ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The study of our history marks the first step in understanding our earlier period which usually helps us to have a perceptive of the happenings and events that have taken place over years which can also facilitate improving the future. In this research paper we shall review the four freedoms which were articulated by President Roosevelt in the year 1941 (Crowley, 2010) [1] . Throughout the discussion we shall elaborate the four freedoms in a broader way for better understating; we shall also describe the several measures that were put in place in order to ensure the four freedoms are fully achieved for the better of US administration and for the wellbeing of the entire population as well. Discussion The four freedoms reflect the goals and objectives of the American state. The four freedoms were spoken by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 6 th January the year 1941 (Crowley, 2010) [2] . During a gathering of the State of the Union Address, when President Franklin Roosevelt was giving his speech he mentioned the four freedoms which he argued are basic for the humanity and all the population in the world ought to enjoy them across the planet. At this particular time the congress had made a gathering to discuss the necessary measures of protecting the state of America which they argued had been facing the worst security threat of all times. In the speech, Roosevelt started by declaring that there is a greater need to tighten the means of security for America because of protecting its citizens in the future days to come. In fact, he said that “in the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms” (Crowley, 2010) [3] which according to the US administration is the only ultimate solution for a better secured future. The four chief freedoms are; freedom of speech and expression, freedom to worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear (Wwnorton.com, 2011) [4] . The first freedom of speech and expression advocates that, all human-beings should be able to expresses themselves through speech freely anywhere in the world without any restrictions, while the second freedom represents the freedom to worship; it advocates that any individual should be at liberty to worship based ones believe any where in the world regardless of nationality (Wwnorton.com, 2011) [5] . The third freedom from want is a freedom policy seeking humanity liberation which if when translated into earthly terms it refers to the world-wide or global economic unity w
Scientists have described about five forces of human evolution. The common ones include genetic drift, mutations, natural selection and gene flow. Although some of the theories have raised disputes among biologists, each of the aforementioned phenomena has a tremendous impact on the population. Secondly, the isolating mechanism is a biological element, which interferes with continuous reproduction among species. Therefore, the next discussion gives a brief review on the population variation in relation to the evolution forces. The first force of evolution is natural selection. Natural selection is whereby through gene adaptation and environmental changes the rate of reproduction among organisms is naturally balanced (Haviland et al. 100). Through genetic variation, only the healthy organisms are able to reproduce. Within a population, only the healthy individuals have a longer life span while the weak organisms naturally die. In addition, the environment also comes in handy to select the organisms, which are fit and can subsequently reproduce. More over, between populations, only those organisms, which can easily adapt to the dynamic environment, are higher in number. Each population has a different level of environmental adaptation thus, determining its survival rate. Therefore, natural selection can lead to the extinct of a specific (genetically weaker) population or individual. Secondly, mutation is the alteration of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of an organism. Depending on the location of mutation, either this force can lead to detrimental /beneficial effects to an organism or it can pass unnoticed (neutral mutations). Gross mutations can lead to the change of an organism’s characteristics such as color within an organism. For instance, Sickle cell anemia occurs because of mutation. Through mutations, different population can present different characteristics. For instance in humans’ variation in skin color, emergence of diseases and other health fitness problems may arise. Thirdly, genetic drift is an evolutionary force whereby there is random alteration of genes, which occurs through chance. According to scientists, this force commonly affects small populations whereby through elements like genetic bottleneck, there is significant reduction of the population size. Subsequently, there is loss of genetic variation within or between populations. Due to genetic variation or loss, a new population may arise within a community/population or between populations. Finally, the gene flow is an evolutionary force, which describes the movement of genes between or within populations. Through aspects such as migration, emigration and immigration there is exchange of genes within the organisms. This commonly occurs through mating, which leads to the production of a hybrid organism. Therefore, through gene flow, a new population may arise or there might be modification of an organism within
