ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Today, as numerous technologies evolve and innovative prototypes are released almost every day, humanity is on the verge of being overwhelmed by their own success. Of course, saying that the progress that people made over the span of the last 20 years is substantial would be an understatement (“Information Systems Security Association” par. 3). Nonetheless, there will always be both upsides and downsides to this situation. There are individuals who use these modern technologies to steal other individuals’ information, personal data, and even identity. The problem of computer crimes and Internet security should be addressed as soon as possible. It is evident that there are strategies intended to help guarantee the safety of those in need (Day 33). Nonetheless, those criminals who use computers to steal other people’s information always seem to be one step ahead of the officials, police enforcement agencies, and policy-makers. The author of this paper is interested in exploring the phenomena of cyber crimes and finding ways to mitigate potential attacks. The researcher concentrates on the significance of cyber security and reviews possible outcomes of computer crimes. In order to answer these complex questions, the author is going to analyze relevant sources in the area. After the synthesis of this information, the researcher will obtain the necessary background to evaluate the current state of affairs in the area of computer crimes and Internet security. The author is going to draw reasonable conclusions supported by evidence and based on objective facts concerning the current situation. Solutions to Hacking/ Malware Tough Passwords First, the passwords should be different for every account. This is necessary because in case if one of the accounts gets hacked all of the other accounts belonging to that same user also become vulnerable. Nonetheless, it would be rather hard to remember all types of passwords. This is why it is reasonable to use password managers – third-party software that allows keeping all passwords in the same place. Moreover, there are apps that are able to generate tough passwords so no one would ever need to create their own passwords. In combination, password managers and generators are designed to take away the anxiety associated with the password management (Schell 80). Two-Part Authentication Numerous websites are presently taking full advantage of two-step verification. This means that user has to do more than just entering his or her password into the designated field (Gross 1). There is also a text message that is delivered to the user which contains a special alphanumeric (in most cases, it is simply numeric) code used to verify the user’s identity. Change Your Behavior This point is rather important because nowadays every piece of information can be used against an ordinary individual. That does not necessarily mean that one should minimize the time he or she spends online. It means that one should be really careful about the details that are posted online (disclosing birth date or graduation year may be harmful). Internet crimes become more and more complex, so users have to pay attention to what
Introduction The Siege of Bastogne was a part of the Battle of the Bulge in 1944. 1 The former was significant for the outcome of the latter. Indeed, Bastogne was associated with important communications. 2 The German forces decided to attack the Belgian town in the middle of December. In turn, the Allies chose to defend the strategically important location. They were outnumbered, and their forces were initially spread thinly, resulting in a crisis. The town and its defenders were encircled. However, the small groups managed to persevere as more troops were directed to help. Some of the key forces that should be mentioned include the 10th Armored Division. 3 It was led by Major General Troy Middleton. It was also among the first troops sent to help to defend Bastogne. Additionally, 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions were important for the outcome of the battle. 4 They were quickly directed to assist Middleton. Eventually, the Siege was ended by General George Patton’s Third Army. 5 The relief of Bastogne took place on the evening of December 26. 6 The encirclement was broken. This outcome was the result of the actions of some commanders. However, General George Patton’s Third Army was the one to end the Siege. Furthermore, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was effectively coordinating the forces engaged in the operation. 7 The present paper will focus on the two commanders. It will analyze their actions with the help of the principles of mission command. General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Mission Command Principles According to the Department of Army, six principles of mission command can be listed. 8 They will be applied to the events of the Siege of Bastogne. At least four of them can help to understand the actions of Eisenhower. The first one is a disciplined initiative. It consists of taking the lead when existing orders are not applicable. The second one is the calculated risks. Good mission command can require taking risks as long as they are prudent. Risks can be described as prudent if the costs are worth the outcomes. Furthermore, the teamwork exhibited by the commander was notable. As a result, the third principle is the development of cohesive teams. Eventually, Eisenhower’s contribution to the development of a shared understanding is important. One of the most applicable principles exhibited by Eisenhower was the disciplined initiative. It is noteworthy that during the Siege, Eisenhower essentially took group command. He did it because of the problematic leadership executed by General Omar Bradley. 9 In the situation of a crisis, weak leadership was likely to make success unattainable. Consequently, Eisenhower decided to take the lead. His decisions proved to be effective. For example, he chose to rush additional forces to Bastogne. This action proved to be the solution to the crisis. As a result, Eisenhower proceeded to exert a disciplined initiative after the Siege. 10 There were disagreements between Commanders at the t
