ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The department of police detective in any policing community is very dynamic and discovery oriented since offers in this field have to devise ways of defeating criminal activities. Specifically, the selection, hiring, and promotion processes for any typical police detective is very detailed since the job card requires the most qualified police officer. The training process is prolonged and there are guidelines that facilitate the transition from recruitment into actual duties. Police detective job The job title of a police detective is very involving since it requires technical skills in criminal investigation. Generally, a police detective performs specialized duties and has the sole mandate of generating investigative reports in liaison with other enforcement agencies. The specialized roles of a police detective are to “conduct narcotics investigations, perform surveillance and establish and maintain contacts with informants; investigate gang related crimes; respond to and investigate scenes of crimes such as homicide, theft, robbery, auto theft, illegal sex related activities; and, crimes committed by juveniles” (Beggs & Davies, 2009, p. 29). This paper will review the job card, requirements, remuneration, promotion, and physical work environment of a police detective. Education and training requirements In order to qualify for recruitment as a police detective, the candidate must have a minimum academic qualification of high school diploma or an equivalent of the same. Besides, the candidates must be at least twenty one years of age with a clean criminal record. The main training requirements for this post include possession of critical skills such as strong communication skills, good judgment, leadership, and organization skills” (Police Science and Law Enforcement, 2015, par. 8) since the job description involves application of analytical skills and ability to make rational judgments in crisis. In specialized forces, an additional degree in criminal justice may be an added advantage for a potential candidate. Qualifications The first qualification is possession of at least a high school diploma education. Besides, the potential candidate must have citizenship of the country he or she wants to serve as a detective. In most countries across the globe, a potential candidate for the post of a police detective should have a valid driving license with very minimal past driving offenses. It is necessary for the candidate to have tax compliance certification, good conduct certificate, and a recommendation letter from a least two division of the local authority (Peak, 2009). Hiring process The hiring process begins by advertisement of available police detective positions in the local dailies. An interested candidate who meets the minimum requirements may send an application alongside his or her curriculum vitae addressed to the recruiting institution. After short listing, the successful candidates are invited for series of interviews on education requirement, health accreditation, and physical
Science and politics have never seemed to have much in common. While the former follows a clearly established theory and operates with verified facts, the latter uses the existing facts to its advantage and often manipulates ideas to make itself look favorable. Whereas science is a thing in itself, politics is often out there for the public. In contrast to science, where the outcomes can usually be easily predicted, in politics, the results of certain moves can be quite unexpected; the list goes on. Therefore, it seems hardly possible that the two could have the slightest impact on each other. Despite the fact that a number of educational issues concern the political aspects of people’s lives, defining science must not be the concern of politics, otherwise the quality of education will drop considerably. To give credit where it belongs, one must admit that at certain points of the state’s development, politics and education can cross. For example, in political science or history, where students learn the way in which states were formed and political issues were handled, it is often quite hard to offer an objective opinion on the past events (McLelland). Since the students need to evaluate certain events, they need specific political ideas to use as a basis for their judgments. For example, the democratic principles can be used to assess the era when racism was not confronted. Therefore, without certain political ideas as a background for people’s judgments, it is hardly possible to address a certain political event in the past. However, when the impact that politicians have on educational process is pushed to its limit, the equality of education is likely to decrease; and, which is even more threatening, the veracity of the offered information is likely to be reduced. The conflict between the educational establishments and the political leaders who meddle in the educational system is mostly caused by the discrepancies between the two opponents concerning the educational goals. While politicians aim at shaping the educational system according to the current trends in politics and encourage learning the subjects that are currently considered essential, teachers are preoccupied with providing the students with vast knowledge and training the skills that will further help the students learn the chosen subjects even deeper. To demonstrate the differences in the approach that the authorities in education and political leaders follow in their policy of education restructuring, the recent conflict concerning religion and education is worth analyzing. According to Strauss, the recent law in Tennessee is likely to set education back several decades. Considered controversial and unverified, the theory of evolution, as well as cloning and a number of other scientific issues are temporarily extracted from the school curriculum, which raises the
