ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The debate regarding gender differences in learning has been going on for a long time. Researchers have tried to identify ways in which one or both genders are disadvantaged by the current education systems. This paper seeks to specifically describe how girls are disadvantaged in school by reviewing literature. Science and mathematics stereotypes The most worrying thing that is bedeviling the girl child is the stereotype that girls are naturally weak in Sciences and mathematics. Many young girls who could otherwise excel in the subjects often fall victims to stereotypes that they can’t excel in particular subjects. Studies carried out in European and some Asian nations have shown that girls succeed in math just as good as their male counterparts when the social stigma is avoided. Countries that are affected can achieve better female results in math and sciences if the educational, cultural and environmental factors are made to be favorable(Brannon 107). Lack of motivation Most of the subjects taught in school, especially physics and mathematics have not been tailored to appeal to the girl child. Studies indicate that that number of females taking engineering causes has been falling steadily in several countries including the United States. For instance, A survey was conducted whereby by top performing were asked whether they could pursue engineering causes after high school. The responses were almost a unanimous no, implying that even the top performing girls did not have any interest in engineering. A similar question to boys with top grades in math and physics gave a unanimous yes. This is due to the way the two subjects are taught in school. Single sex schools in other countries such as New Zealand and Australia have identified ways in which physics and mathematics can be made to be more appealing to the girl child. Gender related stereotypes Different societies across the world stipulate what they expect from the girl child. The cultural messages are always clear about what is expected from either a girl or a boy. For instance, a girl child cannot freely do such as things as woodwork without raising eyebrows in her family and friends alike. The gender related stereotypes are often perpetuated in different ways from an early age. Boys are usually allowed to pay in the sand and have access to more choices of toys than girls who can only have the dolls. Different materials to be used for learning are also used to perpetuate the stereotypes. For instance, the primary colors for boys have a picture of a boy who is dressed like a train engineer while those for gals have a picture of a girl dressed like a nurse. These stereotypes play a major role in the subject or career choices that are made by girls. It’s unfortunate that the gender related stereotypes find their way into classrooms whereby teachers tend to view girls differently in terms of capabilities in different subjects (Brannon 130). Conclusion This paper sought to identify ways in which girls are disadvantaged in school. It has been identified that there are different ways through which girls may be at a disadvantage in the learning in
Introduction Victimization may occur at occasions. For example, it may be manifested in a relationship between offenders and the victims. Victimization can also occur when there is an interaction between the victim and the criminal justice system. This is resolved by the courts, the police officers and the correctional officials. It may also occur if the victims interact with other social groups or within institutions. These include the business world, the media or social movements. The study of victimization may not necessarily deal with the victims of crime alone. However, it might cut across to all other forms of human rights violation. Victimization There are several forms of victimization and they include peer victimization, secondary victimization, revictimisation and self-victimisation (Hawker & Boulton, 2000). Children may become victims of their fellow children. In most cases, the victims are the targets of the aggressive behaviour of their counterparts. When this occurs, it is referred to peer victimization. Interest in this particular form of victimization arose in the 1990s. This is because there were increased cases of school shooting, suicides and peer beatings. This prompted research to be done in order to investigate the bully-victim relationship. Research showed that there were several negative outcomes that came about peer victimization. They included low school engagement, depression, low self-esteem, school avoidance and low school achievement among several other effects. Research further proves that the effect of peer victimization is especially prevalent in the middle schools (seeley, Tombari, Bennett, & Dunkle, 2009). This is the case mainly because the children are trying to create self-schemas and developing self-esteem. It is during this stage that the children will greatly impact their adult lives. This is the reason why researchers are particularly focused on this age group. Seely, Tombari, Bennett and Dunkle (2009) identified two strands of research that characterised peer victimization. They included the peer relationship strand and the bullying strand. The bullying strand looks at what forces the victims to stop going to school and suffer from its effects as other students adjust. The peer relationship strand, on the other hand, studies the major factors related to peer victimization and the results of it. It focuses on the mediating factors. Secondary victimisation may also be referred to as a double victimization or post crime victimization. This is whereby the victims undergo further victimization after encountering a victimization. This may occur when victim’s blame is done. Medical personnel or other persons may also show inappropriate
