ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Healthcare professionals should not be hesitant to be involved in the political process. Through this activity, workers can improve the way of how care is delivered to patients. That is why medical personnel, including doctorally prepared advanced practice nurses, should actively participate in shaping political affairs. This assignment will demonstrate that the New York Health Act is essential in the state, present current evidence and my personal stance, and create a letter to Governor Andrew Cuomo to promote the policy. Policy Brief The Covid-19 pandemic has revealed that the whole world was unprepared for that disease, and the US healthcare system was not an exception. All the states underwent significant challenges, meaning that authorities should adequately respond to the crisis. That is why the New York Health Act (NYHA) is a current healthcare policy in the state. This bill, S5474, was introduced to The New York State Senate (2021) to provide the state residents with more accessible and comprehensive access to health insurance. This can be achieved by developing a statewide program, creating the New York Health Trust Fund to finance the policy, and establishing an implementation commission (The New York Senate, 2021). Buonaspina (2020) also clarifies that this policy should include coverage for all medically necessary care and exclude denials of service. Since this policy offers to create a universal healthcare system at a state level, financial issues can refer to essential barriers. Since the information above reveals that insufficient medical insurance can be an issue for New York, it is reasonable to begin with considering pre-pandemic data. According to the Kaiser Family Foundation (2019), almost 95% of the New York population was insured, and half of them received coverage via their employers in 2019. Since New York City witnessed a record low unemployment rate of 3.4% in February 2020, one could suppose that a small part of the state population suffered from inadequate access to medical service (Leddy, 2020, para. 10). However, further research reveals that the sphere under analysis was not free from some issues. For example, the Campaign for New York Health (2019) admits that “50% of privately insured respondents reported skipping or delaying at least one type of care because of cost” (p. 5). It denotes that the presence of insurance does not guarantee that a person will access a healthcare professional in case of need. Furthermore, one should explain that minorities constitute a significant part of that 50%, meaning that the given state of affairs is an essential burden for the state. Since some issues had existed before the Covid-19 pandemic occurred, it is not a surprise that the New York healthcare system has witnessed more significant problems because of the crisis. The disease led to the increasing unemployment rates that reached 20.3% for New York City in June and 15.9% for the state in July (Leddy, 2020, para. 10). It denotes that a significant part of the state population lost access to their medical insurance. Furthermore, the
Benadryl is a white crystalline powder used as over the counter drug to treat allergies and hay fever among other ailments. Chemically, it is known as diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Garnett, 1986). Depending on the ailment, Benadryl which contains first-generation of antihistamines can be administered orally, intravenously, intramuscularly, topically or suppository. This organic compound was invented by George Rieveschl and has an IUPAC name 2-(diphenylmethoxy)- N , N -dimethylethanamine hydrochloride (Hevesi, 2007). The compound is known by such common names as Unisom, Diphenhist, Altaryl and Sominex among others. Diphenhydramine chloride has two functional groups: an ester and an acid. The organic compound has the following structure (Timberlake, 2009): The compound is highly soluble in water and alcohol because it is a polar organic compound and has a molecular weight of 291.82. The solubility of the compound at 70.7° F equals to or greater than 100 mg/mL. However, the white crystalline powder is odorless. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride has a bitter numbing taste and a pH of 4 – 6 in 5% aqueous solution of the compound. Thus, the compound gives acidic solutions in water as well as neutralizing basic substances. Its functional groups enable it to react with both strong oxidizing and neutralizing agents. Due to this, the compound will gradually but slowly lose its white color and turn darkish when exposed to air. In addition, when mixed with organic compounds, the compound will react with them due to the functional groups. Moreover, the compound has a melting point of 331 – 338°F. Benadryl has a molecular formula comprising of seventeen carbons with two benzene rings (C17H21NO.HCl) (Garnett, 1986). Diphenhydramine hydrochloride has a variety uses but is mainly used for treating allergies (Hevesi, 2007). Its use has stood the test of time since its invention in 1943 and approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) back in 1946 as an antihistamine suitable for use by the public (Hevesi, 2007). Benadryl is the most effective drug for treating allergies. This compound reverses histamine build up in the body by blocking its synthesis by the body system. Natural, the body produces histamine. However, when not broken down or its synthesis, histamine accumulates in the body leading to allergic reactions manifested through skin rashes, and itching skin and throat. Hence, the drug will block histamine production and release it. It counter
