ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The issue of the slave trade is one of the most controversial ones because this question is not only associated with the problem of slavery, but it is also based on the problem of morality which is related to the discussion of slaves as objects of trade. In his book The Diligent: A Voyage through the Worlds of the Slave Trade, Robert Harms presents the records of Robert Durand who was the first lieutenant of The Diligent, the French slaving ship. The French people joined the Atlantic slave trade later than the other European countries such as Britain and Portugal, but the French successes were significant, and the slave trade became the characteristic feature France’s development in the 18 th century. Thus, the historic significance of the book is in the fact that it provides the discussion of the role of slave trade in France during the 18 th century. However, it is more important to concentrate on the aspect of morality to understand the French public’s attitude to the problem of slavery in the 18 th century. Robert Durand does not demonstrate any signs of uncertainty in relation to the morality of the slave trade, and his position corresponds with the position of the French people regarding the nature of the slave trade, but it is possible to condemn Durand for his attitude because reflecting the public’s visions, he violates the universe moral norms and supports cruelty and violence. Robert Durand’s accounts show that the lieutenant does not feel any qualms about the idea of the slave trade in spite of its brutal nature. According to Harms, Durand was writing “about selling people exactly as he would have written about selling barrels of wine or loads of wheat. He gave no indication that he felt any sense of shame or moral ambivalence about his mission” 1 . Durand’s “businesslike” and “matter-of-fact” tone can surprise not only the author who analyzes the accounts but also the readers because this tone is not appropriate to discuss the important moral issue of the slave trade in France of the 18 th century 2 . Furthermore, the young lieutenant does not demonstrate the unique attitude to the problem. Instead, Durand’s accounts represent the attitudes of the majority in relation to the issue of the slave trade because the French public paid more attention to the problems of war, to the issue of famine, and to the economic questions associated with inflation and taxes than to such moral issues as the slave trade in the 18 th century. In his work, Harms intends to explain Durand’s position while stating that “the talk focused on issues of access, profits, tariffs, and bonuses” 3 . Thus, Durand’s approach to discussing the question was typical for the period, and it was even the “part of a general mind-set in the seaports of early eighteenth-century Brittany” 4 . From this perspective, it is almost impossible to state clearly whether the French public supported or not the idea of the slave t
The issue of linguistic minorities and the collateral factors is overlapping in the field of linguistics and social sciences. Precisely, the field of linguistic anthropology concerns the different peoples and their languages. The field of linguistic anthropology is a social science that deals with different cultures, relations between them, and phenomena that derive from these differences. For the issue of minorities, it is a specific topic that relates to several principles of social sciences and delivers particular information about the institutes, values, and identities within a community. In the case of the research, the communities include non-Italian speaking minorities. Moreover, sociolinguistics characterizes connections between large structures like state and local people who speak specific languages. This social science determines the influence of the social identity of a person or a group (such as citizen, foreigner, inhabitant) on their linguistic reality. In the case of linguistic minorities, it is essential to understand the social status and identity of these non-Italian speakers to convey the most relevant findings. Thus, the described issue is important for several social scientific areas. The issue of linguistic minorities in Italy is relevant to the different audiences for specific reasons. For minorities’ members, it impacts the further development of the policies that protect them since they are currently declining. People who speak non-Italian languages are in danger of losing their identities due to the lack of support from the government for the promotion of diversity. Then, they would lose the connection with their ancestors and their history to become assimilated into the large Italian population. Recognizing the inefficiencies in the programs for language promotion can enhance the ability of these minorities to get to the government. Next, for state workers all around the work, the research is applicable for other reasons. Namely, multiculturalism should be addressed effectively; hence a country would conflict with its citizens. Acknowledging the advantages and disadvantages of different language policies would be beneficial for structuring different language programs. Finally, the issue is fruitful for research since it needs investigation every two to five years; then, scholars might receive funds to further investigate the problem. Therefore, the three different audiences can find the research attractive. Italy is an excellent choice for investigating the policies of linguistic minorities’ protection. Apart from Italian, the country’s citizens speak Albanian, Catalan, Croatian, French, Franco-Provencal, Friulian, German, Greek, Ladin, Occitan, Sardinian, and Slovenian languages are spoken by 5% of the whole population (Vizi, 2019). In the researches already provided, there is a variety of information about the current linguistic situation in Italy, which can be used for the comparative analysis of the policies. Ye
