ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Oratorio vs. Cantata In their genre style, the cantata and oratorio are close to each other; however, differences exist. According to Kamien (2018), the compositions of the first style were associated with Renaissance choral performances and were aimed at displaying one selected theme. One of the most outstanding cantata composers was Johann Sebastian Bach, and his “Cantata No. 140” is still one of the greatest works of the Baroque era. Like many other similar works, it keeps the public in suspense and reflects the grandeur and monumentality of the chosen theme. As Kamien (2018) notes, “an oratorio contains a succession of choruses, arias, duets, recitatives, and orchestral interludes” (p. 142). Consequently, the variety of plots distinguishes this type of the music of the Baroque era from cantatas. George Frideric Handel was one of the composers working in this genre, and his “Messiah” is still the world famous oratorio. Classical Period The classical period was marked by the transition from traditional church motifs to more diverse works where sound coloring played a significant role. As Kamien (2018) remarks, the polyphonic structure ceased to be the main one, and new ideas emerged, which were realized by brilliant composers. One of the outstanding figures of the classical period was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the brilliant composer. His “Symphony No. 40” is included in the list of the greatest musical works. Another representative of the classical period was Ludwig van Beethoven, and his music was “a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophy” (Kamien, 2018, p. 198). Beethoven’s “Moonlight Sonata” conveys deep feelings and is the object of cultural heritage. Classical Symphony and Classical Chamber Music Although such styles as the classical symphony and classical chamber music have much in common, there are some differences that distinguish these genres. Certain criteria may be taken into account, including the target audience, the specifics of the presentation, and other factors. According to Kamien (2018), the classical symphony “is an extended, ambitious composition typically lasting between twenty and forty-five minutes, exploiting the expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra” (p. 175). These compositions are usually performed in concert halls with a large number of spectators, and their monumentality is one of the most obvious qualities. As Kamien (2018) argues, classical chamber music is different in that it is performed in an intimate setting and is not intended for mass evaluation. The target audience, as a rule, listens to performers attentively, and the chamber is to encourage particular feelings and experience different emotions under the influence of a special situation. Such properties of the two styles distinguish them from each other. Among the brilliant representatives of the classical symphony, Joseph Haydn should be mentioned, the outstanding Austrian composer and one of the founders of this musical genre. Kamien (2018) notes that in his lifetime, Haydn wrote 104 symphonies, which is an impressive re
Introduction The story under consideration “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” by Joyce Carol Oates shows an average teenager in the 60s. He/she wishes for independence, which comes real via undesired and unexpected consequences. Connie is a fifteen-year-old girl who is searching for freedom from her parents via a thirty-year-old Arnold Friend who offers her what she wants even though she refuses to get it from the first time. Connie’s desire to be free is reflected in her behavior, attitude to parents, and her relation to personal sexuality, but when she is offered this independence, she understands that all she was searching for is a fantasy, and the real world is more cruel and unfair. This essay aims at providing a character analysis of Connie in “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” Historical Period and Geographical Setting The story was written in the 60s when the youth felt the smell of independence and tried to reach it. Connie’s behavior, as well as the behavior of other teenagers of that time, may be called revolutionary. The conflicts at home and the desire to be those who they are not are explained by the cultural and geographical settings. 60’s in the USA are known as the sexual revolution. The youth felt freedom concerning their sexuality and did not want to hide it. Vice versa, they tried to show everybody that they were free and ready for sexual relations, Connie “knew she was pretty, and that was everything” (Oates n.p.). But, in reality, most teens were not ready for this. Connie was not as well. Connie’s Age and Home Life How old is Connie in “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” Connie is a teenager, and being fifteen years old, she feels that she is old enough to become independent, but she still has to be under parental control. This situation with the two sides of her identity makes her crazy. She continually repeats that the hates her mother and her sister, who is elder and also try to teach her. Once Connie “wished her mother was dead, and she herself was dead, and it was all over” (Oates n.p.), that appears to be the crucial point in their relations. Connie’s desire to meet with boys to have their appraisal of her appearance is one more expression of her desire for independence. Connie and her friend really appreciate the father of Connie’s best girlfriend, who usually gives a lift for girls and “never bothered to ask what they had done” (Oates n.p.). Communicating with boys, Connie is always sure that after driving somewhere, she will be delivered home, safe, and uninjured. She knows that she attracts boys, and her childish innocence and inability to think like adults do, with the whole responsibility, make her free from fear. But this feeling does not last long. Arnold Friend, the antagonist, attracted by her innocence and beauty, ruins Connie’s world when he comes to her house, being afraid to make an extra move “She was hollow with what had been fear but what was now just an emptiness” (Oates n.p.). As the summary evidences, the whole situation with Arnold
