ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Leaders have become the main instruments for defining and executing world events. This is largely from a set of principles (doctrines) they initiate and pursue during their reign (Buckley and Singh, 2006). Doctrines, in the American sense, reflect more on the country’s foreign policy strategy, which every president would want to pursue during his/her reign. George W. Bush (junior) is regarded as one of the US presidents to have mid-wife one of the most dramatic doctrines that greatly transformed America’s foreign relations policy. This was so after the events of 9/11, which President Bush translated as threat to the security of America and stability of the world. Known as ‘Bush Doctrine’, the American president declared an immediate onslaught on rogue states that sympathize with terrorist and at same time, executed American military power to ‘cleanse’ off the world from terror activities and elements (Buckley and Singh, 2006). As a result, Bush Doctrine was integrated into the National Security Strategy (NSS) in 2002, where the Doctrine rested on four critical pillars: necessity to maintain American military primacy, pursue of pre-emptive war as supplementary to tradition deterrence, war of terrorism, and democratization of rogue states (Buckley and Singh, 2006). Bush Doctrine became the riding theme with which Bush and members of the administration explained to both Americans and Inte
We always are inside of the nature, under influence of its forces. If, being inside of the nature, we do not feel ourselves well and conveniently, and we test every possible pressure: the internal pressure in the person, pressure of a society, the environmental problems, the nature is a sign on that forces of the nature all still has a great impact on us, pushing us to development. In fact any pressure rendered by the nature on each part, is made with the purpose to develop it. And if this part has been developed enough, moderately necessities would be in balance with the nature, and the nature wishes to result each creation and each component in this condition. All nature operates according to the law entropy, to laws of thermodynamics, many other things to laws. We should check up it. But thus the nature aspires to come to a condition of rest, balance, balance of pressure and forces. And only having reached this point, the nature will stop. For now it will not reach an equilibrium condition, disbalance forces will cause movement to development. Proceeding from it, we should understand, that all still we are in process developments. It is not necessary to think, that the person was already finally generated and does not require any changes. We, as the most developed and most sensitive part from all components of the nature: lifeless, vegetative, animal and human, should pass faster, extreme, effective, essential development in comparison with all other parts of the nature (Pringle) . The XIX-th century is remarkable for its controversial character. It should be mentioned that the most controversial issue of that time was the problem of science and religion. It was a great revolution in human knowledge about their creation. People got new imagination about their nature. The idea of biological evolution has existed since ancient times, notably among Greek philosophers such as Epicurus and Anaximander. However, scientific theories of evolution were not established until the 18th and 19th centuries, by scientists such as Jean-Babtiste Lamarck and Charles Darwin. The transmutation of species was accepted by many scientists before 1859, but the publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection provided the first cogent theory for a mechanism by which evolutionary change could occur: natural selection. (Mayr, 2002) Darwin’s theory nearly shattered the traditional Christian notion that humanity, poised between beast and angel, was literally formed in God’s image. Darwin pointed out, long before we knew that we share 98.5 percent of our ge
Case Study 1: High-Performance Work Systems Identify some of the challenges for the HR managers in the public healthcare sector It is stated that the public health care sphere is growing, and healthcare institutions experience an acute shortage of qualified personnel. Therefore, some of the major problems for HR managers in the sector include maintaining the right quantity of qualified personnel, which incorporates both hiring and retention (Pizzi par. 3). Another important question is keeping up with constantly advancing technology, which means not only purchasing new equipment, but training the staff to properly use it, and complying with continuously changing standards (Pizzi par. 6). How would you ensure HPWS is in place in a hospital? Introducing HPWS is a difficult task, for it requires changing relationships between the management and employees to give the employees more freedom and allow for more autonomous decision making. The difficulties come from the managers, for they tend to be conservative and are unwilling to provide the necessary autonomy; it is also difficult for them to resist the temptation to hire low-skilled workers to pay lower salaries (Tomer 18-19). Therefore, to establish HPWS in a hospital, it is necessary to work with the management and explain to them the principles of HPWS and the benefits they bring. What activities, duties, and attributes would you include in the role of HR manager in a hospital? By the fundamental principles of HPWS (Tomer 2), the following duties should be among those performed by HR managers of hospitals: 1) selecting and hiring highly professional personnel; 2) providing safe and healthy working environment; 3) supplying constant training for the employees; 4) evaluating performance and providing the staff with bonuses for