ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“Leadership for Healthcare” by John Benington and Jean Hartley was published by The Policy Press in the year 2010. In “Leadership for Healthcare”, Benington and Hartley Leadership model proposes a novel and coercive approach, with the aim of helping people gain an understanding of leadership as one of the major platforms for successful organizations. In this book, Benington and Hartley borrow heavily from existing literature in developing a six-part leadership design. In this design, Benington and Hartley offer valuable lessons based on the conclusion made from the wider leadership spectrum, and also seeks to enlighten the readers on possible ways in which leadership lessons gained can be applied in the healthcare setting. Benington and Hartley’s six-sided leadership design is a deviation from the traditional approach to leadership which is individual based. Benington and Hartley leadership design proposes that successful leadership is best understood in a set of composited practices carried out by many, and unusually differently gifted individuals within a firm. Furthermore, other than the six major components of successful leadership, organizational cultures as well as situational contexts also play vital roles in determining effective leadership in healthcare organizations. As explained earlier, Benington and Hartley have developed a six-part healthcare leadership model. Leadership within the healthcare sector can be achieved using two major methods, namely formal and informal training of healthcare personnel. Professions within the healthcare sector such as clinicians, physicians and others need to develop different skills to assume positions of leadership. For instance, nurses need to develop leadership skills which will enable them to move from being nurses to leaders. To acquire these skills, clinicians have to undergo both formal and informal training. However, Benington and Hartley argue that this kind of leadership training is impossible if there is no explicit leadership model in place. The six-part leadership model is therefore aimed at facilitating the training of healthcare professionals to acquire leadership skills which will aid them in understating and appreciating the challenges of healthcare leadership. Thus Benington and Hartley’s model is key towards leadership development in the healthcare sector. Benington and Hartley’s identify the six major components of leadership design as: leadership characteristics, conceptualization of leadership, contexts, challenges, abilities and capabilities and finally the effects of leadership. Conceptualization of leadership determines the development of leadership programs. To be realistic leadership development needs to be context based as it will help in understanding the present context realities. Furthermore, contextualization of leadership development programs enables the understanding of both present and futur
Introduction Punishment is seen as a way through which parents, teachers and the society use in their efforts to instill discipline in their children. There is a general acceptance that there is a level of punishment that can be legitimized what sociologists have referred to as normal punishment. However, there is no set way of measuring the level that is appropriate. This paper examines from a sociological perspective how the ideology that normal punishment is legitimate has contributed to child abuse (Sherman 77). Reinforcement of Normal Punishment Discipline Though Inflicting Pain Parents, day care centers, house girls, teachers and the society have for long been punishing children by inflicting pain, especially when the child has done what is believed to be wrong. This is done with the aim of ensuring that the child is disciplined and is perceived as a legitimate punishment. In the process of punishing, the parents end up abusing the child. In most cases physical punishment is seen as a way of parenting. A child should be disciplined and it’s the responsibility of the parent to set the required standards. However, this punishment, it is often excessive and thus an abuse. What is not excessive is subject to debate. Parents as Role Models The parent are seen as role models to the children and thus any advise given to the children is seen as the gospel truth and children are not supposed to question it. This has offered a loophole to parents to abuse the child in the name of punishing. For example, children learn mainly through interaction with other children through playing their various social games. This is a very important exercise in a child’s life, however some parents deny their children time or restrict them, in the name of advising, from exercising this important socialization process, it may be direct where children are locked in the house or strictly forbidden from going outside. Others restrict their child on the children they are expected to play with. On the indirect perspective parents line up numerous duties to be performed by the child either homework or a never ending tuition, all this geared to deny a child free time. This has a psychological effect on the child in the short term and sometimes in the long run (Geffner and Hughes 65). Third Parties In incidences of rape, the culprits are mainly relatives, close family members and the neighbors, this is because our society has mandated the culprits with the perceived right to discipline the child. In the process of punishing the child end’s up abused. In our schools from kindergartens, primary schools, and secondary schools punishment by the teacher is seen as a normal legitimate process. This has in many societies ended up misunderstood and since no level is set on the punishment acceptable, it is in most cases abused. On the other hand, since the child is made to understand that punishing him or her is good, they keep quiet and the vise continues (Loseke 121). Conclusion It is everyone’s mandate to ensure that a child is disciplined for a bette
