ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Police officers are employees of the state to enforce and maintain law and order. They serve the communities where the police department has posted them. The traffic police have to ensure that the road users adhere to the traffic rules. The paper would discuss the ethical issues that a criminal justice professional might encounter. Overview of the Situation The officers of the law must uphold the highest standard of conduct. They are the official representatives of the government and should work within the law. Their primary duty of maintaining law and order includes safeguarding lives and property, protection, and observing the rights of all to liberty, justice and equality (Pollock, 2012). The Ethical Issue Job is a traffic officer who has not been taking his work seriously this week. On two occasions he has allowed a junior student to drive past the stop he supervises without a driver’s license. The minor’s parents had called the police station for information about their son. He had stormed out of their home after an argument with the parents. He stole the car keys plus some money and sped off. The 14-year-old minor had bribed Job at the traffic stop. According to the law, Job was supposed to stop the car and take the minor into custody. He should have alerted his superiors about the incident immediately. The police should then have called the parents to inform them of the incident and charge the boy for disobeying the law (Pollock, 2012). Their Choices and Reasons The boy said that he gave Job $50 when he passed the first time and $100 when he returned from his hideout. The officer accepted the bribe when he thought that no one was watching. He even advised the boy not to cross the next stop but to use another diversion. They young man did not want his parents to know where he was going. The traffic police officer cooperated with boy in breaking the
Introduction At times, individual artists operate within an apparently stable cultural and social system. The environment presents these professionals with some measure of autonomy. However, the independence is threatened by a number of challenges. The hurdles are political, social, and economic in nature. They are impacting on the developments needed to sustain the various forms of arts in existence. For instance, consumerism and expansion of markets are two of the major factors exerting pressure on the artists and their innovations. To this end, the artist is called upon to develop products that appeal to the expanding middle class. The innovativeness or creativeness behind such works is ignored. What matters is the fact that it meets the needs of the target market. In the current paper, the author analyses how artists can reclaim their autonomy from the pervasive forces of commerce, politics, and culture. It is noted that from May 1968, artists and activists changed their tactics in efforts to increase consumption of their products in the market. Their moved their work to the streets and out of the conventional galleries. According to them, one needed to be outside the gallery system for them to critique it effectively. In this paper, the author will evaluate how they can get back the freedom they lost at that time. The analysis is carried out in the context of the film Cracks in the Mask. The film is a 1997 production. It is written, narrated, and directed by Ephraim Bani and Frances Calvert. Cracks in the Mask: A Synopsis In the film Cracks in the Mask, Bani and Calvert (1997) explore the exportation of artistic collections from the Torres Strait Islands. The pieces highlighted in the narrative are exported to a number of European museums. A number of issues pertaining to the developers of the art and the current status of the pieces are some of the themes explored in the film. The film revolves around the experiences of two Torres Strait Islanders travelling to various museums in Europe. The museums are home to various works of art from their homeland. The pieces were taken away by Europeans before the end of the 19 th century (Bani and Calvert 1997). The significance of various forms of arts, as well as the role they play when they are away from their homeland, is addressed in the production. Important Issues Raised by the Film The film addresses a number of topics related to art and its place in contemporary society. One of the major issues highlighted is the preservation of the artefacts in the European museums (Bani & Calvert 1997). In the film, the two Torres Strait Islanders have numerous conversations with the curators of museums they visited. The irony of the matter is that the objects were taken from their original developers and owners for preservation. The impression created here is that the artists responsible for the pieces could not take care of their own work. In spite of the arguments made about th
Summary In the poem itself, which consists of thirteen free verse stanzas, Wallace Stevens seems to communicate with Nature in order to transfer its volatile character onto the patterns of human behavior. Considering the idea transferred, it would be safe to assume that the major idea was to show how a single aspect may be regarded from a variety of angles and gain a completely new meaning. Indeed, when looking at a blackbird, a small creature people observe all year round, humans do not bother to think about them as something “sensational”. Moreover, sometimes it is not about the number of ways a person can look at nature. It is about how other people may observe the same thing without reaching a consensus in terms of its perception. Calling the stanzas of his verse “sensations,” Stevens, by all means, feels overwhelmed with the fact that human nature is capable of having so many unique thoughts about something as common as a blackbird. For instance, in the seventh stanza of the poem, the author appeals to the reader by encouraging them to rediscover their fascination with a blackbird instead of drowning in dreams of a “golden bird” (Stevens, 1954, line 26). The form of a poem serves here as a symbol of freedom of human thought and perception, as each stanza presents its content with a different form and rhythm. The semantic structure of the poem represents a variety of ways people may embrace both the human and non-human nature around them. The blackbird, being a central animalistic symbol of a poem, is frequently perceived as a manifestation of change and mystery. Indeed, in the poem itself, the ways in which people may feel the presence of a blackbird are rather mysterious and fascinating for human nature, often stuck in a two-dimensional world with little space for diversity and freshness. The discussed poem made me reflect on the idea of looking at the things I see every day from a completely different perspective in order not to overlook something truly special. Indeed, the way people see nature today lacks proper evaluation of the natural assets, with people taking everything for granted. The major themes tackled in the poem concern the notion of perception of reality and the world of nature. Stevens’s observations reflect the philosophical aspect of right and wrong, as the author implies that people will never find the fundamental truth while looking at a blackbird in thirteen different yet valuable ways. The emotive aspect of the poem reflects the multiplicity of feelings evoked by a single matter. While some people are fascinated by the blackbird’s shadow covering a winter night, others feel nothing when looking at a bird strolling at their feet. Having taken into consideration the content of the poem, it
