ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction President Hoover offered the citizens of America very unsatisfying leadership despite the fact; the citizens were ready for change. People needed a president who would go out of his way to bring back the federal government to its economy. At this time the illegible democratic candidate was Franklin D. Roosevelt who was deemed the right candidate with these qualities. With his chance at the white house, FDR came up with a New Deal aimed at bringing back the confidence of the Americans as well as revive the economy i . The subject on this paper examines the three key elements of the new deal as well as it’s the effects. Elements of the New Deal Roosevelt leadership discovered that the country was in need of three things; relief, reforms and recovery. The New Deal focused its attention on provision of relief to issues of unemployment, it also assisted in improving the manufacturing sector as it promoted strive to recover the economy. The US financial system was also an aspect of reform. Roosevelt managed to instigate many acts of legislation and policies that transformed to New Deal – a statement that was a slogan in his inauguration speech ii . Relief Relief was developed through job creation and especially through social programs. For instance job creation was developed through the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Many people were employed to construct electricity –producing dams. The New Deal assisted them to build homes, state parks, roads and other public structures. The deal also assisted in construction of the social security system. It also encouraged membership of the workers in labor unions as well as, established farming policies ii . Recovery Recovery was initiated through reforms on the American Financial System
Introduction General Overview The interest in organizational spirituality partially derives from the necessity to balance organizational performance and to improve the codes of ethics within an organization. Specifically, a growing attention to the workplace spirituality allows people to construct and sustain fundamental values at work and facilitate various management operations and practices. Appeared in the 1990s, this domain of organizational ethics has captured the attention of the leading theorist examining management and workplace environment (Giacalone and Jurkiewicz, 2010, p. 27). In particular, contemporary researchers are primarily dedicated to the analysis of spirituality with regard to organizational performance and relationships between the employers and their employees. One way or another, these theoretical frameworks provide promising perspectives for successful development and advancement of company’s philosophies and values allowing to adjust to social and cultural changes. In this regard, there is a growing necessity to study various dimensions of workplace spirituality to define how they influence organizational performance, ethical behavior, and overall atmosphere within an organization. Defining Spirituality in the Workplace So far, spirituality was not considered in relation to work and business and organizational workplace could be compared with oxymoron. However, since 1990 and several decades after, a dramatic interest in the examination of this term as an inherent component in understanding organizations and management provide a solid ground for providing a new definition of spirituality. Manz and Neal (2005) provide the following explanation: “Spirituality in the workplace is about people seeing their work as a spiritual path, as an opportunity to grow personally and to contribute to society in a meaningful way. It is about learning to be more caring and compassionate with fellow employees, with bosses, with subordinates and customers. It is about integrity, being true to oneself, and telling the truth to others. Spirituality in the workplace can refer to an individual’s attempts to live his or her v
Introduction The inter-cultural dinner involved Saudi Arabia and Spain. The two countries had cultural exchange through sharing in the intercultural dinner. Through this, taste and the types of food available for each country show their cultural interest in addition to reflecting their characteristics based on hospitality and specifically their generosity. In this perspective, the dishes and diet availed for the two countries were the Spanish Omelets made up of potatoes, eggs, and onions, sunflower oil, salt, and red wine. Spain imported potatoes, tomatoes, and other fruits from the European market. The cultural preference dishes also reflected that they were producing grapes in their country, which justify the presence of wine in their meals. Saudi Arabia, in their preferred dish, availed Arabic coffee with dates, which included cardamom, saffron, and Saudi’s dates. Interaction with one another was very crucial because, through this, they could identify the similarities and differences in the way of talking generally, and this could also enhance cultural sharing and self-evaluation of cultural practices. This approach of intercultural dinner contributes greatly to the epistemology of culture through the creation of a room to express each country’s cultural knowledge in all perspectives (Hofstede, 2001, p. 49). This evaluates the cultural background of both Saudi Arabia and Spain, and they would be able to realize both their common and different cultural characteristics and beliefs. Intercultural dinner reflects their cultural preferences in terms of food, taste, method of eating among the rest. From this experience, I am able to learn that culture can be practiced in various ways. And that through what we prefer as our normal daily foods, understanding of one’s culture is most possible because their view on certain foods as cultured or uncultured could be realized; hence more knowledge generally is gained in the process. Culture Key information Saudi Arabia is a Middle East country located at the tropic of Cancer and is found in the Northern and eastern hemispheres. The country is bordering Iraq, Jordan, Qata, Kuwait, Yemen, United Arab Emirates and the Gulf of Aden and the red sea. The area coverage of the land is approximately 756, 985 square kilometers. The map showing the country is shown in the diagram below. Saudi Arabia The capital city is situated in Riyadh where it has got various cultural integrations. The total population of the country is 27, 019, 731 people. This figure is including the non nationals of Saudi Arabia, but they form part of the greater population. The official language of these people is Arabic, which is used mostly in their daily communication process even in business activities. The religion is Muslim, which is used by almost all the population. The country has
