ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In his argument concerning lowering the drinking age, John Cloud claims that legal drinking rights should not be extended to individuals between the ages of eighteen and twenty because it would prove detrimental to them and society. Cloud uses statistics to support his claim of such persons being unable to manage responsibilities associated with alcohol consumption. While Cloud establishes a logical argument with evidence that supports his claim, the tone and structure are founded on traditional assumptions surrounding the issue. During his claim, Cloud compares statistics from 1984 with those from 2006 to prove that individuals within the eighteen to the twenty-year-old bracket are incapable of responsibly consuming alcohol. Cloud writes, “…the proportion of those 19-to 22-year-olds who reported consuming five or more drinks in a row in the two weeks before being surveyed fell from 40.7% in 1984 to 38.1% in 2006…In 2006 2,121 people ages 16 to 20 died in alcohol-related fatalities on U.S. roads…in 1984, the figure was 4,612” (254). Based on the statistics provided, it is easy to come to the logical conclusion that the legal drinking age limit should not be lowered to eighteen. If the author were to begin and end his argument with statistical data, such argument would be functional. Cloud, however, does not allow statistical data to be the complete basis of his argument. Instead, he structures his claim around assumptions that make it invalid. In his tone, Cloud takes the stance of individuals under twenty-one being children. The author writes, “If the drinking age is lowered to 18, who is to provide the supervision that McCardell suggests? Surely not bar owners who want to sell them as many drinks as possible. It’s unclear why shifting the venue of drinking from frat houses to bars will help solve the problem of hardcore student drinking” (255). Persons between ages eighteen and twenty would not need supervision if the legal drinking age were lowered to eighteen because they would be considered responsible adults capable of consuming alcohol with maturity. Claiming that supervision would be necessary for these persons to place eighteen to twenty-year-olds in the category of childhood, which is an irrational statement that is not based on facts. In addition to assuming that individuals between eighteen and twenty need supervision, Cloud establishes a tone that places all college students in the category of alcohol consumers. Cloud states, “Finally lowering the drinking age to 18 would stop infantilizing college students,
Important micro influences of the commercial airline industry The PESTLE analysis tool is relevant for presenting influences for the airline industry. Political factors have had a major role in influencing growth. For example, many countries have considered a national commercial airline as part of the national pride, and this has translated to the government’s willingness to support such airlines to show a country’s competitiveness. Economic factors have also played a role in ensuring there is a growing business for the airline. More than 3 billion people who fly annually do so because their incomes or their companies’ incomes support air travel choices. On the other hand, growth in capital availability through the development of markets around the world has allowed investors and investment groups to participate in the building of the commercial airline industry. This has happened through the sale of private airlines to the public, allowing more companies to tap into the freely available capital from people’s savings (Basignani 2011). The third factor is the social, where people have come to change mindsets about flying. In the past, flying was a privileged activity for the well-endowed people in society. The division of commercial flying into different classes like the economy, business, and first class ensures that even the most cost-sensitive customer can afford a flight in most cases. Low-cost budget airlines have also eased the pressure of flying, and they have transformed it into a means of travel as ordinary as bus transport. Technological factors have also created a micro influence in the industry. For example, internet booking has made airlines friendlier and responsive to customer needs, which has promoted customer loyalty. Another technological trend is the use of social media for marketing, which has helped the management of commercial airlines to collect customer intelligence inexpensively for improvement of service delivery (Basignani 2011). Legal factors that have an influence on airlines’ operations include the bilateral agreements between countries, the immigration laws on the movement of labor, and the protection of business interests in different countries to allow commercial airlines to have more than one operation base for serving their customers. The developments are not very significant; they influence the opportunities and risks of the airline industry based on a collective scale (Basignani 2011). Lastly, environmental factors have also had a role in shaping the current industry. As consumers continue to increase their awareness of clean travel and the impact of waste on their quality of life, they are cutting back on unnecessary travel using unclean means. The number of conscious
