ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Creativity refers to a mental process of generating new ideas, concepts or developing new associations with the existing ideas so that they can be viewed from a different angle. Therefore, a truly creative individual is resourceful, has high erudition and a well-developed apparatus of cognition and analysis, which means not necessarily strong logic, but rather curiosity and broad-mindedness so that the same concept or object can be studied from several perspectives. Moreover, a creative personality is motivated to invent and develop new ideas, so such people often have many hobbies and interests (Runco, 2004, p.658). Some of these characteristics are naturally influenced by the person’s culture and environment. For instance, whereas middle-class values imply the priority of erudition and personality development beyond the educational program, working-class values include the importance of developing certain practical skills which will determine the further survival of the individual (Runco, 2004, p.660). The environment might influe
In April of 1986, the Soviet Union stated that there was an accident at the Chernobyl nuclear plant. All newspapers and media outlets have been sharing the information about this disaster from the moment of the announcement to this day. Still, media statements from 1986, and especially the day of the initial report, can be considered the first reaction of the media to the accident. The first example of this coverage is a story written by Edward Edelson for the NY Daily News . In this article, Edelson (1986) states that the Chernobyl nuclear plant’s accident might be the worst one in history. The author also presents some information about the location itself, making many comparisons to American nuclear plants. He notes that the structure of the Soviet factory is different from that of American ones. Edelson describes the personal telephone communication of an American professor who speaks about the plant’s impact on radiation levels in Sweden. Overall, this article is based on the American point of view. It offers a number of comparisons between the Soviet and American nuclear plant structure. For example, Edelson (1986) points out that “unlike American nuclear plants … reactors at Chernobyl did not have containment vessels” implying that American plants would not have let the same accident to occur (para. 8). In other paragraphs, the reporter compares other aspects of reactors such as their cooling systems and cores. Therefore, the author tries to show the readers the difference in technology between the two states. The information presented by the j
Report Introduction Intense competition in the current global markets has provided a strong impetus for innovation-oriented strategic decisions in organisations. Effective innovation decisions are fundamental to successful new market entry, sustained competitive advantage, and profitability (Marsh, 2012). Technological innovation allows for the commercial exploitation of inventions through new products/services (Marsh, 2012). The changing competitive environment requires the assimilation and integration of business technology in organisational strategies and value chains. A specific technological innovation is the console used in PlayStation in the video games industry. This report explores the development of gaming consoles as technological innovation product, milestones achieved in this area, and impact on organisations. It also includes recommendations for future developments based on the analysis. Major Subtypes of Technological Innovation Advances in business technology have created immense opportunities for business growth. The technological innovations related to the PlayStation are described below. Consoles Video games that have impacted on firm operations and interactions with customers fall into three groups console, PC, and mobile (Szirmai, Naude, Goedhuys, 2012). Consoles use a devoted hardware is linked to a screen (Xbox) or handheld device, e.g., Nitendo (Szirmai et al., 2012). In contrast, PC games operate on personal computers based on the Windows OS. Some PC games also run on Mac and Linux operating systems. Other games can be played on PC web browsers or gaming websites. The third category is the mobile games that can be played on handheld phones and tablets. E-commerce B2C e-commerce platforms have made it easier to buy or sell online. E-commerce encompasses the application of “electronic communications and information” in business transactions for B2B or B2C value creation (Christensen & Raynor, 2015, p. 56). A range of open source e-commerce software exists that support business processes, improved responsiveness to market needs, and omni-channel experience (social media) for the customers (Raphael & Christoph, 2012). Gaming software firms and distributors transact through e-commerce platforms implemented in their consoles. Mobile Commerce (M-commerce) M-commerce entails transactions performed via wireless technology or mobile devices, such as cell phones. It is fuelled by the high mobile phone penetration. M-commerce includes a range of services, such as mobile banking, mobile payment (bills), and order placement by consumers, among others (Hill & Rothaermel, 2013). Business Intelligence/Analytics Advances in analytics technologies allow the integration of big data in corporate decision-making. Analytics solutions such as service-as-a-software (SaaS) are utilised to fo
