ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Due to the ongoing climate crisis, some aspects of the environment are undergoing inevitable changes, such as oceanic temperatures rising to harmful levels. As a consequence, low-lying landmasses are disappearing into the water. This causes catastrophic damage to the villages occupying the islands and loss of livelihood for the dwellers. Individuals and governments can find both short and long-term solutions to this growing global problem. Currently, some nations are donating to the affected countries to help their citizens. However, stable governments of foreign states can do more to help the situation. In the short-term, they can help in the relocation efforts of the affected populations. These people need humanitarian help because the rising waters displace them from their homes and leave them without any means of sustenance (Davenport & Haner, 2015). The authorities can provide transportation means to higher grounds, temporary shelter, and food. Additionally, countries can open their borders to the homeless individuals, as the rising ocean levels, threatening to submerge significant portions of land, may necessitate them to move away, abandoning their homes. Governments should enact immigration policies that permit people pushed out by the rising waters to seek refuge in their countries. Individuals are also responsible for helping to solve this environmental crisis. They should strive to reduce their carbon footprint, for instance, by recycling whenever possible. This, in turn, reduces the speed and impact of climate change, which would be a long-term solution to the problem of disappearing lowlands. People can also donate both their money and time to help individuals displaced from their homes. Finally, citizens should push their leaders to take action towards helping countries found in low-lying lands such as the Marshall Islands. Temporary and permanent solutions for the problem can be realized through collective efforts. Reference Davenport, C., & Haner, J. (2015). The Marshall Islands are disappearing. The New York Times. Web.
Introduction GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) is an international pharmaceutical that was formed in 1904. The organization has its headquarters in London. The corporation produces and supplies medicines, oral healthcare, and nutrition drinks. Over the years of operation, the organization has enjoyed strong leadership from the CEOs’ operating under a predetermined framework and organization structure. However, each CEO injects a unique leadership strategy that leaves a unique legacy. To understand the role of CEO, his/her leadership strategy and organization design; this essay focuses on the former GlaxoSmithKline CEO Sir Richard Sykes. GlaxoSmithKline appointed Sir Richard Sykes as the CEO in 1995 after being in the organization since 1972 in various capacities. Leadership During the leadership of Sir Richard Sykes, GlaxoSmithKline achieved a monumental milestone by becoming the second largest healthcare producer in the world. Although this achievement depended on many factors such as sound capital outlay, employment of modern technology, and continuous research, Sir Richard Sykes’ leadership prowess and character had a significant bearing. He led Glaxo into the acquisition of Wellcome in 1995 to form Glaxo Wellcome. Later, he engineered the merger between Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham to form GlaxoSmithKline plc in 2002 (Santa, 2011). His impeccable leadership qualities offered peculiar leadership that stimulated other employees to increase their efforts. During his reign, Sir Richard Sykes exercised both transformational leadership and transactional leadership. His simple personality helped him to interact freely with other employees in the course of their operations. With the transformational leadership approach, Sykes was able to revolutionize organization performances by replacing redundant approaches. On the other hand, he ensured that each employee was responsible and understood his role in the organization. To entrench long term thinking and action towards realizing the organization’s long-term goals is not an easy task but determination drove him to do it perfectly. His awareness of what he wanted to achieve places him as one of the greatest transformational leaders of his generation. His focus was on end rather than concentrating on the means to make it (Boje, 2000). In other words, Sir Richard Sykes was visionary, and he aligned short-term goals about the long
Multiculturalism is usually defined as “one of the most controversial ideas in contemporary public affairs” (Crowder 1). On the one hand, it may be treated as a vehicle with the help of which it was possible to replace old ethnic and racial disparities and introduce new conditions under which democracy could be promoted. On the other hand, multiculturalism as a policy was supported by elite leaders and males in some countries. In other words, not much attention was paid to popular demand, and ordinary people had to face new difficulties and challenges without an ability to gain benefits (Crowder 4). Regarding such attitudes and concerns around multiculturalism, it is necessary to investigate the emergence of this term and its impact on human lives where the questions of ethnic and cultural differences cannot be closed or neglected. Multiculturalists are the researchers and policymakers, who approve and support the idea of multiple cultures in society. It is hard to introduce a certain date of multiculturalism policies’ emergence. However, liberal democracies in such countries as Canada, Australia, the United States, and several European countries promoted the creation of multiculturalism policies in the 1970s, so that this decade could be defined as the period of multiculturalism emergence (Crowder 2). People believed that the rise of multiculturalism could be explained by the necessity to deal with