ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Keeping track of student transcripts can be a heavy bureaucratic job that needs to be done away with as technology advances. Among these technologies are database management systems that allow creating an ordered library of student transcripts, as well as the students themselves, faculties, departments, and other essential entities within the university. The unique enumeration of students can help avoid confusion when having the same first or last name and implement transitions to other courses, keeping the student’s primary key identified. What is no less important is the ability to search and obtain quantitative knowledge control statistics for given keys of both courses, faculties, groups, and students individually, just like their work. Now requests will be available to all involved employees who may need this information: they will no longer have to submit relevant applications to the archive wait for a physical search. It is worth noting the security issues of this project, which consist of a possible data leak. This database should include only those data that are already in the public domain: no more than the name and surname of each student. Attackers can use any additional personal information in data leakage. While this database can be a handy tool for storing all student information, this should not be done for security reasons. This project is aimed primarily at more convenient accounting of student work, which is also protected by copyright and should not be available within the project. The papers themselves should be stored in other secure places of the university by the identification numbers used in the database for easy and quick retrieval. An explicit restriction of information in the project’s entities will provide a smaller amount of work and an adequate statement of the problem.
For my community service, I worked at a homeless shelter that provided thirty-six beds, showering facilities, and a washing machine to everyone, who checked in before. The shelter also provides lawyer and social worker consultations for one hour during the day. The homeless people can rest in the shelter from 8 p.m. until 9 a.m. and come for consultations between 12 p.m. and 1 p.m. The shelter also provides one hot meal in the evening and a light breakfast in the morning per person. Every Monday, the shelter gives out personal hygiene items to those in need. The shelter also organizes outreach and humanitarian work during the day to ensure that homeless people in the community know about the shelter and the services it provides. During my service, I participated in a humanitarian program conducted every week. Every Saturday, the shelter provides hot meals to everyone in the local park. During the program, the volunteers give away food and information to the homeless people about the shelter. The volunteers also give handouts with information about the different needs of the shelter to all people in the area to encourage private donations. These donations help to finance the shelter’s outreach and humanitarians programs. Currently, the shelter plans to start giving out hot meals on Wednesdays due to the COVID-19 situation. Thus, the activity I participated in was both a humanitarian and outreach program. Jane, the manager of the program, demonstrated a wide range of leadership values, which were crucial for the success of the program. First, she was guided by the principle of respect for all people regardless of their age, sex, race, or socio-economic position, which is central according to Mitchell (2015). She treated every person passing by in the park with the same respect she treated the volunteers. Second, she was guided by the principle of humility, which was demonstrated by a sense of humbleness, dignity, and an awareness of her limitations. Finally, she was committed to making a difference in the community to improve the well-being of every person around her. These values were also demonstrated by Michael depicted in the Heart City scenario. He treated the young people with respect even though they were unfriendly to him in the beginning. Michael was also committed to making a difference in the community, as he achieved the desired goal regardless of the circumstances. However, the Heart City case scenario did not reveal Michael’s acknowledgment of his limitations. Thus, the leadership values demonstrated by
Overview of Relevant Theories Consumer behavior is a complex field. The complexity arises from the difficulties associated with predicting human behavior. People exposed to the same conditions do not always respond in the same way. This makes the study of consumer behavior important to help determine the potential range of consumer responses that arise from exposure to marketing communication. There are many theories that seek to explain why consumers behave in certain ways. In this section, the theories reviewed are the Theory of Reasoned Action, and the Theory of Social Comparison. In addition, it will be important to review Kozinets’ Model that describes online consumer user typologies, and the one-to-many communication model. The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) was the precursor to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The main assumption that led to the development of TRA was that all behavior arises from the intention to do something. This means that every person makes a deliberate choice to behave in a certain way. The researchers attributed the intention to do something to three factors. The first factor was the attitude of the individual towards the activity. If a person was favorably disposed towards a certain activity, then the individual was likely to engage in it. The second factor put forward by the researchers was that the intention to carry out an activity depended on the subjective norms of the