ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Cosmic rays interacting in the solar atmosphere produce showers that result in a flux of high-energy neutrinos from the Sun. These form an irreducible background to indirect solar WIMP co-annihilation searches, which look for heavy dark matter particles annihilating into final states containing neutrinos in the Solar core. This background will eventually create a sensitivity floor for indirect WIMP co-annihilation searches analogous to that imposed by low-energy solar neutrino interactions for direct dark matter detection experiments. We present a new calculation of the flux of solar atmospheric neutrinos with a detailed treatment of systematic uncertainties inherent in solar atmospheric shower evolution, and we use this to derive the sensitivity floor for indirect solar WIMP annihilation analyses. We find that the floor lies less than one order of magnitude beyond the present experimental limits on spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross sections for some mass points, and that the high-energy solar atmospheric neutrino flux may be observable with running and future neutrino telescopes.
Spin current of two-dimensional holes occupying the ground-state subband in an asymmetric quantum well and interacting with static disorder potential is calculated in the presence of a weak magnetic field H perpendicular to the well plane. Both spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman coupling are taken into account. It is shown that the applied electric field excites both the transverse (spin-Hall) and diagonal spin currents, the latter changes its sign at a finite H and becomes greater than the spin-Hall current as H increases. The effective spin-Hall conductivity introduced to describe the spin response in Hall bars is considerably enhanced by the magnetic field in the case of weak disorder and demonstrates a non-monotonic dependence on H.
Tamura coupling model has been extended to consider the coupling of additional low-lying rotational bands to the ground state band. Rotational bands are built on vibrational bandheads (even-even targets) or single particle bandheads (odd-$A$ targets) including both axial and non-axial deformations. These additional excitations are introduced as a perturbation to the underlying axially-symmetric rigid rotor structure of the ground state rotational band. Coupling matrix elements of the generalized optical model are derived for extended multi-band transitions in even-even and odd-$A$ nuclei. Isospin symmetric formulation of the optical model is employed.   A coupled-channels optical model potential (OMP) containing a dispersive contribution is used to fit simultaneously all available optical experimental databases including neutron strength functions for nucleon scattering on $^{232}$Th, $^{233,235,238}$U and $^{239}$Pu nuclei and quasi-elastic ($p$,$n$) scattering data on $^{232}$Th and $^{238}$U. Lane consistent OMP is derived for all actinides if corresponding multi-band coupling schemes are defined. Calculations using the derived OMP potential reproduce measured total cross-section differences between several actinide pairs within experimental uncertainty for incident neutron energies from 50 keV up to 150MeV. Multi-band coupling is stronger in even-even targets due to the collective nature of the coupling; the impact of extended coupling on predicted compound-nucleus formation cross section reaches 5% below 3 MeV of incident neutron energy. Coupling of ground-state rotational band levels in odd-$A$ nuclei is sufficient for a good description of the compound-nucleus formation cross sections as long as the coupling is saturated (a minimum of 7 coupled levels are typically needed).
In this paper, we consider the Cauchy problem for the $H^{s}$-critical inhomogeneous nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger (INLS) equation \[iu_{t} +\Delta u=\lambda |x|^{-b} f(u),\; u(0)=u_{0} \in H^{s} (\mathbb R^{n}),\] where $n\in \mathbb N$, $0\le s<\frac{n}{2}$, $0<b<\min \left\{2,\;n-s,\; 1+\frac{n-2s}{2} \right\}$ and $f(u)$ is a nonlinear function that behaves like $\lambda |u|^{\sigma } u$ with $\lambda \in \mathbb C$ and $\sigma=\frac{4-2b}{n-2s}$. First, we establish the local well-posedness as well as the small data global well-posedness in $H^{s}(\mathbb R^{n})$ for the $H^{s}$-critical INLS equation by using the contraction mapping principle based on the Strichartz estimates in Sobolev-Lorentz spaces. Next, we obtain some standard continuous dependence results for the $H^{s}$-critical INLS equation. Our results about the well-posedness and standard continuous dependence for the $H^{s}$-critical INLS equation improve the ones of Aloui-Tayachi [Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 41 (11) (2021), 5409-5437] by extending the validity of $s$ and $b$. Based on the local well-posedness in $H^{1}(\mathbb R^{n})$, we finally establish the blow-up criteria for $H^{1}$-solutions to the focusing energy-critical INLS equation. In particular, we prove the finite time blow-up for finite-variance, radially symmetric or cylindrically symmetric initial data.
