ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Avedis Donabedian proposed a model for assessing health care quality based on structures, processes and outcomes (Mendez, 1999). “Donabedian defines structure as the environment in which health care is provided, process as the method by which health care is provided and outcome as the consequence of the health care provided” (Mendez, 1999). According to Donabedian’s model, processes can be restrained by the structures in which they operate (Mendez, 1999). Donabedian’s structure-process-outcome model has been used as a guideline for examining health services and assessing patient outcomes (Medical Teamwork and Patient Safety, 2010). It is one of the most effective methods of ensuring patient satisfaction. According to Donabedian, structure encompasses both the physical and organizational aspects involved in the provision of healthcare (Medical Teamwork and Patient Safety, 2010). Donabedian describes the process as the treatment or service being provided to the patient. Finally, outcomes are referred to as the results of the treatment (Medical Teamwork and Patient Safety, 2010). A positive outcome reflects on the good standards of patient care. According to Mendez (1999), an effective measurement system uses its resources to improve the performance of any given medical institution. A measurement system ensures that the medical staff works effectively. Managers are tasked with the responsibility of choosing appropriate structures. These structures are used to create a work environment that functions smoothly. Mendez (1999) suggests that measures should be selected after a healthcare manager decides how they can be applied. A patient’s satisfaction depends on the quality of healthcare he or she is receiving. Mendez (1999) describes the model in the table below: Many medical practitioners have referred to this model on more than one occasion. Donabedian’s model has many applications. It can be used to save on medical expenses. It can also be used to ensure client satisfaction. Donabedian’s model protects an institution’s staff from legal problems. Such problems are usually caused by angry clients. Incompetence among staff members may also be one of the rising concerns within a medical institution. All members of a medical institution should be interviewed prior to their employment. Screenings should therefore be done on a regular basis. Periodic interviews are necessary in order to ensure adequate performance among the members of a particular institution. Donabedian’s approach caters for such situations. Outcomes are the final results of any given situation. The situation should be medical in nature. If an institution meets its documented expectations, then the outcome is said to be positive. If patients express dissatisfaction on a regular basis, then the outcome is said to be negative. The medical staff’s performance is measured on the basis of patient satisfaction. A hospital that enforces good conduct and human decency is likely to get a good review from its clients. Westaway, Rheeder, Van Zyl and Seager (2003) conducted a study based on Donabedian’s structure,
Introduction The American society can be described as a melting pot of culture with different people of different nationalities with different cultures coming together to form a nation. The history of America depicts a continent that is sparsely populated by the Indian tribes of America who are the original residents of the continent and whose existence is in jeopardy due to assimilation. The dominance and identity of the different races in the American society can be attributed to the time of their arrival in America and their numbers as well thus giving them a strong position in being accepted in society. This issue has been the biggest challenge to the minority groups that came to America late, and whose numbers are still low compared to other communities. Thus, they have tended to be made to look like outsiders in a country where their ancestors came and were buried. One minority group that has suffered the stigma of not being easily accepted in the society is the Arab group. Most of the Arabic people who have migrated to America have tended to stick to their culture thus further alienating themselves from the community that is so diverse. This trend has affected the reception of the Arab American literature and its acceptability in society because it ropes in their cultural practices and beliefs, which are not subscribed to by other communities as Hassan reveals (“The Rise of Arab American Literature” 248). According to the study, authors such as Abu-Jaber have come up with novels written in a form that integrate the peculiarities of Arab literature with the mainstream American forms of writing. It is also noteworthy that Hassan emphasises that there is no “systematic account of the birth and development of a tradition” of Arab American literature (“The Rise of Arab American Literature” 245). The works by Abu-Jaber are pieces of fictional writing that focus on hardships of Arabic women and men who cannot fully integrate into the American society. The novels display the way Arabic immigrants tried to translate “the tongue of their hearth, of irrational, un-American passions” into the language which could be understood by those around them (Abu-Jaber 304). The study provides a detailed review of the Arab literature using Abu-Jaber’s works, Arabian Jazz and Crescent , as the basis of argument. Chapter 1 Reading Arab American Literature America’s nature as a melting pot of culture is rich in different forms of literature that tend to identify with different groups. This diversity has been the only way for many different groups making up the American society to retrace their steps and curve out an identity for their society. As Majaj finds, by so doing, different communities in the American society have turned to literature as a way of expressing their culture and practices as well as a way of preserving the same for the future generations (69). The effect of a mosaic society is that the cultures of the groups in that society tend to fade with practices that are more acceptable across the board remaining firm as the only ways the society has for a common ground. Newcomers have to build their
