ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Taking into account that our store has been in operation for some time, it is logical to consider the next step, which is expansion. Any profit-making entity is established with the sole objective of growth and, thus, a plan to expand its operations and services is vital if the firm is to achieve its objectives. This can be achieved by opening a new store in the neighborhood. The benefits arising out of such a plan include increased revenue and profitability which results from a large customer base, improved service delivery to the customers, better handling of the customers because the physical location of the store will be increased and lastly, provision of additional services to customers will be easy. Moreover, investing in this project will solve some of the setbacks currently being experienced in the store. They include late deliveries and long queues by customers waiting to be attended to. Above all, the project aligns with the mission, vision, and strategy of our store, which aims at improving customer satisfaction, becoming a leading retail store in every community, and achieving yearly sales of $3 million. Therefore, if the firm decides to invest in this project, it is projected that the total profit will increase by a margin of at least 20% as a result of growth and expansion. Having discussed the benefits of the project, it is also important to look at the cost of the project. If the benefits outweigh the cost, then the firm can proceed with the project and vice versa (cost-profit analysis). The major resources required and costs that will be incurred by the store are summarized in the table below: Cost/expense                                                                                                                  Amount (monthly)                        Rent:                                                                                                                         $1,800 (Store size = 2,400 square feet)   * rental lease                                                                                                              $2,000                                    * First month’s rent and rates in advance.                                                                                                                          Location upgrading expanses                                                                                                   $100                                      * Handyman and supplies                                                                                                     $3,300                                    * Construction expenses to modify the space
Introduction Lean operation refers to practices that are aimed at achieving manufacturing processes with minimum waste. This paper seeks to discuss aspects of manufacturing processes. The paper will explore definitions of terms that are used in manufacturing processes. It will also explain lean wastes in a manufacturing set up. Definitions Cycle time Cycle time is the duration of time needed to complete a production process. Raw materials are processed into finished products within the period. Cycle time begins when production process starts with raw materials until the time when the necessary production activities are completed (Curry and Feldman, 2010). Throughput Throughput is the measure of the rate of production of a process. It measures the quantity of raw materials that are utilized in a production process per unit duration of time. Denis and Shock define ‘throughput’ as the mean rate of outcome from a process (Denis and Shock, 2007). Throughput time Throughput time is a total time that is taken to complete a production process. The period begins from the first step of a production process up to the process’ last step. Throughput time in a manufacturing industry is, for instance, defined as the duration of time that starts at the beginning of a production process until the time that the desired finished product is obtained (Reijers, 2003). Work in progress Work in progress refers to the value of raw materials that have been put in a production process but have not yet been completed. Example of work in progress in a manufacturing industry is the set of materials that are meant to be used in the production of commodities, but which are still under the manufacturing process (Dudbridge, 2011). Job shop A job shop is a production facility or a set of machines, which can only execute one activity at a time, but can be reused after every single operation. It defines a collection of facilities which functionali
Introduction In the modern business environment, different organizations establish compensation strategies as a way of motivating their employees. This is in lieu of the fact that an organization stands to achieve increased productivity when its employees feel motivated. There are various theories that underpin the concept of motivation. In an exploratory case study on Ghanaian organizations, Boachie-Mensah & Ophelia (2011) investigate the concept of performance-based pay (PBP) and motivation. The article highlights various theories that accompany PBP in addition to the effects it has on employees. This paper seeks to pinpoint the theories that are apparent in the article and their application in the business and organizational contexts. In addition, the paper will discuss some of the major findings of the article that relate to PBP. Theories Discussed In the article, Boachie-Mensah & Ophelia (2011) admit that motivating employees is a momentous challenge especially for employers and managers. They say that motivation relates closely to psychological and behavioral attributes of the employees (Boachie-Mensah & Ophelia, 2011). To that end, the article points out various theories of motivation that go together with PBP. Performance based pay is related to extrinsic rewards that motivate employees to improve their productivity and propel an organization towards achieving its goals. The first theory that comes out clearly is the expectancy theory. This theory of motivation refers to the notion that employees will be willing to put increased efforts into their performance if they expect the results to have a valuable outcome for them. For performance-based pay therefore, employees will improve their productivity if they value the financial rewards since they will tend to believe that the awards are solely because of their hard work. Second, the article associates PBP to reinforcement theory of motivation. The theory is based on the belief that there exists a direct relationship between the organization’s desired behavior and the consequences (Thompson et al., 2007). In PBP, desired behavior of the employees is the improved performance while the consequence is the pay in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. The theory posits that managers can use pay (salaries and wages) to determine the behavior of the employees especially in boosting performance (Belcher, 1999). When managers reward high performance, the behavior is reinforced amongst the employees. In fact, the article shows that 80% of the respondents in the context of Ghanaian corporations asserted that the introduction of PBP helped the companies to post increased profits given their high rates of return on capital employed (ROCE). Performance based pay has a theoretical framework that values group and teams. Indeed, PBP concept borrows from the idea that individuals will work extra hard in the contex
Introduction Crotty’s main specialization was in the field of social research. Social scientists underatake or perform this research quantitatively or qualitatively. However, we shall mainly focus on qualitative research. This form of research involves the study of a particular phenomenon within its natural setting with the intent of interpreting the phenomenon in terms of how meaningful it is to the people affected or influenced by it. It, therefore, generates data that is not subject to formulaic analysis. Michael J. Crotty is credited with providing an effective way of linking methodology and academic theory to provide a clear and practical manner in which to undertake a research. His analysis begins with a simple dissection of the research process into a pre-research phase and the actual research process. In the pre-research phase, he states that before we embark on a research we must decide upon certain c
Introduction Databases are widely used for maintenance of huge data over large networks. Medicine field is also taking advantages of information system at different hospitals and clinics. Secondary databases are used to store and maintain huge amount of patient’s record and their treatment history. Secondary database or SDS is a database base which is attached to main database so that if the main database in unavailable or goes offline, SDS can be used instead. Numerous DBMs system that supports SDS has ability to recognize and switching to secondary server within few seconds if main DBMA goes off. It is very important to know the difference between data and information before moving ahead. Data are raw facts which include individual elements; data has no authenticity, reliability. In contrast information is a data which is combined, compiled interpret into some meaningful fact. Information at hospitals includes patient’s data, treatment details, diagnosis, test information etc. Data & information both are important as data provides information for further processing. There are three types of data with respect. to patient i.e. Primary Data, Aggregate Data and secondary Data. Primary data sources include patient’s health records, Secondary database resources include registries and database, Aggregate data includes data on groups of individual that do not identify specific individuals (Beer and Essential, et al. 1993). Uses of Secondary Database There are numerous uses of secondary data which are as follows:   * Secondary data helps a lot to maintain healthcare operations.   * It plays an important role in performing research.   * It helps in identifying Patterns and trends in Patient care   * It supports long term planning and budgeting   * It provides benchmarking information. Secondary data helps a lot to numerous professionals in every field but secondary data users are taking lots of advantages which include: Secondary data facilitates Healthcare managers, Quality managers, Researchers, Public health agencies, State and federal databases. It also helps in collection of vital statistics such as birth and death rates by local government. Few registries and their information are required at very initial step are some follows: Disease registries, Case definition, Case findings. Disease registries are collection of secondary data of patients with a specific diagnosis, conditions and procedure. Case definition provides description of registry to database. Case findings are used for identifying process and status of patient who has been treated for the condition same as registry subject. Secondary databases include number of registries which are as follows:   * Cancer registries   * Trauma registries   * Birth defects registries   * Diabetes registries   * Implant registries   * Transplant registries   * Immunization registries Health Care Databases National and state administrative databases Healthcare Integrity and Protection Data Bank (HIPDB), Medicare Provider Analysis and Review File (MEDPAR), National Practitioner Data Bank (NPDB), Healthcare Integrity and Pr
