ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
General Economic Conditions Zara retail clothing chain was the leading global apparels retailer in 2011 following continual growth over the years. The clothing industry is competitive and subject to dynamic consumer tastes, changing spending trends as well as economic and trade requirements. Economic conditions affect the spending patterns of consumers. For the past three years, the global economy slumped. Slow growth in economy did not affect the continued increase in sales for Zara in the past four years. Zara has recorded an impressive 10% growth in sales on average since 2008. However, the economic situation continues to improve. In particular, there is notable recovery in the United States where Zara has expanded in both online and store presence. In Europe, the prospects of growth are guarded because of the recent tightening of regulations and fiscal policies. On the brighter side, the debt crisis has eased in countries such as Greece and Spain. The emerging markets for Zara and associated brands (e.g. Brazil, Japan and China) have had relatively stable economies. This makes the company’s strategic online and store presence in those countries worthwhile as the company heads to 2012. Improving economic conditions may increase growth in the overall apparel industry, reduce uncertainties and open new markets (Tokatli 2008). Technology Internet and globalization are crucial to a current business. Zara’s store presence goes hand in hand with its online presence. This drives its flexible business model of fitting the right fashion to the right people at the right time affordably. Zara introduced 17 new online markets in 2011. 2012 is already promising to be successful. Inditex, Zara’s parent company, introduced e-shopping to 18 new countries in Europe alongside United States and Japan. With store sales remaining relatively unchanged at an average of 25% across all major markets, online presence has experienced tremendous growth. However, connectivity has brought a major lifestyle revolution the world over. Hence, Zara is even more cautious on trends in regional and global markets. This shows that the overall industry needs to be aware of the benefits that technology brings in line with the continued uptake in many countries. It is a new route for more revenue generation, trend evaluation and growth (Tokatli 2008). Societal Values and Lifestyles Different societies have different values and lifestyles (Tokatli 2008). Zara takes this as a challenge by giving the right people the right fashion. However, affordability, trend, durability and functionality form the basis for Zara’s products. Additionally, gl
Enzymes are proteins that are formed in the body and act as catalysts. They break materials down by increasing the rate of chemical reactions and biological processes. However, those chemical or biological processes do not change enzymes. Enzymes play a key role in lowering the activation energy for a reaction enhancing the rate of reaction. Comparing enzymes and catalysts, catalysts catalyze many biochemical reactions without any selectivity while enzymes are highly selective to a reaction. Enzymes do not affect the equilibrium of the reactions. However, enzymes are chemical-specific to their functions. Invertase is a yeast-derived enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of sucrose. This results in the production of fructose and glucose mixture referred to as inverted sugar syrup. Enzymes have two major parts that form them; they include non-protein and protein parts. The non-protein part is crucial part of the enzyme for any reaction to occur, it may consist of metal ions including Mn 2+ or Zn 2+ . These metal ions are referred to as co-factors that are covalently bound to protein sections to assist in the reduction of activation energy. The protein section is where reactant bind to it lowering the activation energy hence increasing reaction (Dietmar and Ida 89). They are two major categories of Yeast invertase; they include internal and external invertase. There is a clear similarity and marked disparities shown by properties of purified preparations if external and internal invertases of yeast that are designated by their location in relation to the cell membrane. There is resemblance between specific activity and molecular weight of both internal and protein moiety of external invertase. However, they are differences between external and internal invertase; their molecular weights vary (external invertase MW=270,000 Daltons, internal invertase MW=135,000 Daltons). The compositions of amino acids are dissimilar with external invertase having cystine or cysteine. The internal enzymes do not have the same amino acids composition. However, the general structure and differences of enzymes are the same with differences in amino acids composition. There are various sources of invertase where it is produced including bacteria, fungi (saccharomyces, cerevisiae, Fusarium solani, Candida utilis, and Penicillium species), and higher plants and animals. The external invertase from Saccharomy cerevisiae is in most instances is used in food industry because it is non-toxicogenic and non-pathogenic. One of the crucial enzymes in the food industry is external invertase (B-fructofuranosid fructohydrolose) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sucrose sugar is catalyzed into an equimolar mix of fructose and glucose referred to as inverted sugar. The invert sugar gotten from this enzyme reaction is colorless with a higher yield of conversion than the product obtained by acid hydrolysis. The key functional state of the external invertase is a homodymer with a molecular mass of 270 kDa. A glycoprotein is stable and dissociates only under denaturation conditions. Polymannan
