ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Woodrow Wilson was the 28 th president of the United States of America. His tenure lasted between 1913 and 1921. During his presidency, he lowered tariffs, decreased working days for laborers to eight hours, and prohibited child labor. These achievements are crucial and well documented in the history of the American struggles for improving living conditions for its citizens. However, in overall, this paper reveals that the presidency of Woodrow Wilson was a failure. Woodrow Wilson’s Failures President Woodrow’s foreign policies influenced the US relations with other nations negatively. For instance, his inversion of Nicaragua, Haiti, Mexico, and Panama led to the emergence of animosity between these nations and the US. Through these inversions, he attempted to shape political regimes to suit his own stakes (Shenkman, 1999). For example, in Haiti and Nicaragua, he selected people of his own choice to lead the nations after destabilizing their current political regimes. Perhaps, this move undermined democracy since people were not allowed to elect political leaders of their own choice. In Mexico, under his directives, the American army confronted the Mexican army in an effort to find Pacho Villa. However, this search was in vain. Thus, it only led to the suffering of innocent people due to the humanitarian crisis that was associated with war. The emergence of WWI offered an opportunity for president Woodrow to articulate his political views in the international arena more precisely. He accomplished this mission by advocating for “freedom of the seas, self-determination, arm reduction, end of secret treaties and alliances, and a League of Nations to help avoid conflicts” (Post, 1983, p.301). He also advocated for the creation of new states that were divided along ethnic lines while at the same time engaging in redrawing the map of the world (Shenkman, 1999). Unfortunately, these attempts failed. If his allies had embraced these divisions, they could have led to the destruction of the American diversity, which currently acts the source of the American society’s nationalism. President Woodrow also tried to convince various allies in WWI to embrace global peace without necessarily achieving victory in a bid to mitigate possibilities of the emergence of WWII. However, the First World War allies ignored Woodrow’s pleas. Instead, they severely punished Germans. Later, Woodrow’s vision for America inspired the American presidents, including Roosevelt and George W. Bush. Unfortunately, he failed to articulate his vision in Latin America. For instance, he fostered discrimination within various federal facilities in Latin America (Cooper, 2008). This case compromised his vision of self-determination. During WWI, president Woodrow compromised the freedom for which he had been advocating. Ambrosius (2006) states that he “allowed the government to open mail, restricted free speech, and imprisoned dissidents, and approved the Palmer Raids, which rounded up and deported foreigners and arrested people for criticizing the governmen
Strain theory, described first by an American sociologist Robert Merton is a unique tool for analyzing the capitalist system as a whole and the nature of economic crime in particular. This theory states that “crime occurs when there aren’t enough legitimate opportunities for people to achieve the success goals imposed by the society” (Thompson, 2016, para. 1). It was deduced by Merton upon the careful observance of the functions of American society – which aggressively imposes the idea of material and economic wealth as the ultimate achievement onto its citizens. While doing so, the society, quite paradoxically, fails to provide opportunities for all of its members equally. When a person, aiming to achieve a certain goal, meets with obstacles that are extremely difficult or impossible to overcome, usually financially related, occurs an effect that Merton called “a strain”. This theory accurately explains many crime trends that can be observed in modern society. Namely, strain theory is particularly effective when explaining higher rates of offense in lower-income communities. The theory’s legitimacy can be followed through Merton’s careful observations concerning the notion of the “American dream” influences society. He argued that “for those from lower social classes, this ‘dream’ had become an ideology, masking the fact that the legitimate opportunities are not available to all” (Thompson, 2016, para. 8). When a strain happens, individuals are more likely to continue to pursue their economic gain, now through illegal means. Despite the theory not being perfect and universal, it still works efficiently in the analysis of society’s deviation trends. Strain theory is incomplete in the sense that it only focuses on crime in the lower classes, ignoring “white-collar crime” and ignores the working class members that continue to employ accepted, legitimate goals (Thompson, 2016, para. 2). However, I still perceive it as a well-rounded theory, since it manages the task of exposing the inner mechanics, and the crippling effects countless people experience, however, people in power refuse to acknowledge it. Reference Thompson, K. (2016). Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance. ReviseSociology, Web.
