ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Data on its on can be classified into two distinct categories, namely: primary and secondary data. Primary data consists of any and all information collected by a researcher during a study that has not been gathered in the same way, manner or time period by other researchers, studies etc (Lipow & Rosenthal, 1986). In other words, primary data is data unique to that particular study and is usually collected through the use of tailor fit questions meant to find that particular type of information (Lipow & Rosenthal, 1986). Secondary data on the other hand comes from other studies done by individuals, organizations, institutions etc. It is often the case that in any study secondary data is used to either confirm or backup the primary data collected by a researcher and to help assert the given arguments in the study (Lipow & Rosenthal, 1986). In gathering the two types of data the question of their method of collection or rather their source comes into consideration, sources of primary data are categorized under the observation method, the survey method and the experimental method. Sources for secondary data on the other hand are categorized only under two distinct types, namely: internal and external sources with external sources referring to data from outside of a particular school, organization, institution etc. while internal sources refer those within the organization, school, institution etc. Validity of Classroom and Other Assessment Data The assessment of the validity of data falls under 3 distinct types, namely: content, criterion and construct, so long as the data used in a study is able fulfill these particular requirements then it can be considered valid (Llosa, 2008). Under the context of content, this particular method of measurement assesses whether the content of data matches the instructional objectives of the assessment (Llosa, 2008). For the measurement of criterion this examines whether the assessment data is concurrent with external criterion, this can come in the form of whether a particular piece of obtained data from a classroom is concurrent with statewide or national data results under the same category (Llosa, 2008). Lastly, under construct this particular method of measurement determines whether a particular method of assessment actually corresponds to variables as predicted by theory or a previous rationale established during the assessment (Llosa, 2008). So long as classroom and other forms of assessment are able to fulfill these particular methods of measurement then the data can be considered a valid means of measuring student achievement. It must be noted though that based on the work of Jeong (2010 ) which examined the current performance based system of education prevalent in the U.S. public school system, the current American public system of education has a distinct fault in that in favor of getting students to achieve high test scores as a measurement of academic performance educators are having students memorize formulas, dates and historical events without truly giving them an understanding of why
Founded in the 1950s, GlobShop is a company operating in the duty-free market. It started selling foreign liquors and cars in the US military bases, expanding its business to run stores in selected European and Asian airports. By the 1980s, GlobShop was a niche but solid player in the travel retail market, operating in Australia, New Zealand, the USA, and the UK besides Europe and Asia. The company even achieved to open duty-free stores in some American and European cities. However, the 1991 Gulf War and the East-Asia economic crisis of 1997 affected the travel and tourism market, causing severe hurdles to GlobShop and highlighting the need for corporate restructuring. Moreover, the events following the terroristic attack of September 11, 2001, exacerbated the challenges, pushing the management to accelerate the process. At this moment, the company was organized in ten regional business units, and IT operation was highly decentralized and operated under a distinct budget. As a result, duplicated and legacy applications, redundant software, infrastructure, and resources rocketed the running costs. The management understood that redefining both operational and administrative processes and centralizing them at the corporate level would have led to substantial savings (Ranganathan, Krishnan, & Glickman, 2007). Roger Deen, the CIO of GlobShop, was mandated to reorganize and centralize the IT sector. After thorough studies and extensive discussion, Deen suggested an approach that consolidated the ten regional IT units into a global one through centralizing the IT budget, streamlining IT governance, and consolidating and standardizing IT operations. The plan included the outsourcing of part of application support and maintenance to reduce the costs further. The Indian company Indo-Systems Solutions (ISS) was chosen as a partner to handle application development, support, and maintenance of merchandising and retail systems, as well as provide technical support for the company’s IT infrastructure. What Factors Led to GlobShop’s Decision to Offshore Significant Portions of Its IT Infrastructure to India? While IT offshoring provides several benefits, the choice of the associate is crucial. Many outsourcing projects have resulted in negative outcomes as a consequence of poor selection (Khan & Khan, 2017). Hence, GlobShop needed to assess diverse opportunities to find a reliable partnership. After a weighted evaluation of different geographical areas, which also included China and Eastern Europe, India emerged as the most reliable potential offshore location. While China raised IT protection and intellectual property concerns and Eastern Europe was still in the process of readjustment after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, India has a consolidated IT segment, backed by a dependable legal system. How Well Did GlobShop Manage the Change Process
