ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In spite of making many accents on the basis of democracy, which also include the question of people’s equality, the problem of racial discrimination as a result of social inequality remains current for the American society. That is why the issue of Affirmative Action is one of the popular topics of the public’s discussion. However, in his book When Affirmative Action Was White (2005), Ira Katznelson uses the unexpected approach to discussing the problem and concentrates on the controversial interpretation of the events which led to the development of the discussion on Affirmative Action. Ira Katznelson concludes the current situation related to Affirmative Action exploring the details of such social programs as New Deal and Fair Deal, examining the period of the Great Compression, and analyzing the civil rights movements with references to African Americans and their interests. Thus, the author’s discussion covers the considerable period of time since the 1930s until the 1970s during which the results of the Civil Rights Act could be observed. All the author’s conclusions are correlated with the contemporary situation within the American society in relation to the minorities and their rights. That is why the historical actors of the book are the African Americans and politicians with their initiatives. Moreover, Katznelson pays attention to the separate discussion of the Northern and Southern politicians’ positions in resolving the question. Ira Katznelson states that in spite of the traditional vision, such programs as New Deal, Fair Deal, and the G.I. Bill did not support African Americans and even contributed to their further discrimination until the Civil Rights Act was adopted. To support the controversial opinion on the situation of racial inequality in the 20 th century, it is necessary to use reliable sources and evidence. Ira Katznelson’s conclusions are based on the proper exploration of a lot of materials and statistical data to provide the credible examples and evidences in the book. The particular features of the New Deal and Fair Deal programs and the G.I. Bill were examined with references to the government reports, Congress acts, and archive documents related to the political processes. The real social situation in relation to African Americans’ status during the studied period of time was analyzed with the help of reports and surveys conducted during the 1930s-1940s an
Abstract Since the year 2000, significant progression has been completed worldwide in the dendrochronology of wood coupled with past human action and intellectual custom. This review sum up this current development in areas with a longstanding tradition of using tree-ring technique, such as Europe and the USA, as well as others such as Asia where improvement have been chiefly fast in recent years. The oldest wood usually begins from archaeological location and the largest amount of wood for research appears from historical arrangement such as colossal and dialect architecture. In addition to construction wood, wooden doors, ceilings, furniture, objects of art (such as board paintings and carving), medieval books, musical instruments and boats can also be use. Dating is the primary and vital step of the research and is frequently complex even in regions where dendrochronology has a long history of use. In addition to fixed dates, dendrochronology has presented additional information that has improved historical knowledge from other foundation. Behavioral and environmental inferencing and dendroprovenancing are appropriate in foremost areas of research and in regions with well-developed system of orientation to chronologies and with dynamic collaboration among laboratories. Tree-Ring Research Currently, dendrochronology is the solitary dating technique that presents a ruling which is fewer than or the same to a one year. Dendrochronology is chiefly helpful in the historical ground for the reason that it can conclude the ante quem non-perimeter, that is the year before which an entity could not have been produced because it is the final growth ring-shaped by the tree before felling. The majority of general factors that avoid the use of dendrochronological dating include: An insufficient quantity of rings, the existence of a group inappropriate for dating through dendrochronology, the lack of convincing indication of chronologies for the wood species or the place of the source of the wooden item. Once such conditions take place, dendrochronological dating by itself cannot be used, and radiocarbon dating is typically engaged. Dendrochronology has been distinct as “the dating of yearly growth of coating in wood plants and the utilization of the environmental experiences which they contain,” (Fritts 1971). The science is stand on the basis that the yearly growth rings of trees differ from year to year, mainly in accordance to the climatic circumstances. The primary foundation of dendrochronology is the yearly growth ring which for
