ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract This paper has presented seven historical events that integrated the State of Qatar upon a strong relationship with OPEC. The events covered the exploration for natural resources, oil discovery of Qatar, first exportation of oil, establishment of OPEC, increasing investment for oil development, independence, and development of oil resources, post independence development and all the contribution to the national and global oil industry. Exploration for Natural Resources In 1935, the Sheikh of Qatar came into an agreement with the English-Persian Corporation and formed Qatar Oil Associated Corporation to manage and administer geological survey to find mineral resources especially oil resources, according to the terms of agreement the British company was entitled to conduct oil exploration for at least 75 years from the date signing. The drive for natural resources exploration was hampered at the initial stage due to the border conflict with the neighbouring countries Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the negotiation to mitigate border conflict takes three years and the implication of oil, and gas exploration program came into execution in 1938 (Humphreys 3; Ibrahim and Harrigan 18). Oil Discovery of Qatar Under the British colonial rule in 1940, the first oil field ‘Dukhan’ of Qatar was discovered in the west coast of the peninsula that produced 5000 barrels of crude oil per day from around six thousand depth of ground and a stable production continues, but the catastrophes of World War II hampered its production until 1946 (ESQ 1). The discovery of oil resources turned the life-style of the people of Qatar in a higher by creating huge job opportunity in the state and it has evidenced that 66% of the total workforces of Qatar engaged to serve oil industry with sustainable wage and job satisfaction that enhanced the national economic growth (Crude Oil Peak 1). First Exportation of Oil Meeting the domestic requirement of oil in 1949, Qatar decided to enter in the export market, the first importing country was India, and the export quantity was eighty thousand metric tons shipped through President Liner and the export remittance received by Qatar was 5.9 million Indian rupees, the successful transaction inspired the country to increase its oil production. The oil production rose at 46,500 barrels per day in 1951 and 67,700 barrels per day in 1952, the huge production explored its exports in different countries that placed the county at the eleventh place among the oil exporting countries with a GDP contribution of US$ 12 million from the oil exports remittance (ESQ 1). Establishment of OPEC Five Oil exporting countries (Iran, Iraq, KSA, Kuwait, and Venezuela) united in the Baghdad conference in 1960 and formed OPEC with the aim to harmonize their petroleum production policies that would safeguard the fair and stable oil prices for the producers and to rescue the oil industries from any market manipulation that can ensure a smooth growth of the nations. Qatar joined in the OPEC in 1961 with
Introduction The Egyptian pyramids are prehistoric pyramid-shaped stonework structures found in Egypt. Currently, there are 138 known pyramids available in Egypt. The purpose of the construction of most of the pyramids was that they were to be used as tombs. Only an individual whose lineage was from a royal family could use these tombs for burial. The most primitive Egyptian pyramids are in Saqqara. Saqqa is in the northwest of Memphis. The earliest pyramid was built in the pyramid of Djoser. According to archaeologists, its construction took place during the third dynasty (Smyth 45). Giza is the home of legendary pyramids. They are the largest masonry ever created in the periphery of Cairo. The aim of writing this paper is to describe the pyramids of Egypt and their sociocultural representations. People believed that the shape of the pyramids came from the shape of the sunrays i.e. descending. Pyramids are on the west bank of the river Nile. The west bank of the River Nile is the side of the setting sun, as the locals know it. This site is also associated with the dead, as it is called the “territory of the dead.” According to the locals, pyramids protect the souls of dead pharaohs (Hawass 153). Social depiction of the pyramids The pyramids of Egypt refer to the stratification of the Egyptian social classes. These classes involved slaves, farmers, craftsmen, scribes, priests, doctors and engineers, high priests, nobles, viziers, and the pharaoh. Slaves refer to people who work without any need for appreciation. The bottom of the Egyptian pyramid represents this class. It formed the greatest percentage of the population in Egypt. Farmers follow the slaves in the strata. Just above the slaves and farmers were the craftsmen. Craftsmen refer to individuals with certain skills in society. This skill was to help the whole society. Craftsmen, unlike the slaves, received a token for their hard work. The next group in the hierarchy is the scribes. The priests, Doctors and engineers, high priests, nobles, vizier, and the pharaoh were on top of the scribes in that order. The pharaohs were rulers of Egypt and came from the family bloodline of the previous ruler. Their responsibilities included ensuring that Egyptians are successful in all wars and making sure that the society followed state rules. Pharaohs were the final judge when it came to passing decisions about government issues (Nardo 32). Beliefs about the pyramids Early Egyptians believed that the pharaohs transformed into Osiris (King of the dead) upon their death. They were sure that these dead pharaohs were still their rulers from the spiritual life. This made them believe in protecting the pharaoh’s spirit in their death. This they did by mummifying the dead pharaoh and then bu