Pricing and promotions are elements of marketing mix, organisations whether is the service or goods industry need to set a price that is competitive in the market and offer maximum returns. To attain this goal, there are different approaches to pricing and promotion. This paper looks into pricing and promotional strategies that a company can adopt. Premium Pricing The approach adopted by premium pricing models is selling of products at relatively high prices than that offered by the competitor. The strategy is particularly effective with unique or new products in the market. For example if a certain health facility is fast in automation, it can offer the services at a relatively higher cost to benefit form the initial stages of the invention before competitors adopt theirs. Penetration Pricing The model advocates for a pricing method where an organisation sets its prices at a low rate than that offered by the competitor; the aim of the approach is attack a large mass of people to the products. For example in a hospital set up, the managers may decide to set consultation fee at a minimum rate, so that service charge can be minimized. Economy Pricing It is a pricing model that aims to keep the bare price of commodities low; it uses organisational advantages to benefit the larger organization. For example, a hospital can have large procurements of medicine and enjoy economies of scale; the benefit is not only enjoyed by selling medicines cheaply but service can also be offered at a lower rate because of the benefit from large consignments. Price Skimming Companies with strong brand name use the strategy; in the approach, the companies use their name to cha
Introduction The European crisis is the financial crisis that affected and is still affecting countries within the euro zone. This crisis is majorly attributed to the countries’ inability to repay their debts free of assistance that comes from third parties. Various intervention measures including, European financial stability facility, European fiscal compact, and integration of bank managements among others have been tried with an aim of ending the crisis. This paper seeks to address the major issues facing the European banks with an aim of showing how the European banking sector helped in overcoming the debt crisis using the above intervention strategies as the basis. Major Issues Facing the European Banks There are several major issues facing the European banks. First, the European crisis is a financial crisis, which affect some governments in Europe such that they are unable to repay their debts without intervention from other sources (Ibrahim 123). Since the onset of this crisis in 2007, government and private sector debt has continued to rise because of the increased levels of private and government debts in the world and the downgrading of debts owed by government in various states in Europe. Due to the increase in property bubble, private debts easily became sovereign due to bailouts by banks and governments in a reaction to stop the post bubbles of the economy. This crisis has threatened to split the European Union. In addition, inability to sustain the wages and pensions by the government of Greece has led to intensification of the debt crisis (Cecchetti and Zampolli 23). Worse still, Greece has always tried to hide its financial position through the assistance of major well-established banks in Europe (Louise and Schwartz A1). Some banking institutions have benefited from this action though it was short lasted since the crisis soon became so glaring. Another major problem facing the banks is that the Euro zone uses one currency with a variation in taxation and in public pension regulations. This strategy means that the banks cannot respond to this crisis with efficiency. According to Seth et al., most banks in the European region have big debts, which make them have their solvency questioned (19) thus affecting the economy negatively. This crisis worsened in 2010, 2011, and 2012. The European countries are therefore trying various intervention methods though they have not yet succeeded. Resolution strategies Various intervention measures have been carried out by the banking sector to help in ending the crisis. Such methods include the creation of European financial stability facility, banks writing off 53.3% debts from individual creditors, and the creation of European fiscal compact (Pidd 5). The worst hit countries include Ireland, Portugal, and Greece. Spain also became hard hit in 2012 after its interest rates shot up and began influencing its power in capital markets thus leading to its banks being billed out. The other way of resolving the crisis was through integration of the
The issue of minimum wage increase has been one of the most debated in the last few years. Low-paid workers have protested against minimum wages which have not been adjusted for inflation for several years. While low-paid workers argued that meager pay practices put them on the verge of poverty, economists argued that such an increase will result in mass layoffs. Although minimum wage increase to $15 per hour may result in a lower number of vacant positions, it should be raised as it will positively affect the United States economy. Low minimum wages cost the United States government billions of dollars. A lot of discussions are centered on the economic impact of the minimum wage increase. While minimum wage increase will, obviously, require businesses to pay their workers more and will require businesses to find new ways to compensate for increased expenditures, the economy, in general, will benefit from such an increase. While increasing the minimum wage is costly for businesses, not increasing the minimum wage is costly for the United States government. Individuals who earn less than $18,000 a year cannot meet their basic needs and get compensated by the government (Owens par. 1). In spite of the fact that they