The history of the United States is full of events based on racial differences of ethnic groups living in the country. Racism has been the bane of the USA for a very long time. It was the background of shaping the cities when they were established and developed. Racism-based issues are present in modern society as well. Cities are unofficially divided into districts inhabited by African-Americans or Latinos, or the people of the Chinese descent. These districts have been usually considered as low-income ones with deprived backgrounds. Considering the peculiarities of the historical development of cities in America, the paper aims to explore the factors such as economic, cultural, and legal ones that shaped the position and functions of the low-income African-American districts as well as the influence these factors had on the achievement of a degree of economic stability by the residents of these districts. Factors The history of African-American social group in the USA can be called tragic, considering the way black people had appeared on the American soil and how their communities developed further. Slavery and continuous oppression by white people have made African-Americans unite to withstand aggressive domination leading to misery. Therefore, communities had emerged in the cities as well when African Americans were allowed to settle down. The abolishment of slavery in 1865 provided them with freedom, but it did not help black people with education, integration into society of white people, and similar issues. In other words, African-Americans had no opportunities to get the quality education and thus, appropriately paid jobs (Reese, Deverteuil, & Thach, 2010). It had created the environment of low-income, poorly educated people who were considered as second-class citizens. Such state of things promoted the criminal environment to emerge and flourish in the districts were African-Americans were allowed to live first (Dreby, 2015). Later, the need in the communities has created the culture of districts where African-Americans were welcomed to live just to avoid them living in the white people’s neighborhoods. Influence Low level of education, hundreds of years of making people think of them as second-class citizens, lack of workplaces with decent pay, and high criminal influence of the African-American districts in the cities have created the environment, in which young generations were unable to break the vicious circle and integrate into a more successful environment (Harvey, 2008). In addition, the bias of the white social group regarding African-Americans conditioned the politics of making ghettos the places where undesired social classes were supposed to live. Discussion The cultural, legal, and economic context has made African-Americans become outsiders in society (Low, 2001). Because of living in such environment generation after generations, a certain psychological model had emerged among African-Ame
Planning and Topic Directions Develop an educational series proposal for your community using one of the following four topics:  1. Bioterrorism/Disaster  2. Environmental Issues  3. Primary Prevention/Health Promotion  4. Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a Vulnerable Population Planning Before Teaching Name and Credentials of Teacher:                                           Estimated Time Teaching Will Last:                                          Location of Teaching: Vista Del Mar School 1 hour                                                                                                                 Supplies, Material, Equipment Needed:                                       Estimated Cost: $ 50.00                    Posters, Markers, Pictures, Condoms, Banana                                                                            Community and Target Aggregate:                                            School Community at Vista Del Mar, Target Audience 9 th Grade Health Class Topic:                                                                     (STDs)/Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)                              (Primary Prevention/Health Promotion)                                       Identification of Focus for Community Teaching (Topic Selection) The plan is focused on improving teenagers’ health status related to the sexuality-reproductive functional health pattern by disseminating knowledge on STD prevention. Epidemiological Rationale for Topic (Statistics Related to Topic) Based on the study by Hailu, Mergal, Nishimwe, Samson, and Santos (2018), the majority of adolescents receive no advice from parents concerning the unwanted consequences of sexual relationships, including STDs. Since 2013, in people aged 15-24, the rates of Chlamydia infection and syphilis increased by 29% and 24% respectively (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018). As for adolescents in California, in 2017, there were over 3000 cases of Chlamydia per 100.000 citizens aged 15-19 (California Department of Public Health, 2018). Nowadays, Chlamydia is more common in female adolescents, whereas the risks of syphilis are greater for males, especially MSM (CDPH, 2018). Teaching Plan Criteria Your teaching plan will be graded based on its effectiveness and relevance to the population selected. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. Nursing Diagnosis Risk for acquiring Sexually Transmitted Diseases due to:  1. Peer Pressure  2. Age  3. Knowledge Deficit Readiness for Learning Identify the factors that would indicate the readiness to learn for the target aggregate. Include emotional and experiential readiness to l
