ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article by Ye, Wong, Bishop and Calafat (2011) elucidates the problem of the current exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) that the Earth’s population is facing. Other studies, such as the one performed by Rezg, El-Fazaa, Gharbi and Mornagui (2014) also demonstrate that it is indeed the topic of current interest and its problematic nature calls to proper discussion and search for the solution. Another significant problem regarding BPA is that it is problematic to detect the chemical concentration is spot urine samples. The authors provide a possible solution to how the BPA concentration may be measured in spot samples, morning voids, and 24 hours samples. All of the samples are to be collected from the same person. The authors provide their description on how the samples must be gathered and analyzed. In the framework of the research goal, the methods implemented were picked correctly, and there are no significant flaws in this study’s design. The methods of this study were chosen so that they would cover a specific topic of how to gather the samples. One may argue that there was no possibility for the research design to have limitations. Therefore, the study was certainly worth doing because it created an important improvement in understanding how BPA may be detected in person’s body for specific periods after the exposure, which initially was the goal of this research. It is scientifically proven that BPA creates particular hazards for public health. The limitations of restricting and replacing BPA, however, may create a high number of problems regarding plastic production. More importantly, restricting BPA may create a significant problem in dental procedures because the dental fillings sealants are mostly produced using BPA. Therefore, replacing BPA is necessary indeed. However, there is currently no chemical that may be used to do so. The restriction of BPA may also be impossible – even in longer run – because a vast amount of plastic products (eyeglass lenses, CDs, DVDs, household electronics, etc.) greatly rely on using BPA in their manufacturing. Whenever the solution is found, it may be one of the crucial milestones in public health improvements.
Today, the internet has become the biggest source of information in the whole world thanks to the advancing technology (Green 52). Any kind of information concerning anything in this world can be found there. Therefore, many people have sought to improve their knowledge, skills, and abilities about the internet in order to be in a better position to benefit from it. As a result, the world has since become just like a small global village whereby people can communicate from any corner of the world in seconds. People have also been able to acquire education without having to step in a lecture hall (Tomei 71). It is no longer the time when students had to travel from one continent to another in search of the best institutions of higher learning. These institutions have been brought right in their homes and that has cut them all that cost of having to travel and live in a foreign country. Never the less, everything good has its negative side, the emergency of the internet has come with its own ills. A lot of work that was done manually is now being done through the internet (Tomei 73). Students need not walk to classrooms; there are no longer messengers to post or deliver written messages from one office to another. The physical activity that was there is no longer in existence and hence people have become lazy. This is not healthy for the body as people end up developing health complications because of lack of exercise. On top of that, children have been exposed to sources of misleading information. Pornography sites are common sites that are visited by many young people and as a result, they end up learning a lot that can spoil their lives (Green 53). The biggest problem of all is the fact that many people have become addicted with the internet. People in KSA spend most part of the day online staring on the screen and that has greatly affected other useful activities that used to be carried out there before. There are various reasons that have caused people in KSA to get addicted in the internet. Having a good connection of internet wiring is one great cause of internet addiction (Green 55). Without the wiring, people would not be in a position to access the internet services. Therefore the fact that the government does a lot in ensuring that people get connected, increases their chances of being addicted. There is also increased speed in the use of the internet, which enables people to get any kind of information or entertainment that they may want in a very short time (Kutais 100). If people had to wait for a long periods before accessing what they want in the internet, then perhaps they would lose interest and find better things to do. It is no longer the time that entertainment could only be found in the televisions, newspapers, and magazine. The internet has created a more efficient source of entertainment, which creates a mental stimulation just like in a television (Kutais 100). Continuous exposure to the television has made people too much addicted to some programs and thu
Although the psychological approach to understanding law is rather difficult to perceive, it cannot be considered divorced from life. Its practical significance lies in the fact that psychological factors, including social psychology, must be taken into account when adopting new norms of law and acts, and when applying the law, and the individual psychology of a person. The psychological factor affects the motivation of actions of people, and the perception of the rule of law impacts their implementation. In accordance with this approach, the law is not reality, it is only a complex of human experiences, and rights and obligations do not exist in reality, but in the mind of the one who is currently experiencing specific legal feelings and thoughts (Saks & Spellman, 2016). Hence, law is understood as a psychological factor in social life and acts only psychologically. It seems rational to claim that, in essence, the crucial dilemma within the scope of understanding law through the psychological perspective is one of the common good and individual rights. From the above discussion, the described approach implies that a person’s legal interests should be considered as the main foundation for any legal aspect. Such a claim might be reasonable, but when it comes to particular cases, there are some dilemmas. For example, when one commits a crime against humanity and does not want to reveal his or her private messaging with individuals preparing for the next catastrophe, common good and privacy clash. For the entire world, it is necessary to hack the messaging and save many lives; however, the person’s privacy right will be violated in this situation. Another example is when freedom of movement is restricted in order not to allow the spread of Covid-19. Reference Saks, M. J., & Spellman, B. A. (2016). The psychological foundations of evidence law . NYU Press.