Introduction Ethical principles in health care dictate that caregivers should put patient autonomy into consideration particularly when determining the most appropriate interventions to save life and during end-of-life care (Thomas, 2004, p. 494). In most cases, advance directives including proxy, instruction, and combined directives play a vital role in terms of facilitating the decisions made by doctors relative to the patient’s wishes and those communicated by a surrogate. On the other hand, the Living Will, Health Care Power of Attorney, and the Advanced Health Care Directive do also serve the same purpose as other forms of advance directives (Pera & Van Tonder, 2005). However, caregivers may find themselves in an ethical dilemma in case an incapacitated patient lacks an advance directive. This is the case scenario highlighted by Brudney in which the patient’s life partner (the closest family member) notes that the patient would not wish to undergo a high risk life saving procedure because of the perceived heath risks. In this essay, two key questions to the patient’s life partner are listed followed by discussions regarding the ethical arguments for and against the life saving procedure. Subsequently, the essay highlights the most appropriate steps that should be undertaken by the healthcare team in the decision-making process from the patient’s perspective. Key questions Considering that the patient lacks an advance directive, there is the need to ask the patient’s life partner the following questions;  1. Why should your patient consider writing an advance directive, and if your patient decided to appoint you as a health care representative, what would be your responsibilities relative to your patient’s wishes?  2. If your patient was in a position to make specific decisions while you still stand in as the health care representative, would your patient allow other family members to participate in decision-making? Arguments for and against the lifesaving procedure The fact that the autonomy of patients and their family members should be respected in any decision-making process before administering any medical intervention cannot be overstated; however, there is the need to understand that health care is a service that involves trained and specialized professionals whose clinical decisions are based on intellect and conscience (Burke, 2010). Besides, with the recent advancements in technology and information sharing within the health care sector, there is reason to believe that the decisions made by health care professionals are evidence-based. Thus, the perceived health risks raised by the patient’s life partner may not hold before weighing the overall health outcome of the lifesaving procedure against the health risks involved. Conversely, before administering the procedure, it is ethical to obtain an informed consent from the patient’s family mem
Components of the Classroom Environment and Dynamics Creating an environment in which learners with exceptional needs will feel motivated to acquire new skills and achieve success is crucial to their further development. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of what constitutes the said environment is imperative. According to the outcomes of the interview with a local educator, it is essential to ensure the presence of specific spatial elements, the introduction of differentiated instructions, and the focus on improved communication. Moreover, the interviewee mentioned that identifying students with special needs is often fraught with challenges. As a result, the threat of overlooking the necessity to introduce the specified changes to the classroom environment to facilitate an improved learning setting for students with special needs emerges (Fakolade, Adeniyi, & Tella, 2017). Based on the specified concern, one may infer that the introduction of a homogenous assessment system allowing teachers to detect learners with special needs is the first step toward addressing the needs in question. Strategies Used to Support Learning Children The significance of supporting learners throughout the academic process is crucial. Particularly, it is paramount to encourage them to develop independence and curiosity that will lead to their further acquisition of lifelong learning skills. The latter, in turn, will allow students to become proficient in the area of their choice, thus, engaging in consistent professional growth, as well as building the foundation for their personal development (Collier, Griffin, & Wei, 2017). Using prior knowledge can be viewed as one of the most efficient tools for assisting students in acquiring the necessary skills and knowledge. Furthermore, it is important to encourage cooperation and collaboration among learners along with a better understanding of provided information. For this purpose, the use of peer-assessments should be considered a necessity. According to the results of the interview, students need to receive feedback from teachers to retain their enthusiasm for learning. Therefore, teachers must develop an elaborate communication strategy that will help them keep their target audience motivated. Strategies Used to Support Learning Children with Exceptional Needs Students with special needs (SSNs) require the active support provided by teachers (Espelage, Rose, & Polanin, 2015). Therefore, introducing strategies that will encourage students with specific needs to be enthusiastic about learning is imperative. According to the results of the interview, there is no uniform approach toward making the classroom environment meet the exceptional needs of students; instead, an educator must consider specific factors that define target learners’ success and, thus, arrange the classroom environment in the way that will facilitate a faster acquisition of relevant knowledge and skills. For instance, autistic stud
