ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The use of relevant and valuable strategic initiatives characterizes any management as the body that is interested in promoting a particular enterprise and its growth. To determine how effective specific innovations are, it is possible to apply appropriate assessment tools and techniques that are designed specifically for this purpose. As an object of analysis, the British company Marks & Spencer will be considered. This clothing and luxury goods retailer is on the list of the London FTSE platform and is a significant participant in both the domestic and global markets. The assessment of specific implementations in recent years will be conducted based on such a mechanism as Porter’s Five Forces strategy, and the parameters of the company’s corporate social responsibility will be analyzed. To identify a strategic initiative, the retailer’s transition to sustainable development will be considered. As a justification base, topical academic resources will be cited to confirm certain facts. Marks & Spencer is a profitable and recognizable enterprise where the principles of sustainable development are promoted, and the modern practices of providing a high level of services are maintained. Company’s Short Description Marks & Spencer is the British brand of clothing, shoes, and accessories for the whole family. The company was founded in 1884 in the UK by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer, and currently, it owns more than 1,300 stores (Wilson 2015, p. 437). For more than 130 years of its existence, the brand has managed to win the recognition and love of the most demanding customers around the world, becoming the symbol of the British quality and sophisticated everyday style. Today, its profit is significant, and the position in the London FTSE list confirms the authority of the company and its growth opportunities. Nevertheless, the retailer has a positive reputation in the market not only due to its long-term work but also to the consistently high level of services provided with the help of constant control from the management and timely strategic decisions. According to Kennedy, Kapitan, and Soo (2016, p. 126), the brand focuses on “transparency, product innovations, use of external expertise, and engagement with suppliers, customers, and employees”. The managing board of the retailer seeks to make important and necessary decisions aimed at improving the quality of work and the constant search for new strategies that could increase company awareness. As a result, valuable steps allow Marks & Spencer to stay at the leading positions in the tar
Introduction The effectively designed teacher evaluation systems in K-12 educational institutions are important to contribute to the quality of education in the concrete school. From this perspective, discussing problems in school organizational cultures, it is necessary to focus on issues connected with the development and implementation of the appropriate and well-designed teacher evaluation system that can work to improve the classroom instruction and enhance the students’ performance (Gitomer et al., 2014, p. 3). However, the formulation of effective evaluation principles in the context of teaching depends on the integration of the leadership theories in the process of developing an efficient system (Kiboss & Jemiryott, 2014, p. 494). This paper aims to present the solution to the problem of a lack of an effective teacher evaluation system in the K-12 institution that is based on the path-goal leadership theory and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed solution. The Description of the Problem The K-12 institution located in the small community faced a problem of improving the organizational culture with the focus on developing a new effective teacher evaluation system. The problem was in the fact that the existing teacher evaluation system actively used in the school did not address the primary goals set by the school administration. In this context, the practice of terminating teachers was used as the administrators’ main response to the low-quality performance of teachers. Thus, the school a
Introduction A 24 year old female presented herself to the hospital complaining of lower abdominal pain, dysuria, light fever and abdominal cramps for the past 4 days (PID Module Case Study, 2008, p. 1). Jane Wheels is married to Joseph and is reported to have been using oral contraceptives for the past two years. History JW used oral contraceptives and had last seen her menstrual period two week ago but without dysmenorrhea. According to her, the commencement of the symptoms was very gradual and she begun feeling mild pain from her lower bilateral abdominal discomfort, abdominal cramps, fever and dysuria (PID Module Case Study, 2008, p. 2). However, the pain worsened progressively over the past four days. JW claims she did not experience any vaginal discharge, gastrointestinal discomfort of any sort or constipation. After experiencing these symptoms, she had taken Tylenol three times a day to suppress her fever. JW claims that she is in a happy marriage and she is mutually monogamous with her husband and intended to get pregnant again in the next 6 months. She and her husband do not condoms whenever they have sexual intercourse at least twice a week (PID Module Case Study, 2008, p. 2). She does not engage in oral or rectal sex and has never suffered