individual. This meant that if the activity was within the experience of the individual, then the likelihood of engaging in it was higher. The third element that contributed to behavior was the perceived behavioral control of the individual. It was necessary for the person to have the capacity to direct their actions to carry out a specific activity. The realization that some behavioral patterns were involuntary led to the emergence of TPB. This change made it possible for researchers to account for involuntary behavioral traits that the TRA model could not explain. The second theory that is of interest to this project is the Theory of Social Comparison. This theory postulates that people judge their personal worth based on social comparisons. The measures used for social comparison include intelligence, wealth, and personal attractiveness. This theory seeks to explain consumer behavior based on the realization that people take action to improve their perceived social value. Consumers buy certain products to increase their social worth. Kozinets model deals with the specific factors that influence consumption in online communities. Consumers in online communities do not have sufficient social pressure to drive them to make decisions based on social comparison. Kozinets picked two main measures to develop four basic typologies of online consumers. The first measure was social ties within the online community. A new member in an online community does not have any ties wi
Abstract The IDEA Proficiency Tests (Pre-IPT) as a measure of the individual linguistic skills were created for children 3-5 age. The test contains different items which help indicating the ability of speaking of children of the different groups such as native, limited and non-native English speakers, providing the diagnosis of their strengths and weaknesses. Introduction Historically, preschool education is a period when a child starts socializing and preparing for the academic learning. Therefore, the instruments of measuring of the learning skills are necessary as it is important to take into consideration the needs of every child. Such formal assessment as the IDEA Proficiency Test (Pre-IPT) is the unique tool of measuring the skills of the particular age group of children. The present test is an answer on the demands of schools to make the capabilities accountable. Method During the 15-20 minutes, children have to cope with the items, including vocabulary, comprehension, syntax and verbal expressions. Score system analyzes the answers and provides the results. Result The results of the present tests provide the demonstration of the linguistic skills of the concrete child and indicate the different level of capability of the native, limited and non-native English speakers. Such results are necessary for the schools as the visual demonstration of the strengths and the level of development of each child. Conclusion The IDEA Proficiency Tests (Pre-IPT) are the useful instruments that help to discover the information needed for better understanding of needs of every child. As the present test contains oral elements, it measures the speaking skills. The content and length are appropriate for the developmental level of children 3-5 years. Thereby, the IDEA Proficiency Tests (Pre-IPT) can be recommended as the useful measures. Screening or assessment? Assessment, the test contains different types of the items. Formal or Informal? As the nationally normed language proficiency assessment, the IDEA Proficiency Tests are formal. Criterion or norm referenced? The answers on the items are the criterions of scoring according to the group of the students (native, limited or non-native speakers). Administration and Scoring? The score is converted to one of seven proficiency levels that are different for the native speakers, limited English speakers and non-English speakers. Developmental domain(s) assessed? The IDEA Proficiency Tests (Pre-IPT) are helpful instruments within the process of research of the students’ skills and the level of development of a child. Age group targeted? The test was developed for students in grades 3-5 years. Available in multiple languages? English and Spanish versions are available. Valid and Reliable? The test is reliable and valid due to its adequate measuring of the speaking skills of the children. Materials and Training? Materials and trainings are available in the Pre-IPT-Oral English Technical Manuals. Reliability How was reliability determined for the test? What were the methods used? Reliability for the test was determined as t
One of the biggest climatologic concerns that are capturing the minds of not only scientists but also general public is global warming. As such, global warming is a dramatic increase in the average temperature of our planet’s near-surface air and ocean waters. This increase has been especially observed within the twentieth century, when the average temperature rose by almost one degree (Oxlade 4). The most worrying thing is that according to the climate projections, scientists expect the warming to continue further, which may have dramatic effects on the planet’s climate and on the life on the earth in general. The key reason for emergence of global warming is envisioned by scientists in the so-called greenhouse effect. This effect emerges due to high concentration of greenhouse gases in the earth atmosphere, with the major gases being water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide (Soon 3). Despite their small concentration in the earth atmosphere (they make up less than 0.1 percent of the atmosphere), those gases play a crucial role in regulating the planet’s temperature balance (Oxlade 10). Greenhouse gases possess the property of absorbing some of the energy that would otherwise, in their absence, escape into the atmosphere. Some of greenhouse gases, like water vapor, occur naturally; others result to a large extent from human activities. With respect
