ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Media help us keep updated on the latest news at the local, federal, and international levels. Through television, radio, newspapers, the internet, and other sources of information we get acquainted with what is going on in the world. However, it is frequently a case that the data we receive undergoes alterations on the way to the public. At a bigger or smaller extent, every country’s government has regulations concerning what part of news should be passed to the audience. According to Gehlblach and Sonin (2014), the scope of media independence is contingent on two major factors: the government’s organizing character and the range of the advertising market. In countries with minor social mobilization, media bias is smaller. Direct and Indirect Government Control Governments can manage media content in two ways: explicitly and implicitly. Direct control is performed when the government openly designates an editorial policy (Gehlblach & Sonin, 2014). In this case, the media report the data designated by the government. Citizens receive only such limited data, and, as a result, they own only that information which the government decides to be given to them. Under these circumstances, the spread of messages depends only on people’s willingness to watch the news. Thus, the government considers citizens’ viewership as a means of advertising revenue (Gehlblach & Sonin, 2014). Indirect control enables the administration to manage the news implicitly. Even if a news outlet belongs to a private company, the government can impact its choice of news content by convincing the company to include biased content (Gehlblach & Sonin, 2014). For instance, advantages like subsidized newsprint, financial support for journalists, or tax benefits may be offered to the media outlet owners in exchange for supportive coverage (Gehlblach & Sonin, 2014). In such a case, the government indirectly impacts media and information which gets to the audience. Control over Media in Different Countries Depending on the country’s external affairs and internal policies, every government has a different approach to the management of the information broadcast for citizens. The more authoritative a country’s regime is, the more censorship is applied to the information passed to the citizens. The further overview suggests an insight into the governmental actions regarding media control in five different countries. The USA Hamilton and Kosar (2015) argue that information presented to the US citizens is not void of alterations made by the government and the country is becoming “less democratic” (Hamilton & Kosar, 2015). Although the government’s mission is to deliver straightforward
Introduction The origin of human languages can be termed as the surfacing of language among humans (Kenneally 10). This topic has remained highly controversial for a very long time. There is very little empirical evidence that can be used to guide research in this area. Numerous hypotheses have been put in place by different scholars to try and explain why and how language might have emerged and developed in human beings (Lieberman, McCarthy and Strait 1441). This paper seeks to describe three hypotheses concerning the origin of human languages and set a personal point of view in regard to each hypothesis. The mother tongue hypothesis This hypothesis was put forward in the year 2004 to try and get a solution to the problem of language origin. The theory seems to suggest that the Darwinian principle of “kin selection- convergence of genetic interests between relatives- may be part of the solution” (Harrub, Thompson and Miller pp. 5). Mother tongue hypothesis was put forward by Tecumseh Fitch who suggests that language initially developed as a form of communication between mothers and their own off springs in what is often described as mother tongue. (Kenneally 56) This extended later to other relatives such as siblings and other close relatives. The theory dwells on the idea that the interests of closely associated speakers and listeners were common. According to Fitch, the shared genetic makeup enabled relatives to build a considerable amount of trust and cooperation for the intrinsically unreliable signals which were later accepted as trustworthy words fit for communication (Lieberman, McCarthy and Strait 1441, pp. 4). The mother tongue hypothesis may offer some explanation as to how human language came about but it does not provide any empirical data to support the thinking. In my view, the theory does not offer any reason as to why language developed only in the human species. All other animals, including apes share genes and live in some form of communities. The theory does not explain why language did not develop in such animals. The theory does not offer any substantive reasons as to why early humans restricted communication to relatives. Though the theory might offer some important leads to unraveling the mystery behind human language development but it needs more empirical data to substantiate the argument (Kenneally 57). The obligatory reciprocal altruism hypothesis It was put forward by Ib Ulbaek and it utilizes some principles from the Darwinian theory-reciprocal altruism, specifically to try and explain the high levels of confidence and honesty required for language development (Lieberman, McCarthy and Strait 1441). Reciprocal altruism can be described as the idea that “if you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours” (Kenneally 102, pp. 5). Recipro
Democracy, which stands for “the rule of the people,” is not necessarily limited to electoral procedures. If one thinks that people are the only bearers of sovereignty in the state, one should also admit that their exercise of this sovereignty can manifest in ways other than voting. One of these ways is social movements, and one of the American social movements with the greatest momentum at the moment is Black Lives Matter . It started as a reaction to a police shooting of Mike Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014 (Taylor, 2016). It then continued as a series of protests against racial prejudice and police brutality – ones that the police attempted to subdue with force (Taylor, 2016). What began as a momentary attempt to win justice for Mike Brown turned into a nationwide movement against police brutality. Throughout its brief yet saturated history, Black Lives Matter has undergone a political evolution. To begin with, it distanced itself from the Old Guard of the Civil Rights era. The main reason why it happened was that the younger activists lived in the world they saw as shaped by the Civil Rights movements – and racism, prejudice, and police brutality were still an everyday reality in this world (Taylor, 2016). The central demand in the movement’s agenda is changing the government system that promotes anti-black state violence, be that police shootings, mass incarceration, or other manifestations (Taylor, 2016). While the movement has not yet achieved these goals, it has already established its agenda as a nationwide cause that even the President has to keep in mind. Bringing institutional racism to the forefront of national politics is the main change that Black Lives Matter brought to as of now. Reference Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta. (2016). From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation . Haymarket Books.