Introduction Sculpture illustrates a three dimensional artwork that is made by combining and/ or shaping materials. Normally, a sculpture is usually made from stone and clay prior to its casting in bronze to give it a brand new outlook. In the modern society, invention of newer materials in conjunction with advanced technology has transformed the face of sculpture art. This has seen sculptors using gluing, wiring and welding media to produce sculptures. The first example of sculpture is Sculpture Glass or Bronze. This denotes a free-standing sculpture that represents a type of sculpture which is popularly recognized by many people in the modern world. This sculptor who created the aforementioned sculpture was the renowned artist Peter Mandl. The second example is Assemblage Sculpture that describes a kind of sculpture that is pieced together from different scavenged materials that have no relationship with each other. This sculpture was created by artist Lister Jaguar Stunning (Frank & Preble, 2003). Body These sculptures communicated to designed audiences in various ways. A look at the military sculptures in many city parks shows that, they were meant to inspire patriotism while at the same time instigate and boost the pride of a country where the sculptures stand. On the other hand, religious sculptures in churches were used to create a sense of sanctity and holiness. Along the same line of thought, sculptures of political leaders intrigued ambition to the public in an effort to exploit their potential and achieve immensely (Thompson, 2012). According to Heinrich, Haeckel & Haeckel (1998), design principles that were integrated in sculptures included rhythm, unity, emphasis, proportion and balance. In essence, while balance describes the visual equilibrium concept that relates to people’s physical sense of balance, proportion explains the comparative scale and size of the different design elements. The concern is to establish a good relationship between parts and the whole sculpture. Thi
Mercury being a heavy metal is highly carcinogenic and its presence in water sources and the tissues of aquatic species especially fish is a serious health concern. According to EPA, the acceptable maximum concentration for mercury is 0.3mg/kg (UDWQ), and therefore accurate, valid, and reliable techniques for analyzing mercury levels are essential. Currently, two methods are available for quantitative mercury analysis. The cold vapor technique which is used by EPA and United State Geological Survey (USGS) is the oldest method used to quantize mercury levels in tissue samples. In this technique, digested samples are analyzed using a cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometer to determine mercury concentration. The second technique called thermal decomposition uses an automatic mercury analyzer to measure mercury absorbance at a specific wavelength in AAS. This technique is used in the UDOH laboratory, Arizona Department of Health Services (ADHS) and in Texas A & M. This method is also used in EPA laboratories. Although no method can be said to be better than another since the standard deviation between them ranges from 0.01 to 0.007, the cold vapor method however yields slightly lower values. The standard deviation for thermal decomposition ranges from 0 to 0.06ug/g and 0.01 to 0.11ug/g for cold vapor (UDWQ). For quality checks, both methods need to be used. The accuracy of an analytical technique lies centrally on the sampling methods and sample pre-treatment procedures. A flawed sampling method gives invalid results that are do not represent elemental concentration in the sample. It is therefore imperative that due care and emphasis be laid on sampling. Samples should be representatively collected and wrapped to avoid contamination. Sample identifications should reflect the sampling site, the sample ID code, and the sample sequence number. Quality control checks should also be done to identify if any contamination occurred during sample handling, storage, and analysis. For validity and reliability of the results, sample blanks are analyzed alongside the samples to ensure that no contamination is carried over to the next sample and also to check the accuracy of the analytical instruments used. The Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), as well as the Quality Assurance and Control procedures, should be followed. For method validation, spiked samples, sample duplicates, and standards whose concentrations are known are also analyzed (UDWQ). To verify initial results, repeatability and reproducibility studies must be carried out to obtain commensurate results. This serves to show inherent flaws in the experimental procedures and methods used besides ensuring that analysts pay diligence to the experimental design process. This is however costly and time-consuming since reproducibility studies require independent researchers and different instruments to avoid inherent flaws which might be present in the initial instrument. Alternatively, UDOH can train its scientist to be
