ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO), zoonoses are diseases caused by pathogens. Through a natural process, they are transmitted from animals to human beings. With the emerging global issues such as climate change and severe weather conditions, so much has to be done to guarantee environmental safety (Cotruvo, Dufour, Rees, Bartram, Carr, Cliver, Craun, Fayer, & Gannon 17). Bradley’s Classifications of Water-Related Diseases Bradley gives four main classifications of water-related infections. These include; water-borne infections such as typhoid and cholera, water-washed infections which result from poor personal or domestic cleanliness, water-based infections where part of the pathogens life cycle is in an aquatic environment and finally, infections with water-related insect vectors which are transmitted by insects that breed in water such as mosquitoes (Cotruvo et al. 32-4). The World Health Organization provides two other water-related transmissions. There are those transmitted by inhalation of water aerosols and those passed on by consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated fish (Cotruvo et al. 34). Zoonoses are considered to be water-related for two major reasons. First, part of the pathogen’s life cycle enters water either through feces or urine. Secondly, the pathogen is transmitted from animals to humans through a water-related avenue. This can be either through water ingestion or by contact (Cotruvo et al. 36). One of the factors affecting the distribution of water-borne zoonoses is the presence of contaminated water sources that aid the movement of pathogens from one victim to another. Poor sanitation and disposal of animal and human waste also create healthy breeding grounds for the parasites. Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzias, is an example of a parasitic disease. Snails, water and humans are the main carriers of the pathogen that causes this disease. Larvae will usually emerge from infected snails that get into water and later penetrate human skin, finally end up in the human host where they mature into adult worms. They mate and the female deposits eggs. The eggs then move to intestines, and later are released either through stool or urine from the human body into water. They then proceed to produce in the water giving birth to what is known as miracidia, a larval form that can smoothly swim about. The miracidia enters a snail host and later comes out as the larvae (Shope 1). Schistosomiasis infections are common in African countries, South America and Asia with prevalence being high among women and younger people (Shope 1). A recent occurrence was witnessed in Mberengwa district, Zimbabwe in March 2010. The outbreak affected quite a number of school going children. The parasites are favored by mid range temperatures of between 25 o C and 28 o C. This is bound to worsen as the
Thesis This discussion affirms why Roy Jenkins was not only a great British politician, but also the most suited writer to write the biography of England’s exemplary Prime Minister and warlord – Winston Churchill. Summary of Roy Jenkins’ Churchill: A Biography In Churchill: A Biography , Roy Jenkins as the author gives a detailed analysis of the personality and life of Churchill right from childhood coupled with his political life during and after the Second World War. Having served in top leadership positions, the author provides an elaborate narration of Churchill’s remarkable career in well-structured overarching themes. The brilliant breadth of knowledge and elegant intelligence makes Churchill: A Biography one of the best biographies of Churchill. The book is divided into six parts and each part covers different sections of Churchill’s life as from 1874 to 1965. These sections are accompanied by references, selected bibliographies, glossary of parliamentary terms, and index pages to give the reader a good comprehension of the narration. The first section deals with the young Winston Churchill and his life with his father, Lord Randolph, who was a member Tory Party. Here, the author presents a side of Winston Churchill that does not shy away from confessing his love for his mother The second section, The Glow-worm Glows: The Morning was Golden 1908-1914, introduces the reader to a young diplomat who spent time uniting with some Tory MPs such as Ian Malcolm and Arthur Stanley. These Mps were renamed the Hughligans due to their offensive and critic character. The subsequent section focuses on Churchill’s Admiralty and his life. It introduces readers to a controversial Churchill who facilitated the Dardanelles/Gallipoli campaign, which failed, thus forcing him to pull out and move to the military in France. 1 Part three and four introduce readers to a determined Churchill who after failing in the Dardanelines/Gallipoli campaign, serves as a battalion commander in France and then as a Secretary for War. However, after the fall of the Liberal Party, he fails to win a seat until he is elected as an independent MP in the 1924 elections. He later on served as Chancellor of the Exchequer. At the brink of the Second World War, Neville Chamberlain invited him back where he served in the First Lord and Admiralty and then took over the post of Neville Chamberlain as the Prime Minister. The zenith of the narration is in part five, The Savior of His Country and the Light of the World- 1939-1945, where the leadership of Churchill is evident. His motivational speeches encouraged the British army to soldier on even when Hitler was at the brink of winning the war. Churchill played a critical role in helping the Britain succeed in the war. Section 6 focuses on the final moments of Churchill’s life. Jenkins elaborates on Churchill’s peaceful campaigns. In a recap, the book introduces readers to a man who lived a very long and dynamic life. From the onset, Winston Churchill lived a life full of action, conflict, challenges, and accomplishments. Critical Analysis of Roy Jenkins and Churchill Biography Churchill: A Biogra