Introduction The World War II genocide of Jews, known as the Holocaust, changed both the Jewish history and the history of the world, transforming the human perception of violence and religious conflicts. The Holocaust was a turning point in the development of Jewish collective consciousness and the public’s views on discrimination and nationalism. The movies and literature devoted to the subject raise the questions of morality, human nature, and the nature of evil, teaching new generations to be particularly sensitive about religious and social issues. Main body Schindler’s List, directed by Steven Spielberg, tells the story of a moral transformation of Oskar Schindler, a German businessman who, during World War II, saved over a thousand Jews by employing them in his factories. The movie offers an intense and transformative viewing experience vividly depicting Nazis’ atrocities against Jews and the depravities of human nature (Shandler 108). By risking his life and spending all his money to save his workers, the main character shows that when outrageous political decisions are concerned, it is the choice of every individual which side to take. Under the Nazi regime, millions of Jews were deported, imprisoned in concentration camps, tortured, and killed. The Holocaust had a profound effect on society both in Europe and all over the world, and its consequences are still felt today. Forster et al. in their study of the Holocaust’s effects on Jews, claim that “survivors of politically-induced traumas develop strong social identification with other members of their group and transmit their identities to their descendants.” The Holocaust facilitated the development of the collective consciousness and memory of the Jewish community scarred by the horrors they had suffered. Apart from Jews, Germans also targeted other social groups whom they perceived as inferior or a threat to the regime. Gypsies, and black people were persecuted for racial reasons, being considered a threat to the Nazi ideal of a “pure Aryan race.” People with mental and physical disabilities were viewed as biologically defective and a financial burden to the state. Homosexuals were thought to corrupt German values and culture. The Nazi policy towards all groups of victims was brutal and violent. They were forced to wear identifying badges: Jews were compelled to mark themselves with a yellow star of David, and gay men had to wear a downward-pointing pink triangle. In concentration camps, red triangles were used for political prisoners, green for criminals, blue for immigrants, brown for Gypsies, purple for Jehovah’s Witnesses, and black for prisoners regarded as “antisocial,” including prostitutes and lesbians. Apart from labeling, a set of laws was implemented to deprive the discriminated groups of basic human rights. The Nazi policy was aimed at isolating and dehumanizing ethnic minorities and “social deviants,” marking them as being different from everyone else and separating them from society. Conclusion In my opinion, the discrimination that Jews and other social and ethnic groups experienced during World War II shaped the world that we live in. Today, national governme
Introduction Organizations often desire to achieve high performance. According to scholars in organizational behaviour, organizational leadership is one of the key determinants of organizational performance. Organizational leaders need to choose the right approach of leadership that can help steer the organization towards meeting its goals. There are different approaches of leadership. Each approach or leadership has its strength and weaknesses; thus, organizational leaders have to be careful when choosing the leadership approach to adopt (Ballantyne, Berret & Wells, 2011). This paper discusses participative leadership as one of the styles of leadership. The paper gives an overview of the approach, followed by the strengths and weakness of participative leadership. Overview According to Mumford (2010), participative leadership, which is also known as democratic leadership, is one of the most desirable approaches of leadership in contemporary organizations. It entails the involvement of all organizational members in key decision making. The final decisions are approved after wider consultations have been made across the entire organization. The presumption of this kind of leadership is that each employee has a given piece of information that can aid the organization in meeting its objectives. Therefore, employees are consulted on most of the wider plans of the organization. Here, organizational managers are often seen as facilitators of the leadership process in the organization. They code the ideas of organizational members into key decisions in the organization. In this era where more people are enlightened, most organizations are borrowing the principles of this approach of management in order to make the best use of the diverse knowledge and skills of their employees. This is replicated in the decisions of most organizations to form decision making groups, where all organizational members are given a chance to air their views on organizational decisions (Mumford, 2010). Strengths and weakness The participative approach of leadership has numerous strengths. First of all, participative leadership promotes a healthy working environment through making each member feel important and needed in the organization. This promotes self esteem of each member of the organization. It also raises the level of communication and cooperation in the organization. By allowing all members to participate in the decision making process, the quality of decisions reached are often of a higher quality. Lastly, the approach gives employees room to gain understanding of the complex processes and issues in the organization (Mumford, 2010). This approach also has numerous weaknesses. Fist of all, the approach elongates the span of time that is taken to make decisions, thus it may not be favourable for responding to emergency situations. Secondly, the decisions reached may be too complex to implement. The rationale behind this is that the decisions are reached out of a wider consultation and input processes.
