ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The difference between reality and documented law and regulation are an omnipresent phenomenon. In this respect, the presence of rule of law and international organizations to advance the peace process in conflict driven regions has been the argument posed by many theoreticians. In this respect, one must understand how do the various theorists compare and/or contrast with each other? As has been argued by Louis Henkin and Terry Nardin (1993), the rule of law and international organizations, respectively, are the basis for state relations. Then argue that “law includes the structure of that society, its institutions, forms, and procedures for daily activity, the assumptions on which the society is founded and the concepts which permeate it, the status, rights, responsibilities, obligations of the nations which compromise that society, the various relations between them and the effects of those.” (Henkin and Nardin 1993, 14). Hans Morganthau (1978), Keohane and Nye (2001) as well as the pluralists identified other dynamics as the basis of state relations. However, a closer look at the issues related to the Middle East show that these arguments fall short in face of reality. For instance the conflict of Palestine and Israel. Relations between the two regions has been tensed for many decades. The reasons are mostly based on cessation of land and religious identity. So here the relation between nations has been disrupted due to the lack of recognition and establishment of diplomatic relations. Here though an idea presented by Henkin and Nadin is that of “property”. Here the concept of territory and territorial sovereignty where the reason for conflict has been boundaries of territories between nations. In the case of the Middle east the dispute over Palestine is related to the territorial issues which has been turning law and flouting international regulations and treaties. Another reason for the conflict in the Middle East has been the fight over control of resources. As the region holds a very strategically important position geopolitically, due to its natural resources, especially oil. Oil, today has become the backbone for wealth for any nation. So the fight over the resources, and the stronger nations with more economic and military power trying to gain control of the land. Even the international organizations have not been able to control the conflict as there has been almost no rule of law even though many countries like Iraq have a democratic government. Here one must understand that the state or the body that runs the state is the “principal actor” and the international relations between nations are dependent on them and not on transnational organizations like the United Nations. Further international intervention in certain parts of the Middle East, though has been able to restore peace, but a completely peaceful land devoid of any irrationality are acceptable. The reason one must understand here is that there has been a successive process of intervention and conflict. However, it has always been the will of the state, which has prevailed. Now the will of the state may have been with the true rulers, de
The Vietnam War found a profound reflection in the literature and poetry of the country’s citizens, affected by the continuous loss of lives and the division of the country into North and South Vietnam. The demonstration of a soldier’s inner thoughts in the poem “Thoughts of Hanoi” by Nguyen Thi Vinh provides a personalized view of a person fighting against his compatriots (n.d.). Thus, the poem reflects the history of one of the most inhumane conflicts of the modern world, characterized not only by vicious chemical warfare but also by fraternal strife. The structure of the poem is reflective of the way people think, providing the reader with an insight into the mind of one of the South Vietnamese soldiers. Written as free verse with numerous enjambments and little punctuation except for question marks, Nguyen attempts to create a sense of the depicted soldier’s thoughts being jagged and intertwined, both reminiscent and deeply melancholic (n.d.). Thus, the idea of rest during an inescapable change is presented to the viewer, as if the soldier is becoming ready for conflict in which he is obligated to participate. The language used supports the pensive mood, allowing the viewer to empathize with the soldier’s wistfulness. Through mentioning places, Nguyen places her readers in a position of being native to the depicted country despite never being there themselves; for example, “How is Hang Dao now? / How is Ngoc Son temple?” (n.d.). Furthermore, the language supports the notion of never again seeing those places, making the poet and the poem’s soldier no better than the reader. Apart from the landscape imagery, the poet’s depiction of Vietnam before the war as an appeal to solidarity establishes the genuine sorrow of the conflict. Resolving to call the addressee of the poem dually “my friend / my foe?” is demonstrative of civil war, which will not be soon resolved or forgotten (Nguyen, n.d.). Thus, upholding the idea of duty over kinship makes war the central theme of the poem. Nguyen Thi Vinh depicts the civil conflict that uprooted the commonality between North and South Vietnam and turning them instead into ideological adversaries. Using symbolic language and making the reader emphasize a profound sense of loss, the poem shows the replacement of personal affinity with emotionless duty. Thus, the focal theme of the poem is war and the idea of obligation over friendship, kinship, and even family. Reference Nguyen, T. V. (n.d.). Thoughts of Hanoi . Web.
