ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Research Problem The United States has the highest incarceration rate that remains unsurpassed internationally. Over the last forty years, the incarceration rate has increased by 500% due to social, institutional, and political forces (Bronson & Carson, 2019). Initially, the high incarceration rates targeted distinct minority groups, that is, the black American and Latino communities, which could be related to police deviance. Over time, the disparity between the minorities and white inmates in the prison population narrowed, as the population of white inmates increased. This may be attributed to reported increasing crime incidences among the white population (Bronson & Carson, 2019). Currently, with the election of Donald Trump as America’s 45th president, the immigration-crime nexus, has grown to be the center of analysis and debate. The U.S. has experienced an enormous wave of deportation of immigrants, and this has been theoretically linked to decreased crime rates, more so among the Latinos. Nevertheless, some studies contest this school of thought that associate the current stringent immigration policies with declining crime rates (Bronson & Carson, 2019). In the face of this conflicting viewpoint, there exists a gap to conclusively support the main argument that informs crime rate dynamics (Ousey & Kubrin, 2017). This gaps especially exists in the sphere of property crime rates where the immigrant population is treated as a homogenous entity (Baker, 2015). Therefore, this intended longitudinal research will help unpack the homogeneity in property crime rate dynamics. Annotated Bibliography Baker, R. (2015). Effects of immigrant legalization on crime. The American Economic Review, 105 (5), 210-213. Web. This article evaluates the effect of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), that led to the legalization of approximately 3 million immigrants had on the crime rates in the U.S. The results established a positive correlation between immigration and property crime rates. Baker employed rigorous research techniques through combining quasi-random timing with geographic variation in the treatment intensity to segregate causal impacts. However, it is usually challenging to count immigrants accurately, and this is because it is only during the census that individuals can self-identify as immigrants, in which they are probably undercounted. Moreover, it is almost impossible to distinguish between authorized and unauthorized immigrants; therefore, the disparity between these two groups cannot be accurately reflected in the research. Nevertheless, in spite of these limitations, the article provides useful background information on the topic of immigration-property crime nexus. Overall, Baker’s article is timely, descriptive, and extensively researched. Ousey, C., & Kubrin, E. (2017). Immigration and crime
Teeth are the appendages located on the doorway of the alimentary canals of vertebrates. Teeth are highly mineralized and they serve the functions of gripping and food processing. Humans also use teeth in phonetics processing. The prototypes of the present vertebrae teeth were tooth – like projections found on ancient jawless fish that lived around 460 million years ago in the Orduvum period (1). The teeth like projections named odontodes on the body surface of ancient fish served the functions of protection, perception and sensation. These odontodes encroached on the mouth cavity in the course of evolution over 500 million years to form buccal teeth that covered the entire mouth cavity and later became restricted to the margins of the jaw cavity (2). The endoderm and the ectoderm are the tissues in which the teeth originate in most vertebrates through a process of invagination. Some teeth also have a mixed origin of both the ectoderm and ectoderm. The tooth creating capacity of neural crest cells of the ectoderm and the endoderm are therefore the major factor that influenced evolution of teeth rather than the epithelial tissues(3). Mutations in the genome of ancient fish are the factors that resulted in the invasion of the odontodes into the mouth cavity. The development of different phenotypes of vertebrate teeth resulted from Mutations in the genome of ancient vertebrates through years of evolution. The process of teeth like projections on the body of vertebrates evolving into teeth is clear in some type of sharks where the scales present on the body of the shark change to form teeth in their mouth cavity. The dietary habits and other ecological adaptations made the vertebrates teeth to evolve into many physiological shapes like canines, molars, premolars and incisors (4). In the course of evolution, the number of teeth per dentition in vertebrates decreased substantially. This decrease in the number of teeth is called oligodonty. The variations in the number of teeth represent an important factor in the diversity brought by evolution to vertebrates.Evolution also led to increase in the morphological characteristics of vertebrate teeth. This characteristic of variability in morphological characteristics is called heterodonty. Heteredonty was present in some ancient mammal-like reptiles relatives of mammals. In the course of evolution, some vertebrates lost the ability to replace continually teeth in their lifetime (5). Evolution led to loss of teeth in some vertebrates like birds and in some types of whales, a phenomenon called adontia