Renaissance theatre developed in Italy and spread to all the other parts of Europe at a very fast rate between the1500s and 1700s. Protestant Reformation and English Renaissance Theatre The most important influence of the Protestant Reformation on English Renaissance Drama was the rejection of pastoral features of medieval drama. Rejecting them succeeded because of scholars who influenced people with humanist ideologies. Theatre eliminated all its religious aspects and adopted secular nature. Playwrights reverted to classical theatre ideologies. Plays adopted the classical structure that had acts and scenes. It also borrowed other elements of classical drama like; spectacle, music, and dance. Impacts of reformist ideas on Italian theatre Italians developed the proscenium theatre design 1500s. This theatre had a raised stage where actors performed, and the audience sat behind them. There were two entrances on either side of the scenery. The architectural development in Italy at that time was a major influence in the development of this theatre. Theatres were attended by all people regardless of status and class. Reformists renewed people’s interests in classical drama by rejecting the religion-oriented drama of the medieval era. Playwrights, therefore, wrote plays that resembled classical drama. The new drama put much emphasis on verisimilitude; it advocated for realism. Playwrights removed unrealistic elements of classical drama from their plays. They, for example, reduced the time for performing one play from several days to some minutes. They believed that this would enhance credibility. Neoclassicism in France It took time for French audiences to embrace neoclassic ideas. The reluctance to accept neoclassic drama in France was because of the deep-rooted commedia farce. Theatre in France has its roots in the period of Louis XIII who instructed Cardinal Richelieu to construct a theatre that resembled the Italian theatre. In the mid-1600s, plays from Pierre Corneille and Jean Batiste Racine influenced the development of renaissance ideologies in the French Theatre. Neoclassic principles involved; faith in human capabilities, as opposed to belief in religion. Playwrights in the neoclassic era eliminated the influence of religion on theatre and developed secular plays. They recreated classical drama by coming up with the drama that had classical features. Their drama emphasized verisimilitude, purity of drama, a five-act plot, and the purpose of drama. These principles were accepted due to support from the French Academies, the Monarch, and the church; they argued that this drama helped nurture a French moral society. Major neoclassic playwrights in France were Jean Batiste Moliere, Jean Racine, and Pierre Corneille. In England, playwrights included Lord Robert Chamberlain, Thomas Lupton, Sir William Berkeley, William Shakespeare, and Walter Raleigh while
Introduction Cognitive Psychology is a branch of psychology that studies ways in which people perceive, think, learn and remember information. It deals with the internal functions of the human brain and analyzes why people tend to remember some information and forget other data. It primarily deals with the perception and memory of human beings regarding shapes, events, languages, and other information (Balota & Marsh, 2004). Although psychologists have been studying human behavior and thought processes for a long time the area of cognitive psychology is fairly recent to the field and the most significant year for the development of cognitive psychology was 1956 when Noam Chomsky presented a theory of language and George Miller presented research on the mathematical number seven and its relationship with short term memory (Eysenck & Keane, 2005). Main body The cognitive revolution started in 1956 as several theories and concepts related to cognitive psychology were presented this year. The most significant breakthrough in the discipline came about when Chomsky criticized B. F. Skinner’s theory of language presented in his book. Chomsky presented a notion that language use is based on personal creativity and imagination rather than enforcement. He argued that human beings can produce an infinite number of sentences without any difficulty. The theory presented by Chomsky and interpretation of human memory by Miller in 1956 were of critical importance in the development of cognitive psychology. The concept of Artificial Intelligence is linked with cognitive psychology and was also presented in 1956 at the Dartmouth conference (Eysenck & Keane, 2005). The actual term of cognitive psychology was developed by Ulric Neisser in 1967 in which he described human beings as active systems processing information and that brain functions could be expressed in numbers (Surprenant & Neath, 1997). The ideology of cognitive psychology which was set out in the 1950s evolved through the years and in 1980 another milestone was achieved when Daniel Dennett and Douglas Hofstadter published books on cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence. The major highlights of the cognitive revolution include theories on information, linguistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, and n