Introduction: Bringing Cultures Together The Christian story of the world creation and the following banishment of Adam and Eve from Heaven must be one of the most famous myths all over the world. Telling people the way in which the world was created, depicting the divine image of God and explaining why the door to the Heaven is closed for the humankind, the given myth offers a plethora of food for thoughts. Moreover, since it allows to trace the history of the humankind to the day it was created and clarifies that all peoples actually root from the same source, the given legend brings the entire humankind together, allowing people of different nationalities and sets of mind to find a common language. Therefore, it can be concluded that the famous Biblical myth about Adam and Eve not only helps to see the way in which the mankind and all living beings together with the rock and water appeared, but also to establish the bonds between various nationalities and help the world to reunite, despite the cultural, political and even religious discrepancies. Rooted Deep in the Myth: The Kindred Spirits Indeed, on the one hand, people are most likely to become reunited with the help of the myth about the world creation and the fall of Adam and Eve, the first people. Once realizing that there are certain bonds between people, one will feel related more closely to those who surround him/her, which means that the famous Biblical story does have immense impact on people. Realizing how closely people are interrelated and how deep the roots of thee relationships are, one is most likely to feel friendlier to his/her neighbors, friends and the rest of the people surrounding him/her, which means that the world will be getting closer. According to what Bartholomew and Goheen (2004) say, the world genesis presupposes not only integrity, but also individuality and close relation to the superior power: “In Genesis 1 and 2 the teaching about the humankind is rich and manifold, unique among the creatures. Which God creates, humankind is personal. God addresses only the man and woman: they enjoy a uniquely personal relationship with God” (p. 43). Does the Mythology Hinder the Reconciliation? However, it is still worth noting that the history of the world origin might also create certain barriers for people to reunite. One of the most notorious ones, the issue of different religions, must be the most complicated ones. Even though the Christian myth concerning the world genesis may help to bring the Christians of different confessions together, the people of different religions will still remain detached from each other, separated by the wall between them – the wall o
Abstract Jaygee Incorporation is currently experiencing a problem in generating sales revenue. The problem is due to the poor product mix strategy that the firm has adopted. This proposal entails an evaluation of how Jaygee can integrate product line mix strategy in order to improve its sales revenue. A comprehensive literature review is conducted to illustrate the relevance of the subject under investigation. The review aims at establishing the links between the study and previous studies on the subject matter. Qualitative research design has been employed in the process of conducting the study. The method of data collection and analysis together with the sample population to be used in the study are clearly illustrated. The researcher appreciates the importance of human factors in conducting the study. Consequently, a number of ethics to be observed in the process of conducting the study are clearly illustrated. The various activities to be undertaken to complete the study successfully are outlined. The expected timeframe within which the specific activities should be completed is illustrated. The resources necessary to conduct the study are identified and explained. Introduction Jaygee is a retail franchise company charged with the responsibility of distributing product for different companies in South East Asia. In 1964, Jaygee signed a distribution contract with Levi-Strauss & Company. In the course of its operation, Jaygee has managed to establish an extensive distribution network in different South East Asian countries. The store carries diverse product categories for both genders which include bottoms such as jeans, shorts and tops such as t-shirts and jackets. Accessories such as wallets, socks, bags, and belts also compose a part of stores product categories. In total, the store carries 19 product lines with each product line being characterized by a unique price position, brand attribute and fashion image. A study conducted by the firm’s managers cited high turnover of sales personnel, poor awareness, and an ineffective product mix to be amongst some of the reasons for poor sales revenue performance. Jaygee’s management team should research on the product-line mix strategy it should adopt in its repositioning efforts. Conceptual underpinnings of the study The study is guided by the concept of product life cycle, which is composed of four stages, viz. introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Figure 1: Product Life Cycle The high level of dynamism being experienced in the market today requires marketing managers to track market demand effectively. This aspect will inform the managers on the most effective product proliferation strategy to adopt. Some of the product de
Introduction The purpose of this business report is to analyze and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of leasing buildings, medical equipment and office furniture and equipment. This analysis should explain how the company will benefit (or lose) from selling its headquarters and leasing them back from the buyer. It is essential to understand the pros and cons of such an action before embarking on it. Thus a professional investigation should reveal the advantages and disadvantages of selling and then leasing the company’s headquarters as opposed to maintaining them. Through understanding this breakdown, the management will be in a better position to decide whether to sell or maintain them. Advantages Leasing can be defined as the act of obtaining something (for example property, equipment, or building) from another person (the owner) for a specific period of time under a lease agreement and payment of lease charges. One benefit of