sexually transmitted infections but some yeast infection on occasional instances. She also douches regularly after sexual encounter and menstruation and she last douched this morning. JW also claims that she does not smoke, has a good appetite and does exercise on regular basis. Physical Exam Upon medical examination, the patient appeared to be healthy with a blood pressure of 104/72, a body temperature of 38°C and weighs 132 pounds. Her breasts, chest, heart and neck are normal with no flank pain (kidney problem) upon percussion (PID Module Case Study, 2008, p. 3). She experienced no Costovertebral angle tenderness. Upon abdominal examination, JW reported to experience tenderness on her lower quadrant when palpated. Her doctor reported to palpate a number of small bilateral inguinal notes. Her external genitalia appeared normal and without signs of discharge but some visible signs of cervical mucus on speculum examination (PID Module Case Study, 2008, p. 4). Bimanual examination report revealed uterine and adnexal tenderness and painful cervical movement though the uterus anterior was smooth and not swollen. Laboratory Tests Test of urine for pregnancy was negative. Urine test for nitrates tested negative. Her vaginal pH was 4.5 upon vaginal saline wet mount. The KOH wet mount also tested negative for yeast. Differential Diagnosis It is important that Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is differentiated from a number of other infections that cause abdominal and pelvic problems. Female patients with unilateral adnexal mass lesion should be assessed cautiousl
Definition A process-based system that intends to implement projects from the starting to end point is referred to as project management. On the other hand, information can only be managed using technique-based systems through knowledge management. As much as both project and knowledge managements are dominant in several global organisations, it is vital to mention that the practices have unique perceptions and interpretations. In addition, both of these practices have been in existence for a long time and also gone through various phases of transformations. The various needs of organisations, misunderstandings, understandings, geography and industry dynamics have indeed influenced the evolution of project knowledge management in a number of ways. Successful business enterprises clearly comprehend the values of project knowledge management in the day-to-day operations of an organisation. They also clearly appreciate the risks associated with lack of proper project knowledge management in place. In this case, there are specific methodologies that must be put into action in order for any organisational project to excel. Even though the project management techniques applied are beneficial to both an individual project and the entire firm, it is often necessary to evaluate the practical implementations of the techniques adopted to execute a particular project. This explains why the application of relevant knowledge cannot be ignored when there is need to implement successful organisational projects (Shepherd & Atkinson 2011, p.154). Although knowledge management is an equally important parameter in all facets of project management, it is not broadly comprehended or exercised in most organisational contexts compared to project management. Depending on the nature of operations adopted by a business entity, knowledge management can be loosely interpreted as a methodology, concept or program that has been put in place in order to accomplish a given organisational project. The net objective of knowledge management in a firm is to transform the institutional information endowed by an organisation into a specific and relevant form of knowledge that can be passed from one individual to another, communicated and eventually used again. Literature review An organisation has the option of executing myriads of knowledge management projects in order to share knowledge, retain and preserve skills. As a result, there are methodologies and technologies that can be used to offer guidance or support to all efforts directed towards knowledge management projects (Hanisch et al 2009, p. 153). Nonetheless, impractical goals, questionable business values or poorly defined scope often l
Amongst the galaxy of French thinkers, philosophers and writers, Rene Descartes stands as one of the tallest luminary. Descartes was also called as the Father of Modern Western philosophy whose writings have had a profound effect in the formation of modern nation states. This essay examines Descartes’ principle ideas of the utility of doubt for arriving at truths and the concept of dualism between the mind and the body. Descartes formulated the concept of methodical scepticism. The famous maxim Cogito Ergo Sum , or ‘I think therefore I am’ was formulated by Descartes, a theme that established western rationalism as the popular philosophical body of work that could be put to practical uses. According to Descartes, if any idea can be doubted, then it is not true knowledge that then requires further rational enquiry to arrive at the real truth. Human existence is proved by the very fact that a human thinks, with inputs from his five senses, which are not very reliable, but it is through the very act of thinking that gives him the rational conclusion that he exists. The Wax analogy used by Descartes establishes this rationale. A block of wax has