Military organizations represent a unique environment that differs from other business and social organizations. The military deals with a small portion of the population, and establishes its norms and traditions dominated at work. Thus, it is not an ideal type of organization free from dissemination and inequalities at work. Discrimination against gays and lesbians in the military is unlawful; it violates human rights and the Constitution. The critical point is that gay men and lesbians serving in the military but keeps their sexual orientation a secret. In general, discrimination is unlawful and prohibited by the Constitution but equal treatment is not always obvious. However, unlike racism and sexism in organizations, relatively little attention has been paid to heterosexism , or the antigay attitudes, prejudice, and discrimination encountered by gay men and lesbians in the workplace. Gay and lesbian employees in the military face unique challenges that have no real parallel with other minority groups. “Officially the federal stance was that integration (of blacks, females, and most recently homosexuals) would damage morale, discipline, and good order” (Bowling et al, p. 412). In contort to other workplaces, discrimination against gay and lesbian employees in the military, or even those who appear to be gay or lesbian, is legal in the United States. The “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy introduced by President Clinton in November 1993 prohibited and limited gays and lesbians’ rights. In the military, heterosexuals avoid associating with gay and lesbian coworkers because they fear that they will be perceived as being gay if they simply extend the “courtesy” of socializing with gay colleagues. This outcome of stigma does not occur based on gender and rarely based on race. In summary, these processes create a unique sense of isolation among gay and lesbian employees (Brouwer, p. 411). The main problem with the current policy is that gay men and lesbian have successfully served in the military have not ‘threatened’ national defense. For instance, historical facts suggest that: Many homosexuals have served in the military and an influx often occurs during wartime mobilization, such as World War II. Often they served “with distinction and without difficulty.”8 Before World War I, the US military had no official legal restrictions on homosexuality—commanders were responsible for enforcing their personal view on the issue” (Bowling et al, p. 412). This information shows that the problem of gay men and lesbian in the military is a part of politics which supports discrimination and inequalities. Today, discrimination against gays and lesbians in the military is focused on sexual difference rather than sexual equality by definition places no pressure on sexual identity. It takes sexual identity as a given and uses it to place pressure on human value. Presumably, that is part of its appeal, for the approach seems to permit reconciliation of sexual justice with respect for and pride in sexual identity (Davis, p. 25). The military should not include among the values to which our society responds those that are insensitive to what women (or
Plein-Air painting describes an artistic movement of the mid 19 th century. These artists painted scenes in various locations in the open air. This type of painting originated in California, United States, hence the name California Plein-Air painting or California Impressionism. Other American states that were linked to impressionist approach include Connecticut, New Mexico, Massachusetts and South Carolina. The Plein-Air artists painted scenes on locations as the impressionists did one century earlier. Impressionists are also one of the most famous artistic movements of the18 th and early 19 th century. Impressionism deals with the study of luminosity and the environment (Stern 2). Plein-Air painting had combined elements of European and American art. In keeping with this straightforward and sincere approach to art, the artists decided to cautiously and precisely scrutinize the subjects. Therefore, realism and its related variables were the method of choice. The aspiration for realistic representation of forms had always been an influential feature of the American and European art (National Gallery of Art 91). The essay will look at a number of factors that influenced Open-Air painting and the great names behind Plein-Air painting. Factors that contributed to Plein-Air painting According to the National Gallery of Art, Open-Air painting was already recognized in the early 19 th century (91). An influential paper published in the early 19 th century by Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes emphasized on the values of the Open-Air painting. Open-air painting was used to train and prepare young aspiring painters. In addition, numerous artists made regular journeys to paint in beautiful sites. The regular expeditions were promoted by the expansion of the rail systems, which made it possible for artists to reach the countryside and other remote locations. The number of Open-Air painters increased considerably (National Gallery of Art 91). Initially, Plein-Air artists were mainly concenrned with the local landscape or scenery. Nothing out of the realm was included in the painting (Westphal 1). A number of researchers attribute Plein-Air painting to a number of inventions made in the 19 th century. This invention included a flexible metallic storage tube, which resembled a toothpaste tube. The discovery totally transformed the art of painting. The metallic storage tube freed the artists from the weight of mixing paints and keeping them in an awkward and wasteful animal pouches (Stern 3). The invention also made sure that the artists were no longer restricted to simple charcoal sketches in relation to outdoor work of art. They could gather a few painting stuff and generate completed canvases outdoor, directly in touch with nature. French artists were among the pioneers of open air painting, for example, Jean-Baptiste Camille. This invention furthered the impressionist movement. It was the first time painters went outside to learn more about nature. It was an eye-opener for artists to shrewdly examine
