ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
America has had renowned leaders such as George Washington and John Adams, whose leadership significantly impacted the American people. When Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated in 1801, the occasion resulted in a more democratic country, which led to established economic freedom, known as the ‘republican simplicity’ (Shi and Tindall 330). This expanded the nation’s economy as everyone could trade their different products across different states. Apart from providing the opportunity for businesses, the democratic process also ensured that various products could be availed where they were needed for industrial production. During his administration, he set more laws, which led to equality among republicans and federalists, thereby reconciling them. This paper focuses on republican simplicity following the market revolution. President Jefferson focused mainly on reducing the national debt that his predecessors introduced; He succeeded in lowering customs taxes and government spending in every possible way. Further, he reduced the size of the navy, thereby reducing the national debt considerably. He also signed the Embargo Act of 1807, a law that banned American ships from leaving their ports until Britain and France’s grabbing was stopped (Shi and Tindall 344). This move saw the American economy declining more than that of Britain and France, and, as a result, the Act was repealed. The decline of the American economy transformed significantly after the market revolution, as mass production and factories displaced independent artisans. Farms no longer produced goods for local markets, which were shipped to international markets through inexpensive transportation, contrary to president Jefferson’s era. President Jefferson was an advocate of freedom; he liberated Americans from personal and governmental oppression. He felt that policies inducted before his tenure had led to a reduction in individual liberties and unnecessary government expansion and put the state into the hands of businessmen and merchants. He corrected the problems by revising the laws and reducing the expenses. The republican simplicity is not an absolute concept since the subsequent leadership invalidated it after President Thomas Jefferson’s tenure. Thus, Americans returned to their usual ideologies as republicans and democrats (Shi and Tindall 471). Market revolution also led to changes in some laws as there were personal wealth and economic growth with developing lower-class poverty as many Americans labored for low wages. President Jefferson committed to republican simplicity by ensuring no bill was imposed on Congress, thus refusing to open congressional drafts on policy grounds. He only sent the Congress messages, which lasted until Woodrow’s tenure, when he publicly addressed Congress and called for legislation. In this case, republican simplicity only expired during W
Executive Summary This report seeks to determine the key issues for consideration in the establishment of a Customer Loyalty and Relationship Management Program for Glide Air. The airline, based in Australia, wants to include the program as part of its marketing strategy. The goal of the report is to present the research findings on the issues surrounding loyalty programs and an analysis of the Southwest Airline rewards program. It includes the theoretical development of the loyalty program and presents the factors influencing the application of these programs The key findings reveal that by implementing a customer loyalty program, Glide Air will have a stronger financial base because of reduces operational costs and stronger revenue streams. in addition, there is need to implement the strategy from a broad angle since the rewards scheme alone does not create loyalty. Other business elements such as quality products and services still count. The third finding is that it is important to retain the client as the center of the marketing effort. In conclusion, rewards schemes are a common part of the airline industry. Glide Air needs to join the pack quickly because it is missing business. In addition, the implementation process must take into account the business objectives of the company. This will ensure that the scheme actually achieves certain marketing objectives. Finally, the rewards scheme requires having transferability to increase its desirability among clients. Introduction Background The marketing world is very dynamic. Marketing thinkers and practitioners continue to develop many theories and methods for application in the development of marketing strategies. This includes customer loyalty programs. The need for customer retention underscores the basis for all Customer Loyalty and Relationship Management Programs. This realization has led Glide Air to a point where it wants to implement a Customer Loyalty and Relationship Management Program. The airline operates domestic flights in Australia. The airline realized that most of its business came from repeat customers. As Howard (2004), states, to become profitable, “you must first wake up to the internal rules you are currently playing by and expand you field of possibilities” (p.xvii). The company therefore decided that it was in its best interest to introduce a customer loyalty program that recognizes the importance of repeat business to the future success of the company. Aims The overall objective for writing this report lies in the fact that careful research ought to be the basis of the comparison of the desired customer loyalty program that Glide Air intends to develop, with what other airlines have implemented. This report has three aims.  1. To explore the concept of customer loyalty in the airline industry.  2. To determine the range of options available for the development of a customer loyalty program for Glide Air.  3. To analyze in-depth the Customer Loyalty and Relationship Management Program of at least on US airline.  4. To recommend the most suitabl