migration from developing countries after the Second World War and to cope with the attitudes that changed in host countries (Crowder 2). The changes include the necessity to learn a new language and speak several languages at the same time, the inability to solve financial problems and get the income level required, and the necessity to study new traditions and social norms appropriate in a new society. Migration made people lose many things at the same time. It was necessary to change the language and regular social structures. Stress was evident and influenced human health and the possibility to develop relations. Host countries were not ready to welcome all people because of the present racial and social inequalities. Minority groups, including immigrants and indigenous people, had to assimilate into the already existed majority cultures and neglect their roots and preferences (Okin 9). It was necessary to deal with inequalities and strict rules for people who had to leave their homes and join new societies. Multiculturalism has its supporters and opponents (Crowder 2). Support for minority cultures in their intentions to maintain their distinct cultures is not the only reason for considering multiculturalism as a good concept. The investigations help to comprehend that multiculturalism is the possibility to represent ethnic minorities in
Abstract In this paper, such outsourcing practices as time and materials, a fixed price, and gain sharing are studied. In the first case, the client pays the vendor hours and materials spent on creating a product or service. The advantage of the method is its flexibility, and the disadvantage is the lack of clarity in determining the final costs. The fixed price, on the contrary, offers a precise determination of the expenses but does not allow flexibility. Gain-sharing is the most convenient way of interaction between a supplier and a client to develop products, since the vendor receives part of the client’s profit for the contribution to the project. However, in the absence of trust between the parties, such interaction does not make sense. Therefore, all three practices are useful in different cases of outsourcing, and the profit of both the client and the supplier depends on their correct application. Introduction Outsourcing is a widespread modern practice for many business companies. Organizations save money, time, and effort by using third-party services assistance. However, the customer and the client can use different outsourcing approaches depending on the goals of the project and their capabilities to provide the most convenient way of interaction. The most popular and useful practices that can be used for different types of outsourcing are time and material, a fixed price, and gain sharing. Time and Materials Time and materials is one of the models of home and international outsourcing that it is simple and flexible. In this case, the client pays the vendor for the time spent on creating the product and materials that were used for this purpose (Wachira, Brookes, & Haines, 2016). Its main advantage for the client is the convenience of making changes, especially if the requirements for the project are not precise enough. For example, a company needs to install and configure a CRM system; however, its managers are not aware of all functions and options that the supplier can offer. Therefore, after consulting with specialists, the client receives the approximate number of hours that will be required to complete the project. Thus, if the client needs to make additional changes, then there is no need to amend the contract, since the payment will be calculated according to the actual number of working hours. The advantage of this practice for a supplier is the ability to focus only on clients’ requirements but not the total budget. However, this flexibility also creates several disadvantages of time and materials practice. Its main flaw for the client is the difficulty in calculating the final costs, since they can grow with the advent of new requirements, refinements, or unforeseen circumstances. For this reason, an organization that wanted to use outsourcing services should also be especially careful in choosing a contractor. Some vendors may offer false information about the complexity of the project and the time it takes to complete it, change the cond
Creative, Persuasive, Logical Types of Thinking Logical thinking refers to using a series of steps and thoughts to find a solution to a problem. It has a structure and an analytical path that are used together with proven methods to make conclusions. According to Hughes, Lavery, and Doran (2009), persuasive thinking involves convincing ideas to make your target audience believe in what you are saying or doing. It also involves getting people to agree with your views and beliefs through the use of factual information. In the case of creative thinking, there is a generation of new and relevant ideas. The three types of thinking use a detailed process in arriving at solutions. In creative thinking, brainstorming gathers the ideas that inspire the conclusions. Persuasive thinking involves the use of emotions, biases, motivation, and sometimes even manipulations, whereas logical thinking applies deductive and inductive reasoning in making conclusions (Moore and Parker, 2008). Logical thinking affects critical thinking through the use of deductive reasoning, where a conclusion is derived from two or more premises. Creative thinking enables an individual to think outside the box in search of solutions, whereas persuasive thinking results in persuasive information to get solutions. The Characteristics of a Problem. Five Steps of Framing a Problem The primary characteristic of a problem is a deviation from the desired results of an action or thinking process. Research studies indicate that problems have different characteristics depending on the situation or context of the problem. Problems have the characteristics of