ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
History is a subject which is studied by students all over the world. Different countries have different histories, if the countries have some relations, so the history may be common in some points. In the book “On the advantage and disadvantage of history for life” Friedrich Nietzsche dwells upon the problem of the necessity of history for people, how it can change people’s lives and whether it helps. The question of history’s necessity is discussed from the point of view of Friedrich Nietzsche’s ideas. Friedrich Nietzsche focuses his attention on the question of whether people need history for their lives, whether people’s history brings some advantages and additional opportunities to people or it spoils something and bothers their lives. There is a historical and unhistorical understanding of the world. Friedrich Nietzsche compares human historical living with the animals’ unhistorical in order to give his personal understanding of these notions. Animals live unhistorical life as they do not remember the past and do not think about the future. They are happy because they do not remember, all they see is new for them, the past problems and disappointments do not bother them. The human being is historical even though only the limited information is remembered but people know their past and try to predict their future that confirms their historicity. Friedrich Nietzsche’s opinion is that history makes a person sedentary, that the consideration of the historical processes takes too much time and hampers the people’s development, it is tying the mode of life for the whole generation. Friedrich Nietzsche’s conception is that modern historians are wrong. They are wrong in their desire to consider the past as better as they can with the aim to learn more about the present and to try to understand the future. They are wrong, they think unhistorically and it is Friedrich Nietzsche’s point of view. History gives people knowledge, an invaluable treasure, and it is a person’s decision whether to take it or not. People’s life is a task which they have to consider, analyze and solve. Returning to the example with animals, Friedrich Nietzsche states that the task of the animal is to be born, to exist (eat, drink, hunt) and die. The people’s life is more complicated and depends on the person’s values, which he/she tries to follow. People cannot just exist as they have past, as they are historical. According to Friedrich Nietzsche’s theory, history belongs to the person in three respects: (1) if the person is active, (2) if the person preserves and admires, and (3) if the person suffers and needs the liberation. Friedrich Nietzsche strengthens that these three respects require three kinds of history, (1) monumental, (2) antiquarian, and (3) critical. These types of history should be balanced in order to give the person an opportunity to develop. In sum, the philosopher noted that there is a strong connection between the life of histori
In the simplest terms sin can be defined as a rebellion against the commandments of God. Lucifer the most celebrated among angels first rebelled against God, was subsequently punished for his rebellion and was renamed Satan. After the creation of Adam and Eve, it was Satan who taught them to rebel against God and so sin first entered humankind in the Garden of Eden when Adam and Eve disobeyed the commandments of God. Since the time of Adam and Eve, each successive generation has been born with an inclination to sin. King David acknowledged this state of a human being in Psalm 51:5 (NIV) by saying, “Surely I was sinful at birth, sinful from the time my mother conceived me.” As explained in gotquestions.org , “we are sinners not because we sin rather we sin because we are sinners”. Sin manifests itself in many ways among which is unbelief in God, refusing to believe in His existence, deliberately rejecting His laws, ignoring His commands, refusing to surrender to Him, worshipping idols, following our carnal desires, and rejecting His counsel (Torrey, 2007). After Moses received the Law from God, humans were held accountable for their sins and had to bear the consequences of sins based on the Law of God, which included punishments for disobedience and bless
Introduction Technological progress has always been viewed as an integral and essential part of global development. However, it was not up until the recent breakthrough in digital and information technology (IT) that innovative tools revolutionized every domain of people’s lives, changing the way in which they interact. When considering the aspects of these innovations that made them especially astounding, one should mention the fact that they offered an entirely new way of managing data. Among these tools, Office 365 should be mentioned as the software that managed to incorporate several tools into a single system, at the same time making these tools easily accessible from a variety of devices ( Office 365 service descriptions 2018). As a result, the application has served its purpose of securing users’ data and improving information management. Specifically, Office 365 offers the support of its trust centers, while the expenses that one would usually take in order to sustain servers and provide regular maintenance are saved. Among the benefits of Office 356, one should mention ample opportunities for creating, editing, and saving documents. In the past, the specified tasks were tedious to the point where they would take a significant portion of the time that employees could have otherwise spent on the management of work-related tasks (Conforto et al. 2014). Indeed, without a system of software tools that provide chances for working simultaneously with different types of files, including text, datasheets, and presentations, one had to switch from one type of media to another. The specified step could even require changing locations, thus costing employees and an organization a significant amount of time and money. With Office 356, however, the specified problem has