ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Are women doing better or worse today? It is imperative to say that women are doing much better than in the past thanks to organizations that fight against discrimination. The progress that has been shown can be described as tremendous, and this is an aspect that should not be disregarded. It is necessary to mention that the level of education has increased significantly, and discrimination in the workplace is not as significant as it used to be in the past (Romack 239). Also, the fact that feminists have drawn attention to such issues as harassment in the workplace was vital because women may now be sure about their safety in such environments and do not have to be worried most of the time. It is evident that the situation has been getting better over the years. However, the problem is that many new issues are always introduced, and some of them may be incredibly problematic. Is there a war against women going on now? The problem that should not be overlooked is that wage gap is still present, but the government of the United States is determined to resolve the problem. Also, many reforms that would increase the safety of women are not supported. Moreover, many still may struggle with voting rights because of such factors as a need to gain access to birth records, and the process may be incredibly expensive and take a lot of time (McDonough par. 13). Another aspect that should not be disregarded is that the situation is much worse in other countries, and the way women are treated is truly worrying. Overall, there may be different perspectives on this topic, but it is evident that gender equality still has not been achieved, and necessary measures should be taken to ensure that this problem is addressed. Should Gender and Women’s studies disappear from universities? What are they good for? It is necessary to understand that Gender and Women’s studies cannot disappear from institutions at this point because such courses have already had an enormous impact on the society. It is understandable that many may think that this approach leads to segregation, but benefits and advantages also should not be overlooked. Another aspect that is worth noting is that many universities all over the world have recognized that this is an area that needs to be studied. Moreover, the biggest current problem is that women are still discriminated in many regions, and the r
Civil Rights Movement and jazz played a major role in giving African American communities their rights as citizens of the United States. Although institutionalized racism and discrimination did not disappear, it is safe to say that the issues became less transparent and obvious. Ingrid Monson’s article describes how jazz artists became major influencers and contributors to the Civil Rights Movement by raising funds through their performances. These types of concerts and jazz, in general, were vital contributing factors for the Civil Rights Movement. In the given article, the author attempted to analyze the musical-theoretical and cultural foundations of jazz from the 1960s to the 20th century in the socio-cultural aspect, establishing the relationship between socio-political events and the development of jazz style. The given influence was manifested in the fact that jazz performers conducted fundraising concerts in order to sponsor organizations, such as NAACP. For example, the Duke Ellington orchestra funded the NAACP legal defense and education fund in 1951 (Monson 155). It is important to have a desire to comprehend many events of the specified period in aggregate and draw parallels between them. The above author did not consider all aspects at the same time. One can indicate that there is a relationship between jazz and African American folklore, cult music, and political events in the country. The purpose of this part was to establish the degree of influence of the sociocultural situation prevailing in the United States in the 1960s on the jazz styles of this period, musical vocabulary, and the conceptual development of jazz. Important elements of this article are to consider the main socio-political events that took place in the USA in the 60s and to define jazz as a form of musical art. In addition, it is necessary to identify the main changes in the music of this period and analyze how events related to the aggravation of the racial and political situation, as well as the crisis of social and bourgeois morality and the search for new spiritual guidelines, influenced jazz. The 1960s are characterized by the aggravated problem of war and peace. The US military invasion of Vietnam in 1965 brought to life youth anti-government protests that began at the University of Michigan and Washington and then spread to many US universities. However, the Civil Rights Movement was gradually advancing its main message. It is stated that a number of fund-raising events were held at Village Gate during 1965-1970 (Monson 165). Student demonstrations, called teach-in, took the form of political disputes, which discussed current social problems. A series of such speeches led to the outbreak of anti-war demonstrations in the fall of 1965 (Perchard 102). In 1961, the idea of Black pride was tightly interlinked with Freedom Now Suite (Monson 172). At the begi
