of fat, sugar, and simple carbohydrates should be promoted through doctor consultations, information dissemination, and community-based promotional work. Apart from obesity, other risk factors contributing to the development of diabetes include cigarette smoking, hypertension, and high level of cholesterol (Office of Minority Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2019). Thus, the promotion of a healthy lifestyle should entail the encouragement of the population to cease smoking and monitor for cholesterol levels. Moreover, physical activity and regular daily routines must be encouraged in the Hispanic population at risk of diabetes. Lifestyle adjustments might be facilitated using evidence-based e-health tools or specifically designed professional-assisted programs for obesity prevention, smoking cessation, and healthy dieting. African Americans with Hypertension Although hypertension is identified as a health concern of older adults, this illness is disproportionately affecting African American population. A wide range of health disparities impacting this racial minority is rooted in the insufficient cultural sensitivity of health care and socio-economic determinants of health attributed to the population (Cooper et al., 2016). As a common chronic disease, hypertension is most often diagnosed in African Americans. In particular, as stated by Murray et al. (2018), in American adults aged 18 and older, “the prevalence is 41% for African Americans and 28% for whites” (p. 455). Considering such a high level of occurrence of hypertension in this population, evidence-based health promotion recommendations are to be provided. To identify the most effective interventions that might help African Americans mitigate the risks of developing hypertension, one should state the prevalent risk factors. They include increased blood pressure, alcohol abuse, smoking, and an unhealthy diet. Control of blood pressure is one of the key elements in recommendations for the population at risk of hypertension. Indeed, as Cooper et al. (2016) s
Introduction The purpose of the experiment was to examine the expansion of a perfect gas by determining the specific heat ratio through an adiabatic process and the ratio of volume using an isothermal process. The experimental setup included two vessels (a small vessel and a large one), a top plate, a common base plate, an air pump, two temperature sensors, seven valves, and two pressure sensors. Sensor P measured the air pressure in the large vessel, whereas sensor V determined the vacuum pressure in the smaller vessel. Methodology The expansion process of a perfect gas was examined experimentally through two experiments. The first part involved determining the heat capacity ratio through an adiabatic reversible expansion to an intermediate pressure and returning the temperature to the initial value at constant volume. The heat capacity ratio was determined by first measuring and recording the atmospheric pressure (P atm ). Ball valves V1 and V3 were closed, whereas valve V4 was opened. The large vessel was pressurized by switching on the air pump until the pressure reached 30 kN/m 2 . At that point, the air pump was switched off, followed by the closing of valve V4. The starting pressure Ps was recorded after the pressure in the large vessel had stabilized. Valve V1 was then opened quickly leading to the escape of a small quantity of air. The instantaneous pressure Pi was recorded as well as the final pressure Pf when the vessel returned to ambient temperature. The procedure was repeated at varying pressures with the final pressure of the previous experiment being used as the starting pressure of the subsequent run. The respective values were recorded in Table 1. For the second part of the experiment, one vessel was pressurized and left to return to stability at ambient temperature. This process was achieved at constant pressure by permitting the leakage of air from the pressurized container through a needle valve to a different sized vessel. The ratio of the volumes of the vessels was computed by monitoring the pressure before and after the procedure. The observed volumes were recorded in Table 2. Results Test A The experimental data were recorded in Table 1 below. The capacity ratio was calculated in Microsoft Excel using the following formula: γ = Cp/Cv = Ln (Ps) – Ln (Pi)/ Ln (Ps) – Ln (Pf). The data were then used to plot Figure 1. The average capacity ratio for the entire process was 1.0932. Table 1. Adiabatic reversible expansion. Figure 1. A graph of capacity ratio versus pressure. Test B The resultant pressures were recorded in Table 2 as shown below. The volume ratio of the vessels was determined using the equation: The average ratio of V1/V2 was 2.95, which implied that the large vessel was approximately three times bigger than the small vessel. Table 2. Initial and final pressures in the two vessels at a constant temperature. Discussion The average experimental value of th