outstanding performance; 5) organizing and maintaining a system for effective information sharing among the workers. Case Study 2: The Perils of Downsizing What are the external factors that are affecting the labor profile needed by the university? According to the materials of the case, these external factors include: (1) some modifications that the international student visa regulations have undergone, as well as alterations which occurred in General Skilled Migration Program; (2) new Australian dollar exchange rates, which made studying in Australia more expensive for overseas learners; (3) a rise in competition between Australian universities and universities from other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the USA, and some Asian states; (4) a rise in the amount of violence towards people of different race or ethnicity; (5) changes in rules for university funding, which tied the number of places at a univers
Introduction Plato’s Theory of Forms reflects the abstract ideas or concepts that exist independently from the material and rational world (Kemerling, 2001). We see and perceive ordinary physical objects in their temporary conditions vis-a-vis a genuine knowledge that there are forms or ideas behind the conditions that we see. These conditions that we see are subject to changes, are imperfect, are unpredictable, and are reflections of ideas that we have, whereas the forms behind these actual objects are perfect and infinite. The Forms may be viewed as comprising of the aesthetic and moral concepts of truth, justice, beauty, and goodness. The theory also involves the concept of being human and the natural order of size, shape, and physical property such as hotness or fire and wetness or water. Thus, the Theory of Forms according to Plato pertains to the physical or material world not being the real world, but as a mere shadow of higher abstract ideas (Theory of Forms). Main body Plato’s Allegory of the Cave compares imprisonment and isolation to ignorance as a result of the existing paradigms. In the allegory, Plato describes the situation of the prisoners who have been incarcerated in a cave since childhood. He illustrates the position of the prisoners where they are chained in such a way that they cannot move their bodies and heads, and that they are all facing a blank wall. Behind the prisoners is a raised footpath with a big fire at the back. The fire reflects shadows on the wall from the various things that people carried while walking along the path. The shadows become the reality of the prisoners. They perceive the shadows as being real because they do not have a grasp of another reality beyond what they presently see and experience. When a prisoner gets freed and sets foot outside the cave, his reality collapses with the introduction of a new world outside of the realm that he knew as the only kind of existence. He gets confused and lost in all the new information presented to him. It is important to note the importance of the term paradigm in analyzing a correlation or link between Plato’s Forms and the Allegory of the Cave. A paradigm is a set of beliefs or views widely accepted by a group and considered to be the truth. A paradigm is what a person holds on to as his reality and as his reason for existence or being. It is how he looks at things around him and how he interprets the meanings or significance of these things. It is how he understands the connection between an object and himself, or the lack of any possible relation. Conclusion A paradigm is what the prisoners in the cave cling to. The cave, what happens in it, what they experienced in it and the sensations they got from it are the components of the reality of their beings. They are ignorant without being aware of it because they are not aware of things or ideas outside the realm that they are in at the present. They do not consider themselves oppressed or their situation depressing because they do not know how it is to be free. Freedom was not introduced in their consciousness. The form or idea of freedom and justice are not included in their field of experience o
Schwirtz, Michael. Vory v Zakone has Hallowed Place in Russian Criminal Lore . New York: The New York Times. 2008. Web. This article gives an account of a police ambush conducted on a meeting held by Russia’s criminal elite in Moscow. During the attack, 37 members of the Vory v Zakne, a dominant criminal organization in Moscow were detained. The reasons for the attack were not clear and most of those arrested were released. The authorities failed to explain why they had conducted the raid. In addition, they lacked evidence necessary to accuse the detainees. Vory v Zakne was influential in Russia and received the people’s support because it opposed the country’s irregular political and legal practices which were evident. The group emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union and further spread to other cities around the world such as New York, Madrid and Berlin (Schwirtz para. 1-4). The group engaged in several criminal activities. It was speculated that the meeting was held to discuss a conflict between two criminal groups and would result into war. However, the leaders of these groups dismissed the claims. Partly because of its association with prison life, the Vory was claimed to have some sort of attraction in Russia (Schwirtz para. 4). However the Vory group lost its power to more educated and capitalistic criminal groups during the1990s. These new groups had stronger influence in business and governance hence conquered Vory’s former territory. The number of Vory members still existing is undefined and their influence in the Russian Economy is no longer strongly felt. Kling, Arnold. Black Markets and Russia’s Failure: Arnold Kling . Indianapolis, Indiana: Liberty Fund Incorporation. 