ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is a very thin line between law and ethics . Ethics focuses on acceptable principles that guide human actions and behaviors. On the other hand, “law” refers to a set of regulations that govern human actions. The government implements different laws in order to ensure every citizen behaves in a particular manner. Ethics is the foundation of many communities and societies. The law produces useful ethical principles. Every law enforcer should be ready to act in an ethical manner. Failure to engage in ethical practices will violate different human liberties. The relationship between law and ethics affects business activities differently. For instance, businesses that act in an unethical manner should face numerous legal sanctions. Ethical practices are therefore mandatory for different business organizations. However, the law encourages every citizen to promote acceptable or moral activities. Human beings can use different ethical theories to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of capitalism. To begin with, capitalism is ethically acceptable because it supports the concept of property ownership. Human beings possess a natural right to own property. Societies must embrace this natural right because it promotes human welfare. Although it would be wrong to own a lot of wealth, different ethical principles supports the decision to share natural resources. An “invisible hand” plays a powerful role towards producing free markets. This “invisible hand” also avails the required resources to every society. Capitalism has also resulted in new ethical practices such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Such actions explain why people should praise and embrace capitalism. Some ethicists strongly believe that capitalism promotes discrimination and inequality. Disparities in human lifestyles and incomes have resulted in new social challenges. Capitalism affects the natural rights of many people in the world. This market system also favors the rich in the community. Powerful corporations also benefit significantly from capitalism. It is unethical to exploit different individuals. These negativities explain why a large number of ethical theorists vilify capitalism. Some unique differences exist between selfishness and self-interest. Selfishness is usually associated with an individual’s egocentrism and self-orientation. Selfish individuals will always focus on their gains, demands, and expectations in life. On the other hand, “self-interest” refers to the positive aspects and characteristics of an individual. The person will eventually focus on new actions that might benefit others by creating wealth. Self-interest encourages individuals to focus on actions that have the potential to support their societies. Selfishness will result in negative ethical decisions that can affect other people. The practice tends to maximize the gains of those in power. Self-interest outlines new practices that can present better ideas for better business performance. Self-interest empowers in
Introduction Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBTs) represents a convergence of cognitive processes and behavioral strategies that aims at achieving cognitive and behavioral change. To be able to carry out CBT on a client or a group, one needs to understand the various treatment approaches that exist within the scope of CBT. CBT treatment At the core of CBT treatment is to train clients on ways to curb overt behaviors, while at the same time attempting to keep to a minimum the cognitive demands on clients. In carrying out CBT on a client, I will put into practice the therapeutic procedures that organized CBT into cognitive restructuring, coping skills therapies, and problem-solving therapies. Cognitive Restructuring In my practice of the cognitive restructuring therapy, I will focus on the client’s thoughts since according to this perspective; emotional distress is assumed to result from maladaptive thoughts. CBT stipulates that different emotions are often associated with different thoughts. For example, depression is associated with thoughts such as ‘I am worthless’, ‘the future is bleak’, or ‘nothing will change’, while anxiety is associated with thoughts such as ‘I am in danger’ or ‘something terrible is going to happen’. Likewise, anger is associated with thoughts such as ‘I have been disrespected’ or ‘it is unfair’ amongst others. Therefore, in my therapy on the clients, I will have to establish the sources of such thoughts and help the client understand how to tackle them through a guided self-help approach. The aim here will be to replace the client’s presumed distorted thoughts of life events with more adaptive and realistic appraisals. This self-guided approach is based on collaborative procedures that involve designing specific learning experiences to teach clients on how to monitor automatic thoughts; recognize the relationship between these thoughts and cognition or behavior; ways to test the validity of the relationships, and measures to apply to substitute the distorted thoughts with more realistic cognitions. Cognitive Coping Therapy Applying the cognitive coping skills therapy on the client, on the other hand, will require an in-depth analysis of the triggers of maladaptive thoughts and offers alternative responses to such thoughts. It focuses on the development of a range of skills that are designed to help the clients cope with a variety of life situations. In this scenario, the therapist finds that repetition is indispensable to the learning process of the clients to develop expertise and to make certain that newly acquired behaviors are available when needed. Therefore, I will emphasize behavioral rehearsal by use of wide-ranging, practical case examples to improve generalization to real-life settings. In therapy, especially
