ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Immigration has been seen as both a need and a nuisance in the United States over the years. Each year the number of legal and illegal immigrants coming into the country is increasing. While the nation needs many of them especially those who have specific skills and education levels, several others are barely literate and do not possess any useful skills. An unprecedented influx of immigrants Immigration has resulted in a lot of social, economic, and other problems and the need to have a strong and rational policy that is beneficial to both the immigrants and the country has become imperative. This paper is an analysis of articles on the topic written by different experts in the field regarding various aspects of immigration and immigrants. Martin and Midgley write about immigration and its implications on the US economy and society in general, along with a short history and trends that were seen in this area. The implications of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) are the main theme discussed by Audrey Singer in the next paper. The issue of shortfall in Medicaid and insurance coverage to the children of immigrant parents is discussed by Janet Currie and Leighton Ku in the next two papers. Capps et al discuss the comparatively poorer performance of immigrant children in US schools. Ruby Takanishi also ponders over education issues in her work but from a different perspective. She says that language and other issues become barriers for immigrants in utilizing state-sponsored facilities for education. Meissner et al provide the reader with the recommendations of the Migration Policy Institute. The last paper to be reviewed by Passel provides a detailed overview of the illegal immigrant situation in the country along with relevant statistics. Review Martin and Midgley lucidly provide an overall view of the immigrant situation in the United States and the reader can instantly understand the gravity of the situation. It is an extremely interesting read that provides full of facts on the topic and also includes a brief history of immigration. For example, the fact that 95,000 foreigners come into the country every day is mind-boggling. (Martin & Midgley, 2006). A big drawback is that they do not suggest any solution to the issue and only conclude by saying that the future is uncertain for both the home population and the immigrants. On the whole, their approach is logical with the flow and easy readability. Singer’s article mentions about Welfare Act in the US. It is an interesting article with good flow and it uses simple language. Its argument is reasonable and after reading this article the reader gets an idea about the advantages and disadvantages of the reformation of the Welfare Act. Former US President Bill Clinton signed a law, Personal Responsibility, and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA). (Singer, 2001). This act affects
Plato’s conception of “beauty” and his “theory of art” in the book Plato’s Symposium not only gives the reader some insights into the theory of art when Diotima discusses forms of beauty, but it focuses on diverse perspectives of beauty. The book has both philosophical and literary merit, unlike Plato’s previous works which examine the theory of forms with a lesser force than the symposium. In this book, the reader is taken through Plato’s rejection of romanticized sexual love because of his value for wisdom and beauty(Strauss 118). According to Plato in the symposium, the most valuable philosophical pursuit is the search for wisdom and that is why he values philosophy more than other art like comedy which is typified by Aristophanes, and tragedy which is exemplified by Socrates. The author plans his dialogue in this text that epitomizes the social life in Athens to highlight the fact that philosophy is close to daily life activities. Philosophy expresses the highest levels of the love and desires that drive the daily activities of a human being. The beauty of life lies in philosophy because it helps people to see things clearly and to appreciate the various art forms that nature has bestowed upon us. He suggests that our attraction to beautiful things and all forms of captivating arts including music and films are driven by a philosophy that provides an overt direction to what people desire. One of the speakers in this text is called Diotima and she asserts that love is the pursuance of beauty in a gradual incline from specific to general. This gradual exposition helps people to understand all types of beauty. S
Introduction The job of a manager is not an easy one, but there are certain factors that can simplify it to a considerable extent. The knowledge of correct communication strategies and suitable problem-solving techniques promotes the creation of the most favorable environment for each employee in the tram. A manager’s ability to identify the strengths and weaknesses of his or her subordinates allows avoiding personal and professional issues and helps one to plan the work of his or her unit in the most productive way. However, one’s talent for evaluating one’s own strong and weak points is of no less importance. A manager that is able to identify his or her weaknesses is the most likely to gain success since such people work hard on improving their drawbacks while simultaneously evolving their strengths. My Strengths The top three strengths of my management style are ethical leadership, time management, and emotional intelligence. Ethical leadership promotes responsible decision-making and enables me to treat every employee with dignity and fairness (Nankervis et al., 2017). This trait helps me to approach every work situation with due attention and care to detail. Managers who apply an ethical approach never listen to one side of the story but instead, they give an opportunity to both conflicting parties to express their views on the situation. Ethical leadership will be helpful in the process of managing people since my subordinates will see that I am not biased