The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was introduced in the second half of the 19th century, manifesting the abolition of slavery across the country. According to the text, every citizen of the U.S. can neither enslave people nor be enslaved by fellow U.S. residents regardless of gender, race, age, or any other characteristic (U.S. Const. amend. 13, § 1). The abolition of slavery across the state has impacted U.S. history and the life of every American citizen, as this process initiated the restoration of individual freedom and nationwide democracy. Although currently, this Amendment does not have such a powerful impact on the everyday life of American citizens, it’s phrasing implicitly affects the limitation of human freedom. The Amendment states that involuntary servitude is abolished except for the cases of criminal punishment, and the lack of further explanation of this phrase currently leads to high imprisonment rates among racial minorities in the U.S. The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right to vote to every American citizen regardless of racial affiliation (U.S. Const. amend. 15, § 1). Ratified back in 1870, this Amendment initiated a nationwide shift toward equality and the abolition of constitutional racism. Currently, nearly 15% of the U.S. population are Black, and securing their right to vote brings changes to the everyday life of all American residents, as 15% out of 300 million Americans is the number of votes capable of changing the political discourse of a country completely. Moreover, the 15th Amendment has served as a springboard for the elimination of racism not only on the constitutional level but on the level of individual relations.
The ancient biology of human evolution and the emergence of culture The evolution of culture has always been an exigent topic as pertains to human sciences. Acceptance that human capacities bear an evolutionary basis raise queries about the transformation to possession of cultural capabilities without assuming they existed initially. Most commonly, it is assumed that human culture exists since all other lineages exhibit the same traits. This is best explained by the existence of dependent and independent cells. Independent cells show autonomous behavior and compete with other cells, while dependent cells exhibit behavior that is cooperative with other cells hence programmable genes. Genes personify organism structure and control cell specialization and integration, thus defining the structure and action capabilities of the organism. Memes exemplify super-organism design and influence organism development, specialization, and integration. With these in mind, culture can be defined as an evolving pool of memes (Ackley, 2010). The distinction between cultural and biological evolution Biological evolution entails a defined set of ancestors that can be distinguished clearly. This implies that relationship coefficients can be determined in addition to the estimation of genetic regression and correlation. This implies that character traits acquired during a person’s lifetime cannot be propagated in this manner. Cultural evolution can be propagated across a wide pool of unrelated persons in a large number of ways, including the media. This implies that it may happen even with the existence of a wide space between associates. This implies that the propagation of hereditary characteristics rarely happens in
Inroduction This study is geared towards assessing the students’ motivation towards learning, which is a strong predictor of students’ achievement. The researchers found the need to have this study because they recognized the fact that there are two factors influencing students’ underachievement and subsequent dropping-out of college. Self-efficacy and goal orientation “Self-efficacy refers to peoples’ judgments about their abilities to complete a task. Goal orientations refer to the motives that students have for completing tasks, which may include developing and improving ability (mastery goals), demonstrating ability (performance-approach goals), and hiding lack of ability (performance-avoidance goals)” (Hsieh, Sullivan and Guerra, 2007). Specifically, this paper studied the difference between goal orientation and self-efficacy by using two distinct groups of students: college students with “good academic standing (GPA of 2.0 or higher)” and students who are considered to be on “academic probation (GPA of less than 2.0)”. Based on the data presented, self-efficacy and mastery goals are directly related to academic standing. This relationship can be discussed in a way that if one increases, the other automatically increases too. This can be in a manner that if self-efficacy showed higher results, then academic standing will prove to be better also and vice versa. On the other hand, data results also stated that performance-avoidance goals are negatively related to academic standing. “Students in good academic standing reported having higher self-efficacy and adopted significantly more mastery goals toward learning than students on academic probation. Among students who reported having high self-efficacy, those on academic probation reported adopting significantly more performance-avoidance goals than those in good academic standing” (Hsieh, Sullivan, and Guerra, 2007). Conclusion Because of this feedbacks, the researchers recommended that teachers must classify the students with low self-efficacy and the students with adopting performance-avoidance goals. “Teachers and administrators may be able to guide students who have beliefs and goals that contain maladaptive patterns of learning that sabotage their ability to succeed in school” (Hsieh, Sullivan, and Guerra, 2007).
