ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
M33 contains a large number of emission nebulae identified as supernova remnants (SNRs) based on the high [S II]:Ha ratios characteristic of shocked gas. Using Chandra data from the ChASeM33 survey with a 0.35-2 keV sensitivity of about 2 x 10**34 ergs/s, we have detected 82 of 137 SNR candidates, yielding confirmation of (or at least strongly support for) their SNR identifications. This provides the largest sample of remnants detected at optical and X-ray wavelengths in any galaxy, including the Milky Way. A spectral analysis of the seven X-ray brightest SNRs reveals that two, G98-31 and G98-35, have spectra that appear to indicate enrichment by ejecta from core-collapse supernova explosions. In general, the X-ray detected SNRs have soft X-ray spectra compared to the vast majority of sources detected along the line of sight to M33. It is unlikely that there are any other undiscovered thermally dominated X-ray SNRs with luminosities in excess of about 4 x 10**35 ergs/s in the portions of M33 covered by the ChASeM33 survey. We have used a combination of new and archival optical and radio observations to attempt to better understand why some objects are detected as X-ray sources and others are not. We have also developed a morphological classification scheme for the optically-identified SNRs, and discuss the efficacy of this scheme as a predictor of X-ray detectability. Finally, we have compared the SNRs found in M33 to those that have been observed in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds. There are no close analogs of Cas A, Kepler's SNR, Tycho's SNR or the Crab Nebula in the regions of M33 surveyed, but we have found an X-ray source with a power law spectrum coincident with a small-diameter radio source that may be the first pulsar-wind nebula recognized in M33.
We study a planar two-temperature diffusion of a Brownian particle in a parabolic potential. The diffusion process is defined in terms of two Langevin equations with two different effective temperatures in the X and the Y directions. In the stationary regime the system is described by a non-trivial particle position distribution P(x,y), which we determine explicitly. We show that this distribution corresponds to a non-equilibrium stationary state, characterised by the presence of space-dependent particle currents which exhibit a non-zero rotor. Theoretical results are confirmed by the numerical simulations.
We prove two conjectures on weighted complete intersections and give the complete classification of threefold weighted complete intersections in weighted projective space that are canonically or anticanonically embedded.
We obtain the closed-form absorption probabilities for minimally-coupled massless scalars propagating in the background of D=5 single-charge and D=4 two-charge black holes. These are the only two examples of extremal black holes with non-vanishing absorption probabilities that can be solved in closed form for arbitrary incident frequencies. In both cases, the absorption probability vanishes when the frequency is below a certain threshold, and we discuss the connection between this phenomenon and the behaviour of geodesics in these black hole backgrounds. We also obtain leading-order absorption cross-sections for generic extremal p-branes, and show that the expression for the cross-section as a function of frequency coincides with the leading-order dependence of the entropy on the temperature in the corresponding near-extremal p-branes.
Data from the SDSS (300,000 galaxies) indicates that recent star formation (within the last 1 billion years) is bimodal: half the stars form from gas with high amounts of metals (solar metallicity), and the other half form with small contribution of elements heavier than Helium (10-30% solar). Theoretical studies of mass loss from the brightest stars derive significantly higher stellar-origin BH masses (30-80 Msun) than previously estimated for sub-solar compositions. We combine these findings to estimate the probability of detecting gravitational waves (GWs) arising from the inspiral of double compact objects. Our results show that a low metallicity environment significantly boosts the formation of double compact object binaries with at least one BH. In particular, we find the GW detection rate is increased by a factor of 20 if the metallicity is decreased from solar (as in all previous estimates) to a 50-50 mixture of solar and 10% solar metallicity. The current sensitivity of the two largest instruments to NS-NS binary inspirals (VIRGO: 9 Mpc; LIGO: 18) is not high enough to ensure a first detection. However, our results indicate that if a future instrument increased the sensitivity to 50-100 Mpc, a detection of GWs would be expected within the first year of observation. It was previously thought that NS-NS inspirals were the most likely source for GW detection. Our results indicate that BH-BH binaries are 25-times more likely sources than NS-NS systems and that we are on the cusp of GW detection.