Executive Summary The paper looks at the external business environment situation of five emerging countries from Asia and then picks Thailand to analyze its risk. Further, the paper analyzes the automobile manufacturing and sales industry in Thailand and the prospects of a new firm introducing a locally manufactured car model in the country for the domestic and export markets. The analysis makes inferences based on the political and financial risks and offers advice on how such a firm should proceed with its investments. Firm specific risks Direct capital investment will increase company costs that are hard to recover in a less promising market. Introduction of non-eco-friendly cars will expose the company to high taxation rates that erode the profit margin. Country specific risks Political uncertainty casts shadow on investment decisions by most multinationals, which hurt demand for local business goods and services. The high domestic debt reduces the central bank’s ability to lower interest rates and stimulate domestic consumption to boost GDP growth. Global specific risks Global recession can affect the growth of trading partners negatively and lower the exports from Thailand. PESTEL Analysis of Five Emerging Economies The following table analyzes Indonesia, Thailand, China, Taiwan, and the Philippines                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Political                                                                                                   Economic                                                                                                          Indonesia – republic, stable,                                                                               Indonesia – relies on FDI, high inflation, exports agricultural and textile goods                                 Thailand – high risk of a coup, currently led by the military, awaiting fresh elections                     Thailand – high domestic debt, flexible foreign exchange rate                                                     China – communist party promotes conservatism, social policies, and supports economic growth                China – fixed foreign exchange rate                                                                               Taiwan – the country is transitioning from communist to democratic practices led by a parliamentary system  Taiwan – strong purchasing power, 4.27 unemployment rate                                                          The Philippines – judicial independence, high corruption                                                    The Philippines – highest growth rate in ASEAN at 6.5 in 2014                                                     Social
An A-133 audit is a requirement under the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for all Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that receive more than US$ 500,000 per year. Non-profit-making agencies eligible for United States of America government (USG) funds have specific responsibilities stipulated under OMB A-133. As revealed in this paper, understanding auditees’ reporting responsibilities, especially when an auditor identifies a finding, paves the way for a successful assessment. These obligations may be classified by two broad categories that span the year of an audit and the post-audit period. Auditees’ Responsibilities When a Finding is Identified According to Ashenfarb (2018), the most important obligation required of an auditee before an OMB A-133 review is the preparation of the Schedule of Expenditures of Federal Awards (SEFA). In line with the American administration regulation under the OMB circular A-133, non-profit-based companies are responsible for designing the SEFA framework. From the OMB viewpoint, since auditees are best placed to identify federal awards and any appropriate terms, they are obliged to share information on all USG grants under their care upon request by an auditor to substantiate the existence of a finding (Garven, Beck, & Parsons, 2018). In addition to publishing crucial compliance requirements applicable to each of the awards, auditees are required to respond to the finding by accounting for all funds expended during the awarding process (Ashenfarb, 2018). They also identify any pass-through companies. Auditees’ Reporting Responsibilities During the Year of Audit Moreover, the auditee has a responsibility to prepare fiscal reports and footnotes, which accurately reflect the respective organization’s financial position, statement of activities, changes in net assets and cash flows for the year under review (Tysiac, 2016). The auditee has a duty to justify the establishment of internal controls over federal awards and provide reasonable assurance that funds are managed in agreement with laws, regulations, and the provisions of contracts or grant pacts signed between USG and company being assessed (Ashenfarb, 2018). These checks seek to confirm that the auditee has complied with all policies that govern each program or contract. According to Tysiac (2016), it is the duty of the auditee to make adequate preparations before the inspection by informing concerned staff, appointing the lead team to meet the audit team, availing the required resources, and providing access to the premises. Auditees’ Reporting Responsibilities in Subsequent Years During the post-audit period, the auditee is responsible for writing management responses on any findings and recommendations made by the auditor. These replies should include suggested corrective actions and their respectiv