certain physical characteristics that a human receives through his sense of sight, smell and touch. However, when the wax block is brought close to a heat source it melts. Going by the sense of sight, smell and touch, the wax has changed its characteristics. It no longer feels solid; it looks liquid and also gives off a certain smell that had not existed earlier. Thus the senses, in isolation arrive at a different conclusion regarding this new entity. However, the mind tells the human that the object is still wax. Hence it is the process of thinking that converts the doubt about the truth about the wax into a certainty. Hence, the doubting methodology ascertains the real truth. This system of doubting was further developed by Descartes in his Cartesian Theory of Fallacies in which the inquirer starts with a premise that a particular statement is false and then develops an argument to prove it is true. This theory has been till to date modified and used in pure maths field of mathematical analysis and analytical geometry. In his theory of dualism, Descartes holds that the mind controls the body through the pineal gland. However, at times the body driven by human desires influences the mind. In this way dualism exists as a two-way traffic between the mind and the human body with the dominance of the mind on most occasions. Central to Descartes belief of dualism was that the pineal gland contained the human soul and was resident only in humans and not in other animals. One must remember, that Descartes was only internalising the known scientific knowledge of those times (1596-1650) and hence could be pardon
Introduction The neoclassical painting Death of Socrates was painted in 1787 by Jacques-Louis David to shed light on events that might have happened during the death of Socrates. The painting belongs to the Neoclassical Arts. Neoclassical Arts were influenced by the French revolution between 1780 and 1799. Death of Socrates draws inspiration from the classical form of arts and culture of the ancient Greeks. Paintings of the neoclassical era are associated with the use of different colors and styles, and combining those with idealistic styles. David became a successful painter by merging drama and forcefulness with romantic or idealistic styles. During the Neoclassical Era, especially during the French revolution, artists like David created paintings with a number of characteristics such as, for example, a central perspective perpendicular to the plane of the picture, which is applied in Death of Socrates as well. In addition, the picture was made emphatic by including a dim arcade on the background. Choice Of Topic David chose the topic of the death of Socrates in his painting as a way of showing the way the Greek philosophers expressed their ideas. In his work, David attempts to condemn brutal acts of the law, as well as political and social leaders in France. David chose this topic to condemn dictatorial leadership in France. The scenes of the prison and the emotions of the students in this picture refer to the memories of the abandoned attempts of reform in France, especially the 1787 dissolution of the Assembly of Notables. In addition, a large number of political prisoners in the French jails and the massive numbers of exiles were condemned in this picture. David rebukes the cringing souls in prisons and those in exile. David also
Background The manner of managing employees’ behaviours can substantially affect their performance. People-oriented leadership styles are considered preferable in this regard because such of their qualities as empathy and accountability are believed to result in workers’ trust towards managers, better engagement in work, higher quality of service, and other positive outcomes (Krog & Govender, 2015; Krishnan, 2012; Su, Cheng, & Wen, 2019). The way through which employee-oriented leadership allows achieving favourable impacts on performance is linked to the establishment of supportive workplace environments and climates that empower subordinates psychologically, personally, and professionally. It means that empowerment plays a crucial role in forming positive relationships between organisations and workers and in motivating them to adopt behaviours that would benefit their companies. Therefore, the investigation of leadership styles’ direct influences on empowerment and the mediating effects of empowerment on different aspects of employee outcomes is of significant importance. Research on this topic may help to improve employees’ well-being and overall organisational productivity. Question To comprehend whether people-oriented leadership styles indeed can promote employee empowerment, the review of literature on this subject was conducted by using the Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) framework. The questions that the project aimed to answer were as follows: What does the available research evidence demonstrate about the effects of leadership on employee performance and empowerment? Can empowerment, when promoted through the application of supportive leadership styles, impact employee performance positively? Overall, these questions do not refer to any specific industry or population of workers and can be used to research leadership and employee behaviours across various organisational contexts. General characteristics of the studies that would help to research the identified problem are defined by utilising the PICOC model: Population    Diverse employees                                                                                                   Intervention  Transformational / ethical / servant and similar leadership styles characterised by care for workers                Comparison    Transactional and other leadership approaches characterised by a low level of employee support and consideration    Outcome       Employee empowerment -> Job commitment and satisfaction, work engagement, better employee performance, and so forth Context       Organisations of different types                                                                                     Inclusion Criteria The inclusio