Who is IKEA Over the years, IKEA has grown to become one of the largest retailers of domestic products including carpets and furniture, among other related products. It is currently an international retailer of these household items with operations in over 35 countries across the world. The company is famous for its low prices and innovativeness in the design of its products (Business and Sustainable Development Global, 2010, para. 1). Nonetheless, the company has also been very keen on ensuring that it creates a good reputation of ecological stewardship and sensitivity to the social matters in the society in the spirit of sustainable development in the 21 st century. This paper uses the United Nations’ definition of the Sustainable Development. It states that this is the progress that allows an organization to meet its current needs and objectives without compromising on the survival or possibility of future generations failing to meet their needs. Issue to Address In the 21 st century, the issue of corporate social responsibility is increasingly becoming of great concern and importance to organizations. The basic idea behind this concept has been drawn from sustainability development and organizations have a responsibility to care for the societal, environmental and the economic issues related to their businesses. ‘The IKEA Way’ is a phrase that has been coined in reference to the tradition established at IKEA for doing business in a unique way. This is a strong corporate strategy for sustainability. IKEA has developed a reputation of providing innovative products at low prices. Just like most of the other multi-national companies, IKEA has found itself on the wrong foot being implicated in the indirect use of child labor. The firm also sells carpets from India, Iran and Pakistan but their suppliers use children as a source of labor for weaving their carpets. Over the years, IKEA has employed different measures to address the issue but with very minimal success. India’s carpet business is booming and currently it accounts for over 85% of the sales. However child labor still remains the major problem. International organizations have tried to intervene by even setting up schools for former child workers but the success has been very minimal. IKEA launched a very unique anti-child labor campaign which is aimed at empowering the poor women by offering them work in the carpet industries and taking the children from the indust
Introduction The current paper is concerned with behavior observation and behavior assessment of the four-year-old child Jack. The boy has just started preschool this year. He is a rather curious child, he is excellent at school. But when it comes to interaction with other kids, he is out of control. Jack doesn’t like playing with other children; he throws their toys, pushes and hits them. When parents try to use discipline techniques to change his terrible behavior he does not react as his parents want him to. He just laughs and tries to avoid any possible conversation. Jack often runs off, therefore, parents have to keep a watchful eye on him. Main body The observation enabled us to characterize Jack’s developmental milestones. As far as physical and motor issues are concerned Jack shows improved balance and can hop on one foot without losing it. He is active at physical exercises and can already throw a ball overhand with coordination. He can use scissors, tie shoelaces, and button the coat. Sometimes the boy wets the bed that is quite normal at his age. As a child of four, he gains weight of about six grams per day and grows to a height that is doubled if compared to the length at his birth (Olson, 1949, p. 56). As for Jack’s cognitive abilities, he is interested in reading alphabet books and looking at the pictures there. He can name up to twenty uppercase letters, writes ten of them. He counts to 20. He is able to compose simple stories describing daily events. Due to these abilities, he succeeds at school. In Jack’s speech, one can observe the use of basic prepositions and possessives consistently. The child can adequately ask the questions “Whose?”, “Who?”, “Why?”, and “How many?” Though a lot of wordplays is present in his speech, it appears to become more and more intelligible. He can freely state his first and last name, his relatives’ names, and the telephone number. The child’s social development is characterized by rapid and unpredictable moods changes. Though he is aggressive in interaction with children, he imagines invisible friends and shares his emotions with them. In school, he tries to do things independently but when something goes wrong (the toy does not work, the pen does not want to write) he gets angry. The family of the child is able to provide him with necessary nutrition; the child gets healthy food that contributes to his healthy development. The child is fond of dancing and swimming; he likes pets and takes care of them. Thus, Jack’s lifestyle is active and the parent’s and the teachers’ task is to preserve the child’s activity throughout the period of his personality formation. As the child has problem