vanished. Main body Similarly, Office 365 has simplified the process of editing and sharing information extensively. Before the specified technology, the management of data, including its dissemination and editing, involved rather complex actions that required the use of multiple types of software. Furthermore, the pre-existing tools did not allow making the information instantly accessible to all selected participants. Tracking down the changes made in the course of editing was also a significant challenge that was removed once the tools for data sharing and management offered by Office 365 were introduced. In addition to the improved tools for handling the available information, Office 365 has also provided enhanced security of information with the help of its cloud service (Conforto et al. 2014). As a result, the identified innovation served as a major breakthrough in data management within a range of domains, including personal use, as well as public and private business domains. Consequently, Office 365 can be seen as a crucial improvement in the information management process. The technology mentioned above also helped to make the transition from traditional to virtual business management
Islamophobia is a social phenomenon that is characterized by fear, hate-mongering, dislike, and violence towards Islam, Muslims, symbols and monuments of Islamic religion and culture. This tendency has a long history around the world, starting from the appearance of ancient Islamic powers and empires, and transitioning well into the 21st century. Reasons for Islamophobia always varied from one time period to another. While during times of the Ottoman Empire Islamophobia was largely motivated by expansionist policies and power of that nation, in the 21st century the reasons shifted due to Al-Qaeda terrorist attacks in 2001, followed by a myriad of terrorist attacks in Europe following the refugee crisis in 2015 (Esposito and Kalin 13). Although all important figureheads of Islamic movements around the world have condemned these acts of terrorism, anti-Islamic tensions keep growing. The USA and numerous European countries have already introduced a number of Islamophobic laws under the guise of fighting terrorism. These laws include restrictions on wearing Islam-related symbolic, humiliating security checks at the airports, overly complicated border control measures, and other measures that humiliate Muslims. Arabs, as the most numerous representatives of Islamic culture, receive the brunt of these racist practices. Other people, even though not Muslims, are hit by this public backlash. Such are Sikhs, any other nations with attires and features of Arab origin. This paper is dedicated to investigating how Islamophobia affects Arab nations in the Middle East and abroad. Causes of Islamophobia Arguments for Islamophobia around the world are typically classified into three subgroups, which are often used in conjunction to one another. These three causes are (Esposito and Kalin 34):   * Security concerns. Many islamophobes believe that the presence of Arabic Muslims in their countries either as tourists, legal migrants, illegal migrants, or citizens is a threat to their national security. They see it as a hostile takeover of their country, a threat to their national traditions and culture, and the first stage of conversion to a world-spanning “Caliphate.” Thus, they insinuate that every Arabic Muslim is in their country with these goals in mind, and refuse to accept any other motivations that could justify their presence.   * Religious concerns. To quote Michael Savage, a syndicated radio-show host, “These people [Arabs and Muslims] need to be forcefully converted to Christianity. It’s the only thing that probably can turn them into human beings” (Esposito and Kalin 21). This quote demonstrates Islamophobia from a religious perspective. Islamophobes view Christianity as a superior religion and believe they have a higher moral ground, which justifies their war-mongering, hate-speech, and any crimes committed against the representatives and religion of Islam (Garner and Selod 12). This way of thinking is often propagated by representatives of the Church, such as pastors and missionaries, the rhetoric being reminiscent to that of the Crusades.   * Civil Rights concerns. Some islamophobes believe that Islam
Family, work and market environments, and community can be discussed as the U.S. main social institutions in relation to which the evidences of gender discrimination can be observed. Although the principle of equality is proclaimed as the democratic value in the USA, the gender differences are still accentuated with references to the woman’s role in the society and woman’s participation in the activities of different social institutions. The role of a woman in a family depends on social stereotypes, which lead to discrimination and unequal distribution of household duties. Thus, a woman is still discussed as a person dependable on a man as a breadwinner and responsible for performing housework and bringing up children. Furthermore, the main decisions are often made by men as the heads of the family. From this point, the submissive position of a woman is accentuated. Women have no equal opportunities to compete with men in the market and work environments because of the principles of labor division according to gender. This principle also works in relation to receiving an education. Discrimination can be observed when women are rejected to be hired in companies because of their gender and marital status. Employers try to protect themselves from hiring women with children and realize hidden discriminating activities. It is also difficult for women to compete with men within working environments because of stereotypes related to the social role of a woman. At the level of a community, women experience more difficulties in achieving definite results in the social or governmental activities because of gender barriers and challenges which can be developed by the male representatives consciously or unconsciously.