What would be the impact of China’s economy on the world’s trading system? Among the recent economies that the world has witnessed, growing through the ranks of the middle income earners, defying the odds to compete among the world’s largest income earners is China. This state boasts the world’s populous nation, accounting for 20% of the same. To this, the gross GDP has been increasing steadily from the year 2004 ($ 1,690), and if a 7% growth is maintained per year and for ten consecutive years, it is projected that this would increase by several folds by the year 2025. This is the scenario that the world’s economies are yet to encounter, and perhaps its consequences are the ones that form the subject for debate the world over. One major anticipated impact is that with China’s limiting natural resources e.g. energy, prices from suppliers is likely to hike. Moreover, it is unlikely that China will replicate its previous successes in the export market (doubling it every half a decade) in the recent years thanks to protectionist defenses. This would prompt them to broaden their local demand albeit with imminent challenges. Finally, with the projected growth, China will no doubt hike its military expenditures consequently propelling it to rank among the world’s superpowers (Kenen, 2011). What would be the impact of China’s economy on the world’s monetary system? The 2007/8 economic recess has evoked, once again, an incessant debate that is a reform in the international monetary policy. In fact, a majority of the emerging economies are cautious of pegging their currencies against the US dollar, with the Euro acting as their regional currency. To this, they reflect on a natural change of the monetary policy to a multipolar international system thanks to the emergency of the China’s dominance hypothesis in the equation. De jure, a majority of the budding Asian economies peg their currencies to the US’s; however, de facto, these economies are already dependent on China’s economy. In essence, the effect of emerging China is already being felt. Evidence shows that the world’s monetary system is in the threshold of becoming a tripolar economy, and the renminbi, is slowly domineering the Asian foreign-exchange. Both regionalily and globally, analyses imply that the trends of the Asian currencies replicate the renminbi (Eichengreen, 2010). The impact of the China’s economy with respect to western-based global corporations China’s impact on the western-based global corporations is one of a debatable context especially to the US’s firms, its major trade partner. To many pundits cum politicians in the US, the argument is that the Chinese economy has gained ranks in the world’s economy at their expense. This is in contrary to other experts who beli
M E M O DATE: June 22, 2010 TO: John Rubin, General Manager of Operations FROM: Alison Hitchcock, Director of Corporate Communication SUBJECT: Complaints and Press Coverage from Hayestown, Oklahoma The residents of Hayestown in Oklahoma had complained of the dangers of air pollution caused by Vanrex Chemical Manufacturing Company. There have been concerns about property damage and complaints of air pollution caused by the emission of sulfur dioxide and fugitive dust. The Venrex company, according to the report complies with the government regulations but still, there are complaints and unwanted media concerns. For the satisfaction of the people of Hayestown, Venrex Company must ensure that there is a comfort to the natives who complain of the air pollutants. The residents must be assured that the Venrex Company complies with the government standards by ensuring that emission-reducing equipment is installed. The natives of Hayestown must be made aware of the developments in the company so as to reduce complaints, in doing this the company’s good image and success must be maintained. In order to address the concerns, you must have a press conference. In the press conference, do not forget to fully inform the natives of the company’s developments to keep the air pollution to a stop. Encourage residents to ask questions which you must answer with immediate feedback. One demerit of the press conference is that all the natives of Hayestown can’t be present at the press release while some may not understand the detailed aspects of the company’s procedures in tackling the problem. In addition, press conferences can be seen as an instrument used to intimidate the natives from asking direct questions with ease. Apart from the press conference, another possible way to go about it is to discuss the concerns with the mayor of Hayestown. You can organize the inspection of the Venrex Company while the mayor is present; inspection should be done by the officials from the Department of Health and Environment (ODH&E) and the