Introduction Amazon.com is an electronic commerce company. It is the largest online retailer as far as the US market is concerned. The company was founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos but it went online in 1995 (Beaumont 11). It should be known that the company was initially known as Cadabra, Inc. The current name (Amazon.com) was inspired by the Amazon River which is one of the largest rivers in the world. From a broad perspective, the name implies a large company. Because the name starts with an A, the founder knew that it will always show at the beginning of alphabetical lists. The company initially started as an online bookstore but it has been diversifying to sell other products like CDs, MP3s, electronics, and others. It started issuing its shares to the public in 1997 (Spector 12). The company has been profitable as time goes by and this is good news based on the internet bubble. Amazon.com has revenues of US$ 34.2 billion and it employs 33,700 people (Beaumont 21). Discussion It should be known that Amazon.com has an active website and this is because it is an online company. In this case, there are various pros and cons of using its webpage. We have a large number of pros that can be evaluated. It is easy to get started on the Amazons webpage (Spector 37). This is because it has a large number of products and anyone can be incorporated. It should be known that the website provides step by step instructions on how to go about various aspects. This is because Amazon stands out as the most widely used online store in the world. From a broad perspective, the webpage allows different users to submit their reviews. Amazon.com allows an individual to open up to more than 100 stores and this is good (Spector 24). In this case, a user can be able to sell some product units as time goes by. People can later link this website to their blogs. The webpage offers a huge selection of products and this allows individuals to even sell ads and banners. Wholesomely, Amazon has a lot of opportunities that can be seized by a wide range of users. It should also be known that Amazon.com has cons that need to be evaluated as far as using its webpage is concerned. The website offers a low referral fee for those who might wish to make a sale. Amazons webpage has been bashed because it only offers a one-day cookie. This can be termed as an unfair deal especially for those who want to make money (Beaumont 41). Responses to using Amazon’s website have not been fully taken care of and this is an aspect that needs to be looked at for sustainability. Conclusion Many people use Amazon.com and it has been projected that the website has 615 million users. This means that various reasons might compel people to use Amazon.com. Most users prefer Amazon.com because it is the most convenient way of shopping around for various products (Beaumont 19). It has been proven that Amazon leads the industry in media sales and books and this might
Executive summary The United States and Japan seem to have different working cultures in terms of industrial relations. Japanese economists respond to problems in distinctive manners such as the ways that have been influenced by the Japanese economic environment, by indigenous intellectuals traditions, and by the status of the economist in Japanese society. Japanese state played a vital role in initiating and protecting the business enterprise. While the American industrial history is full of cost analysis, human rights act and labor problems. In the late 1800s, Americans began their industrialization process with little knowledge about their workers rights. Thus, because lack of information on how to value their employees, resulted in the creation of many different groups, demonstrations, and unproductive protests nationwide. The impact of these protests led the United States industrial market to change the requirement of the market to meet the needs of the population. This brought in the idea of considering people first if the company has to produce better. The idea of putting people first was very fruitful for the workers. As the management is b
Presentation Both migraine and tension headaches are the main causes of headaches among the population. It is stated that around 36 million Americans suffer from migraine headaches (Lipton & Silberstein, 2015). In contrast, tension headache constitutes 90% of all headaches, but only 3% are manifested in the chronic form (Omidi & Zargar, 2015). Migraine is almost always more severe than tension headache due to the throbbing pain. The risk factors of a tension headache include stress, anxiety, or exhaustion, whereas migraine’s causes are well-established, and there is a possibility of genetic influences (Eidlitz-Markus et al., 2017). Therefore, both forms of headaches are common among the public. Pathophysiology The pathophysiological aspect of both headache types differs depending on the severity. It is stated that migraine is primarily linked to genes that cause brain disorders (Ferrari et al., 2015). These genes might be responsible for pain-sensing, synaptic function, glutamatergic neurotransmission, and vasculature (Ferrari et al., 2015). Thus, the clinical correlates of an incipient migraine attack are symptoms of the prodromal period. It includes the decreased concentration of attention, emotional lability, and increased sensitivity to light, which occur several hours before the onset of the headache. Typical triggers of an attack include emotional stress, sleep deprivation or excessive sleep, skipping meals, and sensory stimulation. However, tension headache is mostly multifactorial, and the primary involvers are facial muscles and stress-related brain changes. Assessment Assessment of both types of headaches is based on physical examination and patient history of diseases. Migraine headaches are distinctively assessed during the nighttime complaints, where a person’s sleep is disrupted due to the issue (Olesen, 2018). In the case of tension, one should be aware that the process might include an analysis of the prevalence of anxiety burden or emotional stress. These symptoms can be accompanied by natural bodily responses, such as muscle tightness around the face and skull (Omidi & Zargar, 2015). In addition, the presence of a wide range of migraine symptoms makes it necessary to proceed with diagnostic testing on the instance of their occurrences in a patient. Diagnosis Diagnosis of the given headache types needs to be determined on the basis of criteria defined by the International Headache Association (IHS). If the pain is pulsating, and ranges from moderate to severe, lasts for 4-
