ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Critical thinking in clinical psychology plays a major role in determining how the professional will respond to the specific client situation. This paper focuses on clinical psychologists. In essence, the ability to think is examined. The psychologists’ interests and skills required in this field are explored in this study. The study also looks at what it means to be a critical thinker in a specific psychology field. There is a variety of clinical psychologists and are recognized in this paper. Finally, the study lists some graduate programs offering degrees in clinical psychology. Introduction Critical thinking refers to the ability to apply reasonableness in solving a problem. It is a form of thinking that is founded on principles of level-headedness. For years, psychological scientists have held diverse positions regarding critical thinking in clinical psychology. They fundamentally agree that clinical thinking is essential in the development of practicing clinical psychology. Clinical psychologists The majority of clinical psychologists improve proficiency in precise fields. Others practice in the sub-specialization of clinical psychology. In whichever specialization area, clinical psychologists offer a variety of psychosomatic services to clients traversing the lifecycle. Additionally, they offer the services for psychological disorders ranging from minor to plain to intricate. Additionally, the practitioners may engage in investigation, training, and management. They may also engage in program expansion and assessment. Furthermore, they may engage in the development of public policy that enhances mental wellbeing. Irrespective of the field of specialty, clinical psychologists help clients in situations of major life-threatening psychological problems. They also engage in solving somatic disturbances and challenging life changeovers. These psychological problems usually trigger nervousness, sadness, obsessive behaviors, and similar mental problems that inhibit day-to-day existence. Clinical psychologists have the choice of lecturing in an institution, including universities. They may work in associations that may require their services. In whichever environment they work, the professionals execute the important role of assisting clients in getting rid of suffering and resume to normalcy in their lives (Boisvert and Faust, 2006). The ability to thinking critically A critical aspect that is interlinked with decision making in clinical psychology practice is the level of a clinician’s ability to think critically. This includes the choices made by the clinical psychologist in choosing therapeutic techniques to be applied (Sharp & Hebert, 2003). Clinicians with a strong ability to evaluate arguments may be less probable to admit unreliable confirmation as supportive of innovative psychotherapy. A critical thinker must have the capacity to cognitively, actively, and systematically examine, evaluate, and understand events. They must be able to solve problems and make decisions based on sound reasoning and u
There were two twins, John and Peter, who were passionate about truth and knowledge. After high school, their dad enrolled them in a philosophy class so that they gain knowledge into what knowledge is. After many days of debates on basis for truth e.g. coherence, correspondence, evidence, common sense and pragmatism, the tutor asked the twins to discuss and write an essay either supporting or discrediting the assertion that ‘Truth is always more than the idea on our mind.’ The twins went home and, past bed time, the father could hear them arguing bitterly. Worried that their arguments could degenerate into a fist fight, the father went to them to help sought their squabbles. The father inquired what the boys were arguing about instead of sleeping. John replied that ‘It is Peter who is very naive. He insists that the ideas on our minds are true to the extent they were formed based on an experience and that only knowledge acquired through the use of our senses should count’. Peter defended himself by saying ‘I am not naive; it is you who is just being thick. How can you insist that ideas are just abstracts and that reality is not the same as ideas thus need to doubt even ideas acquired by the help of our senses?’ ‘There, there boys’, the father intervened. ‘I think I understand what your problem is. Yesterday, I was at the offices of some charity organization that helps blind children. The teacher, to the blind children, asked me to describe for the children what a cow is and what a Cat is. John how would you help a blind child to know what a cow is? Peter, how would you help a blind child to know what a Cat is?’ John started and gave the following description. A blind child has never seen a cow. However, the child must have drunk milk at some point. I would tell the child that a cow is a big animal from which milk comes. At this point, Peter interjected and retorted, ‘the child would ask you how a big animal looks like and what milk is’. John was quick to reply. He explained that a big animal is one that is huger than a human being. He explained that he would use the child to quantify the size of what a big animal is. As for milk, John explained that he would bring a jar of milk and let the child taste what milk is. Peter was about to ask John a question but the father asked him to give his own answer. Peter narrated that to help a blind child know what a cat is, he would go fetch a Cat and bring it to the blind child so that the child familiarizes with the cat through touch, smell and hearing. At this juncture, John quickly asked how Peter would deal with the situation if there were no Cat to give to the child. To this, Peter replied that he would tell the child that a Cat is a tiny domestic animal that purrs, meows and loves to curl around people. John asked Peter, how he would describe the tiny animal so that the child understands how tiny a typical Cat is. To this Peter explained that he would have to use an object close to the child to demonstrate how tiny a typical Cat is. After some back and forth in argument between
