ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nayga (2018) conducted a study aimed at examining the effectiveness of the WIC program. This federal project addresses the nutritional needs of women, infants, and children. The author states that WIC has a positive influence on the participants’ dietary habits, but certain gaps and limitations are also outlined. This critique highlights the primary findings of the study and compares them to the results of other inquiries. Nayga (2018) concludes that the program is rather effective as it has a positive impact on people’s nutritional choices. The author provides some statistics supporting this claim and showing the benefits of the project, and special attention is paid to health outcomes for children. This information is consistent with other studies that investigate the influence of the program on different groups. For instance, Fingar et al. (2016) stress that WIC is associated with a reduced risk of preterm birth. Sekhobo (2017) concentrates on children diagnosed with obesity and points at the favourable effects of the project. At the same time, Nayga (2018) highlights some challenges related to the research validity. As an illustration of these concerns, the author admits that the changes in people’s views can be due to the project’s influence on retailers rather than its training component. Nayga (2018) claims that retailers involved in the program are bound to sell healthier foods, which limits people’s access to undesirable products (sweetened drinks or fatty foods). Another important contribution of the author is the analysis of geographical aspects. Nayga (2018) states that the proximity of the retailer participating in WIC did not affect people’s dietary patterns. The selection bias is mentioned as people participating in such programs as WIC are often conscious about their health and are more committed to the project’s goals. This type of bias is discussed by other researchers as well (Sekhobo 2017; Fingar et al. 2016). The researchers draw readers’ attention to the fact that the participants may have positive attitudes towards health and nutrition. Nevertheless, the author failed to address other important limitations of the program and the associated study. Sekhobo (2017) and Fingar et al. (2016) argue that it is possible to question any results due to people’s participation in multiple nutritional projects. Therefore, it is impossible to assume that WIC is responsible for the shifts in people’s behaviour. It can be one of the factors contributing to the change, or it can also be irrelevant for people’s dietary views. These assumptions are of paramount importance since they question the effectiveness of some WIC elements. Nayga (2018) mentions this in the seminar claiming that the project’s training effort is regarded as an inefficient model. The author suggests th
One of the key factors of the success of Morgan Spurlock’s “POM Wonderful: The Greatest Movie Ever Sold” was the implementation process. It had a specific goal and it was focused on all audiences, being universal and accepted worldwide. The slogan that “He’s not selling out, he’s buying in”, simply means that there is nothing being offered, the advertisement campaign is so great that businesses themselves will come running, wanting to participate in such a unique and productive commercialization. The key feature is the universal nature of the advertisements, but more importantly movies, it’s the appeal to all audiences and the use of both originality and humor. Visual appeal is a target area that the documentary has used to better the response from the public. In implementing the advertisement world in the movie, it is critical to make sure that the advertisement does not use any negativity towards social aspects and does not predispose the campaign to any unwanted judgment. There are several factors that went into the making of such a documentary, linking advertisement and entertainment. The movie wanted people to know that the world is well aware of the needs of consumers and needs of organizations to sell, and presented new ideas that people would be impressed by. The general style of commercials and advertisements gives people new perspectives on everyday things. It is to provide a specific style to the consumers, as it represents individuality, as well as the knowledge of the current market. Appeal to people’s wants and needs is united with humor and wit. “POM Wonderful: The Greatest Movie Ever Sold” demonstrates several techniques of promotion, they are: personal selling, sales promotion, advertising and public relations and direct marketing. In movies, personal selling is rather obvious. Morgan Spurlock has become a well known figure in both the social world and the movie industry. He has shown the ability to get into people’s thoughts and illustrate what is really wanted. The reality is made to be humorous but, at the same time, true. He goes from one business representative to another, has meetings in most strange places and gives people a chance to see that what he is doing is not trying to sell, but to offer a chance for others to participate in this enormous project he has thought of, which will give both himself and the participating businesses a lot of success. Sales promotion is also accomplished in a flashy and interesting way. Morgan Spurlock is able to capture the attention of the viewer and allow for closer and more personal connection with the products. He promotes with such originality that people want to try out something new, thus becoming the proof of the pitches that are done on each take. Public relations and advertising are strengthened by the open na
