ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the pages of history and numerous literary canons in American experience there lies a terrain of societal upheaval and unrest that addresses the questions of segregation and racist philosophy underlying the mainstream dynamics of the American dream. How the American society has undergone the faces of changes in society and the interpretation thereof shapes the very structure and function-ability of a literary text. The American literature has been reflective of the North American demographic and political divide rather than unification in case of literary transaction. A new and unique socio political identity and the aftermath of the diverse cultural chemistry are also tentative at the juncture of any possible creation. The different and variegated space of experiences of diverse cultural and ethnic groups seeks to root themselves to different traditions and belief systems generated by the organizations they belong to. This multiplicity of voices brushing against each other can drift towards a continental divide. In this paper, I would like to address the issues related to racism, individualism and freedom juxtaposed in the literary discourse of ‘Flight To Canada’ by Ishmael Reed, ‘Another Country’ by James Baldwin, ‘If He Hollers Let Him Go’ by Chester Himes. Part I Literature and history in American experience In Ishmael Reed’s novel Flight To Canada the protagonist Raven Quickskill represents a runaway slave who is also an activist, an embodiment of the native Black American myth. Raven who’s the synonym for black is the placeholder of resilience and aesthetics. He’s the trickster of African American oral tradition. The name Quickskill is also denotative of the creativity associated with his profession and in his first name addresses to the racial flavor in order to transgress it. Raven’s escape to Canada and his metaphorical identification with the raven myth circulated in the Tlinglit Indians of Alaska compounds the slave owner’s plea to the president of America. He accused him of forging freedom papers and the owner was also vocal about the Voodoo tricks that Raven has reciprocated with in lieu of the literacy drive. In Another Country by James Baldwin the major predilection of Modern American Literature to slide around the separating drive has been worked upon. The melting pot syndrome of America which proposes an America with different compartmentalization of distinguishing and clashing voices would relate to the innate African American experiences. Based in New York, the story of Another Country somewhat builds into it an air of the melting pot which is gradually becoming cold. What has been the sweet proposition of congregation of the flurry of the immigrants flooding the American landscape for more than centuries, to identify them with the mainstream American dream, to merge them into the dialectics of freedom and unity was not going to be the working hypothesis for the novel at least. The character of Rufus Scott, a Harlem jazz musician rummaging into the city of New York creates a new space for the Black Amer
Anansi is a character of African folktales. This character is often depicted as a spider and regarded as a spirit who is the source of all stories and knowledge. It is one of the most popular characters of the Caribbean and West African folklore. In different sources, Anansi can also be referred to as Anancy, Kwaku Ananse, or Ananse. Although this character is a spider, in the stories, he behaves like a human. The character was created by the Akan people who now live in Ghana. In their language, the word “Anansi” means “spider”. Since these tales were adopted by many other groups of people that came from Africa and now live in different parts of the world, there are numerous versions of both the stories themselves and the appearance and behavior of the spider (Yenika-Agbaw, Lowery, & Henderson, 2013). Despite there being many books written about Anansi, originally, these tales were exclusively an oral tradition, and, of course, Anansi himself is described as an eloquent and wise orator. The Origins The stories were remembered by African slaves who were forced to cross the Atlantic Ocean. First of all, these stories became popular in the Caribbean and then spread to other parts of the New World. In the Caribbean, especially in Jamaica, Anansi is celebrated as a symbol of survival and slave resistance. In the Jamaican version of the tales, Anansi is able to resist his powerful oppressors by means of using his trickery and cunning (McGhee, 2015). This is the model of behavior that African slaves tried to utilize in order to be at the top of the plantation power hierarchy. Anansi played a crucial role in the lives of the slaves, as he was considered a symbol of hope that someday they would be able to release themselves from the European scourge. These inspiring strategies of resistance were the main reason why these tales were popular at that time and are the cultural legacy of the African people now (Bogle, 2016). Moreover, these stories enabled the African captives to develop a sense of continuity with their past on the African continent and gave them the means to assert and to preserve their identity in such a hostile environment. Jamaica’
