ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This is a critical analysis of two research articles that aims at evaluating the efficacy of propofol and ketamine as anesthetic drugs for children undergoing cardiac catheterization. This analysis will evaluate all the sections of the two research articles in comparison to the literature. There are different kinds of induction anesthesia drugs used in cardiac surgery or diagnostic and intervention catheterization. These medications can be used as a combination or in their pure singular form. For example, Propofol and ketamine are some of the drugs used to anesthetize pediatric Patients undergoing cardiac catheterization or cardiac surgery (Singh et al. 2000). A study by Sakai et al. (1998) found that using a mixture of ketamine and propofol is safe to be used in anesthesia for pediatric patients. According to Singh et al. (2000, p. 36), Anaesthesia drugs such as ketamine and propofol have been used as a mixture or single to maintain “hemodynamic stability” for pediatric cardiac catheterization. Therefore, the first article to be examined is “Evaluation of Propofol-Ketamine Anaesthesia for Children Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization Procedures” by Gayatri et al. (2007). In this study, the researchers evaluated the safety and efficacy of the continuous intravenous use of ketamine and propofol mixed in one syringe. Gayatri et al.’s (2007) study relied on children patients undergoing either interventions or diagnostic procedures for cardiac catheterization. The second article for critical review is by Akin et al. (2005) and examines the effect of ketamine and propofol on sedative level, hemodynamic during cardiac catheterization, and recovery time. The article is titled “Propofol and Propofol–Ketamine in Paediatric Patients Undergoing cardiac catheterization” (Akin et al. 2005). This assignment will evaluate these two articles and critically analyze them using a critical appraisal framework for critiquing (Holland & Rees 2010). This will be done concerning the methodological approach used by the researchers and the validity and reliability of the data used will also be determined. The Research Method used for the Review Articles In this critical review of research, it was significant to develop a research question. In this case, the research question was developed using the Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) strategy (Gerrish & Lacey 2010). This step was important because an appropriate and well-built research question allows the correct definition of information. This is so because the evidence is required to resolve the clinical aspect of the investigation; it maximizes recovery in databases; focuses on the purpose of research and avoids unnecessary information (Gerrish & Lacey
Introduction Management is based on the notion that all organizations have similar elements. It is observed that management contradicts the notion of organization whereby small units of a large organization are created. The definition of management is said to be grounded on two notions. The first notion was engineered by French industrialist, Henry Fayol, which is to the effect that management is to be viewed in top down perspective. His definition states that, management has similar elements and managers have common duties and responsibilities. According to Fayol, management must be manned by professionals, and they must get training as to be equipped with such skills (Fells & Michael, 2000). On the other hand, the American engineer Fredrick Winslow Taylor has a contrary view to management has a bottom view organization which takes a contingent role in an organization. This essay has made a critical assessment to the different meanings pegged on the management in day to day practice according to Foyal. The relevance of Foyal’s Management theory to 21st century managers will be discussed. This paper will show the extent of fayol’s contribution to management, how his ideas in management have been misapplied and the alternative to his theories (Daniel, 2001). Explanation of Fayol’s concepts Though Fayol’s theory of management is said to have developed during the 20th century, he has significantly influenced management perception today. He has been acknowledged as the founding proponent of the classical school of thought. The appreciation of his school of thought has been witnessed through several criticisms by teachers of management. Some, having read the classical elaboration of management have termed Fayol a traveller of the scientific school of thought. It is agreeable that Fayol’s contribution to management is summed up in his fourteen general principles of management. The fourteen principles form part of the famous classical management movement. The applicability of such theories in management today has been considered, and there is able literature