ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Define the issue. Include political, social, and economic background Workplace violence refers to any act that may cause a hostile working environment at the place of work. Many researchers have argued that workplace violence is a cumulative set of actions that destroy the physical, mental, and psychological status of an individual in a working environment (Luck, Jackson & Usher, 2008). Traditionally, violent activities have been thought of as those emanating from physical actions. However, it should be noted that workplace violence is a total of all acts both verbal and physical that amount to assault, threats, coercion, destruction of property, intimidation, and all acts that amount to harassment. Studies have documented that social reasons account for higher figures of workplace violence. According to Gates, Fitzwater & Succop (2003), certain personality traits are clear signals for workplace violence. Some studies have suggested that psychiatric diagnosis has been cited as an aggravating factor for violence. However, not all psychiatric diagnoses are linked to workplace violence. Important to note is that certain disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression are closely linked to high rates of violent behavior (Luck, Jackson & Usher, 2008). The existence of vague and unsupportive institutional policies stands a high chance of facilitating workplace violence in healthcare emergency departments. Studies suggest that employees working in regions where political platforms do not provide progressive policies host potential risks of increased violence. Therefore, institutional policies that fail to address inequalities among staff can cause tension at the workplace (Luck, Jackson & Usher, 2008). Similarly, unsound economic work, conditions render healthcare professionals at risk of developing and sustaining violence. In a study conducted by Gates, Fitzwater & Succop (2003), the researchers established a statistical relationship between frequency of experiencing harassment and role ambiguity, and occupational strain among healthcare professionals. Work settings that render professionals economically insufficient have accounted for increased rates of violence. Perpetrators of workplace violence in healthcare emergency departments have demonstrated elements of economic stress. Studies have shown that aggressive acts against seniors are usually attributed to perpetrators’ perception of lack of financial independence and control. Ethical concerns involved in discussing workplace violence The issues surrounding workplace violence are a sensitive subject that investigators and stakeholders must give utmost
Introduction Carrying out the negotiation process that is supposed to link two states in an economic partnership is a challenging task. Apart from considering the specifics of the economics, politics, and the legal system of each party, one also has to adjust the negotiation strategy to the culture of the opponent. More importantly, one will have to put the needs of the people before one’s convictions, which makes the entire communication process beyond simply difficult. Requiring a significant amount of restraint, the process of reaching a political and economic agreement presupposes designing an elaborate strategy that will help one retain the current position in the global economic environment and at the same time gain new opportunities. As an example of the approach outlined above, the recent agreement signed between Morocco and the United States by Mohamed Ait Kadi needs to be mentioned. Being a stellar representation of a well put together negotiation tactics and strategies, the given communication process led to the required results due to the wise and sophisticated strategy created by M Kadi. Mastermind Negotiator The reasons for granting Mohamed Ait Kadi with the title of the mastermind negotiator are, in fact, rather evident. Not only did he manage to negotiate with the partners but he also carries out the process in a brilliant manner. First and most obvious, the cultural barriers between the USA and Morocco were outstandingly high, yet the negotiator managed to overcome them: “The case of barley perfectly illustrates our relationship with the American party. Due to political reasons, it became impossible to maintain the initial Moroccan offer for this product” (Zartman 2007, p. 12). Another reason for claiming Mohamed Ait Kadi to have reached the pinnacle of the art of negotiation concerns the ay, in which he addressed the geopolitical situation. There is no secret that the geopolitical interests pursued by the United States and Morocco have very little in common (Kortmann & Rosenow-Williams 2013). Nevertheless, Kadi designed the negotiation strategy that helped him smoothen the rough angles and approach the dilemma from a very reasonable angle: “We opted to carry out a rational negotiation that would allow us to establish a symbiotic relationship of the FTA with the USA and keep hold of Morocco’s position in the EuroMediterranean area” (Zartman 2007, p. 9). The fact that Kadi’s strategy opened a pool of opportunities for an international and intercultural dialog should be viewed as a legitimate reason for granting him the title mentioned above. In light of the challenges that the process of negotiation implied as far as the cross-cultural issues were concerned, reaching a compromise could be considered a significant achievement. The String of Accomplishments By spelling out the goals of the negotiation process, Kadi also made a huge step forward in redesigning the current relationships with the United States. To be
Budgeting entails preparation for the achievement of specific targets and missions within a given duration by calculating the necessary funds together with the funds at hand. The budget is meant for use by the government in putting its policies to work by regulating the money spent by various agencies in the government (Robert & Lynch, 2004). There are various methods of budgeting and they are namely line item budgeting, program budgeting, program planning budgeting system, performance based budgeting, zero – based budgeting, program assessment rating tool and priority based budgeting. There are several models that should be considered before a budget is prepared because they influence the kind of budget to be prepared. Line item budgeting incorporates the government revenue into the government system. This kind of budgeting is usually presented as vague account of returns. In program budgeting, the funds are distributed to various programs according to their relevance. On the other hand program planning