The book The Worst Years of Our Lives by Barbara Ehrenreich gives insight into life in the 1980s following the invention of television (TV) dating a few years back during the 20 th century. Her assertion comes upon realization that much that goes on on TV does not reflect regular life because it has become boring. She argues that regular life is in fact too boring to broadcast because TV has transformed most Americans into couch potatoes. She argues that this was not the case before its invention since most people were active and would actually do some of these things on TV but they have instead chosen a sedentary lifestyle, either because it has become tasking or cumbersome for them to peel themselves off the couch or because it is too dangerous to do some of these things. This is not quite the reason, in my opinion, for the vegetative effect that TV has on most people. I believe that TV is mostly entertaining and enriching until the point where people let it govern their lives; not because of the content but the personal choice not to do anything else with their lives. The point of TV has never been to reflect ordinary and daily lives of people. Rather, it has been a mode of entertainment. The fast cars, the gun battles and the general excitement of adrenaline inducing activities have always been the main objective in broadcast TV. Most people want to see what they cannot have in normal life reflected on- screen by actors and cartoon characters. When someone sees the cartoon rendition of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , they are taken into a world of fantasy with boundless possibilities. Some people may actually believe such a world exists while others just see it as entertainment and move on with their lives. My argument here is therefore, that those who get sucked into these false perceptions are more likely to become couch potatoes not only because it is a release but also because it is an escape from reality which may not be as fairy-tale like as portrayed in TV; it is more a psychological effect and a matter of choice than co
Introduction Time and again, short-run economic growth shifts from its long-run growth pattern. This phenomenon causes distortions in the markets for commodities and capital, which could result in fluctuations in economic performance. Economists have for ages studied causes and consequences of economic fluctuations, also called business cycles. Some studies have established that most business cycles are caused by the imbalance between capital investment by firms and the amount of savings by the public. Thus a growth in investments could be caused by the increase in savings, which is called a savings induced boom, or by the increase in money supply by the central bank, which is referred to as a credit induced growth. Consequently, economic scholars from different schools of economic thought have developed theories that explain business cycles. One theory is the Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT), which explains why some economic booms (the upward trends of business cycle) are sustainable while others are not. ABCT’s Background ABCT finds its roots in the capital theory outlined by Carl Manger in his late 19th-century book, Principles of Economics (Manger 96). The theory was late improved by Eugen Von Bohm-Bawerk in his book Capital and Interest (Bohm-Bawerk 126). Economist Knut Wicksell was to later improve the theory by combining Manger’s capital theory with Bohm-Bawerk’s interest rate dynamics. Indeed according to Roger Garrison, Wicksell’s work gave the theory a complete Austrian school of thought outlook. Garrison adds that it was the well-known Austrian economists, Ludwig Von Mises and Friedrich A. Hayek, who improved Wicksell’s theory and titled it the “Austrian Business Cycle Theory” (Ebeling 23). The ABCT explains the difference between an economic boom caused by an increase in savings, and one caused by an increase in credit. For reasons that are going to be explained later on in this paper, ABCT concludes that the savings-induced growth is sustainable, whereas the credit-induced growth is not. Non-sustainability of the credit-induced growth makes it unpopular among Austrian economists. How ABCT Works The Austrian theory arrives at
The modern society places intense efforts in the continuous search of information about several phenomena that need answers. The process has resulted in the achievement of crucial milestones in several disciplines; hence, a little slumber may impact negatively on the ability of an individual to cope with the changing needs of the society. A few decades ago, during the first discovery of the computer, the common person did not realize the hidden potential of the discovery. However, as the society got deeper into the information age, the applicability of the computer increased; today, almost all activities, jobs and daily lives revolve around the computer. Currently, a gradual reduction in the global illiteracy levels takes place because people of all ages have taken the step to make a difference (Timarong, Marianne & Wilma, 2003). In fact, the adult population is much on the front line searching for lost accomplishments. However, adult learners experience several problems such as identity issues. In this paper, the author exposes some of the main problems faced by adult learners. In their quest for knowledge, adult learners have experienced difficulties coping with younger or even fellow adult learners due to several reasons (Timarong et al., 2003). In the following mapping diagram, the relationship highlights how several emotional factors affect their learning process. Thereafter, a detailed description of the factors affecting their learning process follow and possible remedies suggested. Figure 1: Adult Learning Problems Mapping diagram. Detailed Analysis As shown in the mapping diagram (figure 1), the five key identity problems that affect adult learners include; shame, fear, environmental and emotional sensitivity, emotional regulation, and difficulties in adjusting to change. These factors combined, limit the level of achievement that adult learners can attain because their depressing function. Several studies show that adult learners are prone to identity problems because of a feeling of being incomplete, and can be made even worse by small challenges (Timarong et al., 2003). The following paragraphs will expose how these factors make adult learning unbearable for some. First of all, several adult learners become victims of shame especially in situations
