ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that studies what deeds are right or wrong, and what people should do to act right (Banks, 2016). The study of ethics involves three branches. Metaethics studies methods, logics, language and the interpretation of ethical notions. Normative ethics studies standards of behavior (Banks, 2016). Applied ethics focuses on the practical approach to solving existent ethical problems in professions connected with medicine and law, and has a lot of different approaches to situations, including decision ethics which is very valuable in that case. Handle the Situation Using Normative Ethics Utilitarian ethics is a branch of normative ethics that focuses primarily on the implications of ethical decisions. McCartney (2015) claims that “it can be described as a teleological theory or consequentialist theory , which are essentially the same thing, both having a notion that the consequence of the act is the most important determinant of the act being moral or not.” Utilitarianism has two formulations. They are: act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. The first formulation involves only immediate effect of the moral decision. Rule utilitarianism, on the contrary, concerns the impact of person’s decision on possible course of events (McCartney, 2015). Rule utilitarianism can be described by questions like “What would the majority of people do in that case?”, “What decision would be best in that case?” Based on the concept of rule utilitarianism, the officer should tell the woman about Paul’s past of molesting the girls because it is the only right choice in that situation. If the woman did not know, the consequences could be appalling. Defining the Type of Case Applied ethics distinguishes itself from the normative one in beliefs about what is right and wrong. (Hayry, 2013). This means that the basic concept of applied ethics is to provide the greatest good for people in a particular situation. Applied ethics have a lot of different ways to approach particular situations (Ford & Richardson, 2013). That case can be referred to decision ethics. Decision ethics is a totality of personal standards and beliefs intended to take an ethically right position. After analyzing possible consequences, the probation officer decides that in the context of possible danger for the woman’s children it is best for her to know about Paul’s past. The officer makes his decision, convinced that the possible development of events may be far worse than a breakup with Paul. The Professional Code of Ethics for the Case According to the Probation Institute’s Code of Ethics (2014), “probation officers shall perform their duties impartially, completely, and diligently”, serving each case with conc
Compulsory public service is a contentious issue. An overview of the Bill of Rights immediately shoots down the idea that the citizens of this country can be forced to serve. It is the right of every man, woman, and child to be free and to pursue happiness within the bounds of law. The only reason why there is a debate regarding this issue is due to the fact that there are misguided patriots who believed that every citizen must prove their love and loyalty to this country by doing public service. The government should not be given the power to coerce its citizens to engage in one or even two years of public service; it is against the law of the land. It would be best for the government to promote the ideals of volunteerism in order to recruit and train people that are eager to serve. The Bill of Rights is very clear when it comes to the limitations of the government when it comes to intruding into the personal life of a citizen. The government’s vast powers cannot be used to force a person to serve. Slavery has been outlawed a long time ago and therefore there is no justification for the use of coercion in any shape or form in order to fill up the needed vacancies in the public service sector. The government should serve the people but the people must not be forced to serve the government. Aside from violating the constitutional rights of every citizen, the concept of compulsory public service is impractical. It can be argued that there are many people that are not interested to serve in the Armed Forces and other jobs that are under the authority of the Federal government. Imagine the kind of trouble the government would have to contend with if they are authorized to compel its citizens to serve for at least a year. It would be costly in terms of manpower and litigation purposes. It is a terrible idea to suggest compulsive service. However, those who decide to become a public servant must be held in high esteem. The spirit of volunteerism must be stirred up and not the spirit of coercion. The government and its citizens must laud anyone who enters public service. It must be viewed as an honorable thing to do, lifting the spirits of the family members of those who chose to serve in spite of its many challenges. The government must therefore encourage people to serve. It is the job of the government to persuade people to serve in a short term or long term basis. One way to do this is to communicate clearly the positive impact to the community and the nation if one person decides to spend a few years of his or her life to serve others. A persuasive message can also be achieved by developing creative ways to reward those who are in public service.