budgeting system considers the possible results that can be achieved by injecting certain volumes of funds and it is most appropriate for capital ventures. Three principles of public budgeting should be exercised when preparing a budget; they include answerability, effectiveness and value. Arthur and Sheffrin (2003) explain that answerability addresses the flow of funds into a government project thus it is used as a regulatory tool in project management. Effectiveness concentrates on how a given system uses the available funds to generate profits. This principle is usually applied in performance based assignments. Lastly, value refers to the comparisons of funds injected into a system to the outcomes of a given system by identifying the effects brought by either side. After highlighting the most important aspects of public budgeting, it is important to consider the stages that a budget goes through before it is published. These stages involve funds assessment which is usually done by the ministry of finance or an independent audit organization. The second stage is known as budget formulation, which entails drafting of the budget and referring to previous budgets with the aim of identifying faults which can be avoided in the current budget. The third stage involves applying the budget as a government strategy by inviting suggestions from head of departments and the public in general. The final stage is the actual verification of the public budget as a valid strategy of government disbursement of funds. There are two types of public budgets which can be prepared by the government, namely capital and operating budgets (Stiglitz, 2002). Operating budgets refers to documents that explain how government funds are spent in relation to profits earned for a given timeline in order to keep government agencies afloat. Capital budgets describes how an organization will buy goods and services in future and how those particular goods and services will be availed and their modes and durations of payments details. Robert and Lynch (2004) argue that there are no known public budgets that are a hundred perc
Introduction Legal scholars have been conducting research on whether legal norms such as human rights norms can be universal. For a long time, there has been an argument among scholars and law experts on the degree to which sovereignty of a state may be considered superior to these international legal norms. According to Slomanson (2011, p. 78), the United Nation has defined human rights and the importance of upholding these rights irrespective of one’s nationality or the sovereignty of a state. These international legal norms should apply to everyone in any part of the world. This means that individual states have the responsibility of incorporating these international legal norms into their national laws in order to ensure that they are upheld locally. Although some legal scholars have argued that sovereignty of a state should always be considered important when dealing with international legal norms, there is a consensus that when handling issues of human rights, the international law on human rights- as defined by the United Nations- should always come first. This research paper is focused on determining whether international legal norms such as human rights should be universal all over the world. Discussion According to Slomanson (2011, p. 90), technology has turned the world into a global village, especially following the development in transport and communication systems. Today it is possible for Americans to know what is happening in China, United Kingdom, Kenya, South Africa, Russia, or any other part of the world in real time through news broadcast. This means that we are living in a world where anything that happens in other parts of the world appears to be happening at our doorsteps because of ease of communication. It is therefore, very important to determine the relevance of having some of the international legal norms be made universal across the world, especially those that focus on human right. In a society that has been integrated by advancement of technology, it becomes very important to have universal norms that are applicable to all human races in the world. When developing human rights laws, it was appreciated that there are standards within which a person should be treated by the state, and other members of the society. As Slomanson (2011, p. 56) says, no human race is superior to others, and when applying the human rights laws, it is necessary to ensure that there is universality to all. Some scholars have argued that sovereignty of a state may be a limitation to the concept of universal human rights. This argument has strongly been challenged by many scholars across the world. A human being in Congo forest in Africa is not a lesser human being to an affluent man staying in East London. Despite the difference in t
Handout The image restoration theory refers to a set of strategies designed to help organizations and/or individuals to restore positive public image. This theory underscores the different strategies that individuals, organization, and countries among others use when faced with the possibility of image destruction. When image is threated, the reputation of the victim is at risk, and thus the image restoration theory offers a solution to this problem. At times, organizations and individuals face threats to their reputation, and in such cases, they have to invoke the image restoration theory’s provisions to restore their reputation. Generally, organizations tend to enhance their cooperation with the media in times of crisis, thus creating a single information center to avoid rumors spreading to the public. Other strategies incorporated in dealing with conflicts that are likely to damage the reputation of an organization include denial, blame shifting, and mortification. This paper seeks to analyze the key elements of the image restoration theory and explain practical examples of organizations and states that have used the theory successfully to restore positive public image. The paper shall specifically analyze the Middle East case, the Firestone’s image restoration campaign, and The ValuJet’s crisis. A cross section of researchers has devoted considerable time and resources attempting to identify efficient strategies to improve the theory. Therefore, theory may be highly effective in the future following the implementation of research findings. Some of the key resources for this paper include works by William Benoit who is credited for being one of the founders of the theory. Others include Timothy Coombs, Joseph Blaney, and LeAnn Brazeal among others as listed in the reference