Introduction Constructive and creative settings can play an active role in educational, emotional and social development of students. As a matter of fact, such an environment has to be created, which might include introduction and/or improvement of several components. By way of this research, it will be established that a school’s physical environment helps, to a great extent, the performance and progress of students. How does a school’s classroom environment help students perform and progress better? Research Background The research topic of this study is “Classroom Environment”. Need for Study Several schools in Dubai are not comfortably suited to students. The ambience of schools has a negative psychological effect on students. As such, it is imperative to understand the impact of the physical environment of schools. This would help in improving such conditions that might help future students to perform better. Eventually, the real objective of attaining education will be achieved. Detailed Scope of the Study This study will try to answer the following research questions:   * Is physical environment in schools responsible for the performance of students?   * What are the factors that are conducive to better learning at schools? Research Methodology Research Plan The initial step was to talk to students and get their perspective on the impact of physical environment at schools on motivating students. Another method used was to create an experimental dummy classroom with several physical amenities. An experimental group of students was also selected. This group was made to compete with a controlled group of students that was made to sit in their usual classroom. The time frame was two months, after which the results of students were compared. Method of data collection Students were asked questions about their perceptions of the impact of physical environment on their performance. Results of the two groups of students, the controlled and experimental, were also compared. Primary data The questionnaire was designed in a manner that most of the factors concerning physical environment at schools were covered. Students and teachers were chosen as the target population because ultimately, they are the ones whose performance matters. Controlled and experimental groups were created in order to ascertain the impact of physical envi
Natural Law and the concepts of democracy form the basis for human rights, but then there’s the question of limitations to a person’s human rights; one of these limitations is the so-called “greater good”. The argument on “greater good” asserts that the responsibility to humanity forfeits individual rights, that the success of that responsibility justifies all the trouncing on human rights involved (Centre for Constitutional Rights). And so the atomic bombing of Japan by the US has been justified by the fact that it ended the Second World War. The US government, after 9/11 is increasingly being accused of human rights abuses and many people under suspicion, real or imagined, of terrorism have been illegally detained without trial and tortured. This paper will take an insight into the concept of the “greater good” in relation to the Habeas Corpus (a provision in the US constitution). Background Habeas Corpus, also known as the Great Writ, is a constitutional legal provision that is meant to prevent the government from detaining or holding anyone without giving cause (Centre for Constitutional Rights). It also gives detainees the right to petition against detention done by the government; in that case the executive branch of the government must give a legal justification for the detention before a judge (Centre for Constitutional Rights). In the US, Habeus Corpus is enshrined in the first article of the constitution, but as part of the response to 9/11 by the US government, the Military Commissions Act (MCA) was passed by the Congress in 2006 (Centre for Constitutional Rights). It is this MCA that took away the right to habeas corpus from Guantanamo Bay detainees and any other foreigners detained as “enemy combatant” (Centre for Constitutional Rights). But evidence has shown that most if not all Guantanamo Bay detainees have not been captured by US forces or caught in the battlefield, and most of the men have not even been legally charged with any crime (Centre for Constitutional Rights). Approximately 800 people have been held so far and only 10 of them have been charged (CCR), the rest continues to face torture, sham trials and so on (Centre for Constitutional Rights). But the MCA does not only apply to foreigners or Guantanamo Bay detainees as it also applies to legal US residents, even those who have lived in the US for many years are susceptible to being labeled “enemy combatant” and detained without trial (Centre for Constitutional Rights). Probably the most famous of these is the detention of Abdulrahman Zeitoun, the subject of David Egger’s book ‘Zeitoun’, along with three other colleagues (Pilkington). Zeitoun, a Syrian- American citizen living in New Orleans had stayed behind in the face of the Hurricane Katrina to watch over his property. For days after the Katrina had subsided, paddling in his small canoe, he had been running a one