being specific to a given context. They also result in individual thinking in detail in searching for the cause and solutions. The other characteristics of a problem are that it hinders the achievement of a goal and result in negative results. A problem can present itself in different forms, including multiple variables, non-relativity, and situational disconnect. Multiple variables refer to different results for similar actions. This makes it difficult to determine the true outcome hence presenting itself as a problem. In the case of non-relativity, the problem is identified as having no relationship with the expectations (Moore and Parker, 2008). This is a perfect example of a deviation from expectations. Lastly, a problem may present itself as a situational disconnect in the sense that there is a vague understanding of the context of the results or actions. The steps of framing a problem include noticing symptoms, diagnosing causes, identifying cause and effect, brainstorming and, implementing and monitoring. An example A water supply company has a water treatment system that ensures that all water points are treated before water distribution. However, in
Introduction Social policy consists of legislation, principles and activities that countries employ to enhance the social conditions of their people. Due to the emergence of democracy across the world, social policy has become an integral part of democracy as it supports human rights and further enhances the delivery of services in important sectors such as healthcare, housing, security, education, trade and labour amongst other essential social aspects of the society (Kennett 2004, p.91). The basic objective of a social policy is to enhance equity and to improve human welfare by ensuring the accessibility and affordability of essential resources to all members of society. Thus, the kind of social policy possessed by a country reflects the extent of how its government satisfies the societal needs since poor social policy depicts a society deprived of its essential needs and deficient of human welfare. Kennett (2004) argues that although the social polic
The film ‘Patton’ chronicles the story of General George S. Patton, a World War II tank commander, from his arrival in North Africa to the allied invasion of Europe and the eventual defeat of Germany. The movie opens with Patton (played convincingly by George C. Scott) addressing his troops with a screen-sized American flag as the backdrop. In the next scene, Patton arrives in North Africa at Kasserine, the site of a battle in which American soldiers, under British command, were massacred by the Germans. His first battle pits his troops against the famous German tank commander Irwin Rommel’s Afrika Corps. Following the victory at Kaserine, Patton gives a high-level, formal dinner to promote his plans for invading Sicily. He wants to land his troops at Palermo, a city on the Northwest corner of the island then drive to Messina, the gateway to Italy located at the Northeast of Sicily while British Field Marshal (Bernard) Montgomery invades Syracuse in the South and drives northward to Messina. By doing this, Patton’s troops would cut off the escape route of the Germans. Patton’s plan was nixed by the allied high command and he was ordered to protect (Monty’s) left flank on the mountainous road to Messina. Patton ignored the order, drove his troops to victory at Palermo then beat ‘Monty’ to Messina. This was the beginning of the war of egos between the commanders that would last throughout the war (Patton, 1970). During his march to Messina, Patton entered an army hospital to console the wounded and came across a soldier suffering from ‘battle fatigue.’ Patton became enraged, slapped the soldier and threatened to shoot him then ordered him to be sent to the front lines. This incident caused Patton to be subjugated to a decoy while the command of the American forces in Europe was given to Bradley. The decoy ploy worked as Germany scattered its troops to counteract Patton’s movements. The ruse was especially effective during the allied invasion of Normandy (D-Day). After the D-Day invasion, Patton was given command of the Third Army which cut a swift path across France toward German soil but was re-directed Northward to thwart the last, desperate advance by the Germans commonly know as the Battle of the Bulge. (Patton, 1970). The film was released in 1970 during the height of the protest movement of the Vietnam War. It reminded the public of a time when Americans were proud of their involvement in military actions. “‘Patton,’ released during the height of the Vietnam War, successfully had it both ways. It could be appreciated by hawks, as a celebration of Patton’s courage and battlefield genius, and also by doves, as an exposure of his failings” (Wilmington, 2002). The film was essentially accurate in its de
A Monopolistic competition is a market structure which is identified through the large quantity of comparatively small firms with the products of the firms being similar with only a slight variation to differentiate them. Therefore, the similarity in products makes the firms that exist in a monopolistic competition to be very competitive. However, due to the fact that each of the firms has a slightly unique product compared to the rest of the firms, then each firm has a specific consumer and hence each of the firms maintains market control to a lesser extent. Examples of monopolistic competition include restaurants and clothing stores. Features of a Monopolistic competition There are basically four features that are used to identify a monopolistic competition. The first feature is the noticeable large amount of small firms which leads to the production of comparable products which are however not alike in detail (Ison & Wall, 2006). The mobility of a monopolistic competition is more or less excellent but it does not amount to the ideal resource which therefore makes it widespread but not perfect in