ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The concept of fair distribution entails equitable distribution of available resources to different members of a community. When expounding on justice in healthcare, it is imperative to distinguish between equity and equality in order to be in a better position to comprehend the fundamental ethical issues that are related to healthcare provision. Equity refers to fairness as well as justice in the distribution of resources. It refers to the approaches that are undertaken in order to avoid biasness in the provision of services. Equity should be put into consideration while addressing health care issues in relative to the society as a whole (Calman & Downie, 2011). For instance, the United Kingdom has well established frame works that ensure that equity prevails in health care facilities. For example, the United Kingdom public health care ensures that all patients are given equal treatments, favoring the worst off, maximizing total benefits as well as promoting and rewarding social usefulness. The United Kingdom healthcare does not consider the ability to pay as the determining factor for the scarce-life saving interventions. Equal treatment of people is important especially in situations where many scarce interventions like organ transplants are indivisible. For such undividable services, provision of equal chances at the scarce intervention is paramount in ensuring equality of opportunities (Emanuel, 2009). The United Kingdom uses the approach of lottery to ensure that the available scarce resources are allocated fairly. The adoption of the lottery approach to intervene in cases of scarce resources has several benefits. For instance, the approach gives all the concerned individuals equal opportunities to gamble for the few available resources where the lucky person wins despite his/her social background. Similarly, lottery is a quick method for allocating scarce resources as it requires very little knowledge about the patients. Subsequently, the lottery approach is rarely affected by corruption issues. However, the major shortcoming of lottery is found in its inability to determine the most appropriate individual to receive the scarce resource. For instance, it is not regarded very appropriate to allocate a scarce resource/organ to a person who is approximated to live for less than a year even after receiving the scarce resource, whereas the same resource could have been more beneficial to a person who can live for approximately 40 years if given the organ. Most health care facilities in the United States of America adapt the approach of first –come –first –served instead of using lottery in allocation of health care scarce resources. This means that the healthcare scarce resources are allocated with regards to those who come first. Some people regard this approach as more appropriate in ensuring equity. They argue that the use of the concept of first-come-first-served strategy helps
The protection and observance of human rights is a complex task on a global scale since countries’ cultural, political, and ethical norms differ from those defined by international laws. At the same time, international organizations make efforts to help people worldwide avoid the negative consequences of the violation of their rights. However, as Polman and Hopgood’s works demonstrate, the practices and principles of international organizations and institutions actually are often far from the humanitarian goals they advocate. The main idea of ​​Hopgood’s articles is that the practices and principles of human rights, which are fundamental in the modern world, are dying, which is confirmed by various manifestations. For example, Hopgood notes that the adoption of laws and statutes is an essential element of the protection of the rights, but it does not mean that they will not be violated (13). In other words, the difference between enacting laws, taking regulatory action, and enforcing them is enormous. For example, despite the fight against female genital mutilation, some African countries have still not abandoned this practice (Hopgood 13). For this reason, the second sign that Hopgood points to is pushback from many states, which American and European organizations cannot effectively fight (14). For example, the prohibition of homosexuality in many countries of Africa and the Middle East, the restriction of China and Russia’s citizen’s freedoms, and the dictatorship of Africa and Latin America. According to Hopgood, this manifestation and development of many non-European countries with other systems of value, often based on religion, will lead to a multipolar world and a Neo-Westphalian system (18). In other words, human rights will no longer be viewed as universal and binding, which will fundamentally change the system of interaction between international organizations and institutions. At the same time, Polman also argues that the current system of humanitarian organizations working to help and protect people’s rights has many shortcomings. One of the author’s central theses is that nongovernmental organizations are commercial, and this feature determines the directions and some principles of their work. For example, organizations choose those conflicts that will attract more public and donor attention because this helps them to get more return on funds. For instance, Polman tells about the Hutu children who were passing exams thanks to humanitarian aid, although the Tutsis did not have books or the opportunity to study (49-50). This fact is one example that organizations unevenly help in different conflicts. In addition, for the same purpose, organizations engage the medi