Cats make better pets than dogs because they are much more independent than dogs and this independence makes them resemble to human beings. Cats can live their own lives; they can disappear for hours to spend time having their own adventures and then come back to you and purr you about the adventures. This argument for cats can be rebutted if the owner of the dog likes when it follows him or her everywhere without respecting the master’s personal space. Very likely that this argument only holds if the master does not hate cats in general and does not suffer from cat allergy. Cats do not like to be dependent on the master’s desire to have a walk with them. Instead, they can easily organize promenade by themselves. Let your cat go outside and it will surely come back home sharing its positive emotions with you. Contrary to dogs that should be kept a watchful eye on, cats are not harmful and can be left alone outdoors. The dog left without the master’s supervision may scare people or cause them physical harm. Meanwhile cats will either find a cosy place on the roof of the house and bask in the sun or join some chorus their fellows created. In the latter case, of course, some discomfort may be expected. The independence of cats is the visible sign of the character they possess. Cats are different depending on their moods, they can either be kind and caring or they can show their claws if the master does not allow them to be in the focus of attention. Dogs seem to be less flexible in terms of mood. Though they are always ready to serve their masters, this does not speak of the individual traits that they posses. Cats have strong personalities. If they are offended by the master they do not give him/her the usual warmth they possess, but if they are treated kindly they do not hesitate to show their gratitude to the master. Different conduct in different situations distinguishes cats from each other, whereas dogs seem to be the same in their habitual conduct. Those who prefer dogs might claim that cats often jump on their masters, on the newspapers they are reading on the keyboard they are typing on, etc. But these all is the problem of the cat’s training. The norms of cat’s conduct should be cultivated since the very young age of the kitty. If the master realizes the importance of cat’s training and handles it properly the cat will never dis
Acquiring good education is one of the most important things that many people strive to achieve. Apart from equipping people with knowledge and the ability to think for themselves, good education enables them to get good jobs. Everybody who goes to school dreams of getting a good job and living a good life after studies. Although in some cases individuals who have little education get opportunities that enable them to live better lives than those with good education, education generally increases the chances of people of getting good jobs and living good lives. Majority of those who lack good education get the lowest paying jobs and lose them whenever more educated people show interest in the same jobs. Job opportunities have become scarce such that most college graduates are forced to do jobs that do not require college degrees. In the current job market, a college degree does not guarantee a good job. Most college graduates have been finding it difficult to secure employment because of limited opportunities in the job market. This is according to an article entitled “Many with New College Degree Find the
Introduction In management, it is very critical to make rational decisions that help to minimize challenges associated with investments. Human judgment is an important aspect in the decision making process because it helps to determine the relevance of the decision made, as well to interpret the findings. However, human judgment leads to misdirected strategic planning in cases where it is faulty. Therefore, to avoid faulty human judgment in the decision-making process, it is imperative for a firm to reflect on adopting a viable decision making model that would facilitate an increase in their sales volume. This paper will focus on a discussion of rational decision-making model, and then delve into its application in the advertisement area of the hotel industry. Discussion Rational decisional making model takes an approach of highlighting the best decision among a number of alternatives. A case in point for this model is the six-step decision-making process, which involves following six steps before coming up a viable decision. The first step involves defining what the decision maker wants to achieve (Williams 2008: 182). This necessitates recognising the need for change or decision-making. In this respect, the decision makers should endeavor to answer the following questions: what do we want to accomplish with the decision that we are about to make? Will this decision directly affect the workers or the clients? How will the workers or clients react to this decision? What will be the pros and cons of making this decision? Will this decision lead us a step higher to achieving our dreams? How will we know that the decision made is successful? After all these questions are addressed, the decision makers can use their personal preferences, values, and interests to determine what is relevant. A decision criterion that would facilitate achievement of goals should be identified shortly after the decision makers define the problem (Eisenführ et al. 2009: 210). This entails carrying out a research using various alternatives in a bid to analyse how to achieve the proposed decision. The decision makers have a role of reviewing and weighing the previously identified alternatives in order to award them with the correct priority. This is normally followed by developing a number of viable alternatives for problem solving strategies. However, the alternatives are only listed, but not appraised. The next stage involves rating the alternatives against the criterion. The already set criterion facilitates a thorough evaluation of the strengths as well as the weaknesses of every selected alternative. Finally, the decision-makers compute the optimal decision based on its strengths and weaknesses. The strengths of this model stems from the following factors:   * Situations facing a company can only be successfully analysed if the decision makers come up with ways of defining them explicitly;   * Coming up with a number of alternatives facilitates an increase in the
