ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
We present a new all-electron, augmented-wave implementation of the GW approximation using eigenfunctions generated by a recent variant of the full-potential LMTO method. The dynamically screened Coulomb interaction W is expanded in a mixed basis set which consists of two contributions, local atom-centered functions confined to muffin-tin spheres, and plane waves with the overlap to the local functions projected out. The former can include any of the core states; thus the core and valence states can be treated on an equal footing. Systematic studies of semiconductors and insulators show that the GW fundamental bandgaps consistently fall low in comparison to experiment, and also the quasiparticle levels differ significantly from other, approximate methods, in particular those that approximate the core with a pseudopotential.
We describe a new, non-parametric, method for reconstructing lensing mass distributions in multiple-image systems, and apply it to PG1115, for which time delays have recently been measured. It turns out that the image positions and the ratio of time delays between different pairs of images constrain the mass distribution in a linear fashion. Since observational errors on image positions and time delay ratios are constantly improving, we use these data as a rigid constraint in our modelling. In addition, we require the projected mass distributions to be inversion-symmetric and to have inward-pointing density gradients. With these realistic yet non-restrictive conditions it is very easy to produce mass distributions that fit the data precisely. We then present models, for $H_0=42$, 63 and 84 \kmsmpc, that in each case minimize mass-to-light variations while strictly obeying the lensing constraints. (Only a very rough light distribution is available at present.) All three values of $H_0$ are consistent with the lensing data, but require quite different morphologies for the lensing galaxy. If $H_0$ is low, the main lensing galaxy could be an early type. If $H_0$ is high, the galaxy is reconstructed as a late elliptical or nearly edge-on disc; a binary or merging system is also plausible.
We study large deviations of a ratio observable in discrete-time reset processes. The ratio takes the form of a current divided by the number of reset steps and as such it is not extensive in time. A large deviation rate function can be derived for this observable via contraction from the joint probability density function of current and number of reset steps. The ratio rate function is differentiable and we argue that its qualitative shape is 'robust', i.e. it is generic for reset processes regardless of whether they have short- or long-range correlations. We discuss similarities and differences with the rate function of the efficiency in stochastic thermodynamics.
Mass spectrometry and photoemission spectroscopy of a graphite hollow cathode source identify the parameters of the transition from the C(3) dominated discharge to the sooting plasma. The transition is a function of the shape and profile of a special cusp magnetic field which is a function of radius and azimuth angle, the geometry of the source, the discharge current, and pressure. Characteristic atomic and molecular emission lines and bands in the C(3) discharge transform into broad bands emitted by the excited soot. We identify four prominent emission bands between 300 to 400 nm to be the hallmark of the sooting plasma.
In recent years there has been much interest in certain subcubes of hypercubes, namely Fibonacci cubes and Lucas cubes (and their generalized versions). In this article we consider online routing of linear permutations on these cubes. The model of routing we use regards edges as bi-directional, and we do not allow queues of length greater than one. Messages start out at different vertices, and in movements synchronized with a clock, move to an adjacent vertex or remain where they are, so that at the next stage there is still exactly one message per vertex. This is the routing model we defined in an earlier paper.
The Bethe ansatz for the one-dimensional s=1/2 Heisenberg ferromagnet is introduced at an elementary level. The presentation follows Bethe's original work very closely. A detailed description and a complete classification of all two-magnon scattering states and two-magnon bound states are given for finite and infinite chains. The paper is designed as a tutorial for beginning graduate students. It includes 10 problems for further study.
Recently, Han discovered two formulas involving binary trees which have the interestig property that hooklengths appear as exponents. The purpose of this note is to give a probabilistic proof of one of Han's formulas. Yang has generalized Han's results to ordered trees. We show how the probabilistic approach can also be used in Yang's setting, as well as for a generalization of Han's formula in terms of certain infinite trees.