Compare and Contrast Foundation Theories The contemporary education is based on the theories and approaches that were developed by several outstanding foundational experts of the 20 th century. These well-known practitioners explored various approaches to pedagogy which served as the main influence on the modern perspective on teaching young children, the basic class management strategies, the perception of learners and curriculum. This paper provides a comparison and contrast between the foundational theories of such 20 th -century educational practitioners as Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey, and Maria Montessori. The thinking styles of these experts will be explored along the lines of the roles of interaction with adults and environments in the learning process, and the meaning of the curriculum knowledge. Finally, the modern tendencies and impacts on education will be discussed. Lev Vygotsky Interview Vygotsky believes that the cognitive process differs from a person to a person (Costley, 2012). This means that the ways different children use to comprehend new knowledge and materials are unique for each specific learner. What is the role of interactions with adults in the process of learning? Communication with adults is the basis for knowledge acquired by young children, it shapes the children’s ideas and perception of the world around them because they employ the behavior of adults as an example and subconsciously treat it as the “right” way to act in different situations. What is the role of the environment for lear
Introduction Environmental justice is key to survival of all citizens. Equal distribution of resources promotes peaceful co-existence among citizens. It is critical to the development of a country. As environmental problems move from the interior toward the periphery of global economic systems, environmental injustices have come up, particularly in urban areas (Morales Jr, Grineski and Collins 2). This paper discuses the meaning of environmental justice, especially in urban situations. It draws on the history of the term, the affected groups, the 2012 Strategic Plan, and the role of the Civil Rights Movement, among other aspects. Meaning of the term environmental justice The term is applied in two different aspects. First, it is used to describe a fair treatment among people, regardless of color, descent, economic status, and social status with regard to implementation of environmental rules and regulations (Morales Jr et al. 4). Second, it connotes a lobby group that concentrates on fair sharing of ecological benefits and troubles. Morales Jr and colleagues (7) state that proponents of environmental justice argue that minority groups have been subjected to hazardous environments because they have few economic opportunities. According to environmental theorists, the environment encompasses all what surrounds and affects people, including workmates and the natural world (Morales Jr et al. 5). The concept evaluates the increasing differences in economic, health, and the environment among ethnic groups and socioeconomic groups toward the end of the 20 th century and in the beginning of the 21 st century (Darby 798). According to Environmental Justice Movement, every citizen is entitled to life, employment, play, acquire education, and worship in a favorable environment (Darby 798). Thus, there was a need to form an association that could develop strategies to support the creation of sustainable African-American societies. History of environmental justice The idea of environmental justice has been used since 1980s. It traces its origin from the philosophies of civil rights and environmental movements in the 1960s and 1970s, which aimed at promoting equity and equality among workers in the US (Colten 239). Later, it extended and became an interdisciplinary effort that engaged various groups. For example, communities, governm
Introduction Best Buy is an international retailer dealing in electronics, computer products and mobile phone products. It also sells entertainment software, appliances and associated services. The company mainly conducts its business in North America, European countries and the Asian market. The headquarters are in Richfield, Minnesota. It has a workforce of about 170, 000 employees. It is among the leading specialty retailers in the United States. The company vigorously markets the products to diverse markets through its dedicated employees. In order to achieve its profit targets, it ensures that the employees are motivated through appraisals leading to promotions in rank. It also uses financial incentives and rewards to create appropriate working environment. These efforts are showing results as the company continues its expansion into the international markets. The company is gradually gaining bargaining power with its suppliers. This case study explores the marketing activities of the company. Direct competitors The retail market is increasingly competitive. Most of the existing and emerging retailers are venturing into the technology field to offer computing products so as to take advantage of the advancement in technology. In the last two decades, advancements in technology have presented many entrepreneurs with the opportunity to invest in different industries. The electronic retail market is among various market