This 2003 film is a documentary intended for an adult audience. It was written and produced by Daniel Gordon. The film which has won various awards across the world focuses on the day to day life of North Koreans as dictated by the prevailing political regime. The film brings to focus issues totalitarianism, oppression, suppression and a subject’s admissibility to such subjective leadership. It gives the concept emphasis through a critical look at the ordinary lives of two little girls. It offers to the reader a political aspect of a country and its influence on other perspectives such as family and social life of subjects. This is the story of North Korea, a nation that adheres to communist ideals even in these contemporary times. Under the leadership of Kim Jong II, this nation is in the process of gradual growth towards becoming a superpower. It is separated from the rest of the world and has very little links with China and Russia, her immediate neighbors. It is completely separated from South Korea. Daniel Gordon films the activities of a national event, the Pyongyang Mass Games. This is an annual event in North Korea whereby gymnasts, dancers, athletes and musician come together and stage a spectacular performance (A State of Mind). The major theme of this event revolves around the portrayal of the ideals of socialism and patriotism by the citizens. It is dedicated in honor of Kim Jong II’s father and former leader, Kim II Sung and to North Korea’s glorious revolution. The characters who act as themselves, Pak Hyon Sun and Kim Song Yon are young girls in the gymnastics faculty during the Pyongyang Mass Games. A state of Mind is the story of their lives; their preparation towards the event and their enduring spirit and hope to please their national leader. The film discusses on their daily lifestyles and that of the people around them, a livelihood quite unknown to the rest of the world especially those from the west. This movie can be termed as one revealing the political aspect of North Korea in an unusual way, sports. It is not only an ambiguous story with regard to Korean culture, but also an ambivalent display of the country’s political regime. One notes that the movie is brought out in such a mild humanistic perspective with little or no exaggerations of religion, language, war or pleasures of the world such as smoking or sex. The graceful dancers and performers display the beauty and pomp of the North Korean woman. This makes the movie attractive to a large audience whereby criticism based on the above becomes negligible. Children who watch this movie can only be entertained by the graceful display of art and
All organizations are driven by the desire to attain their objectives through the utilization of minimum resources for maximum benefits. Organizational objectives may include increased productivity, profit margins, and competitiveness as well as growth and expansion. To attain these broad objectives, organizations must come up with strategies. A strategy is a plan of action that stipulates a set of activities, resources and time for the implementation of a proposed business idea. Strategies are what drive organizations forward by giving them a competitive edge over other organizations. In the present day business environment characterized by globalization, any person can do business in any part of the world due to improved means of communication, transport and cultural diversity. Consequently, having a business strategy is no longer a matter of choice but a matter of survival in the business world. Those organizations which do not embrace the idea of strategy are doomed to fail or become irrelevant and thus obsolete (Leat 30). Some of the strategies adopted by organizations are in the form of employee differentiation frameworks namely the 20-70-10 differentiation framework and the categorization of employees as A, B, or C players. These two frameworks have been used by many organizations with a significant success rate. Some organizations use one framework while others integrate the two frameworks with a view of attaining good results. The 20-70-10 framework has to do with ranking employees based on their performance. Organizations can rank employees based on top performing 20% followed by the second performing 70% then the worst-performing 10%. According to Welchas, the top 20% are showered with goodies such as promotions, training, and scholarships among others because they are believed to be the strategic engines of organizations (Welch and Suzy 18). The group is highly motivated and usually aspires to do better. The 70% group forms the bulk of organizations’ workforce. This group exhibits moderate performance and is very crucial for organizations. Even though it does not play a crucial role in the strategic development of an organization, the group is technically responsible for the day to day running of organizations. It also serves the purpose of keeping the top 20% on its toes because those in the top 20% know that some employees from the 70% group may catch up with them. The 10% group, on the other hand, is the worst-performing and in many organizations, it is considered for demotions and in worst cases for dismissal. The strength of this framework is that it is based on fairness. It rewards those who deserve to be rewarded while at the same time challenging