Sport is always an interesting topic for discussion. Football is the most popular team game in the world that has a long and rich history. It was not always the same sport as we currently know it and had to face many changes. There were many games similar to this one in different eras, and they have led to the creation of football. The central objective of this game is to score a goal. However, it is not as simple as it sounds, and some rulebooks are more than a hundred pages long. It is hard not to mention a referee who handles all the final decisions and has numerous duties. Yellow card and red cards are essential attributes of each one that is used to warn players. Interestingly, some of the decisions are quite controversial, and many suggest that video replays should be used to make better judgments. However, it may take too much time and may cause even more arguments. This game is very intense, and it is hard for one official to keep track of all the action, and assistant referees are needed. Players also should not be forgotten, and very talented ones are often discovered. Some of them demonstrate truly extraordinary skills and abilities on the field, and their salaries are also remarkable. The amount of money they earn each day is hard to comprehend, but it is a billion-dollar industry, and team owners do their best to keep the most valuable ones. It is important to understand that a match cannot be won simply because a team has one or more talented players. It is a team game, and cooperation is essential for victory, and the overall strategy. It is also necessary to say that it can be very exhausting physically and mentally, and many inci
Customer value Distinguishing marks of successful business enterprises calls upon managers to identify and incorporate the four components identified by (Potter 332) as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (Porter 332). These four components were the key concepts upon which LECO based its core competencies in terms of customer value, demographics, and unique implementation. The entrepreneurial spirit that characterized LECO’s executives proved a success in the face of the bold, entrepreneurial, risk taking, managers. According to Afuah (120) this, in addition to other strategic management and marketing skills gained the company a strategic position. Customer value distinguished the company amid a competitive business environment invested with tough competition from interested business organizations. Inclusive of the unique products introduced in the market were the 7-inch plastic extraterrestrial figures in addition to other products such as LECO mind storms; a product developed after many years of research in one of the prestigious universities renown for technological inventions MIT (Porter 334). In addition (Porter 333) highlights the strategic value components the company integrated for maintaining and attracting a large market share. Afuah (200) sees the most important characterizing elements in the company’s vision as product characteristics with unisex outlook for all ages with the opportunity for all year round use and maintaining quality in its products (Porter 333). Demographics Core competence components included the organization’s ability to integrate demographics as a strategy. The risk taking managers tailored the company’s products and introduced a variety of them in the market specifically targeting children of different age groups by tailoring these products according to their needs. This fact is clearly identified in (Porter 333) of the case study. The products ranged from T-shirts, puzzles, comic books, uniquely differentiated and strategically tailored for the purpose of attracting customers’ attention and maintaining the customers with a variety of product offerings. (Porter 333) identifies LECO’s strategic vision, to “Nurture the child in each of us”. These characteristics in children impressed the business executives to creatively tailor some products famously known after the name “LECO system of play” (Porter 333) for children. The clever business managers were able to reach adults and persuasively convince them of the inherent value of their products. Another business strategy was the significant demographic component and ability to identify and create products for children in the range of 5 years to 12 years (Porter 335). This unique component made business executive Counted Company profits in a satisfying endeavor by raking in huge returns in the form of profits (Porter 336). As the organization enjoyed rising profits and a bigger market share, another unique business component unfolded. This was the implementation strategy. Implementation This entrepreneurial component was the implementation strategy incorporated in the pursuit of the organization’s goals and objectives (Porter 335). The case study in
