ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Caro Dweck’s theory focuses on the impact of faith in personal achievements, including self-attribution, personal confidence, and personality styles, on our motivation to learn and achieve results. The scholar refers to two types of personal orientation – helpless orientation and mastery orientation. The individuals with a helpless orientation consider success and failure a result of personal perception of their character and, therefore, they have lower self-esteem as soon as they encounter failure. In contrast, those having a mastery orientation believe that their achievements are connected to the amount of efforts made to accomplish the project. According to Dweck (2007), children of older age have a relatively complex self-concept. In fact, some children focus on an entity theory under which the level of individual’s intelligence does not change and it can lead to lower self-esteem about their skills and abilities. On the other hand, some children base their beliefs on incremental theory, according to which failure does not mean lack of talents. Rather, they are confident that their success increases with the experience they gain through practice, effort, and hard work. Although Dweck’s (2007) theory is indispensible for educating parents and teachers who should praise hard work and effort students make to foster a mastery orientation and incremental mode of thinking, the theory fails to address biological factors that influence children’s capabilities and skills. Nonetheless, children should not focus on outcomes and achievements during the learning process, but on the actual process and efforts made while studying. Moreover, children should enjoy themselves while learning something, which can make them overcome challenges and difficult tasks in a more efficient way (Dweck, 2007). The theory of mastery orientation, therefore, can shape a new framework according to which all children could take advantage of the learning process and be more engaged in professional and intellectual growth. Changing the conception of learning, which should not be oriented on performance and marking, but on the actual process of solving problems is the key to developing new methods of education children. Recommendations In order to change children’s helpless orientation and entity vision of performance, teachers resort to a growth mindset model of beliefs that promotes deeper engagement into a learning process, allows children to easily embrace challenges, and makes them more confident and happy. In contrast, children with a fixed mindset belief cannot consider intellectual growth a learning option because they believe that they have innate gifts and skills. At this point, Dweck (2007) outlines new strategies for minimizing the effects of academic failure. The focus is made on children’s low self-esteem, performance, and underachievement that are traditio
Introduction The city that I am researching is the city of Chicago. I am interested in studying the city to understand our city’s history better and understand the struggles that many people face today, as there are visual scars from racial segregation. The timeline will be used in the 1950s,1960s, and the 2010s. The topic that will be included in this research is housing, education, and unemployment. The two major factors that heavily contribute to economic inequality are education and unemployment. In Johnsons’ prologue, on page 10, he talks about examples of persistent racism built into neighborhood Universities and schools. Housing is a byproduct as a result of poor education and low job opportunities. Racial segregation has been an ongoing subject in the United States for many. In the south side of Chicago, it is apparent the damage resulting from racial segregation. Housing is important as it is a factor in the outcome of an individual’s future. Housing has a role in education and job opportunities. Education: Education is important because it is predictive of an individual’s future occupation and earnings. When the quality of education is hindered based on wealth class, it results in an endless cycle of poverty and inequality. For many students in low-income areas, the quality of education is inadequate to prepare for college and be successful. In today’s society, education is a major factor in determining a person’s success, and many high-paying jobs require some form of a college education. Racial segregation affects the quality of individual education. Employment is a big factor in many of the ongoing issues in the city of Chicago. The Southside of Chicago was once a thriving market in industrialization, providing people with livable wages. However, overtime jobs had left the Southside leaving many people unemployed and struggling to survive due to fewer job opportunities, causes a major increase in poverty and leaving them to live in constant poverty. In addition to employment, Chicago is labeled as the nation’s murder capital which suggests that neighborhoods with the highest rates of violence correlate with neighborhoods with high unemployment rates. In 2008, America elected Barack Obama as its first African American president. While many saw this as evidence that America had overcome its turbulent history of racial inequality, one does not have to go far to discover that segregation and uneven life chances persist in the United States. Ironically, Chicago, Barack Obama’s hometown, continues to be one of the most segregated cities in the United States. Racial prejudice and institutional discrimination have resulted in the growth of predominantly black inner city ghettos. For the greater part of a century, these ghettos have been left unregulated and virtually untouched, perpetuating a cycle of poverty, crime, and substandard living conditions. I will examine the growth of Chicago’s largely black South Side in this article, exploring both the history of raci