2002. Web. The transition of Russia from communism to capitalism is said to be a setback due to the shift from use of black market to improve the economy (communist era) to use of black markets in promoting criminal activities (capitalism era). Arnold King hypothesized that the blossom of Russia’s black markets hindered the transition from state ownership of business to private ownership. This is because nonprofit making state-owned businesses could survive employee theft that characterized the black markets while private businesses required employee honesty. Therefore, successful transition required destroying of black markets in addition to creating open markets. Arnold further raised a question on other factors that might have led to failure of successful transition to capitalism in Russia (Kling para.1-5). Johnson’s Russia List. TV Station Profiles Russia’s Black Market for Weapons . 2002. Web. The Russia’s armed authorities, consisting of the army and police among others were reported to be a source of weapons for the Russian black market. According to an interview held with a Chechen rebel (Chechen is the main recipient of sold firearms) and the head of
Introduction A deeper understanding of written and print media of communication can help understand its impact on the modern world. For instance, the growth of the human species does not develop naturally. It is achieved through the technology of writing that this transformation is attained. This paper looks into the aspect of empowerment of print. Empowerment of Print Over the years, writing or public media have been highly regarded because they have helped to transform human consciousness. Writing has reconstituted originally spoken language to a visual space. This has formulated a platform where culture can be passed on to other generations. However, this is under scrutiny. It is evident that, over the years, print has liberated, educated, and exposed information to the masses leading to empowerment (DeGregori, 22). The line between literacy and print is very thin. For instance, comparing the information, fiction, science, or any other aspect that is contained in a book cannot be equated to mere utterance. Thus, it is very evident that print media have had multiple effects on the modern society. This applies to institutions, churches, economy, and even the government. For instance, modern day print media has led to a revolution from oral-based education to the modern platform, which is adhered to by many people. The modern education system has facilitated the use of charts and other logical diagrams when formulating analysis. Print has also enhanced the management of knowledge. For instance, the use of dictionaries help in providing correct language. With regards to economic development, print has facilitated ownership of words. Unlike the primary culture that would encourage the sharing of themes and ideas, the modern print culture has encouraged the use of proprietary rights (Briggs & Burke, 72). During the age of the television and radio, television secondary orality was achieved. However, this cannot be considered to be different from the earlier forms of oral language because the communication sense is the same. It is also notable that the secondary orality is largely based on writing and print, which are critical for the manufacture, operation, and usage of the equipments. The impact that is generated by the developments in technology is attributed to print. For instance, the television has brought a change in the political arena among many nations. This is achieved by reaching large masses through the modern developments. The live debates help the audience know the personality of their leaders. With this mandate, print largely challenges the authority of various governments (Briggs & Burke, 72
Introduction The Bangladesh Liberation War that took place in 1971 is an example of a massive conflict leading to territorial and political changes. Despite concerns voiced by Bengali people in East Pakistan, the country’s authorities refused to reconsider its territorial boundaries concerning linguistic and cultural diversity. 1 For many years, Bengali people were systematically denied their right to determine themselves as a separate nation and dealt with West Pakistan’s economic domination. Despite having a common religion and the same government, people in the Eastern and Western wings used different languages (Bengali versus Urdu), had dissimilar nutritional habits, and were antagonists in terms of culture. 2 In 1970, the Awami League, a political party supporting Bengalis’ autonomy, won the elections in Pakista
When I first started attending my high school in New Zealand, I was asked to get involved in the activities of the school. Taking a look at the various clubs and organizations available to me, I thought I would like to join the track and field team. The pictures they had of the previous season made it look like an enjoyable activity that took place in an open field in the sun. I wasn’t really sure how I felt about the activities involved, but I knew I liked to run and this was an activity I didn’t have much opportunity to indulge in at home. The problem was that my parents didn’t want me to join the team. This wasn’t because they thought I would necessarily be bad at it, but I am a girl and I was expected to fulfill other obligations. My parents come from a traditional Taiwanese background and had definite ideas regarding the proper role of female offspring. We didn’t wear shorts or pants but skirts, which was always an argument between my mother and me. We didn’t play sports, we learned new recipes that would please the men. Within this tradition, I was raised to believe that everything my parents told me was right. They were to be honored and respected regardless of my own