ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Dinosaurs refer to a wide set of animals that dominated vertebrates living on land for more than one hundred and sixty years since the end of Triassic era to the late Cretaceous era. The species of dinosaur began disappearing in the third incident of crustacean extinction event. According to reports from the fossils, avian developed from a group of dinosaurs called theropod in the Jurassic era (Paul 14). A few of the birds evaded this period including their descendants. Never the less, birds in some instances have been classified as dinosaurs. These are a set of animals consisting of more than nine thousand avian and perciform fish. Several kinds of avian dinosaurs have been identified, ranging from those that fly to those that do not fly. Fossil remains belonging to dinosaurs have been excavated in all parts of the world. A few of the dinosaurs were carnivorous whilst others were herbivorous. Furthermore, some dinosaurs have been having two pedals, others with four pedals. Dinosaurs having two pedals assume the highest ultimate speed in running as opposed to those with four limbs. Never the less, some dinosaurs walking on fours sprint at a fast rate as opposed to their bipedal counterpartss. A case in point is the avian descendants which possess fast moving muscles of the upper arm which have evolved by time to form wings and can propel the dinosaur at very electrifying speeds especially under tension or when running after a prey. Most of the present day animals have their ancestral roots among the dinosaurs’ .The world’s main vertebrates that fly are the birds. In addition to this, most of the dinosaurs have been reduced in sizes and are said to make nests including laying eggs in the nests as well as flying at very high speeds. The first fossils were discovered in the nineteenth century. Since the discovery, the remains have been preserved in various historic sites such as the museums. Every excavated remain has followed the same suite making museums rich of dinosaur remains. Dinosaurs have appeared in best-selling editorials as well as films expending their fast moving characteristics. New discoveries of the same have been aired by media on regular basis. More so, the eroding dinosaur image as ancient monster has attracted the use of ‘dinosaur’ into gaining entry into vernacular by describing anything that is obsolete, huge, tending towards extinction and slows in motion. Modern definition According to Phylogenic classification, dinosaurs refer to modern birds (Neortnithes), their recent ancestors’. Avian species have been characterized by presence of ostriches; these definitions encompass theropods, sauropodomorphs, ankylosaurians, stegosaurians, ceratopsians, and ornithopods (Paul 67). General description Dinosaurs can be defined as land based archosaurian reptiles constituting of limbs erected below the body that existed during the end ofs Triassic and the end of Cretaceous periods. Most of antediluvian animals are purported to be dinosaur
Labeling is a term often used for associating certain people with certain traits. Labels are useful tools in modern society, as they ease communication and save time that would have been spent on needless explanations. In psychology, many specialists utilize specific terms to describe a patient’s diagnosis, which is considered ‘labeling.’ The purpose of this paper is to review the positive and negative aspects of labeling in psychology and medicine and general. Pros of Labeling in Psychology The most important positive aspect of labeling is related to the accuracy of diagnosing as well as the availability and effectiveness of treatment (Elliot & Grigorenko, 2011). The ease of communication between professionals is necessary when facilitating a professional dialogue and developing new ways of psychological treatment. Lastly, using labels may empower the patients and their parents to do research on their own and learn ways of coping and treating the disease (Hinshaw & Scheffler, 2014). Cons of Labeling in Psychology While labeling is a necessary part of the diagnostic process, it is associated with several negative implications. A label is, for all means and purposes, an approximation of a person’s actual condition. This generalization can make psychologists lose sight of some of the personal issues unique to each particular patient (Hinshaw & Scheffler, 2014). Diagnoses also tend to be limited in ways they treat other symptoms found in a patient – many psychologists tend to ignore any signs uncommon to a particular diagnosis, writing them off as a patient’s quirks (Mueller, Fuermaier, Koerts, & Tucha, 2012). Lastly, in many societies labeling leads to stigmatization and self-fulfillment, as many patients start perceiving themselves through the lens of their diagnosis (Blais & Forth, 2014). Conclusions While labeling carries plenty of negative connotations in medical science, it is considered a necessary evil. Developing more personalized ways of treating and diagnosing people without labeling them could reduce some of the negative effects mentioned in this paper.