Introduction The Japanese Exchange and Teaching (JET) program employees were facing problems because their supervisor who at first appeared both informed and compassionate turned out to be incompetent and disrespectful. The two major issues that were of concern in the case were the unwillingness of Mr. Higashi to honor sick leave entitlements to the JET participants and the fact that he never took time to solve office problems professionally as managers are supposed to do (Aaron & Nelson2005, pp.25-27). Instead, he chose to use excuses like important meetings to evade the JET employees’ questions. The major causes of the conflict are communication problems on the side of the supervisor or manager and a bad leadership style that is not participatory (Kotler & Keller 2006, pp.89-90). He expects the JET participants to follow all that he is telling them without being asked any questions. This is being dictatorial or autocratic (Tannen1987, pp.67-71). The step being taken by Kelly is trying to reach out to CLAIR, and it is the best because Mr. Higashi is not willing to answer their questions. Background of the problem The case is about the behavior of Mr. Higashi, the supervisor of the Japanese Exchange and Teaching (JET) program, and three JET participants, namely: Kelly, Andrea, Mark, and Suzanne. Mr. Higashi, who at first seemed like a reasonable leader and supervisor changed and adopted a heavy-handed approach in his management duties (Maravelas 2005, pp.34-36). He never listened to the participants and never consulted them whenever he wanted them to participate in any other activity that was outside their job descriptions. He expected them to be available to do all that he wanted them to do. The issue is not that he wanted them to participate in these activities, but that he never told them in advance so that they would plan to attend such events. He also decided to consider days when three of the four JET participants were sick as paid leave days when they were meant to use their sick leave time. What was the problem with this situation? The problem is that Mr. Higashi was not willing to work as per the laid down procedures as far as sick leave is concerned. He was also not willing to listen to the JET participants to try and solve their problems. In addition to this, he did not take his time to give t
Much of the world lives for much of the time without electricity. This means, for example, that they do not have the power to refrigerate food, preserve medicines, or light surgeries. It means that they cannot run a computer or a cell phone. It also means the near absence of many of the elements of commerce that we take for granted in the developed world, such as credit card readers, or electronic banking. This leaves much of the world disconnected from the rest of the globe, and handicapped in terms of engaging in banking or business above the most basic level. The developing world depends heavily on fossil fuels. This requires them to buy these fuels from oil producers. This requires money. If the less-advantaged nation cannot pay immediately, this places them in debt. The problem of debt is as much to be avoided in a nation as in a household. Thus, the innovations described in the two articles from The Economist offer the promise of freeing the developing world to grow economically and improve the lives of their inhabitants. As one solution, a potential new material for solar cells could extend the reach of solar energy. As described in The Economist ’s article, entitled “Cell a million?” perovskite could slash the wattage production cost by 75%. Such a cost reduction would make solar energy a far more accessible technology. The current cost of solar cells is so high that few people cannot afford this investment without government subsidy. This limits the spread of solar energy implementation, and thus restricts the capacity to start businesses or expand them. Simple matters such as lighting a shop or a food stall become insuperable barriers. Something more energy-hungry, like refrigeration, can be out of reach. This can keep businesses very small, local, and very vulnerable to disruption. Lower investment cost would allow solar technology to serve more areas without universal electrical power infrastructure. This, in turn, will allow nations that have been in the dark, literally, to catch up with more developed nations. When people of vision implement their entrepreneurial ideas to create wealth, discretionary funds become available for spending in the international marketplace, which can benefit other nations and communities as well (The Economist Staff). In another article in The Economist , titled “In Small Doses,” innovations in selling and servicing solar energy systems promise to make them more available to electrically underserved regions. These approaches include spreading out equipment payments over as much as a year and building ineffective methods of monitoring them. For example, a buyer may pay 50 cents daily to run all their small electrical equipment. This lowers an entrepreneur’s barriers to entry into business. In another adaptive approach, one company has innovated remote diagnosis of malfunctions. This helps to keep the equipment in operation. In areas where complex te