Introduction Urban planning could be referred to as the art involved in designing places for the purpose of settling urban population. The various methods used in design processes present one of the vital elements of urban planning. The planning process should encompass various aspects such as health and aesthetic value of buildings based on the intended functions. In addition the design should incorporate construction of passage areas capable of enhancing easy movement of people and traffic (Australian Bureau of Statistic, 2001). Improvement in the nature of social status through communication plays an important role in linking crucial centres within the towns. Urban planning and design incorporates healthy frameworks capable of providing quality outlook of the development formats hence accommodating comfortably higher percentage of population and developmental activities and at the same time maintaining socio-cultural activities (Susan and John, 2004). Mining activities within the outcasts of potential cities presents big threat to sociological issues. The process usually begins with exploration which is considered as very technical and expensive task. The process helps in finding potential mineral deposits before the actual mining process (Bridge and Watson, 2002). Excavation that accompanies the whole process is considered a potential source of health hazard. Mineral deposits after extraction are considered non-renewable resources contrary to other natural resources, hence new deposits of minerals should constantly be found. Mining is found within many countries of the world with London being referred to as the capital of global mining houses. The level of consumption of minerals within the world is attributed to high population growth rate. The level has considerably increased placing the demand at higher level in the 20 th and 21 st century. Such increase is attributed to higher dependency on automobiles within the transport sector amongst the city dwellers. At the same time the use of heavy machinery for production amongst other human and industrial services. The United States is considered major importer of minerals and large producer of mineral products. However, the conservation on mineral resources has become a crucial issue within the society making the mining industry endorse policies favouring extraction of minerals (
Typical Performance According to Woude, typical performance measurements are analyzed against upper and lower elastic limits for both waffle and stiffened rafts on different load conditions referred to as cracking capacity on a predefined benchmark (1). These performance comparisons are based on the difference between predefined benchmarks and modified parameters. These comparisons incorporate material cost estimates and ultimate damage categories. It has been demonstrated that waffle rafts and stiffened rafts are deficient in their abilities to maintain appropriate moisture contents in Australia’s extreme dry weather conditions that have been dormant for a number of decades now (Woude, 1). Further, it has been demonstrated that structural design principles based on the ultimate strength on the performance of these rafts is more cost effective than modified designs that are based on elastic stiffness. Woude asserts that in analyzing typical performances, an elastic analysis performed on these rafts and their modifications depends on the outcomes of the limits of their elasticity (1). These elastic limits can either be upper limits and lower limits. The cracking values are also benchmarks for conducting the analysis. In addition to that, the lower limits are also analyzed for waffle and stiffened rafts and their responses to applied deformations. Typical Results An analytical outcome on the structural performance of standard waffle rafts and standard stiffened rafts based on an H class residential single storey structure indicates significant variations of the typical results obtained from a graphical comparison of the deflection and bending moments against surface movements. These tests are based on the design parameters specified on the Australian AS standards 2870, a benchmark on the behavioral performance outcomes in response to the applied test forces (Woude, 2). Typical results are based on the design parameters that influence the overall performance of standard waffle and stiffened raffle slabs whose thickness are 85 mm and 100 mm respectively. Other structural design parameters factored include stiffening beams in the short direction with 14 and 5 respectively and the stiffening beam in the long direction of 11 and 4 respectively for both waffle and stiffened rafts. The standard waffle rafts and stiffened rafts are designed with stiffening beam web widths of 110 mm and 330 mm respectively. Another structural design parameter is the slab mesh specified as SL72 and SL82 for waffle and stiffened rafts respectively. The waffle and stiffened rafts are reinforced at the bottom with 1-N12 and 3-L12TM, but with no additional top reinforcements (Woude, 2). Woude’s analyses of the structural performance outcomes demonstrate a significantly higher value crac