Although Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome vanished long ago, their culture has not fallen into oblivion. The characters of the Greek and Roman mythology no longer seem just as credible as the Ancient Greeks and Romans saw them. Still, there are lots of references and allusions to Greek and Roman mythology in the popular culture of nowadays. Such examples of using myths in modern literature, filmmaking, and advertising can be found in Western and, especially, American culture. Some of the examples will be described in this essay. However, the elements of mythology might not factor in the content of the pop culture just as well as the authors of the reference think. One of the most famous examples of the use of the characters taken from Greek mythology in pop culture must be the mentioning of the famous goddess, Venus, in advertising, which is, in fact, based on a song about Venus. In the advertisement, some elements of the song are used, with Jennifer Lopez performing. On the one hand, the idea of femininity which the whole commercial is shot through seems to be entirely in tune with the image of Venus. However, such lines as “Feeling confidence and strength” can hardly be attributed to the Greek idea of femininity, especially strength, which is a purely male feature in Ancient Greek mythology. Therefore, the authors of the commercial turned the Greek mythical beauty into a modern image of a femme fatale. Hence, one can admit that the authors of the ad have offered an excellent idea; however, this idea landed too far from the original context. The second example of an allusion to greek mythology in pop culture can be considered a modern adaptation. Hercules was a tremendous innovation at the time and a new way of telling the old story. However, it is still a movie for children, which is why it should be viewed as a modern story about a man learning where he belongs, with an Ancient Greek background. However, it still seems that basing a movie for children on such an ambiguous character as Hercules, who further on killed his wife, Megara, does not seem a good idea. To avoid the controversy, the movie director had to cut a lot of essential elements, making it another coming-of-age story, but not an interpretation of a myth. Finally, comic books as a huge chunk of modern day must be considered. In one of the most famous comic universes, DC, a character based on one of the most famous Ancient Greek mythological creatures, a phoenix, was created. Jean Grey, known further on as Phoenix, turns into the creature mentioned above, bringing destruction and chaos into the entire universe. That is another excellent example of reviving the long-forgotten myths. The comic book adds a meaningful social context to the image of the mythological bird, i.e., the idea of equality, which, as a phoenix, cannot be killed, defeated, or washed away by the sands of time. It seems that the use of the elements of Greek and Roman mythology in popular culture in modern day can be justified by the proper use of the elements above. For instance, when referring to
Important Cultural Ties of Syrians Every country in the world is judged by its culture. Syria has a traditional societal setup and is gifted culturally. There are institutions to which the Syrian people attach great respect and ethical considerations. These are the family and educational institutions. Virtues like self-worth, respect, and discipline are also upheld. Syrian citizens attach a great level of respect to their traditions and carry out themselves excellently when home and away. It is not surprising to see most Syrian families staying in foreign nations living the same way they would in their own homes (Café-Syria, www.Cafe-Syria.com ). Syria exists as a legend. Its love and commitment to its conservative art live to date. Dances such as the al-Samah, diabetes, and the sword dance prove this point. Important ceremonies such as birth and weddings serve as events where traditional customs can be practiced. Their culture of building traditional houses has been upheld to date. Old cities in Syria like Damascus and Aleppo continue to construct their buildings traditionally. In such a house, the main living room is normally situated in one or multiple courts that have well-designed fountains at the center. The fountains are supplied with water and have well-cut trees and beautiful flowers that are well maintained for the aesthetic view of both the family and some family visitors (Chablis’ 56). Syrian citizens are considered the most hospitable in the world.
GDP is the measure of the market worth of the output of a given country for a particular period. The output comprises of goods and services made available in that country. There are three formulas used to calculate GDP, but no matter which formula one chooses the results will be the same. The first formula is the expenditure formula because it uses the figures computed from the sales of items. In this formula, the worth of output is gauged by the amount of money people had used to pay for the items they have. Here is formula (Taylor, 2006): GDP=Gross consumption + Gross investment + Government spending + (eX-i) Variables and Formulas of calculating GDP Exports are also included because the items are made locally, but the imports are subtracted because they are made from other countries. The Income formula refers to the incomes earned by the people who participate in the manufacturing of goods in terms of wages, salaries and bonuses. The returns earned by organizations and profits made in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (Moffat, n.d). The second method of calculating GDP uses the amounts spent by individuals to buy items, but this method can be misleading because sometimes we make items for our own use. For instance, when we obtain foodstuffs from our own gardens and cook our own food we do not pay for anything, thus the GDP may be misguided. Here is the formula used in this method: (GDP) Y = C + I + G + (x-m) Y represents the total consumption; C represents consumption, which is the biggest variable in any given economy. It is comprised of the expenses paid by individuals when purchasing goods and services such as clothing, food and Medicare services among many others. Investment (I) consists