Risk management is an essential aspect of modern business aimed at ensuring the profitability of diverse ventures for the business owners. In this report the discussion presented will focus risk avoidance strategies that can be used in the management of companies, avoidance of risks associated with securities regulations, avoidance of risks associated with accountant liability and avoidance of agency associated risk. According to Oren, Risk Avoidance involves setting of margins and thresholds that are used to avoid unacceptable risk where acceptability limits are typically established by experts (2001). In the management of companies risk avoidance may be as a result of poor decision making. For managers interested in mitigating risks one approach could be the use of decision analysis tools (Oren, 2001). These tools will provide several scenarios taking into consideration objective and subjective information as well as the decision maker’s preference. The tool can then be used to identify the best alternative. It has been reported that the approach has been successfully implemented in various decision making contexts such as product development decisions, assessment of investment options, etc. Another approach that can be used by management with a view to Risk Avoidance is to enlist the services of regulatory bodies. BGP technology is a biotechnology company and as such the products produced pose some degree of risk to the public. Regulatory bodies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) perform a set of expert designed tests that are highly reputable (Oren, 2001). The FDA approval seal on the company products is one essential component that management can use to avoid legal risks associated with products. Upon approval of a product in case of any complaints about the drug the company can share the blame with the FDA. The environmental protection Agency (EPA) can also be called upon by management to carry out inspection on facilities and provide certification on emission levels and toxic waste management (Oren, 2001). With regards to regulation of securities the management of the company can avoid risk by implementing strategies such as hedging. Hedging is a strategy that avoids risk by spreading the risk or financial consequence associated with a particular risk (Oren, 2001). In this approach the management will make an investment portfolio that selects companies whose trading outcomes are correlated so as to reduce the overall variability. An area of risk avoidance that has been the cause of much debate in recent years is the degr
Under 40 In this part of the research study, two children of 5 and 6 were interviewed in order to get their general impression on clowns. The two young children indicated that they thought that clowns were “scary” due to the weird way they looked, the sounds they made and the general behavior or attitude that they constantly displayed. This made me believe that coulrophobia is a kind of a manifestation of one’s fears towards something unknown. In the next section, people of 40 and above age category will help one to clarify this assumption. Above 40 An examination of two research subjects in this category reveals that people of this age do not have coulrophobia. Instead, they either find clowns funny or annoying, depending on the situation. When asked if they feared clowns in their childhood, they would say they did, however, as they grew older,
Introduction Recent studies made by scientists have been done on audiology whereby their major interest is to study the cochlea active mechanisms. To date, there are some arguments that gender has some effect on the auditory system including the spontaneous Otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs). Spontaneous Otoacoustic emissions are narrow and signals recorded in the absence of an external acoustic stimulus. They originate from the outer hair cell at the cochlear place leading to low frequency. According to William and Wilkins (1996), some spontaneous Otoacoustic emission may be caused by reversible disturbances of active transduction mechanisms, and that not all SOAEs are heritable. The objective of this research is therefore to find out the effects of gender on spontaneous Otoacoustic emission. Transient evoked Otoacoustic emission levels are large in females as compared to males. This is because of the fact hearing sensitivity is stronger in females than in males. (Kannan et al, 1974). Gender differences in the spontaneous Otoacoustic emission normally emerge during the early ages when the