environmental protection agency (USEPA). The main significance of testing the company’s standards is to equip you with the facts to explain to the residents for them to understand and know that Venrex Company is committed to the government standards. However, this solution might not be effective due to the indirect communication with the residents; as a result, the credibility of the mayor might be questioned. Ensure you hold a meeting with the natives of Hayestown, in attendance should be the company experts and officials from ODH&E and USEPA. These officials will ensure that the test results from the emission plant are supported. Direct and personal communication is the best way of winning the resident’s confidence in the operations of the company. Finally, the best of all solutions is to ensure that
Why does Socrates think Euthyphro must know piety? Socrates accentuates the importance of understanding piety for Euthyphro because he is in a controversial situation, and he must see the difference between the piety, good, and justice. According to Socrates, to receive the right to prosecute the father “for murder on behalf of a servant”, Euthyphro first needs to have a clear knowledge of this concept (Plato 15d). If a person knows what piety and impiety are, he or she can be discussed as right and pious before the gods. Still, there is a question of justice and morality of actions to be discussed as right before the men (Allen 24). What sort of answer is Socrates looking for? Euthyphro’s first definition of piety is that “the pious is to do what I am doing now, to prosecute the wrongdoer” (Plato 5e). However, Socrates tries to oppose this idea because he needs to demonstrate that not all actions can be discussed as pious. Socrates helps Euthyphro understand that the definition of piety is rather complex, but he also expects to hear the morally right definition or a model, according to which it is possible to divide actions into pious and impious (Farness 89). In this context, Euthyphro’s definition lacks details and criteria to state the personal, as well as objective, the vision of piety more clearly. What is Euthyphro’s second definition of piety, and what is Socrates’ primary objection to it? Euthyphro’s second proposed definition of piety is that “what is dear to the gods is pious”, and he is sure that this definition is appropriate (Plato 7a). However, Socrates does not agree with this position, and he presents the objection to the second definition while stating that different gods prefer and hate various things, and actions regarded by gods as preferable or pious are considered oppositely by other gods (Hardwig 260). Therefore, things that can be viewed as dear for particular gods cannot be discussed as equally dear for other gods (Evans 2). As a result, it is difficult to state what actions are pious and dear because of differences in visions. What point does Socrates make about carrying and being carried, seeing and being seen, and loving and being loved? Socrates proposes simple rules for discussing things that can be seen and carried as well as loved. Anything can be seen only because it is being seen by others, and anything can be carried only because it is being carried out by people (Murphy and Weber 188). Thus, according to Socrates, there is always a need for someone who can affect anything to change it. The same is true for loving and being loved because Socrates states that “it is something loved because it is being loved by them”; therefore, something is loved. After all, it has features to be loved by people or gods (Plato 10c). Why does Socrates think that the god-beloved is not the same as the pious and the pious is not the same as the go
Universal healthcare Support for universal healthcare is based on the argument that health insurance for all increase access to healthcare. With universal care, patients will comply better with treatment regime and, overall, the cost of providing care to the economy will be lower. According to international human rights treaties, such as Article 25 of the UN of 1948, universal healthcare is a human right. In America, left-leaning parties believe the government has the responsibility of providing access to healthcare. In contrast, right-leaning parties consider healthcare as a right to be determined by one’s financial ability. The question of whether universal healthcare is a right or privilege is at the heart of debate on how to reform American healthcare. Democratic Party seems to consider universal healthcare a right; therefore, the government should facilitate its establishment (Zerubavel, 2006). Republicans consider government intervention in easing access to healthcare as tramping on people’s rights or interfering with their choice. Is universal healthcare a natural right? Natural