Welfare The state has several responsibilities, as it is the custodian of the public interest meaning people rely on it for important services, such as healthcare, creation of employment opportunities, provision of social amenities, enhancement of educational services, and ensuring the security of citizens. Welfare entails offering the minimum level of well-being and social support to the populace. In some countries, social support is treated as public aid and the government provides it with the help of aid organizations, informal social groups, spiritual groups, and inter-governmental organizations. However, countries differ in terms of providing these important services to the people and a number of factors account for this. In capitalist states, such as the US, Britain, Canada, Australia, and Ireland, the term welfare is understood differently because the government is only supposed to facilitate individuals to achieve their ambitions (Ta-Nehisi, 2014). In this regard, each person has the role of paying taxes and the rule of law is given priority. In such states, institutions that are supposed to facilitate welfare are not developed since ethical principles are never followed given the fact an individual should determine his or her own destiny. In Scandinavian states, welfare is important and political parties that win elections should always have strong policies towards improving the standards of living. In developing countries, especially those in Africa, Asia, and South America, welfare is not an issue of discussion because it does not feature in the political agendas of parties, as the main problem in these regions is economic and political development. In Africa, the states do not have capacities to facilitate welfare services and the non-governmental organizations and the global governing institutions, such as the United Nations, fill the vacuums left. In communist states, the welfare services given to the public are regularized, as the state holds too much power over individuals and resources are communally owned. This paper looks at the factors that account for the institutional variations among states as regards welfare services. A state is said to be developed when its institutions are well established to handle a social, political, or economic issue that threatens the survival of the locals. In the US, institutions are well placed to tackle political and economic conflicts that are likely to emerge whereas the Scandinavian countries, especially Norway and Denmark, have the strongest social institutions that cater for the welfare services, such as healthcare and employment. One of the factors that lead to institutional differences is the efficient institution’s view whereby it is believed a society chooses an institution that is socially efficient. Under this model, a state opts for a system of resource distribution, which does not interfere with the performance of economic institutions (Piketty, 2014). The idea of efficiency is given priority as compared to optimality hence surplus, wealth creation, and output maximizatio
Introduction When it comes to defining what the concept of social class stands for, one will be much better off sticking with the Marxist interpretation – social class, is the spatially extended group of people, whose existential stances in life reflect what happened to be these people’s place in the hierarchical structure of a particular society. In its turn, this implies that the members of the same social class pursue the same set of socio-economic agendas. According to Marx, there are three major social classes, which consist of the representatives of the bourgeoisie, proletariat (workers) and peasantry (farmers). Given the fact that the amount of natural resources/production capital in the world is limited, and the fact that the representatives of social elites (bourgeoisie) control governments in capitalist countries, this enables the rich to become richer, at the expense of exploiting ‘workers’ and ‘farmers’. In the allegorical sense of this word, the mentioned state of affairs in being reflected by the essence of the dynamics in the arena of international politics: “Within the capitalist world-economy, nations are allocated to one of the four zones based on the level of exploitation they endure and their ability to exploit other nations” (Chesters 250). Because the factor of capitalist exploitation in Canadian society is not being quite as clearly defined, as it happened to be the case in the Second and Third world countries, this prompts some political scientists to suggest that Canada is on its way of becoming a ‘quasi-classless’ country. Canadian Society Another indication that Canada cannot be referred to as a socially stratified country, they consider the emergence of the so-called ‘working middle-class’, the representatives of which are able to enjoy comparatively high standards of living, while accounting for a good half of the country’s adult population. As one of the possible explanations of the phenomena in question, these social scientists point out the fact that for the duration of the last few decades (until the year 2008), the federal government remained strongly committed towards the idea of turning Canada into a ‘welfare state’ (“Social Democratic Values” par. 4). What is also being mentioned, in this respect, is that the ongoing technological progress creates the objective prerequisites for the continual growth of the ‘middle class’ – commonly perceived as yet another sign that Canadian society is becoming increasingly egalitarian: “Essential to the emergence of today’s working class-middle class was the technological revolution… At the center of the new technology were ‘thinking machines’ – compute
