ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the book 1812: The War that Forged a Nation W.R. Borneman proposes readers an exiting and vivid description of the war of 1812 which led to consolidation of the nation and ‘forged America’s national identity.’ Borneman analyzes the major events of the war and discusses their impact on the nation, its freedom and self-determination. Throughout the book, he underlines that American identity manifested in one’s self-concept, and helped to interpret social reality. The book consists of three chapters (books) which cover events from 1800 to 1815 (-1816). The book proposes a unique vision and interpretation of events which shaped American nation and its identity. In contrast to many other historians, Borneman omits detailed descriptions of battles and military campaigns but emphasizes social and economic factors, causes and consequences of military decisions and tactics. Borneman emphasizes that the most persistently baffling issue between Britain and America was impressment, and it was difficult to resolve because it touched deeply the sovereignty of both nations. The advantage of the book is that it covers many historical events and parallels military campaigns and social situation in Europe and America. Borneman writes that the war in Europe had enhanced America’s position as a neutral carrier. But what added to American anger were the abuses that so often accompanied British practices (economic and trade relations). The War of 1812 had a significance reaching far beyond the terms of the treaty that concluded it. To Great Britain it was a minor affair which only served to divert some of her resources from the major conflict she was waging with France. To the United States it was much more. America had entered it to defend its vital interests, uphold its national honor, and assert her newly won independence. Borneman describes the presidential campaign and political situation of 1800 writing: “in the presidential election of 1800, there were as yet no strictly organized political tickets. The Constitution merely ordained that the person receiving the highest number of electoral votes be declared a president”. This description shows that America had not had strict laws and legal rules which influenced its unity and peace. Borneman underlines that for America the war was the harshest test to which the nation could be put. And the United States found it doubly hazardous in 1812, for it had entered the conflict with a divided Congress and a confused citizenry. Yet despite the uncertainty that plagued the nation, it was able to meet the challenge with honor. And so the United States emerged from t
Traditional nonprofits are dependent on money or goods contributed by people who give only after their own needs and wants have been met, which in turn put them in lack of finance, training, and resources, needed to reach their full potential. In addition, charities are facing increased competition from other charities and form private sector, which develop their own welfare programs, together with waning donors. The concept of social entrepreneurship combines the best methods from “hard-headed fiscal conservatism, and soft-hearted liberalism” to combat the problems encountered by nonprofits. The difference in the new breed of philanthropists is that they are as entrepreneurial in their charities as they are in their business. They consider grants as investment and invest precious philanthropic resources in helping to build the capacity of the nonprofit sector. Thus, an analysis of different issues and their ramifications in nonprofit sector require urgent attention. It is opined that “philanthropy is not just about money or volunteer, but about giving the skill sets that businesses use.” (Deutch). GE Finance’s experiment to share some of its management practices with its paying customers is a successful example to this approach. It is blamed that in many voluntary charitable organizations money is fritted away by inefficiency. By transferring management and human relations skills in a “sustainable” manner the problems of non-profit organizations shall be solved. Programs designed to help teach younger generation that by applying resources and making good choices they can make a difference to the community will also assist in nonprofit management. To facilitate better understanding of the issue analysis of examples in present approaches to nonprofit organizations and different hurdles encountered by them are necessary. Roberts Lee (2006) sites the example of Megan Hoot, 23-year old, who considers contributing to charities is the most valuable way to help improve the world, and she thinks “for students, time is much easier to come by than money”. Augmentation by students in charity work will inspire people to pursue volunteer work throughout their lives, and “with students, you pull people in with a smaller commitment. It is viewed that there is difference in perception and priorities of charity and voluntary work among generations of those born in the 1960s and 70s (Generation X), and those born in the late 1970s through the 90s (Generation Y). Younger generations are more likely to engage in volunteer work and donate money for the cau
The main goal of most business organisations is making profit and being the leaders in the market. This implies that business organisations should always look for ways of remaining relevant and satisfying the needs of their customers. There are different ways through which they do this. One of the most important strategies that they use to remain relevant in the market is through building and sustaining competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is defined as the undue privilege that a business organisation enjoys over its competitors (Nanda, 2006). This is usually beneficial since it helps such an organisation to make more sales by attracting many customers. Before conducting our case study on SAE, my understanding of competitive advantage was very poor. However, after we conducted the company’s strategic analysis, I was able to understand the concept more clearly. This paper will therefore discuss how my understanding of competitive advantage was enhanced through SAE case study. Before carrying out our case study on SAE, I did not know that it is important to identify the challenges or constraints that an organisation faces before analysing its competitive advantage. Some of the challenges that we identified in BATELCO included outdated infrastructure, national communication plan, new wholesale provider and emerging technologies. On the other hand, its competitive advantage factors included availability of infrastructure, capital, brand name, market share, unique products and differentiation strategy. The case study enabled me to understand that competitive advantage is analysed in terms of the challenges that face organisations. The implication is that for it to be achieved, the challenges that an organisation faces must be addressed first. It is only after addressing them fully that undue advantage over the competitors is secured. The case study on BATELCO enabled me to understand the importance of identifying different aspects in an organisation that can be used to build competitive advantage. My understanding of how the staff, good infrastructure, brand name, quality and unique products build competitive advantage was very poor. However, after conducting the case study I clearly understand how these aspects create competitive advantage. For example, I was able to understand that qualified and well- trained staff is an asset that creates competitive advantage in organisations. When an organisation has staff who work expertly, this increases its productivity remarkably. On the contrary, organisations that do not have such staff incur huge losses. As a result, they are unable to compete with those which have qualified and well- trained staff.