Initiating The initial stage of Kurzweil 3000 deployment requires the active participation of the involved stakeholders. Therefore, the initiating phase would require the establishment of communication channels with the interested groups such as parents, individual teachers, and, possibly, respective local organizations and initiatives (Arthur, Davison, & Stow, 2014). The awareness campaign should be focused on the key features of the product, its advantages over traditional learning methods, and the benefits of its implementation for the learners and, by extension, the improvement in the well-being of the community in the long run. The administrators related to the implementation process also need to be informed on the key procedures and associated benefits to facilitate collaboration as early as possible. Overall, the deployment of Kurzweil 3000 should bring numerous improvements to the learning process and improve stakeholder involvement. Planning – Analysis & Design Once the necessary level of awareness is reached in stakeholders, it is important to create a master plan of implementation. The plan has to include several important components. First, meaningful, achievable, and measurable goals must be established for all levels of implementation, including individual learners, classes, schools, and districts (the latter depends on the scale of the intended deployment). Next, it would be necessary to gather, analyze, and include information on the possible target audience which is expected to benefit the most from the technology. The active participants must be listed, with the credentials that substantiate the choice and the allocated responsibilities within the project. Finally, the timeline of the project containing the chief milestones and major objectives must be included. Another important element of the planning phase is a realistic budget. To be relevant, such budget must include the direct costs of the implementation (e.g. the purchase of required software and hardware and the salaries for involved staff members) as well as the most likely indirect costs (e.g. maintenance and support of the platform as well as training of the teachers). Besides, it would be reasonable to outline a fund for additional expenses, such as various incentives. Finally, the implementation team responsible for the process must be identified. Since the deployment occurs on several levels, the team should be diversified enough to provide training, participant support, resolution of administrative issues, measurement, and inter-department coordination to ensure consistency and reach the intended goals. Executing – Implementation After all aspects of planning are covered, it is possible to move to the actual implementation. The first step would be the purchase of equipment, consisting of software and hardware components. The former is a central component in the process and should thus be prioritized in the decision-making process. The IT specialists within the team should be informed on the needs of the audience and decide on the most appropriate components of th
The way the Iraq War ended was not as it was planned by the United States. This is because, initially, the United States government had planned its intervention in Iraq to bring a government with multiple parties that was based on democracy. The government was to be in good terms with the Republic of Israel and it was supposed to be an enemy of Iran. It was also supposed to be the operational base of the United States in Middle Easy where the United States government would have great influence ensuring that its oil problems are history. As everybody in the United States now knows, among the aforementioned objectives, none was fulfilled and the enemy in the objectives is the one who profited from the intervention of the U.S. in the Iraq war. Just like in the War in Vietnam, the United States government had not done a good work in the assessment of the situation in Iraq before it got involved in the war. This led to a number of surprise and deadly attacks on United States troops that made them make change substantial changes to their initial plans. This led to a great problem in integrating unpredictable military action with the overall objectives of the intervention of the United States government in Iraq (Senor, 2005, p. 1). This was one of the reasons why ultimately, the objectives that the United States government had as it intervened in the situation in Iraq were not met. Instead of fighting an objective war, the U.S. military, following an increase in the number of surprise attacks started to fight the kind of fight meant to protect their lives. This led to the wastage of taxpayer money and the sacrifice of numerous lives for nothing. The plan by the United States to have achieved its objectives by June 2009 was among the things that brought curiosity to U.S citizens about the Iraq issue. Since nothing had been accomplished in the planned time, the United States military started buying time in Iraq long after June 2009. They were even being forced by Iraq military to leave after the elections but they were still adamant. They eventually left Iraq in a manner that appeared as if they had been forced to leave (Lacey, 2003, p. 1). This is a strong indication that the war was lost and it did not end like it was supposed to. Thus another reason for the turn of events at the end of the war was the lack of a well planned timeline for the operations in Iraq. It is common knowledge that the involvement of the United States in the Iraq war was a waste of resources, lives, time and reputation. This is because the main objectives set to be achieved at the end of the war were not achieved. The United States government therefore failed to get the influence it desired over the Middle East and the main enemy, Iran benefited from the war (Senor, 2005, p. 1). The main reason for the stated turn of events was improper pla