The success of any business unit or organization primarily relies on the nature of work force, and management systems it adopts. It is important for all managers to note that, currently the economic world is undergoing very many transformations not only monetary wise, but also in terms of work patterns and employees’ behavior. In this regard, it is important for organizations’ management teams to adopt measures, which will ensure organizations maintain competent workers. This is primarily possible through adoption of policies that will ensure an organization takes care of its workers needs as they arise; hence, avoid unrests that may arise in workplaces. It is important to note here that, adoption of policies only cannot help a management team succeed, but rather these management teams must coin their understanding of an organization’s assets, resources, and tools in management practices for them to succeed. This paper will discuss concepts of employee reinforcement, evolution of job design, main differences between job stress and burnout as they relate to organizational theory and behavior. Job Reinforcement It is never an easy task for organizations to meet all its employees needs; psychologically human needs are unending, hence making it impossible for organization to satisfy their employees’ needs. Although this is the case, an organization can adopt a variety of mechanisms, which will ensure its employees remain motivated and goal oriented. It is important to note here that, monetary remuneration contributes very little to job satisfaction. This is to say; although external motivators have a role to play when it comes to employees’ motivation, their contribution to performance is little. This therefore calls for adoption management mechanisms that will ensure employees always remain intrinsically motivated towards work (Moorhead and Griffin pp. 103-109). Generally, reinforcements are stimulus that makes individuals to act or behave in a certain ways, hence strengthening the re-occurrence or repetition of a certain acts. Many organizations have adopted a variety of reinforcement strategies, but there exist great variations in terms their effects as concerns work output. Reinforcement can be in form of a positive or a negative incentive; depending on the behavior exhibited by individuals. The four basic forms of reinforcement are positive and negative reinforcement, extinction and punishment (Villere and Hartman pp. 27-26). Positive reinforcement involves the use of pleasing incentives as means of appreciating good deeds. Positive reinforcement can be in form of monetary rewards or appraisals, which will encourage repetition of specific behaviors. Managers use this reinforcement measure for two reasons. Firstly, they use it as a way of appreciating good performance, and secondly, as a way of showing what kind of behavior an organization desires from its employees. Positive reinforcement is one of the main strategies that organizations use to ensure its employees always remain pro
Purpose This sales agreement between Mark (Buyer), 125 Brown Street, Dubai, and Christian (Seller), 121 Bakers’ Street, London, is for the purchase of Christian’s black Lamborghini 350 GT. Description Christian offers to sell his car for AED 1 million and Mark accepts this offer to buy the car at this price after a week of deliberations. Product specifications  1. Quantity: 1;  2. Origin: Italy; Carrozzeria Touring;  3. Color: black;  4. Year: 1964;  5. Vehicle Identification Number: 350 GT. Consideration  1. Purchase price: the total price by the Buyer (Mark) to the Seller (Christian) for the acquired car is AED 1 million (1 000 000);     The payment should be provided by the Buyer to the Seller by check, or in cash, or through other methods that are acceptable to the Seller. Delivery of Acquired Car and Title Conveyance  1. The Seller must deliver the acquired car and the Buyer should receive the car. The delivery shall be carried out after the date the contract is executed. The Buyer’s duty is to appear in person at the Seller’s premises during business days on the Delivery Date to acquire the car.  2. The Seller is obliged to render the title to the Buyer concerning the delivery terms. Buyer’s Obligations The Buyer states that, unless stipulated by the legislature, license, any insurance terms, or registration, the car shall be canceled before the delivery. Six Elements of Contract The basic elements of a sales agreement include offer and acceptance, consideration, intention to establish legal relations, legal capacity, illegal contracts, and consent. As per offer and acceptance, the parties concluding the agreement should agree on the terms. It implies that the offer proposed by the Seller should be accepted by the Buyer. An offer is a promise to sell the product under certain conditions. The person has the right to withdraw the offer unless the contract is concluded. Consideration involves the negotiation for the price that should be paid for the offer by the other party. The price can refer to anything of value, but it should not be the money. The consideration should not involve illegal conditions that do not allow the parties to perform the obligations. It is important to note, however, that sealed documents do not need consideration because they involve a binding agreement. The agreement should imply establishing legal relations. The main purpose of the contract is to enter a legally binding relationship that should be stipulated explicitly. Legal capacity involves the ability of individuals to enter a valid agreement. Therefore, people with mental disorders, younger individuals, corporations, or legal entities, bankrupts, and prisoners are not allowed to conclude legally binding relations. Not all contracts can be enforced for several re