Case of Donna Donna is a 45-year-old woman, and her husband Reginald left the family. Gestalt therapy can help Donna improve her emotional and physical state. The reason is that the therapy allows increasing the woman’s self-esteem, Donna can develop the awareness of how her thoughts about the marriage can destroy her vision of herself, and she can develop effective strategies for responding to such issues as communication with children. The woman can develop the vision of her safe space that is important for her now, improve contacts, and feel better both psychologically and physically because, at the current stage, the woman has problems with sleep, appetite, and concentration, and she is the deep dejection. Gestalt therapy was developed by Fritz Perls in the 1940s. Perls referred to the principles of the holistic approach explaining the connections between the person’s body and mind (Murdock, 2013). The researcher proposed his therapy as the set of humanistic practices to improve the persons’ vision of themselves and find their comfortable place in the society. Therefore, the main focus is on self-awareness, the satisfaction of the person’s needs, and on the individuals’ contacts. The main premise is that people should become aware of their needs and responsibilities, as well as the role of experiences in their lives to satisfy their needs, improve their contacts with the environments, and make effective choices. The gestalt therapy allows persons to understand what they can feel or experience right now, and how their past experiences can influence their current state and feelings (Saadati & Lashani, 2013, p. 1172). Such therapy practicalities are important to be used in the case of Donna because it is significant to learn what she feels due to Reginald’s actions, what she feels in terms of the previously experienced social and family pressure, and what she feels now while communicating in the workplace and with her children. Gestalt therapy is based on exploring all patient’s perceptions and emotions related to self-awareness and the feeling of comfort (Murdock, 2013). In the case of Donna, it is necessary to use such therapeutic techniques as the open-chair technique and dialogue to help her resolve the inner conflict and allow speaking to herself, referring to the feeling of loneliness, despair, and anxiety. These approaches associated with authentic relationships will increase Donna’s awareness of her attitude to her husband’s actions and increase Donna’s responsibility for her children. The other important technique is the attention to her body language because she is inclined to demonstrate her inner struggle and pain physically when she touches her shoulders. In the process of change, Donna is inclined to be at the preparation stage because she is aware of the problems she has while being unable to cope with her feelings, and the woman understands that she needs to do something to support her children, especially Gilbert. Therefore, Donna is determined to have the therapy to change the situation for the better and overcome the “intolerable pain”. However, the
Though healthcare and nursing have been advanced impressively over the past few decades, new challenges have emerged, jeopardizing lives of millions of people. In order to fight the diseases that have become the stigma of the 21 st century, from obesity to ebola, people will have to defy the viewpoint that is imposed on them by their culture and the norms of the society that they live in, and, instead, comply with the requirements that are set by the latest advances in healthcare and nursing. It should be noted that the path towards changing people’s perspective of what is acceptable when it comes to tending to the needs of the patients is not going to be easy. At this point, the significance of crisis communication should be mentioned (Coombs 17). It can be assumed that crisis communication may be used as a tool in getting the message concerning the incompatibility of some of the cultural traditions and healthcare principles across. The question is, however, whether the methods for crisis communication can be chosen efficiently with regard to the cultural specifics of the target population. Though the lack of awareness concerning the latest advances in healthcare is traditionally attributed to the residents of the areas that are quite remote from Europe and the USA, the residents of the latter, in fact, also display the tendency to have a range of curious misconceptions about healthy lifestyle and care of their health. For instance, the consumption of the famous – or, in terms of its effects on people’s bodies, infamous – Coca Cola drink show that the American population is just as hard to convince in the erroneous assumptions about the harmlessness of the drink that they consume on a daily basis as the residents of Africa (Anderson-Fye 562). Moreover, the overweight issue (Jutel 2269) displays the unwillingness of the U.S. residents to recognize the threat. This raises the question whether the cultural context of specific diseases may possibly coexist with the one that is accepted in the traditional medicine. A recent study of the responses to ebola contraction in some of the African states involves specific burial traditions, which raise concern from the perspective of healthcare (Bennett 8). The perception of self, therefore, plays a crucial role in linking the healthcare practice and the cultural traditions within a specific community (Lester 481). This does beg the question whether the threat of a specific disease can be reduced merely by spreading awareness concerning the problem in question and affecting people’s perception of the latest medical an