Introduction Despite the intention to control everything, people should admit that they are not always able to grasp the nature of a constantly changing world. One organization introduces innovation and achieves success and recognition fast, while another company has to work hard to make a remarkable input with time. The causes of such differences usually include the lack of access to human resources, poor equipment, limited practice, or a low level of education. To improve the quality of work and enlarge a range of services, companies apply macro and micro changes to their environments. In this paper, the IMAGINE framework will be used to implement and evaluate a change in the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NYSPCC), where social workers help and protect children against abuse and neglect. This organization aims at improving the quality of child life and enhancing safety. Many people have already made some contributions to the growth of the NYSPCC, but innovative ideas are still necessary today. Regarding the needs of children and recent technological progress, the idea to offer telehealth and change the quality of social work services will be developed. The Organization, Mission, Values, and Goals The NYSPCC is one of the oldest social work organizations in New York. It was founded as a protection agency for children in 1875 (The New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 2017). The point is that until the 19thcentury, no particular laws were signed to support children and determine their rights in regard to maltreatment and parental (or caregiver) misbehavior. One of the first well-known cases was based on the petitions about Marry Ellen, a young girl who lost her parents at an early age and had to live with Mrs. C under rather terrible conditions (The New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, n.d.). An ordinary church worker, Etta Wheeler, discovered the truth about Mary Ellen and addressed several organizations (with no positive results) before she decided to ask an animal protection foundation led by Bergh and Gerry for help. The girl was protected by the law, and the quality of
The comparison between two newspapers, Westside Today that comes out in Malibu Beach and Gazette Newspapers, which is the Downtown Gazette, have yielded some interesting results. The differences and unique qualities of each newspaper refer to the demographics, social make up, population background—in general, the local culture of the community. The popularity of newspapers depends on the predominance of certain groups in the area, the values that have established themselves in that particular community and the ability of the newspaper to interest the reader by effective information presentation and transfer (Willis 38). When analyzing Westside Today, it is obvious the easy-to-access headline divided content. The front page allows for a quick overview and selective reading, which enables a person to flip to the articles they are interested in without looking through the whole newspaper. The news on front page is mostly business, economy and national matters related. Topics such as local business news, crime updates, Obama’s administration and mayoral debates all have a common nature in economy and politics. This is due to the fact that people in the area are interested in the way they are governed and they take an active part in the process. As Malibu is located near one of the most beautiful beaches in United States, people are interested in settling here or opening a business, so it is reasonable to expect news that relate to that. The movies filmed here and settings used for videos, show how this area is very popular and this explains the interest people have in the region. The direct link on the title page labeled “stocks” takes the reader to the current values on the market. Such quick access to financial information is another link to the business world and attention people pay to the market fluctuations. Several headlines in relation to crime statistics confirm the community’s interest in safety. Under the link titled “about us”, first line acknowledges that this is a newspaper that centers on movies, business and politics. The general atmosphere of the paper and this particular department reinforce the effect that people in Malibu are very much preoccupied with interesting and irregular lives. Westside Today comes out in Bel-air, Santa Monica, Beverly Hills and Palisades and this shows that areas which are known for their style and high “rolling” are represented in the newspaper. People who live in these areas are middle and upper class and the newspaper markets directly to that type of audience (“Westside Today”). Another newspaper collection that is rather popular are the Gazette Newspapers. It includes several issues of different newspapers that come out in the local mini-regions; they are Grunion, Downtown and Uptown gazettes. The issue of Long Beach can be considered somewhat similar to the Westside Today. Long Beach is one of the largest cities in the Southern United St
Bernard Madoff, popularly known as Bernie, took the art of fraud to new heights after he defrauded investors off money in excess of sixty five billion dollars. This single scheme is one of the biggest frauds in the American history (Lenzner, 2008). Madoff was an investor and a business consultant when he created his fraudulent scheme. After his arrest, Madoff actually admitted to constructing the fraud in the 1990s. The Federal Bureau of Investigations traced the scheme to 1970s. The Madoff Investment Securities Bernard Madoff Investment Securities outdid other companies at the Wall Street by eliminating various barriers between the customers and the business. Transactions occurred without any bureaucratic procedures leading to a massive increase in the number of interested investors. Madoff’s shady business deals never received any significant attention despite exhibiting unusual behaviour. The lapse by investigators facilitated Madoff’s survival throughout several investigations and endured incriminating claims by skilled financial experts (Henriques, 2009). Indicators of fraud Madoff’s cover blew after financial experts expressed doubts about his business’s profit claim. Other companies in the same line of business to the Madoff Company avoided any transactions with it since they believed that the Company’s profile and scale of success did not reflect a possible legitimate investment. Although Markopolos, the financial expert who first detected serious anomalies in Madoff’s scheme made furious attempts to
