ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nowadays, we live in a relatively peaceful world compared to the life of past generations. Despite that, there are numerous sources of danger whose impact on society should be reduced to maintain safety. The latter remains extremely important in various settings as people face risks of injuries and assaults in many situations. The term “safety” can be explained in different ways. In general, being safe involves being protected from various risks. For instance, in the video on safety in Abu Dhabi, police officers maintain safety by catching a highway lawbreaker whose behavior on the road poses a threat to other drivers and pedestrians (MOIUAE, 2015). When it comes to a citizen or urban safety, this term relates to a more specific situation in which the government is acting through the defense and law-enforcement agencies to exercise its responsibilities and improve its citizens’ quality of life. The importance of safety in the world cannot be overstated as it remains the key element of a happy and prosperous life. With the development of modern technology, cyberspace safety has become a separate area of attention (Hollman, Bickford, & Hollman, 2017). Reducing the key risks that people face at the workplace or on the streets, specialists from different countries enable citizens to focus on their key tasks and responsibilities. The opportunity of every citizen to make positive contributions to society can be limited due to the presence of various factors, and maintaining safety remains an essential task. The existence of safety responsibility can be regarded as a factor that encourages specialists in socially significant fields to become more task-oriented and work with total efficiency. Within this framework, safety has a heavy influence on social life and well-being. The effects of global safety on prosperity and the economy are numerous since safety runs through all aspects of life. On the one hand, the necessity to maintain safety involves significant financial contributions because successful safety management requires research. On the other hand, the ability to create a safe environment can be regarded as a key to the future, helping to save and grow money. All people can contribute to the safety of their cities and other citizens. I believe that the key role of any citizen, including me, is to display vigilance and report the presence of suspicious individuals or objects as soon as possible (Kvalheim, Antonsen, & Haugen, 2016). Apart from that, common citizens can contribute to safety by attracting the attention of authorities to circumstances that can cause dangerous situations in the future. For example, such factors include faulty traffic lights, the lack of traffic signs, and other problems that can pose a threat to the safety of common people. To put it in other words, even though the government is supposed to play the key role in protecting people’s safety and health, a part of the responsibility lies
Introduction Respiration is step-wise oxidation of reduced carbon compounds either by oxygen in aerobic organisms or by some oxidized compounds like NO 3 – , SO 4 2- in the case of anaerobes. While some of the intrinsic energy stored in these compounds is released as heat, the remainder is stored in the form of ATP, produced through oxidative phosphorylation. The first steps of both anaerobic and aerobic respiration involve a series of sequential reactions referred to as glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway), in which complex carbohydrates are first converted to simple monosaccharides, viz. glucose and fructose, which are oxidized to two molecules of pyruvate. Further catabolism of pyruvate by Kreb’s cycle produces CO 2 and reducing equivalents like NADH + H + , which feed electrons to oxidative electron transport chain for complete oxidation, and in turn, generates ATP. About 36 molecules of ATP are produced from one mole of glucose. In the absence of an electron acceptor like O 2 , several strict or facultative anaerobic micro-organisms carry out incomplete oxidation of carbohydrates by fermentation. Here, ATP is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation involving the steps of glycolysis up to pyruvate, which is then converted to the end products like ethanol and CO 2 or lactate or acetate. The net gain of ATP per mole of glucose in glycolytic fermentation is just two. Fermentation executes an important redox balance in the cells. During glycolysis, two moles of NADH + H + are produced, and in absence of an electron acceptor, there is a possibility that the oxidized NAD + pool gets exhausted. Fermentation ensures the recycling of this NAD + from its reduced form. The yeasts are classified under the Ascomycetes group of fungi, which under anaerobic conditions carry out alcoholic fermentation by the following reaction: C 6 H 12 O 6 → 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2 They are unicellular, spherical, oval cells dividing by budding, but under certain conditions they also produce filaments. Some yeasts also exhibit sexual reproduction by fusion followed then by budding. The common habitats of yeasts are fruits, flowers, and bark. The morphological and biochemical features of yeasts have been documented by Madigan, Martinko, and Parker (2000). The most important commercial yeasts are Baker’s and Brewer’s yeasts, members of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whose genome is completely sequenced. Owing to the energy crisis, ethanol production from yeast has gained immense importance because ethanol can blend with diesel and petrol. In commercial ethanol production, the non-tolerance of yeast cells towards high sugar and ethanol concentrations is a major constrain. Another factor that influences ethanol production is the inoculum size. In reactors, after a particular cell density is attained, growth slows down and ethanol starts to produce. If starting cell density is high, it takes much less time to ferment and higher ethanol is produced in less time. Conversely, ethanol yield in low-density inoculum as starting material would be poor and delayed. High cell density has also re