Trains are among the most invested mode of transport in the modern era in big economies such as China, the USA, and Russia. The trains are used for public and load transport because of their higher mechanical abilities. However, despite their impressive abilities, they started as inefficient and poor innovations that were innovated back in the early 17th century. Their development was done in phases, with the government supporting their improvement as they were transforming industrialization. The steam engine is a remarkable technological innovation that changed the phase of industrialization. In 2006 McClellan & Dorn explain that the innovation was crafted by Newcomen and his plumber assistant John Cawley through their traditional intuition. The condensed steam in a cylinder creates a vacuum leaving the atmospheric pressure to drive the piston—the mechanical technique of injecting cold water through the valve to condense steam developed through trial and error. Unfortunately, the development of heating and large cooling cylinders made the engine inefficient through its massive coal consumption, thus restricting its operations within coal mines. In the mid-18th century, English craftsmen John Smeaton and James Watt improved Newcomen’s engine. Through empirical methods and systematically tested models, Smeaton and Watt varied the dimensions of the engine steam parts until they doubled the engine’s efficiency (McClellan et al., 2006). Then, in 17
Abstract Risk-taking is a broad field of research with nuanced topics such as propensity, tendency, attitudes, preferences, aversion, perception, and appraisal. Some areas have been studied more than others. Research into the behavioral link to risk-taking falls under risk-taking tendency. In the behavioral realm, risk-taking that is potentially harmful to humans has been researched more. The BART methodology is a revolutionary tool in measuring risk-taking that involves rewarding participants for specific tasks and baiting them to take more risks with the potential for more reward but with an increased risk of loss. Extraversion is a human personality theory that categorizes humans as either extroverts or introverts. This experiment aimed to investigate whether extraversion correlates with risk-taking tendency. For research purposes, the null hypothesis is that extraversion does not correlate with risk-taking tendency. The idea is intuitive, since extroverts are believed to be more vibrant than introverts are. However, the study shows that the two variables are not statistically significantly correlated thus sustaining the null hypothesis. Introduction Many tools have been developed over the years in the field of research on risk-taking. The variety provides researchers with a multitude of ways to validate their hypot
A brief overview of Elie Wiesel’s Night First of all, I would like to point out that the work Night written by Elie Wiesel is of great importance. The events described in the book are related to the Second World War and the genocide of European Jews. Lorraine Maynard thinks that the work Night is considered to be the so-called testing of faith. He states that “Elie Wiesel‘s haunting narrative Night is an account of the horrors of the Holocaust” (Maynard 1). The thesis statement Generally, there are a lot of contradictions concerning Elie Wiesel’s Night. One of the key issues, which is discussed in the work, is people’s belief about the presence of God. The author of the book presents his hero in two ways: on the one hand, he depicts the boy, who is full of hopes and expectations; on the other hand, he shows the boy whose soul is destroyed with horrific experience. Some critical evaluations of the work The most interesting point is that there are two Eliezers in the book. On the one hand, the readers are familiar with an innocent child; on the other hand, they see the hero, who is destroyed with his horrific experience. The second Eliezer is not a child anymore. It is difficult to believe that the boy was changed so much. Looking at the new image of the main hero the author provides us with, we understand that Eliezer’s viewpoints have been altered. As far as the boy has no parents, nobody can state that he is somebody’s child. The horrors the boy experiences made him different. “The student of the Talmud, the child that I was, had been consumed in the flames. There remained only a shape that looked like me. A dark flame had entered into my soul and devoured it” (Wiesel 34). His character became tough; he became too hard on people. Eliezer was transformed from the boy into a camp survivor. The second Eliezer won’t accept another side of his soul anymore. Jennifer Flynn says that Naomi Seidman, “professor of Jewish Culture at Berkeley College’s Graduate Theological Union ignores critical aspects of the autobiographical genre and Wiesel’s transformation of that form that valuably complicate an understanding of Night ” (1). I would like to point out that such ignorance can be explained by the fact that Seidman mostly supports word choice. She “neglects features of structure such as the inclusion of novelistic devices that shed light on Wiesel’s motives” (Flynn 2). Robert E. Douglas, Jr. (1995) says that “anyone who comes in contact with these horrors will be forever shaken in his present faith” (1). According to the popular website Usf.edu (2005) the main hero “finally despairs of both God and humanity, yet juxtaposed against the atrocities is the story of his enduring relationship with his father” (1). “I did not deny God’s existence, but I doubted His absolute justice” (Wiesel 42). Death and faith are the central issues in the work. Thus, Eliezer’s faith died, but his new nature was born: new behavior, new attitudes, new thoughts. In other words, Eliezer got new soul. The conclusion: new Elie “As an end to the camp, Elie finally took a look at himself