ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Scaling involves assigning numbers to objects in accordance with a specific rule. The objects include text statements—normally statements that tell about respondents’ attitudes or opinions. Scaling is different from a response scale in one distinct way. Scaling is a process that entails the assigning of values to variables whereas a response scale is an instrument used to give values to responses collected from respondents (Creswell, 2009). An example of a response scale is a dichotomous scale that has agree/disagree options or an interval scale that has options ranging from 0 to 5. In both scales, the respondent chooses the option which best suits his or her response to the question asked by the researcher. Scaling entails the entire process of developing the response scales that best suit the questions that will be asked as well as the methods that will be used to analyze the values provided in the response scales (Trochim and Donnelly, 2008). It is important to note that even though a scale is a tool that can be used independently, it is usually incorporated into a bigger and composite instrument, for instance, a survey. The majority of the surveys are created to evaluate numerous issues of interest and to gather the information that makes it possible for the researcher to identify the correlations between such issues. When the information is gathered, the scores of the different scales used in the survey are computed and inferences are then made from the data analysis. In research, scaling is done for a number of reasons. The first reason is to test the hypotheses of the study. The researcher carries out scaling so as to know which variables are best constructed as one-dimensional and multi-dimensional. A one-dimensional variable is one that carries only one score. Examples of one-dimensional variables include height, weight, and age. Examples of multi-dimensional variables include intelligence which can be measured using mathematical and verbal skills. The second reason for conducting scaling is that it enables the researcher to identify what dimensions are best suited to a range of ratings. For example, if a researcher develops a range of queries for his/her study, he/she can use scaling to know how suitable the questions are to the study’s objectives and if the questions can measure one variable or multiple variables. The third reason for scaling is to represent a response using a single value. When a respondent responds to a range of questions, the researcher can assign a single value that best represents the respondent’s general opinion and mindset (Trochim and Donnelly, 2008). Scales are commonly used with complex variables that cannot be easily measured using a single score or single indicator. These variables include mostly qualitative variables. Quantitative variables such as the age of the respondent and the number of children of th
Introduction A long term proactive and collaborative measure needs to be taken to counter terrorism as it has become (of late) a major threat to human peaceful coexistence and economic development. Since the September 11 attacks, it has been a commitment to the US government to protect its citizens from possible terrorist attacks. Developing Counter Terrorism Plans Terrorism is a crime which poses threats leading to non secure and non prosperous economies. Thus, as long as we don’t counter terrorism a peaceful existence won’t be realized. The United States has been of late a target of terrorists and thus measures have been taken and will continue being taken in order to find ways of controlling terrorism completely. Counter terrorism plans have been developed with the aim of enhancing and coordinating capacity building and technical assistance to all departments that may require the assistance. They have also been developed by enacting strict government legislations that continue to enhance the fight against terrorism and improve human security within the country. Enhancing cooperation with the relevant international organizations such as the European Union has also helped in devising globally acceptable strategies of controlling terrorism. Methodologies In order to counter terrorism, several methods have been devised, they include: Counter terrorism funding – terrorism funding is based on highly secretive operations conducted on an international scale. Knowing the sources of the funding is rather difficult but the state has introduced a frame work on how to identify the funding source by tracing, freezing, seizing, and confiscating all the proceeds of these offensive activities in order to cut off the supply of funds to the terrorist groups thereby reducing their purchasing power of the armaments and other explosives (APEC secretariat, 2010). Innovative counter terrorism education and programs- this entails increasing the government and public awareness on how to counter terrorisms and then educate them on the benefits the community would achieve by the collaboration with the government. Establishment of the Anti terrorism Task force- the task force is run by an experienced prosecutor who serves as the Anti Terrorism Coordinator at the specific district and among its functions is coordinating the distribution of information and the development of investigative and prosecuting strategies throughout the country. In addition, the team acts as the harmonizing body of the execution plan for (