Nonequilibrium phenomena of the phase transitions are studied. It is shown that due to finite relaxation time of the particle distributions, the use of scalar background dependent distribution functions is inconsistent.This observation may change the picture of rapid processes during the electroweak phase transition, like subcritical bubble formation and propagation of bubble walls.
Printed and digitally displayed photos have the ability to hide imperceptible digital data that can be accessed through internet-connected imaging systems. Another way to think about this is physical photographs that have unique QR codes invisibly embedded within them. This paper presents an architecture, algorithms, and a prototype implementation addressing this vision. Our key technical contribution is StegaStamp, a learned steganographic algorithm to enable robust encoding and decoding of arbitrary hyperlink bitstrings into photos in a manner that approaches perceptual invisibility. StegaStamp comprises a deep neural network that learns an encoding/decoding algorithm robust to image perturbations approximating the space of distortions resulting from real printing and photography. We demonstrates real-time decoding of hyperlinks in photos from in-the-wild videos that contain variation in lighting, shadows, perspective, occlusion and viewing distance. Our prototype system robustly retrieves 56 bit hyperlinks after error correction - sufficient to embed a unique code within every photo on the internet.
We prove that the Littlewood conjecture is satisfied for a restricted class of pairs $(\alpha,\beta)$ of badly approximable numbers. We use the localization of the roots of a cubic equation with coefficients depending on the diophantine properties for the considered pair $(\alpha,\beta)$. The estimates of the roots rely on the properties of the denominators of the convergents of the continued fraction expansion of $\alpha$ and $\beta$.
The possibility of half-metallic antiferromagnetism, a special case of ferrimagnetism with a compensated magnetization, in the diluted magnetic semiconductors is highlighted on the basis of the first principles electronic structure calculation. As typical examples, the electrical and magnetic properties of II-VI compound semiconductors doped with 3d transition metal ion pairs--(V, Co) and (Fe, Cr)--are discussed.
We discuss the equilibrium of a single collective variable characterizing a finite set of coupled, noisy, bistable systems as the noise strength, the size and the coupling parameter are varied. We identify distinct regions in parameter space. The results obtained in prior works in the asymptotic infinite size limit are significantly different from the finite size results. A procedure to construct approximate 1-dimensional Langevin equation is adopted. This equation provides a useful tool to understand the collective behavior even in the presence of an external driving force.
Subdwarf B stars show chemical peculiarities that cannot be explained by diffusion theory alone. Both mass loss and turbulence have been invoked to slow down atomic diffusion in order to match observed abundances. The fact that some sdB stars show pulsations gives upper limits on the amount of mass loss and turbulent mixing allowed. Consequently, non-adiabatic asteroseismology has the potential to decide which process is responsible for the abundance anomalies. We compute for the first time seismic properties of sdB models with atomic diffusion included consistently during the stellar evolution. The diffusion equations with radiative forces are solved for H, He, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Fe and Ni. We examine the effects of various mass-loss rates and mixed surface masses on the abundances and mode stability. It is shown that the mass-loss rates needed to simulate the observed He abundances (10^{-14}<=Mdot [Msun/yr]<=10^{-13}) are not consistent with observed pulsations. We find that for pulsations to be driven the rates should be Mdot<=10^{-15} Msun/yr. On the other hand, weak turbulent mixing of the outer 10^{-6} Msun can explain the He abundance anomalies while still allowing pulsations to be driven. The origin of the turbulence remains unknown but the presence of pulsations gives tight constraints on the underlying turbulence model.
We compute the dilatation operator for local "open string" operators situated at the interface of a certain supersymmetric defect version of $\mathcal{N}=4$ super-Yang-Mills theory. This field theory is dual to a probe D5-brane intersecting a stack of D3-branes where the number of D3-branes can change between the two sides the interface. DeWolfe and Mann obtained the dilation operator in the special case of an equal number of D3-branes. Using a combination explicit field theory calculations and integrability considerations we are able to extend this result to the general case.