The history of mankind is full of controversial points connected with the people who were more educated than the rest. Being out of the mass of average human beings always hurts as people do not like admitting that there are other people smarter than they are. Socrates is one of the first clever and educated people who were wrongly punished only because they spoke of real things that no one else understood. Therefore, the argument Socrates suggested for his defense in the Athens court of law was directed at the rationales of those people as Socrates was trying to show them that he spoke only of the things he knew and anyone other could have known. This is why Socrates stresses the importance of examination and learning for the very lives of human beings. Accordingly, the essence of the aforesaid Socrates’ argument in the court is the focus of the Apology written by the student of Socrates, Plato, sometime after the court decision was taken and Socrates was killed. In this argument, Socrates claims that “the unexamined life is not worth living for men” (Plato, p. 41), meaning that people should always desire to learn what they do not understand. This desire for education and knowledge should be the focus of everyone’s life. And, moreover, this desire does not mean any deviation from the accepted religion, betrayal of the Gods, etc. Faith and knowledge are different things. If faith is a spiritual phenomenon, knowledge is basically a practical one as it helps people understand the world they live in and love it more. But Socrates’ ideas were ahead of the time, and the philosopher ended up sentenced to death at the age of seventy. The background to Socrates’ argument and to the court trial, on the whole, was unprecedented, as for the modern times, claim that Socrates was to blame for “wrongdoing in that he busies himself studying things in the sky and below the earth; he makes the worst into the strongest argument, and he teaches these same things to others” (Plato, p. 24). Thus, people who were afraid of Socrates’ intelligence and excessive, as they thought, knowledge, sued the philosopher basically for the fact that he knew too much and wanted to know more. No matter how absurd this reason for the court trial might sound today, in the ancient world of religious domination and fear for the natural phenomena the people who could easily explain them were considered the rivals of the rest of the society. However, even despite the fact that Socrates failed to convince the court of his being not guilty of any crime, there is a substantial rational core in his idea of overall education and its promotion among people. It can be observed throughout the apology by Plato that Socrates was trying to show his thirst for knowledge not for interfering in some divine matters. Understanding, however, that the people he was talking to were reluctant to believe
A Prophet or a Charlatan? Although Paolo Coelho is considered one of the most fruitful writers of the 21st century and a guru whose words are supposed to enlighten those who have been lost in the depth of sin and misery, lots of critics consider him not worthy the fane which he has obtained, the phenomenon of this writer is that, although being loved by hundreds of people all over the world, he is subjected to strong critics and the accusations of feeding people with the stories which are good only for little children. Whether it is true or not is the issue of the given essay. As some of those who have read the novels by Coelho state, the writer claims to be the one who discovers the simple truth of life and presents it to the people with all delicacy possible. In spite of the fact that Coelho has been accusing of several times for the unrefined simplicity of his works, he still goes on presenting the grateful audience with the stories which can be classified as tales for adults. The legends which Coelho tells are practically the dream novels which have very slight relation to the world as it is. The mystery within his texts is supposed to have a philosophical background, yet it is possible to a day that Coelho simply plays with the ordinary statements which have nothing to do with the greatness of the Universe which he pretends to explore. Since the modern world and the modern literature is preoccupied with the searches for something certain and understood, there is positively a danger of Coelho’s works being taken as the source of the world wisdom and the truth which embraces the whole universe. The question is whether the author is what he is trying to be, a prophet to come, or a writer who has decided that he is supposed to reveal something unknown to the world to get some profit from the bestsellers of his. A St. Louis says, The best-selling Brazilian author Paolo Coelho, whose dozen titles have sold over 40 million books worldwide, is Latin America’s second-most read novelist (after Gabriel Garcia Marquez). Coelho’s more recent efforts, such as Veronica decides to die, about a writer committed to a mental hospital after a suicide attempt, and The Fifth Mountain, a fictionalized tale about prophet Elijah, are more sophisticated than the new-age spiritual fables with which he sprang to fame in the mid-1990s, such as the Alchemist and the Pilgrimage. (Draffen 58) It is clear now that the fame of Coelho is based on the dramatism of his works which is intertwined with the philosophical context, and thus the impression it makes on the reader is like the one of a sacred text told like a novel. What makes the very essence of Coelho’s stories is that he converts them into the shape of an everyday story which can occur to everyone, not only to some particular people. What he is trying to convey is that everyone can be the chosen one, and it does not depend either on the origin of the person, or his or her beliefs, or race, or whatever. Coelho shares the magic knowledge with everyone who care