Introduction Health care system is one of the most important institutions that have to be controlled by the government of each country. This system should be organized in such a way so that every citizen can receive necessary medical treatment. Unfortunately, this can happen only in ideal conditions which are obviously beyond attainment, and there is no doubt that in reality people coming from different social and economic backgrounds still have unequal access to health care services. Also, health inequality is sometimes confused with inequity; that is why some ethical theories on this matter should be observed. What Makes Health Inequality and Inequity Different? Health inequality and inequity may seem identical notions due to their formal resemblance. In fact, these collocations denote different concepts, but the borderline between them is subtle. According to the study conducted by Arcaya, Arcaya, and Subramanian (2015), health inequality implies differences in the health of people while health inequity (also referred to as health disparity) is a sub-type of health inequality, it conveys a concept of an unjust difference in health. As follows from abovementioned definitions, making the distinction between them is a crucial question since they are closely associated with one another. Ethical Theories Firstly, it should be mentioned that scholars divide all theories into two broad groups: consequential and non-consequential (Holland, 2015). The essence of consequential ethics is connected to the defining consequences of actions as right or wrong (Holland, 2015). Non-consequential ethics, in its turn, is not related to the consequences, this theory deals with rightness or wrongness of actions (Holland, 2015). Among these groups, scholars single out subtheories, such as utilitarianism, deontology, Kantianism, principlism, virtue ethics, liberal objection, and so on (Holland, 2015). Utilitarianism is an impartial theory considered a version of consequentialism; according to it, consequences of an action are positive when they make the level of so-called utility (meaning well-being, welfare or benefit) as high as possible (Holland, 2015). This theory is also applied to public health: “any health policy that will produce maximal health gain is morally justified” (Holland, 2015, p. 44). Jones (2010) writes about utilitarianism the following: “the good of the many can outweigh the good of an individual if the balance of happiness gained by the many easily outweighs the comparable unhappiness of the single individual” (p. 48). Moreover, the scholar claims that the harm of health inequalities and inequities cannot be outweighed by any benefit (Jones, 2010). In the framework of utilitarianism, scholars talk about distributive justice, most conceptions of which include the notion of equity and equal access; however, equity is violated by health disparities (Jones, 2010). Nowadays is a problem of unequal distribution among the poor and the rich or, in other words, inequity (injustice) in access to health care. Inequities,
Introduction A marketing channel is organizations and people who direct the flow of goods from manufacturers to consumers. The marketing intermediaries act between the producers and the consumers and serve as their links. They are usually independent bodies that form part of the distribution channel that assists products to move from the producer to the end-users (Citiman Network, 2010, para. 4). Unless for a few manufactures that sell their produce directly to their consumers, most manufacturers prefer using the distribution channels that consist of intermediaries (Pride-Ferrell Marketing, 2010, para. 4). Intermediaries operate through contracts or in some cases buy goods from the manufacturers in large quantities and later resale them in small quantities at a profit to consumers (Kurtz, Mackenzie & Snow, 2009, p.393). Marketing intermediaries The nature of channels can either be direct or indirect. For direct channels, the producers sell their produce directly to consumers, whereas for the latter, they sell their produce to intermediaries. Manufacturers produce goods in large quantities in very few localized areas to reap the benefit of the scale of the economy. On the other hand, their customers are dispersed over a large geographical area and therefore, these products must be transported to these dispersed areas to reach their customers when they need them (Pride-Ferrell Marketing, 2010, para. 5). Because it is very expensive and time-consuming for manufactures to transport their products directly to their customers, they make the use of intermediaries which are generally very efficient and economical. Intermediaries have proved to be very important aspects even to consumers because they help to bring products close to them (Kurtz, MacKenzie & Snow, 2009, p.397). Therefore, every moment a customer wants to purchase a product, he/she does not have to go to the manufacturers who sometimes are miles away, but gets it faster and more conveniently from the intermediaries. For that reason, these middlemen make business lesser costly and more convenient because the consumer gets what they require when they need it. The intermediaries have also made it possible for customers to buy variou
Introduction Death penalty is one of the most controversial and debatable questions in criminal justice. The main problem is that death penalty is irrevocable so a wrong decision can lead to a terrible mistake and justice towards an innocent person. On the other hand, death penalty is the only possible measure to punish criminals and protect the society from cruelty and repeat crimes (Coyne and Entzeroth 72). Objectively speaking, plausible moral arguments can be made both for and against capital punishment. Long a key element of the debate, moral arguments also have tended to remain fairly static over the years, and often have been used in conjunction with religious arguments. Two moral arguments have remained particularly important throughout the death penalty debate: retribution and the sanctity of life. Death penalty is a crucial punishment which violates human and constitutional rights of people, thus it is the only possible measure to protect society from