Exercises involve specific types of physical activity. The exercises are modeled in programs that are premeditated with the purpose of becoming more fit besides other benefits. Some of the benefits that arise out of continued engagement in physical activity, especially among children, include increased executive functions (planning, judging, decision-making, and problem-solving) and longer attention spans, among others. Santrock (2019) states that the positive outcomes experienced by the children are triggered through the capacity of physical activity to stimulate the brain and strengthen the functioning of bones and muscles. Physical activity also enables children to develop a better outlook for life such that they realize positive outcomes in life, such as better self-esteem and the capacity to control depression and stress levels. In addition, regular exercise causes children to release endorphins. Endorphins are the body hormones that make children constantly excited. Given the numerous benefits of engaging in exercise among children, parents need to guide their children appropriately through different programs. A significant way of impacting the need for exercise among children is for parents to act as role models. Another way of encouraging physical activity among children is to support and encourage them to join and take part in different programs. Some tools used for physical exercises may be very expensive. According to Santrock (2019), it is the responsibility of the parent to become more creative by searching for cheaper practical alternatives. Children also become motivated by parents who choose the exercise programs that correspond to their age. Besides, in the modern information technology age, parents also need to integrate the latest technologies in choosing the right physical activities for their children. Reference Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17 th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Introduction The history of different nations can often be traced through their art. The extent to which various forms of art are developed in this or that civilization is the reflection of the economic, political and social state of the society. The art also manifests the rate of freedom that people have in a certain society. In this respect, the Byzantine art is of special interest for the study as far as it lived through the periods of flowering, relative and absolute loss of freedom, revival and the Second Golden Age to be destroyed by the Crusaders and the Ottoman conquerors. Nevertheless, the Byzantine art left a substantial legacy to the future generations. The focus of this paper is the consideration of the Byzantine art in its various aspects, including painting, sculpture, architecture, etc. in the context of the Iconoclastic Controversy. Historical Background To begin with, the art of Byzantine Empire should be considered in the context of the political history of this country. Having emerged as the Eastern part of the former Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire developed one of the most original and interesting civilizations in the cultural sense (Hooker, 1999). Combining the Western features brought to Constantinople by the Crusaders and merchants with those originally Byzantine eastern art traditions, the Byzantine art is rightfully viewed as the basis for the development of the further European civilizations. Byzantine Empire was always a Christian state in whose art the religious motives were dominant. As a result, all the forms of the Byzantine art are filled with religious ideas and meanings. The first historically notable period of the Byzantine flowering is considered to be the rule of Emperor Justinian in the 6 th century (527 – 565). The Emperor is considered to be the universally talented person who increased the political and economic power of the country, but also took his time to develop arts (Hooker, 1999). The first notable Christian churches were built during the reign of Justinian as well as the first stage of the artistic development of the country began with the creation of icons, monumental sculptural works, etc. However, the attacks of the Muslim invaders undermined the might of the Byzantine Empire and made it concerned about the foreign policy and defense rather than of the artistic and spiritual development (Hooker, 1999). Such situation lasted through the rest of the Byzantine history and led to the internal domestic conflicts within the society (Hooker, 1999). The most famous among them was the so-called Iconoclastic Controversy (discussed further in detail) started by the order of Emperor Leo III in 726 (Davies et al., 2007, p. 264). Considering the weak moral state of the nation to be the reason for multiple battle losses of the Byzantine troops in their fights with either Muslims or Slavic tribes, the Emperor decided to improve the situation by reforming the sphere of the country’s religious life. The initial years after the Iconoclastic Controversy proved to be the Second Golden Age, after the rule of Justinian, for the Byzantine art, but the further development of events manifested the
Commercialization has entered every aspect of modern life. A statement is probably true to some extent, but at the same time people tend to believe that some aspects would remain untouched by that material term “commerce”. Speaking of an aspect that is controversially related to commerce and at the same time far from it in its essence, art comes to mind. Using controversy to describe the art commerce relation is not a coincidence, as for an ordinary person there might be two images that can be recalled when visualizing such relation: an artist living in poverty and hunger drawing masterpieces after which he dies unknown, and auctions and galleries in which the aforementioned masterpieces are sold for enormous sums. These images are no longer true, which literally means that many artists have started to enjoy popularity and fame selling their works at the peak of their careers. This does not necessarily mean changes in the quality of the works of art, rather than introducing an element into the art-commerce equation which is promotion. This paper analyzes the artist-promotion relation in terms of the forms that it might take and the resulted influence based on a short review of opinions from different media articles. Analyzing the artist-promotion relation, first of, defining these two terms in the context of the present analysis is necessary. An artist is a person who relies on his/her individual efforts and talent to create forms of expression, for example paintings. Regardless of the quality of the works an artist could be known to the public or an obscure pa