The year 2005 was marked as the year of the hurricanes as Hurricane Katrina, Rita, and Wilma, all category 5 (wind speeds in excess of 155 mph), devastated the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, and Texas causing insurers losses worth billions of dollars. Consequently, the private insurers reduced the number of policies they wrote in coastal areas and the premiums skyrocketed. Hence, people often make decision without knowledge of the future, exposing them to risk of loss. Insurance helps, but a market economy is not always the solution to uncertainty. For insurance, for markets to function, two conditions must hold: diversified risk and probability of loss is equally well known to everyone. In the hurricane case both conditions failed. The failure of the second condition involves private information (discussed later). To delve into the economics of risk, let us first briefly describe a few concepts. A random variable, encountered by people all the time, is a variable that has an uncertain future value. An expected value of a random variable, however, is the weighted average of all states of the world, which is a possible future event. In an instance, when families are faced with random variables, and insurance costs roughly equal the expected values, the families or individuals, take it to reduce risk and uncertainty. This is formally known as risk aversion. Income has diminishing marginal utility, which means that every additional dollar is worth less than the previous one. With that said, if the family’s utility function has the typical shape of most families, its expected utility-the expected value of its total utility given uncertainty about future outcomes-is less than it would be if the family faced risk. Hence most people would be willing to buy fair insurance (an insurance policy for which the premium is equal to the expected value of the claim). Almost everyone is risk averse because almost everyone has diminishing marginal utility. However there are also individuals who are risk neutral (who are completely insensitive to risk). There are two primary reasons why individuals differ in risk aversion: differences in preferences, and differences in initial income and wealth. This difference is importance because it tells us how much individuals are willing to pay to avoid risk. Risk-averse individuals are willing to make deals that reduce their expected income but also reduce their risk. The insurance industry rests on two principles. The first is trade in risk and the second is diversification. These are discussed in the chapter as follows. Trading risk works as people who want to reduce the risk they face pay other people who are less sensitive to risk to take some of their risk away. By varying the premium (plotted on the y-axis) and asking how many insurers would be willing to provide insurance at that premium, we can trace out a supply curve
Introduction The subject of sex and sexuality in America continues to attract discussions from different people. Critics and adherents set in to declare their view of the issue. However, since the views are given, America remains the most ignorant on matters concerning sex and sexuality. Playwrights and filmmakers have taken the step of addressing the issue as it unfolds in America. Jason Reitman, the director of Juno Movie is among them featuring Juno, a very young pupil who becomes pregnant at 16. As the movie unfolds, America is not only ‘sex-crazed but also sexually conquered. Sex/Sexuality in America Although sex at the right time is holy and a good way of showing love, it is a crime if it happens before its time. The current American culture advocates sex even before marriage explaining the reason behind the numerous cases of sexual harassment, sexually transmitted diseases, and unplanned pregnancies, to mention but a few. As the gospel of abstinence among the youth and faithfulness among the married continue to be preached around the globe, it terrifies to learn that sexual immorality is on the rise. Sex in America is not a crime but a commercial activity that has deprived young men and women of their bright future. The director strategically uses Juno, the young student to show the spread of sexual matters in America. Sex is, not only exercised by adult married couples, but also by very young people. Juno, in her conversation, reveals that she is conversant with the use of ultrasound machines. The director drives home the point that the gadgets, initially meant for the married, like the ultrasound inventions, are nowadays for all. The subject of adolescence stands out well in the movie. Adolescence Adolescents are neither kids nor adults; they lie in between, explaining the reasons behind their mixed behaviors. While they depict childish behaviors in the morning, they are busy with adult activities at night, not only in America but also everywhere in the world. The author recognizes the numerous