Introduction Coca-Cola is an iconic soda maker. The company operates in over 200 countries. According to Parker and Rees (677), many multinationals such as Coca-Cola are faced with dilemma in finding the balance between global standardization and localization strategies. The dilemma relates to the selection of best strategy to apply in order to penetrate the international market. As the CEO of Coca-Cola, I will pursue localization strategy. The strategy will facilitate the acceptance of the company’s products in different countries. Rationale for Pursuing Localization There are different reasons that inform the selection of either localization or global standardization. For instance, Parker and Rees (677) note that global standardization approach is cost driven because it leverages on same product configuration and marketing strategies. The global standardization promotes corporate identity. It also leads to unified products. However, the varying cultural orientations are the main impediment to this strategy. On the other hand, localization is a strategy that takes into account the cultural diversity and varying business environments in the global market (Singh 124). The aspect of adapting to different cultures makes the strategy suitable for Coca-Cola. Parker and Rees (679) state that culture varies depending on factors such as nationality and ethnicity. In order to increase penetration and acceptance of Coca-Cola brands, it is critical to customize the brand to be consistent with the preferences and requirements of local consumers. According to Parker and Rees (681), localization creates a sense of ownership and loyalty, which results in increased sales in a given locality. For example, in Japan, Coca Cola’s second profitable market, the Coca-Cola brand is customized to local taste. The localization was achieved by manufacture of a canned cold coffee drink. The experience in Japan forced the company to initiate localization in other markets in the year 2002. However, the expected growth was not achieved. This saw the company revert to global standardization, which has also failed to yield the expected growth. For Coca-Cola to increase the global market share, localization strategy that incorporates the various aspects of local markets will be critical. Competition in the global market has intensified. As a result, there is the need for timely decisions that will enable the company to compete favorably. Prompt decisions are difficult to make using global standardization strategy (Parker and Rees 677). Localization strategy provides a solution to such a challenge because it allows country managers to make autonomous decisions. For example, i
The state of California came up with the idea of forming the Citizens Redistricting Commission so to enable every citizen to exercise his or her voting rights. With these rights, they enjoy redistricting without any of their rights being violated or they cannot be taken advantage of. Every citizen is usually encouraged to apply for the role of providing service as a commissioner as long as they meet some of the requirements and if it happens that one does not have the necessary requirements, they are requested to take part by encouraging those who can meet any of the regulations. People who have the best possible skills are usually chosen to be members of the commission (We Draw the Lines, 2009) My interests in providing my services to the citizens redistricting commission are based mainly on the fact that I and everyone else will be able to be represented fairly. I find these very important because most citizens do not understand the importance of being represented as an individual state and by doing this I will be creating awareness among the people since it is quite new to them. History is about to be created through this and I want to be a part of it and help in every possible way. Since our state government is perceived to be weak and have fallen, it is the best time to be more involved in helping it to get back to where it was and act as a pillar for the people of California. The other states will also be able to view this as a model, since it will be a very big change that will also create a big difference. With my wife having taught for 30 years and more students of different ages, I have been able to interact with some of these students and attend some of the student functions. This has helped me understand the kind of effort needed while dealing with people of different cultures all at the same time. In joining the citizens redistricting commission I will be able to make extra money while still working at my current work place. “Members of the commission shall be compensated at a rate of $ 300 a day, plus reimbursement” (Citizens Redistricting Commission, 2010, par.3). The job I am currently undertaking does not consume most of my time and I believe I will have plenty of time to work in the commission and also the members will be