Introduction Today people are raising many concerns over the extensive direct impacts of industrialization on the environment, for instance the building and construction directions, materials and designs. The resources in question include the energy, raw materials, water and even the waste materials. The common unique challenge faced by the building experts, designers or owners include the need to meet building requirements and regulations such as accessibility, security, health and productivity. The most important need is for the building to be environmental friendly. At present, the economical growth is a great challenge to sustainable design but the approach used must be supportive to the environment by ensuring conservation. People will want to optimize a balance on benefits of expenditure, ecological, communal as well as human benefits while still meet the intended mission regarding proper infrastructure or facility mainly concerning comfort, productivity and safety. Design is planning or organizing in the aim of enhancing the look. According to the U.S. Department to Energy with reference to housing characteristics (1995), the field of design can be categorized into two: residential and commercial. The residential are places or locations were the home setting has a kitchen, bathroom, customized home appearance designs and, home offices. The residential designs are an extension of the formal personalities therefore the designer needs to satisfy the owner’s choice or wish. On the other hand, the commercial designs are concern with the commercial or business related spaces. This field is wider or broader and unique depending on the type of production/service delivery or the location for instance; there are different designs for government related projects, schools, hospitals, stations, libraries, courts, waiting rooms and, museums among others U.S. Department to Energy, (1998). People will have a general consideration of the commercial design as offices but generally, the commercial design has unique features such as the need to enhance working space and a productively appealing work environment. In a close link to Veitch (1995), the shopping malls, boutiques, and various other trade stores have exceptional commercial designs that encompass reality, interest and acceptance from the owners or users. On comparison, the commercial and residential designs are both facing the challenge of spaces inter-twined to business shells and this is an ineffectual blow to development or creativity. On contrast, the residential design should solve a problem, such as a person who lives in a very small area and wish to utilize the little space to the maximum. The residential designers are of great help in assisting such situation of space problems. The space planning procedures may involve the surface/floor plans proceeding to the upper space. During the residenti
One of the reasons why Louise Erdrich’s story The Red Convertible is being commonly referred to, as such that represents a high literary value, is that the themes and motifs, explored in it, are thoroughly humanistic. That is, they do emphasize the counter-beneficiary effects of people striving to attain a social prominence in the society, where one’s possession of the strongly defined sense of self-identity is rarely tolerated – especially, if it is being concerned with these people’s visually and behaviorally observed cultural ‘otherness’. In this paper, I will strive to substantiate the validity of the earlier suggestion at length. The plot of The Red Convertible is straightforward. It revolves around the story of a relationship between two brothers of the Native-American descent – Henry and Lyman. The red convertible, owned by both brothers, symbolizes the subtleties of this relationship. Before Henry joined the U.S. Army and consequently ended up being sent to serve in Vietnam, he and his brother used to enjoy taking their car for rides. However, after Henry returned back, he was no longer in a position to appreciate his shared ownership of the red convertible – his wartime experiences in this country, caused Henry to become an altogether different man: “When he came home, though, Henry was very different… Henry was jumpy and mean” (Erdrich 6). Despite the fact that, after having reunited with Henry, Lyman never ceased trying to bring his brother ‘back to life’ (in the allegorical sense of this word), such as by the mean of prompting Henry to take an interest in the red convertible, Lyman’s effort, in this respect, proved in vain. The story ends with Henry drowning in the river, followed by Lyman pushing the red convertible into the river, as well – as an emotional gesture of denying the fact that Henry’s experiences in Vietnam did affect his true-self. The above provided brief outline of the story’s plot contains a number of implicit suggestions, as to what can be considered the symbolical significance of the red convertible in Erdrich’s story. First, the transformation of the car’s condition, throughout the story, emphasizes the transformation of a relationship between Lyman and Henry. Whereas, before Henry’s departure to Vietnam, both brothers never ceased striving to keep their car in tip-top shape, after Henry’s return this was no longer the case. In fact, Lyman deliberately ‘crippled’ the red convertible with a hammer, so that it would prompt Henry to consider fixing the car and consequently – to regain his pre-Vietnam identity of a cheerful and worriless individual. This, however, did not have any effect on Henry, except for the fact that he simply became mad at Lyman: “(Henry): That car’s a classic! But you went and ran the piss right put of it, Lyman, and you know it don’t deserve that” (7). Apparently, the author wanted to emphasize the noti