Blade Runner is a 1982 movie by director Ridley Scott. The movie was a follow up to his 1979 science fiction hit Alien. The movie is a blend of science fiction and detective noir genres. Blade Runner is one of the most significant science fiction movies that were made in the 1980s. It has since grown in popularity. Initially, the film did not perform well financially. In addition, movie critics were divided with some giving it positive reviews while others castigated it. This dismal performance has been at times blamed on the fact that the movie’s release coincided with the premier of Spielberg’s monster hit E.T. This paper will discuss the film’s style, visual aspects, acting, music, and its accolades. The film’s style is quite captivating. The film was futuristically set in 2019’s Los Angeles. This futuristic design was conceived by renowned artist Syd Mead. The design was inspired by other designs used in movies like the 1927 Metropolis and the 1968 Space Odyssey. Due to its stylistic success, the film has served as an inspiration for several other movies. Other movies that have tried to copy its cyber punk, dystrophic look include the 1989 Batman, The Fifth Element of 1997, and the Matrix of1999. This style mostly features science fiction and detective genre combinations. In addition, there is the use of the alienated hero with a questionable morality. There is also the use of dark locations and high tech gadgets. The film’s theme is mortality versus immortality. The main character is called from retirement to hunt down Android beings who have escaped from their planet. While the Androids possess great abilities, their lifespan is only four years. This is why it is feared that their mission on earth is to try and prolong their life. The immortality theme was also expounded in the theatrical release poster that read, “Man has made his match, now it is his problem”. This was a popular theme in the 1980s when humanity was making tremendous progress in discovery. Other successful films of the time carried similar themes. The acting in the Blade Runner is very satisfying mostly because the film’s narration does not dictate the actors. Unlike in most cases, even the police officers in the film are more relaxed. The tough acting that is synonymous with such characters was not used in this film. In addition, the android beings are not so obvious. They act more like human beings and they are less predictable. The movie’s soundtrack consisted of songs, technological sounds, and short sentences. Due to the film’s dependence on visual imagery, the soundtrack did not carry much weight. The narration also absorbed most of the soundtrack’s purposes. However, even with its little significance the soundtrack does not disappoint. One of the controversies surrounding the release of the Blade Runner was the fact that the initial director’s cut was ignored. The executive producers hijacked Ridley Scott’s project and changed most of his decisions. The executives added a narra
Introduction The relationship between race, ethnicity and crime rates in America has always elicited public controversy for a long time. The discussion has been anchored on ‘perceived’ mistreatment of racial minorities especially the blacks and Hispanics. For example, on March 11 2005, a black American rape suspect named Brian Nichols went into a killing spree, shooting a judge, a court reporter, and a deputy (Walker et al., 2005). To justify his actions, he cited reacting against a racially biased legal system. This has been the sentiments of many Black Americans and Hispanics with a national research in 2003 indicating only 28% of the Black Americans reporting that whites and blacks receive equal treatment at the hands of the justice system. They believe with a low population of only 13% and a high incarceration rate of 27% represents in itself some form of bias in the justice system. Police on the other hand think the high crime rates of Blacks and Hispanics only reflects the differences in the crime rates and not the biased justice system. These among other reasons have led to the need for better convincing way(s) to justify these allegations. Among the available centers’ for crime data are the National Criminal Victimization Survey (NCVS), and the Uniform Crime Report (UCR). Uniform Crime Report, National criminal Victimization Survey and Crime Rates The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) was established in 1929 by the International Association of Chiefs of Police for documenting crime statistics. Through UCR, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) gathers and analyzes recently reported crimes submitted by both the state agencies and local authorities. After the signing of the ‘Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990’ by the American president it became a law requiring the Attorney General to establish and collect data concerning crimes. UCR has since then been tasked to collect data about crimes that manifest elements of prejudice based on race, religion, and ethnicity. The center has since then moved from a ‘tally’ system centre to a unit record system involved in publishing annual crime statistics. It collects comprehensive data on the victims, offenders, and the circumstances of crime. The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s UCR program involves in developing procedures for, and managing the implementations of the collection of hate crime data. They conduct on a sampling basis, a nation wide analysis of suspected bias charges. The cases are tracked and then comprehensive data reports about the offences are reported. The second approach incorporated in the established nation wide UCR program includes adding a new data element to provide capability for flagging bias-motivated criminal charges. The system allows entry criminal type, type of bias, and the offend