Introduction During the colonial period in America life was so had for the common man especially the immigrants and the American Indians. People had to work extra hard and they also endured a lot of suffering in order to make ends meet. For example the women who lost their spouses had to assume the family roles of their husbands. In the Southern colonies the number of men was really high as compared to that of women. Life was always challenging for the married people and their marriages rarely survived. In this colonial set up everybody worked regardless of his or her gender. In the traditional American society, women were often exempted from participating in commercial activities (Berkin, 2006). They were entrusted with domestic chores like washing, cleaning houses, and cooking. On the other hand, men worked in various farms and businesses. They also believed that women were weak Compared to men who were physically strong. Women were also kept out of political activities and they could not vote or contest for public offices. Women Participation in Blacksmith Trade during the Colonial Period in America With the coming of the colonialists there was division of labor which led to people specializing in different activities. Labor became very important and women took this opportunity to explore their potential skills in different activities. It is in this context that women started participating in commercial activities. For example some women weaved baskets, while others worked in farms as cattle keepers. Others also engaged in various trading activities. For example some women worked in the blacksmith industry (Terry, 1997). Despite the numerous discriminations that were often leveled against women, they worked had in commercial activities whenever they had a chance. Women in Williamsburg participated in several activities like weaving, making clothes and blacksmith activities (Martin, 2008). The female blacksmiths were mostly African Americans and American Indians who had very low social status in the American society. There is also enough evidence that some of them learnt the art of blacksmith from others (Martin, 2008). This trade impacted on their lives differently. Since this trade required a lot of energy, they had to really struggle to cope with its demands. For example they had to shape the materials into various items and this process was difficult. The working conditions in the factories were also very precarious and this exposed them to a lot of danger (Berkin, 2006). For example some of them could be injured in the process of working. Their participation in this trade also impacted on their family relationships. For example they could financially support their families hence they now assumed the roles which were previously done by men. This could occasionally lead to such women demanding for better treatment in the family. Such demands often culminated to divorce cases due to domestic quarrels. Industrialization also improved the working conditions of these women through the introduction of modern to
Introduction This is an analysis of the Johnson & Johnson career Web site. The analysis focuses on navigability, content information, and aesthetic features of the Web site. Web site design evolves as technologies change. Nevertheless, a professional Web site must observe the guiding philosophy of aesthetic features (professional feel), navigability (ease of accessing and processing information), and functionality (functional aspects of the site such as data contents) of the Web site (Eccher, 2011). Navigability Web site designers for Johnson & Johnson applied the concept of Web site navigation during the design process. For instance, the career site has a site menu, ‘Explore Careers’ for navigating different jobs in various countries. The menu helps users find any item or information they wish to know about careers at the company. For example, users can navigate the menu and pick a career of their choice in specific countries listed. Besides, users may also wish to select careers based on their areas of interests under ‘business’ while others may consider their academic qualifications ‘student’ tab. The Web site is easy to navigate because of readily available menus to direct users. A menu should be smart to improve Web site navigation and usability. Maintenance of a Web site tends to be difficult. This explains why navigation should be simple to ease processes such as detecting errors, deleting, adding, or editing items (Collison, 2006). To enhance the usability of the Web site, navigation must be a simple process. The career Web site offers these advantages
Evangelical Christian education has faced a time of crisis nowadays. Lois Lebar, the professor of Christian education points out in her book Education That Is Christian that “Anti-Christian values place tremendous pressure on families, churches and schools” (1995, 9). Christian education needs to be renewed as far as technological sophistication and programmatic innovations are necessary to be included in the process of the study. Lebar writes about such changes as the revolution: ‘a revolutionary Gospel in a revolutionary age calls for revolutionary teaching that revolutionizes lives” (1995, 287). Lebar describes in her book the model of education combined modernization and the conservatism presented by the evangelical subculture in the mid-20 th century. Taking into account Sunday schools and churches where dead formalism and dry orthodoxy thrive, she concludes that the presentation of information is done in an inappropriate way and produces spiritual transformation and development. Instead of teaching the Bible, the teachers of Sunday schools organize different “What-do-you-think?’ discussions to draw attention to the social issues ignoring the power of the Word of God to change the world and change lives (Lebar 1995, 200). Lebar condemns those educational systems where only inner factors or only outer factors are emphasized. She rebels against the so-called progressive teaching that ignores the authoritative Word of God and the power of the Holy Spirit. Lebar believes that the teaching of the Bible is the absolute necessity of our civilization. According to Lebar’s teaching, the Bible is not just teaching its content. The Bible is not only a book full of historical facts and preaches, it is the sort of a guide in our life. Every educated person should be acquainted with the Bible. But knowing biblical facts is not necessary to allow the Word of God to influence the learners’ inner world. It is senseless just reading or learning by heart verses from the Bible without thinking over how it may influence and change our life. Lebar is against learning by heart verses from the Bible without fully understanding. There is no sense in such kind of cramming. Good Bible teaching should be interesting, exuberant and captivating. Many children don’t like reading the Bible because they associate it with boring lessons at school. Such strict methods of teaching like cramming and punishment disincline the learners to study. The Bible should be transmitted in our life; only in this case it will have the power and may influence our life and the whole world. Lebar points out: “Only as pupils search and find the content that has a bearing on current life will it enrich and change a life” (1995,243). The methods of Jesus Christ should be practiced in Christian education. Jesus Christ not only taught people how to behave but he set a pattern himself. In fact, he taught not only wi
Introduction Selecting and ultimate acquiring an Information System is a complex task.This is because an Informa action system Is made up of elements which support interaction with various elements to provide a complete working system. The Information System is majorly made up of people elements that influence decision making about what type of system is to be selected in tandem with organization information needs. By embracing effective planning techniques, this paper presents procedures and methods of identifying, selecting and acquiring a quality information system for organizations. Although these processes are sometimes complex, the paper will embrace the process of selecting and acquiring a new Information system by attributing the role played by the steering committee and project team. The paper will further explain the goals as to why an organization may justify a need for an Information System and asses the role of stakeholders in the selection and acquiring process. Selecting and Acquiring and Information System. An Information System The very important phase in selecting and acquiring an Information system is forming two critical committees. These committees are; project and steering. The importance of steering committee is necessary as James (2004), asserts the project committee helps in assessing the needs, i.e., why a new information system is needed in the organization, identify the proposed system requirements, and fix the personnel to be affected by the new system through training and implementing the new system as per the requirement. Besides, they aid in supervising daily functions during the selection and acquiring process. On the other hand, the steering committee supervises the selection and acquisition process and gives direction and policy guidelines (James, 2004). Consequently, the committee makes important decisions and allocates the project budget. The next step in selection and acquisition is, analyzing the goals for the proposed system and how they will affect the organization’s activities. Harmonizing organizations goals in the project are important; this ensures the selection and acquiring of the proposed system is not a waste of time and resources for the organization. The steering committee and project team have to be conversant with the information strategy of the organization in terms of what and why the proposed information system is needed in the organization, processes which necessitate changes and the business drivers for the proposed system (James, 2004). These questions can be comfortably be answered by interviewing the senior management and users in the organization. Thus, this will assist in identifying clear goals for the proposed information system. The steeri
Introduction Singer’s discussion dwells on the issue of climate change in detail whereby he underscored the fact it is a global problem that has to be addressed carefully. Because of the urge to strengthen the global economy, as well as local financial systems, developing countries are keen on establishing industries without necessarily following the regulations set out by the environmental regimes, such as the UNEP. The rain patterns are unpredictable leading to losses among farmers. The ongoing drought in many parts of the world is attributable to the changes in climate. Several philosophers and theorists posit varying views on the current problem of climate change. In this article, utilitarianism, the views of Locke, and the principle of time slice would be compared, as far as climate change is concerned. Comparison Utilitarianism is a form of consequential ethics suggesting an action is determined whether it is right or wrong by looking at its effects. In other words, an action should guarantee happiness to the greatest number of people for it to be termed right. In this regard, climate change does not maximize the happiness meaning mitigation strategies must be formulated if society is to be guaranteed of happiness. The activities that are undertaken in various societies are harmful to the environment and this does not support human survival. Any action is assessed based on the pleasure it brings to people. If the act is good, chances are high that it would maximize happiness meaning it is the only intrinsic good that must be sought by each person. Under utilitarian ethics, there are no chances of pain, which