Serial killers have always been of the main interest for different social scientists and theorists. The reasons for serial murders have been discussed many times and from different points of view. Considering the murders of people by Theodore Bundy, the problem may be discussed from biological and psychological perspectives as all murders may be characterized by the “trait theory”, which is going to be characterized by Bundy’s crimes. Trait theory is the characterization of the crime provided from the law-violating or conventional behavior issues. Trait theory in crimes describes personal behavior through thoughts and emotions. Each criminal is considered an individual, who is “unique, physically and mentally; consequently, there must be different explanations of each person’s behavior” (Siegel 123). Trait theory may be divided into two main subdivisions, psychological functioning, and biological makeup, which differ by the traits, which influence people’s intentions for crimes. The biological theory considers the crime reasons as causes of some biological processes in people’s organisms (Siegel 123). The other theory is a psychological issue, where “associations among intelligence, personality, learning, and criminal behavior” are taken into account (Siegel 136). To analyze the trait theory of the definite case, Ted Bundy’s crimes were chosen. Starting the discussion, a summary of Bundy’s life should be provided. Being born in 1946 in Burlington, Vermont, at the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers, he had never seen his father, moreover, there is no trusted evidence of his location. Being pressured by the fact that he was illegitimate may have deformed his understanding of the surrounding world and may have made him inveterate. Till the very death, he did not want to confirm his relation to the crimes committed, but in the night before his capital punishment, he named one more state, where he had killed a woman, which was not considered before. In general, he was convicted for killing about 36 people of the female sex in about ten states. The last words of the killer were “I would like you to give my love to my family and friends” (Holmes and Holmes 154). The provided description above, the last words of the serial killer, and his behavior make it possible to make up the whole picture of the criminal portrait. The limitations, which he suffered in his childhood, the lack of parental love, the absence of a father, and the understanding of himself as illegitimate or waning were the main backgrounds for future crimes. The ways how women, the eldest of which was 26 years old, (sometimes even children, the youngest of which was 8 years old) (Holmes 156) were killed (bludgeoning or strangulation in most cases) tells about his desire to watch people’s suffering, that is the result of the psychological trauma. In addition, most of the killed women were not found and only the witnesses and indir
Introduction NSAIDs or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are amid the most common medications used to relieve the pain. Habitually, the palliative effect of NSAIDs has been explicated with the use of enzyme inhibition process during which prostaglandins are produced. It is currently identified that there are two structurally different formulae of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme. Subsequently, these are cox-1 and cox-2. Cox-1 is one of the elements of regular cells and cox-2 is inoculated in inflammatory cells. Cox-2 inhibition represents the most likely mechanism of action for NSAID-mediated analgesia, while the ratio of inhibition of cox-1 to cox-2 by NSAIDs should determine the likelihood of adverse effects. The utilization of NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) is connected to a variety of probable adverse effects, together with an amplified risk of adversative cardiovascular outcomes. The risk of diverse events fluctuates contingent upon the medical background, medications, and dosage. Both selective and nonselective NSAIDs intensify such risk (Hemmings & Egan, 2013). When assessing the cardiac risk for patients whose medication lists comprise NSAIDs, it is central to consider the period and regularity of such treatment. Contrasting the gastrointestinal secondary effects, which can transpire shortly after the beginning of treatment, the risk of bad cardiovascular outcomes such as stroke, myocardial infarction, or even death is tremendously small over a short sequence of treatment, as might be utilized for patients with a severe but partial musculoskeletal damage (Hemmings & Egan, 2013)
Zheng He was a eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral in China. He played a critical role in China’s early Ming dynasty where he rose to the top of the imperial hierarchy to command the Southern capital of Nanjing. As a mariner, he sailed the longest ships at the time stretching over 400 feet in length. He then served as a Marine commander of expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa regions between 1405 and 1433. Besides, he is renowned for his voyages that were of the state of the art, and he played a major role in the economic development of China. He also continued to operate as a Voyager despite becoming an emperor commander. However, his achievements and legacy were allegedly highly corrupted by the Chinese political forces. Despite these claims, many social places are named after him, and they have continued to revive his memories to numerous Chinese people (Phillips and Phillips 9). On the other hand, Christopher Columbus is a renowned explorer, navigator, and colonizer. He was born in Italy, and he was a citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the Spanish crown, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean and led to the establishment of various Spanish colonies in the US. Although he was not the first explorer to reach the US, he is recognized for establishing lasting contact between the Americans and the Europeans. Just like Zheng He, he played a major role in the Spanish economic development through his voyages that led to the establishment of trade ties with other states. However, he is criticized for establishing slave trade that led to the genocide of the Hispaniola natives. Works Cited Phillips, William, and Carla Phillips. The Worlds of Christopher Columbus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Print.
