ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Sickle-cell disease (SCD), also known as sickle-cell anemia (SCA), is a hereditary disorder that affects the blood. The disease targets the red blood cells (RBCs) only. White blood cells, the plasma, and other components of this body fluid are not affected by the condition. The affected cells acquire a sickle-shaped structure, which is an abnormal occurrence. They also lose flexibility and become rigid masses. The health disorder is linked to mutations of the hemoglobin gene. Sickle-cell disease is a serious disorder that causes serious pain to the patients. The pain is regarded as a crisis within the healthcare setting. The crises brought about by this condition vary from one patient to the other and from one situation to the other. They include aplastic and hemolytic crises. Others are sequestration and vaso-occlusive complications. Several triggers lead to the pain associated with the disorder. One such factor entails the blockage of blood vessels by the distorted cells (Rees, Williams & Gladwin, 2010, p. 2018). The pain may last for as long as seven days. The situation raises serious concerns regarding the care of the patient during that period (Frei-Jones, Baxter, Rogers & Buchanan, 2008, p. 282). Nurses are charged with the responsibility of handling and managing the individuals suffering from SCD. The care provided involves assessment and management of the discomfort experienced by the clients. Question and Feasibility The question guiding this research is stated below: How can nurses effectively manage and assess the pain and crisis associated with sickle cell disease? Answering the question will help to evaluate nursing practices that may successfully reduce pain among these patients. Studies have shown that children are more affected by these crises compared to adults. Assessment and management of pain are importan
Listening is a communication skill that requires a lot of practice, as it is very different from hearing. Information being sent by a speaker is not tangible substance, it requires an active listener, as such, there is need to improve attitudes and behavior in order to become better listeners. Some of the problems that results from poor listening skills includes; closed mindedness, false attention, Day dreaming, and intellectual despair. Closed mindedness occurs when people are arguing and one person refuse to listen to the other side of argument, due to the fact that he has already made up his/her mind that he/she is right on a certain issue. Day dreaming happens when the mind of a person associate some information from a speaker to something else making him to go off the active process of listening. By the time the person is through with this association, a lot of information will have passed him/her. False attention is used when someone is not interested with what a speaker is saying. In this case, a person will pretend that he /she is listening while in real sense the mind is far away. Vital information is lost through false attention. To improve listening skills, the following positive steps help a person towards becoming a better listener. A person should always prepare him/herself to listen. Here, a change of attitude is important as the mind is trained the importance of a particular topic. It is very important to watch the speaker and maintain eyes contacts. This way visual distractions are avoided and the listener develop awareness of the speaker mannerism like tones and body language that make up 95% of listening communication process. It is important to note any question that the speaker poses as in most cases the answer have important information that the speaker want to pass. Having learned strategies for improving my listening skills, I have been able to know where I have been going wrong in my listening and how I am going to improve to be a better listener, for example in my class lectures, I have been concentrating on notes taking most. This has been distracting me from active listening and in most cases the information that the lecture is communicating passes me as I busy myself with notes taking. I will always try to maintain eye contact with the lecturer and speakers, that way I will be able to listen activ
Introduction The film Into the Wild is about the true-life story of Christopher McCandless. McCandless was a student-athlete whose father was very materialistic and adamant that his son follows in his footsteps. Main text McCandless the boy knew there was more to life than just money and possessions and, to prove it, he destroyed all his credit cards and identification and took off in a used car to Alaska, where he was planning to just live off the land like a man out of the old west. It takes him two years to actually get to Alaska because he loses his car in a flood and decides that he will have a more fulfilling experience if he hitchhikes his way to Alaska, so he burns up all of his remaining cash. When he arrives in Alaska, McCandless finds shelter in the Magic Bus, which was open to providing shelter for walkers, but there was no one else staying there at the time. When spring came, though, McCandless was isolated from everyone else by the streams that went by and eventually ran out of food. He tried living off of the land, but his knowledge about edible plants was imperfect and he ended up eating a poisonous plant that killed him. Knowing he was dying, McCandless continued to write on the manuscript he’d started, giving his sister the knowledge she needed to preserve his memory. The film is primarily concerned with the dynamics of the family and the changing family roles that occur as children become adults. The