Abstract Energy drinks have become products of choice among many consumers around the world. These drinks are marketed as energy boosters to improve performance, especially due to the effects of caffeine, which increases alertness. The history of energy drinks dates back to the early 20th century when Pepsi gained popularity. However, the controversy surrounding the sale and use of these products is as old as the drinks. In 1916, the federal suit United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola was meant to compel Coca-Cola to remove caffeine from its products. Since then, there have been sharply divided debates about the safety of energy drinks. As argued in this paper, these products should be banned because they have adverse health outcomes. The first point presented in this paper is that the consumption of energy drinks is strongly correlated with obesity and diabetes, especially among children and youths. The incidence rates of obesity and diabetes have been increasing consistently over the years, making it a major public health concern. Second, the consequences of caffeine on the human body are negative with long-term adverse outcomes. The federal suit mentioned earlier was based on this argument. Children are being exposed to dangerously high levels of daily caffeine intake, which is detrimental to their health. Third, the health effects of additives used in energy drinks, such as taurine, are unknown, and thus policymakers should not risk the health of future generations by allowing the sale of products without adequate scientific data concerning their long-term consequences. Introduction Energy drinks have gained popularity over the last few years due to aggressive advertisements by manufacturers and changing consumer preferences. These drinks contain added stimulants, such as caffeine, hence the claim that they boost energy to increase performance. However, despite the widespread usage of these products, there have been controversies surrounding the health implications of their continued intake. On the one hand, critics argue that energy drinks have negative health outcomes, especially those related to high levels of caffeine and sugar in the human body. On the other hand, proponents claim that these drinks are useful to the body and society as they increase performance. Energy drinks should be banned, due to adverse health outcomes, especially for children. Background The concept of energy drinks dates back to the beginning of the 20th century when brands such as Pepsi became popular, and the controversies surrounding the safety of these products started at the time. In 1916, the federal suit United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola sought to force Coca-Cola to minimize the amount of caffeine in their drinks (Hogan, 2016). Since then, the addition of caffeine in drinks has elicited heated debates, which continue up to date. Proponents and critics have not agreed on whether caffeine is good or bad for human health. The issue has been compounded by the increased consumption of these drinks by children aro
“Derivational Morphophonology: Exploring Errors in Third Graders’ Production” The article “Derivational Morphophonology: Exploring Errors in Third Graders’ Production”, was written by Linda Jarmulowicz and Sarah E. Hay from the University of Memphis in Tennessee in the journal of Language, Speech, and Hearing Service in schools. It is published in Volume 40 on pages 299 to 311 in July 2009 (Jarmulowicz, & Hay, para.1). The article describes a post havoc analysis of children in third grade for segmental, stress, and syllabification errors. Derivational morphology applies to most verbs, where an affix is added to the verb making the application more clear, therefore the adding of the suffix –ee, -ness, pre – amongst others can not apply to all English verbs to form a noun, an example is the adding of –ness in happy to form happiness. by saying that it’s not applicable in all the English verbs cause its addition will make the word senseless, a good example is adding the suffix –ee on verb run to become runee, this will distort the meaning of the English word. The use of Derivational morphology changes the meaning of the initial word; this is by the introduction of the suffixes this combination of new words to the initial words helps in creating a new meaning and class, to the word an example is the addition of suffixes -ment to the word improve, to become improvement. The verb is turned to a noun and the suffix -ize to plural, converting it to the verb pluralize. The addition of the suffixes is also used to show emphasis on words, the addition of suffixes helps one to emphasize a given action or verb when added in particular words, if suffix -cy is added to transparent it becomes transparency. This will show some emphasis on the word, the complexity of the words makes it difficult for young children to use them as they aren’t sure if they are right by adding the suffixes. Methodology and Literature Review A population of 1900 productions from 81 children from third grade was transcribed and coded. The marks were 8 high frequency and 8 low frequency coded as HF and LF respectively for real and non-sense English words coded as NS (Jarmulowicz, & Hay, para.4). The authors have revisited a variety of literature in the introduction and background and given what other researchers have found out in the field, and the research is based on currently published reports. The results analyzed were clearly