Introduction According to Blaise Pascal, faith in God can be described as a human wager (Bartha, 2019). This means that human beings bet their lives on whether there is an existing entity that is larger, more powerful, and better than man. Those that believe in God are on the positive side of the wager, while those that do not are on the negative side. A coin with heads and tails has been used to explain the theory further. Notably, the theory suggests that it is better for man to believe that God exists than not. This essay summarizes the main concepts of the Pascal wager, highlighting some of the objections or criticisms that have been raised on the same. The essay proves that Pascal’s Wager is a valid way of dissecting why human beings treasure religion. Summary of Pascal’s Wager Bartha (2019) argues that there are six logical explanations and five categories of the uncertainty of the Pascal wager. The first logical explanation of the wager is that God either exists or doesn’t. According to the Wager, there is no in-between. A person either believes there is God or there is not. This is due to the consequences anticipated to happen if God exists and one did not believe in him when he or she was alive. An example can be given to explain further. If there is a God and one believes in him and lives according to his wishes, then this person will likely go to heaven, which is a place of joy and happiness. On the other hand, if there is a God and one does not believe in him, thus, does not live according to his commandments, then this person will likely go to hell, which is a place of pain and sorrow. Additionally, this brings out the argument that people can believe in different forms of god, but their faith is based on the existence of an entity that is more powerful than man. The second logic is that religion can be thought of as a game and human beings are players. This denotes that there will be winners and losers in the game of faith. Winners are those who believed in God, whether he truly exists or not. On the other hand, losers are those who did not believe in God, and he exists. The third logic is that it is mandatory for everyone to wager (Rota, 2018). All human beings either believe there is a form of God or there is not. It is a mandatory part of being human. Additionally, it is logical to state that winners gain everything while failures lose everything. One cannot get half profits, and half loses in the game of religion. The fifth logic is that the results of the wager are infinite, and the participants cannot change the water once the results are announced. The last logic is that human beings have the ability to believe in God even if all the evidence supports the opposite view. Through this forced belief, human beings are able to convince themselves that a supernatural being exists for the benefit of man. This is all so that they can get the positive rewards at the end of their lives. As stated, there are several categories of the uncertainty of the wager.