The present report is focused on the identification and explanation of an international organisation’s role in the establishment and proliferation of norms, regimes, and changes in international law. The organisation selected for this report is the OSCE (the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe). Based on a case study, the organisation’s activities and views will be explored with reference to the effects produced in these key areas. Organisation Overview The OSCE is known to be one of the most influential and active human rights organisations in the world, and its actions have brought about significant change and advancement in this field (Manton 2006). The organisation is focused on the promotion of respect for human rights and its attention spread across territories of all the states included in the OSCE. In particular, the primary objectives of the organisation include: the establishment of standards for human rights, prevention of violations, monitoring of situations affecting human rights, and the provision of consultations and aid to member states attempting to adhere to the established norms (Manton 2006). The major issue concerning the actions of the OSCE is the fact that its legally binding status is dismissed by many international lawyers specialising in human rights (Manton 2006). There exist both constructivist and rationalist approaches to the potential impact that the OSCE can have on its member states in need of guidance, change, and assistance (Warkotsch 2007). Both of these perspectives focus on the exploration of the organisation’s potential in influencing norms and laws at the international level, but their conclusions tend to differ significantly. In particular, when it comes to the rational perspective, the organisation’s ability to impact on the internal dynamics of its member states is based on such activities as reinforcement and encouragement of the desired outcomes and actions. Moreover, the effectiveness of the measures taken by the organisation, and its impact, is seen as dependent on the balance of costs and benefits that exists at both the domestic level and in the international arena, in correlation with the subject state’s compliance with the established norms (Warkotsch 2007). The constructivist point of view, however, focuses on the perception of the roles of the international norms for the subject state, their legitimacy, and domestic value, as the major aspects that determine the response of the aforementioned state to the projected anticipations of the OSCE (Warkotsch 2007). In this way, the accomplishments and barriers faced by the organisation are evaluated, based on either or both of these perspectives in regard to the proliferated norms, regimes, and international law. Norms The concept of “norm” does not refer only to the settings of law and international relations but also can be found in such studies as politics, economics, and sociology. The concept has a broad scope and refers to the sets of behaviors and rules that are viewed as effective and useful. Norms can also evolve and transform over time; in particular, Finnem
Introduction The growth of world economy is normally attributed to several factors where capital, energy and labor are key factors. Pollution of the environment is directly related to level of manufacturing indicated by the strong relationship between use of fossil fuel in manufacturing products and the subsequent accumulation of pollutants and waste in the environment. The twentieth century falls into two phases of uneven growth on the basis of consumption and real wages. The focal points are before 1950 and after 1950. There has been an increase in greenhouse gases where the atmosphere has become more concentrated an indication of an increase in global energy consumption largely attributed to mass consumption in the industrial world. Main body The principles of sustainable development characterized several countries and societies in terms of energy consumption before the 1950s. Swiss society for example largely lived very close to the principles of sustainability (Strasser 1998, 363). For instance, there were no surpluses from wages earned and hence wages were enough to cover basic needs only limiting choices of individual lifestyles. The war had reinforced the tradition of agricultural society curbing consumption and recycling of resources to avoid wastage of energy. Second, the concept of biodynamical farming was used in agricultural production where most farmers used animal machinery rather than mechanical machinery hence needed no fuel energy but rather relied on their own fodder (Krech 2004, 1176). All this changed in 1950s and had significant influence to energy consumption. Third, in the years before the 1950s, people used to live close to their working areas and residential areas were located close to local public transport systems. This hindered urbanization as no urban centers would develop apart from the ones already existing. During 1950s, people started living far away from their work areas and transport systems and thus urbanization was realized. Fourth, shopping was part of a localized housework where food and other stuff were bought in small retail shops that were close to residential areas. There was no variety of goods to be shopped and stocks were limited. As industrialization began, small shops grew into large businesses with several chains in many locations providing a wide range of goods to customers. As a result, people were employed and therefore they did not have to work on agricultural farms alone to get the wages. Lastly, the railway was essentially used in coal distribution and hence industries were developed along the railway lines. During the 1950s, the railway became a major means of transport as it aided in industrial development through transport of raw materials and finished products to the industries and the markets. The rapid changes in most European countries economically and socially have affected global energy consumptions mainly attributed to initial shift away from sustainability to mass consumption (llbery 1