One of my favorite novels is One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962). In the description of the book, it is written that it tells a story of a killer who pretends to be deaf and mute to escape a prison sentence. Generally, this description is correct. Nonetheless, the plot is much more complex, impressive, and even dramatic. This essay is dedicated to this novel because its end causes strong emotions and breaks the heart. In my opinion, the major value of a person’s life is freedom. Freedom to be what you are until it harms other people. The novel shows that freedom is so fragile because everyone could be easily deprived of it. The story takes place in one of the American psychiatric hospitals in the late 1950s – early 1960s. The patient who pretends to be deaf, mute, and insane is called Chief Bromden. He is half-Native American and the narrator. The most crucial character of the novel is Randle McMurphy. He is put into the hospital as a punishment for being impulsive, rebellious, and prone to gambling and battery. McMurphy is a freedom-loving and passionate person, and he tries to break the rules that restricted him until those rules broke him. It is also interesting to notice that Bromden frequently claims that the hospital installs wires into each patient to control everyone but McMurphy. In the beginning, it seems that Bromden is indeed crazy because, obviously, there are no wires, fog machines, and remote control. Still, by the end of the book, it becomes clear what Bromden is talking about. The character of Chief Bromden does not cause any emotions, whereas McMurphy captivates with his energy, keen mind, and internal freedom. McMurphy fights with the tyrannical Nurse Ratched, who keeps the patients and the staff members in fear and brutally manipulates them. In the context of the book, our world is getting better because nowadays, no one could make a lobotomy to a person who is a little more feisty, humorous, and independent than others. People are fighting against violations of human rights, and biases on racial, religious, and gender grounds. However, the increased freedom of people gradually turns into a trap for humanity. If to omit this philosophical discussion, overall, life is becoming better because treatment methods are becoming more humane due to scientific progress and technological development. Reference Kesey, K. (1962). One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest . Penguin.
The cold war and the US anti-communism had significant role on the development of world history between 1960s and 2000. While the role of both the cold war and the western-anticommunism were observed in almost every part of the world, especially in Asia, South America, Eastern Europe and to some extent Africa, it is clear that South-eastern Asia is one of the regions of the world where the two phenomenon left a significant mark on history. In particular, it has been argued that the rise of democratization, millenarianism and authoritarianism in the region cannot be understood without a clear understanding of the role that both the Cold War and the US (or western) anticommunism had on the history of the region. Although the Southeast Asia was at the peripheral of the US-USSR differences that defined the Cold War, it is worth noting that the area was the main battleground of the increasing tensions between the west and the USSR. Although the Cold War never produced any real war in Europe, its impacts on the Southeast Asian region went to the extreme because the real wars that took place in a number of nations in the region were largely influenced by the US-USSR tensions. According to Lau (292), one of the best examples of the impact of the cold war on Southeast Asia is the rise of Militarism in a number of nations. Specifically, Vietnam provides one of the best examples of the nations that suffered direct impacts of the US-USSR tensions during the cold war (Hack and Wade 442). The conflict in Vietnam involved two long-lasting wars- the First Indochina war of 1946-1954 and the Vietnam War of 1954-1975. While the two conflicts involved local forces, the impact of the Cold War was evident. According to a number of
The integration of psychological services into law enforcement agencies is referred to as police psychology. From the early 20 th century, the field of psychology has been expanding drastically. With this expansion, psychology has been applied in various organizations beyond the law enforcement agencies. Similarly, increased applications of psychology in police departments have led to diversification in psychologists’ roles. In the U.S., police psychologists are not only mandated to assess, select, counsel law enforcers, but also to diagnose supervisory challenges (Kitaeff, 2011). In the early 1900s, Hugo Munsterberg suggested that psychologists could play major roles in law, courts, police departments, and forensic investigations. In this regard, Munsterberg is considered as a pioneer in forensic psychology. Other prominent psychologists who have influenced the growth of police psychology are William Stern, Lewis Terman and Alfred Binet. In the year 1916, Terman developed a model that was to be used in selecting qualified law enforcers. The model was never used due to its inability to provide authentic information. In the year 1921, experimental studies were conducted to ascertain the relationship between the police attitudes and their performance. It was not until the year 1954 that the U.S. government acknowledged the application of psychology in law enforcement departments; by appointing Martin Reiser to be the nation’s first full-time police enforcer. Reiser initiated the use of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in screening applicants to the Los Angeles Police Department (Kitaeff, 2011). Currently, the field plays significant roles in staff recruitment, selection, counseling, training, and evaluation within the police departments. Increased applications of psychology in law enforcement agencies have resulted in numerous benefits. Counseling has enabled police officers and their families to manage work related stresses. For the last two decades, decrease in excessive use of force by the law enforcers is attributed to increased applications of psychology in the police departments. Similarly, the field has resulted in the recruitment of competent personnel. This has not only enhanced police services, but also enhanced their public image. Increased applications of psychology in law enforcement departments have led to rampant professional issues, legal issues and ethical issues within the police departments. Professional issues affect police psychologists in their daily activities. One of the professional issues identified is confidentiality. All psychologists gain access to insightful and personal information. As a result, law enfor