In the market, the price is commonly defined by the interrelations between demand and supply. It can be observed that within the airline industry, the prices influence demand to a large extent. By measuring elasticity it is possible to identify the responsiveness of the number of demands for the airline services to a change in pricing policies. The increase in the company’s prices was accompanied by the changes in demand for flights means that the provided services can be considered elastic. As it can be observed in the period from 2009 to 2011, the demand for flights is responsive to changes in prices. However, the factors that influence the demand change can be of various characters, and in the given case they are more likely to be influenced by the overall situation in the market, for example by the foreign currency exchange or price competition. When the companies charge higher prices and fees for the products and services, it usually means that the demand is inelastic. There is the lowest demand for the flights at the most inconvenient time and days of the week. The optimal results in pricing can be attained when both departure dates and purchasing dates are targeted. Price can be considered as one of the most significant factors in the customer’s choice. The prices and the clients’ incomes may be considered as the crucial variables explaining airline service demands. Consequently, to increase the demand elasticity, the organization needs to change prices to make the products and services more attractive to customers who prefer lower costs. Organizations can expect that by purchasing cheap tickets at a particular time of the day the less price-sensitive customers will provoke an increase in profit. However, it is possible to assume that as the result of the given strategy, the demand for the tickets in other time periods may decline. The companies often attempt to achieve greater financial results by changing the pricing models. For example, charging fees separately from the basic flight flare becomes a frequently used pricing strategy in the Airline industry. Charging fees for the checked baggage provokes the rise in the overall price of the tickets purchased by travelers. It is possible to assume that the no-fee or all-inclusive pricing strategies that were traditionally applied by the airline companies in the past seem more attractive for the customers. Therefore, due to competition in the market, the demand for the services of the airline companies that charge fees separately may be low and inelastic. However, at the same time, the fees can influence the revenues positively. In this case, the company may try to disguise the information about the fees that are not included in the basic fare to maintain demand at the same level and increase profitability as well. As it is observed by the airline industry researcher in the case study, the excess capacity may negatively impact organizationa
Introduction Every organization is a complex entity that (disregarding its size and the number of employees) encompasses various activities and functions enabling it to function homogeneously, logically, and comprehensively. There are always two basic components of an organization – the employer and the set of employees working for him, her, or them. In addition, the basic management theory concept is the variety of assets that the company has to manage to function successfully, and human resources turn out to be quite an important asset contributing to the overall success of the company’s functioning. Therefore, there has been increased and agile interest in the ways to organize the human resources of the company effectively, to build competitive workforce ensuring the advantage of the company in the market and increased productivity, as well as optimal and harmonious way of interrelations and co-functioning shaping the organizational climate. As a response to all these organizational needs dealing not only with the organizational need for successful competition and effective functioning, but for the employee management and optimization of working conditions, the Human Resources department (HR) has been created; it is primarily responsible for all aspects concerning the employee recruitment, management, retention, development, provision of compliance of the company’s labor policies with the national legislative base etc. The HRM functions appear especially significant in the modern period of dynamically changing market conditions, the multiple pressures of the economic environment, labor market, globalization of labor etc. The successful execution and integration of HR functions in the daily working process in any organization is thus of key value for any business entity. EEO and Affirmative Action Since the HR department is primarily responsible for hiring staff for the company, it is also in charge of taking care of the fair hiring practices that are carefully protected by the state law. Thus, the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) has become one of the leading considerations in the recruitment activities. The basic concept, on which EEO is based, is discrimination, which is actually biased attitude on the basis of some rec