We present five newly found galaxy clusters at z>0.6 from the XMM Large-Scale Structure Survey (XMM-LSS). All five objects are extended X-ray sources in the XMM images. For three of them we have sufficient spectroscopically confirmed member galaxies that an estimate of the velocity dispersion is possible: XLSSC 001 at z=0.613 and \sigma_V=867^{+80}_{-60} km/s, XLSSC 002 at z=0.772 and \sigma_V=524^{+267}_{-116} km/s and XLSSC 003 at z=0.839 and \sigma_V=780^{+137}_{-75} km/s. These three clusters have X-ray bolometric luminosities L_X \sim 1-3 \times 10^{44} erg/s and temperatures 2-4 keV, and consequently are less massive than previously known clusters at similar redshifts, but nevertheless they follow the low redshift scaling relations between L_X, T and \sigma_V, within the limits of the measurement errors. One of the clusters, XLSSC 004, is detected independently as an overdensity of galaxies of a colour R-z'=1.4 that matches the redshift of the central galaxy z=0.87, although it cannot unambiguously be confirmed by the spectroscopic observations alone. The highest redshift candidate cluster pertaining to this paper, XLSSC 005, is most likely a double cluster complex at a redshift around unity, associated with an extended X-ray source with probable substructure.
Designing a registration framework for images that do not share the same probability distribution is a major challenge in modern image analytics yet trivial task for the human visual system (HVS). Discrepancies in probability distributions, also known as \emph{drifts}, can occur due to various reasons including, but not limited to differences in sequences and modalities (e.g., MRI T1-T2 and MRI-CT registration), or acquisition settings (e.g., multisite, inter-subject, or intra-subject registrations). The popular assumption about the working of HVS is that it exploits a communal feature subspace exists between the registering images or fields-of-view that encompasses key drift-invariant features. Mimicking the approach that is potentially adopted by the HVS, herein, we present a representation learning technique of this invariant communal subspace that is shared by registering domains. The proposed communal domain learning (CDL) framework uses a set of hierarchical nonlinear transforms to learn the communal subspace that minimizes the probability differences and maximizes the amount of shared information between the registering domains. Similarity metric and parameter optimization calculations for registration are subsequently performed in the drift-minimized learned communal subspace. This generic registration framework is applied to register multisequence (MR: T1, T2) and multimodal (MR, CT) images. Results demonstrated generic applicability, consistent performance, and statistically significant improvement for both multi-sequence and multi-modal data using the proposed approach ($p$-value$<0.001$; Wilcoxon rank sum test) over baseline methods.
An exact analysis of the N-dimensional blackbody radiation process in a nonextensive \`a la Tsallis scenario is performed for values of the nonextensive's index in the range ($0<q<1$). The recently advanced ``Optimal Lagrange Multipliers" (OLM) technique has been employed. The results are consistent with those of the extensive, $q=1$ case. The generalization of the celebrated laws of Planck, Stefan-Boltzmann, and Wien are investigated.   PACS: 05.30.-d, 95.35.+d, 05.70.Ce, 75.10.-b Keywords: Tsallis Thermostatistics, Blackbody radiation.
An action in which the Ricci scalar is nonminimally coupled with a scalar field and contains higher order curvature invariant terms carries a conserved current under certain conditions that decouples geometric part from the scalar field. The conserved current relates the pair of arbitrary coupling parameters $f(\phi)$ and $\omega(\phi)$ with the gravitational field variable, where $\omega(\phi)$ is the Brans-Dicke coupling parameter. The existence of such conserved current may be helpful to sketch the cosmological evolution from its early age till date in a single frame.