There was a biological attack on Americans in September 2001. Letters laced with Anthrax spores were mailed to different locations in the country. Those near the letters when they were opened suffered harsh consequences. Five people died while under medication. This was because the doctors did not understand what they were trying to treat this treatment was more of a fire fighting exercise than an exercise with a purpose. Seventeen others fell seriously ill and were admitted to hospitals across the country. However, these people recovered and returned to their normal lives. This incident scared Americans so much that a 9-year long investigation was launched and formally concluded in February 2010. This investigation was run by the DOJ in conjunction with the FBI(Gottlieb, Arenberg, & Singh, 1994). The letters containing the anthrax spores were sent in two shifts. The first set was sent to media houses in the US. The media houses were ABC News, AMI, New York Post, CBS News, and NBC News. The authorities believed that they had been posted from Trenton as they each had a New Jersey postmark. The second round of letters was sent to Patrick Leahy and Tom Daschle. The two were Democrat senators of South Dakota and Vermont. Both the senators were lucky since they did not personally open the letters. One letter got lost in the mail and was discovered a month later by a postal worker who was not so lucky. He contracted the disease via inhalation. The second was discovered just in time by a government aide. This letter was isolated and its contents were cleaned. The aide was wearing protective clothing and was not harmed by the spores. The anthrax spores sent to the senators were more harmful than those sent to the media houses since they were almost pure. This led scientists to wrongly conclude that the spores had been laced with silica. The FBI and the United States Department of Justice are the agencies that carried on with the i
In the expansive hall of our Seventh Day Adventist church is seated the youthful, jovial Pastor Lin who is originally from Taiwan. As a Youth Pastor, he has inspired many especially with his divine sermons, passionate presentations, and delightful approach to initiating helpful projects for his congregation. The Los Angeles Seventh Day Adventist Church was founded in 1960 by a group of ministers. On the Sabbath, we usually gather around in the Church to pray for the word of God and listen to the sermon. And we are all divided into different groups, such as the youths who have a bible study session taught by Pastor Lin, and the elders form their group that has the Sabbath school. Situated in the heart of our neighborhood, the Los Angeles Seven day Adventist Church has a seating capacity of 1000 people and is headed by Pastor Lin. As I walked in the far left row, I noticed the 5’7 feet, Pastor Lin, in a white robe standing on the pulpit with a beaming face. The first impression I got was that of a jovial kind-hearted minister noting the almost full capacity church and active participation from the congregation. Unlike other ministers, he always wears a natural smile in his well-pressed robs and has a commanding voice above other pastors. I slowly moved forward and occupied the third raw from the front where I could get a lucid reflection and view of everything taking place. Pastor Lin has been our minister for quite a long time. I got to know him three years ago when he convinced me to join his church. Pastor Lin was born in Taiwan and he moved to the U.S twenty years ago due to religious intolerance back in Taiwan. Being a Seventh Day Adventist, he has been active in leading sermons every seventh day of the week which is dedicated to service to God. In the interview, he said, “Back in Taiwan, religious intolerance, especially from the dominant Buddhism religion, limited my space for practicing seventh-day religion. Specifically, against the doctrines of the seventh religion, Taiwan did not recognize Saturday as a day of worship since schools and other activities proceeded during this special day.” Therefore, to continue with his religious devotion, Pastor Lin and his entire family migrated to America when he was at the age of thirteen. Knowing Pastor Lin for a couple of years, he seems very unique and different from other pastors. He told me that once he was sent to a Christian school upon arrival in the U.S, the principal of the school interviewed him and he had no idea what he was talking about at that time. The funny part was that he always earned a straight-A in his English class back in Taiwan. However, if you are talking with Pastor Lin now, he has no accent and speaks English as a local. Despite having been in the US for over twenty years, it is apparent that he has l