The preparation for the launch of the Avengers: Age of Ultron campaign have started long before the movie was introduced to the public. It stems back to the entertainment and comic convention, where Iron Man – another Marvel product – was first presented in 2007. The movie became a hit and gathered almost 100 million dollars. After this success, the executives of the Marvel Studios revealed their plans to make few more movies, all of which were intended to prepare the audience for the final climactic hit. The Avengers characters appeared in movies like Captain America and Thor, providing references for the future team-up. Using the hints and references in the prior movies, the creators of the Avengers won the interest of the viewers, making many of the Marvel fans count days till the movie hit the screens. The four Marvel movies Iron Man, Hulk, Captain America, and Thor were marketed to lead up to the Avengers. Starting from 2007 each of this movies made its contribution to the astonishing success of the Avengers. Another factor that benefited to the Avengers’ breakthrough was the variety of the characters who appeared in the movie. The creators of the Avengers had a long-term strategy in mind and were preparing the success of the movie long before it came to the theaters. The company develop a long-term marketing approach, that has recently become renowned by the marketing experts: “Traditional marketing has focused on generating quicker profits, but a longer term strategy is now more likely to unlock new markets and communicate a company’s vision” (Drummond, 2012, para.1). The marketing team thoroughly developed a master strategy for the movie and gradually implemented it through years. Another important aspect is that the marketing team used a variety of sources for the promotion of the movie. They used both traditional marketing like TV, trailers in the movie theaters, entertainment conventions, and modern sources like social networks: Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, and other social media and internet communities. Promoting the Avengers through the social networks proved to be effective: it created the hype among the potential audience and got people discussing the product, which most of them probably went to see later. Thus, one of the reasons behind the success of the A
Introduction The threat of terrorism in the United States has been real. This applies to attacks against United States citizens in and out of the country as well as the United States’ interests all over the world. Besides Al Qaeda and Islamic Jihad, there are numerous terrorist organizations spanning the entire globe and drawing support from extremists who are driven by different goals. As the concept of terrorism may be difficult to define since it means different things to different individuals or groups. This paper will adopt the definition given by Wolf: Terrorism is the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear, intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. (Wolf, 2006, pp. 156) Are Al Qaeda and Islamic Jihad the only terrorist groups posing threat to America? What threat do for instance Al Shabaab and Hezbollah pose and if there is do the two organizations pose the same level of threat? Assessment of terrorism risk will focus on these questions. Hezbollah and Al Shabaab Literally ‘the party of God’ Hezbollah is a Shi’a Islamic group based in Lebanon that has been designated by the United States as a terrorist organization. Historically, Hezbollah is responsible for the deaths of many Americans: the 1983 truck bombing of the US embassy and US Marine Corps barracks in Lebanon, 1984 bombing of US embassy annex in Beirut, and 1985 hijacking of TWA flight 847 when US Navy diver Robert was murdered (Townsend, 2007). This shows that the group is capable of targeting Americans. Attacks such as those that happened outside the US and more are likely to occur due to what Hezbollah perceives as the US posing a threat to its ties with Iran. This could be aggravated by the current opposition of the US to Iran’s nuclear program since the group has close ties with Iran. Federal Bureau of Investigation in its report to U.S Congress (2009) estimated that the group is well organized and acts as a legitimate organization ( with seats in Lebanese parliament) while at the same time supports terrorism mainly through clandestine support of other groups such as Hamas, Fatah, and Islamic Jihad. The organization forecasts that networking could be done through a process of establishing cells even on US soil or recruiting extremists and radicals through, for example, Salafi – internet sites, which spew aggressive anti-US rhetoric. Through such radicalization, members would become radicalized to the point where they view violence as legitimate. If such radicalization is done to US citizens it could be possible to get such citizens to turn against t