Introduction It is quite interesting to note that methods of psychological testing have evolved over the years to incorporate a variety of new practices, methods of evaluation and even treatment in regards to mental illness (Matarazzo, 1992). For example, what is known today as post traumatic stress disorder was largely undiagnosed in the past and had been primarily thought of us as being isolated to individuals who went to war. Today, it is generally attributed to instances involving a sufficiently traumatic event that can result in a “mental scar” so to speak that would require successive methods of psychological testing and evaluation to diagnose and treat. By understanding the historical underpinnings of psychological testing, we are able to come to the realization that as a field of medicine, psychology has experienced a considerable degree of trial and error due to complexities of the human mind (Yanovski, & Nelson, 1993). Some of what was generally known as fact in the past is known as fiction today and vice versa. As such, through an understanding of past procedures we begin to question the effectiveness of present day processes and as a result strive to investigate whether alternative methods of evaluation, treatment and testing can be implemented so as to create a better scenario for the patient. Necessity of Understanding the Historical Roots of Psychological testing It must also be noted that by exploring the historical roots of psychological testing students are in effect introduced to the mistakes, ridiculous assumptions and often times bizarre types of treatments that were often utilized in the past to test and treat patients (Ash, 1971). Through exposure to such lessons, students are in effect shown the evolution of psychological testing and how gaps in understanding and research often lead to flawed assumptions resulting in dubious if not highly unethical testing and treatment methods. By understanding the necessity of a thorough understanding of intricacies of the mind, students within the field of psychological begin to develop the basic foundations of the ethic
Abstract The ISO 14000 standardization is concerned with the efficient management of an organization’s effects to the environment. The standardization is international and applies the same practices throughout the world. Firms are not forced to adopt the standardization control mechanism, but they are compelled by business needs and other external pressures that mainly emanate from the stakeholders. Registration can either be by self-declaration or by use of an external registrar. Use of external registrars adds more credibility to the organization than self-declaration because it points at the organization’s openness and commitment to adhere to the set standards. International preparations are important because they prepare the staffs for the changes that are intended for implementation. The registrar carries out an audit of the areas that have been identified as relevant in the scope and measures them against the organization’s environmental management system (EMS). Full compliance is only achieved after the organization meets the specifications in the EMS. The EMS must adhere to the standards set out by the ISO 14000 model. Introduction Firms are often approved with various certifications that aim at acknowledging their efficiency in production and performance of their activities. The efficiency is based on standards of quality that are identified and determined by professional bodies. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a non-governmental organization with a worldwide outreach that seeks to promote common standards that are meant for use in international trade, manufacturing, and communications. The Geneva based organization has been in existence since its formation in 1947. The ISO 14000 standards are an example of the principles or values that mainly exist on the area of environmental management. The certification is awarded to firms that employ mechanisms to reduce the impact of their operations to the environment, and endeavor to comply with the set out laws (Morris, 2004). This paper mainly focuses on the process through which firms are expected to undergo before being accredited with the certificate. The Registration Process Internal decision to conform The first stage in the registration of ISO 14000 certificates involves a firm determining, on its own, whether it needs to implement any of the environmental management systems that are based on the ISO 14000 framework. Compliance to the standards is not forced on firms. It is a decision that is arrived internally after the firms weigh on the outcome of such a move. Once this decision is discussed through by management and a resolution arrived at, the next move involves seeking registration. There exists two levels of ISO 14000 certification that a firm can use. The
Taiwan exchange rate regime and its reaction to China’s political and military threat in 1996 Taiwan operated a fixed (but adjustable) exchange rate regime before the fourth quarter of 1980, after which it switched to a floating exchange rate regime. Theoretically, a fixed exchange regime helps to cushion against time-inconsistency problems and prevents inflation bias through the application of the automatic rule that governs the conduct of monetary policies. The Taiwan central bank pegged the exchange rate, thus devaluing the Taiwan dollar. As a result, the pegged rate, coupled with substantial trade surpluses, led to the rapid accumulation of foreign reserves. However, the central bank withdrew from managing the exchange rate in the first quarter of 1981, making the Taiwan exchange rate system become a managed floating exchange rate system. The floating exchange system fluctuates according to movement in the foreign exchange market, and the authorities cannot exert any influence. Using the floating exchange rate regime, adjustments are made automatically, unlike the fixed exchange rate regime, where the government exerts force on the prevailing exchange rates, thus influencing the quantities of foreign reserves held in a country. The use of floating exchange rates helped Taiwan to lessen shocks and also eliminate the possibility of a balance of payment crisis. Upon adoption of the Floating exchange rate regime, Taiwan authorities no longer had an influence on the management of foreign exchange reserves, and as such, the quantities maintained were influenced by market forces of demand and supply, which saw the release of most accounts that had been held. Following China’s political and military threat to Taiwan, the authorities responded by spending much of its accumulated foreign exchange reserves to purchase weapons for self-defense, which saw a sharp decline of the already held foreign reserves. The government no longer had the political influence on the foreign exchange rates, which were at that time dependent on market forces of demand and supply. Hedging on exchange rates The spot exchange rate between dollar and yen: $1 = ¥100 The interest rate on 180- day dollar-denominated asset: I^$= 1%. The interest rate on 180- day yen-denominated asset: I^¥ = 1% Given; 180-day forward exchange rate between
