ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Flocking comes from the word “flock” described as a group of birds conducting flocking behavior in flight or when foraging. It may also refer to a herd of mammals. It was suggested that aggregating in flocks are varied and animals flock for specific purposes. Flocking also may be dangerous or disadvantageous particularly to socially subordinate birds which are bullied by more dominant birds. However, Hutto (1988) suggested that birds may sacrifice feeding efficiency in a flock in order to gain other benefits. One principal advantage of flocking is the safety gained in numbers and another is increased efficiency in foraging. Likewise, Terborgh (2005) also noted the defense system against predators developed in flocking. This is particularly useful in closed habitats such as forests where predation is often by ambush. The early warning provided by multiple eyes has led to the development of many mixed-species feeding flocks (Terborgh, 2005) that guard each other’s safety. The multi-species groups or flocks are most often composed of small numbers of many species. They may have increased numbers but are able to reduce potential competition for resources. Flocking is has been considered a common demonstration of emergence and emergent behavior and it was first simulated on a computer in 1986 by Craig Reynolds with his simulation program Boids. In the program, simple agents move according to a set of basic rules that simulates a flock of birds, a school of fish, or even a swarm of flies. Reynolds (1995) pointed out the basic flocking is controlled by three simple rules:  1. Separation – steer to avoid crowding local flockmates  2. Alignment – steer towards the average heading of local flockmates  3. Cohesion – steer to move toward the average position of local flockmates demonstrated in the following illustrations: Source: Reynolds, 1995. Based on these three simple rules, the flock is expected to move in a realistic way resulting in complex motion and interaction. Main body Since then, flocking has become s a common technology in screensavers and used in animation (Gabbai 2005) to generate crowds that move more realistically. Such program was used in the 1992 Batman Returns featuring a flock of penguins marching the streets of Gotham City, as well as in the 1994 Walt Disney animation The Lion King that had a wildebeest stampede. Gabbai (2005) also suggested that flocking was considered from a more ambitious and practical perspective as a
Introduction Penelope is a modern fairy-tale about a girl from a wealthy family, possessing all the necessary qualities to find her significant other. Yet, the family curse deprives the heroine of the possibility to interact with the outer world because of pig-disorder on her face. Throughout the movie, Penelope is constantly searching for her identity and reconcile with her appearance. Although she is afraid of the surrounding world, she decides to escape from her house to learn more about the real world. Her acquaintance with the outside people impresses her and opens new possibilities for self-fulfillment. The movie was released in 2006 by Summit Entertainment. The budget of the movie is $ 15.000 and it received over $ 21.000 income. In this mid-term paper, I am going to discuss the scene from the movie and explain how this scene renders gender relations. Description of the Scene The movie scene that has been chosen for analysis starts from minute 22 and last 5 minutes. The silence represented from the very start of the scene is replaced by dynamic music, the hero’s interest in each other enhances. The tone of music is mysterious
Introduction Open-source software is usually a program in which its’ source code is available to any person or public for their use or modification from its original state free from charge and without any kind of license i.e. open. Open source code is typically created as a collaborative effort in which programmers improve upon the code and share the changes within the community. A big question is how the open-source model for software development is superior to another kind of development such as the commercial model? Open source development is, effectively, many unrelated or related developers collaborate to produce software for free distribution and for improvement. On the other hand, commercial software is developed by programmers who are employed by a company for the purpose of creating a package that will be sold. The code is protected through various mechanisms, such as a patent and copyright. (Cajori, 2000) Main body In many cases, open-source software is also protected by copyright and sometimes by a patent. The main difference is that commercial software doesn’t grant the user any right beyond the application of software package, open-source software licenses usually provide broad rights to change the code and redistribute it either in whole or in part. There are usually many kinds of encouragement that regard the use of open-source software which is normally viewed as either ethical or philosophical or pure practical issues. The open-source software is usually received at a cheaper cost compared to other software such as commercial source software. (Cajori, 2000) There are also other features that make Linux open-source software as beneficial as open-source software. The availability of the source code and also the right to change and redevelop it is very useful. This enables free changing and improvement of software to be beneficial to one’s needs. This then makes it possible to use the code in new hardware; adapt it to a different condition, and understanding how the system works. This is why experts have reached a conclusion that open source software has a long time and bugs can be isolated. There is also the flexibility of the software to an organization . This together with the combination to redistribute the rights increases the population of users which helps to build a market for support and customization of the software. This the