Introduction Tsunami is a huge wave of water forming temporally valleys and mountains that hit a shoreline and hence causing a lot of destruction on the inland. Tsunami generally is mainly caused by huge vertical water displacement. This displacement comes about s a result creation of volcanic eruptions, fault movements, meteorite impacts and landslides. They are more often than not usually caused by very stern earthquakes, most particularly those that crop up at subduction regions. Subduction entails vertical movements as the sub ducting plate goes downhill and superseding plate goes upper direction. It is very difficult to identify the Tsunami waves at the center of the ocean. When these waves approach the shoreline it is easily identified as a result of creation of huge wave and water piles. Usually the water volumes piles up closer to the shoreline for the reason that tsunami waves move more rapidly in subterranean waters than in superficial water. Tsunamis are in most case accompanied by in a chain of waves, not accompanied by a single wave. Tsunami waves are usually squeezed closer to the coast, the wave power energy is aimed upward and wavelength reduced, rising the wave heights significantly. Tsunami waves are capable of reaching about thirty meters height. This kind of tsunami waves mostly takes place in the regions of Pacific Ocean, affecting regions such as Japan, Hawaii, Indonesia and Alaska. Detectors around these regions specifically in the west coast of the USA help in the process of tracking tsunami. National government Weather Service station and NOAA have come up with a forecasting system technology that approximates the amplitude strength of the tsunami wave and furthermore the estimate the arrival time for most vulnerable regions. Professionals use source of information from the investigators to establish the tsunami wave speed, and hence warning the vulnerable community on the early before the disaster on emergency measure need to put in place to help to mitigate the problem (Hsu, pg 100). Scientific Causes of Tsunami Scientifically tsunami is caused by the water which is impelled afar the interior of the underwater commotion, the change in this water levels move at the speed of about four hundred miles per sixty minutes through the ocean. The variation in the levels of water in the ocean moving away from the interrupted epicenter, in consecutive water masses, slows down as it approaches off show areas of the ocean. The moving water usually forms temporary valleys and mountains. These temporally water valleys or mountains move over a distance downward of eighteen thousand feet at speed of five hundred and twenty mph, slowing to a depth of three thousand feet at a speed of two hundred. The slowing movement decrease to a distance downward of sixty feet at a speed of thirty mph. the water displacement movement becomes extremely vivid and the wave heightens as a result of the slowing effect. Tsunamis typically move large volume of waters; and for that the tsunami wave might not peak as a re
The U.S. criminal justice system is known for its high incarceration rates. Out of the 6.8 million incarcerated Americans, African Americans make up 34% or 2.3 million of that group, despite demographics showing that those who identify as Black make only make up 19% of the national population (NAACP, n.d.). Furthermore, there are indicators by experts and civil rights advocates that African American adults are 5.9 more likely to be incarcerated compared to their white counterparts (Report to the United Nations, n.d.). It is representative of inequality and discrimination in criminal justice institutions. Taking into account criminological theories, why is there an overrepresentation of African Americans in crime statistics in the U.S.? The reason for this topic selection is because it represents a key issue for U.S. society currently. In the context of last year’s BLM movements and general discussions about race, there remains one of the most prominent but controversial topics regarding minority incarceration. I am interested in examining the topic closely to understand the realities of the situation and its applications to criminological theory. An article by Simons and Burt (2011) examines the connection between social factors and individual offending. They argue that negative conditions within families, neighborhoods, and friend groups eventually cause deviance as these support social schemas which generate hostility towards people. Furthermore, it creates a cynical perspective of what is right and wrong and a need for instant gratification. The authors take the basis of Aker’s social learning theory and modify their research to focus on the implicit patterns of interaction occurring in a person’s social surroundings, suggesting a common set of values that detrimental social circles can promote crime. This is directly related to the topic of choice as it may serve as an explanation for the overrepresentation of African Americans in crime. Due to the socioeconomic divides in the U.S. and discrimination, African American families and communities are statistically and anecdotally poorer and more likely to end up in poverty. As a result of poverty, which leads individuals to desperate behaviors ranging from crime to drug use, a negative environment is formed, which can further instigate crime levels. It becomes a vicious circle of poverty-crime relationships.
