ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Death is one of the natural processes in life. It involves the cessation of life, where all living things enter into a lifeless form. It is shrouded with many mysteries and taboos. Even though no one really knows what death is, several attempts have been made to explain its nature. One thing is certain though: death is definite. Many cultures in the world have a described philosophy and norms about death. Among them are the Buddhist communities. Buddhism distinguishes life and death. Life is permanent but death is the transition of a human soul to either one of the six Buddhist realms. The realm that one is reborn depends on ones Karma. If one had such a negative karma, they are reborn into a lower realm. The highest realm is nirvana, a world of total happiness. This world is attainable to any person, while living or dead. In life, for a person to reach nirvana they must live a life devoid of materialism, while treating other humans with utmost goodwill. Absolute nirvana is only attainable by the holiest of Buddhists, after they die. Buddhists death cultures vary from community to community, but have several common features, the most common being prayers offered to the dead and their families by the monks. Even though some modern Buddhists mourn expressively, traditional Buddhism does not allow for mourning. It asks its adherents to accept death as it is not the end of life. Even though Buddhism popularity is spreading to the western cultures, it still does not answer the question of what death is. Introduction Death is one of the most mysteriously occurring phenomena in the entire world. It is revered, feared celebrated and even hated. All world communities have a way of marking death either through pompous ceremonies or with a lot of sobriety and mourning. There are many taboos surrounding death. These taboos describe cultural practices that accompany this period. Some communities have even described the type of food to be eaten and the type of cloths to be worn by the bereaved. The nature of death still eludes even the most knowledgeable minds. This is because man has never been able to define life. The biggest question is what happens to living things when they die. Death is a phenomena surrounded by numerous question that do not have clear-cut answers. For example, if a person brain ceases to function, but other body parts do, is that person dead? If death is the ceasation of life, what is life? Is there a boundary between life and death? Is there a difference between life and consciousness or death and unconsciousness? If a person is unconscious, can they be referred to as dead? Even though there are no answers to this question, what is known is that death is an irreversible phenomenon. Once a person dies, they cannot come back to life. According to scientists, death may be regarded as more of a cessation of life so that the various biological functions of the body no longer work. However, it is still difficult to determine what death is. While different world communities have similar views of death, Buddhists have one of the most peculiar philosophies, which elaborate the definiteness of
Summary The paper challenges the view that the American managerial discourse has progressed from coercive to rational, and ultimately, to normative rhetoric controls. The author challenges that position by reviewing historical evidence which suggests that since 1870, the managerial discourse has progressively alternated between normative and rational rhetorics. The paper argues that the standard theories of ideological change were inadequate to explain the changes and emerging patterns and the timing of each new pattern. Barley and Kunda (1992, p.363) argue in support of the contrary opinion based on a proposed theory that combines material forces and cultural constraints. The argument is that the alterations between normative and rational rhetorics justify the emerging patterns of different waves and different cycles of economic development and contraction (1992, p.369-86). According to Barley and Kunda (1992, p.363), the rise of large corporations and managerial professionalization, the need to control complex organizations, and the different phases of development justify the argument that managerial discourse needed to evolve into the coercive controlling of the workforce to streamline production. Successive phases of development led to the emergence of the normative approach of controlling the hearts of people to win their minds and ultimately control them. The emergence of five phases emphasizes the argument that managerial discourse was based on industrial betterment, human relations, and organizational culture. Successive managerial systems which emerged were based on the argument that cooperation rather than conflict was a managerial approach which was challenged strongly by the cadre o