Introduction “Chariots of Fire” is a marvelous movie that explores many of the contemporary realities at the time of release. This paper presents the historical accuracy in the presentation of the film and evaluates on how it connects the two different periods revolving around a true historical incidence. Main Body The film ‘Chariots of Fire’ is one of the greatest ten films in the history of mankind released in 1981. It was directed by Hugh Hudson and written by Colin Welland. The main theme of the film is the true story of two athletes who contested in the Olympics of 1924. They were Harold Abrahams who ran to change the prejudice being son of a migrant Jew, and Eric Liddell who ran for the glory of God and his father was Scottish missionary worked in China. The film got four Oscars and Academic award for the best picture. It is a beautiful film that describes the relation between two periods. It highlights many of the contemporary facts prevailed at the time of release of the movie. At the same time, it includes some of the scenes which are fabricated with a vision of giving admiration to the actor and to make the audience more exhilarated. Even though the film is revolved around a plot which is rooted in the history, half of the story is fabricated. Some of the important perspectives about this movie are given in the ensuing paragraphs. The film maker gave emphasis on the period in which it was released tracing to a plot of two true athletes in the Olympics of 1924. It was a period cherishing the ideal of ‘amateurism’ in Britain. It was the need of the time to be a trained and skilled professional in sports. Britain had to meet the trained professionals of America in the contest. Abrahams broke the traditional preservations and received help from a professional. “When the story reaches the Olympics, we see the gentlemen-amateurs of Britain meeting the more professionally-trained Americans; though the playing field is still fairly even, there’s a sense that the British ideal is steadily being washed away in the pursuit of the Olympic goals: faster, higher, stronger.” (Ordway, The Movie, para.6). This film clearly sounds on the contest between two athletes Abrahams and Liddell. The contest is between two ideological perspectives since Abrahams is trained under a professional and Liddell is a representation of ‘amateur’ training. This film brings light on the realties in the period of 1980s. The film unfolds a number of contemporary realities of the period of its release. It tells about athletes, British aristocracy, anti-Semitism, religion and nationalism taking a plot of a real incident occurred in the history. The old true story reflects numerous inappropriate realities in the community. “Puttnam has already demonstrated his skill at … producing films which strike a neglected chord in the public i
Introduction It is well known that the city of Cape Town is the second biggest metropolis in South Africa. “As a vacation destination, the city is well known for the natural landscape and ambiance in the Cape floral kingdom such as the popular attraction sites of Table Mountain and Cape Point” (Meer 1). The city is also known for its beautiful harbor as well as its game parks which act as excellent vacation points for local and foreign tourists. On the other hand, Dubai is situated on the Arabian Peninsula south of the Persian Gulf and is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and has been ruled by the Al Maktoum dynasty from 1833. As part of the United Arab Emirates, Dubai has the same monetary, political, armed forces and legal structures as the other six emirates and shares a similar framework through a federal system. However, each of the emirates including Dubai has control over several internal utilities for instance community law enforcement and provision and maintenance of internal amenities. Dubai is the largest emirate that follows after Abu Dhabi when considering habitable area but unlike Abu Dhabi, Dubai is the most densely inhabited of all emirates. Shopping is the leading tourist attraction to Dubai due to a diverse array of low priced products. There are also ancient attractions such as written accounts documenting parts of Dubai’s history as well as modern attractions such as Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest man-made structure. Cape Town as a vacation destination Cape Town is the governmental capital of South Africa as well as Africa’s most attractive destination for tourism (Meer 1). It is a metropolitan city located along the shore of Table Bay, and it is well known for the Cape floral kingdom. Often referred to as The Mother City and The Tavern of the Seas, Cape Town has a Mediterranean climate and hence well defined seasons are a common occurrence (Live 4). The natural scenery and favorable climate make Cape Town the most sought after destination by tourists going to vacation in Africa. The city has attractive beaches, well-maintained infrastructure and has managed to minimize the urban influence on