leasing is that it trims down the cost of ownership of essential assets whose expenditure involves colossal amount of cash. Through leasing, an individual can be able to finance many assets compared to purchasing only one brand new asset. Another advantage of leasing is that, one is relieved off the worry of disposing an asset once it is worn out. All assets (except land) depreciate in value and become obsolete with time (Anon. “ Advantages and disadvantages of lease financing for businesses ”, 2005). The owner has to dispose off the assets that can no longer be used and obtain new ones. However, the person leasing the equipment is under no obligation liable for replacing the assets once they are worn out and leaves them as they are once the lease period is over. Under leasing, one pays a fixed rate every month which is also inflation friendly. That is, as inflation rises the lease rate remains constant over a period of up to five years. Another advantage of leasing is that, one is able to utilize equipments by renting only the necessary equipments. Once a lease period is over, a person can be able to upgrade with technology by leasing new equipments as opposed to owning old and outdated equipments which would be difficult or rather expensive to dispose and buy the new ones. Leasing also has tax benefits that depend on the structure of the lease (Anon. “L easing in Business- advantages and disadvantages”, 2009). Disadvantages Leasing is a form of financing that is preferred by many businesses, although not all. Before leasing, certain things has to be put into consideration such as the type of equipment required, and the kind of business. Also one has to consider the tax implications between leasing and purchasing the equipment. One of the bad things about leasing is that it becomes expensive in the long run as opposed to owning the item. In leasing one can rent an item over long periods of time and will never own the item (Wakelin, et al 2003). If the money spent on leasing can be accumulated it would by far be more than the actual money that w
Introduction Unearthing the history and culture of Japan is an intricate endeavor. Among the current major powers, Japan is the most distinctive in its environment and culture. The origin of the Japanese language is among the most disputed arguments in linguistics (Diamond par. 4-5). Such arguments are vital to the self-image of the Japanese and to the manner in which other people perceive them. This paper discusses Japan’s history and culture under the creative legacies theme while focusing on hindrances and advantages in the country’s contributions to the world’s civilization and knowledge. The increasing dominance of Japan and touchy affiliations with the neighbors make it more significant to stand against myths and get answers. The hunt for answers is complex since the proof is exceedingly conflicting. For instance, Japanese are biologically indistinctive, and their looks and genes are comparable to the Koreans and some Asians. 1868 marked a period of the modernization of Japan, with the Meiji restoration leading to the centralization of everything about the emperor. History Historical affirmations have created the notion that the Japanese are intrinsically not creative. All through history, Japan has methodically absorbed technological and scientific principles from overseas. In the course of more than 200 years of state-enforced insulation from European rebellion and Christianity, from around 1630 to 1850, the nation’s scholars collected scientific and technological details systematically from Dutch sources (Coleman 5). A trend of American and European intrusions in Northeast Asia starting in the 1850s compelled leaders in Japan to search for more enlightenment from the West, with the objective of centering on military and engineering disciplines. Towards the end of the 19 th century, the Meiji Period witnessed quick industrialization, urbanization, transformation, and adjustment of Western organizational endeavors. Such advancements stimulated the establishment of a higher education system in Japan. The stress on the establishment of university education,
Introduction Money laundering is considered to be one of the most wide-spread financial crimes of the 21 st century. It damages the world economy by rising inflation, supporting crime and terrorism, and enabling individuals and criminal organizations to use their ill-gotten gains unopposed (Caine). According to New York Times, “the front door of money laundering is the banking system, which, due to government efforts, remains closed. The backdoor, which is the international trade system, remains wide open” (Caine). The purpose of this paper is to research the subject of trade-based money laundering, its impact on global scene and export controls, identify types of trade finance techniques used to launder illegal money, and provide a chart of red flags that indicate to potential money laundering. What is Money Laundering? In order to understand why money laundering is dangerous and what could be done to prevent such malpractices, it is first required to provide the definition of the term. The working definition accepted in all countries across the globe is provided by the FATF, or the Financial Action Task Force, which is an international organization created with the purpose of setting standards and promoting effective implementation of various measures for combating money laundering, as well as cutting off terrorist financial supplies and dealing with other issues threatening the integrity of the global financial system (FATF 2). According to FATF, money laundering is identified as a process that hides the existence of illegal income, their sources, as well as various illegal applications of income by disguising that income and reintroducing it into the economic system as legitimate (FATF 3). Stages of Money Laundering Typically, money laundering schemes pass through three stages, after which the reintegration of illegal income into the formal economy occurs. The