Introduction Often we are faced with a situation where we are supposed to believe in some facts which are put forward by others either theoretically or through written documents. The presenters of these ideas will, in most cases, want us to believe without doubt that whatever they have is the truth and should be taken as such. They try to give evidence supporting their position, but not everybody will be convinced enough with this evidence therefore prompting a different view. Different people may look at the same issue differently depending on their personal judgment and available facts. People should weigh the available evidence supporting a theory before having faith on the same and try to be as objective as possible. Subject Matter The article explores the possibility of a person being wrong about an idea which he/she actually believes is correct. People should be left on their own will to decide whether they want to believe in something or not. According to the author, the nature of an individual and volition influences inferences made; therefore it is impossible to state categorically that one could be absolutely objective. That the truth exists in the world is an indisputable fact to everyone. There are two categories of people as depicted in the article: the absolutists who believe that the truth can actually be recognized the when it is found, and the empiricists who argue that though the truth exists, it is not obviously recognizable when it is found (James par 7). There is debate whether intellect and pure reason on one side, or the will on the other should be applied when choosing what to believe. Notably, we believe in various theories because the community compels us to do so, and in many instances we decide to follow experimental outcomes instead of logic. Incidentally, by choosing to restrict ourselves in one line of thought, we often rely only on those theories that support our opinion, “As a rule we disbelieve all facts and theories for which we have no use” (James par 12). We are therefore exhorted to ensure that there is enough evidence to enable us to believe in whatever we want to believe in. Author’s Opinion In the article, the author chooses to agree with the empiricists on their argument of continuous search for the truth. Everybody has an argument for and against a certain theory, because though the truth exists to be certain when it is found can be complex idea. The total rejection of the Aristotelian logic by the Hegelians is an example to support th
Introduction Research is a method of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to make informed decisions. A company that wants to determine a research question needs to identify effective research methods. These methods depend on the company’s objectives. The aim of this paper is to analyze the various evaluation methods that a company can use to regulate its poor inventory management system. Ex post facto evaluation This evaluation method determines the variables that dominate between subject groups. This form of research is used when the researcher has little control over the outcomes of the research. This form of analysis involves the following steps:  1. Identify the research problem in addition to elements that can affect dependent variables. For example, a company experiencing poor inventory management should implement Just in Time inventory management system (Diem, 2002).  2. Formulate separate hypotheses. This can explain relationships: a good inventory management system is equal to a good inventory turnover.  3. Formulate subject groups. These are parties affected by the chosen proposal (such as the suppliers and the procurement department).  4. Gather and examine data. The procurement department needs to identify affordable and convenient suppliers. The disadvantage of ex post facto evaluation is that this design cannot show the cause and effect of a proposal (Diem, 2002). Prior evaluation It is an experimental research design whose results are based on the behavior of the subjects before evaluation. For example, if a group performs better after training, it means that the training caused improved performance. In this context, prior training of the procurement department can reduce inefficiency. Additionally, the use of improved procuring systems can reduce waste and increase inventory cycle time. Therefore, this form of design portrays the effect of short-term programs. However, it is less ineffective in the long-term analysis because there are underlying threats that can affect its results (Diem, 2002). Evaluation using option analysis and decision theory Options analy
Critical Appraisal The research follows the standard method of undertaking clinical research. The research provides an introduction that gives the background of the research. The introduction elicits interest 1in the research topic. It provides various statistics on the prevalence of surgical site infection (SSI). In addition, the introduction provides some of the effects of SSI on the recovery of the patient. The introduction shows the relevance of the research in treating SSI. Research on SSI is a potentially dangerous practice. SSI is a fatal side effect of cardiac surgery. Therefore, it is critical to ensure that the research is ethically viable. It would be unethical to undertake research that would lead to the death of the patients. The research gets the nod of the institutional review board (IRB). The researchers ensured that they do not place the sample under dangerous medical conditions just to obtain data for the research. The researchers are simply comparing the effectiveness of two treatment methods in avoiding postoperative SSI. In modern clinical research, the research needs to obtain consent from the patients. Patients would not like researchers to treat them as guinea pigs to obtain data for the research. Researchers should not include patients who do not consent to take part in the research. In the research in question, there is no evidence that the researchers obtained consent from the patients. The research only explains the treatment procedures used on the study groups. The research compares the data of patients who received treatment at the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam. In addition, there is no evidence of coercion, as the patient visited the medical facility to get treatment. Privacy is very important not only in medical research but also in the medical profession in general. The researchers classified