Introduction Throughout history, the understanding of how the human body functions have remained the center of concern. Of particular interest is the knowledge of body cells which according to many, significantly explains process flows and interpretation of perceived and real information. In this regard, electrophysiological techniques have been developed to enhance the understanding of the electrical characteristics of cells and tissues in animals. Additionally, advances in these techniques have increased our understanding of neuronal multisensory integration. This essay gives an analysis of some of the electrophysiological techniques and how their advancements have transformed the manner in which human beings view and comprehend neuronal multisensory integration. Electrophysiology The understanding of how the brain orchestrates actions, perceptions and thoughts from the electrical dynamic of neurons is quite fascinating. The organization of the brain generally offers several patterns which are distinct at different levels ranging from interacting systems to synapses. In addressing these issues, physiologists are usually faced with the challenge of formulating methods that offer a short-term and spatial resolution for the activities of the neurons across networks (Puce & Perrett, 2003). Although there are several methods of finding these, there is always the need of translating collected data into neuronal spike trains format to understand how the brain controls behavior. It is vital to understand that the existence of specific behavior in animals emerges as a result of the interaction between neuronal pools and neurons. Nevertheless, analyzing such processes can only be effective when bulky neurons are used in several regions of the brain. Current physiological techniques permit the recording of a high number of heavy apical dendrites. In these bulky tissues, there is a usually high level of neurons making their identification and isolation from a common site difficult (Puce & Perrett, 2003). This task can therefore be accomplished by making use of multiple recording sites like four or eight. From a broader perspective, electrophysiology focuses on electrical phenomena which play a major role in animals. Membrane protein complexes through which voltage changes usually permit the flow of ions from one cell to another via permeable membranes (Giard &
Introduction Wal-Mart is undoubtedly the largest retain store in the world. This American firm has been keen on increasing its market share as a way of expanding its financial strength. Originally operating exclusively in the United States, this firm has grown to cover various other markets in Europe, Asia, South American states among other regions. The firm is still planning further expansion to other world regions. According to Jie (2013), Wal-Mart has massively benefited from the increasing globalization that is taking place in the world. This scholar says that one of the sure ways through which a firm can manage the competitive market is to expand to various world markets. As other retail firms penetrate the American market, Wal-Mart has developed an ambitious program that would ensure that it has global market coverage. Although this comes with numerous benefits to this firm, there are some challenges that this firm has to deal with. The management must respond to these challenges in an appropriate manner to ensure that they do not have negative impact on this firm in its expansion program. This study will review literatures about this topic in order to determine some of the global expansion challenges that Wal-Mart should be ready to manage. Cultures According to Paula (2013), culture is one of the most challenging environmental factors to deal with in an organization. This scholar says that culture can be looked at in two fronts. The first front when analyzing culture is the organizational culture. Every organization has its own unique culture that it uses to operate in the market. Wal-Mart is one of the firms that have developed strong organizational culture within the markets it operates. Gabriel (2011) says that it is very important that a firm develop a specific organizational culture that would guide the behavior of its employees when working on behalf of the firm. This scholar says that every individual has some unique characteristics that make him or her different from other members. This means that a large firm like Wal-Mart with thousands of employees would need to find a way of making these employees have similar approach that is desired within the firm. There must be a conventional way of behavior that should be common among all the employees as a strategy to win customers. With the current competitive market, it is important that this firm develop an organizational culture that will help guide its employees in the new regions it is entering. The problem with the organizational culture comes in when the firm tries to use the normal organizational culture it has been used to in other regions, especially in the United States (Koen, Erguncu & Gokhan, 2013). One fact that this management must realize is that the workforce at its parent country in the United States is very different from that in other countries that it is expanding to, especially in the developing countries. For instance, the organizational culture common in Wal-Mart’s American st