Mental health refers to the ability of the brain to perform cognitive activities and to forge and maintain relationships with other members of the society. Mental health gives a sense of self worth. It is a basic requirement for one to make informed choices and live a fulfilling life. Mental illnesses on the other hand are the conditions that inhibit the normal functions of the brain; such conditions include depression, anxiety disorder, and Bipolar disorder.In America, the situation of mental illness is so evident across the country; but of major concern are the rural areas. These areas experience higher rates of depression and other mental disorder as compared to their counterparts in the urban areas. The main activity of the rural America is farming and crisis that emerges from the cyclical farming and natural disasters as well as being isolated from the rest of society tends to worsen the stress levels. The high numbers can be attributed to lack of facilities and or inaccessibility to those few facilities (Gamm & Hutchison 2003, p.209). It has been documented that less than a third of the homeless Americanpopulation suffers from severe mental illness. These individuals are the most vulnerable to drug abuse, sexual violation and other forms of exploitation and stigmatization. Many psychiatric institutions in the United States were closed over four decadesago; citing concerns form the human rights. Since then the government has the left this care to the private sector facilities which tend to be hostile to the common American in terms of medical costs. Promises have been made to start cost effective outpatient clinics but up now, the facilities still remain a dream to many. This situation can not wholly be blamed on the government, but also on society that has neglected its own people. The lack of facilities should not be an excuse for neglecting the needs of the sick homeless; these days technology has advanced and medicines have developed that can be administered to these patients in their homes. Families should consider this method in order to reduce the disgrace of their own people in public (Kessler 2005, p.617). There are plans to improve the mental health situation, it is therefore important that the Center for Rural Affairs identifies mental health as a priority and set up medical facilities to help the people in need. To be cost effective, the experts should focus on preventive medicine and care. People should also be educated on ways of taking care of themselves; they should avoid activitiesthat would cause injuries to the head, as many
Return of the River is a striking documentary that follows a story of the Elwha River, whose waters were unleashed after a long period of being bounded by a 200-feet-high hydroelectric dam. The construction of the dam had completely transformed the ecology of the river, thereby harming its salmon population that was prevented from exploring its natural habitat. In addition to disrupting the river’s ecosystem, the power project ruined the lives of many native societies. The livelihoods of the members of Elwha Klallam tribe, who were not officially considered the US citizens until the late 1920s, were destroyed by a flood that followed the construction of the dam. The documentary shows that the demolition of the power plant was an important milestone for the Elwha’s unique ecosystem. In approximately 50 years, a territory that was flooded will be covered with forest. Salmon populations are expected to recover in less than a decade. It follows that the consequences of similar human projects can be ameliorated by concerted political and social efforts. The documentary emphasizes the negative impacts of the brutal force with which people alter natural flows of rivers. The outcry raised by the opposition of the dam removal was supported by a desire to preserve the economic status quo. The desire served as a testament to the egregious disregard of the environmental consequences of the Elwha’s flow alteration. It means that the success of the project should be used to fortify environmentalists’ conviction in proceeding with similar missions across the country and changing minds of those who are blind to the devastating effects of dam construction. It is extremely important because by engaging in river restoration, it is possible to achieve better environmental outcomes for future generations of Americans.
The industrial use of fans is needed today, especially on the enterprises of large size and global destinations at large. The current situation with the lack of energy inputs and resources for making the industrial approach more sufficient and competitive in the developed countries presupposes the need for saving energy resources with the rationality in current devices. In other words, it is vital in the industrial domain to make renovation in the use of machinery for their more performance gains. The paper is devoted to the question of fan performance in terms of occupational hygiene. In this respect, several points touch upon the factors which affect the “positive” work of the device. Moreover, such research will help make improvements in the use f fans in the UK. Their performance facilitation is at the core of the discussion. Hence, there is a direct approach of contemporary industrial development in inventing more rational proposals for making the concepts of effectiveness and efficiency dominant in the workplace. Population health is another constituent part of the wok process. Though, the life of people should be predetermined with awareness of effects and effects considered with their workspace and straightforward requirements of the senior staff. The technological approach for the use of industrial equipment today is intended to make more efforts in power saving and useful work of the appliances. Here the terms of input and output pressure, air and shaft power are vital to