We report measurements of charge configurations and charge transfer dynamics in a hybrid single-electron box composed of aluminum and copper. We used two single-electron transistors (SETs) to simultaneously read out different parts of the box, enabling us to map out stability diagrams of the box and identify various charge transfer processes in the box. We further characterized the elastic cotunneling in the box, which is an important source of error in electron turnstiles consisting of hybrid SETs, and found that the rate was as low as 1 Hz at degeneracy and compatible with theoretical estimates for electron tunneling via virtual states in the central superconducting island of the box.
We explore the physics of the quantum Hall effect using the Haldane mapping of dimerised $SU(N+M)$ spin chains, the large $N$ expansion and the density matrix renormalization group technique. We show that while the transition is first order for $N+M >2$, the system at zero temperature nevertheless displays a continuously diverging length scale $\xi$ (correlation length). The numerical results for $(M, N) = (1,3), ~ (2, 2),~(1, 5)$ and $(1, 7)$ indicate that $\xi$ is a directly observable physical quantity, namely the spatial width of the edge states. We relate the physical observables of the quantum spin chain to those of the quantum Hall system (and, hence, the $\vartheta$ vacuum concept in quantum field theory). Our numerical investigations provide strong evidence for the conjecture of super universality which says the dimerised spin chain quite generally displays all the basic features of the quantum Hall effect, independent of the specific values of $M$ and $N$. For the cases at hand we show that the singularity structure of the quantum Hall plateau transitions involves a universal function with two scale parameters that may in general depend on $M$ and $N$. This includes not only the Hall conductance but also the ground state energy as well as the correlation length $\xi$ with varying values of $\vartheta \sim \pi$.
The main object of investigation in magnonics, spin waves (SWs) are promising information carriers. Presently the most commonly studied are plane wave-like SWs and SWs propagating in confined structures, such as waveguides. Here we consider a Gaussian SW beam obliquely incident on an ultra-narrow interface between two identical ferromagnetic materials. We use an analytical model and micromagnetic simulations for an in-depth analysis of the influence of the interface properties, in particular the magnetic anisotropy, on the transmission of the SW beam. We derive analytical formulas for the reflectance, transmittance, phase shift and Goos-Hanchen (GH) shift for beams reflected and refracted by an interface between two semi-infinite ferromagnetic media; the results for the refracted beam are the first to be reported to date. The GH shifts in SW beam reflection and transmission are confirmed by micromagnetic simulations in the thin-film geometry. We demonstrate the dependence of the characteristic properties on the magnetic anisotropy at the interface, the angle of incidence and the frequency of the SWs. We also propose a method for the excitation of high-quality SW beams in micromagnetic simulations.
We report SMA 335 GHz continuum observations with angular resolution of ~0.''3, together with VLA ammonia observations with ~1'' resolution toward Cep A HW 2. We find that the flattened disk structure of the dust emission observed by Patel et al. is preserved at the 0.''3 scale, showing an elongated structure of ~$0.''6 size (450 AU) peaking on HW 2. In addition, two ammonia cores are observed, one associated with a hot-core previously reported, and an elongated core with a double peak separated by ~1.''3 and with signs of heating at the inner edges of the gas facing HW 2. The double-peaked ammonia structure, as well as the double-peaked CH3CN structure reported previously (and proposed to be two independent hot-cores), surround both the dust emission as well as the double-peaked SO2 disk structure found by Jimenez-Serra et al. All these results argue against the interpretation of the elongated dust-gas structure as due to a chance-superposition of different cores; instead, they imply that it is physically related to the central massive object within a disk-protostar-jet system.