covering that. However, it is worth noting that Fayol’s ideas on management are said to have been substantially misrepresented and equally misapplied (Ritson, 2005). Fayol’s contribution to management is undeniable, and the application of his concepts on management has been seen to yield fruits. On the other hand, there are contemporary writers who have deeply classified his work opening a door to many questions on the correct interpretation of his ideas. The said authors have examined his ideology as represented, in comparison with his personal background, and how he is portrayed as a multidisciplinary pioneer of management. In the simplest forms of interpretation of management, Fayol is extremely remembered for his contribution to management. His contribution has been defined as three fold. First, Fayol believed that business and organizational life was a combination of six key activities. These activities encompass finances, security,
Addiction in the modern world is one of the phenomena that occur in the vast majority of people. That is why the study of this phenomenon’s aspects, the principles, and features of its work is essential. This essay aims to examine addiction from a neurobiological perspective while also analyzing the effect of recreational marijuana. Addiction to something is a strictly neurobiological reaction associated with the release of the hormone dopamine. Before the start of pleasure activities, the human brain begins to produce this hormone. Thus, the brain anticipates the coming “reward” and stimulates a person to act in a certain way. However, if the goal is not achieved, there will be a sharp decline in this hormone, and there is also the possibility of disruption of some systems (Koob & Volkow, 2016). Thus, a dependence is formed, which must continuously be fed from a particular source. According to scientists, the release of dopamine could also stimulate people to evolve and grow. Research shows that the secretion of this hormone can be accompanied by a desire to seek new information. Besides, low susceptibility to dopamine can impact life expectancy, since people remain physically active. I observe the effects described above in the form of small addictions associated mainly with gadgets. The habit of flipping through Twitter or YouTube feed helps to relax after work and get a positive charge. However, I get a similar boost of energy by actively studying new information on interest topics. Fortunately, the activities described above are enough for me, and for me, there is no need to look for any additional dopamine sources. However, to regulate the drug situation in New York, it is proposed to allow recreational marijuana use. However, there are several possible health problems, primarily the lungs’ negative impact. Besides, this effect can be extended to children who inhale marijuana smoke against their will (Sangmo et al., 2020). The
Understanding the factors that cause people to commit crimes is one of the foundational steps toward minimizing the threat of criminal activities and creating a safer community. Abuse, in general, and child abuse, in particular, is one of the most egregious types of crimes observed in the modern community. Therefore, it is vital to reinforce the legal measures against child abuse, including the enhancement of legal repercussions for the perpetrators of the specified type of crime. The importance of maintaining that child abusers must be seen as criminals and prosecuted as such can be explained not only based on the evidence of their assaults on children but also from the tents of the existing theories of crime. Specifically, using the Biological theory of Crime will suggest that people engaged in child abuse are conditioned to do so biologically (Mooney et al., 2021). Namely, the absence of empathy and ethics, as well as propensity to crime, is explained through the differences in one’s biological makeup (Mooney et al., 2021). Although the specified perspective could be plausible, it provides a rather dangerous leeway to excusing abuse due to biological conditioning. Another theory that could help examine the problem of child abuse from a social perspective, the theory of Social transmission implies that different social standards could force one to perceive the life of a child as insignificant. Also failing to elicit any semblance of empathy for the perpetrator, the specified theory suggests the possibility of rehabilitation. Nevertheless, the specified theory seems to be more plausible since child abuse does seem to be the phenomenon defined largely by sociocultural factors (Mooney et al., 2021). To prevent and manage child abuse from taking place, one must consider social policies such as the promotion of counseling for children at risk. Reference Mooney, L. A., Clever, M., & Van Willigen, M. (2021). Understanding social problems . Cengage learning.