Introduction Adweek Staff offers a list of the most interesting and effective ads that are used to deliver goods for consumers (Adweek Staff par. 4). Among its variety, I like the ad offered by Coca-Cola at the international level and the ad offered by the John Hancock team about vitality. The reasons for my choice will be explained below in the paper. Effectiveness of the Ads Ad effectiveness is defined in relation to the needs of an advertiser (Cook and Kover 13). Coca-Cola uses its popularity and accessibility to put its products on demand. It is not enough to offer the drinks. It is more important to make people choose Coca-Cola among other similar products. Therefore, Coca-Cola focuses on the individuality of their products (Ad One). They put names on each bottle and make people more interested in the search of a bottle with their names or the names of their friends to present a unique personalized gift. It does not cost a lot to make this option possible. The outcomes are evident: people want to buy more Coca-Cola. Another effective ad is offered by John Hancock (Ad Two). The ad is not too long and provides enough information about the program that helps to evaluate vitality. It is effective due to the attention to the lifestyle and the choices people make day by day. If a person is in a good shape or has some obesity problems, it is interesting to check the offered program and clear up what kind of changes can be done personally. Target Market The target market is a crucial part of an ad campaign because it identifies a group of people the company wants to reach (Kelley, Sheehan, and Jugenheimer 107). Ad One targets all people, who have names mentioned on bottles. Ad Two should also be interesting to all people (at least to check their vitality age and get to know about the changes that can be done to personal health). Corporate Image of the Brand Corporate image advertising helps to make a company’s name recognizable (Shimp and Andrews 283). In both cases, the corporate image is perfectly presented. The ads reflect the images of the brands and prove that people may pay more attention to the offered products and entertain the available opportunities. With the help of the ad about the vitality program, I am even eager to learn more about other ideas offered by John Hancock and check the possibilities available to me to make my lifestyle healthier (and I am not the person, who pays much attention to such details). Advertising Appeals The appeals of the ads are clear indeed: even after being blamed as one of the most harmful soft drinks in the world, Coca-Cola continues addressing the public and informing about new possibilities and new ideas. It is interesting to be gathered in groups and have named bottles. If future mothers want to choose a name for their babies, they can also look at the bottles and find the name that likes the most. The appeal of the Ad Two touches upon all people, who want to get some benefits from the thing
Communication is an irreplaceable part of any person’s social life. Whether one is an extrovert or an introvert, they are always in contact with people, exchanging information. In the modern world, various messengers have become one of the main channels of communication, allowing one to share important information with colleagues quickly and succinctly or simply send a video or a funny picture to a friend. However, conventional talking has not gone anywhere, and in fact, will unlikely ever be replaced by alternatives. Talking can be done by phone or live, depending on different factors. When comparing the two ways of communicating, it is interesting to analyze how they differ. Whereas both texting and talking pursue one goal of data and information exchange, the circumstances, subject of discussion, and proximity of interlocutors impact the choice of the communication method. Indeed, people send messages or talk to each other primarily to convey a thought, even if this thought does not necessarily represent rational value. In this sense, both methods play the role of a communication channel. When talking, people can exchange opinions, joke, or discuss in detail a critical issue adhering to a specific structure. For example, friends can talk about many things simultaneously, discuss their problems and affairs, and not notice the time. On the other hand, conversations can be business-like and take place within the meeting rooms. Furthermore, the discussion may involve two or more people, depending on the circumstances. Texting also serves to exchange information and acts as a platform for connecting people and their thoughts. With messages, people can keep in touch with loved ones, talk about their impressions and news, as well as communicate with colleagues. Thus, several people can be in the same chat and be able to contribute to the conversation. As discussed, many elements of texting and conversation are similar and united by one goal, but these communication methods are not always used interchangeably. Talking and texting have a significant difference, which is the speed of response. Interlocutors have an essential advantage when talking personally: one can count on an immediate response. At the very least, a person can promise to think about a task or question and give it at the next meeting