The first purpose of this note is to provide a proof of the usual square function estimate on Lp (?). It turns out to follow directly from a generic Mikhlin multiplier theorem obtained by Alexopoulos, which mostly relies on Gaussian bounds on the heat kernel. We also provide a simple proof of a weaker version of the square function estimate, which is enough in most instances involving dispersive PDEs. Moreover, we obtain, by a relatively simple integration by parts, several useful Lp (?; H) bounds for the derivatives of the heat ?ow with values in a given Hilbert space H.
In \cite{Shimura}, Shimura introduced modular forms of half-integral weight, their Hecke algebras and their relation to integral weight modular forms via the Shimura correspondence. For modular forms of integral weight, Sturm's bounds give generators of the Hecke algebra as a module. We also have well-known recursion formulae for the operators $T_{p^\ell}$ with $p$ prime. It is the purpose of this paper to prove analogous results in the half-integral weight setting. We also give an explicit formula for how operators $T_{p^{\ell}}$ commute with the Shimura correspondence.
In this paper, we consider a blow-up solution for the complex-valued semilinear wave equation with power non-linearity in one space dimension. We show that the set of non characteristic points $I_0$ is open and that the blow-up curve is of class $C^{1,\mu_0}$ and the phase $\theta$ is $C^{\mu_0}$ on this set. In order to prove this result, we introduce a Liouville Theorem for that equation.
Under proper growth conditions, ordered and uniform Mn nanodots were fabricated on the Si(111)-7x7 surface without the presence of a wetting layer. Furthermore, the Mn nanodots deposited onto the elevated substrates were observed to occupy preferentially on the faulted half unit cells (FHUCs) of the Si(111)-7x7 surface. This phenomenon implies that the Mn dots adsorbed on the FHUCs is more stable than those adsorbed on the unfaulted half unit cells (UFHUCs). Within the framework of quasiequilibrium thermodynamics, the energy difference between adsorption on the UFHUCs and the FHUCs was estimated to be 0.05eV. The intrinsic attractive potential wells on the FHUCs effectively trap the outdiffusion of Mn atoms, and consequently result in a preferential arrangement of islands with well-defined sizes.
We study for the first time the $p\Sigma^-\to K^-d$ and $K^-d\to p\Sigma^-$ reactions close to threshold and show that they are driven by a triangle mechanism, with the $\Lambda(1405)$, a proton and a neutron as intermediate states, which develops a triangle singularity close to the $\bar{K}d$ threshold. We find that a mechanism involving virtual pion exchange and the $K^-p\to\pi^+\Sigma^-$ amplitude dominates over another one involving kaon exchange and the $K^-p\to K^-p$ amplitude. Moreover, of the two $\Lambda(1405)$ states, the one with higher mass around $1420$ MeV, gives the largest contribution to the process. We show that the cross section, well within measurable range, is very sensitive to different models that, while reproducing $\bar{K}N$ observables above threshold, provide different extrapolations of the $\bar{K}N$ amplitudes below threshold. The observables of this reaction will provide new constraints on the theoretical models, leading to more reliable extrapolations of the $\bar{K}N$ amplitudes below threshold and to more accurate predictions of the $\Lambda(1405)$ state of lower mass.
We study the approximation of certain stochastic integrals with respect to a d-dimensional diffusion by corresponding stochastic integrals with piece-wise constant integrands. In finance this corresponds to replacing a continuously adjusted portfolio by discretely adjusted one. The approximation error is measured with respect to $L^2$ and it is shown that under certain assumptions the approximation rate is $n^{-1/2}$ when one optimizes over deterministic but not necessarily equidistant time-nets.
In this paper, we prove that as the viscosity and resistivity go to zero, the solution of the Cauchy problem for the incompressible MHD equations converges to the solution of the ideal MHD equations in the same topology with the initial data. Our proof mainly depends on the method introduced by the paper \cite{G.L.Y} and the constructions of the incompressible MHD equations.
Motivated by the intriguing properties of the vanadium spin tube Na2V3O7, we show that an effective spin-chirality model similar to that of standard Heisenberg odd-legged S=1/2 spin tubes can be derived for frustrated inter-ring couplings, but with a spin-chirality coupling constant alpha that can be arbitrarily small. Using density matrix renormalization group and analytical arguments, we show that, while spontaneous dimerization is always present, solitons become bound into low-lying singlets as alpha is reduced. Experimental implications for strongly frustrated tubes are discussed.