Introduction The mid 19 th century was a period of great political revolutions where most of the political philosophies were established. Maxim defined imperialism as the unequal relationship between capitalism and non-capitalism. Capitalism is the situation whereby the means of production of goods and services for profit are owned by the private sector. It involves capital accrual, competitive markets, and the price system (Fernandez-Armesto 15). These controls are the dynamics that the Marxism theorist used to develop their theories based on material possessions. In the 19 th century, there were revolutionary movements that opposed the capitalist model of governance replacing it with other systems that were acceptable to the people. This paper will discuss Marxism theories to establish how he anticipated nationalism and imperialism as well as the ideological views of the classical liberalism. Imperialism theory Imperialism theory is the formation of a disproportionate economic, cultural territorial rapport between countries (Fernandez-Armesto 15). This relationship is normally based on empire domination and subordination of other states (Fernandez-Armesto 11). Imperialism exploits the native people with the aim of enriching a few influential people in the political class. There are two types of imperialism, which are the regressive imperialism and the progressive imperialism. The regressive imperialism is based on pure conquest where undesired people are removed from the territory (Fernandez-Armesto 16). In the case, the desired people are settled in the vacancies created by the mass eviction of the perceived adversaries. The progressive imperialism on the other hand is based on the cosmopolitan principle. In this case, individuals are not evicted but the living standards of the natives as well as their cultural practices are replaced by imperial civilization (Fernandez-Armesto 9). Bourgeoisie A social class called the bourgeoisie charac
In Chapter 3, there is a discussion on the early evolution of parole in the US, as well as its utilization in the current sentencing practices. Among the most critical points of the chapter is that recent studies show that inmates who tend to leave prisons without parole supervisions demonstrate higher failure indicators in comparison with ones released with parole requirements. Then, it is suggested that reinstated discretionary parole release is to be provided for an inmate, given solid pieces of evidence. Then, the authors assume that parole release decisions are to be made by a competent and proficient board. The latter should have particular guidelines and formally established principles that would make its functioning smooth and transparent. Overall, the content of this chapter is delivered clearly and precisely; however, there might be more elaboration on the crucial points, such as the operational process of the professional parole board. Chapter 4 depicts parole supervision – with an emphasis on how it distinguishes from parole release – in the framework of the related modern practices. According to this chapter’s content, once parolees arrive at the parole establishment in order to check-in, there are considerably different conditions if comparing with the ones before the 1980s. Here, the authors describe effective rehabilitation programs that are able to decrease recidivism within the given scope, as well as to be appropriate in financial terms. They assume that the mentioned programs should be the main focus of current research and policymakers’ initiatives. Nevertheless, despite the fact that these programs are described expediently, there could have been more retrospective that would justify them even to a greater extent, which would be a good foundation for the following chapters.
The prices of stocks which are purchased and sold in the secondary market are mostly influenced by demand and supply. Typically, the price of stocks depends on the number of shares that are offered in relation to the demand of the stocks. The price of the shares are often high when there are few shares in the market and if the demand of these shares is high. On the other hand, the prices of shares are low if the shares offered in the market are many. Similarly, the price of the shares becomes significantly low when demand of the shares in the market goes down. Thus, the price of shares is determined by the demand and supply of shares in the market. Supply and Demand The demand of shares in the stock market is determined by various factors. Sloman (2008) posits that, income, wealth, expectations, divided yield, price and returns of substitutes are the factors that influence the demand of the stocks. Sloman (2008) considers the dividend yield as the money received back by investors and is expressed as a given percentage of its price. Many investors are attracted to purchase those stocks whose dividends are high. Equally, the prices and returns of substitutes relate to dividends as well as the market price for other corresponding stocks. Since the demand of such stocks is often high, their supply often goes down. Subsequently, this makes the price of the stocks to increase. According to Sloman (2008), the most prevalent substitutes for investing in shares include investing in properties such as real estates. Investors are always looking for the ways to make extra money. Therefore, many investors opt to invest in properties or any other forms of investments if they consider them to be more profitable than investing in shares. According to Boyce (2011), between 1960 and 2009 the profits for equities was higher than the profits gained from investment in property for the most part of the 20-year investment period. It was also observed that even over shorter time spans, equities have been the top-most performing asset, in 64% of five year periods, between 1960 and 2006. Wealth represents the accrued savings and assets. Wealth that is in form of assets is easily converted into cash and invested in shares. It is important to note that houses do not have a high rate of return as compared to investments in shares. Therefore, high-rise owners often opt to sell their houses and invest that money in shares. When this occurs, it increases the demands of shares. People’s expectations is