Introduction The National Geographic Travelers is a magazine published by the National Geographic Society that enjoys free shipping in the USA. Usually, a magazine has five functional areas namely the administration, editorial, advertising, production and circulation. This paper analyzes the National Geographic Magazine Traveler business model in light of these five areas of practice. Functional areas In administration, the title ownership of the publication is independent even though it is part of a large group of publications by the National Geographic Society. The other related publication and electronic media by the same publisher include the National Geographic Kids, National Geographic Adventure and the National Expedition. The editorial part of this magazine reflects its mission statement which is ‘’to increase and diffuse knowledge while promoting conservation of the world’s cultural, historical and natural resources’’ (National Geographic Society 2). The magazine articles inspire people to care about plants, animals, geographic locations, cultures, science and technology (Loma Linda University 1). With the mandate of increasing and diffusing geographic knowledge, each part of the magazine seeks to accomplish that. The magazine has a very wide circulation and with monthly publications it is able to disseminate this information regularly. Travel and Culture section editors pick different places one can travel and highlight the location. They also provide tips needed when going to particular places and the top things to see. In addition, they give themed travels, for example, fall themed trips as well as cultural themed travel and tours. Photography section brings the places to the reader and it also has a section for photo contests where readers subscribe to win prices. This encourages people to travel more and conserve the beauty of the environment so that in many years to come the generations after them will enjoy the same. There are also photography seminars that offer advice on the whole scope of photography and this fulfils part of the mission statement “to increase knowledge”. Geographical locations featured in the magazine provide new information to the reader and the explorers’ chronicles provide the details needed to entertain and educate. The animals section mainly has features of wild animals and this makes it informative as readers learn how they affect the planet. There is also information on conservation of the endangered species; for example, there is a feature on the Virunga Gorillas that are decreasing rapidly in the DRC Congo forests. With the ongoing war, many have been poached leaving just a few (Waitt Foundation 2). The magazine is sold at a price of $15 for a yearly subscription and $71 for copies at the newsstand. Delivery is within the USA and Canada for C$ 24. However, the online magazine is free and is accessible on the National Geographic web
The changes and sensations inherent in the process of aging, their subjective interpretation by the individual, and the internalization of societal conceptions about aging are liable to impose severe pressures upon the aging individual. In geriatrics, the role of working in small groups is to support aging people, promote healthy lifestyles and help them to cope with diseases. Health problems of the elderly are perceived to be central determinants of age-related regression, and, consequently, medicine is believed to be the only competent profession for dealing with any age-related problem. The main types of small treatment groups used by geriatric professionals are support, educational, therapy, and socialization groups (Toseland and Rivas 2005). Working with these types of groups, geriatric professionals educate and teach aging people how to cope with mental and psychical problems and maintain a healthy lifestyle. For most of them, coping emotionally means moderating the subjectively perceived threat of demands and reducing their disturbing impact. Mental health is one of the most important components of group work and communication. The range of the psychosocial component includes the various stages in the continuum of the health-disease process: primary prevention, illness, primary and secondary care (including tertiary care), recovery, and readjustment to the normal social environment (Haight, 2005). It also encompasses the adjustment of severely incapacitated elderly persons to sheltered environments (for example, nursing homes) (Toseland and Rivas, 2005). The main difficulty is that elderly sick persons are rather unlikely to admit that their problem also has a psychosocial aspect and are therefore disinclined to accept the social worker as an appropriate agent for helping them cope with their problem. Physicians, on the other hand, are disinclined to relinquish their overall dominance in dealing with the elderly’s illness. To the extent that they do profess teamwork, they do not accept social workers on an equal-status basis. Such techniques as personal and group communication, discussions, seminars, and practical workshops help the elderly to change their lifestyles and cope with emotional distress and illness. A traumatically disabled elderly person may have chances to successfully readjust by realistically assessing, understanding, and accepting his condition by alleviating his anxiety despite the irreversibility of the disability (affective) and by making efficacious efforts to engage in the activity (instrumental) (Melillo, 2005). The benefit of working in small groups (support, educational, therapy, and socialization groups) is explained by the fact that medical intervention alone is frequently unable to alleviate the elderly’s anxiety because it is often unable to provide an effective solution and the patient is unable to judge the efficacy of the medical activities. The main problem is that elderly people are lik