film begins when Chris graduates from Emory College and the family is expecting him to go on to law school. His decision to become Alex Supertramp is surprising to them as well as concerning as he disappears into the west. Part of this decision is brought about by problems within his own family as he learns the secrets of his father and begins to define himself in opposition to him. As he travels, he forms family-type relationships with the various people he meets, often surprising them because of his obvious level of education and high social class. Summary I really liked this film. It was able to touch the heart regarding the deep feelings of the individual and the sympathetic understanding and love of his younger sister. In addition, it illustrated how close family-style relationships could form in a very short time period as Chris traveled across the country. I liked the thought that this could happen because it indicates that perhaps the world isn’t quite as evil as the media often makes it out to be. The film was beaut
Introduction Bees live on honey. This is food for the insects and we all agree that honey is sweet; but the question is, how is honey made? Honey is a sweet substance that is derived by bees from nectar. Nectar is a liquid substance found in flowering plants, it contains 20% complex sugar and 80% water. Other than the sugar, there are minerals, organic acids, vitamins, and pigments aromatic substances in the nectar. Honey is the resultant monosaccharide, fructose, and glucose found in nectar. Human beings use honey as food and so do bees. But what makes the substance so sweet? Which is the process that is followed in making it? This paper analysis the process that bees follow when making honey The Process of Making Honey Stage 1 The first step in making honey starts from collection of honey. Bees organize themselves in colonies and assign responsibilities to each of them. The bees that collect nectar are called field bees or older working bees. The older working bee has a tongue that is known as proboscis, it resembles a tube, and this is the part that is used in collecting nectar. The proboscis has its root to a special stomach in the bee called the honey stomach. After the nectar has been collected the bee ensures that its honey stomach is full before it goes to the hive. The average mass that a bee honey stomach can hold is 4gms that is approximately half the weight of the insect. To fill the stomach, it requires 50-150 flowers depending on the type of flower and the amount of nectar available (Crane, pp. 12-32). Stage 2 After the bee has filled its stomach, then it flies back to the hive, during this period, the process of converting the nectar to honey starts, it adds some substances to the nectar called invertases. These are enzymes that break the nectar into more simple sugar compounds; they are mostly broken to glucose (grape sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar). Once in the hive, bees called young working bee’s suck the nectar from the stomach of the old working bees using their proboscis. The sucked nectar is stored in combs. Stage 3 This is the stage that the houses bees turn the nectar into raw honey; they do this by adding a certain enzyme using their mouth to the honey. The enzymes are in the mouth and are mixed with the nectar to produce what can be referred to as unrefined honey. The process takes about 20 minutes. At this stage the honey has high water content and it is kept in the honey cells by the same bees-house bees. After the honey has been put in the cell, the house bees start the process of evaporating the water content in the raw honey. This is done by fanning their wings. The resultant is a thickened raw honey. This process is called ripening. The ripened honey has about 15%- 20% moisture contents. The water in the form of droplets is removed by the use of mouth sucking. Stage 4 After the above has been done, then other enzymes are added that are meant to prevent further fermentation and contamination from bacteria. After it has been a
There is no doubt that the world never stops changing since each achievement of humanity usually involves a range of opportunities for further development. There are plenty of examples of disruptive innovations in different spheres, and each of them has been able to completely change peoples’ assumptions concerning technology. Such examples include the introduction of personal computers, mobile phones, or new and effective medicinal drugs. When it comes to the sphere of healthcare, disruptive innovations are usually represented by the transition from one healthcare model to another that provides both specialists in the sphere and clients with extended opportunities. More than that, to be called a disruptive innovation, the novelty should help to improve the quality of healthcare services. The particular innovation that this paper will focus on is ATP, which promises to become an important practice in the future. ATP is an abbreviation for asynchronous telepsychiatry, which is a practice that involves providing patients with psychiatric help using digital devices that most modern people possess. The use of ATP therefore does not require any special equipment, and it can be stated that there is no need for the development of special equipment and it can reduce the costs of implementation of the method significantly. To begin with, it is important to note that ATP can be used to accomplish a wide range of tasks related to psychiatric care. In reference to the proposed savings, ATP allows providing high-quality services involving positive health outcomes. At the same time, ATP does not involve threats to patient