Beth Israel Beth permits occasional and limited personal use of information technology resources subject to the condition that such use does not interfere with the user’s or any other user’s work performance and result in the violation of the provisions of the privacy and security policies of the organization. The policy also states that the users cannot expect to have any expectation of privacy of the information generated by them using the technological resources of the organization. The policy prohibits the use of inappropriate or unlawful materials. The users are generally restricted from copying or distribution of any copyrighted materials except when they comply with the legal requirements of fair use. The policy further states that all the e-mail addresses assigned by the organization remain the property of Beth Israel (HIMSS). Mayo Mayo’s web policy states that the organization will not share the information that is submitted by the users to third parties unless it is warranted for any specific purposes. However the company will request the third parties to protect the information passed on by it. The company will take responsibility for ensuring that the information collected is accurate, up to date and complete. The policies also state that the organization will take reasonable steps to protect the personal information from loss, unauthorized access and misuse. The policy reiterates that subscribing to the policy statement the user has consented to abide by the terms of the company’s policies regarding the use of the information resources (Mayo Healthcare). Georgetown Georgetown has laid down well-defined elaborate policies regarding the privacy and security of information. The most important policy pertains to the patient access to protected health information and accounting of disclosures. The organization permits the patients to inspect and obtain a copy of protected health information in a pre-designed format subject to certain restrictions. This ensures that the patient or any other users draw only necessary information. While the policies regarding the access and use of information remain the same in all the three organizations, Georgetown has laid down policies, which are different from other organizations, which can be considered to provide better privacy and security of information. One of the distinguishing features of the security and privacy policy of Georgetown is that the patients may request for an accounting of disclosures to any other authority or user (Georgetown University). This ensures higher level of security of personal information, as the organization commits itself to provide the patients to pass on information on the nature of information disclosed and the authority or third party to whom the disclosures were made. However, the organization may not provide disclosures of information pertaining to treatment, payment and health care operations and several other information contained in the policy statement. Another feature that makes the policies of Georgetown distinct from others is that the University entertains the requests of patients to enable them to rece
Executive summary This paper examines the marketing strategies employed by two electronic companies Sony and Samsung. The industry background gives an overview of the electronics industry in terns of market segment and regional stakeholders in manufacturing. Both companies background are summarised and an insight about their areas of operations and size of their businesses in terms of sales and product development is given. An analysis on strategic marketing and planning on both companies follows with a somewhat in-depth analysis of macro and micro environmental factor such as competition and economic factors being tackled. There is a SWOT analysis on each company highlighting their strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats based on their operations and positions in different markets. Additionally there is an analysis on target marketing, segmentation and position generally and as applied to each company. Finally, there are recommendations on the way forward for the companies and those that deal in the same products. Introduction The 21 st century has been characterised by unprecedented advances in technology. The global electronic industry is so dynamic to an extent that technologies become “obsolete” even before they penetrate all the market segments that they were initially meant for. American and Japanese had for a long time dominated the global technology sector. However, companies from rising economies such as China and Korea have perfected the technologies that exist while coming up with innovative electronic products. The result has been increased competition and saturation of the market that has seen technology pioneers like Hewlet Packard pushed from the top spot. To compete for and maintain the market niches, companies have had to come up with innovative marketing ways that in order to ensure long-term market survival. This paper will analyse marketing theory and practice as applied today through a comparison of two electronic companies; Sony and Samsung. There will be in-depth analysis on the ways the two companies have integrated marketing theory with company activities to curve new market niches while maintaining current ones the backdrop of increased competition globally. The Samsung group of companies is among the largest electronics corporations that has a global consumer base and numerous affiliate businesses. Since its first investment initiative in 1939, the company has transcended various industries in search of an effective and market aggressive industry. The electronics initiative came in late 1960s with several related branches in electronic devises mechanics and telecommunication devices. The Sony Corporation on the other hand is a conglomerate of several media and electronic companies that specialize in the electronic business unit and the entertainment industry as a whole. Since the 1945 initiative following the invention of the transistor the company has diversified its investments it both mechanical and telecommunication sub segments (Chang, 2011, 90). Industry background The global electronic industry is vibrant with a growth rate mat