The typical strain theories delineated that crime takes place as a result of the strike to reach financial desires through legal ways. Adler Freda (2007) disagreed that financial desires were ethnically authorized for all in American culture. However, that communally organized class distinction restricted the convenience of lawful possibilities to attain these desires or individual freedoms. Individuals in subordinate class positions were said to be more likely to practice strain cleared as aggravation which provoked persons to seek substitute means to attain these desires, as well as unlawful means. While strain theory offered to motivate research, it commonly formed frail consequences. Conflict in much of this work was considered as the inconsistency between professional or instructive ambitions and prospects for success in these fields. The conclusion from this research commonly demonstrated that criminal behavior was most probable when both desires and prospects were low results which leaned to suggest support reliable with control theory. Research using substitute procedures of conflict, such as professed blocked possibilities or the disjunction between financial desires and instructive means were more helpful of the viewpoint; however results were destabilized when opposing theories were integrated in the study on desire and crime of young people. Utilized as procedures of the entrance to triumph through legal means, or the attainment of victory, these varied results provided additional proof to send away the typical strain perception. While making laws to control the crimes in a society, people face a conflict between their desire to retain individual freedoms and their desire to ensure people’s safety. The issue is that more laws for the actions of the people will be made to lessen crimes, at the same time the more individual freedom will be retained. I would suggest that severe laws should be made for serious criminal actions so that the people would not consider breaking the laws. They should be portrayed as a symbol to others. It will facilitate the government not to make any restrictions on small wrong actions. Past studies on desire and crime had also been censured for relying greatly on professed life prospects deteriorating to integrate objective probabilities and life situations. Thus, researchers failed to discover communications that integrated people’s place in the stratification process and their
Selecting a manufacturing process usually depends on the type of work and the volume of production. There are five main process types – job shop, batch, repetitive, continuous, and project. Noteworthy, there are many factors to consider when choosing a process, as each type has its advantages and disadvantages. This paper aims to describe the five basic process types by comparing and contrasting them using examples. Historically, people first mastered job shops and batches’ processes, while repetitive and continuous processes appeared only after the industrial revolution. Job shops involve the production of a variety of products in small quantities. This process requires great flexibility of equipment and high-skilled personnel, allowing a wide variety of work. Still, the drawbacks of this type include high cost per unit and complex scheduling. An example of the job shops is a jewelry repair shop or veterinarian services. Batches are used for medium production and moderate product variety. A good example is bakeries or services for groups of people, like air travel. This type’s advantage is a high level of flexibility, and the disadvantages are moderate cost per unit and scheduling complexity. Examples of repetitive process type products are production lines for cars, TVs, pencils. The advantage of this type is that it allows large volumes, but the disadvantages are the high cost of equipment downtime and low flexibility. The continuous process involves the production of the highest volumes, rigid equipment, and low-skilled personnel. Examples of a continuous process type are sugar, flour, gasoline, steel production, and supplying electricity or the Internet. This type’s disadvantages are its rigidity and low variety; its advantages are high volumes and efficiency. Project process type is usually chosen in project work cases, for example, when filming a movie, publishing a book, building a dam. Project type can have characteristics of all types because of the projects’ variety. Thus, the five basic process types and the advantages and disadvantages of each were described by comparing and contrasting them using examples. Job shops are often used when there is a need to produce small volumes of unique products; batches are used in medium volumes and work variety. Repetitive and continuous types emerged after the industrial revolution and now represent high volume production types for the mass consumer.