This paper tries to look at some of the greatest musician of all times to ever walk on the face of the world. The methodology that we are going to adapt for the essence of this debate will be based on the musician influence in relation to fun base and popularity during their time. It will also use their success in the music industry which will be gauged by the number of times their records have held the first position in the billboards and also the number of record sells not only in America, but in the rest of the world. The source material for this discussion will include journals and articles that give reference to the musician’s success and influence during their time. It is critical to mention that between 1870-1950 music and performance was on an upsurge, it was not until after the 1950 that most of the musicians and bands rose to make the most world changing hits that have gone down in history as the top fifty greatest songs with only one being of pre-1950 to make on the list. The song by Hank Williams “I’m so lonesome I could cry” is the only song from the top fifty greatest songs to be featured before 1950. The two musicians this debate will focus on will include Harry Launder and Hank Williamsas the casing point (Brackett7). Harry Launder is one of the greatest musicians and a performer in the Scottish and British realm.The entertainer was born in 1870 in Portobello Edinburgh to a John Launder a designer in China artefacts and Isabella a descendant from the black isle. Harry Launder started his early careerby working at the coal mines at the tender age of thirteen years and also realised his potential in singing at the time. He started performing his music shortly after getting married to Anna Vallance in 1891 (Gordon20). Launders first professional performance took place at a local Lark hall where he used to make about five shillings each night. He later moved to perform at the “go-as-you please” which was amore prestigious event in the town and made him prominent among the local community. Fame and fortune for Harry Launder came around 1905 when he successfully led a troop of pantomimes known as the Howard and Wyndham. This catapulted Launder to become one of the greatest performers in England and these lead to various contracts and music deals. Launder was estimated to earn £1000 a night for his performances in the United States by the year 1911. In the following year Launder topped the charts in Britain becoming the first British in the history of entertainment(Graeme25). Some of the greatest hits by Harry Launder include “Roamin in the Gloamin”, “I love a Lassie”, “Keep right unto the end of the road” and “A wee Deoch-an-Doris”. These songs made Launder the highest paid performer of his time with an estimated amount of £12,700 for each performance (Williams 138; Lauder 14). During his forty year music career, Launder had made twenty two visits to the United States and a couple of other trips to Australi
Introduction The main reason for forming a corporation is to protect owners from liabilities and debts of their ventures. This guarantees the continuity of the corporation. However, we have noted cases whereby courts have reached a point of considering a separate business enterprise as a way of gaining unfair advantages over creditors and other claimants. Moreover, it is clear that courts apply various standards for various types of business entities. Therefore, such variations in decision-making can affect the future decisions of courts when piercing the veils of other entities, which can have significant ramifications for the owners. This paper looks at circumstances under which courts can decide to pierce the corporate veil using cases from England and Wales. It also reviews both past and recent trends and how they may affect future decisions of courts. Piercing the Corporate veil Shareholders of business corporations and limited liability entities design their organisations to protect themselves from creditors. Individual investors take risks by making investments in new or existing businesses. The public favours creations of new entities because of job creation. In addition, they also act as sources of taxes for the government. Corporations and limited liability companies are responsible for business developments as they protect their owners from failure resulting from business activities. Thus, if the new corporation fails, it is responsible for all debts it incurred as a new venture. However, corporations protect shareholders from such claims. Thus, the business owner has no obligation to pay such debts unless there are personal guarantees of the owner against debts. Therefore, in case of lawsuits, business entities face risks of losing their assets. However, the corporate veil protects assets of the owner. Thus, we can say that not many entrepreneurs would risk their personal wealth without a corporate shield. We have to note