the study groups depending on whether they had odd or even dates of birth. This helped in concealing the identity of the members of the study group. The research included only patients who had risk factors that doctors could easily manage or if the medical condition of the patient necessitated surgery. Researchers followed the standard procedures that help in protecting the patient during and after surgery. The research compared two methods that are widely accepted in preventing SSI after cardiac surgery. Therefore, the research does not increase the risk of patients suffering from SSI. The study would help in determining the risk factors for SSI after cardiac surgery. This would help in preventing postoperative SSI. Preventing postoperative SSI would reduce rates of mortality and morbidity after cardiac surgery. Critical analysis Clinical research is an important field in medicine. It helps in providing a clear understanding of various medical phenomena. Most medical breakthroughs are due to extensive clinical research. However, med
Vermont Teddy Bear (VTB) is a private company that was founded by John Sortino in 1981. It has its headquarters in Shelburne, Vermont. At around 1990, the company almost filed for bankruptcy, however, Sortino introduced the “Bear Gram” service, which allowed customers to call a toll-free number and order a personalized teddy bear (Gogan & Lewis, 2011). This move recuperated the company. The company manufactures and markets bears, pajamas (hoodie footies), and flowers around the world. It has succeeded in establishing a global presence by marketing its products via both its one red-brick store and online platforms. This has been aided by the use of an array of technologies that comprise the use of Circle Commerce for order management and fulfillment, Platinum to handle accounting, FusionRetail for its retail store, and other small one-off applications connected by middleware (Gogan & Lewis, 2011). The VTB organizational structure is flat and horizontal. A Board of Directors heads the company, and this is followed by the Chief Executive Officer, John Gilbert. Therefore, every move that the company makes has to be approved by both the CEO and the Board of Directors (Islam, Jasimuddin, & Hasan, 2015). The head office has several departments and departmental heads, ranging from accounts to Information Technology (IT). Each departmental head has a team of junior employees working on specific job assignments. VTB has 200 employees and occasionally hires additional temporary employees during the peak seasons, which include Christmas, Valentine’s Day, and Mother’s Day (Gogan & Lewis, 2011). Communication at VTB is facilitated through both formal channels; for instance, in in
Introduction Dubai can be characterized as one of the most modern and fastest-growing places across the globe. The realities of today’s world make the system of infrastructure significantly important, and that is, this sphere has already received the highest concern in Dubai. Proving people with advanced transport infrastructure is in priority for the government. The priority is evident as the government aims to improve the transport facilities and innovate roads to provide every citizen of the country with safe travel. To meet these objectives, the Road and Transport Authority was created in 2005 (Jacotine 2014). It seems significant to evaluate the work of the authority as it is related to the life of a human being and safety on the road. Key Research Question and Objective The fundamental purpose of the paper is to evaluate whether the work of the Road Transport Authority is effective and positively affects the death rate on the roads. The issue is significant to discuss as several people die on the road in Dubai because of high speed, inattentiveness, and impatience. Literature Review The chosen authority should be analyzed by using criteria suggested by the EFQM excellence model, Deming Prize, Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards and the RADAR logic. EFQM excellence model applies to every company. According to the last update of 2013, the framework is based on nine criteria, namely the category of enablers that is divided into five elements and the category of results that comprises five aspects (Porter 2015). The enabler criterion provides a better understanding of what the primary activity of the company, whereas the section of results shows the company’s achievements. The enabler criterion includes:  1. Leadership;  2. People;  3. Strategy;  4. Partnership and resources;  5. Process, product, and service. As for the results, the following aspects should be taken into consideration, namely:  1. People results;  2. Customer results;  3. Society results;  4. Business results. According to the model, learning, creativity, and innovations are an integral part of the company’s development and achievement of the objectives. The Deming Prize is an award that is provided to the companies that reflect the principles of Total Quality Management. It was established in the middle of the twentieth century (Evans, Lindsay, & Fragoso 2011). To get the award, the organization should meet the following criteria, namely:  1. Customer-orientated service;  2. The principles of TQM were implemented into the working process to achieve the goals and objectives of the company. Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards is provided to every organization that meets the following criteria, namely:  1. Appropriate leadership;  2. Strategic planning;  3. Customer and market orientation;  4. Usage of data to support management;  5. Focus on employees;  6. Process management;  7. Performance results (Besterfield 2011). As for the RADAR logic, it should be stressed that this management tool provides the