are employed, current hourly rates are not enough to allow them to buy food, clothing, medications, and other necessary things. It is the government’s responsibility to provide competition for the poorest populations. Such compensation may come in the form of food-purchasing assistance or medical care coverage (Owens par. 4). The United States government initiated such programs, as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) to provide benefits for families with low income. A family living on the current minimum wage will be eligible for such program (Owens par. 4). Another issue to consider is health care. Low-income individuals cannot afford health coverage, and many of them do not pay for medical services in full. As a result, the United States government is responsible for covering these expenses. Uninsured individuals cost the United States $49 billion each year (Kennedy par. 2). Companies which pay workers less than $15 an hour simply offload their payroll expenses onto the United States government. Raising minimum wage will reduce poverty with no significant effect on employment. Those against minimum wage increase argue that if such increase takes place, it will result in higher unemployment due to mass layoffs initiated by businesses to compensate for increased costs. The opponents of the increase argue that businesses will have no choice but to employ fewer workers. However, studies suggest that measured employment effects of minimum wage increase are very small due to a variety of factors in play (Schmitt 1). Businesses can cope with increased minimum wage through “improvements in organizational efficiency; reductions in wages of higher earners (“wage compression”); and small price increase
Abstract The main aim of this study was to determine the most cost-effective method that the Immigration Branch of Commercial Bank of Dubai would use to minimize their annual expenses. The choice to be made was between overtime and hiring of new employees. From studies that have been conducted on the topic, it has been concluded that the difference between these two options is insignificant. However, overtime has always been the ultimate option since it is relatively cheaper as compared to hiring of new employees. From the results of the study, it was identified that the bank was understaffed especially on peak hours. It was also found out that the cost incurred while hiring new employees is higher than the cost incurred on overtime. Due to this fact, it was concluded that the bank should maintain its overtime policy. However, there are some regulations that have to be put in place to improve on operations and reduce overtime costs. Introduction The United Arabs Emirates (UAE) is one of the fasted growing regions of the world. From humble beginnings, the region has grown over the last several decades to be one of the strongest financial hubs of the world (Madar Research Group, 2008). The region supports a vast diversity of commercial activities. These include the oil and gas industry, tourism, infrastructural development, manufacturing industries, IT industries and many other commercial services. It is due to these factors that the GDP of the region has been growing at a tremendous rate especially for the last fifteen years. To support all these activities, the region has developed a strong banking industry. The financial sector of the UAE is undergoing a massive overhaul. This has come about as a result of the changes in the structure and composition of the population. Initially, the UAE population comprised mainly of old individuals who had a sta
Introduction The establishment, operation and the function of many formal non-profit organizations has largely been affected by social, political, legal and economic institutions. In addition, the major big non-profit organizations are found in developed nations but their operations have become largely transnational in nature. These non-profit organizations (NGOs) continue to perform an important role in facilitating health development in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, the critical role of non-profit organizations in confronting diseases in Africa has intensively and extensively been documented. Furthermore, the work of NGOs working in Africa especially those in health care has been spurred by the shrinking of state health services across the entire continent, a consequence described as ‘hollowing of the state’ which has been caused by increased privatization and structural programs throughout the 1980s and 1990s which in turn placed the burden on NGOs to fill the gap. These NGOs get much of their funds and donations from governments of high-income countries such as the United States, Japan, and members of the European Union together with other OECD members (Merson, Black and Mills, 2006, p.497). From time to time, the generosity manifested by the assisting governments has largely varied and usually depends more on the supposed geopolitical importance of the problem than the real and actual needs of the affected populations. The aspect of financial prudence has become requirement for many NGOs which in turn dictates the success or failure of NGOs. Financial problems for these NGOs has further been fuelled by global financial recession which means that most NGOs have to operate efficiently within limited budget in order to meet the unlimited health requirements in African countries. Buoyed by this observation, this report will propose an expenditure plan that is necessary in making appropriate administrative decisions with regard to budgeting of health care in African countries. NGOs role in provision of health services in Sub-Saharan Africa The Sub-Saharan Africa has experienced numerous activities that have been spearheaded by non-profit organizations. For instance, the NGOs sector has contributed significantly in the provision of health and education services since the colonial era although many a times, some governments have worked to impose restrictions and measures on NGOs (Mwabu, et al, 2001, p.82). Generally, Sub-Saharan Africa is a region that has been credited with experiencing success and prominence in NGOs work of service provision in health, but over time the form and extent on NGOs effort to provide the health services has reduced due to certain reasons such as:  1. The extent of health problems which determine the demand for services and the roles of state and NGOs sector in responding to the demand;  2. Government perceived attitude towards the NGOs and also the existing state policies in t