Introduction The relations of human beings within the society are conditioned by complex phenomena that are mainly focused on the issues of benefit and personal income that every person tries to increase. If the question of income comes into play, the usual area for consideration of this question is the area of wages, their inequality and the necessity to compensate for the possible differences observed (Bhaskar et., 2002). People have different jobs, various working conditions, and wide ranges of work and retirement benefits. However, people hold the belief that all people are created equal and the situations when some people earn more than others cause conflicts. To avoid the latter, employers should focus on policies allowing more or less equal wage differentials compensations. Thus, the assessment of the empirical study findings of wade differentials is the focus of this paper. Wage Differentials The major idea of wage differentials lies in the fact that formerly all workers were perceived as equal and their wages were equal as well. However, later the concept of wage differential compensation was introduced to consider the inequalities that are observed in working environments and capital investments that people make to acquire new skills and increase the utility of their work (Blau and Kahn, 2006). Considering also the relation of risk the job presents and the wage levels, the following formulae are used to measure utility and marginal utility respectively. Adam Smith was the first scholar to notice these differences that were later formulated in the following functions: U = U (w, ρ) MU w =ΔU/ΔWρ or MU ρ =ΔU/ΔρW Log W i /P i = a 1 + a 2 I i +a 3 I i 2 + a 4 S i +a 5 X i + a 6 P i + ε i These formulae illustrate the fact that wages increase proportionately to the risk of the job and to the readiness of an employee to take those risks and work in a less comfortable working environment. Empirical Studies Basic Data Further on, empirical studies were carried out in Sweden between 1968 and 1974, and their results proved that people exposed to less favorable working conditions expect and actually get higher wages and 3 to 4% premiums, while those dealing with mental work can expect 5% premiums. Studies carried out by Brown (1980), Smith (1979), etc. demonstrate the levels of readiness of workers in USA and UK to earn lower wages but to be exposed to less danger and lethal threats at work. Scholars tried to see how much the workers are ready to pay for safety in the workplace, and the results of their work can be summarized in the following table: Researchers
Introduction One of the most common traumas that a child can suffer from is death of a parent. Parental death is a major risk faced by young children especially from poorer countries. Parental death affects both boys and girls. The major consequences of orphanhood on young children are disruption to their studies. It is evident from studies that have been carried out that this problem is specific to countries with high AIDS pandemic. Studies also show that there is a relationship between the school outcomes of children in poverty and orphanhood. Case (2004) outlines two reasons why there is a relationship between the school outcomes of children on one hand and poverty and orphanhood on the other. An orphan who lives in poor households may not control household wealth and as a result, the researcher found some degree of causation. Secondly, if death of parents is very common among the poor households, then such a condition that is based on unobserved feature like the parents` HIV status is likely to affect the educational outcome of children. Ardington (2006), states that orphanhood negatively affects children’s’ outcome. Yamano and Jayne (2005) state that the negative outcome of orphanhood is only restricted to poor children. Adults give priority to their children in relation to the orphans regardless of whether they are living in a well off household or not. Case and Ardington (2006) found out that the majority of the maternal orphans who lived in the same house but their mothers were still alive had a 0.2 less years of schooling, although there was no major disparity in enrollment in school. Gertler (2004) found out that 50% of school dropouts are orphans, additionally there are no gender disparities based either on the deceased parent or on the child. Adverse Consequences of Parental Death on Young Children Effects on Human Capital In the modern world, education (human capital), exclusively relies on financial resources. This has serious implications for children with no parents. The death of a father, a mother or both implies lower accumulation of human capital for the orphaned children as they lack sponsors to finance their educational expenses (Gertler, 2004). Ainsworth and Filmer (2006) found out that the adverse consequences of parental absence on an orphan’s education are limited to specific countries. They also warned against prescribing traditional interventions like to subsidize school fees in order to increase the level of school enrollment. Apart from educational disruptions, orphanhood adversely affects the health of children. According to Gertler (2004), it is significant for one to examine the future impacts of orphanhood. It is also very vital to examine whether orphanhood affects the child for entire life or affects the outcome of the child’s education over a short period of time. In a study by Beegle (2007), he examined the long run consequences of orphanhood on children
Introduction The immigration issue causes serious debates and is surrounded by many biases due to a lack of understanding of immigrants’ impact on the development of the United States. Jawetz (2019) notes the dichotomy of views on the subject and their confrontation – supporters of migration see America as a nation of immigrants, and opponents consider it as a nation of laws. Their confrontation supports the instability of the existing system instead of combining both directions to create a new one, more effective. The current system has not been updated since the 1990s (Kerwin & Warren, 2017). It is not sufficiently flexible and has many issues to solve. This paper proposes several areas for improving immigration policies that address such elements as social life and human rights. Despite the importance of all immigration issues, consideration of immigrants’ legal status, family reunification, refugee support, the establishment of new public bodies, and international cooperation are paramount. Immigration Reform Goals Immigrants’ Status Settlement in the United States, even without legal grounds for staying in the country, created a negative