Introduction Nicholas Spark in his novel, A Walk to Remember, portrays Jamie Sullivan, as a centerpiece of his work. Perhaps, her relationship with Landon Carter, the main protagonist, and other characters in the novel can support this. At the beginning, Jamie Sullivan is a character seen as unattractive, extraordinary and unpopular especially at school (Taylor, 2). Contrary to this, Landon Carter is very popular,due to her role as a president of a school organization. The association of the two leads to a relationship; although their backgrounds and personalities differ. Jamie’s personality and trait are consistent throughout the novel.This supports the interrelation of ideas and events from the start to the end of the novel. The events tied to Jamie’s from the beginning are constructed to suggest a unifying factor; and how she relates with other characters in the novel. Sheis illustrated as real, convincing and an easy character to the reader. Besides, she is humane, selfless, kind and realistic; these are ethics, which makes a person. However, her social and emotional conflicts, in the end help redeem these characters (Taylor, 33).These traits about Jamie make me like her. Selfless Jamie is a daughter of Beaufort Baptist church minister, Hegbert Sullivan. The selfless of Jamie is a reflection of his father. Her religious devotion is publicly visible through her niceness and kindness to others, regardless the way others treat her (Spark, 43). Besides, she keeps the welfare of others close to her heart before her own; she is devoted to taking care of her widowed father, who lost his wife while giving birth to her, and she has close relationship with her father (Spark, 45). Jamie’s selfless trait becomes clear to Landon, as they spend quality time together after the school dance. Later, the bond between the two becomes strong, as Landon seeks Jamie to help in an orphanage where she gets involved as a volunteer.Although, she has no siblings or money, Jamie devotes her selfless time to the orphans. The selfless character of Jamie makes her appealing to me, because it is rare to have people with such unique quality. Unifying Factor As the relationship between the two ensues, it is evident that Hegbert does not approve of his daughter’s relationship with Landon.This creates a conflict with Landon’s grandfather work ethics. However, Hegbert disapproves. When Hegbert worked for Landon’s grandfather, they had a dispute that led to his resignation, to become a clergyman. As Jamie and Landon’s relationship strengthens, the two families are forced to face
Self-actualization is a concept that people have advocated for ages. In creating the hierarchy of need, Abraham Maslow placed the concept on the apex of his tier, as a tremendously vital element, which points out how man comes to realize the need for others after he has managed to provide for all his other superficial needs. Many people conform to this principle. It is even evident in contemporary music with lyrics such as “…when I grow up, I want to be famous…I want to be a movie star” (Steven 23), which reflect the mentality of most people. However, at the end of his life, Maslow made a crucial revision to his hierarchy. Sad enough, it did not capture the attention of many people. He added another tier above self-actualization, which was for ‘self transcendence’. Whereas self-actualization is the way to go about in gaining wealth, self-transcendence is the principle to apply during the retention, utilization, and building of such wealth while still enjoying the above processes and finding reasons to continue living. Maslow’s change of heart from self-actualization, as the highest achievement one can have, to self-transcendence was triggered by a realization that even after amassing excessive quantities of wealth, knowledge power and other desirable qualities, man does not have what it takes to live a contented life. Instead, this is only possible if one engages actively in the fulfillment of service to someone greater than one is, or other than self. It is no longer enough to live and die as the richest man alive. Whereas this may be acceptable in one’s youth, it becomes evident that, with time, it is no longer enough just to be rich. That is when people go different ways. Some seek out fame and celebrity status, which serves as a confirmation or reaffirmation of their wealthy status. In turn, this makes them contented, knowing that they are ahead based on most people’s standards. When the excitement of fame wanes, they seek more challenges and some venture into drugs now because they cannot seem to find any contentment in their normal livelihood or the pressure that comes with trying to keep up with society’s expectations is too much for them to handle. While growing up, many people have but one paramount goal in their life: to becom
Available literature demonstrates that, although early climate change science has its roots in the early 1800s, it has nevertheless continued to influence modern-day thinking on climate change and related concepts, including the greenhouse effect and global warming (Nierenberg, Tschinkel & Tschinkel 319). The present paper traces the contributions of early scientists such as Joseph Fourier, John Tyndall and Svante Arrhenius in early climate change science. In 1827, Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) published an article that continues to receive widespread attention from academics and practitioners as the first reference in the literature to mention the atmospheric ‘greenhouse effect’. As demonstrated in the literature, Fourier was among the first scientists “to compare the heating of the Earth’s atmosphere to the action of glass in a greenhouse” (Fleming 72). Earlier in 1924, Fourier had presented yet another paper on the temperature of the Earth and interplanetary space, concluding that the heating of the Earth was through three distinctive sources namely “(1) solar radiation, which is unequally distributed over the year and which produces the diversity of climates, (2) the temperature communicated by interplanetary space irradiated by the light from innumerable stars, and (3) heat from the interior of the Earth remaining from its formation” (Fleming 72). These seminal scientific breakthroughs influenced the works of other early scientists such as CSM Pouillet and John Tyndall. A