In the book Empire: A very short introduction, Howe lays out a reasonable and logical understanding of the history of empires beginning from the introductory section. He relates history to either an imperial or a colonial nature of governance. In his thoughts, the author carefully expounds what an empire entails. He is keen on defining the terse meaning of an empire. He also points out the legacies of world-renowned empires such as the Russian and Roman empires. Throughout the introductory section of the book, the author highlights the historical significance of both ancient and modern empires. He manages to bring out historical issues such as colonialism, imperialism, and globalization. Chapter offers a succinct discussion of the underlying meaning of an imperialist. It is certain that the development of the world’s history largely relies on the establishment, growth, and eventual collapse and their associated legacies. From an objective point of view, it is evident that speculations and arguments are rife over the fact that the old empires still influence contemporary global polithe tics. The author attempts to distance himself from the notion that an empire “is a bad thing” by relating such arguments to fairy tales and abstract computer games. The latter depicts a figurative approach to the aspects of empires and imperialism. It is irrefutable that the first chapter of the book is a vivid discussion of ancient territories and their influence in the development of modern empires. Needless to say, there is a close relationship between pre-modern ideas and debates surrounding empires and colonies. Although this review focuses on the introductory section and the first chapter of the book, the author misses a chance to expound outstanding differences and similarities between modern and ancient empires. In addition, a statement on the contribution and spread of imperialism and neo-colonialism is vital especially when introducing the contents of the book. Nonetheless, a through review of this book will assist in brainstorming and answering numerous questions emerging from the book. The book effectively and thoroughly addresses a number of factors that led into the emergence of rapid wave of decolonization from 1945 to1965. Howe reveals that during the aforementioned historical years, the colonial masters were already disengaging themselves from their colonial territories bearing in mind that the Second World War had been concluded. During this period, nationalists emerged within the colonies. They massively demonstrated and rioted as part and parcel of fighting for their independence. Moreover, European countries began to scramble over territories with the desire to acquire raw materials and free labor for industries abroad. In Algeria, both Britain and France demonstrated common interest. Meanwhile, prominent territories such as India became independent and compelled the process of decolonization to lose the much-needed psychic charge.
Streptococcal Pharyngitis Bacteria penetrate the pharyngeal mucosa and induce an inflammation associated with Streptococcus A that a person may carry in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms include throat pain, weakness, fever, hyperplasia of lymphoid elements, etc. (Thompson & Wenig, 2016). Acute Pharyngitis, Unspecified Microorganisms penetrate the mucous membrane of the pharynx through micro-damages and cause a local inflammatory reaction, usually, of an exudative character (Hetchman, 2013). Unspecified AP may be triggered by the flu, typhoid fever, infectious rubella, etc., or be one of the manifestations of glomerulonephritis, acute leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis, agranulocytosis, hypertension, etc.(Gupte, 2016). Symptoms: swelling and reddening of the mucous membrane of the tonsils, cough, temperature rises, fever, pain when swallowing, asymmetry of the tonsils, and hoarseness (Vovrick, 2015). Acute Pharyngitis Acute inflammation of the mucous membrane in the middle part of the pharynx, usually combined with inflammatory changes in the oral cavity and the palatine tonsils (Walker et al., 2014). The trigger mechanism of the pathological process can be the general and local effects of the thermal/environmental factor (Renner, Mueller, & Shephard, 2012). In AP, hyperemia and swelling spread evenly throughout the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall. Mucous glands grow in size and produce an excessive amount of secretion. Individual follicles of the lymphadenitis tissue become edematous, acquire a hemispherical shape, or form strands (Thompson & Wenig, 2016). Candidiasis of Mouth The major cause of the disease is pathogenic fungi. The in
Introduction Francis Scott Fitzgerald is a renowned American writer of the Jazz Age. He wrote about the disconcerting time in which he lived, where people were either rich or dreamt of wealth. Just like the majority of Americans, Fitzgerald could not resist the urge of wealth accumulation; unfortunately, this quest brought misery and devastation. Fitzgerald’s life is an example of both sides of the American Dream: the joys of young love, wealth and success, and the tragedies associated with success and failure. His prodigious literary voice and style provide remarkable insight into the lifestyles of the rich and famous, as well as himself. Early Life Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born in “St. Paul, Minnesota, the U.S. on 24 September 1896 (Edward 5). His father, Edward, was a nobleman from Maryland. Francis’ mother, Mary McQuillan, came from a wealthy background. Fitzgerald first attended St. Paul Academy, in 1908-1910, before joining the Newman School, a Catholic preparatory school in New Jersey, in 1911-1913. His dreams of fame came close to reality later in 1917 at Princeton University, where he became a member of the prominent Princeton Triangle Drama Club. Fitzgerald made a significant contribution to the club, by writing scripts and lyrics for the club’s music, and contributed to The Princeton Tiger Humor Magazine and the Nassau Literary