Canada Goose Inc. is a Canadian cold weather outfit manufacturer which went through a period of tremendous growth that saw its President, Dani Reiss, named as the 2011 National Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year. Success Factors for the Company Canada Goose Inc. produces high quality cold weather garments including parka jackets, vests, hats and gloves using coyote fur. The element of quality has made the demand for its products fairly inelastic, thereby enabling the company to charge very high prices for its products without compromising on its sales. The marketing strategies employed by the companyare also a contributing success factor. The company used to give out its jackets and other warm clothing to anyone who worked outside, for example, the night guards, which led to positive word of mouth advertisement about the business. Furthermore, collaboration with Fairmont Hotel saw pedestrian billboards erected with portraits of hotel doormen and valets receiving guests while dressed in the company’s parka jackets. Film crews are also a very important part of the company’s promotional strategy, although most of them did so even without contractual engagements with the company. Examples of film crews who had a positive impact in the business include Maggie Gyllenhaal and teen idol Hilary Duff. Another important success factor for Canada Goose Inc. is its accessibility to customers. The company has expanded internationally to countries like Sweden and the USA in order to reach out to its ever increasing customer base. This brought the products of the company closer to its current and potential customers. Involvement in corporate social responsibility, such as membership in Conservation Alliance also led to the success of the company in its operations. These activities helped the company a great deal in reducing the negative publicity that arose from its operations, especially its use of coyote fur during production. Reliance on social media to make customers aware of its products and warn them about the existence of counterfeit products has also assisted the company to maintain and grow its market share. Challenges Faced by Canada Goose Inc The major challenge Canada Goose Inc. is facing competition from other companies producing similar products. The companies include Mountain Equipment Co-op (MEC) in Vancouver, North Face in Toronto and Columbia Sportswear Company. These companies produce and sell their products at lower prices compared to Canada Goose Inc., thus creating an uneven competition ground. There have also emerged cheaper versions of similar products in Asian countries which are filled with low quality duck or chicken down. However, the promotional strategies used by Canada Goose Inc. have ensured that its market share is maintained. Another challenge that affected the company has been the emergence of counterfeit products in the market by companies that use fur from cats and dogs instead of coyote fur. This saw the company battling i
In his short story ‘The Destructors’, Graham Greene narrates a story of a group of young boys who enjoy bus riding for free. The story is based on events after World War II. The war left destruction of property and misery in the faces of many. While at the bus station, the boys made a plan to destroy the sole house of an old man that was left standing. Their mischievousness finally succeeds when they destroy the old man’s house a driver of a truck pulls the house down unknowingly. In the short story, two themes stand out. One of these themes is power. Power is manifested in the boy’s gang group. Blackie is the leader of the group and believes that power is the ability of an individual to lead. He is portrayed as a good leader. However, when T takes the mantle of leadership, power corrupts him and leads the gang into the involvement of cruel acts of destruction and even theft: “We aren’t thieves,’ T said. ‘Nobody’s going to steal anything from this house. I kept these for you and me – a celebration” (Greene 16). Innocence is yet another theme that is exhibited in the story. The boys in the story are teens. In their teenage years innocence is lost as they get in touch with the outside world via technology. They begin to show signs of naivety, ignorance and disrespect: “We’ll show him we don’t take bribes” (Greene 10). It seems that the war did not teach them any lesson. The boys are not worried about the destruction caused by the war. To them, this is normal. The war has made them lose their youthful innocence giving them an opportunity to reconstruct their world order but resorts to destruction. The boys have lost their innocence and their imagination only makes them think about a worse world full of destruction. Along with innocence, such positive aspect of boys’ life as friendship between the members of the “gang” must be considered, since Greene devotes a great chunk of his novel to showing the relationships between the boys. Despite the fact that there are certain conflicts between the boys arising in the course of the events, as it has been mentioned in the previous paragraph, they are still innocent and, therefore, their relationships are quite close to the idea of male bonding: “The new recruit has been with the gang since the beginning of the summer holidays, and there were possibilities about his brooding silence that all recognized” (Greene 9). It is clear from the passage above that there are trustworthy relationships between the members of the “gang”, as well as mutual respect. Even though there is subordination in the gang, as it has been mentioned above, the boys still make great friends, which is addressed well. Moreover, Greene touches upon such an important aspect as destruction. On the surface, the whole idea of bringing the house down sees rather simple. However, when considering the process of destroying the house as a symbol, one must admit that the above-mentioned process can embody the