One of the earliest known pieces of artwork, the Venus of Willendorf dating from the Paleolithic era, is thought to be a pregnant woman, a shape that was repeated throughout the pre-historic world presumably as a sign of fertility and prosperity. However, with the advent of Christianity and the vilification of the female form, it became necessary to hide the woman’s body, especially the ‘grotesque’ form of the pregnant woman. With the increasing strength of science, and the necessary part women play in the actual creation of the child, the female form began to take on new importance in artistic works. This renewed interest in the pregnant body began appearing as early as the Renaissance era. Through the years, the way in which the pregnant form has been represented, misrepresented, and ignored has been a growing theme, coming into full flower in the modern art world in a variety of media. What is painted or sculpted and how this is done reveals much about the prevailing attitudes of the time period in which the artwork was created. From the fully clothed, questionable nature of early artists’ renditions of pregnant women to the fully nude and exposed form of today’s pregnant sculptures, the art of the pregnant form has definitely advanced onto the general world stage. To gain an understanding of how this change came about, it is necessary to learn more about some of the artists that have participated in the debate regarding how best to portray the multiple aspects of the pregnant woman – her impending motherhood, her swelling form, her newfound tenderness. Among these artists are Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele, Lucien Freud, Marc Quinn and Ron Mueck. By looking at how these artists portrayed pregnant women as well as their motivations in doing so, we can begin to gain an understanding of how the cultural attitude toward pregnancy and the female form has changed. Jan van Eyck is the earliest of these painters, having painted his “Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife” in 1434. There has been a great deal of speculation regarding whether Arnolfini’s wife is pregnant as a first glance at her would seem to suggest. A perceptible bulge in the lady’s dress seems to give the impression that she is very pregnant. Her stance, with one hand, laid delicately, serenely, and protectively upon a protruding stomach and slightly rounded shoulders as if bearing the additional weight of a child further provides evidence of pregnancy. She is wearing a green dress as opposed to the traditional white, ind
The Story of French by Jean-Benoit Nadeau and Julie Barlow presents the history of the origin, development, and spread of the French language in France and beyond. One thing I found interesting in this reading is that, according to the authors, the French language did not arise naturally in France, but was imparted to the French through the mass education system. For other languages, similar tendencies could have been characteristic in earlier times or epochs. For example, the English men did not always use the English language, especially the Norman and Celtic groups. Noteworthy, there are analogs of the isolation of national languages from peoples today, like in Austria, where many people speak German. Another exciting aspect was the authors’ attention to the spread of the language outside of France since the linguistical attention to actual and former colonies is not always obvious. However, the existence of the French colonies, which probably also became the goal of mass education and purism tendencies, led to the creation of Francophonie – an organization that unites states where the French language is widespread. Even though today the French language is inferior to English in terms of prevalence and has been displaced from use in official international and legal practice, it is the second most widespread language in the world. The authors examine the phenomena associated with the popularity and structure of the French language in a lively manner, citing many eventful examples. For example, it was interesting to reflect on the use of the French language and the surge of interest for it in Quebec, as well as attention to the rigor of grammatical structures as a prerequisite for international use, including for the drafting of agreements and contracts.
Background information Formerly McGuigan Simeon Wines, Australian Vintage Limited is a leading producer of bulk and bottled wine. The company’s head offices are located at 275 Sir Donald Bradman Drive Cowandilla, Adelaide. However, it also operates a number of offices in various cities and regions such as Sydney, Barossa Valley, Hunter Valley and London, UK. It changed its name in 2008 after a decision by majority stakeholders (Vintage Limited 2012). Currently, the company has extended its business from traditional wine to cover other ventures such as a vineyard, bulk and boutique wine production. It is also involved in the packaging, marketing and distribution of its products in Australia. In Australia, the company accounts for about 10% of the total wine production every year. Some of the leading brands include McGuigan Wines, Nepenthe, Tempus Two, Yaldara, Miranda and Passion Pop. Apart from Australia, Vintage has also been exporting its products to Europe and Canada. In fact, McGuigan Brand is the eighth largest brand in the UK market and has an annual growth of about 15% (Vintage Limited 2012). In addition, the company has embarked on a marketing strategy that emphasizes on the distribution of its products in new and emerging markets such as China and other countries in South East Asia. In addition, the strategy has seen the company increase its presence in Europe and Canada. The name of the Auditor. Give both the partner’s name and the name of the firm In line with the Corporations Act 2001, Australian Vintage Limited has entered into a contract with Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (Deloitte) that allows Deloitte to provide external auditing services to Vintage (Vintage Limited 2012). Purpose statement The purpose of this paper is to provide an in-depth company analysis for Australian Vintage. The paper will derive information from the company’s annual report for the financial year