Introduction After Donal Matthews left his place as an administrator for the department of surgery, Wise Medical Center began to search for candidates for the vacant position. After a preliminary selection process, four candidates remained to compete for the position: David O’Brien, Salvatore Sorrentino, Marcia Rabin, and Bonnie Goldsmith. Matthews interviewed all these candidates, and their dialogue was recorded on a dictaphone. The selection of a suitable candidate can be effectively carried out using academic theoretical findings. Candidates Evaluation The interviews conducted with the candidates were transcribed for the convenience of further evaluation. After the analysis, the main strengths and weaknesses that distinguish the candidates from each other were highlighted. The results of the work are presented in Appendix A. David O’Brien got a business major in the university and currently worked as the assistant director for the finance department. O’Brien is a real reformer: he has excellent knowledge of finances, but his extreme desire for change can bring some troubles to the staff. Salvatore Sorrentino has worked in healthcare for six years, and most of his career, he worked as a division administrator for cardiology. Sorrentino appeared to be very energetic and persistent in what he is doing. However, the outcomes of his works can be negative because of a lack of planning and staff control. The third candidate on the list was Marcia Rabin. She worked in the top position of director of ambulatory services, where she managed the work of 70 hospital specialists. She has a fantastic set of skills for the position under study. She devotes a lot of time to work, creating a comfortable atmosphere for colleagues and staff. Despite this, Rabin is often ill due to her busy work schedule, which can affect the work effectiveness of the department of surgery. The last candidate was Bonnie Goldsmith from Rochester Medica, where she currently worked as the vice president of surgical service. Although someone can be biased about her because of her father’s help in finding a position, she proved to be a reliable and communicative manager. Her main advantage is that she knows a lot about statistics and how they can be used in healthcare administration. The significant drawback is that she does not feel very motivated to work because she wants to spend more time with her child. Selected Candidate Marcia Rabin is definitely the most suitable candidate for that position. During the interview, Rabin was able to show that she, as Wilson (2016) conceptualizes it, knows how “
Making Money Online The internet has not only turned the world to a global village, but it has also reshaped various spheres of life. It is now a treated as a key infrastructure rather than a simple communication system. The internet has revolutionized the business world to an extent that people can easily transact business globally without necessarily travelling long distances. For instance, one can advertise, order, and pay for goods and services online without much effort. Currently, Amazon.com, E Bay, and Pay Pal are some of the e-commerce firms that have successfully marketed and sold their merchandise and services on the internet. These firms have attracted a huge client base owing to their good reputation. On the flipside, some individuals have created spurious companies on the internet through which they swindle money from unsuspecting clients and business partners. Moreover, issues of online gambling and auctioning of pornographic are prevalent. Serious measures should be taken to tone down such practices because they have adverse social and economic ramifications in society. Moreover, stringent ethical considerations should be put in place to ensure that only legitimate businesses are conducted on the internet. Controlling Cyber Crime The global job market is shrinking at an alarming rate. It is against this background that some individuals contend that in the 21 st century crime is likely escalate and become a normal white-collar occupation. If that is the case, then the following types of crime will become white collar on the internet. For example, pornography business online, which is already a booming segment of the film industry, is likely to increase. Trafficking of drugs and illegal proliferation of arms is becoming common through the internet. Many hardworking innovators are also likely to be squeezed out of business by pirates and hackers who duplicate authentic intellectual properties and sell them below recommended market prices. The following measures can help mitigate these unethical cyber practices. Computer users should embrace sophisticated computer security systems so that unauthorized users cannot access their documents, products and transactions. For example, parents can ensure that pornographic materials are out of reach of their children at home by simply installing a soft ware that filters and blocks pornographic contents. Security soft wares, which block viruses that tamper with data, enhance computer security. To curb piracy of personal information, a person can encrypt his or her important data files. Encryption is a security model that acts as a security policy for a given data. Another mechanism of securing vital data is through creation of elaborate login protection systems. Content-control is anther software that can also be useful in restricting the availability of certain kinds of content. Cyber Bullying Cyber bullying is another frequently reported vice in particular among teenage internet users who spend most of their free time on social