and can be trusted. Thus, team members will not conceal any problems from me but will learn to deal with dilemmas effectively and mutually. Time management is another highly beneficial feature for a good manager. For me, it means the ability to cope with the tasks I have without delays and to teach my team to use their time effectively. This strength is rather advantageous in management since it enables me to organize a schedule efficiently and delegate tasks when necessary. Finally, emotional intelligence is the tool helping a manager to understand and regulate not only his or her own emotions but also those of their subordinates (Hopkins & Yonker, 2015). With the help of this strength, I am able to notice changes in people’s moods, which enables me to cope with negative relations at the workplace. I can help employees to manage their personal or work-related problems so that they would not affect the final outcomes. Opportunities The three areas in which I currently feel weak are probing, diagnosing team building, and problem-solving. Probing questions as a communication style constitute a rather productive approach to finding out more detail. Probing enables the manager to receive clarifications from employees or analyze whether the information given by them is verified and truthful. Currently, I cannot say firmly that I have mastered this skill, but I intend to tak
Introduction In general terms, any critical situation can be defined as the situation of impossibility, i.e., the circumstances under which a person fails to realize his or her internal needs, motives, aspirations, values, etc. (Fahrutdinova & Nugmanova, 2015). A similar precondition for the crisis emergence can be observed in the described case study. The returned soldier expected to see his family right after the landing but failed to see them because they were unaware of his arrival and were engaged in regular daily activities. It is possible to presume that the incident induced an episode of acute frustration in the man. He likely had a strong urge to reunite with the family after a long time of separation but faced barriers, primarily of external, socio-cultural character, i.e., his children and wife were at school and work following particular norms and rules of social conduct. As a result, the soldier’s internal dissatisfaction and disappointment translated into acts of violence at a broader community level, using which he aimed to eliminate the obstacles to the fulfillment of his needs. Analysis As stated by James and Gilliland (2012), in each case of a crisis, various factors and issues overlap. The assumption is applicable to the given case study as well. Many military veterans are at risk of PTSD development, which is correlated with a greater level of engagement in violent behaviors (Elbogen et al., 2014). Possible chronic individual psychological problems and social factors outlined in the previous paragraph could act together to trigger the disruptive behavior. This observation is consistent with the provisions of Lewin’s field theory. The theorist suggested that “the individual and the world [community, systems, subsystems, etc.] interact with and influence each other” (Myer & Moore, 2006, p. 138). In the given context, the crisis arises if the relationships between the individual and the world are misbalanced. In the case of the returned infantryman, this relational misbalance (e.g., the lack of gratitude for his service in community members) resulted in a kind of vengeance, compensation for the psychological distress. The situation can also be explained from the perspective of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. When applied to the field of crisis psychology, the inability to fulfill the basic needs (psychological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs) and consequent frustration based on non-fulfillment of those needs are malignant in their nature and do not allow individuals to meet higher-rank needs of self-esteem and self-actualization (Best, Day, McCarthy, Darlington, & Pinchback, 2008). While higher-rank needs are less important for survival and their fulfillment can be postponed, lower-rank needs are essential. As it was already mentioned above, the impossibility to meet these needs (i.e., mainly belongingness and love needs) caused the psychological crisis in the man. The crisis described in the case study can be handled via the Hybrid model of Crisis Intervention. It involves the
Every language is a part of a certain culture. Languages reflect the whole course of the history of a nation that speaks this or that language. Learning a language, we can see all the historical events that accompanied the development of this language together with the nation it is spoken by. From this, it is clearly seen that the image of every language, i. e. its grammatical and lexical structure, its nature, and usage, are predetermined by the development of this or that language. It is this fact that explains numerous differences and similarities that characterize various languages of the world. As is widely know, the majority of the languages spoken in the world can be divided into synthetic and analytic ones. This division is based on the character of the language and its morphology in particular. To make the essay more specific, here are the definitions of both types of languages (Carstairs-Mccarthy, 1992). An analytic language is a language in which all relations between members of a phrase or a sentence are conveyed by grammatical means only, i. e. by means of the fixed word order, by the place of a certain word in a sentence and its combinability with other parts of this sentence. An example of an analytical language can be English. In this language, the role of a word in a sentence is demonstrated by its position, and its relations with other words in this sentence are also revealed by this word’s position and function in a sentence (Moulton, 1981). A synthetic language is a language where the above-mentioned relations between the members of a phrase or a sentence are