Summary, Methods, and Key Findings The research examines how power influences perceptions among people by employing two studies. The first study examines the effect of power on how one perceives objects and people. Hence, to ascertain how misperception occurs, the study selected 85 students (N = 85) in the first study. In the second method, the research used face-to-face technique and selected 32 students (N = 32). In this method, powerful members controlled money or resources. Yap, Mason, and Ames (2013) report the results that, “powerful participants were more likely to underestimate (M = -0.57, SD = 0.95), and the powerless participants were more likely to overestimate (M = 0.64, SD = 1.64) the size of their participants” (p. 593). Hence, the results demonstrate that power influences how individuals perceive others in society. Thus, the essay analyzes the article by examining its findings, strengths, an extension to past work, and extension to future work. Strengths of the Article The research has three major strengths, which enhances the validity and reliability of the findings, and thus enhance their generazability. First, the research used simple random sampling technique in study 1 to select respondents. The simplest random technique is very important as it enables the researcher obtains valid findings and gives the respondents equal chances. Kumar (2010) notes that, “when selecting a sampling technique you should attempt to achieve two key aims; the avoidance of bias in the selection of a sample and attainment of maximum precision for a given outlay of resources” (p. 25). Therefore, the simple random sampling technique gave respondents equal chance to participate in the study, and thus eliminate selection biases associated with researchers. Secondly, to increase the validity of the research, the study used two experiments. The experiments produced consistent results and confirmed that the results of the research were indeed practical. Finally, the use of questionnaires to collect data from the participants helped the researcher to collect information and even store them for future use. Extension from the Article to Past Work Past studies have tried to provide information regarding the relationship between physical appearance and the power asserted by an individual. According to Keltner (2003), researchers have put forward an opinion that visual systems are beneficial. Furthermore, researchers argue that the systems used as visuals are not recording machines. The research drew much of its precedent knowledge from past studies. These studies indicate that people misconceive the power of individuals using their physical appearance such as height and size. According to the studies, individuals believe that if a person
One of the most outstanding poets of the XX and XXI century, Rita Dove, has created many beautiful pieces of poetry that show the world as it is – bare, but beautiful, like Venus the goddess appearing from the deepest of the sea. Because of the talent of the poetess, the world that people live in has taken a new shade of unreal and shown its natural beauty to the people. The question is, how on earth does this woman make the words speak so sincere and tender? “Dove,” a poem of hers, might give the readers a clue about this astonishing riddle. A poem that touches the very depth of the soul and makes the heartstrings ring with the sudden wistfulness, it tells a story of the horrifying cruelty that can lurk in the depth of the island and come into the light suddenly, grasping people and causing them to die. A terrifying dictator, Rafael Trujillo, who ordered to kill the local people that could not pronounce the letter “r” in “Perejil”, Spanish for parsley, is the blind and scary force that lurks in the depth of the poem, making it so tense and making shivers run down the reader’s spine. One of the most curious questions is how come the author makes the words sound so intense and provocative, yet lulling the audience into the rhythm of the exotic world of the strangers. Taking the poem apart, one could see that there are specific patterns that Rita Dove follows to create the feeling that stuns the readers. When it comes to mentioning the tone, one has all the rights to say that the tone of the poem is filled with the things. The word is vague, but that is the only way to describe all the realities of the Dominica that Rita depicts. The things, that create the specific atmosphere of the life on an island, so separated from the rest of the world that it seems to cut off the map of the world. The words that ring no memories to the English ear make the picture bright and vivid, yet the colors of the new wonderful world are hushed down by the feeling of suppression that is continuously following the reader. What makes this feeling grow is the speaker’s tone, employed in the gloomy air. As one reads the poem, the vision of a beautiful garden on a rainy day comes to one’s mind. The place where hopes shatter is heaven governed by a monster. The syntax is, probably, one of those common things that cannot go together with the poem the same way as it does in prose ( Syntax in English Poetry 1870-1930 ). The syntax that Dove uses in “Parsley” is of quite a different kind than a piece of prose might have. In fact, as the notion that represents some order in writing, how come can syntax claim its rights in a poem? It does. Filled with the unusual phrases that sound foreign to the ear of the English speakers, “Parsley ” is the example of the poetic piece that does not adhere to the rules of syntax – and closely follows them. It stirs the regulations from the down under and makes them all chaotic, yet it creates the order of its own, that makes the poem look logical to the audience. “Parsley” does not have a tint of the short, sharp snatches o