Introduction Socialization is a term that is used to refer to how an individual inherits and disseminates norms, customs, and beliefs. In the life of an individual, several factors may affect his /her process of socialization. For instance, family, school, peers, religion, government, and tradition have played a critical role in shaping up my process of socialization. These factors have played a critical role in my growth and development. Family and peers are perhaps the main factors of socialization that have influenced me the most. Family I was born and raised in a family unit that consisted of a father, mother, and my fellow siblings. Occasionally, relatives would come to our home for a visit. At times, we would visit them in their homes. As a result, much of the interactions that I had in the early years of my life were with my family members. It is through these interactions that I developed my basic social skills and characters. The first thing that I developed as a result of interacting with my family members is language. English was the first language that I learned. It was the only language that was used in my family. Also, I developed an accent and word pronunciation that was similar to that of my family members. The religion and culture that I embrace at the present moment are a result of the interaction that I
Introduction Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12 1809 in a long cabin near Hodgenville, Kentucky. His father Thomas Lincoln was a carpenter and a farmer and his mother was Nancy Hanks who died shortly after giving birth to his sister Sarah 1 . He was brought up in Indiana and Illinois. He was born in a very humble family that struggled to survive. Owing to the poverty that bestowed his family, Lincoln did could not get any formal education and he put a lot of effort and struggled to educate himself while working on a farm, splitting rails of fences and attended a store at Illinois. He was very sincere and his character worn him a lot of respect that led to his appointment as the captain of a volunteer company that gathered for the Black Hawk war in 1832. His sincerer character earned him the nickname, “Honest Abe.” 2 In 1936 he qualified as a lawyer and started practicing in spring field, Illinois. He worked with the legislature until 1842. In 1846, he ran for the United States House of Representatives and he was elected to the congress to represent the wig party for a term. He became very famous because of his opposition to the US-Mexican war that occurred between 1846 and 1848 following the Mexican objection of Texas becoming a US state. This war was the first foreign war in the United States and the soldiers from all the states took part. He spoke against the war and stated that God had forgotten to defend the weak and the innocent and permitted the strong band of murderers and demons from hell to kill men, women and children and lay waste and pillage the land of the unjust 3 . This particular speech destroyed his political career and he decided not to re-run for the post since people could not easily forget his words. Lincoln saw the war as an extension of slavery and therefore he was very disappointed with politics and decided to uphold his career in law. Lincoln against slavery In 1854, the Kansa-Nebraska Act that allowed people to decide whether they wanted slavery to continue was passed. Stephen A. Douglas proposed a popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery by incorporating the act 4 . He supported the notion that in a democratic state, the people had a right to vote for or against the notion rather than adopting the decisions imposed on them by the congress. Lincoln took advantage of this act and renewed his hope in politics. He came out in public and expressed his hatred for the practice of slavery. He stated that slavery deprived the Republicans of their virtue of justice 5 . The act itself led to violence in Kansas and President Franklin pierce sent troops to end the fighting. Lincoln became very devoted to form a new Republican party. In 1858, Lincoln ran for the senate position but he lost to Stephen A. Douglas. Even though he lost the seat, his debates with Douglas earned him a lot of publicity and he became very famous as an eloquent public speaker 6 . Between 1857 and 1858, Dougla
Introduction Fake news is information disseminated through traditional news outlets or online social media and consists of purposeful deception or hoaxes. Fake news has resurfaced and grown in popularity because of digital news. As a result, stories and opinions may spread at an unprecedented rate, allowing people all over the world to participate in a near-real-time debate about both serious and inconsequential topics. Fake News Experience In early 2020, after the COVID-19 outbreak, there circulated news that the consumption of garlic would cure the illness. I found the recipe on Facebook, which recommended that one eats the garlic and drinks the water to witness improvement and healing overnight. I shared the news with friends as it claimed to have been proven effective by many patients and an old Chinese doctor. However, WHO knocked down the information on the stand that garlic had not been proven to protect individuals from COVID-19. Combating Fake News The scourge of disinformation and fake news can be combated through media companies. Through algorithms and crowdsourcing, tech companies could invest in technologies to uncover fake information and identify it for users. In addition, algorithms can help social media businesses automatically detect fake news and hoaxes. Furthermore, Companies should reduce cash benefits for bad content, mainly false information and disinformation, because the fabrication of fake news is frequently motivated by financial gain. Moreover, educating the public about fake news could help combat it. The government should allocate money to facilitate partnerships between journalists, corporations, educational institutions, businesses, and nonprofit organizations in enhancing news literacy. Educating the public about the fact that not everything they read is accurate and that many digital sites specialize in spreading misleading information aids people in learning how to evaluate news sites and protect themselves against false information. Counteracting the fake news and disinformation scourge requires that everyone plays a role by promoting strong professional journalistic norms, encouraging investigative journalism, lowering financial incentives for fake news, and enhancing public digital literacy. These initiatives, when taken together, will promote quality conversation while weakening the environment and enhancing disinformation around the world.