Abstract This paper is a summary of an observation that took place at Cosmo Park in Columbia, Missouri for approximately two hours. A checklist, which was prepared before the observation took place, was used during the observation. Also observed were the child’s interactions with her parents, other children, and the environment. Included in this paper will be a comparison of this child to other children in her age group, determining whether or not she is on track developmentally and estimate the age of the child. Piaget and his theory of child development will be used to reinforce the assumptions made. Finally, the paper will discern the parenting style that the parents were using on the subject being observed. Observation at Cosmo Park “Life Span is the study of life from the womb to the tomb” (Berk, 2003, p.7). The milestones of development of a normal child are specific and each change occurs at a particular age during growth. Motor development and emotional development occur side by side. Motor development involves the development of coarse movements and fine movements. When the child walks or runs or performs more complicated movements depends on the growth and development of the various systems in the body, it is. The emotional or social development depends on the attachment to its primary care-giver and to its siblings, both parents, grandparents, school teachers and peers. The theories of attachment include the social learning theory where the child learns to become attached to its mother. Piaget’s cognitive theory is a 4 stage model, the 4 stages being the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal according to how the mind pro
In contemporary society drugs has become one of the main threats. There is no use denying the fact that more and more people all over the world become drug addicted. That is why it is possible to call this process very dangerous. It threats people all over the world. With this in mind, it is possible to analyse UAE in order to see state of affairs in this country and have a look at the problem of drug addiction. However, it is not all that simple. The problem of drug addiction is complicated by increase of usage of drug medicine among population of UAE. “Medical experts have issued a health warning over the improper use of prescription drugs as people develop addictions” (Bell, ” UAE medical experts warn” para. 1). There is a tendency in UAE medicine which can really be threatening. Doctors prescribe drugs as treatment even in some simple cases which can easily be treated with the help of some other medicine. “Online pharmacies, social acceptance, aggressive marketing and lack of education among physicians/pharmacists are also factors that have led to an increase” (Ali Zain para. 4). Every month they prescribe some drug medicines such as valium or muscadol which can make people addicted (Bell, “UAE medical experts warn” para. 3). Furthermore, painkillers became a real problem for health care system in UAE. “Since 2009, there has been a drastic increase in reporting of prescription painkillers such as tramadol, methadone, codeine, sedatives such as xanax and valium and other psychoactive polysubstance abuse such as kemadrine, artane and khat in the country” (Ali Zain para.1). It should be said, that it can be taken as another way to make people addicted. The problem is obvious and the state tries to do something with it. According to last statistics, there is a great increase in number of young people in UAE suffering from alcohol or drug addiction (Bell, “Drug addictions in Abu Dhabi” para. 2). More importantly, the age of first drug use among young people is declining (Samihah and Al Taher para. 1). In some degree, it is connected with abuse of drug medicine in UAE. Very often, addicted young people come to hospital in order to get prescription for some opiates and if a person
Introduction The American Red Cross was established in 1881 to offer emergency relief services, first aid and disaster management courses. This organization has its headquarters in Washington, D.C. (U.S.A.) even though it has branches and affiliate organizations in many other countries all over the world. Clara Barton established this society after her experience with the International Red Cross in Europe. She was an emergency service volunteer during the Franco-Prussian war and decided to use her experience and knowledge to establish a similar organization in America (Irwin 2013). Even though, the initial society was comprised of 15 members it has expanded its operations and employed more than 30,000 permanent workers. In addition, it has more than one million volunteers located in various parts of the world. This paper presents an analysis on the role of management, leadership and employees regarding stakeholder perspective. Impacts on ARC’s Business Ethics This essay will refer to the American Red Cross as ARC for purposes of analyzing various issues in the case study. This organization was established to offer relief services to people affected by disasters. Its codes of conduct stipulate that it must maintain high levels of accountability, transparency, impartiality, humanity, service, independence and universality among others (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2011). This mean that it must ensure its sponsors get the value for their donations by offering quality services to victims. However, the activities exposed by the case study reveal major malpractice that does not reflect the need to sponsor this society in terms of money or volunteer activities. Business ethics must guide an organization to continue getting support from volunteers and well wishers. However, the high rate of leadership turnover is a worrying trend that will discourage other potential donors from funding this organization (Irwin 2013). Even though, donors do not state what their money should do to help victims of disasters it is necessary to ensure that all donations are used properly. However, this society has shown that it does not care about how donors feel about their money. This has been shown in the hefty retirement packs and a poor financial auditing system. These activities lead to losses of huge amounts of money; therefore, lowering the confidence of donors in sponsoring other programs. The Rol