divisions that many companies have invested in hence creating intensive competition. These include retail giants that initially did not deal in electronics or related services such as Wal-Mart. The opportunities in generating attractive revenues have seen these companies diversify into electronic, computing and mobile phone markets (Fitzgerald 65). Discounters, online companies and mass dealers have intensified competition against Best Buy. Every company is striving to increase its market share. The overreliance on novel product development for compatibility with the current and emerging products further intensifies competition. Commodities such as televisions and cameras are usually differentiated by price tag only. In this respect, retailers such as Target and Wal-Mart present Best Buy with cutthroat competition. When Best Buy decided to conduct its marketing and selling of products online, others took the cue and entered the e-commerce to sell products. In fact, Amazon is among Best Buy’s online selling competitors. The retailer’s strategy Over the years, the company has employed different strategies depending on the prevailing market conditions. Its flexibility to alter the strategies to take advantage of the market conditions has ensured its profitability and consequently its growth and survival. Among the most recent strategies employed by the company was the ‘space optimization’ strategy. The company is gradually substituting 10 percent of its big box outlets formerly assigned to the physical media with additio
Introduction The following research paper shall try to assess the issue of strategic human resource management at Sears. The main focus of the paper willl be on the key human resource infrastructure that Sears has implemented and which has proven to be a success. Use shall also be made of the various human resource approaches and theories in discussing the case. In addition, the research paper shall also attempt to formulate possible research questions that could be asked in a bid to address the challenges facing Sears as the company tries to remain competitive. Understanding of the case The following research paper is an attempt to examine the issue of strategic human resource management at Sears. In particular, the research paper shall attempt to examine the nature of HR management systems implemented at Sears. Therefore, the writer shall try to evaluate the significant transformation that the organisation has undergone under the leadership of its CEO, Arthur Martinez. As a result of this transformation, the management at Sears has paved way for the adoption of high impact HR policies by the organisation. The management at Sears has realised that one way of transforming and turning around the organisation is by developing and communicating the company’s corporate vision, mission, and goals to its workforce. Before the organisation could arrive at this decision, it had to first experiment with the more ‘traditional’ vision and mission statement. However, when this could no longer work, the management saw it fit to drop the idea and instead, adopt a more integrated conceptual model of organisation performance that connects employees, shareholders, and customers. This was because the traditional approach showed minimal direct effect on employee behaviour. Through this experimentation, Sears has also realised that by transforming the organisation into an environment worth shopping, the company is in effect helping to improve the behavior of its employees and by extension, increase customer retention and sales revenues. By executing this process, it also emerged that very few employees of the company were aware of the operation and financial aspects of Sears’ business (Kirn et al. 334). Once the organisation had realised this, the management
Airtel mCommerce Services Limited is a system for realizing money transfers that dominates the African market, and that made efforts to succeed in the market of India. The system is based on the principles of mobile commerce, and those subscribers who use Airtel can make transfers and monetary transactions in order to pay for services or exchange money between bank and Airtel accounts (Ranjan & Upadhyay, 2015). These transfer services are available to users with the help of mobile technologies. The purpose of this case study analysis is to discuss differences in operating in the African and Indian markets that influence Airtel’s success and propose a strategy that is appropriate for entering the market of India. Comparison of Socio-Cultural and Economic Aspects in India and Africa In order to analyze the difference in outcomes for Airtel in African countries and India, it is important to focus on the comparison of socio-cultural and economic factors. The reason is that these factors determine the potential customers’ attitudes to using Airtel services. Emerging markets in African countries and India develop according to certain rules, and when a company focuses on the multi-regional expansion, it is necessary to take these features into account (Akbar, 2016a). It is possible to identify such similarities between India and Africa as the focus on hierarchal relations, the domination of the low-middle-income population, and the rising interest in innovative technologies (Mudida & Lago, 2015; Ranjan & Upadhyay, 2015). However, in spite of the fact that both Africa and India are discussed as attractive to develop electronic commerce and other market sectors based on innovations, there are still important differences in social and economic situations, as well as cultures (Akbar, 2016c). In African countries, the impact of the banking system is lower than it is in India. The centralization related to governance and banking operations is higher in India (Vollmer, 2013). The impact of restrictions on banking operations and mobile banking is also observed in this country. However, it is important to state that, in comparison to African countries, the population of India is mostly unbanked, many people do not use mobile devices, and they prefer using cash for their operations (Ranjan & Upadhyay, 2015). Furthermore, the level of literacy in India is lower than in African countries, and the population can be discussed as poorer. In addition, in African countries, the market is open and less regulated (Asongu, 2014). There are possibilities for collaborations with the telecom industry and academic institutions, and this fact accentuates the level of literacy and openness to innovations in African countries (Ranjan & Upadhyay, 2015). In India, more attention is paid to organizations, and Indians do not discuss themselves as prepared for using mobile-based transfers. Strategy to Prepare for India The strategy developed for emerging markets should demonstrate the potential for the further growth. It should be effective in order to win the competitive advantage in the market and address the customers’ needs (Akbar, 2016b). Thus, in order to make