The risk environment is continually advancing in the present-day complex, IT-driven, and automated world. Companies should, therefore, implement strategies to enhance the monitoring and signaling of important risks whenever they occur (Hamilton). Major business-related risks assume many forms, for instance, financial, economic, compliance, fraud and security, and operational. This, therefore, highlights the increasing need for implementing cost-effective approaches to enhance development and operation of ‘control safety nets’ around these risks. The paper summarizes the methods adopted by organizations to ensure the automation of their risk management process and the perceptions of these procedures. Steps Used in the Automation of Risk Assessment and Remediation Identifying the tasks requiring automation is the initial critical step companies typically employ to enable automation. Distinguishing the exact tasks to be automated – subparts and processes of the risk remediation and assessment system – is essential in ensuring this procedure’s success and smooth running. Targeting repetitive tasks that need minimal human ingenuity represent the prime activity for the process. Gathering the required data is the second step. In this stage, one needs to collect all the information regarding the procedures that a firm plans to automate. This activity often helps the organization to get an up-to-date overview of the different facets of the system that must be considered during the automation process. Defining targets is the third step. During the execution of any task, it is usually crucial to ascertain the “how.” Therefore, under this phase, institutions typically distinguish and define what they hope to attain through the automation procedure. This includes improved security, minimization of errors, or increased efficiency in the company’s processes. Under this stage, targets are usually selected based on security objectives and organizational goals. The fourth step is selecting the automation system. Once the firm has a clear conception of the “why” with regards to its automation efforts, it then starts to identify the appropriate software tools for the automation procedure. There are typically an extensive variety of tools available within the marketplace, and selecting equipment or technology that fits one’s organizational needs and budgetary constraints entirely can be an increasingly complex task. This, thus, underscores the need for the firm to hire technological experts under the particular domain to ensure the proper choice of the tool as per the institution’s needs. Involving employees in this process represents a very crucial step. Horvath underscores the significance of inv
Introduction The job under analysis was that of an acquaintance called Lady X. She holds a position at a leading manufacturing company in the country. The name of the organisation will be withheld in order to protect the institution’s reputation and to preserve Lady X’s job. She works in the HR department as an employment officer. The company started in the early 1900s as a manufacturer. It now has several stores around the country to retail its commodities. The report will examine positions at her workplace, how they were related and some suggestions on how the interdependence can be improved will be given. Job requirements Lady X works as an employment officer at her organization. She is in charge of hiring new employees at the company when vacancies arise. She also reviews promotional roles. Here, she works hand in hand with employees to review positions that they can be eligible for. Lady X plays a role in firing employees as she identifies those who warrant it and forwards their names to the HR manager. She organises work permits for those who come from outside the country. Position classification is yet another task that falls under her docket. She does performance appraisals and often instates reassignments. Individuals important to the job The first individual is represented as Person A-the training officer. Letters of the alphabet have been used in order to maintain anonymity of the team members. He is responsible for training members of the organisations for new positions. He is relevant to the job because unless employees are properly trained then they will not be eligible for promotions or their performance will be lower than expected. Performance appraisals and promotions are all tasks handled by Lady X and the employment officer. Person B is important to the job carried out by the employment officer because she is the salary and wage officer. She needs to consult with lady X concerning wage increments when new employees are hired or promoted. She also needs to work hand in hand with lady X in order to do position classifications. Person C is the welfare officer who handles worker’s benefits such as life insurance, leave transfer and eligibility for training. She must consult with Lady X before dealing with training issues. Furthermore, she determines when positions will be made vacant by giving people leave transfers. She needs to check with Lady X in order to ensure that temporary replacements can be easily done if a staff member is eligible for leave
Needs Assessment & Problem Statement The Norfolk Department of Human Services is known as one of the efficient organizations due to the comprehensiveness of all 5 P’s: programs, projects, policies, personnel, and practice (Iveroth & Hallencreutz, 2016). Nevertheless, regardless of their effectiveness, it would be beneficial to implement changes in policies. Although the developed policies are currently operational and productive, the organization still faces challenges due to the excessive reliance on governmental financial support. In other words, regardless of the ability to allocate funds and resources granted by the government relevantly, it is advisable to review policies and develop ways to adjust them for the organization to become more financially independent. In addition to being dependent upon governmental support, there is another interrelated challenge – potential donors perceive the organization as that financed by the government. For this reason, they are unwilling to allocate additional resources. Therefore, in some cases, programs other than those related to addressing disasters in the community remain underfinanced. That is why the main direction of developing change is one focusing on tying bonds with private donors that would be interested in financing the organization. Analysis of the Problem Based on what was mentioned above, the wrong and biased perception of the Norfolk Department of Human Services is the nature of the problem. The challenge was identified by reviewing financial reports of the organization and finding out that the main donor is the government, and the resources are commonly scarce to meet the needs of all departments and finance all initiatives. The issue is important because community members in need cannot be helped without the adequate support of the agency, and this support is impossible without relevant and effective financing policies. Therefore, the main factors that contribute to the existence of th