A survey was conducted amongst students of Swinburne University in order to ascertain their opinion in regard to their perceptions about racism. The students were informed that their responses will be treated as confidential and that it was an entirely voluntary exercise. The purpose of the survey was to inform students and staff if there were any racial acts occurring within the community of Swinburne University. The aim of the survey was to conduct research in this regard by way of a short questionnaire. The numbers of male respondents were a little more than females. In regard to the question “What links/ connections do you make when you hear the word “racism”?, most of the students responded that hatred was the first thought that came to their minds in regard to racism. Next in line were the responses of not caring, thus indicating that there were a significant number of respondents who did not care much about racism. Responses in regard to the options of feeling bigoted, excluded and serious were next in terms of the the number of responses. The least number of respondents felt that racism made them feel marginalized. In response to the question, What do you understand by ‘racism’? , majority of the respondents felt that racism was based on skin color, and next important reason was that nationality was an important factor in deciding the connotation of racism. Religion was the next most important reason given to cite the occurrence of racism while politics came next. Subsequent responses in terms of the numbers were language spoken, English accent, gender and complete appearance. While responding to the question, What do you think might be some effective ways to educate Swinburne students (generation Y) about racis
Human culture has evolved significantly throughout the ages. The process of evolution is traditionally associated with primarily physical traits, but evolution has a significant effect on the social behavior of humans as well. The process of natural selection which happened over the years can explain many human traits and reactions. As social animals, humans developed a range of social skills which allowed them to increase their chances of prosperity and survival. There are many areas of human behavior and attitude which can be explained by evolution, and there are some which have a less clear link to natural selection. One example of human bias produced by evolution is a traditional relationship between sexes. Women used to be extremely dependent on men for hunting and protecting, which males were more fit to do because of their relatively bigger size and physical strength. On the contrary, men were much more independent. In a more advanced society, this resulted in social norms which valued and gave the power almost exclusively to males. Today, women have much more freedom and influence, but stigma and stereotypes did not go away completely. Women are still expected to care for the children and stay at home, as it used to be at the very beginning of society. Taking into account recently acquired freedoms, some women still feel pressure to conform to traditional behavior due to existing barriers and disapproval from some members of society. There is also a ceiling on how high of a status a woman can have, as demonstrated by salary difference favoring males. Moreover, males tend to feel inferior in the work environments where females are in charge. “Sexual harassment can serve as an “equalizer” against women in power, motivated more by control and domination than by sexual desire”( McLaughlin, Uggen, & Blackstone, 2013, p. 2). Traditions evolved over generations may explain the motivations behind such types of harrasment. Another instance of behavior which was defined by evolution is a tendency to violence. Men tend to be more competitive and more prone to take risks. Historically, there were many physical activities which people participated in: hunting to get food, protecting the group, and in-group struggle for power. Therefore, men who were larger, stronger and more willing to fight had an advantage and could attract healthier females and as a result passed on more genes than their weaker competitors. This tendency can explain why men tend to be more violent and aggressive. Additionally, it shows why women tend to be more attracted to more fit and masculine males. As human society evolved, so did people’s motivations. As soon as people realized that they are stronger when they work together, they started to develop traits which allowed for better cooperation with their peers. This process was intensified by competition with others, which led to the creation of identity associated with the group and allowed for the creation of norms, standards and notion of belonging to a particu