“Ancient Chinese legends tell the stories of heroic figures who invented agriculture, domesticated animals, taught people to marry and live in families, created music, introduced the calendar, and instructed people in the arts and crafts.” (Bentley and Ziegler 109) China has contributed immensely towards the culture of the world, some significant contributions include T’angculture which is Buddhist influence in art and the same is predominant in the field of sculpture and numerous other masterpieces which are well admired all round the world. One such masterpiece is Daoism, the term may sound complicated but in reality it is not as complicated as it sounds. This paper will discuss the evolution and the principles of Daoism. The belief in the existence of a universal principle leads contemplative minds to search for the profound and truth in nature and man himself. Having said this, Daoism as one of the Chinese philosophy entails to explore the credence of nature being the superior proliferating factor in a person’s existence in this realm. Man learns a lot of things from nature hence every man in some way or the other follows Daoism. “Factions of Imperial family members, Confucian scholar bureaucrats, and court eunuchs sought to increase their influence, protect their own interests, and destroy their rivals.” (Bentley and Ziegler 202) Daoism has a native connection like another term which is Confucianism, the spirit of the Chinese people is reflected by Daoism. It evolved from the ancient Chinese society and it portrays the beliefs and ideology of the Han nationality. The source of its origination is from the worship of gods and spirits. Daoism is regarded as philosophical tradition of China malong with Confucianism. Daoism’s theory was based on the mystic universal principle called Tao , which is the beginning of all being; hence, it could be understood as non-being. Having no begetter, Tao is best expressed by spontaneity. From these ideas the workings of Tao was perceived as actually non-activity or doing nothing that is not done by itself. In this regard, the law of nature is the focal element in dealing with one’s life. There is an important thing to be learnt here which is that the nature allows things to occur and no one can force itself on nature. This exemplification was brought about by the ideals of what nature could provide us, and in lieu of which, it is only in the hands of an individual on how to have a grip on this kind of perception. On top of everything, it was understood that Tao was the all-pervading principle that exists prior to the existence of the universe. It was found in everything, no matter how trivial or base. The underpinning principle of the theory of relativity in Daoism defies the existing social institutions since it tends to draw lines. In addition to this, the notions of right and wrong was uttered that it has never been existed. The explanation for this was that right is right only because of the existence of wrong and that nothing is absolutely right. In its best way, it is very much logical to think that a part of a certain element goes hand in hand with the other. In this philosoph
Introduction The themes of the time of the day and seasons of the year are among the most popular with poets. Nature’s changes, different shades of light, people’s feelings: all of these and many other aspects can be reflected in poetic creations. Whereas evening and winter are most frequently associated with some dark and sinister changes, morning and spring are often related to positive and sunny emotions. Rita Dove’s “Dawn Revisited,” Linda Pastan’s “Waking,” and David Romtvedt’s “Sunday Morning Early” depict morning as a symbol of new life, new beginnings, and new opportunities. Main body All three poems are focused on the fresh start the morning can set. Whereas Romtvedt describes a real-life situation that happened in the past, Dove and Pastan tell imaginary stories with no concrete narrators or other characters. However, all poems are filled with the charm and vigor the morning brings. In Dove’s piece, the reader is invited to imagine a morning of a new, yet unspoiled day “with a second chance” (2). Poetic devices, such as alliteration, assonance, and personification, help to manifest the author’s optimistic mood. The instances of alliteration and assonance create an effect of special rhyme: “still stands, spreading” (Dove 4), “never know” (13), “rise in sunlight” (7), “blown open” (11). Personification inspires the reader to view the objects as important characters in the poem: “prodigal smell of biscuits” (Dove 8). Hence, even the most common things can be hiding a certain degree of magic for a keen observer. In her poem, Dove encourages the readers to be curious and active rather than remain uninterested in the world around them. She says, “You’ll never know <…> / if you don’t get up and see” (Dove 13, 15). At the same time, the poet urges people that they should not forget about the past: “If you don’t look back, / the future never happens” (Dove 5-6). Meanwhile, unconditional and unlimited freedom is promised to those who are not afraid of making new starts: “The whole sky s yours <…> / blown open / to a blank page” (Dove 10, 11-12). Dove’s poem is a picturesque ode to a new day. Romtvedt’s poem is also about nature, but at the same time, it concentrates on the communication between the narrator and his daughter. The intimacy of their relationship is emphasized by the placement of the two characters in the middle of the water, where there is no one to disturb or interrupt them: they “paddle red kayaks / across the lake” (Romtvedt 1-2). Numerous instances of alliteration and consonance help to recreate the tone of the situation by creating the atmosphere of the flow of the water. To name a few: “blue-black” (Romtvedt 8), “learning to leave well enough alone” (14), “live a life” (19), “start to speak then stop” (21). The author utilizes other devices to make the sense of the poem more emphatic, including onomatopoeia, synecdoche, and metaphor. Onomatopoeic words create a sound picture: “chirring / of grasshoppers” (Romtvedt 15-16), “clap of thunder” (17). Instances of synecdoche – “chirring <…> reach us” (Romtvedt 15-16) – and metaphor – “the chu