Introduction Ethics researchers have discovered that ethical hiring results in the best practice of employees’ recruitment. Hiring ethics is the acknowledged set form of moral standards in an organization to conduct recruitment of new employees. Recruitment is the first step in choosing the right human resources in a company and it significantly powers the company’s success in achievement of the set goals (Pinnington 103). A country’s law and regulations demand that organizations have to recruit employees ethically. However, hiring ethics practice goes beyond the laws and regulations of a country as well because laws can be enforced but ethics cannot. Different organizations practice different hiring ethics because of the nature of their organization in terms of functions, type of services and products offered. The industry of tourism and hospitality practices different ethics as compared to the manufacturing industry. Hiring in Recruitment Hiring ethics allows an organization to hire right personnel for a certain position. If a company hires unqualified personnel, its costs of production are likely to increase because of employees’ training, low quality goods and services, and reduced level of output. The hospitality industry grows the ethics of honesty, integrity, trustworthiness, and loyalty, fairness, concern, and respect for others, personal, and company excellence, good and effective leadership, accountability to the customers, employees, and the company, good reputation, and self morale. The research will address how ethics is applied in hiring employees (Studymode 1). The practice of hiring involves identification and recruitment of highly qualified parties interested for the vacant positions of an organization. Hiring may be internal or external. In internal recruitment, an organization hires one of its employees while, in external hiring, an organization recruits candidates from outside the company. Through hiring, an organization acquires new human resource, extra workforce and additional skills from the newly recruited employees. Importance of Ethics The main beneficiaries of ethics are businesses, consumers, employees, and the general society. Importance of ethics includes satisfaction of the needs of humans that are basic and people must have. Ethics, at the place of work, must be fair and honest to human needs. Employees desire to work for companies that are fair and uphold, and respect values and ethics of employment. When it comes to creating credibility, employees, individuals, and the society at large respect companies that uphold morals and ethics. For uniting people and leadership, employees respect and find pleasure working f
Having achieved great success in the world of computer technologies, corporation Google, however, does not rest on its successes. The best thing is that it is trying to guarantee the introducing of digital technologies into real life with the main goal to make our life easier. It is no use denying the great success of the company in the digital world. That is why the companys intention to implement its inventions in real life can only make people happy. Googles next investigation is called Google Self Driving Car. It becomes obvious from the title that the main idea of this investigation is to create a car which will be able to move without any help of people. This idea is very interesting and it should be analyzed from different points of view, answering different questions. The first question to answer is whether it is really needed and will bring any use. The answer is obvious if to look at statistics. “In the US, 30,000 people die from automobile accidents every year” (Six things, I learned from riding in a Google self-diving car, n.d., para.1). With this in mind it is possible to make a conclusion that men are just killing themselves by inaccurate driving. Taking this fact into account, it is possible to say that the first and very important goal of Google Self Driving Car is to reduce this level and help to avoid automobile accidents at all. It is possible to achieve this goal with the help of total exclusion of the human factor. The computer which is going to drive this kind of car does not have drawbacks which human being has. The attention of a computer will not be decreased because of its tiredness or computers ability to make decisions will not worsen because of the influence of alcohol. That is why it seems that an ideal driver is found. Moreover, it will guarantee the ability to use cars for people whose sight is reduced. Nowadays, blind people do not have any ability to dive a car, depending totally on society. Google Self Driving Car is going to change this situation, providing transport for them. The second question to answer is the way it works. This system uses information collected by Google Street view service, cameras, radars, and transducer connected to wheels, which helps to determine the cars location. That is why it can get very detailed information about the environment and make the right decision, analyzing it. The last question to answer is whether its advantages can compensate for its disadvantages. The main disadvantage of this project is that this car is just being developed and it is rather difficult to introduce it to the market. Moreover, it is obvious that the speed of this car will be very measured. It will not satisfy a great number of drivers which like speed. However, this drawback can be easily fixed by applying different speed patterns for this car, which will regulate its speed within the given speed limit. With this in mind, it is possible to say that this invention will be very useful and guarantee road security. Another sphere of investi