violence and repeat cries. Main body Those favoring the death penalty often argue that society must express moral outrage at — and condemnation of — heinous crimes such as murder. Proponents of death penalty typically consider deterrence to be one of its fundamental goals. The execution sermons of the early colonies were full of warnings against following in the footsteps of the condemned, and executions were public events designed to instill fear and reverence for the law in the people of the community (Colson, 67). Many early opponents of the death penalty believed that executions aggravated rather than deterred crime. As evidence, they pointed to the public disorder, rioting and even murder that sometimes accompanied public executions, and were significant factors in the decision to shift to private executions. These same issues have been the subject of even greater attention and controversy in the modern era, as scientific studies have attempted to determine whether capital punishment acts as a deterrent to
Business planning is an integral part of the successful organization. It defines the primary goals, marketing and management strategies for their accomplishment as well as financial schemes for their realization. Strategic planning is the most efficient way of the organization as far as it presupposes the analysis of the problematic aspects, and employment of the systemic approach (Allison & Kaye, 2015). Business plans under consideration belong to the nonprofit organizations. They focus on the long-term strategic planning due to the nature of their activity and an estimated level of development. Nonprofit establishments provide services or goods, which are not governmental or private. There is a kind of discrepancy concerning the term “nonprofit”. The organizations of this type usually have revenues. They distribute income to facilitate other services while the shareholders or owners receive profit from private companies (Vaughan & Arsenault, 2013). The Catering for Kids is the initiative of the Bright Future Youth and Family Services organization. It is a part of the Chambers School and Career Centre program. The Chambers School is one of ten nonprofit tax-free programs of the Bright Future Youth. Catering for Kids presupposes the commencement and further development of the catering services including the delivery of the lunch boxes. The aim of the initiative is to receive necessary funding for the successful implementation of the alternative educational programs for unprotected youth. These programs assist the young residents from Springfield and Eugene area (Lane County) to acquire at least minimum knowledge and working skills. The Chambers School produces various curriculums. The last one was the training of the culinary. The students of this course are expected to become employees of Catering for Kids. The successful outcomes of the courses prove the need to increase funding. The program requires initial funding otherwise the rising of revenue will be impossible. As a result, the main problems concern the expansion of working area (kitchen), hiring new employees, and buying equipment for the establishment of the catering business. The core objectives of the Catering for Kids program contain the formation of the broad client base that will lead to the growing financial support and will allow Chambers School and Career Centre to provide students with more studying opportunities ( Catering Business Plan, n.d.). The other organization is Helping Hand. It is a nonprofit and free of taxes food bank. Helping Hand provides food for people who suffer from hunger in Johnson County. The organization has already established similar programs. Charitable associations, resi
Zebra is one of the most controversial mammals in terms of color worldwide. While most people agree on the perception of animal coloration, some enthusiasts can prove their viewpoint wrong. Although most zoologists believe that zebras are white with black stripes, the fact is that the animal’s primary color is black with elements of white because there are no parts of the zebra’s body that are only white. Looking at a zebra, an observer can get easily confused about its coloration, as white color creates an optical illusion that its sectors are larger. However, a closer examination leads to an understanding that zebras are approximately 50% black in color. White is the dominant color on the legs and chest of the animal, while its side and back are a lot blacker. These facts contribute to understanding that scientists and non-professionals are misled by the appearance of zebras and jump to conclusions about their true color. While there are no parts of a zebra’s body that are strictly white, some sectors are black in all individuals. Most people believe that an animal’s chest and belly are white without black stripes even though it is not universally true. I am convinced that some zebras have black color present in all parts of their body. However, it is evident that their noses and ridges of their crests are black across the species. If white were the primary color of the animal, there would be zones on its body where it did not mix with other colors. Therefore, the fact that there are no such zones leads to a realization that zoologists may mistake about zebra’s coloration. In conclusion, the appearance of the animal discussed in the present paper may confuse an untrained observer. General assumptions and an optical illusion can trick even a professional in the matter. However, close examination and simple logic create a clear understanding that zebras are black with white stripes.