The involvement of Canada in World War II played an important part in winning the war for all the countries that were involved in the war. The Second World War according to scholars and history records officially began in September 1, 1939 when the German Nazi’s, under Hitler’s orders, invaded Poland an act that would see Britain and France declaring war on Germany. The Canadian government decided to join the war nine days later on September the 10 th 1939 after Germany had declared war on Europe and the rest of the world. This was the country’s first independent declaration of war on a foreign country as well as its first participation in an international armed conflict that would lead to the loss of lives. [1] The number of soldiers that participated in the war amounted to 1.1 million military men and women who served in ether the air force, the navy, the armed forces or the various Canadian divisions and platoons that fought together with the British. The financial cost that was incurred by the government of Canada amounted to $21 billion dollars during the whole duration of the war. By the end of World War II, Canada was able to have one of the world’s largest air force fleet as well as a navy which was mostly attributed to the various battles the country took part in. Most of the battles that the Canadian army was involved in included the Battle of the Atlantic which took place in the Atlantic Ocean, the battle in Normandy and Dieppe and the Battle of Britain which was meant to deter Hitler and the Nazis from taking over England. Outbreak of the War During the outbreak of the war, Canada was reluctant to participate despite the country being the oldest dominion in the British Commonwealth. The country was however able to raise a substantial number of armed forces to join in the war despite the army being neglected for over 20 years. Before the war, the country’s permanent active militia were only 4,261 in number while the reserve active militia totalled 51,000. This included both male and female soldiers that were ill-equipped and poorly trained to deal with armed conflicts such as the war. At the outbreak of the war, Canada showed a great commitment to the war that had affected Europe by recruiting many soldiers to participate in the war. [2] While the country’s enlistment of over 1 million soldiers was seen to be proportionately smaller when compared to the British and Australian armies, half of these soldiers never left the country when compared to the three-quarter deployments of armed forces used by the other countries. Canada’s role in the war became increasingly important with the defeat and invasion of France as well as Normandy Beach which was an important landing for the British and Australian forces. [3] During the 1920’s the country had become one of the world’s leading automobile manufacturers in the world because of the
The United States experienced a revolutionary time from the 1840s to 60s. During this time, Murrin et al assert, “that two of the main issues which remained prominent were slavery and women rights” (236). This paper highlights the abolitionist views on race and change since the civil war to the year 1900 and how they affected the American view on race. Alcott as an author turned nurse serving in the civil war shows some mixed views on race in the extracts from one of her works at the hospital sketches. Alcott in her writing extracts in hospital sketches points out that despite the revolution, racial and sexist beliefs remained prevalent. The abolitionists of whom Alcott’s family was one were opposed to slavery. Alcott expresses the dilemma encountered by her. At the onset of the civil war, Alcott looks for employment as a nurse. This is in breaking free from the traditional role defined by the sexist attitude at that time. Her family in the dialogue suggests to her a number of options. A suggestion by Tom to “go to nurse the soldiers” (Alcott Ch. 1) finally gets Alcott’s upbeat. There is an air of disillusion with a tone of racism even as Alcott considers this option where she resigns with the view that “the Periwinkles are a hopeful race” (Alcott Ch. 1). The desire to offer her nursing results in an interview and a readiness to go to Washington at short notice. The response to Alcott’s application comes and it “brought a disappointment along with its good will and friendliness” (Alcott Ch. 1) informing her that her application in the Armory hospital was unsuccessful, but she has to fill “a much less desirable one at Hurly-burly house” (Alcott Ch. 1). As the narrative builds up, Alcott portrays mixed views on the issue of race. Slavery as a product of racism was a major issue in the civil war, with the opponents of slavery as abolitionists. However, the tone in Alcott’s writing, including words like colored, Irishman, Englishman still indicates Alcott had mixed views on race. As an abolitionist, Alcott conflicts her view when she addresses some of her patients as “Irishman” (Alcott Ch. 3, par. 12). The mixed views by Alcott concerning race also show up when she goes to the Senate chamber where she “found the speaker’s chair occupied by a colored gentleman” (Alcott Ch. 5, par. 14). At the nursing facility in Georgetown, Alcott while working becomes vocal about the deplorable conditions at the treatment facility. She is also aware of a part of the African American labor force at the facility that unfortunately has no option but to work under the deplorable conditions for long periods, which in itself is a form of slavery (Alcott Ch. 5). Americans’ view on race from the time of the civil war to 1900 was most conspicu