The print advertisement provided is on smoking effects especially on the lungs. The printed picture shows how far the smoke from cigarettes can cause damage to the lungs. The advertisement is made visible to the public to act as a warning of smoking. The smokers are supposed to see what is capable of happening to their lungs if they continue smoking. This advertisement is portrayed with red affected lungs to show the danger of smoking. The theoretical part of warning people from smoking has not been so effective, and that is why the media finds it useful to make use of prints advertisements as warning. The advertisement is also magnified to make it clearly visible to the target group, who are warned against smoking. Small print advertisement may not portray the information as intended by the person advertising, and that is why this print is magnified (Shaughnessy and Stadler 203). The print advertisement is a form of non-personal communication used by the advertiser to pass the information in a creative manner. The advertiser has put the lung picture in a way to persuade the viewer to become more interested to the information contained. The colors and the positioning of the advertisement is meant to expose the viewer in a manner that he or she will believe what the advertiser wishes. The print advertisement is portrayed in a manner that, once the viewer set his or her eyes on it, he or she will see the truth of the advert immediately (Macnamara 113). The creativity of exposing the lungs within a human body has a great impact on conveying the message, as it is a sign of reality. The first look of this advertisement draws a lot attention from the viewers, who would like to know the message behind it. This media product has overt messages that are hidden from the viewers. Even if tobacco industry may try as much as possible to be responsible and of help to the public, it is hard for them to come up with advertisement that would directly discourage users from purchasing their product. What this industry does is to encourage smokers to change their habits, but continue smoking. The industry talks of light cigarettes with relatively lower levels of tar and nicotine, but the studies shows that they are equally dangerous. It is evident that, the big tobacco campaigns that are trusted to discourage smokers from purchasing the product, promote it (Aggarwal 342). This act has made the youngsters to think that smoking is not very harmful as their parents tell them. The television campaign that ended in 2003 was an overt message to the kids when they were told, “Thin
Introduction On September 1, 1939, aggressive Nazi forces, under the command of Adolf Hitler, marched into Poland in an attack named Operation White. By the end of the month, Nazi forces had outdone Polish military resistance and the whole of Poland fell under Nazi command. This act of aggression marked the onset of the Second World War and signaled Hitler’s intention to occupy the rest of Europe. Following Poland’s invasion, Britain and France joined the war in an attempt to stop Nazi’s move across Europe. By 1940, the war had led to the invasion of Denmark and Norway in an attempt to secure iron ore shipments from Sweden (William, 1990). The Germans further advanced to France, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg with Netherlands and Belgium offering little resistance while France initially put up a stronger resistance before finally succumbing following Italy’s reinforcement of German forces. Following France’s defeat, Hitler’s forces traded their guns on Britain with a series of air bombardments but Britain, under Winston Churchill as Prime Minister, prevented the attacks and German occupation. Later in 1940, Germany, Italy and Japan formed a tripartite pact (known as the axis) that was later expanded by the inclusion of Hungary, Slovakia and Romania (Roberts, 2006). The aim of the pact was to protect each other against any military attack and at the same time attack other countries such as Greece by the Italians, Libya by the Germans, Indo-china by the Japanese and the Soviet Union by the combined axis forces in an attack code named Barbarossa in 1941. The United State was left in the war following Japan’s attack on
Multi National Companies Gulf Oil International (GOI) and Abu Dhabi National Oil Company ((ADNOC) are two well known companies in the global industry of oil and gas. These are major multinational corporations which have specialization in the fields of oil exploration, oil production, oil supportive services, gas processing, oil refining, petrochemicals and other chemicals, refined oil products, maritime transportation as well as distribution of oil products (Hudson 367). Gulf Oil International was formed way back in 1901 when oil was being discovered in quite a number of regions for instance at the Texas spindle top (Hudson 367). As it stands now, Gulf Oil International (GOI) is a well established oil and gas marketing company operating in many countries across the world. The company has built its brand in the oil market as a leading dealer in oil and gas related products. Research has shown that the Gulf Oil International is envisioned with a sole mission of improving its oil brand and service delivery to all of its major markets across the world in a bid to have a sizeable share of the oil market (Bednar and lynn 59). However, it is imperative to note that there has been tough competition in the oil and gas industry and subsequently, this has led to stiff competition. On the other hand, it is worth noting that the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) was started in 1971 with a prime objective of nourishing itself in the gas and oil areas of the United Arab Emirates (Hudson 366). Policy formulation, implementation as well as general overseeing of the Abu Dhabi oil companies are done by the leader who is in charge of Abu Dhabi. In addition, other key regulators of the oil and gas industry in United Arab Emirates include the Supreme Petroleum Council (SPC) and the UAE president (Hudson 367). In order to saturate the vast UAE region with its products, ADNOC has established numerous subsidiary companies which operate under its umbrella from different destinations. These subsidiary