IIPeg is an ideal target to study stellar activity and flares, since intense and long lasting flares have been frequently detected from this system at all wavelengths. We report here about a BeppoSAX observation of IIPeg. We followed the system for ~19 hours on December 5 and 6 1997 with BeppoSAX and the X-ray light curve resembles the typical behavior of a decay phase of a long-lasting flare. The spectral analysis shows that the IIPeg X-ray spectrum is described by a two-temperature components, with the two dominant temperatures centered in the range of 9-11 and 24-26 MK. The derived coronal metal abundance is low Z~0.2 Zo compared to recent determinations of the photospheric abundance (Z~0.6 Zo). Some possible explanations for this phenomenology are reviewed. As for most other stellar coronal sources observed with BeppoSAX, we find that in order to fit the BeppoSAX spectra an interstellar column density about a factor ten higher than previously determined is required.
We express the Mahler measures of $23$ families of Laurent polynomials in terms of Eisenstein-Kronecker series. These Laurent polynomials arise as Landau-Ginzburg potentials on Fano $3$-folds, $16$ of which define $K3$ hypersurfaces of generic Picard rank $19$, and the rest are of generic Picard rank $< 19$. We relate the Mahler measure at each rational singular moduli to the value at $3$ of the $L$-function of some weight-$3$ newform. Moreover, we find $10$ exotic relations among the Mahler measures of these families.
The recent experimental observations of the quantum Hall effect in 3D topological semimetals have attracted great attention, but there are still debates on its origin. We systematically study the dependence of the quantum Hall effect in topological semimetals on the thickness, Fermi energy, and growth direction, taking into account the contributions from the Fermi-arc surface states, confinement-induced bulk subbands, and helical side-surface edge states. In particular, we focus on the intensively studied Dirac semimetal Cd$_{3}$As$_{2}$ and its slabs grown along experimentally accessible directions, including [001], [110], and [112]. We reveal an ignored mechanism from the Zeeman splitting of the helical edge states, which along with Fermi-arc 3D quantum Hall effect, may give a non-monotonic dependence of the Hall conductance plateaus on the magnetic field in the most experimentally studied [112] direction slab. Our results will be insightful for exploring the quantum Hall effects beyond two dimensions.
Collective plasmon excitations in a helical electron liquid on the surface of strong three-dimensional topological insulator are considered. The properties and internal structure of these excitations are studied. Due to spin-momentum locking in helical liquid on a surface of topological insulator, the collective excitations should manifest themselves as coupled charge- and spin-density waves.
We investigate how the motive of hyper-K\"ahler varieties is controlled by weight-2 (or surface-like) motives via tensor operations. In the first part, we study the Voevodsky motive of singular moduli spaces of semistable sheaves on K3 and abelian surfaces as well as the Chow motive of their crepant resolutions, when they exist. We show that these motives are in the tensor subcategory generated by the motive of the surface, provided that a crepant resolution exists. This extends a recent result of B\"ulles to the O'Grady-10 situation. In the non-commutative setting, similar results are proved for the Chow motive of moduli spaces of stable objects of the K3 category of a cubic fourfold. As a consequence, we provide abundant examples of hyper-K\"ahler varieties of O'Grady-10 deformation type satisfying the standard conjectures. In the second part, we study the Andr\'{e} motive of projective hyper-K\"ahler varieties. We attach to any such variety its defect group, an algebraic group which acts on the cohomology and measures the difference between the full motive and its weight-2 part. When the second Betti number is not 3, we show that the defect group is a natural complement of the Mumford--Tate group inside the motivic Galois group, and that it is deformation invariant. We prove the triviality of this group for all known examples of projective hyper-K\"ahler varieties, so that in each case the full motive is controlled by its weight-2 part. As applications, we show that for any variety motivated by a product of known hyper-K\"ahler varieties, all Hodge and Tate classes are motivated, the motivated Mumford--Tate conjecture holds, and the Andr\'e motive is abelian. This last point completes a recent work of Soldatenkov and provides a different proof for some of his results.