There are many forces that originate from the earth’s core and mantle. There are many theories that tend to explain these processes such as the convectional theory. When these massive movements occur, massive forces are transmitted, that end up moving the earth’s crust. Due to these occurrences, the huge continental plates are forced to move, which causes them to collide. One continental plate can slide to rise above another, or push against each other to result to uplifts such as folds. Mountain ranges such as the Himilayas were formed in this manner when the Eurasian and Indian plates collided. This form of uplift is known as the orogenic uplift. On the other hand, when there is erosion on the mountain range that gradually removes the crust materials from the surface, this surface becomes lighter as a result of the removal of weight and the pressure within will force the land to bulge outwards resulting to uplift. This is referred to as the isostatic uplift. It can be experienced during the post – glacial rebound after the melt of the ice sheets or glaciers. Plate tectonics can also result to the massive continental plates moving away from each other. When this occurs, there are fault lines (lines of weakness) formed between them. This eventually leads to a sink between the plates creating low land levels and valleys that could even be below the sea level. In other words, these geographical processes results to the creation of landscape uplifts and even valleys that structures or shapes the appearance, shape, profile or the topography of the landscape. However, these creations on the earth’s surface are usually reshaped by some other artificial and natural processes all together – the processes of erosion and deposition. They also lead to the formation of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks (Fowler pg 313). Erosion is the process by which broken or weathered crust materials are moved from one surface to another. Weathering refers to the breaking down of rocks and minerals found in or on the crust to smaller particles that can be carried away easily. Unbalanced and extreme heating and cooling of the earth’s crust, water, ice and human activity are all factors contributing to weathering; it can be physical or chemical in nature of occurrence (Partheniades & Emmanuel pg 9). Erosion of these materials can also be caused by a number of factors i.e. the blowing wind can carry away light and loose materials from one land surface to another, this form of erosion is rampant in open areas without wind barriers and erosion obstacles. Water especially the moving river can carry these materials downstream where they get deposited. More severe forms of erosion like landslides and mudslides involve rapid movement of large landmasses by gravity over a steep landscape. When it occurs gradually over a long time, it is referred to as a creep. These forms of erosion remove the protruding uplifts with the
Physiologically, living things regulate the intake and removal of various metabolic precursors within their systems. In this context, it is true that plants will not increase their CO2 uptake in response to increased levels of the gas (CO2) in the atmosphere. Additionally, plants will not increase their relative significance in the removal and sequestration of CO2 (a greenhouse gas) despite the characterizing expectations. It is important to agree that most terrestrial and aquatic plants only absorb considerable amount of CO2 during photosynthesis (Taub, 2010). This uptake stops at the optimal levels despite the concentration of the gas in the atmosphere. The phenomenon is termed as ‘downregulation’ as indicated earlier. For example, experiments (using soya beans leaves) indicate that plants will only synthesis enough Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) to operate in the Calvin Cycle depending on the energy demands of the concerned plants. This is not dictated by the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. Plants usually make and store ATP only to their respective optimal levels. Thus, they can minimally reduce the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Obviously, the levels of CO2 intake might increase tremendously at the initial stages of the photosynthetic processes; nonetheless, this trend is bound to reduce upon saturation of plant cells with the gas (CO2). In the Calvin cycle, CO2 sequesters/combines with Rubisco to form 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate. The process requires a constant supply of Rubisco (Raghavendra, 2000). Despite the abundance of CO2, the cycle cannot proceed minus Rubisco whose synthesis is not pegged to the CO2 abundance but to the physiological demands of the concerned plants. This is an important provision that indicates why plants should not be considered as the ultimate liberator from greenhouse gases. When plants have synthesized and stored enough energy they require, they will obviously disable the Calvin Cycle during dark stage of photosynthesis. For example, plants will hardly synthesis metabolites more than they require for im