UEFA Cup is a football competition organized by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) for European clubs. Qualification for the cup is based on performance on club performance in the national league. The UEFA Cup is also known as European Cup 3. Based on European football competition and importance, the UEFA cup comes second after UEFA Champions League. UEFA CUP football competition replaced the Inter-Cities Fair Cup in 1971, with the Tottenham Hotspur football club winning the first season of 1971-1972. Traditionally, the UEFA Cup competition was open to all runners-up clubs in the domestic leagues. With the merging of the UEFA Cup Winner’s Cup to the UEFA Cup in 1999, domestic cup competition winners could now enter the UEFA Cup competitions. The new rules also made it possible for clubs eliminated in the 3 rd qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League to enter and compete in the UEFA Cup. The winner of the UEFA Cup has a chance of keeping the original trophy for one year after which they hand it over to the Organizer and keep a replica of the original trophy. The rules also allow any club that wins the UEFA Cup competition consecutively three times to keep the Original trophy. To qualify for the cup, a team must finish in runners-up places in various top European leagues. Winners of the main cup competition qualify automatically for the UEFA Cup. France and England are the only two countries that usually grant UEFA Cup places to winners in the secondary cup competition. Team qualifying for the UEFA Cup through different means may bring complications on Cup competition qualification. A club that qualifies for both the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup usually enters the champions league and leaves the UEFA Cup place to another club. The 2008 UEFA Cup edition was the 37 th edition of the Cup. The final match was held on 14 th May 2008, pitting Rangers from Scotland against Russia’s Zenit St. Petersburg at the City of Manchester Stadium. Zenit St. Petersburg was the match-winner, by 2 goals to 0. Igor Denisov and Konstantin Zyrianov scored the winning goals, making the club the current holder of the UEFA Cup trophy. UEFA Cup football competition is organized by the Union of European Football Associations. Performance at National League and the Cup competition is the main qualification criteria. Runners-up in various leagues have high chances of entering the UEFA Cup competition. The first winner of the UEFA Cup was Tottenham Hotspur football club in the 1971/1972 season. The current Cup Holder is Zenit St, Petersburg of Russia, who won the 37 th edition of the UEFA Cup on 14 th May 2008.
During all the history of humanity violence was the inherent part of the society. Beginning from the cradle of civilization there may be found numerous examples of violence. Violence has been existing as long as humanity exists and even in the modern world with the new level of humanization, the problem still demands a solution. Apart from the various acts of cruelty, a special attention of the psychologists is given to the violence in adolescent relationships. It is the universal truth that a sound society demands a sound family and the attempts to investigate the reasons that cause violence in adolescence are of great importance for social science. Different researchers use various approaches to the investigation of this problem. Thus, practically all of them are apt to think that the reasons of the violence in the adolescence may be found in the early childhood. In researching of this problem, special attention is given to the relations between males and females and the impact of violence on these relations. Though, according to the statistic date based on the results of various surveys, practically all researchers share one view that “although both males and females report being abused in relationships, abuse has greater impact on females than on males” (Cleveland, Herrera & Stuewing, 2003, p.325). At the same time, it must be admitted that males also suffer from violence, though in a less degree. Clear understanding of the reasons of the dating violence among adolescents is of the vital importance. Cleveland, Herrera and Stuewing are sure that the repetitious cases of the abuse in adolescence continue with the development of relations and can persist for years (2003). Even after the marriage the major part of dating couples continue to experience violence episodes. Most of the women, who are abused by their husbands, confess that the cases of battering also have been taking places during the courtship. Thus, the investigation of violence in the adolescence is important for the future understanding of the family relations of the adults. While defining the reasons of violence in the adolescence, many researchers give special attention to the background. It is suggested that potential violence is predetermined by social experience. The act of violence takes place when an individual, who has the potential aptitude for aggression, faces with the definite situational factors in the dating relationship. A person, even with the potential inclination for the aggression, may not resort to compulsion until the relationship between the couple complicates. The persons aptitude to violence is predetermined by many factors, such as education or upbringing. Sometimes the reason for a persons inclination to aggression may be the psychological trauma, obtained in the early childhood, or the cases of violence from the parents. The data from researches indicates that the cases of dating violence become more frequent with the development of the seriousness in the relations between males and females. Within the involvement of the both parties into se