image for immigrants, equating them with criminals. Creating a fair, legal, and humane immigration system requires the legalization of almost 11 million immigrants already staying in the country and the simplification of obtaining citizenship in the country (Jawetz, 2019). Kerwin and Warren (2017) argue that this goal requires actions “to eliminate barriers to legal immigration like the three and 10-year bars and the cutoff date on eligibility for in-country adjustment of status under INA § 245 (i)” (p. 320). Other measures may be expanding the visa program H1B and creating another similar one for workers without a college degree (Peri, 2020). The legal situation in the country and the chance of obtaining citizenship will improve immigrants’ status and image in society. They will also help to attract new immigrants by legal means. Family Reunification The new immigration policy should also focus on humane care for immigrants. Many families were separated due to the activities of the Trump administration (Bahar, 2020, “21 for ’21,” 2021; Jawetz, 2019). This situation is unacceptable, unconstitutional, and caused by no need (Jawetz, 2019). Moreover, immigrants have limited opportunities for the support of relatives, which was introduced 30 years ago – in 1990 (Bier, 2020). For the
Article Summary The study by Granic, Lobel, and Engels (2014) discusses the influence of video games on those who play them. It is stressed that video games have been a controversial issue lately and that the popular media constantly write about the dangers of these games and their connection to violence (Granic et al., 2014, p. 66). In this respect, it should be noted that, for instance, President Trump often asserts that video games are the reason for mass shootings in schools, whereas it is argued that he is wrong (Kain, 2018; Salam & Stack, 2018). Granic et al. (2014) also stress that most studies explore the potential adverse impacts of video gaming on individuals, such as possible increases in depression and violence (Granic et al., 2014). In contrast, these authors focus on the positive effects of video gaming, investigating them in four key areas: motivational, cognitive, social, and emotional (Granic et al., 2014). They also propose designing games for specific purposes and using them for goals such as education (Granic et al., 2014). Central Question The central question of the article is whether video games provide players with various benefits. The authors support this claim; in particular, they note that “these games hold [potential] for interventions that promote well-being, including the prevention and treatment of mental health problems in youth,” even though few games were developed to meet that particular goal (Granic et al., 2014, p. 76). This opinion is contrasted to the approach found in most psychological studies on video games, which stress their “negative impact: the potential harm related to aggression, addiction, and depression” (Granic et al., 2014, p. 66). Methodology The study by Granic et al. (2014) is based on a literature review, and discusses a multitude of potential benefits of video games; all of these cannot be assessed in a single study. Thus, because the mentioned controversy is related to the alleged impact of video games on aggression and violence in schools (Kain, 2018; Salam & Stack, 2018), it is possible to assess whether video games are indeed associated with increased levels of aggression. To conduct such a study, an instrument for assessing the levels of aggression should be developed or selected. It is recommended that the instrument should use descriptions of actions rather than terms (e.g. not “I am often aggressive with my classmates,” but “I often want to hit my classmates”) to avoid discrepancies in the interpretation of items across respondents. It is possible to use, e.g., the Physical and Verbal Aggres
Moving and handling clients in nursing at present is very sincerely compared to 2 to 3 decades ago. During that period nurses are accustomed to humping and dragging patients up to their bed or moving them into a chair or in a movable stand or cupboard containing a washbowl with no equipment and procedures that are practiced nowadays. The execution of a number of European Directives in 1992 shows the way to a significant modification in health and safety/protection requirements in connection to the instruction manual of handling and moving. These instructions established that managers have a responsibility to make sure the safety of all staff concerned in manual handling and moving procedures. These measures also put down the values which employers should respect with concern to measuring the possibility in their areas and executing procedures to stay away from preventable injuries. The managers are also accountable for supporting all employers to offer suitable handling equipment and educate their staff to make use of such equipment and carry out acceptable handling and moving techniques. Moving and handling injuries continue to be a leading cause of sickness absence and job loss among employees in housing and domiciliary care and in nursing homes. Manual handling can be described as the moving or supporting of weight by hand or another part of the body. It can consist of lifting, lowering, moving forward, dragging, transporting and deliberate throwing of a weight. Manual handling is an essential role of nursing care. Cornish, J. Jones, A. 2009, Factors affecting compliance with moving and handling policy: Student nurses’ views and experiences Nurse Education in Practice. The authors of this study aim to emphasize factors that affect students’ observance of the moving and handling (M&H) policy. The legal prerequisite for nurses to follow a manual handling policy is included within Health and Safety policy (Health and Safety Executive, 1992) and has the purpose of avoiding injuries to nursing staff through the preparation of safe working environments and structures of work. These systems are also relevant to student nurses but the idea of safe handling has an advantage to patients in that proper handling can improve patient independence and relieve and lessen possible damage that could affect by poor practice (Cornish and Jones, 2007). One of the most helpful conclusions drawn by the authors from their data is that st