the environment giving Cape Town a natural ambiance (Meer 2). The most well-known feature is Table Mountain which has been recorded as a landmark site by the city (Richmond 21). Tourists frequently visit this mountain because it has a serene ambiance and hikers looking for adventure will be seen climbing the mountain along the trails, Platteklip Gorge being the most popular of all trails (Meer 11). Climbing the mountain can also be done using a cable car, and the cable ride does have an exceptional view of the land and the sunset and evening cruises are a preferred activity especially by couples (Live 7). Robben Island which was a prison during the apartheid era is another popular destination. It is a 40-minute boat ride away and what makes the prison prominent is the fact that former South African president Nelson Mandela was imprisoned in that facility which has now been converted to a tourist de
Significant people The development of Apple MacBook Pro can be seen as a great milestone in computer technology and specifically for the MacBook family and MacBook Pro line. The face behind this invention is Apple’s chief designer Jonathan Ive. There have been vital contributions by Steve Jobs especially in 2005 when Apple was upgrading from the use of PowerPC microprocessors (Michaels 25). History The apple MacBook Pro is part of moveable computers launched by Apple in January 2006. It substituted the PowerBook G4 and it was the next model following the iMac that was made known during the Apple-Intel transition. It is the most expensive and advanced in the MacBook family. In addition to this, it is presently formed with 13-, 15- and 17-inch screens (Cohen 15). Development There are two designs of MacBook Pro, which equally use aluminum. The initial MacBook was a put back from the PowerBook G4, except that it made use of the Intel Core processors rather than PowerPC G4 chips (Cohen 15). Two models were debuted in the market in 2006, with the 15-inch model being released on January and the 17-inch model in April. Later on within the year, they both got a number of updates as well as Core 2 Duo processors (Cohen, 15). The other body design has a further tapered model and an exterior built from a solitary aluminum block. It was released on October 2008 as the “15-inch MacBook Pro and the 13-inch aluminum body MacBook” (Cohen 15). Later in January 2009, a 17-inch model was conveyed, with fitted battery that connected the other MacBook Pro products. Successive revisions enhanced Intel Core 15 and 17 and paved way for Thunderbolt technology. Impact on society Apple MacBook pro is famous for its environmental friendliness due to the use of aluminum and glass during manufacture. Some people term it as the greenest line of products. It has a great proficient power supply that cuts down the amount washed out, transferring power from wall to computer thus reducing greenhouse gases and power bills. It has power saving capability because, for instance it controls the processor amid keystrokes lessening power between letters while typing (Apple). It meets the strict low power necessities pu
Arrest Reports and Criminal Charges After a detention, the law enforcement agency statement goes to a prosecuting attorney. The latter is responsible for opening and indicting cases. The arrest statement provides brief information concerning the facts that triggered the detention. The report is based on numerous details including time, date, names of witnesses, and any other information that is vital to the case (Sphohn & Hemmens, 2012). At this point, the prosecuting attorney has three options to consider. First, the prosecutor has the right to regulate a charge in that case (also known as an offense or a crime). After that, the prosecuting attorney is able to file the charging document with the court. Second, the prosecuting attorney is in full right of making the decision concerning whether the case is an offense (Duff, 2013). If it is, it will go to a grand jury, and the latter will decide what charges should be filed. Third, the prosecuting attorney may choose not to track the case or file any complaints. A law enforcement officer identifies the misconduct or a full list of delinquencies that led to the detention. Police officers are also in full right to recommend charges to the prosecution attorney. Nonetheless, the final decision concerning the charges is made by the prosecutor (Scheb, 2012). Most often, the defendant finds out about the formal charges at the first court hearing. The time interval between the detention and the first court hearing varies significantly and depends on the case. It is important to remember that the charges that are filed by the prosecuting attorney can be changed (Duff, 2013). For instance, a prosecuting attorney may not reach a final verdict on the case until after the initial hearing. The latter may occur even after a month subsequent to the arrest. The Role of a Grand Jury If the case involves an evident offense, the final decision concerning the complaint is often transferred from the prosecuting attorney to the grand juries. These juries are similar to usual trial judges in terms of the fact that both these juries are made up of arbitrarily nominated individuals. The grand jurors evaluate the obtained evidence and reach a verdict concerning whether an individual should be charged with an offense or not (Duff, 2013). In other words, the grand jury members become the prosecutors. Nevertheless, grand juries differ from the petit juries due to the fact that the latter usually take part in a single case while the grand juries function inside a set time frame (which usually lasts from six to 18 months). Throughout their court practice, grand juries can be involved in