The number of students opting to sign up for degree programs in foreign countries is on the rise. Many students choose to enroll for studies in foreign countries citing different reasons as the probable motivators. In the past, many students opted to sign up for degree programs in local colleges because of the language barrier and financial problems. However, globalization made it possible for people to move from one country to another prompting people to go out and explore. Interaction between countries fostered exchange programs in the education field (Burkart, Hexter and Thompson 35). A country can now send its students to study in a different country while the latter sends its students to the former. Today, American students prefer to study in foreign countries, even if it is for a short duration. On the other hand, students from other countries prefer pursuing their degree programs in the United States. Probably, numerous reasons are leading to the current changes in study behavior. This paper will discuss some of the factors that possibly lead to the current changes in study behavior. Students cite different factors as the main reasons why they opt to sign up for studies in foreign countries. One of the factors that probably contribute to students preferring to go for studies in foreign countries is employment opportunities (Burkart, Hexter and Thompson 37). Majority of students from developing countries believe that there are many job opportunities in foreign countries, especially in developed states. Consequently, it is rational to suppose that, the urge to work in these countries is what prompts them to register for studies in the countries. Conventionally, it is hard for an individual to get a job in a foreign country because of rigorous documentation and scrutiny. Nevertheless, to enroll for studies in a foreign country does not require a lot of scrutiny. Perhaps, students use education as the avenue to help those secure jobs in foreign countries. Majority of the British students who study in America claim that employment opportunities in the United States are what motivate them to study in the country. British students like working with multinational companies. Hence, they require studying in foreign countries to enhance their experience. Burkart, Hexter, and Thompson posit, “British students have a more utilitarian attitude towards overseas study” (38). The students believe that it is only by studying in overseas countries that they would be competitive in the job market. Probably, the aspirations to enhance their experience and to make sure that they distinguish themselves from others are what lead to the majority of British students studying in the United States. American students also perceive studying in a foreign country as an opportunity to establish a worldwide career. Therefore, it is practical to assert tha
A critical analysis of Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland will help resolve the question regarding the purpose of fantasy in films and literature. It is important to determine if fantasy serves only one purpose, to provide an escape from reality. It is the contention of the proponent of this study that there is another reason why fantasy in film and literature exists. An examination of Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland will reveal that fantasy serves two purposes and it is to provide a way of escape from reality and provide a mechanism for the delivery of socio-cultural messages. The Primary Purpose of Fantasy The primary objective of fantasy is to provide a way of escape from the unexciting existence of daily living. At the time of writing, England was a progressive society. Victorian England provided a backdrop for the story and served as a source of inspiration for the writer (Clark, 1963). The importance of Victorian England in world trade assures stability for the British people (Wood, 1960). In other words the citizens of the said country can expect a routine way of life. The children wakes, up in every morning and expect the same activities to recur. They will eat breakfast and, then, learn the basic skills of reading and writing. Those who had no pending academic requirements spend their time playing with toys while others enjoy the fellowship of friends, neighbours and relatives. The children eat lunch and, then, they will eat their evening meal. After the morning and evening activities had been completed, the children retire to their beds. They need to renew their strength to perform tasks lined up for them the following day. But the same pattern can be expected the following day. The adults experience the same type of routine. They wake up to prepare for the tasks ahead. But they are confronted with the same workload. The mothers prepare the meals and clean the house. The wife takes care of husband and children. The father eats breakfast in preparation for the work ahead. The professionals report to their respective business establishments. The blue-collar workers report to their employers to perform duties that range from construction work to back-breaking labour in factories. This description of the 19 th century life in England may be a simplified version of real events. But it is enough to show the need for activities that can help deal with the grind as a result of predictability and routine (Levin, 1965). Fantasy provides an escape not only from the boredom but also from the pain inflicted by circumstances of daily living (Guiliano, 1982). Fantasy provides an escape because it frees the mind of the reader. In fantasy, there are no boundaries. The link between fantasy and freedom was elaborated by Rosemary Jackson who wrote that fantasy is free “from many of the conventions and restraints of more realistic texts: they have refused to observed unities of time, space and character, doing away with chronology, three-dimensionality and with rigid distinctions between animate and inanimate objects, self and other, life and death (Jackson, 1988