Introduction Environment consists of what surrounds us. It is a very important component since it influences the way an individual grows and develops. While to adults, environment may not be of much importance; for a developing child it is very important. According to Kerka (1999), an environment which provides children with learning opportunities is very important since it gives them a chance to investigate and explore the world around them. The importance of the environment to a developing child (one at preschool and also in primary school level) shall be discussed using the Reggio Emilia approach. The Reggio Emilia approach The Reggio Emilia approach focuses on the importance of the learning environment to a child and how it affects how the child learns and relates with other people. The approach indicates that it is always important for children to be able in a way to control how they conduct their education. This would be easier if the environment could offer opportunities through which the developing child could learn through touching and seeing. The approach tries to promote the intellectual development of the child through a systematic focus on images and symbolic representation. The approach also notes that it is very important for the children as they develop, they be exposed to an environment which allows them to express themselves freely without feeling intimidated. The approach also indicates that the environment should allow developing children to explore and discover the relationship between them and others as well as the surrounding environment (New, 2000). The curriculum focuses on interactions which move in line with the children interests. The ability of the environment to construct a knowledge base through which children are able to interact with leads to it being referred as the third teacher. The importance of the learning environment The importance of the environment in which a child develops in depends on the services that it is able to provide the child with. One of the major importance lies on its ability to give a child a space through which he or she can have a meaning and relate to. In this case, the environment offers various experiences and it is through these experiences that children are
History of the drug Methamphetamine was first synthesized in 1887. In 1919, it was developed by a pharmacologist in Japan to alleviate fatigue and produce feeling of alertness. In the 1930s, doctors in the United States started to use methamphetamine to treat asthma. By the year 1932, amphetamine Benzedrine was sold in the local drug stores for the treatment of nasal blockage commonly associated with colds and flu. During World War II, Methamphetamine and amphetamine were taken by the pilots keep them awake to due to the long flights and also to the soldiers for alertness. The experiment failed because soldiers became irritable and could not control their aggression. The soldiers used the drugs to reduce fatigue and increase their alertness. In the late 1950s, the drug was still marketed to treat obesity, narcolepsy and sinus inflammation. The pills were also sold on non medical reasons like to truck drivers and college students who used the pills to keep them awake and very active. Late 1970s, the doctors begun to realize that it was being abused and therefore it was regulated in the Controlled Substances Act and a public education campaign was launched. Pharmacological data Methamphetamine is usually ranked in the group of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS).It is a psycho stimulant drug used primarily for recreational purposes but sometimes it is prescribed for medical reasons. It is a colorless crystalline solid often adulterated with chemicals that are used to synthesize it (Schifano, Corkery& Cuffolo, 2007, p.1). Crystal meth is the commonest form of Methamphetamine which is in its purified form otherwise known as methamphetamine hydrochloride. Methamphetamine is a potent central nervous system stimulant; it causes both the noradrenalin and the dopamine transporters to reverse their direction of action, causing increased stimulation of post-synaptic receptors. It also indirectly prevents the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, causing them to remain in the synaptic cleft for a prolonged period (Schifano et al., 2007, p.2).. The acute effects of the drug closely resemble the physiological and psychological effects of an adrenaline-provoked fight or flight response including increased heart rate and blood pressure, vasoconstriction, bronchodilation and hyperglycemia (Schifano et al., 2007, p.2).. Effects of the drug Methamphetamine appears to cause cardiomyopathy, pulmonary oedema, myocardial infarction and ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Methamphetamine use can also be associated with schizophrenia-like acute psychotic episodes probably due to its actions on the mesolimbic and neocortical dopaminergic pathways. Users with a high family vulnerability for schizophrenia are more likely to experience psychotic episodes than others (Schifano et al., 2007, p.5). In lay-mans language it causes hallucinations, disorganized lifestyle, vio