Introduction On March 17 th 2009, the Transport Security Administration (TSA) inadvertently posted on a Federal government website, sensitive security document outlining airport screening procedures. The online release made key security procedures available to members of the public. It wasn’t until Dec 7 th 2009 that the 93 pages document was removed after TSA, with the help of bloggers realized the blunder. Although TSA posted the document in a federal procurement website, specifically FedBizOpps.gov, the document was, and still is, available online in many websites including Scribd.com and Cryptome.com. Variety of other sites, including major news outlet have provided link to the document. As of December 10 th 2009, Lawmakers has come forward asking the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), who oversees TSA, to take legal action to bar or institute criminal penalties against websites that continue to repost the document. The Document A closer look at document and its contents at this early stage would be of great help in understanding the whole scenario. The document, titled “ Screening procedures: Standard Operating Procedure” provides standard procedures for TSA screening personnel in US airports (airsafe.com, 2009). According to Transport Security Administration, the document was outdated, unclassified and was not “the everyday screening manual used by TSA officers at airport checkpoints” (Transport Security Administration, 2009). The document contained a broad range of information, with the sensitive information blacked-out through electronic reduction by TSA. The problem was, bloggers and everyday computer user could easily go around the reduction and have a full copy of the document. Electronic reduction: Laid out Procedures A closer look at the source of the problem reveals a fundamental misunderstanding of how digital data work on the TSA personnel part. TSA personnel blacked out the original word document by putting black rectangle over sensitive information, before converting the document to PDF format. Anyone who has access to the redacted PDF document and some basic knowledge in computer can easily convert it to Word document by copying it to a word processor like Notepad or Microsoft Word, and thus have access to full copy. In the past, US agencies includin
There are numerous factors affecting the condition of human health. Some of them are predictable, such as undernourishment and extreme poverty in underdeveloped states, while others are not, like economic, political, or natural disasters (Cooper 120). Nevertheless, their impact on access to healthcare services is equally destructive. Similar challenges are usually addressed by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). One of the significant events of the twenty-first century is the foundation of Mercy Corps in 1979. Its influence on global health should be viewed from the perspective of addressing the consequences of wars and instability, as this NGO is known for financing health enhancement programs and policies aimed at reconstructing health in such countries (Singer and Hodge 7). The influence of Mercy Corps is different in the developed and developing world. It can be investigated by studying the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities of this organization across the globe. For example, in the developing world, one of the NGO’s strengths is the availability of funds necessary for restructuring and recovering health systems, providing people with adequate care. Also, Mercy Corps offers emergency relief that cannot be allocated by local governments, and does not cooperate with military regimes, which means that it is people-centric ( Fundamentals of Management 34; The Parliament of Great Britain 110). One weakness is that Mercy Corps is financed by governments. Moreover, its financial aid is temporary. This is closely connected to a threat of being banned and opposed by a government or ruling party that uses poor healthcare as a tool for controlling people. However, this NGO is known for having refused governmental capital when it was deployed as a tool for directing the organization’s activities and limiting its public programs (Muennig and Su 101). As for opportunities, Mercy Corps funds environmental projects. This means that the NGO contributes to global health improvement in the long run (Griffin and Moorhead 29). Furthermore, it addresses economic issues, as Mercy Corps’ volunteers teach how to develop sustainable manufacturing and solve economic matters, thus addressing the problem of low income and contributing to better access to healthcare services ( Management 135). With regard to developed countries with high incomes, the impact of this organization is less noticeable, as their governments allocate enough resources for health protection. This is the primary weakness of the NGO. Nevertheless, there is opportunity for granting financial aid to those who are not covered by governmental aid, e.g., are not entitled to such programs as Medicaid in the United Stat