demonstrated not only by the word order but, to a much larger extent, by morphological means, i. e. inflections, and affixes that showcase relations of words and thus determine functions of each of them in a sentence. An example of this language type is Russian. In this language, the word order is much freer than in English, and the relations between words in a sentence are demonstrated mostly by means of inflections (Cook, 1997). Driving from this difference, we can state that analytic languages are characterized by the use of derivational morphology, and inflectional morphology is more typical of synthetic languages. And what is the main difference between the two types of morphology in world languages? The answer is simple – the main factor that determines this or that type of morphology is the aim of a certain affix. Derivational morphology is a phenomenon that deals with deriving, i. e., making up new words on the basis of already existing ones by means of adding derivational affixes to their stems. Thus not only new words but also new parts of speech are formed, for example, when a noun is derived from a verb or vice
Introduction Tooth discoloration is known to affect the appearance of the patient’s teeth. One of the most popular treatments for this effect is tooth bleaching by using hydrogen peroxide as the main ingredient. Despite its popularity, many types of research have shown that the increased use of hydrogen peroxide has led to defects such as tooth sensitivity, gingival irritation, and effect on dental hard tissue. It is for this purpose that dental practitioners offering bleaching services to their patients should be fully aware of the potential side- effects of using hydrogen peroxide. This project aims at assessing the bleaching system and the awareness of dentists of any potential side effects in Saudi Arabia. Purpose of the project and its academic rationale Purpose of project This project aims at exploring the type of bleaching system delivered to patients in Saudi Arabia and assessing the knowledge of the dentists toward the side- effects of hydrogen peroxide. Secondly, this project also aims at drawing attention to the misuse of the bleaching materials, convincing the Ministry of Health to establish safety regulations and to consider the bleaching system as a medical device and not as a cosmetic product. Academic rationale The presence of an unsightly discolored tooth may be of great concern to some patients. This concern leads them to seek professional dental advice and treatment if need be. Normally, the aesthetic improvement of a patient’s smile can have a profound effect on his confidence and oral health, and an improvement in oral health can significantly contribute to his total well-being. In this respect, several techniques have been developed to manage discolored tooth, and bleaching happens to be one of these techniques. Unfortunately, bleaching has some side effects such as teeth sensitivity and gingival irritation, and to some extent, dentists are not aware of or ignore these complications. Data collection methods and measurements Stratified cluster sampling The data collection method used in this study will be the stratified cluster sampling procedures. This procedure is most preferred as it ensures that the sample represents the target population, and it increases the precision of the population estimation. The samples will be the dental clinics, and the stratifying variables will be the clinic types (public and private). An updated list of all dental clinics in Saudi Arabia (public and private) will be obtained from the Ministry of health and used as the sampling frame. Procedures and methods The small clinics will be excluded from the list obtained from the Ministry of health. In the first stage, clinics in each stratum will be selected by simple random sampling, with an equal number of clinics in each stratum. At the second stage, dentists within the selected clinics will be randomly chosen using a random number table. This will be done in such a way that, each clinic will have a minimum of 5 dentists for each cluster. After the samples have been selected, a copy of ethical approval and letters of introduction explaining the details of the survey will be sen
Approaches to teaching vary in effectiveness and those implemented now do not seem to work effectively. There is a flaw of perceiving all students as equally prepared and having the same knowledge levels. The authors of the chapters argue differentiation is the key to effective teaching (Robinson & Meyer, 2012). For instance, they detail a specific approach called “Doing History” which is claimed to be very effective. It illustrates the problems of the modern curriculum where schools cannot fully support the use of it because the traditional textbook approach was too widespread and inflexible. Yet, what learners need is being engaged and stimulated to use critical thinking by using elements other than traditional books. The reduced effectiveness of traditional approaches and the challenges posed by updated and highly digitalized environments calls upon educators to invent new ways to make each person craving for knowledge. In addition, the authors underline the importance of individual approach as each student has unique talents and base level knowledge. Indeed, in big classes teachers cannot focus on every learner which debilitates them from identifying and addressing problems in particular students. To tackle that problem, the authors name and describe a variety of interventions such as learning centers, small-groups or individual teaching, choice boards, or other initiatives (Robinson & Meyer, 2012). With a tailored approach to execution, these methods could help tackle the modern issues of education and contribute to developing of potential in every student not negating his or her uniqueness. Thus, different-level educators should consider implementing these measures in schools to improve the performance of children, forging a new, smarter generation. Addressing the issue of education comprehensively and strategically seems to be the new challenge to which teachers of the future are approaching. Reference Robinson, K., & Meyer A. (2012). Doing history the universal design for learning way. In Universal design for learning in the classroom: Practical applications (pp. 90-150). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