It has been a long road before the Internet came into use and many other technologies have served as stepping stones to this success. Today the “gift” of virtually holding the globe in the hands is finally here. The internet has brought with it many good things that made life more fun and meaningful. Here are some of the most evident benefits of the internet. The internet has promoted rapid socialization. This has been achieved through the various methods of transmitting information, such as e-mails and instant messaging. A great percentage of this interaction resulted in social networking sites such as Facebook and twitter. The increased communication has led to great international understanding as a result of cultural exchange among nations. For both large and small businesses, the internet has brought amazing resources. Today it is possible to carry out effective advertising through the internet and be sure to get many buyers, because many people turn to the internet while consider making a purchase bearing in mind that through the same avenue it is much easier to compare costs between several outlets. It is now possible to conduct business anywhere and even seal a deal that involves payment made through the internet such as Direct Wire Transfer, PayPal and MoneyBookers . Education has also undergone great changes that have enabled knowledge to be shared instantly and across long distances. Using video conferencing technology, it is now possible to attend a lecture being conducted in another continent without travelling there physically. The advantage is that scholars are able to share ideas and knowledge that are of world class. What is more, most universities offer online degrees. This has the benefit of convenience. There are also seminars and training forums where one can acquire free skills that will prove useful in improving the general standard of life. These new technology is not without shortcomings. Some of the disadvantages of the improved technology include new forms of pollution that are as a result of the gadgets used to access the resource. Recent research conducted by scientists from China, America, Denmark and Australia indicated that exposure to even low radiation, such as that produced by cell phones, can lead to several types of cancers, heart deceases and impair the immune system. A study of brain tumor and their causes has shown a relationship between this type of cancer and the use of cell phones. Studies show that those who have used cell phones for a long period of time are 5 times more likely to get cancer. Furthermore, the risk is high for those who use the phone on only one ear. Countries like France have taken stringent measures aimed at minimizing exposure. These measures include removal of wireless network equipment near schools and other public places including libraries. I
Our mind cannot exist without activities and it is almost impossible to imagine our life without directing personal abilities to different spheres of life. Music is an integral part of human well-being and it is a source of giving a state of pleasure which is so important for everyone. Music has been developed for many centuries; the 18 th century for the sphere of music is of great significance as the musicians of that time contributed a lot and provided us with a detailed description and outstanding musical composition of their epoch. Instrumental music is considered to be a vocal beautiful accomplishment or a sound of our soul. The 18th century faced the appearance of important musical instrumental genres which would continue their development and gain recognition for their unique character. Symphony is one of such directions which was viewed with a certain skepticism at the very beginning of its development. It was considered to be devoid of individual features but contained only the reflection of other musical styles. In the 18th century, instrumental music was grounded on the thoughts of French rationalists which meant that this genre was created in order to imitate the sounds of nature. Composers faced the major problem of creating new terminology and a comprehensive approach conducive for the listeners. It was really important as the audience in the 18th century formed an integral part of the process of instrumental compositions while nowadays the listeners are passive and uninvolved. The instrumental genre became unique and contained individual features and techniques. The symphony as a part of this genre was defined as “the instrumental paradigm of all kinds of music”. At the end of the period, instrumental music became independent and widened its men of expressiveness. 18th century in this sphere is known because of such outstanding composers and musicians as Bach, L. Mozart, J. J. Quantz, Koch, J. A. Hiller, Mattheson, etc. Together with the development of the instrumental genre of music, great attention was paid to the theater and opera. The development of this musical style was generally based on the activities of such great musicians as Karl Heinrich Graun, Christopher Willibald von Gluck, Nicolo Jomelli, Henry Purcell, Dr. Thomas Arne, and many other outstanding composers. The creation of this genre caused the reaction of Italy concerning the alleged extravagance and this idea was supported by many composers during the whole 18 th century. The suggestion of an opera happy ending resulted in numerous misunderstandings among the people involved in this genre. Besides, the composer was not considered to be a dominant figure at opera houses, they were just to suit the acting singers who appeared to be an integral part of the compositional process. With every passing