ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This paper is a sequel to our previous one (Kato et al.2015), which calculated the luminosities and spectra of electron-type anti-neutrinos ($\bar{\nu}_e$'s) from the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae. Expecting that a capability to detect electron-type neutrinos ($\nu_e$'s) will increase dramatically with the emergence of liquid-argon detectors such as DUNE, we broaden the scope in this study to include all-flavors of neutrinos emitted from the pre-bounce phase. We pick up three progenitor models of an electron capture supernova (ECSN) and iron-core collapse supernovae (FeCCSNe). We find that the number luminosities reach $\sim10^{57} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$ and $\sim10^{53} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$ at maximum for $\nu_e$ and $\bar{\nu}_e$, respectively. We also estimate the numbers of detection events at terrestrial neutrino detectors including DUNE, taking flavor oscillations into account and assuming the distance to the progenitors to be 200 pc. It is demonstrated that $\bar{\nu}_e$'s from the ECSN-progenitor will be undetected at almost all detectors, whereas we will be able to observe $\gtrsim$15900 $\nu_e$'s at DUNE for the inverted mass hierarchy. From the FeCCSN-progenitors, the number of $\bar{\nu}_e$ events will be largest for JUNO, 200-900 $\bar{\nu}_e$'s, depending on the mass hierarchy whereas the number of $\nu_e$ events at DUNE is $\gtrsim$2100 for the inverted mass hierarchy. These results imply that the detection of $\bar{\nu}_e$'s is useful to distinguish FeCCSN- from ECSN-progenitors, while $\nu_e$'s will provide us with detailed information on the collapse phase regardless of the type and mass of progenitor.
Gas-rich minor mergers contribute significantly to the gas reservoir of early-type galaxies (ETGs) at low redshift, yet the star formation efficiency (SFE; the star formation rate divided by the molecular gas mass) appears to be strongly suppressed following some of these events, in contrast to the more well-known merger-driven starbursts. We present observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) of six ETGs, which have each recently undergone a gas-rich minor merger, as evidenced by their disturbed stellar morphologies. These galaxies were selected because they exhibit extremely low SFEs. We use the resolving power of ALMA to study the morphology and kinematics of the molecular gas. The majority of our galaxies exhibit spatial and kinematical irregularities, such as detached gas clouds, warps, and other asymmetries. These asymmetries support the interpretation that the suppression of the SFE is caused by dynamical effects stabilizing the gas against gravitational collapse. Through kinematic modelling we derive high velocity dispersions and Toomre Q stability parameters for the gas, but caution that such measurements in edge-on galaxies suffer from degeneracies. We estimate merger ages to be about 100~Myr based on the observed disturbances in the gas distribution. Furthermore, we determine that these galaxies lie, on average, two orders of magnitude below the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation for star-forming galaxies as well as below the relation for relaxed ETGs. We discuss potential dynamical processes responsible for this strong suppression of star formation surface density at fixed molecular gas surface density.
The general problem of how to construct stochastic processes which are confined to stay in a predefined cone (in the one-dimensional but also multi-dimensional case also referred to as \emph{subordinators}) is of course known to be of great importance in the theory and a myriad of applications.\par But fuzzy stochastic processes are considered in this context for the first time in this paper:\par By first relating with each proper convex cone $C$ in $\R^{n}$ a certain cone of fuzzy vectors $C^*$ and subsequently using some specific Banach space techniques we have been able to produce as many pairs $(L^*_t, C^*)$ of fuzzy \L processes $L^*_t$ and cones $C^*$ of fuzzy vectors such that $L^*_t$ are $C^*$-$\,$subordinators.
Spontaneous decay process of an excited atom placed inside or outside (near the surface) a carbon nanotube is analyzed. Calculations have been performed for various achiral nanotubes. The effect of the nanotube surface has been demonstrated to dramatically increase the atomic spontaneous decay rate -- by 6 to 7 orders of magnitude compared with that of the same atom in vacuum. Such an increase is associated with the nonradiative decay via surface excitations in the nanotube.