opinions. As I had been taught, my parents were older and wiser and knew more about life than I could imagine. Their knowledge, being so far superior to my own, must therefore be deferred to on every matter. When they told me I couldn’t join the team because my duties were to the house and to uphold my feminine morality, I didn’t question it for a moment but simply withdrew my team application. All year long, I watched the team working out and feeling strangely resentful of my parents’ restrictions. Other girls ran on the team and participated fully in the various events. It was true that they shamelessly showed off their legs, frequently wearing runner’s shorts that were far shorter than even the walking shorts my parents objected to and certainly not anything close to the long skirts I had now become used to wearing. Some of those girls practiced in nothing but those short shorts and the popular so-called ‘sports bras’ that are really little more than a bikini top. As I watched these girls, I couldn’t help thinking my parents must have known what they were talking about when they told me I wasn’t allowed to join the team. But one day, at a track meet toward the end of the season, I saw a girl on a rival team who was obviously a Muslim. I knew this was true because she wore the full headgear and veil that only the Muslim girls wore. At first, I thought she was just there to support her team in the same way that I was, but then I noticed that she was wearing the same kind of warm-up clothes as the rest of the team. Surely, she couldn’t be running with the team in those disg
Since time in memorial, the role that women should play has been widely debated in many societies. There are those societies that feel that the woman’s place is in the kitchen while other believes that women should forever be under the authority of men. Societies have changed and women have taken greater roles in societies. It is with this greater concern that some writers have come out of the closet and written on women’s roles in the society. Even in the 20 th century, it is not surprising to note that the roles that are assigned or predetermined to be played by women in society have remained the same with few women taking up the challenge to engage in the male-dominated fields. Taking a closer look at the writings of Naula O’Faolain, in her autobiography “Are you somebody”, we are left with no doubt that the experiences that her mother went through greatly influenced her writing. Though O’Faolain spent her life single and died childless, she expresses her loneliness which to her is better than ending up like her mother. She has struggled with the meaning of love and conf
This paper defines the concepts of being a father by exemplifying ideas that are inherent in an autobiography. As such, the examiner assumes the position of a parent. Furthermore, the examiner defines the roles that have shifted over time and those, which have persisted and stayed the same. A comparison of these features will also reveal the unique learning processes, which are attainable from the endeavor. Additionally, the examiner defines aspects that are associated with the identification of roles. As a teenager, I quickly picked out the treatment of my father, which, though, I believed, was unwelcome. Indeed, I usually felt let down by my own father. I joined the group some years later as I also became a father. I always yearned to offer and provide my youngsters with a great life and treatment. As such, I was engaged in acquiring insight regarding being a good father to my youngsters. It is notable that after my first son was born, certain features of my role as a father have significantly shifted. I loved my youngsters so much that I could not imagine seeing them suffer. I defended my youngsters against criticism from others immediately I came across any critics. Indeed, I hasten to disgrace the critics, and it became apparent that nobody would dare criticize or bully my youngsters orally. I became obsessed with their wellbeing to such an extent that I began defending them even if they wronged others. Indeed, many at times the youngsters would attack other people or age mates and then run home. I felt good to have youngsters and sometimes I was crazy about them. I showed my craziness for them by offering them everything they needed. Presently, much as I provide the youngster’s things that they need, I also give them a healthy upbringing environment where they develop positively. In every place I went with the boys, I still showed my happiness even when they did the wrong things. Indeed, I adored my children because they were brilliant boys. I also expected everyone to be crazy about my youngsters. I disciplined the youngsters whenever they dishonored others. I frequently engage in counseling the youngsters in order to straighten the development path. This aspect becomes possible through healthy friendship and a positive relationship, which make the youngsters feel comfortable to play with me. I also protected my children from suffering the penalties of their actions. The love I had for the youngsters encouraged me to cover and watch them whenever they practiced misdeeds on others. Furthermore, I usually had immediate excuses to offer others in defense of my youngsters’ behavior. The youngsters are presently growing under my keen monitoring activities. I frequently criticize and discipline them for misdeeds. It is notable that over time the definition of my roles has shifted as indicated by the alterations in the features of my protection role to the youngsters. The report remained objective because I incorporated the emerging themes and understanding concerning my father’s parts. The intended audience for my definition would entail parents and youthful persons aspiring to join the stage. This extended definit