description and analysis of early climate change science are incomplete without the mention of John Tyndall’s 1861 essay titled “On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapors.” Following Fourier, Tyndall was convinced that the interception of terrestrial rays by the atmospheric objects exercises the most substantial influence on climate (Fleming 74) and that shifts in the quantity of radioactively active gases in the atmosphere could have generated all the transmutations of climate which geological researchers revealed (Nierenberg et al. 321). These assertions and experimental observations led the scientist to believe that carbon dioxide and other insignificant mixtures of hydrocarbon vapors could be the causative agents for the noted climatic changes. Today, scientists have developed the necessary tools and instruments to demonstrate that the release of carbon dioxide into the environment is largely to blame for perpetuating the greenhouse effect and subsequently enhancing global warming (Nierenberg 319). In his 1896 article titled “On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground”, another scientist known as Svante Arrhenius used Fourier’s work to project an orientation that “the atmosphere acts like the glass of a hot-house, because it lets through the light rays of the Sun but retains the dark rays from the ground” (Fleming 74). Arrhenius used available background information from Fourier not onl
Human security is a contemporary approach, which postulates the comprehensive protection of the individual. According to this concept, it is necessary to strive for the multifaceted security of people instead of shieling countries from external threats. Consequently, this strategy greatly expands the traditional understanding of security. The essence of this concept lies in the idea that it is necessary to abstract from the analysis centered on the national state and shift the emphasis to such aspects as social groups, communities, and so on. Human security is related to International Relations directly. Security is affected by a variety of factors such as social, political, historical, and other settings. International Relations is an interdisciplinary domain, which also encompasses all of these factors in their interconnectivity. It explicates the interactions between states and cultures, which may result in human security violations or assist in finding possible solutions or preventive measures to safety issues. According to the videos, the human security approach implies freedom from two main threats. First, the strategy is aimed at ensuring freedom from chronic problems. The possible examples of this form of threat are disease, hunger, discrimination, and other negative manifestations. Second, human security implies safety from abrupt breakdowns or disruptions. This category includes different problems connected to the life of communities, employment of people, issues with their dwellings, and much more. Importantly, this threat can appear on different levels of national growth. Thus, having analyzed the domain of human security, it can be stated that it enlarges the scope of the traditional notion of national security. Previously, it has been used to ensure the protection of people from outside threats and interventions while the new interpretation allows for securing humans rather than states.
Lyndon Johnson’s Speech The address given by President Lyndon Johnson at the University of Michigan reflects the aspirations of many people for social change. This speech was given at the time when the civil rights movement was particularly active in the United States. Lyndon Johnson rejects the conservative rhetoric and argues that a good society continuously evolves and seeks to remedy its shortcomings. In particular, he says, “The Great Society is not a safe harbor, a resting place, a final objective, a finished work. It is a challenge constantly renewed” (Lyndon Johnson as cited in Johnson 252). From his point of view, the main issues to be addressed are poverty, education, and environmental pollution. He thinks that material progress can become the cornerstone on which “a richer life of mind and spirit” can be built (Lyndon Johnson as cited in Johnson 252). This speech illustrates that in the early sixties, the government was regarded by many people as an instrument of social change. However, it should be noted that in this speech, Lyndon Johnson doesn’t focus his attention on other social problems, which were extremely important for many people, such as gender inequality, racial discrimination, and the War in Vietnam. Certainly, he says that the citizens of the American society will have equal rights irrespective of their race, belief of the color of skin, but this idea is not sufficiently emphasized. To some degree, it is possible to draw parallels between Lyndon Johnson’s address and the speeches made by political activists, for instance, one can mention the statement made by Students for a Democratic Society (Johnson, 254). In both cases, the necessity for change is discussed. However, Lyndon Johnson avoids making statements that can side him with more radical representatives of the civil rights movement. Ronald Reagan’s Speech The speech made Ronald Reagan at the National Association of American Evangelicals is important because it illustrates the social and political changes which took place in the United States in the early eighties. In particular, one can speak about the shift to right-wing politics. In his address, Reagan views religion, especially the Judeo-Christian tradition, as the cornerstone of a good society. He says that Founding Fathers never “intended to construct a wall of hostility between government and the concept of religious belief, itself” (Reagan as cited in Johnson, 312). This address throws light on Reagan’s perception of history. He contrasts a religious image of the United States with the atheistic Soviet Union. In Reagan’s view, history is the antagonism of good and evil, and he argues that America represents the side of good. He also believes the main threat to American society is not an economic crisis or a military conflict with the Soviet Union. Ronald Reagan says, “the real crisis we face today is a spiritual one; at root, it is a test of moral will and faith..” (Reagan as cited in Johnson, 314). This is the main argument