Introduction General overview of the topic As every nation may have some internal problems within a state and within a nation due to the number of the disputes related to ethnicity, origins, and rights, it is also necessary to remember that globalization can be characterised as one of the major contributors to the discussion of cultural diversity issues. Every country that wants to operate in the international market has to strive for English language acquisition as well as every person who wants to enter a prestigious educational institution or/and obtain a good position has to acquire English as it is claimed to be an international language. Every change finds its reflection in media and public pressure and reaction. Sometimes, people fail to understand the importance and potential benefits of the change implemented. However, the situation can be absolutely different when the external factors influence the change and prevent it to demonstrate its positive benefits. In this respect, it is necessary to adjust the environment or the change so that it would be the most positive contributor to the current situation in the sector. Though Taiwan is a small country in Asia, it has its unique traditions and culture that also require great efforts for implementation of educational programs in a certain language, cultural programs aimed at development of the cultural importance recognition. In this respect, the changes made in the sector of education in terms of instructions affected the elementary and junior high school. The decision to implement educational instruction provided using the Tai-yu language provoked certain discussion in public because it enables the community to preserve traditions with the help of the language implementation though some students reacted negatively on implementation of the Tai-yu language instructions for elementary and junior high school because they think English to be international language that provides them with sufficient cultural enrichment and opens new perspectives for professional growth in future. Thus, the Tai-yu language and its dialect can be protected with the help of the rising generation’s efforts and a step-by-step implementation of this language on the national level in all sectors of human activity. As the language policy reflects the necessity of reforms to make improvements in the educational area, facilitate operation at the international level, and encourage more effective business partnership, it is necessary to treat the implementation of the Tai-yu language instructions for elementary and junior high school as the indicator of changes aimed at expanding into the international arena in terms of higher level in all areas of human activity. So, as any change requires training, it was decided to start with educational policy. In this respect, a language policy basically reflects the democratic thoughts and the ideology of the country. In other w
An outstanding American novelist Mark Twain sheds light upon important problems of human society in his novel The Mysterious Stranger . Viewing people with all their weaknesses and sins through the eyes of Satan, Devils’ nephew, the author reevaluates the concepts of truth, moral sense and society norms for sending moral messages to his readers. Teaching the moral lessons of truth and purification in his novel The Mysterious Stranger, Mark Twain stimulates readers’ soul-searching by using Satan’s supernatural powers for demonstrating the negative implications of the moral sense from a new perspective. Depicted as a supernatural creature, a spirit or an angel, Satan despises humans and looks down upon them. Satan’s attitude towards people emphasizes his superiority over them and his separation from the physical world. Making Satan an independent observer who knows a lot about human nature, Twain criticizes people’s weaknesses and imperfection. Showing humans through Satan’s eyes is an original technique used by the author for viewing people and their way of life from a new perspective. This character criticizes people in a matter-of-fact manner without expressing any feelings or emotions. Pointing at particular human weaknesses, he just presents his observations without analyzing or evaluating them. Speaking about a woman, Satan admits that “she is an idiot to step backward like that and not notice what she is about” (Twain 436). In the same manner, Satan could speak about weather or architecture. Saying a few words about people, this character often skips to other topics, not waiting for the interlocutor’s reaction. It means that his opinion has been shaped within thousands of years of his observations and nothing can change it. Showing how Satan rules the destinies of tiny figures of people, changing their disposition or even killing them, the author implies that this character considers humans to be only toys or insects and does not take them seriously. The scene in which Satan kills two small men with his fingers and continues his speech clearly represents his attitude towards people in general. “Satan reached out his hand and crushed the life out of them [men] with his fingers, threw them away, wiped the red from his fingers on his handkerchief, and went on talking where he had left off” (Twain 436). Human life is of little or no value to Satan, and he does not feel any remorse when he kills those little figures. It takes him only a few moments to commit a homicide and the fact that he can continue the interrupted monologue proves that the incident does not touch his feelings at all. “His manner showed that to him they and their doings w