Baroque period refers to a time when artists introduced new techniques into their works. The period officially started in 1600, which means that the new trends had already been rolled out earlier. The changes in art styles were initially present in Italy, but as time moved on the trends were spread to the other parts of Europe, probably by people who had been in Italy previously. Francesco Barromini was one of the most famous architects in this period. His career started from a very humble beginning because initially he had worked as a stone mason (All-art 1). Perhaps he worked in masonry as one way of following the foot steps of his father who was also a stone mason. Masonry provided the stepping stone for Barromini to start a career in architecture. When he later migrated to Rome, he met Michelangelo – the patron who gave him lessons in architecture. Michelangelo was a renaissance artist who had skills in many fields ranging from painting to architecture. Although Barromini was taught using renaissance concepts, he decided to use the new concepts, and just like other baroque painters, he was barred from displaying his works in the workshops and therefore, baroque architecture took a long time to be accepted (89). Barromini was given assignments by the Roman Catholic Church and he used such opportunities to exhibit the new trends in architecture. In essence, the church played a major role in spreading baroque architecture because it was used as the vessel for conveying the emerging trends to the public. Most churches in Rome integrated baroque architecture into their design. Legendary artists such as Michelangelo were very conservative because even when they used new styles they still incorporated their previous styles. The break through for Barromini came when he was asked to design the San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, which was a catholic church in Rome. This church was perceived to be one of the pieces that fully reflected baroque architecture. The church was constructed on a relatively small place that is between two intersecting roads. The lack of adequate space meant that the orientation of the structure had to be in portrait so that it could only be adjusted upwards. On the other hand, renaissance structures were broad and thus needed more space to accommodate them. Perhaps this idea was ripe for implementation because the population in urban centers was already swollen and hence buildings had to utilize the available space. Barromini employed multiple colonnades on the walls of the San Carlo building. The colonnades were used to make the walls look ornamental which was thought to be quite appealing. The colonnades were complimented with lots of arcs which were greatly emphasized by the new styles. The development of these styles was advocated by the public because they felt that they needed something unique to spice up their taste. Barromini incorporated sculpturing on to the walls of San Carlo and the former straight lines were replaced with curves. The buildings that were built using baroque styles comma
The issue of scale errors as a separate behavioral phenomenon before the conducted research was rather an observation than a developed concept in psychology. Initially, the researchers in this new field noticed some single events in their everyday life and teaching and only in 2000-s it became possible to present and explore case errors from the scientific point of view. Scale errors are seen as the attempts of a child to fit in the objects that do not correspond to the actual size of the baby (Ware, Uttal, and Deloache 28). It indicates not only an occasional mistake but also gives us a chance to understand the specifics of the children’s visual perception disorders (Campione and Metz 45). The goal of this seemingly insignificant research was to provide formal documentation of the scale errors that occur in everyday life. The frequency of the scale errors was not the primary purpose of the article as those events are not regular, unexpected and occasional. The researchers decided to conduct two surveys with the same questions in real life and on the Internet. The participants of the first study were gathered with the help of printed media while the second filled up the questionnaire online; only those who followed up and called after this online research were considered. For the first study, 221 people regardless of sex and age were questioned. They were given some background information and video materials about the scale errors among the children. The further second study did not differ much; the total number of respondents here was 84. The first survey showed that of 221 people, 87 stated that they had never encountered this problem, while 40 of them experienced a scale error at least once. The most widespread cases of the children’s errors in scale perception were attempts “to get into or onto miniature versions of objects from highly familiar categories” (Ware, Uttal, and Deloache 30); those were clothes, vehicles, and furniture and animal figures. The age of the children was from 1 to 3 years, and the distribution of cases war equal between boys and girls. The second Internet survey showed similar results, with 34 participants having no experience of scale errors and 49 having at least one. Th