Big businesses and the public in general are dependent on the natural environment in satisfying the need for both renewable and non-renewable natural resources. This necessity is addressed by extracting necessary resources and using them for manufacturing all necessary tools and machines as well as feeding society. However, there is a challenge of cleaning up the environment and keeping it clean, as the operation of big businesses and life of the public is inseparable from deteriorating the nature. Therefore, it is critical to determine the scope of responsibilities of both businesses and society as a whole in preserving the natural environment and seek ways to turn cleaning it up into a positive experience for both. To begin with, it is essential to point to the fact that there is a constant conflict between society and big businesses as well as both of them and the natural environment. As mentioned above, both big businesses and public in general depend upon the environment in satisfying the need for natural resources. They can be divided into renewable resources such as timber and fish and non-renewable ones such as metals and oil (Diamond, 2011). Still, regardless of the nature of resources, they are extracted by both societies and big businesses. However, there is a lasting conflict between the two, as what is economically beneficial for big businesses, is harmful to the public in general. On a larger scale, what benefits both public and businesses, in most cases, deteriorates the natural environment (Diamond, 2011). This problem is connected to the fact that both businesses and society fail to recognize that they are responsible for preserving the natural environment and keeping it clean. Regardless of the shared responsibility to preserve the natural environment and keep it clean, the scope of duties of big businesses and the public is different. This difference derives from the difference in the volume of extracted and consumed natural resources and their influence on the environment. That said, big businesses are responsible for avoiding breaches of fiduciary responsibility. It means that initially, the public should be aware that big businesses are profit-making machines, i.e. they focus on maximizing profits regardless of their influence on the natural environment (Diamond, 2011). Moreover, they are responsible for avoiding expensive natural disasters. In this way, senior management of big businesses is interested in minimizing costs and guaranteeing safety of their employees, as well as satisfying interests of their major stakeholders, instead of protecting the environment. Nevertheless, it means that big companies make significant effort to avoid the most critical deteriorations of the environment. Except for the responsibility to avoid industry-induced natural disasters and liability to follo
The Sumerian Hunting Parks According to Chen (54), between 3000BC and 2000BC, the Sumerians established hunting parks for domesticating animal, especially horses. Wild animals were also placed in some parks and the hunting box was later installed in landscape pressure pavilions. The ancient parks have inspired the development of modern parks. They were used for recreation and pleasure. Gilgamesh, a historic figure in 2500BC, mentions the ‘garden of gods’. A good example was the Ziggurat of UR, an artificial “Hill of Heaven” where Sumerians ancestors were believed to reside. For this reason, the garden was highly respected and protected because rituals were carried out in the shrines within it. According to Chen (55), the gardens eventually developed into pure pleasure gardens. They were enclosed areas with some plants and animals stocked for royal hunting sports. At this time, the Sumerians called the parks “paradise”, which means “enclosed”. Later, when the Persian conquered Assyrians and Egypt, they came up with new designs for the gardens. They increased the design to incorporate exceptional forms. These gardens are the forerunners of the modern pleasure gardens. They provide a paradise where they were used for spiritual purposes. In addition, they were used as meeting places for friends and families. Parks and gardens, being artificial creations, reflect the idealized form of micro-landscape. Their design and characteristics symbolize the ideas that the society sought from such landscapes. Recreation facilities and amenities are installed with time because people increasingly yearn for more pleasure. Today, they form major tourist attraction sites in various parts of the world. Other ancient structures and artifacts have been achieved in museums to provide an important source of historical information for the future generations. Sacred Groves of Greece According to Conan (43), the ancient Greek societies used to set aside certain areas and preserved them in their natural environment. Conan (43) states that ‘sacred groves’, which were kept as places for worshiping the ancient Greek gods, are a good example of the special gardens. In addition, other groves were parks used for recreation by monarchs and citizens. Sections of the groves and the parks existed naturally, which gave a good habitat to planted forests and wild animals. Sacredness meant that the trees within th