Introduction Since the crusades in the Middle Ages, religious disputes rarely had such a massive impact on politics up until recently. Nowadays, they appear to have returned themselves a status of a highly popular topic for academic, media, and political discussions in the context of the continuous Middle East tensions in the form of a general concept of ‘sectarianism.’ Among other definitions, the term usually refers to the clashes and hatred between various confessions within a single religion. The events of the Arab Spring seem to have further escalated the unrest in the hearts and minds of Islamic people causing them to turn against their coreligionists. Disturbances have echoed through the Arab world bringing changes and leaving unresolved issues that still tear apart GCC countries and, especially, Bahrain. The dramatic events in the latter, which have changed the political and social agenda in the Gulf, have become the topic of the present study. It is going to prove the idea that the outbursts of violence there were mostly fueled by the Al Khalifa government, who demonized the image of the Shia community in Bahrain, using the effect to strengthen its position of power and divert citizens’ attention from fighting for their political and social freedoms. In addition, the paper will try to disprove the notion of Bahraini Shias attempting to hurl the country into chaos under the guidance of Iran, which is a common belief in the GCC. The look into the history of sectarianism in Bahrain may help to understand that the two denominations used to live peacefully under one roof and that it might be still possible. The causes and outcomes of the key events in the world of Arab politics are covered in many aspects and by many researchers. However, there is a slight lack of focus on the government’s role in turning the country into a sectarian state and methods, which they seem to have used to draw the attention of the masses away from fighting for human rights. The current paper will try to fill that gap. The Rebellion for Human Rights and Democracy The tragic events of 2011 that claimed the lives of dozens of protesters in action and severed thousands more after that, bear the mark of long-tolerated suffering from all forms of human rights violation and underrepresentation. The state media seems to have distorted claims of justice, equality, and political freedom. What is now widely believed to be an Iran-backed Shia attempt to overthrow the legitimate government of Bahrain appears to be merely a desperate effort of Bahraini citizens to announce their ideas to the authorities. Nowadays, the streets of Bahrain, as well as the Internet, seem to be full of distrust, mutual accusations, and hatred, which may be convenient to the rulers: as long as their alleged enemies are divided, the power stays in their hands. However, before that, there appeared to be room for cooperation, as all Bahraini citizens alike share the problems of the state. No Sunni no Shia, just Bahraini This is one of the slogans that protesters had during their marches. The idea behind it
Introduction The estuarine environment exemplifies a transition between freshwater and marine environment (Zhang 2011). Therefore, the characteristics of an estuarine habitat are largely influenced by these two ecosystems. River movements and tidal waves propel the riverine and maritime populations to estuaries and hence influence the diversity and profusion of estuarine communities (Rochelle-Newall 2011). Consequently, factors such as salinity, turbidity, and nutrient concentrations are altered. Chlorophyll is a vital pigment that takes in light energy that is used in the production of plant food through photosynthesis (Blankenship 2013). This important molecule is found in phytoplankton, particularly algae and cyanobacteria. The amount of chlorophyll determines the rate of photosynthesis and the populations of phytoplankton, which also affects the diversity of zooplankton that feed on phytoplankton (Gołdyn and Kowalczewska-Madura 2008). The objective of this lab was to extract and measure the quantity of chlorophyll-a present in phytoplankton and use it to estimate the biomass of phytoplankton. It was hypothesized that the abundance of phytoplankton and abundance and diversity of zooplankton varied along an estuarine gradient. Methods A 15 ml centrifuge tube containing a sample of phytoplankton on a filter paper was collected, and the date and collection site of the sample were recorded. 8 ml of analytical grade ethanol was then added to the tube in a fume chamber after which the tube was wrapped in aluminum foil to prevent the disintegration of chlorophyll by light. The tube was labeled appropriately, shaken vigorously, and placed in a test tube holder in the refrigerator for two hours to permit the extraction of chlorophyll into the ethanol. The sample was shaken intermittently in the course of the two-hour extraction period. The sample was centrifuged for 5 minutes to detach the filter paper from the chlorophyll extract. The chlorophyll extract was transferred into a 1-cm path length cuvette using a disposable pipette. Stock ethanol in a second cuvette was used as a blank to calibrate the spectrophotometer at a