The ongoing global MERS-CoV outbreak presents several dangers to the hospital and the radiology department, specifically. First and foremost, there is a possibility that infected patients will enter the location, potentially spreading the disease to workers or other residents. To that end, a reinforcement of the standard prevention measures to further reduce the danger is necessary. Second, there is an expectation that the flow of patients to the radiology department is going to increase, possibly doubling. As such, the workers there have to be prepared to continue providing essential services at a high pace while maintaining sanitary conditions. As the director of the radiology department that is also responsible for ED, inpatient floors, and OR, all of these matters are the author’s concern. As such, they have prepared this report to elaborate on the changes in staffing, infection control, and supply distribution they intend to implement. Staffing Due to the expectation of the arrival of infected patients, who can contaminate the surfaces they touch, the department will limit itself to essential operations. Seear and Ezezika (2017) define these as X-rays, ultrasounds, and technician training. All of the other practices will be suspended, and the staff responsible for them will be partially furloughed. These operations will only be performed if there is an immediate and urgent need, and the staff on duty should be able to handle them. The number of workers who handle the essential operations will be increased based on the patient flow projections weighted against the department’s current capacity. Moreover, technician training will also be stopped for the duration of the outbreak because it is unsafe, and there will likely be no time for it. Infection Control Generally, radiographic instruments tend not to penetrate the patient’s tissues or touch them directly. As such, infection control procedures tend to be laxer there than in departments such as surgery. However, as Iannucci and Howerton (2017) note, there are still opportunities for cross-contamination. As such, due to the outbreak, controls will be intensified, and instruments will be disinfected after each use. With that said, due to the high throughput, it is not feasible to use high-intensity procedures because of the time and cost involved. As such, the department will engage in medium-intensity disinfection aft
Introduction The Libyan conflict pits the supporters of the Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi, on one side and the anti-Gaddafi forces backed by the international community. It began as peaceful protests that later degenerated into a rebellion after use of excessive force on the protesters by the supporters of the government opposed to the revolution. Both sides of the Libyan conflict struggle to gain control of the country’s leadership. What began as peaceful protests against the autocratic regime, degenerated into a full-blown conflict that has even attracted involvement from the international community. The perception of the citizens that the regime is oppressive and dictatorial encouraged the mass protests. The pro-government forces on the other hand are opposed to the perceived involvement of the international community and the Western countries to impose regime change in their country. Parties in the Libyan Conflict The conflict started with low-level protests against the government, which retaliated with violence against its citizens. The protesters gradually gained support even from within the “pro-Gaddafi community leading to the establishment of the Transition National Council based in Benghazi” (Cimmino, 2011). The main interest of staging the revolt was to topple the oppressive regime and establish a democratic rule. The response of the Libyan leader and his supporters opposed to this revolt involved use of excessive force to quell the violence. However, the protesters have gradually continued to gain support from the citizens and the international community. The international community’s involvement is to protect the civilians and establish a peaceful environment to settle the conflict. The incompatible goals in this conflict lie in the opposition to Gaddafi’s oppressive rule. The government’s counteroffensive response characterized by heavy use of military weapons and threats by the pro-government forces against the rebels show the government’s determination to remain in power moreover; the government also censored communication media including the social media for fuelling the conflict. The protesters want to end the oppressive and corrupt regime that is accused of infringement of human rights. The conflict was fueled by poor economic theories coupled with corruption and tribalism, which have contributed to low living standards of the citizens despite the country’s rich oil reserves. The conflict underwent an escalatory spiral from a peaceful protest to violent conflict attracting the involvement of the international community (Folger, Poole, & Stutman, 1997, p.67). Initially, most Libyans manifested the avoidance cycle, as they feared the conflicts would turn out to be costly. However, after the government’s violent response to protests, many joined forces with the rebels. According to the Lens model, the protesters perceive the Gaddafi’s rule as oppressive and corrupt and ought to be replaced with a democratic leadership (