In this paper, we are interested in the bottom-up paradigm of estimating human poses from an image. We study the dense keypoint regression framework that is previously inferior to the keypoint detection and grouping framework. Our motivation is that regressing keypoint positions accurately needs to learn representations that focus on the keypoint regions.   We present a simple yet effective approach, named disentangled keypoint regression (DEKR). We adopt adaptive convolutions through pixel-wise spatial transformer to activate the pixels in the keypoint regions and accordingly learn representations from them. We use a multi-branch structure for separate regression: each branch learns a representation with dedicated adaptive convolutions and regresses one keypoint. The resulting disentangled representations are able to attend to the keypoint regions, respectively, and thus the keypoint regression is spatially more accurate. We empirically show that the proposed direct regression method outperforms keypoint detection and grouping methods and achieves superior bottom-up pose estimation results on two benchmark datasets, COCO and CrowdPose. The code and models are available at https://github.com/HRNet/DEKR.
I review attempts made to determine the properties of neutron stars. I focus on constraints on the maximum mass that a neutron star can have, and on attempts to measure neutron-star radii. So far, there appears to be only one neutron star for which there is strong evidence that its mass is above the canonical 1.4 Msun, viz., Vela X-1, for which a mass close to 1.9 Msun is found. Prospects for progress appear brightest for studies of systems in which the neutron star should have accreted substantial amounts of matter. While for individual systems the evidence that neutron stars can have high masses is weak, the ensemble appears to show that masses around 1.6 Msun are possible. For the radius determination, most attempts have focussed on neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries in which accretion has temporarily shut down. These neutron stars are easiest to model, since they should have pure Hydrogen atmospheres and low magnetic fields. To obtain accurate radii, however, requires precise distances and very high quality data.
The Hawking radiation is one of the most interesting phenomena predicted by the theory of quantum field in curved space. The origin of Hawking radiation is closely related to the fact that a particle which marginally escapes from collapsing into a black hole is observed at the future infinity with infinitely large redshift. In other words, such a particle had a very high frequency when it was near the event horizon. Motivated by the possibility that the property of Hawking radiation may be altered by some unknowned physics which may exist beyond some critical scale, Unruh proposed a model which has higher order spatial derivative terms. In his model, the effects of unknown physics are modeled so as to be suppressed for the waves with a wavelength much longer than the critical scale, $k_0^{-1}$. Surprisingly, it was shown that the thermal spectrum is recovered for such modified models. To introduce such higher order spatial derivative terms, the Lorentz invariance must be violated because one special spatial direction needs to be chosen. In previous works, the rest frame of freely-falling observers was employed as this special reference frame. Here we give an extension by allowing a more general choice of the reference frame. Developing the method taken by Corley, % and especially focusing on subluminal case, we show that the resulting spectrum of created particles again becomes the thermal one at the Hawking temperature even if the choice of the reference frame is generalized. Using the technique of the matched asymptotic expansion, we also show that the correction to the thermal radiation stays of order $k_0^{-2}$ or smaller when the spectrum of radiated particle around its peak is concerned.
This article is concerned with infinite depth gravity water waves with constant vorticity in two space dimensions. We consider this system expressed in position-velocity potential holomorphic coordinates. We show that, for low-frequency solutions, the Benjamin-Ono equation gives a good and stable approximation to the system on the natural cubic time scale. The proof relies on refined cubic energy estimates and perturbative analysis.
Farm animal behavior analysis is a crucial tasks for the industrial farming. In an indoor farm setting, extracting Key joints of animal is essential for tracking the animal for longer period of time. In this paper, we proposed a deep network named DUROCMIEN that exploit transfer learning to trained the network for the Duroc, a domestic breed of pig, an end to end fashion. The backbone of the architecture is based on hourglass stacked dense-net. In order to train the network, key frames are selected from the test data using K-mean sampler. In total, 9 Keypoints are annotated that gives a brief detailed behavior analysis in the farm setting. Extensive experiments are conducted and the quantitative results show that the network has the potential of increasing the tracking performance by a substantial margin.