Introduction The exterior environment according to which business actions may create instances which business is able to operate, moreover to the threats which could harm the business project. Nevertheless, to be in a location to enhance opportunities or counter to dangers, a commerce necessity to have the right capital and capabilities in place. A significant part of the commerce approach is regarded with ensuring that these reserves and capabilities are realized and appraised – a process that is often known as a “Strategic Audit”. Resource Audit The resource audit classifies the resources obtainable to commerce. Some of these can be held (e.g. plant and equipment, brand names, trade openings) whereas other reserves can be acquired through corporations, joint schemes, or simply dealer agreements with other industries. Value Chain Analysis Value Chain Analysis defines the actions that take place in commerce and is connected to an investigation of the competitive power of the business. Powerful work by Michael Porter offered that the movements of a business could be divided into two titles:  1. Primary Activities – those that are straightforwardly anxious with producing and shipping a product (e.g. component assembly);  2. Support Activities, which whilst they are not straightforwardly included in manufacture, may enlarge efficiency or competence (e.g. HR management). It is unusual for a business to commence all primary and sustain activities. Value Chain Analysis is one way of classifying which activities are best undertaken by commerce and which are best offered by others (“outsourced”). Core Competence Analysis Core competencies are those features that are decisive to commerce achieving competitive benefit. The starting point for analyzing core competencies is recognizing that competition among different businesses is as much a race for capability mastery as it is for market location and market power. Senior administration cannot concentrate on all activities of an industry and the competencies required commencing them. So the aim is for the administration to focus concentration on competencies that really affect competitive advantage. Performance Analysis The resource audit, charge chain analysis, and core competence analysis help to define the strategic capabilities of a business. After finishing such a study, questions can be inquired that assess the general presentation of the commerce. These queries include:   * How have the resources deployed in the business changed over time; this is a “historical analysis”   * How do the resources and capabilities of the business compare with others in the industry – “indus
Introduction Qatar National Bank is one of the oldest Qatari banks and a central piece to the Qatari banking system. With over 7 billion dollars in operating income, it is one of the largest and most influential financial institutions in the Middle East, with its offices present in 31 countries (Kamrava 2017). The company is governed using a top-down operational structure for most projects, with initiatives rising from the top and then passed on through individual layers of authority and command, all the way down to the ground-level personnel (Kamrava 2017). Recently, the bank sought to implement a customer satisfaction program that would give the company knowledge about what do the customers perceive as strengths and weaknesses of the provided services and help adjust accordingly. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the proposed project in accordance to the overall business strategy, market requirements, operational experience, and capability of development of its own resources and processes. Evaluation of the Project Using the 4-Stage Model The project launched by Qatar National Bank involves the collection of feedback about recent banking operations and employee performance through various means of engagement, including personal requests for feedback at the office, e-mails, phone calls, and SMS messages to banking customers. They are requested to evaluate the performance of the system they have been using, the performance of the employee servicing them (if available), and any potential complaints and recommendations they might have. The project lasted for 3 months, during which customer feedback was collected. It was later analyzed using quantitative (for scores) and qualitative means (for text and verbal feedback), to implement changes throughout the Qatar National Banking system. The changes involved installing ATMs and self-service machines in greater numbers near all banks as well as selected public locations, removing telephone bots in favor of human operators, and simplifying the customer journey experience by reducing the number of steps needed to be taken before the transaction is completed. The project will be evaluated using the 4-Stage model. Hayes and Wheelwright’s 4-Stage model is a conceptual tool meant to evaluate the project with the extent of how its operational contributions improve the company’s competitiveness (Slack and Brandon-Jones 2018). Its four steps are as follows (Slack and Brandon-Jones 2018):   * Step 1: Relationship with internal and external customers. It reflects on the way operations relate with external customers and how it manages the relationships with internal users.   * Step 2: Understanding of operations practice. Reflects on how well the organization understands and knows its own operational practices.   * Step 3: Links with competitive strategy. Reveals the way resources are being used in relation to the company’s competitive strategy.   * Step 4: Innovation within the operation. Shows how the pr