suggest satisfaction is pleasure minus the total pain. The problems human beings face because of climate change suggest it entails one of the things that interfere with pleasure. Its effects are negative in three major ways, including increasing temperatures, facilitating unfavorable weather conditions, and lastly increasing the chances of disease contraction. Due to the high temperatures experienced in various parts of the world, the ice is likely to melt and the seas levels tend to rise at unprecedented rates. High sea levels are known to interfere with the normal lives of the poor locals because it sweeps away their homes rendering people refugees. The case of Tuvalu, which is a tiny island in the Pacific, serves as an example. Apart from this effect, high sea levels lead to droughts and heat waves that are likely to kill crops meaning individuals would go for days without food. Continuous release of carbon compounds facilitates extreme weather conditions, including tornadoes and hurricanes, such as the sandy and Katrina, which have extreme consequences given the fact many people lose their lives and property whenever they happen. Human activities are to blame for the increased release of carbon dioxide, especially when people drive, heat, and con
Budgeted profit and actual profit for May Fixed Overhead variance Fixed overhead variance= Budgeted overheads- Actual overhead That is: (2.5*1300 units)-3100= 150(F) Analysis of Standards The set of standards developed by Smithton Inc. is in reference to the processes of production undertaken by the organization. The first standard regards the direct materials. Here, the company sets material usage standards such that the production of each unit of output requires 2kgs of direct materials. It also sets the standard price per kilo of direct material at £3.00. The actual performance of the organization proves that in general, the standards set underestimate the ability of the organization to efficiently apply the use of materials in production. The second set of standards regards direct labor. The organization budgets that the production of each unit of the product requires the application of 30 minutes of labor. In addition, each hour of labor applied costs £10.00. Looking at the actual performance, the standard price is more accurately determined while there is gross overestimation of the amount of time which goes in the production of a unit of product. The third standard concerns fixed overheads. Estimations here are done in regard of the amount of fixed overheads attributable to a unit of output. A comparison of the budgeted and actual amounts shows that, the standard set was underestimated. Analysis of variances Sales revenue variance There is an adverse sales revenue variance. This variance occurs in cases where the level of sales revenue achieved differs from the set level. It could be as a result of differences in volumes of sales as explained by the sales volume variance or as a result of a difference in price budgeted and the actual price in the market. Some factors likely to contribute to the adverse sales variance include ineffective marketing techniques, the emergence of unfavorable conditions in the market. The price at which the products were sold could be as a result of an economic recession or very tough competition in the market (College Accounting Coach, 2010, par 4). Material Variance The month of May registered a favorable material variance. However, a breakdown shows that material price variance was adverse while material usage variance was favorable. Some possible causes of adverse material price variance include unexpected change in price of materials, application of an alternative grade of the material, engaging a different supplier who may be charging higher than the previous supplier. In addition, this could be as a result of exchange rate depreciation in cases where the materials are imported as well as carelessness on the part of the purchasing officers. The favorable material usage variance could be as a result of several factors. First, the production
The worldview of Voltaire was formed based on free-thinking at the beginning of the 18th century, which was hedonistic and anti-religious in nature. A negative attitude of the author to any official creeds was one of the consequences presented in Candide . This is a philosophical story that not only focuses on the depth of the issues raised at that time but also their critique. The main interest is the collision of two different ​​philosophies, the bearers of which Voltaire makes two characters —Pangloss and Martin. They appear in the story as the teachers of Candide and express two points of view on the world. Pangloss is optimistic in the assessment of what is happening, while Martin, on the contrary, adheres to pessimism and insists on recognizing the eternal imperfection of the world in which evil reigns. These points of view on life in Voltaire’s story seem to summarize the development of philosophical thought in the 18th century. In the statements of Pangloss, the philosophy of the German scientist Leibnitz, who was popular at that time, appears in a generalized form. Pangloss notes that pre-established harmony is the most beautiful thing in the world, as well as the fullness of the universe and weightless matter (Cronk 42). In the ideas of Martin, the echoes of skeptical sentiments of the Enlightenment can be identified. Voltaire examines these philosophies through the fate of Candide, who, based on his experience, is expected to decide which of his teachers is correct. Thus, Voltaire considers an empirical approach to solving philosophical questions, which demonstrates the prevalence of science over religion and pessimism over optimism as one of the key promoted ideas of the epoch. Work Cited Cronk, Nicholas. Voltaire: Candide . 3rd ed., Modern Library, 2016.