of the costs incurred by people when they venture into businesses, such as when they purchase equipments and purchasing of new houses by individuals. Stocks, bonds and other financial products are excluded from investments, but are rather expressed as savings. Taylor (2006) points out that this is necessary to prevent double entries because if they were calculated as investment a clash would occur when the savings are used to buy other things. Government spending (G) comprises of the salaries paid to civil servants and the money that is designated to the military. The items and services that are purchased by the government are also included in this variable. However, the money that is spent on pensioners and the people without jobs is not included in this variable. X represents exports and comprises the goods and services produced locally and later shipped to other countries. For instance, if a given country exports oil products to another country then the profits earned in that trade would be included. Imports (m) are subtracted be
Perhaps, the most important lesson that we should have learned from the history of drug use is that ban on drugs decreases their usage. A common misunderstanding regarding the prohibition of alcohol is that it increased alcohol use instead of leading to its decline (Goode, 2015). However, evidence shows that alcohol use reduced dramatically in the years before the prohibition and reached 1.96 gallons; during prohibition, it decreased even further, reaching 0.90 gallons (Goode, 2015). When prohibition ended, the consumption of alcohol began to rise gradually (Goode, 2015). This evidence demonstrates that making drugs illegal decreases their consumption. This is likely to happen because drugs become difficult to find and obtain, and drug users risk being punished for their use. Currently, the media sometimes appeals to people to oppose the legalization of drugs. For example, Rosenstein (2018) calls on the government to prohibit drugs because the rate of deaths from drug overdose increased from 2012 to 2016. If enacted, these measures are likely to lead to a decline in drug use, based on history. Another lesson from history is that changing public attitudes toward drugs can lead to a decrease in drug use. Goode (2015) argues that before 1830, alcohol consumption was very high, and even children were allowed to treat alcohol. However, after Benjamin Rush, a physician, published his work explaining the negative effects of immoderate alcohol consumption, the temperance movement emerged, leading to a significant decrease in alcohol use (Goode, 2015). This example shows that healthcare professionals, as well as other prominent public figures, have the power of changing public attitudes toward drugs. The change in attitudes, in its turn, influences behaviors and can lead to a decrease in drug use. Studying drug use trends is crucial to understanding cultural and historical changes in society because it shows public attitudes toward drug use over time and public responses to the rise or decline in drug use. Based on the evidence from the past, scholars can identify effective measures for reducing drug use rates and study the correlation between drug consumption and other social issues, such as crime rates.
Introduction A symbolic category is created historically, legally, physically, and socially to benefit a specific group of people. Native American term discriminated against other nonnative races who settled in America. Interpersonal racism is the convert and overt racial domination exhibited in daily social interactions. Institutional racism is defined as the systemic domination over people of color through social institutions. In America, racial affiliations explain inequality pattern and power relations in diverse societies. Racism is classified into two broad categories, which are institutional and interpersonal. It encourages classification based on basic skin color and mystic boundaries such as Blacks and Asians, West from East, and White from Black. For instance, blackness and whiteness were used regardless of the historical specificity of someone’s race. White became the domineering race over people of color. Whiteness became associated with wealth, life, superiority, and freedom while blackness was linked to poverty, death, inferiority, and bondage. Types of Dominion that caused Economic Disparities Institutional racism constitutes different forms of dominion such as symbolic, political, economic, and social powers. Symbolic power categorizes people as either abnormal or normal, inferior people are rarely given job or career advancement opportunities. Political power withholds some basic rights from black people of color by marshaling full state powers to enforce inequality and segregation. Social power discriminates people of color from gaining membership or full inclusion in life associations. Economic power privileges the Whites in regards to job placement, wealth, and property accumulation, and career advancements. Economic disparities and Policies Policies formed disadvantages African Americans. It impacts several areas that have significant influence in development of economic disparities. Public schools in African-American neighborhoods are underfunded. Therefore, black children skills acquisition becomes limited and upward mobility is hindered. Discrimination in employment opportunities makes it difficult for people of color to build wealth and escape poverty. Due to social safety net system and sanctioning, a smaller amount of money is likely to be used in black communities and as a result less currency is in circulation in this regions. In the criminal justice systems, people of color are rendered more poor because of higher cash bails and penalties together with other penalties. A study comparing the upward mobility rate of five ethnic groups, which are Hispanics whites, Asians , Blacks, American Indians and whites showed that economic mobility varied significantly across different races. The Whites have the highest upward income mobility rates followed by the Hispanic Americans, Asians, Indians, and African Americans. The Whites are considerably favored when selling and buying houses, applying for a job, securing quality education, and when they are seeking medical care.