Introduction Lack of adequate comprehension on interaction mechanisms between language and cognition is as old as the history of linguistics and psychology. Similarly, this subject matter has caught attention of laypersons and specialists. As a result, it has set a stage for growing debate that is not likely to die away in the near future. In the history of psychology, researchers interested in understanding processes that take place in human mind first sought to comprehend the kind of prevailing challenges that existed between language, psychology and culture (Anderson, 2010). Henceforth, the issue occupied central position in cognitive psychology as researchers tried to establish the relationship between language and cognition. Most importantly, in the history of linguistics, researchers have always been taken to task to explicitly explain relationship between language and thought (Caruthers, 2002). Moreover, the kind of interactions that exist between linguistic and conceptual representations during language learning have always interfered with understanding of linguistics and psychology (Caruthers, 2002). On the same note, most researchers seem to agree that during language acquisition, learners tend to build on available cognitive concepts whereby they inject novel words to the readily available conceptual representations (Anderson, 2010). However, these psychological researchers still find it cumbersome to agree on the extent into which pre-linguistic concepts hampers or himders acquisition of language (Anderson, 2010). The above debate is founded on two important questions. Whereas one side emphasizes that language is the foundation upon which cognitive concepts are created, the other side argue that cognitive processes affect language (Fausey & Boroditsky, 2011). However, it is imperative to note that, the notion that language shapes thought is widely accepted in linguistics, perhaps, as latter day researchers try to follow the legacy of Benjamin Lee Whorf who first presumed that language shapes the way we perceive, think, analyze, act, learn and build visual imageries in the world around us (Caruthers, 2002). In spite of the fact that cognitive psychology also seeks to understand mental process of thoughts, cognitive scientists refute the notion that language precedes thought in a more universal manner (Anderson, 2010). Apparently, cognitive scientists base their arguments on ample evidence which indicates that human beings possess numerous paralinguistic conceptual systems (Holyoak & Morrison, 2010). Nonetheless, whereas this paper does not aim to contest the evidence that cognition is not influenced by language, it seeks to emphasize that to some extent, language shapes all aspects of cognitive concepts such as thoughts, memory, learning ability, visual imagery, perception, decision making and representations. Moreover, this paper is purposed to reinforce the fact that language is an exemplar of cognitive psychological concepts. L
Introduction Could someone hate herself so much because society is pushing her to the brink of self-destruction? In this time and age where a beautiful woman is defined by modern media, we seldom chance upon a plump girl seductively posing on top of that sleek car in television commercials. More often, it is those girls with sucked-in cheeks and reed-thin figures that dominate our television screens and magazine covers. This is why, women, especially young girls, are very obsessed about their bodies that they are resorting to the most ridiculous things just to attain that “ideal” desirable body most people would love to see. Even if it means depriving herself of food and self-dignity, some girls would even risk their lives just to duplicate that Kate Moss supermodel figure. This is essentially what Eavan Boland’s poem “Anorexic” is imparting to its readers. In this poem, Boland brought to life vivid images and metaphors to reveal an accusing finger that points upon society, which supports a culture where females are forced to exist with undue expectations about their physical appearance. With regards to her body From the beginning of Boland’s “Anorexic”, readers can vicariously feel the self-loathing the speaker is trying to emulate with regards to her body. She mentions the sinfulness of her being; that her own flesh “is a heretic” and her body “is a witch.” Using these metaphors, we could relate to the events that happened in 17th century America where witches and heretics are scoffed at by everyone in society. The people accused of heresy and witchcraft were burned at the stake. Apart from using Puritan metaphors the speaker about her body, she moves on enumerating the specific body parts she considers most heretic, the sensual “curves and paps, and wiles.” Readers would wonder why the poem’s speaker would single out these intimate features of her body for “torching”. Why didn’t she choose her hair, knees, tongue, or arms? The speaker of the poem goes on by chiding herself calling her body “curveless” after she has “vomited / her hunger”. This is the point where she announced that “the bitch is burning”. In the second half of the poem, the speaker revealed that hating her body was bought about by a man, “who plays the dual role of savior and destroyer in the woman’s life” (Hill, 2001). A biblical reference We can also find in the poem a biblical reference to Adam and Eve. We all know that the story of human creation through Adam and Eve, where women came into being when God took a rib from Adam. In this poem, the speaker used the familiar figures of Adam and Eve to symbolize the difference in society’s treatment of men and women. It is a difference, the poet contends, driven by a male-dominated power structure that allows men the freedom to be and to look normal as they are. That same structure, however, sets up a standard for women to meet
Introduction The issues of organisational management and its effectiveness are among the most important in the sphere of business. Every company, whether large or small, has certain ambitions and goals, and to reach them, good organisation of its work is necessary. To achieve this, every company needs to pay particular attention on the issue of proper organisation and development of an organisational management department. It is widely acknowledged and accepted that the success of every company is greatly dependent upon the way in which the company’s work is organized. That is why this issue is very significant and was chosen as the topic of the literature review. In this paper we consider three important sources of help for the study of organisational management and effectiveness (Aldrich, 2007). Sources These sources are books written by prominent scientists in the field of Organisational management: Organisations and Environments , by Aldrich, X-Teams : How to Build Teams that Lead, Innovate, and Succeed , by Ancona and Bresman, and Core Values and Organisational Change: Theory and Practice , by Whiteley and Whiteley. Through these sources, they can help widen my view of the topic as well as determine their importance for organisational managers in my home country, Singapore. I will also state what further research should be done in this field of study in order to improve the quality of organisational management and provide more companies with the chance of success. Overall, I am going to examine the role of scientific literature in the development of organisational management. Question 1: Significance of the Sources General The sources chosen for the literature review are modern; it assures me that the information provided by them is the most updated. Thus, these books are a great help to me studying organisational theory in that they supply data that can contribute considerably to the already acquired knowledge on the topic. All three books are concerned with the basic elements of organisational theory, while at the same time providing a great deal of information about specific aspects of this issue and demonstrating its possible practical implementation (Ancona & Bresman, 2007). Besides, all the sources are rich in useful information about the management styles and approaches. Drawing from this, the relevance of the resources chosen can not be doubted, especially if Singapore style of management is under the scope. Management in Singapore It is widely known that the management style in Singapo
In economics money refers to any type of financial instrument that is accepted as payment for goods, services or debt repayment. There are various financial instruments and collectively they make up the money supply. The liquidity of the market describes how quickly trading can be done within the economy. Money is therefore the asset that is most liquid because of its universal acceptance. By macro-economics is meant jumbo economics and is a stream of study in economics that focuses on structure and activities of the entire economy. The other important field of study in microeconomics. In macro-economy is studied the connection between GDP, unemployment as well as price indices. Microeconomics focuses on individual firms and individuals as well as consumers – how their movements affect certain zones in the economy. The dollar is till now the most accepted currency in the world and this dollar fluctuation that has been caused by the worst recession in American history since the time of the Great Depression is telling on the macro economy of not only USA but the world. At the heart of the dollar is the Federal Reserve – the central bank of America. The government and some sections of the media and experts are talking about the economy recovering and the recession being over; statistics confirm that there is a weak recovery with housing prices stabilizing but the real economy continues to be plagued with double-digit unemployment and persisting foreclosures. The foreclosure crisis has worsened by moving on to swallow commercial buildings. Innumerable small and medium banks continue to collapse. Various steps taken by the Federal Reserve following the policies of the administration have been able to stop the crisis from becoming worse. The unemployment stands currently at 10% whereas in March 2007 it was 4%. The immediate cause of the crisis was when millions of sub-prime mortgage holders started to default. This led to the banks running dry. Megabanks began to collapse on Wall Street. The government bailed them out so that they could start lending again. Meanwhile, the housing industry creaked to a halt leading to developers becoming ruined. It meant massive job losses with one section of the economy being linked to another and ultimately being chained to the world. To contain the crisis the government undertook various programs. Apart from bailouts, the stimulus programs poured dollars into spending for various projects to generate employment. It is the money in the pocket of the consumers that ultimately set the ball rolling (BGFRS 2009). To encourage lending to consumers and business houses the Federal Reserve reduced the interest rate to almost 0%. But this led to carry-trade practices. Instead of lending the banks availed of this cheap credit to invest overseas in markets with higher rates of interest. This resulted in the banks recording huge profits in 2009 without any impact on the general economy. American investors have been shying away from investing in manufacturing in the country and assigning jobs overseas. The Federal Reserve is coming under severe criticism for waiving banking r
Basketball has always been one of the most favorite games of Americans. The National Basketball Association (NBA), which includes a variety of teams representing every US state, annually unites all fans around the country and the whole world. However, among the existing teams and famous players, there are the ones who stand out from the crowd and attract people’s attention even if these people are not fond of sports. A prime example of such a basketball player is LeBron James. Today, this name is familiar for almost every person around the world, as James repeatedly appeared in many advertisements such as Nike and Coca-Coca. He also starred in such movies as Space Jam and Trainwreck , and he is now famous for producing a number of motion pictures that the audience will see in the next few years. However, while people hear his name for a number of reasons, LeBron James became famous for his expertise in the game of basketball. While living in Cleveland for the past five years, I have realized how proud people are to say that they come from the state of Ohio because James was born here. LeBron James comes from the beautiful city of Akron, Ohio, where he was born on December 30, 1984 (“LeBron James”). His childhood was not easy, as he was raised in a single-parent family with no financial stability. However, the amount of love and support his mothe