A hero is a person of extraordinary character. Such a person is able to influence other people by either sheer brilliance or exemplary qualities. A hero is a person who has an inner desire to excel and possess the mental capacity to face challenges and other predicaments head-on. In often cases, for one to become a hero, one has to do something courageous or informed by bravery. Secondly, heroes are characterized by selflessness, i.e., putting societal interest before individual safety or interest. Going by the foregoing criteria, Socrates was a great hero. First, he exemplifies selflessness when he risks his life to save Alcibiades during the Potidea, Delium, and Amphipolis war (Seeskin, 1987). Secondly, Socrates heroism his promotion of principles aimed at ensuring a better society; even when by doing so, he risks the wrath of other jealousy and ignorant people. A hero is an individual of noble character, i.e., an individual whose morals are way above an ordinary person’s morals. A hero is one who is just and thus derives motivation from injustices in the community to champions for the rights of the helpless or the so-called voiceless. Speaking and standing with the vulnerable, as witnessed in many cases, translates into one becoming vulnerable in himself or herself. By promoting the welfare of the weak, the hero places himself on the wrong side of the law, and more often than not, he will be in conflict with the government or powers that be. A hero is one who chooses to go against the status quo even when, by doing so, he risks the wrath of the authorities or the powerful. Socrates meets the qualities mentioned in the foregoing paragraph. He spent his entire life seeking to understand societal beliefs. Anchored on the belief that life only makes sense when examined, he was always questioning (Gill & Pellegrin, 2009). I am convinced his interrogative nature though annoying, helped intellectuals and political leaders to ach
Introduction Oil price remained high in the second part of the twentieth century. The start of the new millennium was also characterised by high prices for this natural resource that has been one of the primary products of the UAE economy. This has led to the unprecedented economic growth of the country. Thus, the country’s GDP between 2000 and 2009 grew at an annual rate of over 6%. 1 This economic development has resulted in a considerable labour immigration. Thus, in the 2010s, more than 90% of the workforce was foreign. 2 Immigration in the UAE is quite specific as it involves expatriates who get considerable wages and low-paid workers who are mainly involved in such spheres as household work, services and construction. It is necessary to note that this kind of immigration poses economic, political, national security, social and cultural threats. Analysis of the Threats Economic Threats First, it is necessary to stress that all the threats mentioned are closely connected. Some political decisions lead to particular economic, social and cultural issues as well as problems concerning national security. As has been mentioned above, the UAE has been experiencing a steady economic growth. This growth was interrupted by the financial crisis of 2008, but the country soon recovered from the aftermaths of the global financial constraints. The UAE is the 30 th largest economy in the world, and it is the leading economy among Arab countries with the GDP of more than $400 billion. 3 However, the country’s economy largely depends on the production of oil. It is noteworthy that attempts to diversify its economy have been successful and the GDP growth in the non-oil sector was 5.4% in 2013. 4 The majority of working people are involved in the oil sector, which poses some threats in the long run. Decreasing oil prices lead to bankruptcy of some oil producers and many people lose their jobs, which can become a significant economic issue. As for the long-term consequences of the reliance on the foreign labour force, the UAE may soon have no qualified nationals. The country will have to face the issue of unemployment of