comprehension of products to the consumer. Large Number of Small Firms In a monopolistically competition, almost every production business has a large number of small firms (Ison & Wall, 2006). The size of each of the firms is comparatively small when compared to the extent of the market as a whole. This therefore means that all the active firms more or less compete against each other for consumer attention and since the firms are many and are all successful in producing the needed products, then each of the firms controls a small market share thus have limited control over the market price or the number of products in the market (Colander, 2008). Relative Resource Mobility Firms in a monopolistic competition are free to go into or go out of a production business venture especially when compared with a perfect competition or a monopoly (Pindyck & Rubinfeld, 2001). The rules governing the operation and the general business of the firms in a monopolistic competition are relatively few or none. Such firms are for the most part free of government interference, a standardized system, operational policy and are at liberty to raise their own capital and endure start-up costs without facing any stern obstructions from the government or other firms (Ison & Wall, 2006). This therefore makes the firms less mobile in an ideal threshold especially when compared with the mobility of a perfect competition. Extensive market Knowledge In monopolistic competition, c
Nowadays, there are many attempts to prove the correlation that exists between body pH and cancer. It was discovered that cancer is the disease that usually thrives in an acidic environment, and it can hardly develop under normal alkaline conditions (“pH and Cancer”). At the same time, an opinion that not everyone with cancer has a too acidic pH exists (Kasprak). Therefore, multiple discussions and debates occur to describe the relationship between pH and cancer, and this post aims at researching and evaluating information about this type of link. Not all people with cancer may be cured, and much attention is paid to the methods that prevent the growth of cancer cells. An alkaline diet promotes the consumption of fruits and vegetables and avoidance of animal products (Chadwick). Acidity promotes a favorable environment for cancer, on the one hand, and is characterized by a low pH level (normal is around 7.4), on the other hand (Kasprak). However, according to the founder of the oncology center in New York, Mitchell Gaynor, the low-acid diet may prevent the development of cancer in patients, but this dynamic has nothing in common with pH levels because it is impossible to change blood pH (Chadwick). At the same time, the link between pH and cancer should not be ignored because the process of low oxygenation can promote toxins in cells making them cancerous (“pH and Cancer”). This relation is not thoroughly investigated but has to be. At this moment, the relationship between body pH and cancer occurrence has been proved. The investigations of Kasprak and Chadwick contribute to a better understanding of the topic and its urgency in treating such a dangerous disease as cancer. However, it is necessary to consider low pH not as a cause but as a product or a survival mechanism of cancerous cells in the body. Works Cited Chadwick, Dara. “ Can a Low-Acid Diet Help Prevent Cancer? ” Cure Today . 2015. Web. Kasprak, Alex. “ Does Everyone with Cancer Have a pH That Is too Acidic? ” Snopes . 2016. Web. “ pH and Cancer: Acidic pH Levels Can Lead to Cancer… Normalizing pH Can Stop Cancer in Its Tracks. ” Cancer Fighting Strategies, 2017. Web.
The performance of corporation organizations is an essential piece of information for investors and stakeholders. Return on investment is one of the most applied tools to measure the performance of business organizations. It helps investors establish the profitability of a given investment regarding capital (Arvidson et al., 2013). Social return on investment measures how an organization adds value to the environment and communities (Bourey et al., 2015, p. 1). The change is measured by evaluating the company’s social, economic, and environmental outcomes, which are also the pillars of sustainable development. Social return on investment is an ideal tool for measuring social impacts and should be employed in medium and large corporations. To achieve true sustainability, organizations report on three main aspects: financial gains, as well as social and environmental impacts of their activities, processes, and products (Bellucci et al., 2017, p. 47). Over the years, financial reporting has been the most dominant way of measuring the performance of corporate organizations. However, with the rising concern about social and environmental impacts, the global reporting initiative standards were developed to help organizations determine their sustainability (Cooney & Lynch-Cerullo, 2014, p. 367). Although most organizations are determined to achieve true sustainability, their investment and commitment efforts do not tally their social and environmental impacts (Maier et al., p. 1805). The organizations are not designed to achieve sustainable development but rather to make profits for the investors. As mentioned earlier, the goal of SROI is to help organizations measure their impact on society and the environment. SROI is based on accounting principles that include involving stakeholders, transparency, and verifiable results. It also requires experts to understand the changes an organization undergoes and value only things that matter(The social value network, 2012). Lastly, one should only include material things and not over-claim them (Nicholls. 2017. p. 127). The SROI analysis is carried out in six bold steps, each achieving a given role and paving the way for the next one. The first step identifies the organization or investment scope and the associated stakeholders. With the help of the stakeholders, the second step encompasses pairing inputs