Introduction Immigration has played a key role in the development of Canadian history and society. However, despite the modern stance on multiculturalism, Canada has had a difficult history with immigration, with some issues reflecting to this day. Canada is a nation of immigrants, the value of which it has begun to recognize only a few decades ago, but despite the official stance, there are challenging barriers in social co-existence, immigrant rights, and multiculturalism that have to be addressed before the country can truly become a welcoming place for immigration. Past Historically, Canada’s stance and policy on immigration has been mixed, with several highly negative instances. Starting with 1879 National Policy, when immigration surged, the key role of immigration in Canada was for labor and expansion of settlements. Most of the immigration policy in the 19th and early 20th century was highly discriminatory. For example, the government required payment from Chinese immigrants to enter the country while everyone else did for free, eventually banning Chinese immigrants completely by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923. Early immigration policy in Canada was highly discriminatory, often demonstrating blatant racism in the Immigration Act of 1869 as well as local legislation in regard to detention, elections, and employment. Canada’s government demonstrated preference towards Caucasian ethnicity in immigration, turning away immigrants (refugees) in examples where they were in dire need of refuge, such as the Komagata Maru Incident of 1914 or Jewish immigrants fleeing Nazi Germany during WWII. Internal discriminations continued into the mid-20th century such as the internment of Japanese immigrants and residents in the country during WWII as well (Cochrane et al. 126). After WWII, Canada began to shift its stance towards immigration, gradually becoming more open and inclusive. It began with the Citizenship Act of 1947 that allowed to apply for Canadian citizenship regardless of the country of origin. By 1963, the national government began to adopt the stance of multiculturalism with the Official Language Bill and officially recognizing the diverse cultures and languages of Canada, which continued with the Multiculturalism Act of 1988. Changes to the Immigration Act in the 1960s and the Royal Commission recommendations that led to the bilingual framework and multiculturalism stance of the Canadian government signified the significant shift for the country from being a discriminatory and relatively closed-off country to one that was welcoming to immigration (Cochrane et al. 127). Present Since the 1970s, Canada’s government policy has been largely to promote multiculturalism and equity among immigrant minorities such as with the 1986 Employment Equity Act. The Temporary Foreign Worker program is meant to regulate immigration for hundreds of thousands of temporary workers who enter Canada and stay for years, some continuing to reside illegally after working, with others having precarious immigration statuses. Many industries in Canada rely
Introduction The Contract and Sale of Goods laws are meant to ensure the transparency and reliability of the commercial purchases and increase the professionalism of both sides. The law stimulates the introduction of innovations and responsibility for the results of the deals. Overall, the main principles stated in the law aimed at making the organizational purchase process effective by focusing on the creation of equal conditions for the participants. The rights and responsibilities, as well as the commercial transaction content, are usually established according to the agreements made between the sides. Therefore, the accurate and comprehensive formulation of the terms of the deal in the contracts is of significant importance. It is also important to pay attention to the determination of the responsibilities of the parties to avoid the losses due to the unexpected incidents of different kinds. The Sale of Goods Act is meant to help the parties in the cases when the difficulties in the identification of the responsibilities and rights that should be applied in the deal arise. The act regulates the relations between the sides and helps to make the negotiations more productive. The Contract law provides a set of substantive norms; it forms the model principles of the contract creation and defines the major terms. In this way, the provided uniform standards regulating the contracts and sales facilitate the elimination of the legal barriers and assist the trade development. Blackboard and PosterPLUS Case According to the terms of the contract between the parties, Blackboard was responsible for the long-term supply of the cast vinyl to PosterPLUS. The total value of the supplied materials was $200.000. The cast vinyl was purchased by PosterPLUS for the production of labels for bulk shipping. The great portion of the material was used for the manufacturing of labels for the SEASTORM company that later made a complaint about the low quality of the purchased items. As a result, PosterPLUS had to supply the company with new labels with a value of $10.000 at its own expense. Moreover, they still had the vinyl film worth of $20.000 previously provided by Blackboard. In this way, PosterPLUS suffered tremendous financial loss. Actions for Breach of the Contract In this case, the main question is whether Blackboard is responsible for the losses suffered by PosterPLUS as initially, the company knew about the purposes of the purchased materials application. Neverthele
Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has often been left to the marketing department. However, the human resource department has a very active role to play in CSR. Cooke (2011) explains that many managers are of the opinion that HR managers should not be involved in activities that touch on leadership. However, there are scholars who have linked the two concepts. This essay analyses the relationship between human resources and corporate social responsibility. In addition, it highlights the importance of CSR to a company. The Role of Culture One of the issues that link human resources with corporate social responsibility is culture. Organizational culture determines whether the company will be successful or not. The culture is created and spread by people, and the human resource department is responsible for the people who work for the company. Grimshaw, Rubery, and Almond (2011) argue that HR can determine the organizational culture by hiring the right people for the company. This can be done by aligning the personalities of the employees with the cult