Magazine(Broom 65). Fitzgerald struggled with his academics and finally dropped out of the college of Princeton and joined the army in November 1917, where he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the junior team. Fitzgerald “fell in love with Zelda Sayre, the youngest daughter of an Alabama Supreme Court Judge while in Camp Sheridan, near Montgomery, where he had been assigned, in June 1918” (Curnutt 96). He had grand hopes of marrying Zelda Sayre, who was eighteen years old then, in a few years (Bryer and Barks 36). After discharge from the army, in 1919, he involved himself in advertisement work, in New York, to in a bid to get money for marriage. In July 1919, Fitzgerald quit from advertisement work and engaged in writing the novel “This Side of Paradise,” which made Zelda famous almost overnight on 26 March 1920 as one of the characters in his publication (Donaldson 56). They had a reunion and had a marriage a week later in New York, where they got on as young celebrities with expensive living. His wife Zelda became pregnant during his summertime in Westport, where he was writing his second novel, and they had the first trip to Europe in 1921 before settling in St. Paul for the birth of their only child, Frances Scott, in October 1921 (Prigozy 96). Literary Career The literary works of Fitzgerald include the novel “This Side of Paradise” that he begun in Princeton. He wrote the book after breaking with fiancée Zelda Sayre and returning to St. Paul, Minnesota. The inspiration for writing this novel was to highlight both sides of youth in the U.S., morality, and immorality. The novel was published in 1920, wh
Introduction This informative, critical, expository, analytical and argumentative essay of library science about Resource Description and Access presents a number of facts about commence of a major update (RDA) of ACCR2r, controversy in the library world as to whether or not RDA goes far enough in modernizing ACCR2r. Plus, it’s also shedding light on the background of AACR2r and how it relates to cataloging as well as the development of AACR2r and demonstrating numerous facts about how it has been outdated. Furthermore, the development of RDA along with its brief history is also being discussed in this essay. Plus, the negatives and positive features of RDA and the controversy surrounding RDA and modern cataloging practices are being highlighted as well. Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd Revised Edition (AACR2r) AACR2 in point of fact stands for the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition. It is printed together by the Canadian Library, The American Library Association, Association as well as the Information Professionals along with the Chartered Institute of Library within the UK. Essentially, AACR2 is intended and designed to make use of it in the structure of catalogs as well as other lists in wide-ranging libraries of all dimensions. Although, the set of laws cover the narrative along with the prerequisite of the right of entry points used for all library resources usually composed at the in attendance moment in time. In the face of the maintain designate Anglo-American for the most part the first edition of AACR was published during 1967 into quite distinctive North American as well as British texts(Susan, 2009). How AACR2r Relates to Cataloging It should be noted that the subsequent publication of 1978 combined the two sets of systems implementing the British spelling classification and cataloging plus fetched them in line by means of the International Standard Bibliographic Explanation. Although, Libraries aspiration to move around from the preceding North American content were appreciative to put into maneuver de-superimposition along with a significant revolutionize in the outward appearance of headings designed for communal remains. AACR2 continues living in more than a few print versions along with descriptions as well as online descriptions. Also, publish versions are obtainable as of the publishers. A variety of conversion is in addition accessible from further sources along with starting place. Actually, the Main beliefs of AACR take account of cataloging from the article leftover more willingly than inferring data commencing outside or external sources or foundation as well as the discernment of the most important starting position of information. Which is chosen wherever inconsistency continues living? Over
While investigating Richard Branson’s path to business success, it should be stressed that a traditional manager would not be able to achieve such incredible results. Therefore, he could be considered a powerful leader who makes use of unconventional strategy in managing people. Specifically, the head of the Virgin Group has always been distinguished in stimulating creative ideas and supporting other people in generating creative, unique processes. Such a strategy is not always typical of a traditional leader, who is more concerned with creating ideas and giving orders to subordinates to accomplish those. It should also be stressed that all ventures he guides are not large-scale; rather, Branson pays attention to creating small enterprises in which the major assets are employees’ skills and creative ideas contributing to the organization’s success. Overall, all his leadership strategy is confined to searching for something authentic and unique, which strengthens the competitiveness of the venture. Regarding the theoretical perspective, Branson’s leadership strategy relies on influencing others to generate success and achieve the desired goals. Because leadership is a social process that influences other members’ actions, it is not limited to the impact exercised by someone taking a higher position because followers constitute an inherent part of the leadership process. Hence, leaders can lead until they have followers, which is the primary condition for success. At this point, the main advantage of Branson’s techniques lies in his ability to notice people who are capable of generating unique ideas and defining the very uniqueness of these new ideas. There is a strong connectio