We show that the quantum statistical mechanics describing quantum and thermal properties of objects has only the sense of a particular semiclassical approximation. We propose a more general (than that theory) microdescription of objects in a heat bath taking a vacuum into account as an object environment; we call it $(\hbar,k)-$dynamics ($\hbar kD)$. We introduce a new generative operator, a Schr\"odingerian or a stochastic action operator, and will show its fundamental role in the determination of such macroquantities as internal energy, effective temperature, and effective entropy. We establish that $\hbar kD$ can serve as an initial microtheory for constructing a modified thermodynamics. On this ground, we can explain the universality of the ratio "effective action to effective entropy" at zero temperature and its minimal value in the form $\hbar/2k$. This result corresponds to experimental data obtained recently under studying a new matter state - a nearly perfect fluid.
We present results of the second phase of our near-ultraviolet investigation into protostellar jet rotation using HST/STIS. We obtain long-slit spectra at the base of five T Tauri jets to determine if there is a difference in radial velocity between the jet borders which may be interpreted as a rotation signature. These observations are extremely challenging and push the limits of current instrumentation, but have the potential to provide long-awaited observational support for the magneto-centrifugal mechanism of jet launching in which jets remove angular momentum from protostellar systems. We successfully detect all five jet targets (from RW Aur, HN Tau, DP Tau and CW Tau) in several near-ultraviolet emission lines, including the strong Mg II doublet. However, only RW Aur's bipolar jet presents sufficient signal-to-noise for analysis. The approaching jet lobe shows a difference of 10 km/s in a direction which agrees with the disk rotation sense, but is opposite to previously published optical measurements for the receding jet. The near-ultraviolet difference is not found six months later, nor is it found in the fainter receding jet. Overall, in the case of RW Aur, differences are not consistent with a simple jet rotation interpretation. Indeed, given the renowned complexity and variability of this system, it now seems likely that any rotation signature is confused by other influences, with the inevitable conclusion that RW Aur is not suited to a jet rotation study.
Photon structure functions in supersymmetric QCD are investigated in terms of the parton model where squark contributions are evaluated. We calculate the eight virtual photon structure functions by taking the discontinuity of the squark massive one-loop diagrams of the photon-photon forward amplitude. The model-independent positivity constraints derived from the Cauchy-Schwarz inequalities are satisfied by the squark parton model calculation and actually the two equality relations hold for the squark contribution. We also show that our polarized photon structure function $g_1^\gamma$ for the real photon leads to the vanishing 1st moment sum rule, and the constraint $|g_1^\gamma|\leq F_1^\gamma$ is satisfied by the real photon. We also discuss a squark signature in the structure function $W_{TT}^\tau$.
We show that matchings avoiding certain partial patterns are counted by the 3-Catalan numbers. We give a characterization of 12312-avoiding matchings in terms of restrictions on the corresponding oscillating tableaux. We also find a bijection between Schr\"oder paths without peaks at level one and matchings avoiding both patterns 12312 and 121323. Such objects are counted by the super-Catalan numbers or the little Schr\"{o}der numbers. A refinement of the super-Catalan numbers is obtained by fixing the number of crossings in the matchings. In the sense of Wilf-equivalence, we find that the patterns 12132, 12123, 12321, 12231, 12213 are equivalent to 12312.
In this work, we study the $f(R)$ models of inflation in the context of gravity's rainbow theory. We choose three types of $f(R)$ models: $f(R)=R+\alpha (R/M)^{n},\,f(R)=R+\alpha R^{2}+\beta R^{2}\log(R/M^{2})$ and the Einstein-Hu-Sawicki model with $n,\,\alpha,\,\beta$ being arbitrary real constants. Here $R$ and $M$ are the Ricci scalar and mass scale, respectively. For all models, the rainbow function is written in the power-law form of the Hubble parameter. We present a detailed derivation of the spectral index of curvature perturbation and the tensor-to-scalar ratio and compare the predictions of our results with the latest Planck 2018 data. With the sizeable number of e-foldings and proper choices of parameters, we discover that the predictions of all $f(R)$ models present in this work are in excellent agreement with the Planck analysis.