Introduction The issue of plagiarism in China and other Asian countries has worried scholars from the west and the rest of the world for centuries. The scholars live in constant fear of being denied the rightful ownership of their academic work. The communism ideals in China dictate that all property (including ideas) is owned by the community and should therefore remain a property of the community. This makes it hard for university students to give credit to an individual for something that rightfully belongs to the community. It is important to look where this notion came from in order to look for effective ways of fighting the vice. Given its magnitude, the problem in Chinese universities cannot be solved overnight. There is need for patience and overhaul of the existing education system that is itself a byproduct of plagiarism. By having the right mindset, we can succeed in identifying the underlying causes of the problem and effectively solve it. This will be the main goal of the research paper. Although this is hard to attain, the research has an objective of proposing small steps to be taken towards achieving the main goal. (Altbach, 2010) Literature Review The large amount of literature that has been dedicated to plagiarism in Chinese universities emphasizes the impact that culture has on the issue. This chapter will give a review of the secondary literature available on the subject. With the world having become a global village, education systems have to be harmonized to provide a fair playing ground for students from every part of the world. Different theories are appraised according to their role and significance to the present topic, that is, the rate of plagiarism in Chinese universities. According to Martin (1994), high-ranking officials perpetuate plagiarism when they use junior staff to write their speeches and later on fail to acknowledge them. Yusof (2009) upholds this claim by inferring that this trend moves down to the lower officials and finally to students making it even more complex. Yusof (2009) further claims that the idea of plagiarism is foreign to students especially from Chinese setting. According to Gill (2008), having insight in the Chinese cultural dimensions is the first step toward tackling this dynamic problem. Altbach (2010) identifies China’s academic culture as a key issue hindering the plagiarism fight in Chinese universities. According to Friedma & Gump (2010), Chinese universities will form the backbone of China’s future economic growth. However, they claim that the culture of academic plagiarism will most definitely harbor this process. In the light of this proposal, China Daily (2010) observes that the country has taken important steps to ensure that it curbs the spread of academic fraud in its universities. Other people who have tried to initiate research on the plagiarism subject include Ary, et. al. (2006) among other scholars. Researc
Introduction Culturally effective teaching leads to improvement in students’ performance. In the United States, there is a steady shift from “the philosophy of an assimilationist melting point to the philosophy of cultural pluralism” (Wlodkowski, & Ginsberg, 2009, p. 20). This shift is important because effective instruction involves the ability of teachers to communicate congruently with their students. Teachers must learn how to communicate with their culturally diverse students. This is because the aspects of culture that influence classroom life most powerfully are those that affect the social organization of learning” (Shore & Garcia, 1995, p. 57). Students’ achievements increase when teachers adjust their methods of instruction to be in line with cultures and the communication of their culturally diverse students (Howard, 2001, p. 183). This paper will endeavor to discuss the impact of culture-sensitive science teaching on urban schooling. Essentials for culturally responsive teaching Cultural responsive teaching takes place in an environment where there is respect for circumstances as well as the backgrounds of students. In such an environment the education system creates learning experiences that protect the experience, knowledge, and skills of the learners. This is especially useful in the field of science where many students of color have been underprivileged (Pai, & Adler, 2001, p. 56-78). Cultural responsive teaching requires a system that has justice and pedagogy that aims to both transforms as well as inform (Wlodkowski &Ginsberg, 2009, p. 24). Teachers are expected to recognize their own biases as well as ethnocentrism, understand learners cultural backgrounds, understand the political, social, and economic context of the educational system, be willing to be culturally sensitive, and be committed to creating a caring classroom environment (Weinstein, Tomlinson-Clarke & Curran, 2004, p. 27). Teaching science to culturally diverse learners Teaching science in a culturally diverse environment has not been effective and this can be seen in the achievement gap between learners of different races or ethnic groups. In the American context, the population is diverse, especially in urban areas. However, teaching remains white. Most of the teachers are female and this creates a problem for the male urban African American students as they lack male role models (Ladson-Billings, 1992, p. 106 -121; Villegas & Lucas, 2002, p.22). This means that a change in the way science is taught in a cross-cultural class is important if the gap of achievement is to be closed. In American society, there is an ideology that exalts western science above all others. Yet, in the classrooms, there are students from diverse backgrounds who do not understand science in the American context. For example, there are immigrants from non-western countries. Teachers of science tend to have the ideology of scientism – assumption that science is purely objective, solely empirical, immaculately rational and thus, singularly conforming” (Aikenhead, 2001, para. 1; 1997a, p 36-42). This assumption has led to a gap in achievement between the pri