Introduction Management communication is the process that an organization uses to communicate to the outside world. These are usually well-established institutions in any reputable organization. This is the department charged with the responsibility of communicating the company’s policies to the outside world. Without this kind of department, an organization will find itself in a precarious situation since any small misinformation about the organization can lead to its demise. It’s therefore of paramount importance that any organization has in place a department to deal with such kinds of situations as they arise. This is also the kind of department that deals with crisis management. Though it may not be entirely responsible for the management of the crisis it’s usually instrumental in communicating the strategies laid down to deal with the crisis and especially to the media. (New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business, 2009) I had been called aboard by the Coast General Hospital to chair its committee on management crisis. My responsibility involved communicating to the media the strategies we had put in place to deal with a crisis that had arisen. As I have stated above, the media forms a very important tool of communication to the outside world. There have been numerous cases of giant companies going under simply because they did not know the right way of communicating to the media. What the outside world hears about you from the media is what they will believe in the long run. It is therefore important that in a case where a crisis arises the organization put up a strong statement to the media since this is what will be transferred to the outside world. To be able to understand how to deal with the media in a time of crisis it is first important to understand what is classified as a crisis. (Walinskas, 2009) What is a crisis? This is an occurrence in one personal life/or an organization that its happening had not been foreseen. The media tends to cash in on such kinds of occurrences to make news at the expense of the organization. Since crises are unpredictable it is always advisable to put measures in place to deal with such kinds of occurrences before they even happen. It’s these kinds of measures that help an organization in times of crisis. Most organizations have full pledged arms of governance to deal with the crisis before they occur. This helps one to be prepared in any eventuality. (Free Management Library, 1997) Types of crisis and their solutions To understand better how to deal with a crisis and how to deal with the media it is important to look at different types of crises and how to deal with each one of them. The first important type of crisis to look at is the technological crisis. Thi
Behaviour is an element of inborn traits and socialisation factors; at birth, an infant behaviour is influenced by hereditary factors from its parents. As the child grows, some behaviour are developed and reinforced by beliefs, culture, and societal norms practiced in the community the child lives. Reinforcements of behaviour can be positive or negative; when positive, certain behaviour is encouraged whereas when negative, certain behaviours are discouraged. The result of inborn traits and socialisation reinforcements results to one’s behaviour (Robertson, 2010). This paper traces the origin of cognitive behaviour and one social-emotional-behaviour from infancy to pre-natal stage; it will use attitude and emotions as examples of cognitive and social-emotional-behaviour respectively. Attitude Attitude is an enduring perception that a person has regarding certain things. At birth, a child is objective to the world around him, as he develops to prenatal stage, he gets a chance to listen, see and touch those things that surround him. At the toddler age, he has the power to listen, recognise touches and can read and understand different moods of the parents. What he is introduced to shapes the attitude he will develop toward such a thing. For example, in most case, when parents want to stop breast feeding their children, they create a feeling that breast milk in not good and the child develops such a feeling, at extreme case parents may have pepper on the breast to have the child get the bitterness. The result is a negative attitude for breast milk. As children grow, they want to be emotionally attached to their parents; skin contacts communicate and give confidence and high self-esteem to toddlers. If positive cognitive behaviours are reinforced where the child is shown how to respect those people around him, then such traits are likely to follow and form part of his behaviour to adu
Strengths key to Maybelline’s past successes Many factors contributed to Maybelline’s past successes; among these factors was the acquisition of the company by L’Oreal and the subsequent entry into the international market. This gave Maybelline a global brand, therefore, increasing its sales through entering new markets. Maybelline was able to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals. Maybelline’s business processes and product development were also founded on an innovation culture and novelty. The company invested a lot in promoting its brands through allocating a lot of resources for advertising campaigns. In the cosmetic industry, Maybelline was the leading spender in advertising in 2000. Through advertising, the company created brand awareness, which was considered valuable and of high quality. The success reaped from innovations spilled over, and the eye shadow and eyeliner became leading brands (Hennessy & Tybout 2004). The company’s emphasis on color in their fashion and cosmetics was also another strength that helped the company to succeed as it created an impression of excellence to the consumers. Maybelline was, therefore, able to register success by employing thematic color promotions to attract and impress the consumers. In addition, Maybelline has been able to blend diverse cultures in its products, thus catching many people with different incomes and from different cultures. This made the company become a global leader in almost every niche of the cosmetics industry (Hennessy & Tybout 2004). Strategic Options for Maybelline Goals 1: Maintaining a global brand The challenge for the company is to strategize on maintaining the global brand to stay ahead of competitors seeking to globalize their brands. The major options that the