Impact of human activities on water resources This has adverse effects on the population of fish that are set to dwindle due to the destruction of their food resources or by killing them through mercury poison. The mercury poison comes from industry effluents. Adverse temperatures that results from dumping of hot water from the industries near water resources also affect the number of fish by killing them. The presences of these pollutants always have the effect of destabilizing the ecological balance of the water (Feldman, 1995). The management of these water resources is a very precarious and complicated. This process requires a careful balance of both ecological and economical considerations. The management plan will include the introduction of laws to curb the water pollution and preservation of fish resources. The laws will have to outlaw uncontrolled dumping and release of industrial effluents in the water. The law should also set limits to the fishing practice the fishermen will have to use. This will include limiting of fishing licenses and setting limits to the size of fishing nets the fishermen will have to use and set limits the amount of fish the fishermen can be allowed to catch. The law should also carry stiff penalties to whoever found in violation of the environmental water laws. Another management policy can be the introduction of an economic policy where the person responsible for the pollution to be made to pay for the cost of cleanup. This will mean that fishermen and other stake holders will have to take out insurance covers to cover their practices. Even consumers who use paper bags will have to pay for them. Finally, the recycling of most materials that find their way to the water resources can go a long way in trying to manage the resources. Recycling of waste and purification of sewage waste should be encourages to avoid toxic wastes spilling up in the water. Effects of water resources managements on the community The effects of the management will be received in different ways by both environmentalists and fishermen. To fishermen the proposal to recycle and reduce the waste effluents will be take positively as it will mean the increase to the number of fish but the proposal to introduce laws to enable the efficient sustainable of resources will be received negatively by the fishermen. This is because the laws seek to limit the size of the nets and the amount of fish each fisherman can catch. In addition, by limiting on the number of fishermen it will result in the increase in the price of fishing licenses. On the other hand, the environmentalists will take the introduction of the laws and the other management process positively (Feldman, 1995). This is because all these measures will lead to the protecting the water resources as well as allowing the population of fish to flourish. This solution will have different effects to the community. In terms of jobs, the number of jobs might
The vital purpose of this piece is to investigate the correlations between the behavior demonstrated by the employees in the workplace and their satisfaction levels with the jobs (Bateman & Organ 1983). It should be said that it is a fascinating subject matter that is still actively being studied. The research is so important because the impact of worker satisfaction with aspects of their jobs on their workplace behavior has not been thoroughly studied. It is especially critical to investigate the influence of this factor on voluntary commitment because it is one of the core aspects that are necessary for the workplace environment. It should be said that operational citizenship behavior is often undervalued, and many organizations struggle when trying to promote it among the employees. The information that was collected can be used to understand the importance of certain aspects of worker satisfaction levels. It is imperative that the researchers have chosen individuals of different professions as their subjects to minimize possible errors in statistics. The questionnaire was used as a primary research method for this study (Bateman & Organ 1983). A researcher has collected the information about job satisfaction levels of employees in different departments, and the instrument includes 72 items (Bateman & Organ 1983). Also, supervisors have rated their behavior that was recently shown in the workplace according to a scale that consisted of 30 items (Bateman & Organ 1983). Such methods of analysis as cross-legged and static were used to determine the relationships between the positive workplace attitude and all the aspects of satisfaction (Bateman & Organ 1983). This approach is rather interesting and may provide essential information for further studies. The results of the analysis are very intriguing. The main findings have shown that there are most likely positive correlations between the behavior of employees and facets of satisfaction (Bateman & Organ 1983). Supervision and promotions were the most important variables, and they seem to have a greater impact on the attitude of the workforce than such factors as work, co-workers, and pay levels (Bateman & Organ 1983). However, it is necessary to note that researchers think that there is a need for further study because the sample size was relatively small, and the duration of the study was not as long as it has to be to receive reliable data (Bateman & Organ 1983). Also, the fact that the behavior of individuals may be affected by such aspect as work environment and personal qualities should not be disregarded. The dissimilarity between the number of female and male participants also should have been addressed because the difference is significant, and it may have had an enormous impact on the outcome of the research. It is quite important to discuss the importance of some satisfaction factors. There is nothing that affects the behavior of an employee more than a comfort with supervi