rights emanate from natural law; natural law ethics system perceives actions as ethically correct if they are in harmony with human nature. Under this system of ethic, the rule is to do good and avoid evil. A number of American presidents have tried to advance the notion of healthcare as a right similar to other rights known and recognized in American political tradition. However, healthcare is not a natural right as John Locke or American founding fathers understood the nature of natural rights (Guillemin, 2006). Natural rights were in existence before the invention of a political state associated with government. In that primordial state, there was no government to provide universal healthcare. The framers of American constitution provided for civil rights in order to protect people’s natural rights. They did not consider that providing universal healthcare was decisive in protecting and realizing natural right of American citizens. This is despite the fact that medical care is essential for prolonging life. Despite this, a case for providing universal healthcare is compelling; under natural law provision of universal healthcare amount to doing good. Universal healthcare and utilitarianism Utilitarian theory prescribes how to act, choose, or argue about various ethical issues based on the amount of utility that the consequences of people’s actions produce (Stewart et al. 2003). Utility refers to the net balance of the good or happiness that the actions produce. The theory states that one ought to do or choose actions that yield the most utility, or those that seek to maximize utility. One is supposed to act in a manner that promotes the interests of everyone in the
A smart business network is one that can create better results than its competitors can. In today’s business markets, competition has heightened and therefore any business with survival goals has to be more efficient and effective in its operations. The attributes of a smart business network include strategic positioning, speed access to market information, excellent customer service, fast sharing of new information, exceptional ability to deal with emergencies, and to adapt to the changes. Strategic positioning of a business determines the amount of success realized since it is through positioning that one can meet other people in the market. According to Golden, Hughes and Burke, Kenny’s bookshop, a family owned business which traded in secondhand books, made a venture into online book selling and established strong links with e-retailers; Amazon, Bibliodirect, and Albris, which enabled it to expand its sales volumes tremendously (2005, p.65). In view of the competition in the business market, for any business to attract customers it shall require to keep itself abreast with developments in the market. In addition, a smart business is also expected to disseminate speedily the acquired information to relevant participants in its network. The fast relaying and sharing of information will help to create an efficient and effective network thereby enhancing business. Another aspect of a smart business network lies in its ability to establish great customer service relationships. To be able to offer quality customer service one needs to enhance his/her understanding of the business in which s/he is in, which will help in tailoring products and services. Burt posits that, “a good Customer service relationship (CSR) would guarantee continued receipt of customers’ feedback, which will be used to develop or adjust products and services to meet customers’ specific needs” (1992, p.25). In addition, a smart business network should be able to capture and analyze objectively information from the environment and quickly generate an appropriate response. van Heck and Vervest in their proposal for a new business network approach to replace the traditional value chain approach identified several aspects in which the new network will dominate the traditional system (2007), Firstly, products offered and services rendered in the traditional value chain system are common and simple, unbundled, and usually take long time before reaching the consumer. On the other hand, the new business network system approach is quite complex but ensures fast and timely delivery of products and services. Secondly, in the traditional approach value creation is achieved through value chains with very long connected relationships. In contrast, the new business networks disregard this tradition and only allow for quick connect and disconnect relationships, which allow only relevant relationships for the business. Thirdly, the traditional approach puts emphasis on hierarchical and centralized control systems; on the other hand, the proposed approach encompasses a large and distributed span of control and decision-making.