A description of jail’s place in corrections and its role throughout history Jails play a crucial role when it comes to corrections in the United States. To start with, jails receive offenders who are to be arraigned in court later and the offenders who await trial. The other role that jails play in corrections includes the readmission of parole, probation, bail absconders and violators. Jails have a place in corrections since they contribute significantly to the temporary detention of juveniles, the mentally challenged persons, as well as individuals who have to be transferred to other facilities (Cole & Smith, 2009). The other role played by jails in the context of corrections includes the reduction of offender recidivism. This role is achieved through the use of correctional strategies, which take the form of community based sanctions as well as services. The correctional role of jails also includes a change in the behavior of offenders, especially through vocational courses, which offenders learn while in jail. The vocational courses and training given to offenders are instrumental in helping them live a better life after prison (Seiter, 2011). According to Seiter (2011), “throughout history, jails have played a crucial role in the improvement of offender outcomes.” Jails have been depended upon for the transfer of inmates to local, state, and federal authorities. Moreover, jails have played a crucial role in housing inmates from state and federal prisons who may have overcrowded in these facilities. In addition, jails have operated programs based in the community whose aim has been to improve the lives of offenders and would be offenders. The other role that jails have played throughout history includes the holding of inmates, especially those sentenced for short periods. A summary of the history of state and federal prisons The state and federal prisons can hold criminals who have committed similar crimes. The two forms of prisons can be regarded as alike, although there tends to be many differences between these forms of prisons. The federal prison tends to hold individuals whose incarceration can be considered to be long. On the other hand, state prisons hold prisoners incarcerated for short periods. State prisons began in the early 1800s; the Sing Sing State prison was the first state prison to be built. This prison is one of the oldest state prisons that has existed for a long period, and which continues to be existent up to date. The emergence of state prisons took the form of small prisons; these prisons became vital as they held most prisoners and high populations of offenders in America. Since penitentiaries began in each of the states in the United States of America, there has been a sharp increase in the number of prisoners in state prisons. Most states have had to provide funding and finances needed to run the prison systems in their respective states. Historically, it has been the mandate of the states to provide for the staff, food, as well as other necessities needed in the state prisons (Keve, 1995). The federal prison system traces its history to the 1890s. However, fe
Company San Francisco Symphony (SFS) is a California based orchestra group. It was founded in 1911. SFS performed its first concert in December of the same year. The time was just five years after the great 1906 earthquake. Since its founding, the group has grown to become one of the best orchestras in the world (Martin, 2011). Its founders and members have dedicated themselves to the group. As a result of decades of excellent artistic work, SFS has managed to gain both national and international recognition. The company comprises of two other groups. They include San Francisco Symphony Youth Orchestra and San Francisco Symphony Chorus. Since 1911, the organization has developed to become an integral part of San Francisco city life and culture. During its first season of existence, SFS comprised of sixty musicians. According to Miles (2010), the group managed to hold thirteen successful concerts. In spite of the wide recognition and accomplishments achieved in the early years, SFS was faced with bankruptcy in 1926. However, Standard Oil of California came in and settled all the debts that the organization owed. In return, the oil corporation was awarded broadcast rights of the entire year’s concert series. For decades, SFS group has experienced phases of great success and severe financial challenges (Rothe, 2011). At times, the survival of the organization was made possible by the generosity of the people of San Francisco. The people provided their support through public financing and other interventions. In this paper, the author will identify the current strategic challenges facing SFS Company. In addition, key long-term strategies will be recommended to help the organization overcome the various financial constraints. The plans will be aimed at achieving two primary goals. They include closing the deficit in 2018 and keeping the orchestra group in surplus by 2030 and beyond. Strategic Challenges Currently Facing SFS For decades, orchestra groups in the United States have been suffering from financial problems. For example, in 2010, 9 out of the top 10 major orchestras were reported to have been operating on deficits. In April 2011, the Philadelphia Orchestra filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy cover (Vogel, 2014). The group is ranked as one of the top-tier orchestras in the United States of America. The reports reveal that financial challenge is a major problem affecting groups in the country. The problem is not unique to SFS. For decades, SFS has enjoyed great musical success. Over the years, the group has achieved local, regional, and international recognition. However, the group’s artistic reputation does not correspond with its financial status. The company is reported to be in a major financial crisis. In 9 out of the last 12 seasons, SFS has operated on deficits (Martin, 2011). The problem is caused by one primary issue. The reason is that expenses are always higher than the revenue earned. The monetary setbacks have resulted in constant lockouts, strikes, and cancellation of concerts. In March 2013, SFS Company was experiencing a major strike. The primary cause of the stand-off was pay and he