In this paper we construct non-Abelian gauge theories with fermions and scalars that nevertheless possess asymptotic freedom.The scalars are taken to be in a chiral multiplet transforming as $(2,2)$ under $SU(2)_L\otimes SU(2)_R$ and transforming as singlets under the colour SU(3) group. We consider two distinct scenarios, one in which the additional scalars are light and another in which they are heavier than half the Z-boson mass. It is shown that asymptotic freedom is obtained without requiring that all additional couplings keep fixed ratios with each other. It is also shown that both scenarios can not be ruled out by what are considered standard tests of QCD like R- parameter, g-2 for muons or deep inelastic phenomena. The light mass scenario is however ruled out by high precision Z-width data (and only by that one data).The heavy mass scenario is still viable and is shown to naturally pass the test of flavour changing neutral currents. It also is not ruled out by precision electroweak oblique parameters. Many distinctive experimental signatures of these models are also discussed.
The Galilean gravitation derives from a scalar potential and a vector one. Poisson's equation to determine the scalar potential has no the expected Galilean covariance. Moreover, there are three missing equations to determine the potential vector. Besides, we require they have the Galilean covariance. These are the issues addressed in the paper. To avoid the drawbacks of the PPN approach and the NCT, we merge them into a new framework. The key idea is to take care that every term of the c expansion of the fields are Galilean covariants or invariants. The expected equations are deduced by variation of the Hilbert-Einstein functional. The contribution of the matter to the functional is derived from Souriau's conformation tensor. We obtain a system of four non linear equations, solved by asymptotic expansion.
This technical report introduces our solution, MEEV, proposed to the EgoBody Challenge at ECCV 2022. Captured from head-mounted devices, the dataset consists of human body shape and motion of interacting people. The EgoBody dataset has challenges such as occluded body or blurry image. In order to overcome the challenges, MEEV is designed to exploit multiscale features for rich spatial information. Besides, to overcome the limited size of dataset, the model is pre-trained with the dataset aggregated 2D and 3D pose estimation datasets. Achieving 82.30 for MPJPE and 92.93 for MPVPE, MEEV has won the EgoBody Challenge at ECCV 2022, which shows the effectiveness of the proposed method. The code is available at https://github.com/clovaai/meev
Quantum phase transitions are studied in the non-chiral $p$-clock chain, and a new explicitly U(1)-symmetric clock model, by monitoring the ground-state fidelity susceptibility. For $p\ge 5$, the self-dual $\mathbb{Z}_p$-symmetric chain displays a double-hump structure in the fidelity susceptibility with both peak positions and heights scaling logarithmically to their corresponding thermodynamic values. This scaling is precisely as expected for two Beresinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transitions located symmetrically about the self-dual point, and so confirms numerically the theoretical scenario that sets $p=5$ as the lowest $p$ supporting BKT transitions in $\mathbb{Z}_p$-symmetric clock models. For our U(1)-symmetric, non-self-dual minimal modification of the $p$-clock model we find that the phase diagram depends strongly on the parity of $p$ and only one BKT transition survives for $p\geq 5$. Using asymptotic calculus we map the self-dual clock model exactly, in the large $p$ limit, to the quantum $O(2)$ rotor chain. Finally, using bond-algebraic dualities we estimate the critical BKT transition temperatures of the classical planar $p$-clock models defined on square lattices, in the limit of extreme spatial anisotropy. Our values agree remarkably well with those determined via classical Monte Carlo for isotropic lattices. This work highlights the power of the fidelity susceptibility as a tool for diagnosing the BKT transitions even when only discrete symmetries are present.
In this note we show how the irrationality measure of $\zeta(s) = \pi^2/6$ can be used to obtain explicit lower bounds for $\pi(x)$. We analyze the key ingredients of the proof of the finiteness of the irrationality measure, and show how to obtain good lower bounds for $\pi(x)$ from these arguments as well. While versions of some of the results here have been done by other authors, our arguments are more elementary and yield a lower bound of order $x/\log x$ as a natural boundary.