John Steinbeck’s “The Chrysanthemums” is the short story associated with American Realism. The story setting is the Salina Valley, which is a nonfictional area in California. Such characteristic features of American Realism as the focus on the middle class and upper class characters, the author’s intention to make a positive social or moral influence on his readers, the author’s concentration on the inner world of the characters, and the accentuation of the details and settings are realized in the story. The first characteristic of American Realism is the depiction of middle class or upper class characters. The main character of “The Chrysanthemums” is Elisa Allen, the wife of a beef cattle farmer, Henry Allen. The lifestyle of the couple is characteristic for the time and for the middle-class Americans. They have a farm and a small farmhouse described as “… hard-swept looking little house with hard-polished windows” (Steinbeck 163). Their income is also typical for the middle-class family. For instance, Henry sold “…thirty head of three-year-old steers” (Steinbeck 163). Even though there were no indications as to whether they were lucky enough to get regular incomes, the fact that they chose to celebrate it by going out for a dinner showed that their budget was bigger than other families’ household budgets. The second characteristic is the positive impact on the readers. While reading the story, the readers notice that the author uses the plot to emphasize Elisa’s passionate love for her work as the escape from the unhappy marriage. As the story develops, a stranger drops in to their farm searching for some job to earn for a living. The man repairs utensils and sharpens scissors and other household tools to make the ends meet. As the story unfolds, the man engages Elisa in a conversation in an attempt to get some work, but she adamantly refuses his request. In persistence, the man uses Elisa’s passion for Chrysanthemums flowers to make her find some work for him. According to Donna Campbell, “it is a technique, which also denotes a particular kind of subject matter, especially the representation of a middle-class life” (Campell). The author seeks to make the influence on the readers, representing the effects of the unhappy marriage on Elisa and her activity. The third characteristic of American Realism is the focus on the characters’ inner world. The story depicts the woman who is not loved by her husband. She turns her affection to her flowers. Thus, the author concentrates on depicting the variety of Elisa’s emotions when she formally speaks to her husband, angrily reacts to the stranger, and on how Elisa’s reactions change when she listens to the passenger’s emotionally vivid descriptions of the flowers “Kind of a long-stemmed flower?
Introduction Prior to the arrival of the Europeans in the Australian continent in the 19 th century, the land was inhabited by a group of people who are today referred to as the Aborigines. According to Lydon (2005, p. 201), archeologists have estimated that these people have been on this continent for about 60,000 years. In addition, he notes that these people had managed to develop their own social, political and economic system although when the European landed on the continent, they regarded these systems as backward and archaic. Indigenous history of Indigenous peoples in Victoria & Melbourne Museum‟s Bunjilaka exhibition According to Flanagan (1998, p.142), Aborigines have been described as one of the friendly people in the continent. He says that in an autobiography by Kerr- one of the first Europeans to settle in Australia in the early 1850s. He points out that Kerr was always on friendly terms with this people. In the autobiography, he claimed that he had not only employed the Aborigines to work as his shepherds but also as his guide and drivers as well. Ernest (1993, p. 29), argues that these people used to invite Kerr to be part of them as they went on hunting expeditions of the kangaroos and the wild turkey. Moreover, he points out that in order to show their friendly nature, these people invited their visitors to be part and parcel of their ceremonies such as during the weddings and burials of the senior members of their clan. In addition, Davies (2009, p. 61) asserts that in the museum there are a number of weapons such as shields, spears and arrows. According to him, this is a clear indication that these people used to go to fight with their neighbors. He points out that, although these people have been classified as Aborigines, they are not of same tribe since they have varying cultures and as well as languages. The presence of spears and shields is a clear demonstration that all was not well at times and thus the need to be armed so as to repel any attacks from other communities. Lydon (2005, p. 197), has added that in the museum, there are two small bark etchings where any image they had was etched. According to him, this was the work of men and was done on the inside of their shelters. He argues that this kind of work was a clear manifestation of their culture where the idea of art had been developed. Moreover, Christine (1994, p. 299), claims that there is a bark piece in the museum that is representing an emu hunt. He argues that these people used to participate in dances that used to represent various aspects of their culture. Some of the dances, according to him, were performed prior to a wedding, hunting expedition, and initiation periods. He claims that most of these songs were vocal and that instruments such as the didgeridoos were used to accompany the song and the dance. Furthermore, Clarke (2002, p.