Introduction Abide a Wee While Deposit Account targets mature citizens at the age of above 50years who are returning home after working abroad. It also targets residents locally. This includes professionals such as doctors and lawyers. It also includes self-employed persons, entrepreneurs, and retired persons. Andrew Bank Ltd currently holds less than a third of the private individuals’ bank accounts and less than a tenth of the business firms’ bank accounts. Consequently, there is a large market share held by competitors, which the bank wants to tap. Abide a Wee While Deposit Account can generate $ 10 million annually in deposits. This account will earn 1% more interest on deposits than other accounts. The account holders will receive checkbooks free and access to other banking and personalized banking services at reduced prices. The purpose of this account is to source funds for the proposed 100% mortgage-financing project. This project is by the government to public servants. The demand for funding will be increasing at the rate of 50% every year starting the first year. Additionally, the management expects the account to keep the loan to deposit ratio at 80%, which is within the range required by the Central Bank of 75% to 85%. Currently, the ratio stands at 81.45% as reported by the consolidated statement of financial position on 30 June 2010 (Hopkin, 2010). Andrew Bank Ltd is state-owned. This makes it vulnerable to political interference and changes resulting in reduced confidence in the bank by the business people. Business people feel that the account information is available to the government and its agencies due to its ownership structure. This explains the reason for the low percentage of business accounts in the bank. Given the foregoing, there are risks associated with the introduction of this account. The following paragraphs analyze the risks outlined in the summary in detail. Liquidity Liquidity risk is the risk that the bank will not be able to meet its obligations as they fall due. Liquidity risk in the bank will mean that the bank does not meet its obligations with the intermediacy which are either lenders or borrowers (Drehmann & Nikolaou, 2009). Obligations that the bank will be expected to meet include having enough cash to meet withdrawal demands by customers, therefore, ensuring full access to their money when they need it. The other is to provide financing to the mortgage project. One feature of the Abide a Wee While Deposit Acc
The news articles titled “The US has a Jobs Crisis: Here’s How to Fix it” and “Searching for an Answer behind African Americans High Unemployment Rate” provide economic viewpoints on the problem of unemployment in the United States and why it is yet to be effectively addressed despite concerted efforts to create employment opportunities. The two topics that can be applied to these articles include positive/ normative economics and the inflation-unemployment relationship. Specifically, these articles have used positive economics to demonstrate the relationship between various economic components and unemployment in the US. Additionally, the concept of normative economics has been used in the articles not only to project value judgments on the issue but also to describe what “ought” to be done to address the problem. In the first news article titled “The US has a Jobs Crisis: Here’s How to Fix it,” the authors use the latest statistics to demonstrate the problem of unemployment in the US, before relying on the opinions and perspectives of various economists to analyze the problem and recommend solutions. For example, the authors rely on facts and cause-and-effect relationships entrenched in positive economics to not only demonstrate how issues such as global warming and poor immigration policies are contributing to the problem of unemployment, but also explain how innovation, manufacturing, and creativity can reduce unemployment. Additionally, the panelists contributing to the article use facts to describe a relationship between the recent economic downturn and unemployment. In the second article titled “Searching for an Answer behind African Americans High Unemployment Rate,” the author uses facts and personal opinions to discuss the unemployment problem. For example, although statistics are used to locate the problem of unemployment among African Americans, the author goes on to use normative economics (value judgments) to discuss the dynamics that discourage this group of the population from accessing active employment. These articles have employed the two economics concepts in discussing the problem of unemployment in the US; however, it can be argued that the concepts have been used to exaggerate the problem since the authors have failed to provide a balanced approach to the issue. For example, when the first article mentions that inflation and global recession lead to unemployment, it fails to provide the needed rationale to support the argument and only assumes that such a relationship exists. Similarly, when the second article discusses the unemployment rate of African Americans, it fails to nest the discussion on the socioeconomic dynamics that have come into play to discourage or disorient African American workers. Overall, the arguments propagated by these articles mak