Executive Summary In this paper, a comprehensive report has been provided to examine the modern applications of cross-cultural management in multinational corporations and their impact on managing workforce, organisations, and business processes in foreign cultures. In particular, the report takes a case study approach, using the fast-food multinational company, MacDonald’s, which is a leading American multinational corporation in global business. In particular, the entry and adaptation of the company in the vast Chinese market will be examined with special consideration of the cultural differences between Chinese and American societies. Using the case of McDonald’s, the paper concludes that it is important for managers to develop comprehensive knowledge and understating of cross-cultural management to develop quality interventions in international marketing, mergers, and acquisitions. Introduction With an increasing trend towards the globalisation of business, the number of companies working in foreign nations has increased significantly. As modern companies attempt to diversify their business to cover multiple nations, the number of employees working in foreign lands or for foreign corporations has increased tremendously 1 . For instance, it is estimated that more than 70 million people across the world work for foreign companies or in foreign countries. Studies have shown that this number has more than doubled between 1990 and 2010. Methodology The paper will carry out a comprehensive analysis of the cross-c
Introduction In Huxley’s Brave New World, the government embodies oppression. The antonym, ‘democracy’, is entirely absent. From decanting to death, the government controls every breath and thought without asking the consent of the governed. Further, every resident has become a tool of mind control – tattling, or shunning anyone deviating from expected behavior. There is no need for violence: as the Controller puts it, “Government’s an affair of sitting, not hitting. You rule with the brains and the buttocks, never with the fists.” In such an environment, one’s personal integrity (which appears here as a set of entirely personal standards for moral behavior) is nearly impossible to maintain. However, some individuals do attempt it, perhaps without understanding why. Bernard Marx, Helmholz Watson, John, and even Lenina, all struggle to stay true to an individual code of behavior, never mind the government’s position. Despite universal nutrition, health, and erotic outlets, they variously, and truly, suffer. They suffer acutely from a sense of disconnectedness, exclusion, and revulsion (Bernard), from creative frustration (Helmholz), from horror, outrage, and loss (John), and even from a painful sense that monogamy would be preferable (Lenina). It is entirely fair to describe their mental suffering as unspeakable, if only because they literally lack the vocabulary to articulate their pain. (The State has long since obliterated all such words.) Their divergence from government expectation is emotionally distressing, and leads them into behaviors which appear peculiar, but which allow them to be temporarily free of their subjugation. Bernard Marx’s strategies for dealing with the conflict between his own notions of sexual morality and dislike for soma are effective but not uniformly attractive. He begins by despising and scorning the behavior around him, but then he chooses not to leave the cushioned A.F. world. When this stance places him at risk of exile, he demonstrates a cool resourcefulness in exploiting John to blackmail his boss. His efforts end by causing his exile anyway, but as Mond points out, he has a better chance to exercise personal integrity in Iceland than anywhere in the Brave New World. He retains his own opinions in spite of the disapproval and isolation this causes Bernard feels pain from his perceived inadequacy and isolation from others, burdened as well with acute awareness and insight. In the first portion of the book, he makes his stand for the principles which he holds dear by means of his private, internal scorn for his co-residents’ behavior and treatment of each other. He is deeply ambivalent about this, since he does desire human connection, but he retains his own opinion stubbornly. Take the example of