We present a long-term spectral monitoring of the unique Double Pulsar binary PSR J0737-3039 corresponding to two "Large Programs" performed by XMM-Newton in 2006 and 2011. Spectral variability of pulsar emission in soft X-rays is not evident over 5 years, despite the significant relativistic spin precession in the considered time span (about 25deg). We provide, for the first time, evidence of hard X-ray emission from the system in the 5-8 keV energy band. The standard spectral analysis was coupled to the energy dependent spatial analysis to confirm this excess, most likely ascribed to iron line emission. The Fe K-alpha emission line at 6.4-6.97 keV was previously unheard-of in non-accreting binary systems and could testify to the presence of a relic disk that survived the supernova explosions that terminated the lives of the Double Pulsar's stellar progenitors. The existence of a relic disk in this system reinforces speculation about the presence of similar structures around other peculiar classes of isolated neutron stars.
In this article we study transition probabilities of a class of subordinate Brownian motions. Under mild assumptions on the Laplace exponent of the corresponding subordinator, sharp two sided estimates of the transition probability are established. This approach, in particular, covers subordinators with Laplace exponents that vary regularly at infinity with index one, e.g. \[   \phi(\lambda)=\frac{\lambda}{\log(1+\lambda)}-1 \quad \text{ or }\quad \phi(\lambda)=\frac{\lambda}{\log(1+\lambda^{\beta/2})},\ \beta\in (0,2)\, \] that correspond to subordinate Brownian motions with scaling order that is not necessarily strictly between 0 and 2. These estimates are applied to estimate Green function (potential) of subordinate Brownian motion. We also prove the equivalence of the lower scaling condition of the Laplace exponent and the near diagonal upper estimate of the transition estimate.
The accelerating universe is closely related to today's version of the cosmological constant problem; fine-tuning and coincidence problems. We show how successfully the scalar-tensor theory, a rather rigid theoretical idea, provides us with a simple and natural way to understand why today's observed cosmological constant is small only because we are old cosmologically, without fine-tuning theoretical parameters extremely.
Low energy excitation of surface states of a three-dimensional topological insulator (3DTI) can be described by Dirac fermions. By using a tight-binding model, the transport properties of the surface states in a uniform magnetic field is investigated. It is found that chiral surface states parallel to the magnetic field are responsible to the quantized Hall (QH) conductance $(2n+1)\frac{e^2}{h}$ multiplied by the number of Dirac cones. Due to the two-dimension (2D) nature of the surface states, the robustness of the QH conductance against impurity scattering is determined by the oddness and evenness of the Dirac cone number. An experimental setup for transport measurement is proposed.
For non-negative integers $(d_n(k))_{k \ge 1}$ such that $\sum_{k \ge 1} d_n(k) = n$, we sample a bipartite planar map with $n$ faces uniformly at random amongst those which have $d_n(k)$ faces of degree $2k$ for every $k \ge 1$ and we study its asymptotic behaviour as $n \to \infty$. We prove that the diameter of such maps grow like $\sigma_n^{1/2}$, where $\sigma_n^2 = \sum_{k \ge 1} k (k-1) d_n(k)$ is a global variance term. More precisely, we prove that the vertex-set of these maps equipped with the graph distance divided by $\sigma_n^{1/2}$ and the uniform probability measure always admits subsequential limits in the Gromov-Hausdorff-Prokhorov topology.   Our proof relies on a bijection with random labelled trees; we are able to prove that the label process is always tight when suitably rescaled, even if the underlying tree is not tight for the Gromov-Hausdorff topology. We also rely on a new spinal decomposition which is of independent interest. Finally this paper also serves as a toolbox for a companion paper in which we discuss more precisely Brownian limits of such maps.
We examine several types of symmetries which are relevant to quantum phase transitions in nuclei. These include: critical-point, quasidynamical, and partial dynamical symmetries.
We determine the one-loop deformation of the conformal symmetry of a general N}=2 superconformally invariant Yang-Mills theory. The deformation is computed for several explicit examples which have a realization as world-volume theories on a stack of D3 branes. These include (i) N=4 SYM with gauge groups SU(N), USp(2N) and SO(N); (ii) USp(2N) gauge theory with one hypermultiplet in the traceless antisymmetric representation and four hypermultiplets in the fundamental; (iii) quiver gauge theory with gauge group SU(N)xSU(N) and two hypermultiplets in the bifundamental representations (N,\bar N) and (bar N,N). The existence of quantum corrections to the conformal transformations imposes restrictions on the effective action which we study on a subset of the Coulomb branch corresponding to the separation of one brane from the stack. In the N=4 case, the one-loop corrected transformations provide a realization of the conformal algebra; this deformation is shown to be one-loop exact. For the other two models, higher-loop corrections are necessary to close the algebra. Requiring closure, we infer the two-loop conformal deformation.