The controversy about the origin of the structure of S0--E/S0 galaxies may be due to the difficulty of comparing surface brightness profiles with different depths, photometric corrections and PSF effects (almost always ignored). We aim to quantify the properties of Type-III (anti-truncated) discs in a sample of S0 galaxies at 0.2<z<0.6. In this paper, we present the sample selection and describe in detail the methods to robustly trace the structure in their outskirts and correct for PSF effects. We have selected and classified a sample of 150 quiescent galaxies at 0.2<z<0.6 in the GOODS-N field. We perform a quantitative structural analysis of 44 S0-E/S0 galaxies. We corrected their surface brightness profiles for PSF distortions and analysed the biases in the structural and photometric parameters when the PSF correction is not applied. Additionally, we have developed Elbow, an automatic statistical method to determine whether a possible break is significant - or not - and its type and made it publicly available. We found 14 anti-truncated S0-E/S0 galaxies in the range 0.2<z<0.6 (~30% of the final sample). This fraction is similar to the those reported in the local Universe. In our sample, ~25% of the Type-III breaks observed in PSF-uncorrected profiles are artifacts, and their profiles turn into a Type I after PSF correction. PSF effects also soften Type-II profiles. We found that the profiles of Type-I S0 and E/S0 galaxies of our sample are compatible with the inner profiles of the Type-III, in contrast with the outer profiles. We have obtained the first robust and reliable sample of 14 anti-truncated S0--E/S0 galaxies beyond the local Universe, in the range 0.2<z<0.6. PSF effects significantly affect the shape of the surface brightness profiles in galaxy discs even in the case of the narrow PSF of HST/ACS images, so future studies on the subject should make an effort to correct them.
We study optimally doped Bi$_{2}$Sr$_{2}$Ca$_{0.92}$Y$_{0.08}$Cu$_{2}$O$_{8+\delta}$ (Bi2212) using angle-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy. Three spectral features are resolved near 1.5, 2.7, and 3.6 eV above the Fermi level. By tuning the photon energy, we determine that the 2.7-eV feature arises predominantly from unoccupied states. The 1.5- and 3.6-eV features reflect unoccupied states whose spectral intensities are strongly modulated by the corresponding occupied states. These unoccupied states are consistent with the prediction from a cluster perturbation theory based on the single-band Hubbard model. Through this comparison, a Coulomb interaction strength U of 2.7 eV is extracted. Our study complements equilibrium photoemission spectroscopy and provides a direct spectroscopic measurement of the unoccupied states in cuprates. The determined Coulomb U indicates that the charge-transfer gap of optimally doped Bi2212 is 1.1 eV.
A microscopic Hamiltonian theory of the FQHE developed by Shankar and the present author based on the fermionic Chern-Simons approach has recently been quite successful in calculating gaps and finite tempertature properties in Fractional Quantum Hall states. Initially proposed as a small-$q$ theory, it was subsequently extended by Shankar to form an algebraically consistent theory for all $q$ in the lowest Landau level. Such a theory is amenable to a conserving approximation in which the constraints have vanishing correlators and decouple from physical response functions. Properties of the incompressible fractions are explored in this conserving approximation, including the magnetoexciton dispersions and the evolution of the small-$q$ structure factor as $\nu\to\half$. Finally, a formalism capable of dealing with a nonuniform ground state charge density is developed and used to show how the correct fractional value of the quasiparticle charge emerges from the theory.
A possible mechanism of electronic phase separation in the systems with orbital ordering is analyzed. We suggest a simple model taking into account an interplay between the delocalization of charge carriers introduced by doping and the cooperative ordering of local lattice distortions. The proposed mechanism is quite similar to the double exchange usually invoked for interpretation of phase separation in doped magnetic oxides like manganites, but can be efficient even in the absence of any magnetic ordering. It is demonstrated that the delocalized charge carriers favor the formation of nanoscale inhomogeneities with the orbital structure different from that in the undoped material. The directional character of orbitals leads to inhomogeneities of different shapes and sizes.