Introduction Our set of programs and courses is presented from the perspective of the community center representative. Its main objective is to enhance a flexible attitude towards the learners of different age groups and backgrounds and to address the issue of digital and technological illiteracy. The goals are to promote technical education and opportunities for educational and professional development that can be accessed through the medium of technology. It is aimed to help to solve the problems with career development, beginning with the courses for school district’s students, promoting digital literacy among students of the elementary, middle, and high school to the adult learners looking for professional growth opportunities, and implement new resources of job counseling. Station 1: Universal Design for Learning (UDL) The first station is dedicated to the universal design for learning, which is why its main objective is to bring together both children and adults of different age groups, social and economic backgrounds to acquaint them with the new educational opportunities. It is important not to make the outer look of the station too childish so that neither teenage students nor adult learners feel patronized. The clear message of the event should be that all age groups are welcomed to participate. One thing that has its appeal to all age groups is a technology and different technological achievements. That is why there has to be a place in the event scenario to show how technology can be used for both educational and entertainment purposes. Depending on the scale of the event, there are two possible scenarios for attracting the audience to the event. It can be either a small science fair with the demonstration of different projects dealing with technology or the mascot of the event, for example, that can both promote education and be entertaining. In the course of the event, the attendees will be explained the basics of how the new technology will help learners from Pre-Kindergarten through 12th-grade students in school districts and adult learners at the community center to improve their education. In particular, the technology will allow implementing UDL approaches to multiple forms of learning and opportunities to facilitate the process for all kinds of learners (Edyburn, 2013). The perspectives of how all age groups can use technology for the purposes of education will be demonstrated in the video presentation. For example, adult learners who have a strict time schedule at work can make their curriculum more flexible during their educational program at the community center. And the learners from Pre-Kindergarten through 12th-grade students, who, for example, missed or did not understand something properly in the class, will have more opportunities to go through the material again. The technology will make the classes more interactive to ensure a larger space for communication and engagement with each learner. It is an important aspect for all the a
Introduction BP is an organization involved in oil and gas industry globally, its headquarters are in London, Britain. BP is one of the largest global companies and is involved in activities such as exploration, refining of crude oil, distributing, generating power and production of renewable energy among other roles. The company operates in over 80 nations across the globe and manages more than 22,400 gas outlets globally (Cheremisinoff and Davletshin 443). The United States division is the largest outlet for BP and thus plays a huge role to the organization as far as revenue generation is concerned. Current Business Problem With the division in the US being the most important for the company, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill has had many negative effects to the company. The oil spill led to deaths of 11 people, loss of trust in the company, destruction of the surrounding ecosystem and a bad reputation for the organization (Farrell 43). Tourism, marine life and the ecology were enormously affected in the coast by the oils spillage. BP has already spent over $3.12 billion on the spillage on actions such as containing the spillage, responding to the disaster, drilling the well, payment of grants to the states affected by the spillage, payment of claims and costs to the federal government (Cheremisinoff and Davletshin 443). The spill was the largest oil disaster in the history of the industry in regards to off shore drilling in the United States. The problem is identifying the challenges the company is facing in the United States after the oil spillage and the impact of this event by applying ethical perspectives. BP Competition BP is a global company that faces huge competition from other organizations that deal with oil, gas, and petrochemicals. There exist huge competition within the industry as well as in other industries in regards to the supply of gas, fuel and meeting other needs of the energy sector, commerce, industrial, and for home use (Hitt et al. 50-54). There is need by organizations to cut costs and management of BP to focus o