This chapter investigates the aspects surrounding Chinese medicines and how they relate to dietary specifications. The chapter notes that the art of using meals as medicines dates back to a few thousand years ago. It is also noted that these medical practices touch on the political, economical, and social aspects of the Chinese society. The chapter investigates the physiological efficiency of these medicinal meals. The topic being addressed by this chapter is very relevant. This is because the efficiency of Chinese medicine has been questioned on a few occasions. On the other hand its fame has spread beyond Chinese borders. For instance, some aspects of traditional Chinese medicine have been incorporated into conventional pharmacy. The chapter however notes what sets Chinese medicine apart is the fact that it incorporates social and economic factors. However, many people question the effectiveness of Chinese medicine when it comes to curing terminal illnesses. Diseases like cancer and HIV have defied the effectiveness of these medicines. Those who believe in this art are still sticking with the medicines even when suffering from such diseases. The chapter notes how the Chinese medicine focuses on curing impotence. According to the chapter, this is because the Chinese used to view sexual impotence as a reflection of their society. This meant that they were afraid it would translate to a diminishing society and show individuals’ weaknesses. This premise is an indication of how much the traditional Chinese people connected their health with their other aspects of their lives. In this case, they were afraid that their poor health would reflect on the foundation of their society. This chapter raises more questions on the validity of this time honored art. This is because it seems like the purpose of this medicine was not to cure but rather to fix. Fix in the sense that it did more than serve a physiological purpose. One can however agree with the issues raised by the chapter regarding the bu methods of balancing the ying and yang in the body. The bu refers to a technique used by the Chinese to administer to the body medicine and food that is meant to help achieve physiological balance. This balance on the other hand helps strengthen the body. It also helps it fight against diseases. The chapter then questions the complexity of the bu technique. According to the article, all these methods of bolstering and supplementing the body for it to achieve a balance are too complicated. The article suggests that the primary purpose of food is to replenish bodily resources but it is not to help achieve some sort of balance. A well replenished body maintains its own balance. This then faults the bu which is a method of “forcing” a balance in the body. This is a very sound argument and it calls for further investigation on the bu technique. The clinical experience described in the article shows how org
Overview Offering his outstanding work to the world, the author of “Drive”, Daniel Pink, aimed to help every reader find the essence of life and realize one’s inner potential to become successful, happy, needed, self-sufficient, and find real purpose in life. The book is organized into three parts each making an overview of an important aspect of motivation and self-realization. The first part entitled “A New Operating System” consists of three chapters. This part has addressed the right and wrong strategies of motivation along with the explanation of the factors that impact the effectiveness of motivation. In this section, Pink shares his first revelation that “Control leads to compliance; autonomy leads to engagement” (Pink, 2011, p. 27). From this statement, the long-implemented approach of control has a quite low effective output of mere compliance, while autonomy that goes hand in hand with the right motivation allows shifting to the principally new level of engagement. The second part “The Three Elements” also includes three chapters that discuss the key self-realization matters related to autonomy, mastery, and purpose. The main idea of this section is well described in the following quotation that can be found in it, “human beings have an innate inner drive to be autonomous, self-determined, and connected to one another, and when that drive is liberated, people achieve more and live richer lives” (Pink, 2011, p. 79). The final part of the book is entitled “The Type I Toolkit”. This section of the book makes an observation of scientific facts providing that business owners should readdress their approach to employee motivation and doing business in general. The main argument of this part amounts to the essence of the following statement, “within organizations, people need to have a purpose: In goals that use the profit to reach purpose; in words that emphasize more than self-interest; and in policies that allow people to pursue purpose on their own terms” (Pink, 2011, p. 223). Purpose Pink’s purpose is to challenge approaches to doing business that exists in the majority of businesses nowadays. The author is confident that the traditional idea that providing rewards and punishment to workers to induce their actions is outdated and low effective, and moreover, this approach appears to be the cause of the poor performance of many businesses around the world. The scholar attempts to convince the wide public that the time for changes has come. He encourages business owners to revaluate the olden strategies of employee motivation, and shift to the new approaches. The intended audience is then the business audience including business owners, CEOs, HR managers, and individual employees on their own. Reference Pink, D. (2011). Drive . New York, NI: Riverhead Books.