be discussed. The thing is that these factors are the most significant when talking about fan performance in modern industrial and technical know-how. According to Popendorf (2006), such element of the fan performance as the recommended operating range gives an expert good estimate of the fan performance. Thus, such features as pressure and power should be taken into account for the research of the effects which are apparent in the use of fans for the industrial need. A fan is simple in its arrangement: rotating impeller fixed on a shaft and supposedly there can be used glowing filament. Everything enumerated is placed in the cylindrical casing. However, the physical laws do not give many possibilities for the fans to work effectively or for all it is worth. The presupposed effects are pressure, power, and types of fans. Concerning Gardiner & Harrington (2005) fans include the notion of its total pressure, velocity pressure and static pressure. In this respect, it is necessary to admit that the dynamics of fan input and output pressure can be affected by such ph
Sleep is a condition that affects the body and all its systems for several hours. In most cases, it occurs at night and involves the inactivation of the nervous system. Precisely, most of the organs of the body are at rest during sleep. Their activities reduce and this results to reduced body temperatures and energy requirements. Besides, the ability to react to stimuli is reduced during sleep. Scientific research suggests that deprivation of sleep has a significant toll on mood, health, productivity and cognitive capacity (Lee-Chiong T, 2005). Sleep is necessary for growth. The growth of hormones is activated during sleep as well as bone development in young children and infants. Thus, young people need more sleep than the old. Sleep replenishes, strengthens and reestablishes the contents in the memory. In fact, 95% of people spend eight hours sleeping per day. Furthermore, 2.5% of people spend more than 8 hours day sleeping. Therefore, only 2.5% will require less than seven hours of adequate rest (Lee-Chiong, T. L. (2005). Most people will concur that a stressful day at home or work can be repaired by a long slumber. The next day one feels refreshed, calm, and ready for work. The aches, stresses, and pains of the previous day disappear in most cases. In fact, going without sleep for long is deemed as a form of intoxication; lack of sleep can result in drunkenness. It is during sleep that the body encodes the information it obtains during the day into the memory. This is suggested by the extreme activity of brain throughout sleep. Those that lack sleep often have little attention and are forgetful (Green, 2011). During sleep, the body rests and renovates energy while the brain thoroughly works night long processing memories and tasks. During sleep, the brain can have ample time to recover the knowledge that may it might have forgotten during the day. Thus, it ensures that the brain gets enough time to sort out occurrences or events. Extensive memories are generated while sleeping. This is possible through remembrance cells that underpin the memory of the brain. Research shows that sleeping encompasses two movements relating to the movement of the eyes. First, there is Non-rapid Eye Movement; an evident cycle during sleep. Secondly, there is Rapid Eye Movement that is essential to sleep. These states consist of four stages. During sleep, the body cycles between REM and NREM (Green, 2011). Sleeping encompasses durations of NREM that are pursued by other durations involving REM. Imaginings are present in the REM state of sleep. All these stages incorporate electroencephalographic aspects. REM is associated with widespread eye movement whereas NREM has reduced eye movement. Most NREM sleeps are not associated with aspects that relate to thoughts. Further, research shows that, there is no movement of muscles during the state of REM. People that do not undergo the two sleeping states get stuck in the NREM sleep, and since muscles are not paralyzed, a person can experience sleepwalk (Avidan, 2006). What is more, NREM has seen to it that there is proper systematization of the mind. Additionally, dreams play a sign
Introduction In the past two decades, the number of the Islamic banks has experienced a high demand. The key driver of the expansion has been globalization and the emerging wealthy countries in the Middle East (Chachi, 2005). In addition, during the financial crisis reported in Europe and other parts of the world, Islamic banks remained stable and depicted the ability to hedge out the risks that affected many financial institutions (Asutay, 2010). As a result, the Islamic finance system has drawn a lot of global interest. The system has gained acceptance in many parts of the world. Ahmed (2009) defined Islamic financial as a system of finance based on principles of Islamic banking, and that operates under the ethics of Islamic teaching. The following paper is a literature review of the legitimacy of financial risk management in Islamic banking. The literature will focus on the essential tenets of Islamic banking. Islamic Financial System The Islamic financial system is a concept, which gained global prominence in the mid-1980s (Ahmed, Rehman & Saif, 2010). Many businesspersons and leading European financiers adopted the core Islamic finance techniques, principles and instruments. A study conducted by Blay & Kuehn (2004) established that the primary tenet that defines the Islamic financial system is interest-free. The principle is based on Islamic teaching, which does not allow payment or receipt of interest. The principle advocates for sharing of duties, risks and property rights (Hamwi, 2009). The Islamic financial system does not cover the banking sector only; it includes other financial areas such as stock markets and financial intermediaries. In the typical interest financial