Several business theories are applicable in the process of dealing with management issues especially on the buying behavior of individuals and marketing processes within international market (Gopalakrishnan, 2004). It is important for Foster to analyze such dimensions for the purposes of inventing appropriate processes capable of persuading consumers to buy products and services. In most occasions customers purchase food products after undergoing a series of steps such as familiarizing themselves with the kind of food available for consumption and their distinctive tastes. Due to such experiences consumers make different buying decisions based on a number of factors such as cultural influences, environmental elements as well their own personality (Hughes and Morgan, 2006). According to the case study, consumers though attracted to foreign fast food companies were still associating with restaurants serving Chinese food and those of Asian origin due to their affordable charges on food such as large fries which appealed to Chinese youths. At some point McDonalds adopted the same aspect which made Chinese youth willing to indulge in foreign fare. This is based on Generic theory of buying behavior where consumers follow generic model on decision-making before finally purchasing new products within the market. Foster experienced challenge on handling menu variations for food, handling major business operations as well as organizing focused marketing team. Within Chinese market, the challenge was based on appealing to local preferences which mostly inclined towards rice-based dishes as well as low pricing. The other issue was based on cultural theory of buying behavior, whereby most purchases are made based on cultural affiliations within specified regions. Within such context an individual’s culture refers to set of values and beliefs common to a particular community. In regions like China, purchases are based on various aspects such as income and occupation which characterizes the strong middle-class and large population of women workforce. There is also growing trend on the culture of eating out within Chinese food industry as revealed by the increased per capita income within the middle class population ( Lee et al., 2006 ). Internalization as indicated in the case study has the capability of bringing about multicultural challenges within management as well as employment sector, since those involved are required to be familiar with standards of target market. This includes being familiar with native language within target market segment as the case of Louis Chan who was quite conversant with Chinese language. However, the nature of competition within food industry calls for application of workable marketing principles capable of consolidating consumers from different cultural backgrounds. At the same time, the kind of advertisement, products and services utilized by Levender café needs to be directed towards assisting employees such as Mia Foster from different country background to overcome cultural barriers.
Introduction Personal behavioral motives and lifestyle, as a rule, depend on the environment in which a person interacts and communicates with other people. However, external influence is not the only factor that has an effect on individual beliefs and preferences. Personal incentives and interests form a certain life motto defining specific behavioral patterns and characterizing a person from a particular standpoint. Regarding my individual beliefs, I cannot argue that I have a clear-cut life credo explaining all my actions and decisions. Nevertheless, when taking take into account my interests and goals, I can note that the main principles that lead me through life are learning, believing, and winning, and I try to stick to this motto. Learning, Believing, and Winning This principle is not the law that I keep unquestioningly and do my best to implement each of the points. This formulation may seem philosophical; nevertheless, according to Migliore, the personal slogans of thinkers are distinguished by depth and a call for reflection, for instance, Kant’s motto “Dare to think for yourself” (47). At the same time, when analyzing my words in more detail, it is possible to find the meaning that may not be immediately understandable. The concept of learning that I mention first implies a constant desire for self-improvement and studying new things. It does not mean that spending all free time with textbooks and academic literature is a necessity. The key idea that I put into this term is an ability to extract something useful from all that occurs on the path of life. It can be both negative and positive experience, but the main thing is to ensure that any knowledge is useful and productive and gives an opportunity to either acquire new skills or avoid mistakes in the future. Believing means self-confidence and capabilities, determining the strength of one’s character and the desire to achieve goals. This concept may be assessed from several points of view because for someone, faith is inseparably linked with God and religion, and someone sees perseverance and tenacity in this concept. In my understanding, both these definitions apply to this part of my motto. Christian doctrines about God view human faith as one of the mechanisms of communication with the church, and as Battiste notes, religious concepts encourage self-development achieved through pure beliefs (112). Therefore, this aspect is one of the components of my personal motto. Finally, winning is another incentive that I appreciate and respect. This component does not mean that I strive to gain a victory in any case at all costs, neglecting moral and ethical values. On the contrary, my position is to achieve success and, at the same time, not to prove something to others. The most significant victory is the victory over oneself, and when I realize that I have managed to overcome some challenges and become stronger b