Numerous researches show that psychological characteristics of children are largely determined by their senior, junior, or medium position in the family. It turns out that birth order determines a certain way of siblings’ decision making. Sibling position is an individual behavior strategy of a child in relation to his brothers and/or sisters. Each position is inherent to a typical style of interaction and operation of the child. Relationships with siblings play an important role in the context of personal development and decision making process. The closer their age, the more influence siblings have on each other. The younger children are likely to have carefree optimism and the willingness to take the sibling’s support. They may have some problems with self-discipline and difficulty in making decisions because there is always someone older and wiser taking care of their affairs (Boer & Dunn, 2013). They are the youngest in the family, they understand that the power is useless, and often produce the desired workarounds defiantly taking offense or trying to charm others. The medium child may exhibit psychological characteristics of junior and senior children, or combinations thereof. Intermediate position stimulates medium children to develop their social skills. They are often able to negotiate and get along with different people because they were forced to learn to live in peace with the older and younger brothers and sisters having different characters. However, often the medium child, unless he is the only boy and the only girl in the family, forced to fight for the fact to be seen and get a role in the family. In the case all children are of the same sex, the medium child is in a losing position. He will receive the least attention and will be the most anxious and self-critical. These children are deprived of the authority of the older children and younger’s spontaneity. As a rule, senior children play the role model for younger ones. Looking at their older brothers and sisters, children are learning how to communicate, to cooperate, to help others, and to empathize. They learn appropriate gender roles, family traditions, and values. Often, the oldest child in the family takes the basic care of the youngest. In many families, such positive aspects as care, protection, and support of seniors in relation to juniors persist throughout life. However, there might be some negative points in relationships between siblings: the rivalry and belittling of the role of the older child after the birth of the younger one. Apparently, the birth of the second child makes a strong impact on seniors as parents have less time and energy for them. Their position in the course of these changes affects the degree of discord, strife, and rivalry between siblings. Nevertheless, if the father and mother are trying to assign the part of responsibilities for the care of newborns to older children, they establish relationships of the unity. Moreover, the
The field of intercollegiate sports is one of the essential parts of activities that are conducted in educational facilities. Researchers note that intercollegiate athletics is a “popular, and at times, a profitable segment of the American sports landscape” (Mayer et al., 2017). Intercollegiate football, however, has one of the richest backgrounds since it has been around since the 19th century. I am examining the topic of this sport and will briefly discuss its history, why it is profitable for universities, and how the phenomenon of rivalry affects it. In the United States, this type of intercollegiate athletics football is supported by many collegiate sports associations, including the NCAA, the NSAIDs, the NCCAA, and the USCAA. For educational facilities maintaining sports teams is a beneficial business because the audience’s interest is huge. The idea of supporting someone local and close to you attracts many fans, and with them comes the additional funding for universities. Moreover, nowadays, American schools are constantly embracing the idea of supporting girls’ football teams since the idea of equality in sports became popular. The history of intercollegiate football began at the end of the 19th century when Rutgers University and Princeton University competed for the first time. Nowadays it remains one of the most popular activities that tie communities together. Though various types of athletic activities create interest among students, football can be considered the most profitable. This is because, over the years, universities have been bringing attention to it by building stadiums and “drawing large numbers of people to campuses” (“A brief historical perspective on intercollegiate athletics,” para 22.). Furthermore, the idea of a rivalry between college teams has a significant impact on the audience attraction” (Havard et al., 2016). Therefore, it can be assumed that this sport not only brings finances to universities but also connects the community since they feel united by the competition against other schools. This topic is of particular importance since it is one of the most famous sports in the field of intercollegiate athletics. Colleges are willing to offer free education and scholarships to make the best athletes to play on their behalf; therefore, I decided to select it for my research. Moreover, during my investigation, I managed to learn several new facts, for instance, the fact that nowadays, more women are included. Moreover, I was interested in why football is this popular and continuously attracts many fans in different educational facilities.