system, the aim is to make profits based on contracts that exploit opportunities that bring back interest for the money invested in the contract (Jobst, 2007). The basis for the contracts is speculation on financial markets. However, a study conducted by Saeed (2005) found that the core tenet of the Sharia teaching is that unfair contracts based on speculations are not enforceable. The Islamic financial teaching places a lot of emphasis on the social justice and spiritual values (Wilson, 2007). The Quran does not draw boundaries between life of a Muslim and the financial dealings hence there is no separation of state and the religion (Ahmed, 2009). El-Qorchi (2005) noted that the interest-free system that makes it unlawful to receive and pay interest bars the people in the financial system from financial practices with the aim of earning interest. The implication for the practice free system is that it ensures that the system is risk aversive as the parties to the system share profits and losses (El-Qorchi, 2005). Vogel and Hayes (2008) found that the implication is that there is no predetermined gain in the financial system. The Sharia law that guides the no int
Introduction Earnings describe the benefits of an organization, which is the content of the wage report and a synopsis thing in budgetary report. Earnings are the fundamental thing in budgetary report because it reveals the firm’s profit margin and performance ( What is Earnings Management , 2007). Earnings likewise show the sign of direct asset distribution in capital business sector. Financial specialists and investigators look for earnings to decide the engaging quality of a specific stock. An organization’s capacity to create benefit assumes a critical part in deciding its stock’s cost. Since an organization’s worth is specifically related to future earnings, the management must comprehend the impact of their bookkeeping decisions or figure out how to oversee earnings so they can settle on the ideal choices for the organization. Earnings control has five highlights under the assumed definition. In the first place, management instead of bookkeepers controls earnings. Second, earnings are controlled intentionally and deliberately. Thus, earnings control is distinctive from accidental blunders, for example, erroneously entering wrong numbers by bookkeepers. Third, strides taken for earnings control incorporate not just bookkeeping decisions additionally genuine business choices. Thus, quickening the planning of offers through expanded cost rebates or more tolerant credit terms may prompt an increment in earnings management. Earnings control influenced by business choices is named as “genuine earnings control”, while earnings control influenced by bookkeeping decisions is “books earnings control”. However, the extreme motivation behind genuine earnings control is to influence the reported earnings. The degree of earnings control thoroughly relies on reported earnings craved by management. Earnings control has three distinctive structures: earnings management, earnings extortion, and imaginative bookkeeping. Thus, this paper will evaluate the concept of earnings management and ways to prevent the technique. Previous literatures revealed that corporations falsify their records to commit fraud. How to prevent earnings management Several techniques have been suggested to mitigate sharp practices on a firm’s earnings management. However, assessing the transparency of mo
Introduction Every army on active duty requires food and water for its survival. In fact, most military victories have been won based on access to food and water. In essence, when the army is well fed, then success can easily be achieved. In the past, armies used to block inlet for food or water to their adversaries thereby forcing them to surrender. This happened in ancient Greek wars, among others. Napoleon had once stated that any army could only march on its stomach. Napoleon’s remark only strengthened the fact that a contented army is one that is well fed. Presently, army officers must be well catered for to achieve any success in war (Taylor, 2015). Over the years, catering has become an important element in elite forces. Massive planning is required when catering for the army. Thousands of British army officers are stationed abroad. While some British servicemen are in Afghanistan and Iraq, others are stationed in Kosovo, among others. In essence, providing catering services for British army is not only challenging but also extensive. This paper will research on the British military catering system. I chose this production system because it would provide me with the skills to manage such challenging jobs in the future (Thompson, 2007). History Before World War II, each unit of the army had the responsibility of making its own food. Essentially, every battalion had the role of assigning cooks from its unit to provide food. In general, soldiers would cook for themselves in accordance with their units. British army built its first catering school in 1885. The catering school was built in Aldershot. However, there was no central command of the activities. This resulted in varied standard of foods depending on the unit at which food is prepared. As a result, each unit produced its own brand of food that differed in quality and recipes from the rest. The royal army service corps (RASC) governed the British cookery school at the time. In fact, it should be noted that standards of the cookery schools differed greatly. Moreover, the cookery schools remained under RASC until 1965. Pay trade program that comprised of the army units began in the mid 1930s. This revolutionary event marked the start of enhanced cookery in the army. However, it did not solve all the problems associated with unit cookery. In fact, these issues persisted throughout the period. In essence, the system of production of food for British army had