Identification of the Problem Vitamin A deficiency has been defined in different ways by different scholars. For instance, the World Health Organizations states that vitamin A deficiency is “the situation that exists when tissue levels are depleted to a level at which health consequences occur even in the absence of xerophthalmia,” (cited by Low 1997, p. 1). Vitamin A deficiency has also been defined using several terms: Xerophthalmia – if the patient exhibited any clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency in one or both eyes (Haidar & Demissie 1999); severe hyporetinolaemia – if the level of serum retinol in the patient is less than 0.35 µmol/l; mild to moderate hyporetinolaemia – if the level of serum retinol in the patient ranged between 0.35 and 0.70 µmol/l; and low vitamin A reserve – if the modified relative dose response rate is greater than or equal to 0.06 (Kassaye et al. 2003). Irrespective of the definition adopted for vitamin A deficiency, vitamin A plays an important role in the functioning of the body. It is especially important for optimal vision and inadequate consumption of the micronutrient often leads to night blindness or total blindness. This is because vitamin A plays a key role in phototransduction. In the eyes, the cone cells play the role of the absorption of light and colour vision when there is bright light. Lack of adequate vitamin A makes it impossible for the eyes to produce visual pigments which in turn minimize the absorption of different wavelengths of light thus leading to blindness (Gropper, Smith & Groff 2005). Although vitamin A deficiency is commonly associated with visual impairments, the deficiency also causes other health problems which include: Bitot spots – Bitot spots are defined as “areas of abnormal squamous cell proliferation and keratinization of the conjunctiva,” (Semba 2007, p. 3). VAD leads to high rates of mortality among infants and children aged below 6 years. It increases the seriousness, consequences, and risk of death as a result of measles. It is linked to high rates of disease among infants, especially in the seriousness of disease episodes, for instance, diarrheal and pneumonia. It leads to the wrinkling and premature aging of skin which appears as rough and dry, as well as general skin disorders (Shils & Shike 2006). It dries up the mucous membranes found in the mouth and the respiratory and reproductive organs. VAD also causes a variety of allergic reactions (Higdon 2003). Vitamin A deficiency is caused by two major factors: the lack of adequate consumption of vitamin A and the inability of the body to absorb or ingest vitamin A due to high rates of morbidity caused by diseases such as malaria, measles and parasitic infections (Palmer 2004). The effects of vitamin A deficiency on the sufferers and the wider
Executive summary Motel 6 which is one the biggest chain of company owned and operated budget motels in the United States has the intention of getting into extended stay kind of business. This has therefore called for the development of a marketing plan to foresee this change. The marketing plan for Motel 6 has been divided into various components which have been adequately discussed in this paper. This paper first of all provides the mission statement in the course of Motel 6 pursuing its marketing targets. The situation of the company is then analyzed based on the strengths it has over other competitors, the weaknesses in the market, the opportunities which exist in the market but are yet to be exploited and the threats which can hinder the achievement of the marketing objectives. The marketing strategy is then established for this business. This outlines the direction the company is supposed to take based on the prevailing condition so as to increase its competitive advantage and find its position in the motel industry. Finally the marketing mix is brought out clearly in the paper beginning on the products, price , promotion and place. All these four factors are important and they would determine the position of the company in the industry. This is by influencing the purchasing patterns of the customers in the target market. Mission statement To be the leading provider of motel services while fostering quality through integrity in the entire motel industry. The motel shall ensure the security of all the guests from all walks of life without discrimination of race, ethnicity, religion or color. SWOT Analysis In terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, Motels 6 has the following to be put under consideration. Strengths Motel six is the biggest chain of company owned and operated budget motels in the United States. This shows that the business is not a beginner in the industry; it has been there and can now make important moves that will completely revolutionize the industry with new targets being set and achieved. The company has a reputation for over the 36 years it has been in the business of Motels. There has been a turn around in the company’s fortunes especially with a pre tax profit of $75 achieved last year. Motel 6 has a good management philosophy which is focused on quality and has talented and skilled people in areas such as marketing, operations and finance. This is very important for a successful company. The company has put in place adequate security measures to ensure that guests are comfortable and secure. For instance the installation of electronic door locks and deadbolts as well as high-intensity outdoor lights and closed-circuit television cameras, and it put security guards at almost half its properties. Security is no longer compromised in all the motels of the company. The company has many properties from which returns are earned and contribute significantly towards achievement of its targets. For instance, for allowing the Motel 6 name , red-white and blue logo to be used on franchise