ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background of Saudi Arabia The history of the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia dates back in 1932. This kingdom stands in an area that covers around more than half of the Arabian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia neighbors the Red Sea on the western, Jordan on the northern side, while on the eastern side it neighbors the UAE, the Arabian Gulf, as well as the Oman. In addition, Yemen is on the southern part of this kingdom. South Arabia has a strong base for Islamic teaching as well as Islamic religion. As such, Shariah is used as a framework for law and constitution. Most of the industrial development, as well as urbanization started because of oil presence in Saudi Arabia. For this reason, many people moved to the urban areas following the growth of the kingdom and the expansion of market for various products. With such influx of people, education became a necessity, considering that there was the need for people to communicate with one another, as well as to know new things. Educational Overview in the Past Education, as such has become a necessity in most parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. However, the traditional education system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was sexually based, whereby the girls did not get equal standards of education as the boys . In addition, the system of education in Saudi Arabia is administered in form of tree different categories. These categories included:   * Traditional Islamic education.   * Education for the girls.   * General education for the boys. The traditional Islamic education is offered mostly to the boys in the region. Establishment of Education Systems Education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia started evolving since 1952, following the establishment of the Ministry of Education to oversee the provision of education all over Saudi Arabia. This ministry was tasked with the responsibilities of general boys’ education. However, the General Presidency for Girls’ Education is tasked with the duty of providing education to the girl child. Nevertheless, despite the difference in the bodies managing education for the girls and boys, the curri
Role The person interviewed for the paper is employed at a local nursing facility and works as a Clinic Nurse Manager. For confidentiality purposes, the interviewee is referred to as Alison. Alison has a Registered Nurse qualification and the corresponding level of competency. In the identified facility, Alison coordinates administrative activities. Particularly, she supervises the work of the employees, including FPNs and ANPs. Alison views the role of an Advanced Practice Nurse (APRN) as that one of a nurse and an educator. In other words, raising awareness among the target audience about essential health concerns is an important part of an APRN’s duties (Quill and Abernethy 1174). Scope The interviewee seems to have a rather good concept of the differences in the competencies and roles of an APRN, an FPN, and an ACNP. For instance, Alison makes it quite clear that an APRN should be considered primarily with addressing the availability of information to the patients, whereas the FPN should research family history and help family members build stronger ties, and an ACNP must address the emerging issues threatening the patients in the ICU (Goldman and Schafer 651). Experience The experience that Alison has is truly priceless, as it sheds light on not only the clinical concerns but also the communication dilemmas that nurses often have to address, along with managerial issues. For instance, the interviewee brought up the subject of successful communication between the nurses as the platform for creating a framework for continuous improvement in quality. Indeed, there is evidence that the lack of appropriate tools for information acquisition and transfer triggers numerous misunderstandings and misconceptions including the threat of misinterpreting or omitting an essential part of the patient’s health record or personal information. Therefore, it is imperative to introduce the tools that will help store the patient’s information, retrieve and, and transfer it successfully (Cowen and Moorehead 290). Additionally, the significance of emotional intelligence (EI) has risen among the nurses operating in the ICU environment. Seeing that the conditions of an emergency room (ER) require a quick and efficient response, an ACNP must be able to identify the problems that the patient faces in a manner as timely and efficient as possible. At this point, EI becomes a primary tool in locating the sources for concern and addressing them correspondingly (Bloomer et al. 758). Procedures The credentialing model employed at the facility follows the standard requirements. The education records together with the certificate and a license are viewed as a necessity. Additionally, the employment history and the clinical references of the candidate are considered very closely. The evidence for liability insurance is also required, as well as the proof of being a memb
Ryan I agree with the position, which is apparent in your discussion, that medicine during the Civil War was in poor condition. At the same time, as you state, the war was the bloodiest conflict ever seen and had a significant impact on people’s lives. These facts appear evident while looking at the two exhibitions: American Sanitary Commission Records in the New York Public Library Digital Collections (2020), and “Life and limb: The toll of the American Civil War” (2019) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Both of these collections give evidence for your statements regarding the methods of the treatment during the Civil War. As you argue, the overall state of the medicine at that time was highly primitive, and doctors need to use any available treatment tools. After some additional reading, I found that the scholarly opinion about it coincides with your conclusion. The prevailing view often refers to the