ended 30 June 2012. Areas of interest include the company’s profit and loss account and profit ratios. Analysis of annual report for the year ended 30 June 2012 According to the 2012 annual report prepared and published by the company’s board of directors, Vintage Limited’s cost of sales for the year was $165,633,000, an increase by 3.66% from $159,780,000 recorded in the previous financial year. With a revenue of $227,962,000, the company’s gross profit for the year was $62,329,000. However, the gross profit recorded in the year experienced a decrease from $63,437,000 recorded in the previous year. The cost of inventory was recognized as an expense (cost of sales) in the company’s current inventories and recorded as $165.6 million in respect of continuing operations. In 2012 financial year, the company’s profit before income tax amounted to 8,938,000. In the previous year, the company had recorded a pre-tax income worth 6,649, 000. This shows that the company’s
The deadly conflicts experienced by the Democratic Republic of Congo at the end of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first centuries caused numerous negative consequences resulting in the severe social crisis in the country. The Second Congo War that started in 1998 has become one of the most dreadful armed conflicts of the second half of the twentieth century (McMullen, O’Callaghan, Shannon, Black, & Eakin, 2013). Recruitment of child soldiers is one of the practices often used by official and nonofficial armed forces in the country. Such practice presents a serious threat to the life and psychological health of children as the experience gained in the army leaves irreversible changes in their social attitudes and psyche. Finding an effective solution to the problem of child soldiers in Congo is necessary for ensuring the healthy environment for the population of the country. Though numerous actions were taken to demobilize the child soldiers after the official end of the war, a certain number of children is still recruited by military groups. The process of demobilization of child soldiers is complicated by the fact that many children do not find support in the society and do not consider themselves a part of it. Investigating the social and ethnic background of former child soldiers can contribute to the success of prevention of future recruitment. The aim of this paper is to answer the questions related to the social and ethnic identity of demobilized child soldiers. The research is aimed at checking if the hypothesis that most soldiers come from the same social and ethnic group is true to life. Confirming or refuting the hypothesis are of vital importance, as the identification of a certain group of children most vulnerable to being recruited by the army will help to prevent further recruitment by encouraging proper institutions to focus on providing appropriate preventive activities for this group. The Overview of the Research Design As the purpose of the study is to answer the questions about the background of the child soldiers in Congo, descriptive research design seems to be the most appropriate one. A good description is “fundamental to the research enterprise” as it contributes to the knowledge of the nature of the society ( What is research design? , n.d., p. 1). The specifics of descriptive research fit the purpose of the study, as such research helps to obtain the information that is crucial for devising hypotheses and proposing asso
Letter of Summary In this paper, we report on how to solve the famous Pizza Box Problem. The analysis starts with a brief description of the need to solve the Pizza Box problem and then proceeds to a discussion of the optimization concept. An analysis of the Pizza Box problem then follows using the required mathematical formulas and procedures. The results and discussion part follows the analysis section. In this section, we discuss the relevance of mathematics in solving real-life solutions and the pioneers of such mathematical techniques. In addition, we study the need for calculus and pre-calculus lessons for students. This is then followed by the conclusion section. Body Most companies and organizations have been faced with the problem of finding the maximum volume of a box that is constructed from rectangular pieces of cardboard. This problem involves sticking equal squares from each corner of the rectangle and then folding up the resulting sides as described by Dundas (1984). This kind of problem can be solved through an expert application of Calculus. Undeniably, calculus can be useful in devising efficient as well as practical construction approaches. In this report, we describe the application of Calculus in solving of the pizza box optimization problem. One of the grand uses of calculus in the real-world setting is optimization. According to Daley, Gutierrez, and Wilkerson (2015), optimization is a concept that requires the use of minimal materials for maximum effect. In this case, the use of minimum cardboard material will be used to manufacture a pizza box having the largest volume. Calculus can be used as a tool to maximize, or in some cases minimize (technically referred to as optimize) a situation. According to Delfour and Zolésio (2001), getting a higher volume or occupancy rate of a given container is a vital goal for most businesses dealing in packaging and shipping of goods. Manufacturers and Pizza firms have to ensure the products fit in the 3D box vessels having optimal placement in order to ship or transport products at the lowest cost possible. The main problem of fitting the products is often referred to as a 3-dimensional packing problem (Eley, 2002; Pisinger, 2002). Notably, the overall effect is a reduction i