In the article, “Leadership Theories: Charismatic and Transformational Approaches,” Van Wart (2005) tried to explore the different leadership theories and how they function. Van Wart (2005) described leadership approaches such as transactional leadership and contrasted it with transformational leadership. However, the core of the discussion was the charismatic and transformational approaches. Charismatic leadership is characterized by a strong conviction of the leaders of their ideals and beliefs. The leadership is marked by the strong desire to inspire followers and appeal to them to change the status quo. This is achieved by the creation of a vision that relates to the needs of the followers. The leadership approach centers primarily on personality. On the other hand, transformational leadership entails a participatory approach in which the leader works within a group to identify and execute the expected change. However, just like in the charismatic approach, the leader inspires the followers and guides them through creating a vision and goals they are supposed to acquire. In such a case, the power is distributed to all members as they can make decisions which relate to the leadership. In order to enhance understanding of the charismatic and transformational approaches, Van Wart (2005) grouped them together and used perspectives of different theorists to establish points of convergence and divergence. This was well established by examining what scholars have developed concerning the theories. For example, Van Wart (2005) examined Conger and Kanungo charismatic theories through which he established the causal chain model which is implicit in the leadership approach. Concerning transformational leadership, Tichy and Devanna theory of transformational leadership was analyzed which created a better perspective of leadership and how it compares to charismatic leadership. Further, Van Wart (2005) discussed ideal practices of leadership as theorized by Kouzes and Posner. Therefore, by aligning the discussion to the varying perspectives of the theorists, Van Wart (2005) concisely created a pool of knowledge which is imperative in establishing how performance is achieved in the two leadership approaches. The piece provided an objective analysis that led to better knowledge about the two leadership approaches. For example, concerning charismatic leadership, it
Max Weber is known for his analysis of the factors that led to the creation of modern capitalism. In various works, he examined social, ethical, philosophical, and religious forces that shaped the system of production that emerged in Europe as well as the United States. His ideas are discussed by many modern scholars who focus on the key arguments advanced by Weber in his books. For example, one can mention Laura Edles (2009) and Richard Swedberg (2000). It is necessary to show how these researchers discuss the rise of capitalism and Max Weber’s ideas. Overall, one can say that Laura Edles attaches importance to the influence of ethical norms and values which emerged due to the Protestant Reformation. Additionally, this author demonstrates the way in which these values or attitudes influenced the development of various institutions which were critical for the rise and existence of capitalism. In contrast, Richard Swedberg discusses the transformation of various social institutions that facilitated the development of capitalism. His discussion is more comprehensive because it incorporates the analysis of various factors that are not related to religion or its ethical dogmas. These are the main details that should be analyzed. In her book, Laura Edles discusses the ideological factors that led to the development of capitalism. She refers to Weber’s book The Protestant Ethic and the Rise of Capitalism . The author mentions the ideas expressed by the main leaders of the Puritan movement. For example, one can mention Richard Baxter and John Calvin who believed that “success and profit in worldly affairs” could be a sign of God’s grace (Edles, 2009, p. 149). It should be kept in mind that wealth had to be attained through labor, rather than force or fraud. More importantly, they believed that a person should invest capital in production, rather than luxury objects and hedonistic lifestyles. Additionally, this author refers to the arguments made by Weber who examines the ethical principles of Protestantism and their impact on the behavior of people. For example, one can speak about the assumption that labor of a person should be “an absolute end in itself” (Weber as cited in Edles, 2009, p. 153). This worldview could be critical for improving the quality of products. Furthermore, this value system implies that laziness can be viewed as a form of sin. Thus, there is a specific set of attitudes and values that could have contributed to the rise of capitalism. Apart from that, they shaped social relations between individuals and influenced the development of various institutions. For example, one can speak about the growing division of labor which can be explained by people’s willingness to improve the quality of their work and make it more efficient. The main strength of this analysis is that it can better illustrate the role of a specific factor on various social trends. However, this discussion does not fully reflect the complexity of Weber’s views on the development of capitalism since he recognized the impact of other factors such a