Introduction A project has been defined variously but we could simply refer to it as a solution to a problem. The process of project management broadly comprises of assembly of the team, initiation, planning or design, execution, leadership, monitoring and evaluation, presentation and conclusion. Project management as a science involves definition, coordination, and documentation of project work comprising tasks such as resource allocation, time management and budgeting. As an art, project management involves leadership and efficient decision making skills. To achieve project success, every project manager must first understand clearly his/her role in the project which entails ability to coordinate different people with varied backgrounds, evaluate personality traits and level of skills to ensure smooth project execution. The manager therefore needs to develop process management skills, build interpersonal skills, embrace teamwork in which he/she should promote ideas, creativity, recognize good performance, and allow shared decision making to motivate team members and get valuable input from them, thereby making significant success to project implementation (Heerkens, 2007). Managing Change in Project Implementation When there are change issues in the course of project implementation as was the case with the Integrated Project Delivery at Autodesk Inc, the manger should first understand the change, assess potential impact of the change then come up with a change team comprising of key people from areas affected by the new occurrence including those who will implement it. This team should then design a change strategy from which the manager should lobby for support and buy-in from employees and stakeholders. There should be an effective mechanism for communicating the change and the implementation strategy as well as ways of dealing with current and anticipated challenges, measuring success and undertaking post change review to assess lessons taught (Claudia, 2005). Effective change management sometimes calls for the availability of decision-ready information. A strong team is vital to successful project implementation and the manager should be in a position to promote teamwork; even internal or external shocks occur in the course of project execution. Some internal shocks might include the exit of key project people severely affecting project quality and progress. The manager should employ a sequence of actions key to addressing the new changes and to motivate the team. He should form a guiding team comprising of members with the right skills to provide a solution to new occurrence. He should make the team understand the level of urgency required to implement the change and in communicating the change, inform the team at the right time about the change and about the envisaged resolve mechanism to provide a solution, involve the cha
It is very important for people, irrespective of their being normal or with disabilities, to have access to recreational activities. Unfortunately, people with certain disabilities have to come across certain hurdles in order to take advantage of the available recreational activities (Harris Survey, 1998). There may be scores of reasons for this situation e.g., knowledge deficiency pertaining to the available facilities, unapproachable facilities, absence of proper guidance from the facilities providers, and absence of recreation paraphernalia that may be customized for the handicapped people. A survey conducted on Americans suffering from disabilities suggested that almost 69% people suffering from some or the other disability felt that their disabilities thwarted their efforts of socializing (Harris Survey, 1998). It is even more appalling to note that people with disabilities, living in rural areas, face more of such hurdles (Rowley, 1999, p. 6). Even the mindset of people in the society has been molded in a manner that they don’t visualize people with disabilities taking part in any recreational activities such as swimming, games, etc. But has anyone ever thought why it is so intricate for people with disabilities to involve themselves in recreational activities. Why is it that only a few instances can be found where customized recreational facilities are available for the disabled people? Why can’t the people with disabilities choose their favorite recreational activities? Why do people with disabilities have to commute to distant places in order to avail their selective recreational activities? All these questions, and many more, demand answers from the society and the government. It is estimated that, “Between 1990 and 2000, the number of Americans with disabilities increased 25 percent” ( Disability Stats and Facts , 2012, para. 2). Another estimate claims that, “There are 36 million people who have at least one disability, about 12 percent of the total US population” ( Latest US Disability Statistics and Facts , 2011, para. 4). In order to minimize the sufferings or disadvantages of the people with disabilities, various steps are advisable. First of all, it is very crucial to spread general awareness about the available recreational resources and the advantages linked with taking part in the recreational activities. “An increase in awareness is often the first step to an increase in recreation participation” ( About the North Carolina Recreation Resource Guide , n.d., para. 1). It is observed that people with disabilities usually desist from taking part in such activities. The partaking rates of such people should be increased. It should be understood that simply increasing the partaking rates will not solve the problem. The recreational activities should be reachable to all and at all places ( Participant Sports and Recreation Facilities , 2001, para. 22). Even the number of customized recreational equipments should be increased so as to enabl