Abstract In the dynamic market, it is important to carry out comprehensive logistics planning to guarantee the success of a product in the market. The aim of the paper is to establish the challenges in logistics management in selling refurbished phones from the US in five countries within the South American continent. Besides, the paper aims to identify remedies to these challenges. Through secondary research, the findings revealed that the main challenges of penetrating these markets are different government regulations, culture, unique customer behavior, and limited logistic support. The remedies identified are integrated logistics execution, remodeling the refurbished phones to fit the unique customer behavior, and systematic entry over a period of five years. Introduction Many companies intend to sell refurbished phones in the international market. The rationale for these businesses is to take advantage of the readily available market for refurbished phones, which are cheaper by almost half the new phone. The international logistics strategy for refurbished phone products is to enter countries in Latin America with the first year in Chile. The second-year strategy will be to enter the Mexico and Brazil markets after the successful establishment of a production plant in Chile. The third-year strategy will be market expansion within the three countries by increasing product visibility by 70%. In the fourth year, the strategy will be to enter the Argentina market. Although there were several competitors, the entry strategy and market penetration in the five targeted countries are expected to be successful. Despite the successful logistics management strategy, the implementation was characterized by a challenge in the allocation and customization of management resources, especially in the tracking of product preference in the five targeted regions. This treatise attempts to explicitly review these challenges with the intention of proposing appropriate strategies for turning the impediments into positive international logistics tools to guarantee penetration of the refurbished phones in the targeted markets. Background In the management of logistics in the four targeted markets, regional managers face the challenge of allocation and customization of logistical resources due to variances in culture, demand, demographics, and penetration strategies. The cultural, demographic, and economic factors make it difficult for a smooth flow in product entry in each country and subsequent market penetration since balancing the aspects of supply chain and resource utilization is very difficult. For instance, the demographic factor makes it very challenging to penetrate the market in Argentina due to imbalan
Introduction The pirate bay is a Swedish web site belonging to four Swedish nationals and deals with the handling of pirated music and movies. The website allows millions of its visitors, most of them youth’s free access to music and movies protected by copyrights. The founders of the private bay formed organizations in Europe to oppose the existence of copyrighted music and videos and called for the elimination of restrictions imparted upon music, videos, television, and other digital content. In other words, the private bay advocates for the legalization of piracy. To justify themselves, the founders argued that the pirate bay does not violate any Swedish copyright law, which should be the only law to worry about. Besides, they viewed the application of copyright law as a hindrance to the free flow of information and the spread of culture. This led to massive losses in the music and movie industry through piracy. The United States then moved into advice Sweden to strengthen the Swedish copyright law, which they did and experienced a massive decrease in piracy. A Swedish law court once convicted the four founders because of facilitating privacy. However, they appealed to this ruling and had another hearing, which did not favor them either. The court handed them a one-year jail term each besides huge fines. This led to widespread jubilation more so by those affected by the actions of the founders of the pirate bay in the famous pirate party. Executive Summary Origin, Goals, and Achievements of the Pirate Bay Pirate bay originated from Sweden in the European continent. Four Swedish nationals namely, Peter Sunde, Fredrik Neij, Carl Lundstrom, and Gottfrid Svartholm founded it. They formed an organization to fight against copyright laws that hinder the free transfer of music, videos, and other content files. The founders wanted to legalize piracy to facilitate free access or transfer of copyright-protected content files on the website to ease information sharing as well as culture transfer. They also wanted to benefit commercially. Millions of visitors most of them youths between eighteen and twenty-four years shared or downloaded files from this website. The founders benefitted financially from the frequent visits to the website. Challenges faced by the founders The founders received accusations b