Civil War period as “the Middle Ages of American medicine” (Reilly, 2016, p. 138). Indeed, the methods of the treatment were often inadequate; instead of the proper treatment, three of every four surgical procedures… were amputation,” which required “about 2 to 10 minutes to complete” (Reilly, 2016, p. 138). The vast amount of the soldiers who became victims of such a treatment can be visible on the pictures of the exhibition (“Life and limb: The toll of the American Civil War,” 2019). You reasonably point out that the instruments used for these procedures were not sanitary. Indeed, the basic disinfection methods were violated, and, as a result, the most common issue was Streptococcal infection, causing severe implications for the soldiers’ health. Meagan Your observation about victims of the war who lost their legs and, using the crutches, had to relearn to walk afterward made me feel deep compassion and condolence towards them. Indeed, the amputation was the most often applied by the doctors’ method, as there were neither proper instruments and medications nor human resources to conduct a long-term treatment. As Reilly states, “the public perception was… that too many amputations were being performed” (Reilly, 2016, p. 141). In order to decrease people’s discontent, the sanitary commission had to ensure that only high-level medical practitioners were allowed to conduct such procedures as surgeries and amputations. Further, you mention wagons as a means of transportation. Indeed, in the current literature about the Civil War, “the wagons, oxcarts, and just anything else available” (Haller, 2011, p. 45) are mentioned as a means for transportation. You also observe the barracks (Sanitary Comission, 2020). Indeed, there were no civil hospitals at the beginning of the Civil War. Some of the patients were transported to the hospitals in the civil centers; however, those were established later, not before 1862 (Reiily, 2016, p. 139). In the pictures of the exhibition, the hospitals in the tents and soldiers’ homes depict the poor state of the medical infrastructure. Your observation that the soldiers were all well dressed made be to think of it. Probably, you refer to the ceremonial pictures of
The use of traditional recordkeeping procedures can affect the experiences of different patients. The case of Dr. Smith indicates that the absence of modern technological systems continues to affect the quality of services available to different patients. Since the physician intends to work for many years to come, this paper discusses how she can adopt and implement EHR in her practice. Adopting and Implementing EHR The presented case indicates that Dr. Smith is currently overwhelmed by the changing needs of her patients. The first step is considering a powerful change initiative that will ensure that all nurses and followers are ready to use modern health technologies effectively. She will also analyze available options, software, and hardware systems in the market. This knowledge will guide her to acquire the right option that can meet the needs of all patients in the 80-mile radius region. This step will guide her to seek the relevant training and hire a competent technologist to manage the new system. Such a professional should coordinate activities, answer phone calls, and act as the administrative assistant (Coye, 2016). These initiatives will reduce expenses while at the same time streamlining treatment procedures. Dr. Smith’s Training According to the studied case, Dr. Smith lacks adequate training in EHR. This means that she might not reap the benefits of technology without adequate training. She can, therefore, consider several ways to work her learning into her current schedule. She will begin identifying the right time for attending EHR classes. She can also acquire a computer with a demo version of the EHR technology. She will be practicing in her own free time to support the implementation process. She can also acquire notes and handouts to analyze whenever she has the time. She can also coordinate her activities and encourage all followers to be supportive throughout the change implementation phase (Coye, 2016). This approach is essential since it resonates with the idea of continuous learning and can empower Dr. Smith to become a competent provider of health services using modern health technologies. Key Concerns for Members of Staff Dr. Smith is planning to introduce EHR in her practice. Her staff is currently comprised of three nurses and a part-time office manager (Knickman & Kovner, 2015). The new proposal will raise various issues for these individuals. The first one is that the introduction of EHR might make it impossible for them to deliver high-quality care and support to the targeted patients. This is possible since they might be not conversant with the proposed medical technologies. Dr. Smith can address this concern by ensuring that they get adequate time to acquire additional training in the use of health information systems. The second issue is that of change resis
Introduction In the article, Collins presents a clan-centric view that is in sharp contrast to Jones Luong’s regional view. Moreover, Collins emphasizes the power of clan pacts in Central Asian countries’ leadership. In contrast, Luong argues that political rivalries between groups are based on regional identities in Central Asia. This paper will analyse Collins’s view on Central Asian politics with respect to the perspectives provided by Luong (Cummings 2013). Summary Collins presents a view which emphases on kinship-based clans. She argues that these clans have penetrated government institutions in Central Asia. She claims that Central Asian countries have failed to build coherent and democratic states in spite of their weak economies as well as fragmented kinship-based clans. According to Collins, the countries have disintegrated instead of consolidating. The author also explores past research on causes of transitions to democracy that have helped democratise Western countries. However, Collins argues that benchmarks