Non-equilibrium transport properties and energy conversion performance of a molecular photo-voltaic cell are analyzed using the Lindblad master equation within the open quantum systems approach. The method allows us to calculate the dynamics of a system driven by several non-equilibrium sources (a situation we call "strong non-equilibrium"), which is the natural operating condition of photovoltaic cells. We include both coherent and incoherent processes and treat electrons, photon, and phonons on an equal footing. We find that decoherence plays a crucial role in determining both the overall efficiency of the photovoltaic conversion and the optimal energy configuration of the system. Specifically, decoherence leads to better performance, due to a faster relaxation of the excited electrons to the electrodes. We also examine the effect of coherent interference on the efficiency. The approach we propose in this letter is suitable for studying transport and energy conversion in other nanoscale systems at non-equilibrium, where both coherent and incoherent processes take place.
Primordial non-Gaussianity is a crucial test of inflationary cosmology. We consider the impact of non-Gaussianity on the ionization power spectrum from 21 cm emission during the epoch of reionization. We focus on the power spectrum on large scales at redshifts of 7 to 8 and explore the expected constraint on the local non-Gaussianity parameter f_NL for current and next-generation 21 cm experiments. We show that experiments such as SKA and MWA could measure f_NL values of order 10. This can be improved by an order of magnitude with a fast-Fourier transform telescope like Omniscope.
It has been a long time issue in statistical physics how to combine reversible microscopic equations with irreversible macroscopic behavior. Recently, Evans and Searles have suggested causality as the key concept for a solution to the irreversibility problem [D. J. Evans and D. J. Searles, Adv. Phys. 51, 1529 (2002) and Phys. Rev. E 53, 5808 (1996)]. This proposal is examined from a philosophical, i.e. conceptual, perspective, which reveals that the point of view taken by Evans and Searles is identical with the one already suggested by Boltzmann. According to Boltzmann initial conditions are responsible for the observed irreversibility of the macroscopic world. It is shown that reversibility requires a concept of causality, where causes and effects are interchangeable - at least on probabilistic grounds. Causality as interpreted by Evans and Searles is not compatible with microscopic reversibility and should itself be derived in order to solve the irreversibility problem.
We study the connection between the parameters of the fractional Fokker-Planck equation, which is associated with the overdamped Langevin equation driven by noise with heavy-tailed increments, and the transition probability density of the noise generating process. Explicit expressions for these parameters are derived both for finite and infinite variance of the rescaled transition probability density.
A new cellular automaton (CA) traffic model is presented. The focus is on mechanical restrictions of vehicles realized by limited acceleration and deceleration capabilities. These features are incorporated into the model in order to construct the condition of collision-free movement. The strict collision-free criterion imposed by the mechanical restrictions is softened in certain traffic situations, reflecting human overreaction. It is shown that the present model reliably reproduces most empirical findings including synchronized flow, the so-called {\it pinch effect}, and the time-headway distribution of free flow. The findings suggest that many free flow phenomena can be attributed to the platoon formation of vehicles ({\it platoon effect})
We show, the SR can appear in monostable overdamped systems driven by additive mix of periodical signal and white Gaussian noise. It can be observed as nonmonotonic dependence of SNR on the input noise intensity. In this sense it is similar to classical SR observed in overdamped bistable systems with potential barrier.
We propose a conjectural construction of global points on modular elliptic curves over arbitrary number fields, generalizing both the p-adic construction of Heegner points via Cerednik-Drinfeld uniformization and the definition of classical Stark-Heegner points. In alignment with Nekovar and Scholl's plectic conjectures, we expect the non-triviality of these plectic Stark-Heegner points to control the Mordell-Weil group of higher rank elliptic curves. We provide some indirect evidence for our conjectures by showing that higher order derivatives of anticyclotomic p-adic L-functions compute plectic invariants.