safety; instead, patients with particular disorders such as anxiety feel safer while having online conversations with their healthcare providers. As for costs, implementation of ATP will also help to save money as it decreases the need to build special facilities for violent patients. It cannot be denied that ATP provides healthcare specialists with an opportunity to shift away from traditional healthcare venues such as hospitals. Instead, the use of ATP allows specialists in psychiatry to conduct consultations with a larger number of patients since the latter do not need to spend time traveling to the hospital or other healthcare facilities to get help. More than that, holding online consultations with those people whose mental conditions are not critical can be regarded as an additional factor allowing healthcare providers to pay increased attention to other patients who need their help. In addition, it is important to note that there is a significant reason explaining the rapid development of ATP. In fact, it is reported by healthcare specialists in different parts of the country that there is a lack of qualified psychiatrists, whereas the number of people who have problems related
Abstract The software industry is one of the most lucrative business ventures that make enormous contributions to the global economy. The process of software development involves several steps. Currently, the industry is growing at a very high rate. However, software piracy, risks slowing down the growth unless preventive measures are taken to stop the vice. It affects both users and developers. Renting is one of the future prospects of the industry because of its cost effectiveness and high reliability for use by small businesses. In addition, buying and stealing will also determine the future of the software industry. Other factors that affect the industry include hardware theft, which infringes on the privacy of individuals. The software industry has several opportunities for developers. Therefore, it has a bright and promising future. Introduction The software industry has grown tremendously over the past few years. Several corporate and individual developers have emerged, and changed the industry tremendously. People develop software for three main reasons. These include fulfillment of certain business needs, fulfillment of certain user preferences, as well as for personal use (Commander, 2005). The process of developing software involves aspects such as research, development, prototyping, and maintenance. Software theft is one of the challenges facing software developers. It involves copying and subsequent use of software despite existence of copyright protection measures (Buxmann et al, 2012). Software sale is a lucrative business that has a bright future. Users buy, rent, or steal software. Current and future status of software Currently, software development is a very lucrative venture. However, its future is under threat due to piracy. The software industry has become very competitive with the entry of both individual and corporate developers. Currently, many organizations are changing their businesses in order to embrace technology (Whiting, 2004). Technology plays a critical role in helping businesses improve efficiency, and reduce the cost of operation (Commander, 2005). The information technology industry is providing solutions to businesses and organizations by developing software that caters for their needs. For example, Oracle develops business solutions that help businesses improve excellence, reduce costs, and improve risk compliance. This has created high demand for software and stimulated high competition among software developers (Buxmann et al, 2012). The industry has many opportunities because of increasing demands among various users (Whiting, 2004). Therefore, it has a very bright future. It is possible to make money from the industry by developing software that fulfills the various individual and business needs. Afterwards, developers can either sell or let their creations to users. For example, Microsoft makes an annual income of about $54,270 million from sale of software licenses, technical support, and main
Introduction   * Vulnerability of a population is defined by access to health care and overall health outcomes (Grabovschi, Loignon, & Fortin, 2013).   * Health policies aim to coordinate delivery of healthcare services, financing, and other practices while considering a broad range of health determinants.   * The Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is an example of an effective policy that allows meeting the needs of a vulnerable population. As stated by Grabovschi, Loignon, and Fortin (2013), the term “health care disparities” refers to “differences in the quality of health care – in terms of access, treatment options, prevention and health outcomes – across groups that reflect social inequalities” (p. 94). Population groups that are at risk of limited access to high-quality care are defined as vulnerable; it is clear that effective policies should be implemented to ensure better quality of life for vulnerable individuals. In light of these facts, in this presentation, I would like to discuss the role of the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), a component of U.S. health policy regulating different mechanisms for the financing, insurance, and rendering of individual-level medical services for children. During the policy review, I will talk about CHIP’s impacts on nursing practice and changes that could be made in the policy to make it more applicable to nursing today. Policy Description   * Target population : uninsured children (aged 0-18) from lower-income families and not eligible for Medicaid.   * CHIP and Medicaid complement each other to provide insurance to both lower- and middle-income children (He & White, 2013).   * States have flexibility in designing their CHIP eligibility criteria.   * Typical CHIP eligibility criteria:       + Children between 0 and 18 years old,       + Families having annual income up to US $44,000 per 4 members,       + Income cutoffs between 200 and 300 percent of the federal poverty level (He & White, 2013). The CHIP provides public healthcare coverage for uninsured children who are not eligible for other insurance options. The policy primarily focuses on lower-income families that do not have access to employer-sponsored insurance and who, at the same time, earn too much to enroll in Medicaid but cannot afford private insurance. As noted by He and White (2013), “CHIP and Medicaid are layered programs, in the sense that CHIP eligibility begins where Medicaid eligibility ends and extends to higher income levels” (p. E3). KEY features   * Provides expansive benefits , including dental care, hearing and eye exams, and so forth.   * Allows meeting special care needs :       + Physical therapy,       + Speech therapy,       + Occupational therapy, and so forth.   * Reduces out-of-pocket expenditure (Paradise, 2014). Unlike many private insurance programs, the CHIP provides a more expansive li
Introduction Effective business management is critical to the development of any kind of business activity. It is important that the leadership of various businesses implement strategies that not only lead to the profit orientation of the business but also encourage the development of an employee friendly environment. In the current business world, the issues of total compensation have been critical both to the business growth and the retaining of the employees. Many firms and business organizations use this strategy to boost their business development and growth. Current and Future Trends in Total Compensation Plan Currently, the trends in total compensation have taken a different turn as in many cases companies have to take into consideration that employees in any institution are categorized in different ranks (Pauly & Rosenbloom, 1996). It is therefore important that even junior employees in employment firms enjoy some of the advantages enjoyed by other workers in the high ranks. If good performance in a company is anything to go by, it is advisable that various firms develop strategic measures which can help in motivating its workers. Due to the current financial problems, goal achievement should be rewarded for both individual employees and the organization concerned. This can easily help avoid demerits which might come about as a result of extensive total compensation which might in the long
Introduction Talk about justice and everybody will refer you to a court of law. However, the administration of justice in the modern legal system is currently lacking hence leaving a lot of doubts to the citizens. A criminal walks scot free after a lengthy trial due to lack of evidence but in reality all he requires to win a case is money to hire the most sought out criminal attorney to represent him and he is back in society. Fortunately, there is always a proviso to any rule hence the establishment of lawless groups that seek to represent the wronged in society. These vigilante groups, as they are famously known, take law into their own hands in an effort to maintain justice. The lawless persons date back to the old days of Robin Hood and they continue to make headlines to date. They operate within their own set laws and though illegal, they act in the interest of the society. That was the idea behind the famous American Television series, Dexter. Based on the novel by Jeff Lindsay, the series revolves around a forensic analyst working for a police department in Miami. However, he has another life that greatly contradicts his normal career in the police force. He is a serial killer who trails criminals who have gotten off the hook from the justice system and murders them. The role is well played by the main character Michael Hall acting as Dexter Morgan. This paper will critically analyze the character development of Dexter throughout the series and how it has been used to draw positive feedback from the audience (Frederic and Vandome 12). The Plot In order to understand Dexter’s character, it is important to look at the plot. Dexter is a story of Dexter Morgan who appears as an easy going and diligent forensic analyst. His colleagues like him including his boss LaGuerta. Surprisingly, nobody is suspicious of him apart from one colleague, Sergeant Doakes, who claims that Dexter appears creepy. The series begins with a flashback of Dexter living with his adopted father, Harry Morgan. Dexter began showing some sociopathic signs in his behavior at a tender age. Harry, a legendary detective, takes this opportunity to start training him instead of taking him to a mental institution for help. He justifies his actions by arguing that Dexter needs to avenge his mother’s death who was killed in his presence by cold blooded murderers. The training gives Dexter the ‘know how’ of avoiding the long arm of the law after committing a crime. He follows a specific code that he refers to as the ‘Code of Harry’ to clear any trail that would link him to the crime. However, Dexter is not an ordinary serial killer that we are used to. He only murders criminals who have escaped the long arm of the law in one way or another. More so, he conducts a detailed investigation on his victim to prove that he was guilty of the crime charged (Owen 3). The Audience Reception In the first episode, Dexter admits