Introduction At 9.16 am, Monday, Nov 12 th , 2001, American Flight 587 crashed into Belle Harbor, a residential area of New York City. The airline, an Airbus A300-605, crashed soon after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York, and was en route to Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Onboard this flight, there were 251 ticketed passengers, 2 flight crew, and 7 flight attendants. “All260 people aboard the airplane and 5 people on the ground were killed, and the airplane was destroyed by impact forces and a post-crash fire” (National Transport Safety Board, 2004)The crash came two months after the September 11 th terrorist attack, leading to speculation and fear that it was a terrorist attack. Official Report from the National Transport Safety Board According to the National Transport Safety Board (NTSB), the cause of flight 587 was the “in-flight separation of the vertical stabilizer as a result of the loads beyond ultimate design that were created by the first officer’s unnecessary and excessive rudder pedal inputs” (National Transport Safety Board, 2004) NTSB reached this conclusion after three years of investigation, analyzing, the Cockpit Voice Recorder, Flight Data Recorder, airplanes wreckage, and debris from the site of the crash. The investigation covered airplane manufacturer specifications and how Airlines train their pilots. The report’s in-depth coverage, analysis, collaborative investigation gave it an edge as a credible document and many people within the industry support the probable cause that NTSB came up with. Flight 587 History Before plunging into the cause of the Flight 587 crash, it is important to have a look at some of the key events that took place, before the departure of the airplane from John F. Kennedy Airport. According to American Airlines maintenance and Avionics personnel, between 7.30 am and 8.00 am, the flight captain reported a technical problem with pitch trim and the damper system. After checking and performing Auto Flight System Test (AFST), they found that the Flight Augmentation Computer (FAC) was faulty. The system was reset, after which a test was done and no fault was detected. The whole system check procedure took approximately 7 minutes. (National Transport Safety Board, 2004) Fast forward to 9.00 am, flight 587 is ready for takeoff. The plane was cleared to use runway 31L. Data from the cockpit voice recorder and Flight data recorder indicated that rudder pedal check was done at 9.02 am and up to this moment, everything wa
Introduction This is an Athenian tragedy by Sophocles. The main character Oedipus is the King of Thebes. Oedipus’ own fault brings him down and in an embarrassing way. The literature work presents a perfect example of tragedy. King Oedipus is the protagonist in the play. His tragic error is linked to a natural curse on his biological father. Analysis of the tragic error The chronology of events begins when a young man learns about a rumor that King Polybus and Queen Merope are not his biological parents. Innocently, Oedipus sets out on a journey with the intention of permanently moving away to thwart the Oracle, which is unknown to him. Oedipus feels that if he is far away then he may not harm his foster parents whom he now believes are his biological parents. The first part of his tragic error occurs during this journey. Oedipus meets a stranger, who unknown to him is his biological father, Laius. A quarrel ensues which eventually leads to a fight. By the end of the war, Oedipus kills everybody except one person in the stranger’s entourage (Storr, 2008)). The cause of disagreement was a very simple argument between them over who had the right-of-way. All This takes place while the two, King Laius and his Son Oedipus are unaware of their identities. Oedipus did not even know that the stranger he was fighting was a King. The second part of King Oedipus tragic error, ironically occurs after Oedipus uses his wisdom to free the Kingdom of Thebes. It is interesting to see how wisdom and the wish to rescue Thebes drive Oedipus into a classic tragedy. Oedipus answers the riddle from Sphinx to deliver the Kingdom of Thebes from a curse.” What is the creature that walks on four in the morning walks on two at noon and walks on three in the evening?” The Sphinx asked, ´ Man,” Oedipus responded. The reward for this work was for Oedipus to be made the King of Thebes. He was then given the Queen of Thebes, Jocasta, to marry. The Queen incidentally was his biological mother. This opens both ends of the tragic error. The Oracle he ran away from was then fulfilled. Oedipus is a victim of fate, killing his father and his mother. The order of events is guided by his brilliance in which Oedipus attempt to unravel the truth. This is in addition to control his destiny .This however, climaxes into the tragedy that leads to his embarrassing downfall. When he discovers that he has a curse following him, just like ant other human being and King for that matter, sends Creon his brother-in-law to seek advice from Apollo. “King Apollo! May his joyous looks be presage of the joyous news he brings!” He says. The news from Apollo seems to bring the expected joy and hope. Creon, “Good news, for even intolerable ills. Finding right issue, tend to naught but good.” Creon explains that evasion will only come after the murderer of Laius; the former King is found and prosecuted. With determination to avert his curse, Oedipus commits himself to apprehend the murderer and make sure justice is done. Ironically, Oedipus is the killer himself. Further complications arise when Jocasta disapproves the blind prophet’s prophesy