Introduction Japan played a significant role towards redefining the history of the Second World War. During the period, the United States concentrated on the war in Europe. This was possible because China was busy fighting the Japanese in East Asia. Historians argue that many Chinese soldiers died in the hands of the Japanese. The ongoing war in the region made it easier for the allies to conquer Germany in 1945 (Ohtomo 19). However, the most unexpected occurrence was the tension that developed between United States and China after the war. At the same time, the US and Japan became allies thus changing the country’s role in East Asia. The defeated enemy eventually became an ally and subsequently supported the United States throughout the Cold War. This discussion therefore gives a detailed analysis of this changing role between 1945 and 1950. Thesis Statement The political changes experienced in East Asia throughout the late 1940s forced the US to reconsider its relationship with Japan in order to win the Cold War and fight the wave of communism. Historical Background The Second World War brought many countries together in order to secure peace in Europe and Asia. The outcome of the war dictated the political relationships established between the United States and other countries such as Japan, Russia, Germany, and China. The defeat of Japan towards the end of the World War II (WWII) marked a new beginning for the nation. The United States (together with the Allies) began a new journey to occupy, transform, and rehabilitate Japan. History shows clearly that the American forces managed to enact new economic, social, and political reforms. Such reforms would eventually propel the country’s economic performance. These initiatives “were led by General Douglas A. MacArthur” (“Milestones: Occupation and Reconstruction of Japan: 1945-52” par. 3). The main objective after the WWII was to disarm Japan. This strategy would ensure Japan was no longer a threat to the surrounding nations. As well, the Allies were focusing on new efforts to ensure the country’s economy was stabilized. These efforts were implemented in such a way that the country would never be a threat in the coming decades. After Japan’s unconditional surrender in August 1945, the Allies outlined new strategies in an attempt to achieve the above objectives. MacArthur was the person in charge of the Supreme Command of Allied Powers (SCAP). He was also “the person to make the final decisions for Japan” (“Milestones: Occupation and Reconstruction of Japan: 1945-52” par. 3). His efforts led to the first phase of occupying Japan. This phase was characterized by different strategies aimed at punishing
Before most Latin American nations gained independence from European powers, Catholicism was the dominant religion. The Catholic Church, as introduced by the Spanish, French and Portuguese in their respective colonies, maintained co-operative rather than competitive powers. Therefore, people had a set of specific religious rules to follow, which were both strict and compulsory in most families. However, the introduction of Protestantism and other religious movements brought some significance changes among many communities. In fact, distinguishing of religious powers in the region came with the birth of “Laicization”. Laicization in religion is a term used in reference to a secular way in which people gain the freedom to do various social and religious actions with little influence of mainstream religion. Some of these aspects include privatisation of religions, social differentiation and different configuration of beliefs. Such activities have faced much opposition in Latin America, especially in regions where the population of Catholics are dominant. In some of these areas, Catholics hold on to the claim that Catholic should be the only church in control of both political and religious affairs. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Laicization by answering such questions as “what makes “laicization” unique in Latin America?” and “To what extent is it necessary given the split throughout the region between Catholicism, Protestantism, and popular religion?” Within the context of Laicization, three unique elements are evident. First, it provides people with the freedom of personal conscience. In this case, every individual is entitled to own conscience. This therefore meant that by privatisation of religion, the state would protect all individuals regardless of their religious status. It further implies that interference would arise in whichever religion citizens chose to follow. Largely, this freedom brought social and moral liberalisation. Secondly, independence of politics from religion is a unique element of Laicization. In fact, it introduced the ideology of separation of the church from the state, meaning that both would act as separate entities. This extends to the freedom in decision-making and rule implementation. Finally, elimination of discrimination is a unique element in Laicization, which brought equality. The idea argues that anyone has the right and freedom to practice religion, regardless of gender differences. It meant that with uniformity of philosophical stands, equality would be embraced in all aspects of life. Laicization is necessary to all religions because it introduced freedom in both culture and religion. In an attempt to develop a good understanding of the concepts of discrimination, there has been a special focus on respect and balance in communities and individuals with differences in cultural and religious values. Having a monopoly religion had for many years brought about discrimination. However, the birth of religious pluralism gave birth to social coexistence between difference communities. In addition, the idea of Laicization has brought about modernisation even in the e