The article exhaustively describes the impact that the pandemic is putting on the whole world now. It is stated that Covid-19 has almost halted economies, but due to some crucial efforts of governments, the absolute global financial catastrophe is averted. The piece of news collects the facts from markets worldwide and provides quite a coherent and consistent arguing regarding what the current situation may cause in the future. The news contains a number of notable facts and assumptions that might seem essential to be emphasized. First, the statement regarding the similarity of the economic situation by March 2020 to the crisis of 2008 is quite concerning. Tooze (2020) claims, “global financial markets came as close to a collapse as they have since September 2008.” The world is still on its way to overcoming the consequences of the crisis that took place in 2008, and the current dire conditions might severely affect the global economy to even a greater extent. The following highlight in the article is related to the role that credits play in the process of averting a full-scale meltdown. According to Tooze (2020), “The bits of the economy that do continue to function – the warehouses, the mobile phone providers and internet firms – all need credit.” In order to be able to get through the economic lockdown, plenty of families and companies are counting on a loan from states. However, it should be mentioned that these states are too in the necessity of credit because of reduced tax revenues. It is stated that the world is facing the most massive rise in deficits and governmental debts since World War 2 (Tooze 2020). At this point, the primary takeaway is that credits may be defined as an engine that drives the world economy. Nevertheless, when the optimistic promise of growth is missing, then, contracting credit occurs due to crumpling confidence. Such circumstances might destroy a lot of vital components of the international financial system. The noticeable assumption that is founded on the facts provided by the article refers to the phenomenon of globalization. It seems visible from the described situation – the actions that were taken by countries, as well as the current conditions, are quite intersected and interdepended. Tooze (2020) discusses the news around the oil market, projections for developed and developing countries, and the most critical decisions of officials – it might be supposed that one comes from the other. This is the main characteristic of globalization – global affairs and relations have a significant extent of density and depth, delegating plenty of authorities and capabilities to international organizations and institutions. Tooze (2020) emphasizes the fact that there is a high dependency on such establishments as Fed or International Monetary Fund, as well as on the European Central Bank. If such organizations do not take any substantial actions regarding the help to countries with non-advanced economies, the global financial system will be halted sooner or later. To conclude, the influence of Covid-19 is characterized by drastic results for the modern economy. The summarized article demonstra
Introduction/Thesis statement Nowadays, it became a common practice among many political scientists to suggest that, since the observable emanations of international relations in today’s world do seem to have acquired a number of qualitatively new subtleties, the application of a positivist methodology in IR can no longer be considered appropriate. 1 This suggestion, however, cannot be referred to as such that represents an undeniable truth-value. This is because, even though that, during the course of recent decades, the operational principles of IR did undergo a rather drastic transformation, the innermost essence of how different countries relate to each other on the arena of international politics remains thoroughly ‘functional’. This, of course, implies that IR-related subject matters can be best addressed within the conceptual framework of a specifically positivist methodology, which in turn suggests that IR may indeed be studied as a natural science. I will aim to explore the validity of this thesis at length. Analytical part The methodological principles of natural sciences are based upon the empirically tested assumption that there are a number of objectively existing impersonal laws, which define the essence of a surrounding reality. In its turn, this makes it possible to predict the vector of a researched phenomena’s spatial development. For example, we are well aware of the fact that, after having been thrown high into the air, any physical object will necessarily fall down back on earth – the law of gravity will cause it to do so. This is exactly the reason why physics is considered a ‘hard science’, for example – physical laws are thoroughly objective. Even though IR cannot be considered a ‘hard science’, in the full sense of this word, there are many good reasons to consider IR’s discursive conventions as such that fit well within the methodological framework of biology (another ‘hard science’) and physics. This points out to the fact that IR can indeed be considered a subject of a positivist scientific inquiry. For example, even though that traditionalists and post-positivists suggest that, there is too much complexity to the subject of international relations (in order for its integral components to be disassembled for the purpose of positivist testing); this point of view does not stand much ground. This is because, once we apply a naturalistic approach for assessing the actual significance of IR-related conventions, the earlier mentioned ‘complexity’ will simply evaporate. After all, just about all the aspects of how countries coexist/compete on the arena of international politics can be well discussed within the context of what positivists consider the foremost purposes of every state’s existence:  1. Economic/geopolitical expansion,  2. Protection of internal stability,  3. Impairment of the internal stability of competing/neighboring countries. 2 In their turn, the earlier mentioned purpos