The Roman revolution was a period of great upheaval in the city of Rome. This is because it was during this period that the Roman republic collapsed. It commenced when the last king of the Tarquin monarch lucius Junis Brutus was overthrown. At this time the republic of Rome was also governed by a complex constitution which was large. Later the republic of Rome set up a government that constituted of three main bodies which include the senate, consuls and assemblies. The fall of the republic of Rome is dated back to the late second century B.C. there were many reasons for the decline some of which include; Military; there were armies that were organised and led by senate officials who had appointed themselves. The armies lacked experience and expertise due to the fact that they were short lived for instance only functioned for two years only. The militia personnel also got back up from professionals and tempered generals. The republic was also faced with financial constraints. This was steered by the gap between the rich and powerful. The rich acquainted themselves with all the wealth available in the republic. This, in return, resulted to a decline in their financial strength (Beard 1). The roman republic citizens also divided themselves into social groups that constituted of plebs, equites and finally the patricii. The “plebs” was made up of the hardworking people while the equites belonged to the lower high class as the patricii composed of the highest class. The three groups were further divided by the political groups they belonged to. This lack of unity among them was also a contributing factor to the decline of the roman republic. The birth of Rome as an empire too was a reason for the collapse. After Caesar’s assassin Octavian made his return to Rome as a single ruler unlike before when it was ruled by a group of three. Despite the existence of the senate Rome was now ruled by a governor and the republic collapsed (Smith 1). The Gracci brothers in a bid to save the republic they worked on reforms that were of great importance to the roman peasantry. The brothers had in mind offering Latin’s full citizenship and providing soldiers with a piece of land. Their idea was widely accepted by the people but contrary the aristocracy in the senate were in opposition to their reforms. This led to misunderstanding between the two parties and later a civil war which ended in the loss of many innocent lives (Beard 1). Consuls Marius and Sulla were both commander but the difference was Marius was non-ambitious and shrewd while Sulla was ambitious and loyal. When the city of Rome was faced with misunderstandings and violence and the leaders were unable to share power Sulla executed his opponents and interchanged them with his favourite members who were fit for the posts. Julius Caesar and Pompey made their entrance at the time when focus and limelight was on the Rome. The two strategists were contradicting due to their greed for power and fame. Their lust is evident after the end of their war when Julius won he accepts and assumes his title “dictator for life” this brings out a clear picture that his main interest was control o
Introduction Problem Research ethics require nurses and other health workers to carry out their duties with due diligence and high moral standards. The conduct of nursing professionals when conducting research should not be in conflict with their assigned duties and moral codes that govern the nursing profession. This study looks at the importance of nurses observing professional ethics when conducting research in different settings. Significance This study is significant to nursing because it helps nurses to understand the society, their profession and the reliability of their findings. Nurses undertaking research need to be aware of the ethical issues that are likely to crop up during such studies. Research ethics highlights the role nurses play in healthcare and how this can affect the final findings of the research they get involved in. This study emphasizes the importance of objectivity by nurses during research to ensure that they do not get carried away by the ethical dilemmas that are associated with the nursing practice (Johnstone, 2009, p. 52). Purpose This study shows nurses the necessary steps that they should take before they carry out any scientific research. It is vital for the nurses to avoid any misconduct, undesirable performance and abuse of subjects that willingly participate in the research. Research ethics guide nurses on how to conduct research procedures without harming the participants (Johnstone, 2009, p. 56). Research Questions Are nurses aware of their ethical obligations to participants during research? Do nurses seek approval from relevant authorities before conducting research? Do nurses seek the consent of the participants before they can include them in the research? Do nurses get biased while conducting research because of conflict in roles? Concepts/ Phenomena The main concepts include ethics, moral dilemma, consent of the subjects and participants, reliability of the data, research design,
Introduction The origins of modern humans are a highly controversial topic for paleoanthropologists throughout the world. There are different theories that were designed to explain this phenomenon. However, most scientists support the replacement model and are skeptical about alternative concepts. This theory offers a comprehensive explanation regarding this complicated problem. In addition, it is supported by different types of evidence. The main goal of this paper is to discuss this model, highlighting its main aspects. Analysis The replacement model states that Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa and spread throughout the world, replacing other types of human beings (Shriner et al. 1). This theory initially was suggested by Charles Darwin who claimed that people evolved over a long period from apes to Homo sapiens. Therefore, the replacement theory is based on the idea that the modern type of human beings could evolve only in Africa. Other species of humans became extinct as they were not able to compete with Homo sapiens. This model has several key statements that fully describe its concept. First, Homo erectus spread from Africa and other human species became isolated. However, some of them could