Introduction   * Most NGO’s fund projects that help in environmental sustainability.   * Such projects help in environmental conservation.   * Most of these projects involve the community as a whole which is also the beneficiary. In the recent past, effects of global warming have been felt throughout the globe. These effects have been the driving force for environmental conservation. The key players and funding organizations are the non-governmental organizations with a few of the large corporations also taking part. When these projects are initiated, they involve the community members who are also the direct beneficiaries of the same projects. This presentation is therefore an exploration of one of the commonly funded projects used to enhance environmental sustainability. Background of the Project   * Studies show that desertification is evident in most regions of the globe.   * Desertification leads to less rainfall being received, thus low production of agricultural produce which in turn raises the prices of the commodities in the market. Research done on most parts of the globe has shown that desertification is slowly rising up to become a global issue. This has majorly been contributed by deforestation whereby trees are cut down and the place left bare thus becoming a desert in the long-run (Current et al, 1995, p.1). As a result, minimal volumes of rainfall is experienced in these areas thus low yields from firms. When the supply of agricultural commodities is low, the prices of the commodities in the market in turn appreciate making it difficult for all people to have access to them. Diagram on desertification. The diagram shows what happens when trees are cut down without having others planted leading to desertification. This shows successful projects of agro forestry. This is a fully developed forest within a farm. Objectives of the Project   * To create awareness to the community on the effects of deforestation.   * Educate the community on the benefits of agro forestry.   * Initiate education and training centers. The programme is designed to achieve several objectives, but the main objective will be to create awareness to the community on the disadvantages that come about as a result of deforestation. The community will also be educated on the benefits that come with practicing agro forestry in their farms. Lastly, as part of the project’s legacy, training centers will be established where the community has access to all information they might need regarding agro- forestry. Project Implementation   * The implementation is bound to take place sequentially as follows:       + Formal and Informal training;       + Demonstrations and Trials;       + Community Participation;       + Incorporation of Technical expertise;       + Development of training centers. Most of the NGO projects are usually long-term taking up to two years depending on the funding and cooperation from the community. In order to effec
In this paper I plan to provide a context of assessing the significance of teaching factor in pre-school learning. I realize that young children have disposition to develop in a wide array of areas. But it is unfortunate that teachers may not be able to set them up to successfully develop their potential. In this connection I wish to stress that for me teaching philosophy my teaching techniques, communication skills and motivational skill are very crucial in teaching and learning of the pre-school children. With the above variables I believe there is need to incorporate the use of technology in instructions to be able to bring out the best out of the pre-school children. To be able to make classes interesting for children and to capture their attention during lessons, I will employ instructional techniques. Some of these techniques include the use of discovery learning, use of inquiries, incorporating dramatic play in some lessons, incorporating music and moving activities during lessons among others. I will always carry out an extensive research to make sure that they are educationally sound and that they correspond to the multiple dimensions of learning. This will make learners have the voice I desire as well as making them able to use it in a respectful manner. It is not an easy task to bring out success in a child if as a teacher I do not like my work. This therefore demands that I should make my careers interesting by experimenting and exploring how technology can fit in instructional approach in supporting learning. Previous researches indicate that very young children are capable of excess of cognitive, emotional, social and physical activities. Therefore must be able to expose children to all the modalities of learning so that they can discover what they are good at and where their interests fall. However I strongly believe that children should be exposed to areas they like most as well as those they find very challenging. While dealing with children, I have come to appreciate the fact that to be able to direct them to attain desired goals, I must first of all be aware of their proximal development and how it relates to their zone of advanced development. With this knowledge, I will be capable of directing the child’s efforts to assess his or her current understanding and the potential for extended learning. I will also be able to make quality and informed decisions about the children. This will me to pair them for projects and play according to their areas of interest and be sure to have realistic expectation for every child. As a teacher I strongly be