Introduction Marketing is an integral part of every business since it helps companies to reach their customers. It encompasses all the activities and institutions that facilitate the creation, communication and exchange of offerings that are beneficial to the clients and owners of businesses (Gary, Harker and Kottler 5). The success of the marketing process depends on the approach or technique used to facilitate it. This means that the approach must be effective in reaching the customers and cost-effective to the company. It is against this backdrop that most firms are shifting from traditional marketing techniques to social network marketing (Ostrow). An analysis of current marketing trends indicates that the application of social networks in marketing is becoming more popular despite their limitations. Background Information on Marketing Meaning of Marketing Marketing is the “management process that seeks to maximize returns to shareholders by developing relationships with valued customers and creating a competitive advantage” (Gary, Harker and Kottler 7). This means that marketers transform potential customers into actual customers by developing relationships with them. Strong relationships between the marketers and customers facilitate high sales. Thus the shareholders of the business will maximize their returns as sales and profits increase. Marketing also helps in developing the sales strategies and the methods of communicating with the customers. Types of Marketing The commonly used types of marketing include online marketing, offline marketing, outbound marketing, inbound marketing, direct marketing, niche marketing and guerrilla marketing (Gary, Harker and Kottler 35). Online marketing is mainly done through the internet while offline marketing is done through print and electronic media. Outbound marketing involves reaching customers who are not actively looking for the product being marketed. It uses techniques such as billboard adverts (Gary, Harker and Kottler 67). Inbound marketing makes use of search engine optimization to help customers find a firm and its products. Direct marketing focuses on delivering the marketing messages directly to the customers. Thus it uses strategies such as “telemarketing, emails and direct calling” (Gary, Harker and Kottler 71). Niche marketing focuses on reaching a market that is currently not being served by the existing firms. Guerilla marketing uses unconventional marketing approaches to reach customers and create brand awareness. When to Use Marketing Marketing is used under the following situations. First, it is used to identify the customers who are interested in the products being marketed (Gary, Harker and Kottler 45). This is achieved through appropriate market segmentation criteria. Second, it is used to enhance customer satisfaction (Gary, Harker and Kottler 46). The use of app
Descriptive write-up A number of plans have characterized the Charles River historical trajectory. Most of the plans have been implemented while others faced challenges and remained unimplemented. Initially, the Native Americans used the Charles River for transportation and fishing. However, the early European settlers made plans to use the River for industrialization. The plans were implemented and by 1640, the River water was used to power industrial settlers’ mills. Implementation processes of the European settler plans saw the building of 20 dams to generate power to run industries. As a result, the River was highly polluted by poor sewerage disposal and altered flow of River water. Plans to transform the Charles River Basin from pollution and tidal waves were initiated by visionaries like Charles Eliot. Charles Eliot learned landscape architecture from Fredrick Law Olmsted. The plan involved convincing politicians to relocate industries initially constructed in the Lower Charles. Further, a dam was constructed at the mouth of the River transforming the otherwise polluted tidal River mouth into a freshwater man-made basin. The Massachusetts Water Resources Authority has for a long time made elaborate plans to improve the project especially sewerage disposal. Most of the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority plans have been implemented (Kubiak, Smoske and Lam 2015). The Massachusetts Department of Conservation sponsored a plan to allow people to gain access to the central park with more ease by constructing bike paths and pathways. Planning and implementation of the project in relation to broader city historical trajectory As early as 1634, Europeans had settled in Boston, and they needed water to run the industry they had established. Therefore, they constructed a number of dams along the Charles River. Unfortunately, the dumping of waste in the River became rampant and, therefore, the River was extremely polluted. In 1908, a counteractive dam was constructed to alleviate the numerous environmental problems associated with previously constructed dams. The dam was constructed between Boston and East Cambridge (currently near the Museum of Science) lessening sewage menace by covering tidal flats. As a result, the estuary that existed at the River mouth was replaced by a basin where the River water settled. In 1978, a new dam was constructed to replace the dam constructed in 1908. The dam was intended to control floods and allow free fish movement. In 19