I revisit Jordan's derivation of Einstein's formula for energy fluctuations in the black body in thermal equilibrium. This formula is usually taken to represent the unification of the wave and the particle aspects of the electromagnetic field since the fluctuations can be shown to be the sum of wave-like and particle-like contributions. However, in Jordan's treatment there is no mention of the Planck distribution and all averages are performed with respect to pure number states of radiation (mixed states had not yet been discovered!). The chief reason why Jordan does reproduce Einstein's result despite not using thermal states of radiation is that he focuses on fluctuations in a small (compared to the whole) volume of the black body. The state of radiation in a small volume is highly entangled to the rest of the black body which leads to the correct fluctuations even though the overall state might, in fact, be assumed to be pure (i.e. at zero temperature). I present a simple derivation of the fluctuations formula as an instance of mixed states being reductions of higher level pure states, a representation that is affectionately known as ``Church of the Higher Hilbert Space". According to this view of mixed states, temperature is nothing but the amount of entanglement between the system and its environment.
We report low frequency observations of the quasi-periodic, circularly polarized, harmonic type III radio bursts whose associated sunspot active regions were located close to the solar limb. The measured periodicity of the bursts at 80 MHz was $\approx$ 5.2 s and their average degree of circular polarization ($dcp$) was $\approx 0.12$. We calculated the associated magnetic field $B$ : (1) using the empirical relationship between the $dcp$ and $B$ for the harmonic type III emission, and (2) from the observed quasi-periodicity of the bursts. Both the methods result in $B \approx$ 4.2 G at the location of the 80 MHz plasma level (radial distance $r \approx 1.3~\rm R_{\odot}$) in the active region corona.
Dual-gate electrostatic modulation gives an attractive approach for transistors performance improvement, threshold voltage (Vth) and operation mode modulation, which is favorable for chemical sensor and logic applications. Here, a self-aligned junctionless semiconducting oxide channels are dual-gate electrostatic modulated by solution-processed chitosan-based proton conductors on paper substrates. The low-voltage junctionless paper transistors can be effectively tuned from depletion mode to enhancement mode by the second in-plane gate. OR logic gate was experimentally demonstrated on such dual-in-plane gate junctionless transistors. Such dual-gate organic/inorganic hybrid paper transistors are promising for portable paper electronics.
The quasiparticle random phase approximation is used to study the properties of the wobbling bands in $^{163}$Lu. Assuming that the wobbling mode represents pure isoscalar orientation oscillations results in too low wobbling frequencies and too strong M1 transitions between the one- and zero-phonon wobbling bands. The inclusion of an LL interaction, which couples the wobbling mode to the scissors mode, generates the right upshift of the wobbling frequencies and the right suppression of the B(M1)$_{out}$ values toward the experimental values. In analogy to the quenching of low-energy E1 transition by coupling to the Isovector Giant Dipole Resonance, a general reduction of the M1 transitions between quasiparticle configurations caused by coupling to the scissors mode is suggested.
We wish to investigate the effects of cooling of the Compton cloud on the outflow formation rate in an accretion disk around a black hole. We carry out a time dependent numerical simulation where both the hydrodynamics and the radiative transfer processes are coupled together. We consider a two-component accretion flow in which the Keplerian disk is immersed into an accreting low-angular momentum flow (halo) around a black hole. The soft photons which originate from the Keplerian disk are inverse-Comptonized by the electrons in the halo and the region between the centrifugal pressure supported shocks and the horizon. We run several cases by changing the rate of the Keplerian disk and see the effects on the shock location and properties of the outflow and the spectrum. We show that as a result of Comptonization of the Compton cloud, the cloud becomes cooler with the increase in the Keplerian disk rate. As the resultant thermal pressure is reduced, the post-shock region collapses and the outflow rate is also reduced. Since the hard radiation is produced from the post-shock region, and the spectral slope increases with the reduction of the electron temperature, the cooling produces softer spectrum. We thus find a direct correlation between the spectral states and the outflow rates of an accreting black hole.