for democracy used in Western countries have no place in Central Asia (Collins 2002). In her main theme, Collins examines the role of kinship-based clans in Central Asian states. The author explores how clans play a key role in understanding Central Asian politics. Additionally, the author describes how resources are shared based on pacts made between the clans. Collins also provides evidence of regimes that rose because of pacts made among clans. Moreover, she talks of vertical and horizontal clan networks that ensure clans are strong in their pursuit of economic gains. Additionally, Collins explores diverging pathways adopted by each of the countries right after independence. For instance, she gives an account of how Kyrgyzstan’s leader Askar Akayev tried to practice democracy in the poverty-stricken Muslim country. Collins also explores the political landscape in Turkmenistan, which saw sporadic civil wars between clans seeking a share of the country’s economic gains. Moreover, she examines Kazakhstan, which did not attempt to achieve democratic reforms but instead embraced authoritarian regime (Collins 2002). The author also examines Uzbekistan, which rejected democracy and instead chose autocracy. Collins notes that after five years, Kyrgyzstan slowly slid back to autocracy. In Tajikistan, Collins attributes Rahman Nabiyev’s failure in consolidating support for his regime to an inter-clan power struggle. In general, Collins observes that the power of clans and pacts is stronger in the region than political structures. Moreover, she observes that after independence, the countries moved from divergence to convergence political pathways. Besides, Collins posits that the countries are in danger of political breakdown because of power struggles between rival clans. Collins concludes by observing that clan politics makes the region vulnerable to instability (Collins 2002). In closing remarks, she urges the international community to develop models of reform based on socio-economical and politic
The study by Müller and Palekčić provides a three-year follow-up researching the dynamics of learning motivation among the higher education recipients. To analyze the results, the researchers rely on the correlation between the students’ learning motivation and the fulfillment of their needs for autonomy, affiliation, and competence (Müller and Palekčić 34). The research is conducted in a bias-free manner as it cites the works in psychological research that confirmed that there is a relationship between motivation and the psychological needs of an individual. The study can be repeated within the same setting and show the same result. The study results can be compared to those of similar settings (workplace motivation, for instance). Therefore, one may conclude that the study is reliable. Besides, it can be characterized as valid as its results apply to other educational situations that involve the identification and research of the drivers of motivation. The research report indicates that the relation between the motivation of the participating learners and the fulfillment of their psychological needs remained stable throughout the study. This tendency shows that the established connection is valid. To make sure that their interpretation is accurate, the scholars look into various years and factors that occur during the higher and lower motivation periods and determine that those are the driving predictors (Müller and Palekčić 36). No disastrous events occurred during the program to impact the results. Finally, the generalizability of the study is rather high as it investigates the moving forces of the motivation of learners which means that the study can be applied to students of various ages and from different schools and colleges. The study can even be applied to the learning motivations of employees enrolled in different qualification improvement programs. Works Cited Müller, Florian H. and Marko Palekčić. “Continuity of Motivation in Higher Education: A Three-Year Follow-Up Study.” Review of Psychology 12.1 (2005): 31-43. Print. Shah, Sayyed Rashid. “Empowering EFL teachers through distributed leadership: A critical perspective on leadership practices in an educational institution.” International Journal of Business and Social Science 5.10 (2014): 9-25. Print.
Introduction Autonomous driving refers to a way of driving where human control is not involved. The vehicle is capable of sensing the environment while being operated. Automatic cars have been popularized for their revolution in the automotive industry. They have been used in various fields such as space exploration, aerial surveillance, and various industries like transportation and shipping. The autonomy of these cars varies from time to time due to the invention of new technologies. The success of these autonomous vehicles dates back to the Da Vinci era. This research paper features the history of autonomous driving, which gave the foundations of today and future driving. 1500-Leonardo da Vinci’s Self-propelled Cart Leonardo da Vinci designed a cart that could move without being pushed or pulled. Two tensional springs installed in the Cart are connected to gears, giving them energy for propulsion (Bruderer, 2020). The peg transmission system of the gears made it easy for the front wheels to move without any application of external force quickly. The system enabled the Steering of the Cart such that it could easily maneuver in a set direction. Today’s autonomous driving is a reinterpretation of Da Vinci’s idea. 1868- Whitehead Torpedo Robert Whitehead’s invention of a warhead weapon that could propel itself in water changed the late 1800s mode of water warfare. The torpedo could travel hundreds of meters while maintaining underwater depth due to its pressurization system known as ‘The Secret.’ The Secret was a combination of hydrostatic and pendulum that gave the hydroplane stability to maintain the in-depth (Regele, 2016). The presence of dual propellers which ran in opposite directions disenabled the weapon from veering due to the torque of the propellers. The torpedo underwent several modifications over time to improve its efficiency in self-propulsion (Regele, 2016). These modifications included increasing the pressure of the stored air and the use of Steam-powered engines that were used to propel the torpedo for easy control of the steering while on propulsion. Torpedoes gave birth to modern autonomous driving as the ideas of self-propelling were later advanced and modified to create a vehicle capable of freely maneuvering. 1933-Mechanical Mike Aircraft Autopilot Long-distance traveling across the globe brought an urge to develop a system of auto-piloting for long-range aircraft. Sperry Gyroscope developed the prototype of Mechanical Mike and made a 1300-mile tracking of the Autopilot plane heading to ensure it was on the right track and direction. The plane was comprised of two gyroscopes, and compressed air with a hydraulic system propelled the plane. This auto-pilot was composed of a “thre
The production and consumption of cigarettes play the important role in national economies. Furthermore, it is possible to speak about the economic relationship between the tobacco industry and other industries in the United States. However, today, the market of electronic cigarettes can be discussed as even more influential in comparison to the traditional tobacco market. Electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, entered the Chinese market in 2005 and the global market in 2007 (Bhatnagar et al. 1418; Gourdet, Chriqui, and Chaloupka iii37). Currently, more than 450 brands of e-cigarettes are known in the world, and these products can be purchased in stores and online easily (Bhatnagar et al. 1418). The problem is in the fact that the production of e-cigarettes increases each year, the industry develops as a competitor to the tobacco industry, and its economic effects on healthcare should be discussed in detail. There are debates regarding the health and economic effects of using e-cigarettes as a substitute for tobacco. The purpose of this research is to discuss the literature on e-cigarettes’ economic effects on the healthcare industry and determine specific examples related to the problem. The e-cigarette market is only developing, but the analysis of economic tendencies allows for identifying several effects of the production and consumption of these devices on the healthcare industry. The examples of effects that should be discussed in the paper are the problem with the state funding, taxation, insurance issues, development of anti-smoking campaigns, changes in investment, and the work of the pharmaceutical industry. The Problem of State Funding There are no strict laws that regulate the production and distribution of e-cigarettes directly because there are debates regarding the nature of these products. As a result, variances in regulations of the e-cigarettes’ production and sales influence the state funding in the United States in general, and the funding of the healthcare industry in particular (Gourdet, Chriqui, and Chaloupka iii38). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) states that “the sale of e-cigarettes should be prohibited or regulated as dangerous nicotine delivery systems that comply with the safety standards of the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)” (Palazzolo 1). This approach to regulating e-cigarettes can lead to the protection of the healthcare industry funding in states because laws serve to preserve tax revenues (Emery et al. iii23; Gourdet, Chriqui, and Chaloupka iii38). Regulations are also necessary to preserve Master Settlem
Book Analysis Session I David Sue and Diane M. Sue discuss the Cognitive – Behavioral Theory and Techniques in chapter 11. Theories of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning, and cognitive – behavior are discussed in particular. Several therapies have been developed using the concept of classical conditioning which include exposure or extinction therapy and desensitization (Sue & Sue, 2007). Classical conditioning can be contrasted with Operant Conditioning which requires the subject to act voluntarily. In operant conditioning, positive reinforcers are usually used to increase the desired response while negative reinforcer “increases the frequency the frequency of a behavior by removing an aversive event” (Sue & Sue, 2007, p. 183). On the other hand, punishment is used to eliminate unwanted behavior. Peter Lewinsohn developed a Therapeutic Intervention for depression using the Operant Model, in which he identified some variables that may cause depression in an individual. Other types of training mentioned in the book include social learning training that teaches individuals with schizophrenia, ADHD, and conduct disorder to function properly in a social environment; Assertive training, which mainly “teaches the difference between nonassertive behaviors, aggression, and assertive responses” (Sue & Sue, 2007, p. 186); and REBT, which assumes that it is the thoughts of an individual that lead to anxiety and not the situations. Since I want to become a school social worker, I believe all these techniques and therapies will help me get started in my career and help the individuals perform better in their environment. I believe that the theories of operant conditioning will help me in particular as children tend to respond better to the technique. However, individual behavior varies, and the same technique may not work for everyone. Session II Aaron Beck’s research and clinical work on depression apply much to my career because it identifies the core beliefs of an individual that are causing the problem and also suggests some ways in which these beliefs can be dealt with. It is very common for children to be diagnosed with depression today. Beck’s work provides a detailed account of depression in individuals and suggests ways in which it can be tracked down to its roots. Beck’s work is also very practical as it begins with the identification of distortions on the surface level and then guides the clinician through which t