Introduction The current global warming effects from ozone depletion to carbon gas emissions have made scientists, architects and world leaders, in seeking new modalities to curb the vice; that seem to threaten lives of many and that of future generations. Currently, the modern architectural designs; adopted by architects, focus of environmental sustainability mechanisms unlike the ancient ones. Building environmental sensitive houses does not create any harm, be it to the client or the owner. In fact, the design of green architectural homes reduces any operating costs associated with it and on the other hand, it results into lesser environmental impact. Just like the shift from traditional agriculture to environmental friendly biotechnology, architects are busy designing sustainable homes geared towards a sustainable industry. For example, traditional homes seem to cause heating up of buildings hence, environmental degradation. Furthermore, these houses involve high costs of construction. Perhaps, the reason why many people prefer green buildings nowadays is that, they have less construction costs. Under the current global economic downturn together with an emphatic energy crisis, people cannot afford to build expensive homes. Therefore, it is apparent that, any future architectural designs especially homes-must address energy conservation and liquid clarity concerning low maintenance costs. (Zander Para.1-5). Sustainable Architecture On of the modules towards the future of green technologies in architectural industry is sustainable architecture. Sustainable architecture addresses environmental risks associated with the incessant construction of traditional buildings. It simply implies enhanced functionalities, more savings and reliance on energy, mutually in civil workings and in residential constructions. For example, according to U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), green technologies in architectural industries promote environmental conservation through proper waste management and less consumer costs. Additionally, these houses have balconies and backyards for urban gardens consequently, more food production. Future green technologies in architectural designs will comprise of new architectural mechanisms, which is simply a combination of prehistoric and industrial routines. These techniques will for example, see setting up of photovoltaic gadgets to produce electricity and fixation of solar thermal collectors to heat water instead of burning charcoal which is riskier to the environment. In addition to this, architects use simply available materials for these future green technologies of architectural designs. Materials like coked earth, bamboo, recycled stone, recyclable metal and plastic components not only are the
Introduction Accountability is a dominant concept in the democratic political discourses. It reflects trustworthiness and transparency in public administration. However, depending on the dimension from which one looks at it, accountability may mean different things (Behn, 2001, p. 3: Pollitt, 2003, p. 89: Considine, 2002, p. 22). In the most fundamental sense, accountability bridges the dynamic relationships between citizens and systems of public administration entrusted by the citizens to act in a manner that will benefit all citizens in overall. In democratic regimes, there exists a universal requirement for holding political leadership and administration accountable for their actions. Political accountability is problematic since politicians presume that their obligations to the citizens would be executed in a manner that profiles master-servant relationships. In such a relationship, matters are not answerable to the servants nor should the servants question their masters (Scott, 2000, p.41: Schmitter, 2004, p.53). This phenomenon is common in the authoritarian systems of public administration. It infers that accountability is a concept that is only applicable to democratic systems where the administrators must respect the will of the people they serve. People possess a myriad of mechanisms of interacting with their administration. They may be clients of a myriad of agencies. In such a situation, they seek services and benefits from various agencies serving administrative roles. People may also interact with the administration through legal systems, which serve the principle function of providing restrictions that bind all citizens coupled with those who represent them in the government. In such relationships, citizens constantly seek their interests to be safe guarded through accountability structures that ensure equal and paramount representation in the government by the people whom citizens appoint to make decisions on their behalf (Bovaird & Loffler, 2009). The focus of public administration on adoption of mechanisms for ensuring that government is accountable to the client underlines the change of public administration systems from being bureaucratic. The focus of this paper is to conduct an analysis on the changes coupled with differences in approaches of public accountability. The paper is divided into two main sections. The first section of description considers theoretical perspectives of public accountability. In the second section, which is the analysis part, a consideration of traditional public administration followed by new public management and then network governance is made. These approaches are then analyzed in the context of approaches of public accountability. Description: Theoretical perspectives For systems of governance to be acceptable by people, they need to be accountable. In the embracement of