The court handles all cases with extreme seriousness; however, different cases are handled differently. For instance, murder cases have different pre-trial procedures to be followed as compared to violation of traffic rules. This paper outlines philosophers’ view of punishment and how the Cumberland County District Court Division handles capital punishment. To begin with, punishment is an act that involves intentional infliction of agony or misery to a person for wrong doing, with the aim of correction. Capital punishment involves penalty by death or life imprisonment of the person who has been found guilty. In an attempt to justify punishment, philosophers have come up with various theories, which explain the core objective of punishment, including Utilitarianism and Retributivism (Fieser, 2001). Utilitarianism is a theory that seeks to identify the consequence of administering punishment; it explains that punishment should serve to dissuade a potential offender from committing a crime. This could be done by setting clear laws, which outline the punishment for the specific crime committed. The theory also proposes punishment as a way of rehabilitating the offender. For instance, sentencing an offender to do community work should be done with the aim of improving his/her character (Fieser, 2001). On the other hand, Retributivism is a theory that advocates proportionate punishment to every wrongdoer. The theory invokes the retaliation principle, which stipulates that a person, who kills another, should also face the same. The proponent of this theory, Immanuel Kant, seems to be in agreement with the existence of capital punishment in some states. However, to rule out chances of an innocent person being punished, the theory advocates for justice; before punishment is administered, the court should proof beyond reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty. In this respect, Retributivism is superior to Utilitarianism Theory (Fieser, 2001). Cumberland County District Court Division handles all the cases with utmost care to ensure fairness; consequently, no innocent person is punished. To achieve this, the court has well laid down procedures that must be followed prior to trial. First, selection of jury is done to ensure that the counsel and the people represented are satisfied with the qualifications of the chosen members. During the process, jurors undergo vetting as set out by the law to ensure that they execute their duties reasonably and unprejudiced. The next step is to determine whether the prosecutor has a potential of discriminating against race. Once all possible doubts have
The current unemployment rate in the United States is 8.3%. This is an improvement from last year and the last quarter. The economy generated around 240,000 jobs with the private sector taking over 60% of this tally. The economy is set to continue generating jobs in the next few months further reducing the unemployment rate to 7.8% according the bureau of labor statistics’ prediction. This is the best growth in economy since 1995 and it is set to continue at a steady but moderate rate of 3% as the country heads to 2013. The inflation rate was at around 7%. The rate is not conclusive but hovers around that figure. This is because different indices measure rates of inflation. This includes Consumer Price Index, Producer price indices, Import and Export Prices, unemployment trends among others. Notably, improved unemployment rate leads to lower inflation levels. The lowest rates of unemployment were recorded in 2010. This was at the height of the recession that continues to grapple the country with major negative implications in the economy. The highest rates of unemployment the economy recorded were in 2007. Economists attribute this sudden discovery and subsequent embrace of the internet in various institutions following its discovery in the previous years. This resulted to notable growth in the economic activity. At its lowest peak in 2010, around 90% of the workforce had occupations as shown by unemployment rate of 9.7%. the second lowest was in 2011 recording an unemployment rate of 9.1%. This indicates that around 90% of the workforce in United States had work. The unemployment rate was lowest in 2007. In 2008, the country plunged into an economic crisis after the property and liquidity market bubble. This was preceded by robust economic activity in 2007. Hence, the high rates of employment. Business Cycle and GDP Trends Business cycle is the periodic up and down fluctuations in economic activity measured by changes in real GDP plus other numerous macroeconomic variables. Currently, the economy is at prosperity in the wake of a recession. The last signs of a recession were in 2009. The economy has been prospering for the last 7 quarters. Before the recession that rocked the country in 2008, the economy was growing steadily since 2000. This was occasioned largely by growth in the tech world and the recession came because of a banking and property trade crisis. Gross Domestic Product Real GDP refers to the output of products (goods and services) which are produced in the United States of America. The production uses property and labor situated in the country. Unemployment was highest in 2000 with percentage from preceding period of 4.1 while it was lowest in 2008 with percentage change from preceding period of -0.3. This indicates that unemployment rate has a very critical bearing on the outcome of the economy. It especially affects the GDP very drastically. Hence, it is paramount for the government to put into consideration this important factor and spur growth in employment to improve GDP levels steadily. The last recession before 2008 was in 1998. This