list at the end of this paper. Introduction Currently, the society cannot overstate the significance of image. In most cases involving threats to reputation, individuals and organizations respond by applying various strategies in defense of their image. This paper explores the theory of image restoration as a tool of solving strategic conflict in corporations. The paper also seeks to advance the current concept of the theory of image repair through the evaluation of whether strategies of image repair, sources of information, communicative agents, and the phase of a crisis influence the nature of reporting news. In a bid to achieve this objective, the paper will incorporate content analysis of tourism in the Middle East, Firestone, and the case of ValuJet Flight 592 in the evaluation of the case of the BP’s oil spill in 2006.The paper begins with a research of the theory of image restoration. In the last part of the paper, the paper will discuss the future research in relation to the theory of image restoration. Li
Introduction Supply and demand are fundamental economic concepts that determine the price of a good. The former reflects the quantities of the product that are being offered for sale in the market. The latter corresponds to the amounts of the commodity that are being purchased. Sellers and buyers tend to come to a consensus with regards to prices based on whether supply meets demand, falls short, or exceeds it. The mechanism through which this adjustment occurs is known as the law of supply and demand. The purpose of this assignment was to find two examples of changes in supply and demand and explain them using the graphs provided in the course materials. The Rise of Pork Prices The first article, published in the Detroit News on May 20, details the increasing prices of pork, particularly in Southeast Asia. According to Mcdonald and Mcneil (2019), the reason is outbreak of African swine fever in Chinese pigs, which has led the government to begin culling herds to contain the disease. As China is the world’s biggest pork producer and consumer, the situation may lead to severe consequences, particularly if the illness continues spreading. Other countries that are dependent on pork exports were also affected by the condition, as China began expanding its imports (Mcdonald & Mcneil, 2019). As a result, foreign producers have started expanding their operations. The smaller quantity of hogs available corresponds to a significant decrease in the supply of the good. At the same time, the population did not meaningfully change, meaning that the demand remained mostly the same. Among the graphs presented in the course, option D best describes the situation. The supply curve shifted inward, and producers could bring smaller quantities of pork to the market. They then set higher prices for it because they were aware that demanders would pay a premium, as they lacked alternatives. The assertion was economically valid, and the new prices held and became the norm until some new change in the future. Graph D is also applicable because it mentions demanders choosing to purchase smaller amounts of the good. Mcdonald and Mcneil (2019) noted that Chinese consumers were choosing to switch from pork to other kinds of meat, such as chicken and duck. This behavior is consistent with the law of demand, described by Khan, Siddiquee, Kumar, and Abidi (2018) as a shrinking of demand when prices rise and vice versa. In this case, the buyers compensated their lowered consumption of pork with other meats. Nevertheless, the cost of pork kept increasing, mostly because the supply was still shrinking, and producers struggled to rebuild. The Oil Price Crash The second article, submitted to Reuters on May 22, concerns the reduction in oil prices that follows significant growth in early 2019. Kearney (2019) notes that prices fell approximately 2% on that day, mostly due to an increase in the United States inventory. The situation compounded the tensions
Huckleberry Finn represented the lowest level of society: he has never felt family support, was mostly homeless, and maintained his independent ways. At the same time, was not indoctrinated with societal values and always distanced himself from the mainstream society. Huck was skeptical of the world and resistant to accept values it passed on to him. If Huckleberry lived today, he would be the most prominent leader in any political or public sphere. Huck intrinsically distrusted society and relied only on his experiences and it made him a person to admire. As a politician, he would always follow his heart and do what he thought was right rather than what others would say. He would not be influenced by opinion of others and his principles would not change under societal pressure. Recalling his life story, he helped Jim, the runaway slave, because according to his logic and ideas of fairness it was right to help him despite of the fact that Jim was the property of another person. It would be wrong to say that Huckleberry was indifferent to laws. He understood laws but never accepted them as fair. He could become a successful politician who would think logically rather than be influenced by others. Huck would contribute to development and implementation of fair laws benefiting all levels of society. As an activist, Huckleberry would always think through situations on its own merits and make conclusions which were right in their context even if society had a different view of situation. He was not taught about right and wrong and he gained all of his values through personal experience, he created his own rules, and fought against the preconceptions. The story of Huckleberry Finn is an example of how a person representing the lowest level of society can become a thinking and feeling human being able to resist the machine of society. Huck would significantly contribute to success of the modern-day social movements of minorities and underprivileged groups. He would provide support not because minorities are underprivileged, but rather because of his belief that everybody has the right to lead his own life and is granted equal rights. In many cases, Huck did not intrude into situations and seemed to be indifferent, however, he always analyzed everything around him and nothing was left without his attention. Huckleberry Finn would significantly contribute to stabilization of global and national political and social life. He would be ruled by heart and logic rather than by prejudices created by society. He could make the difference because he was not dependent on opinion of others. Thinking, feeling, heart-driven, logic-focused, and independent – these are the qualities of Huck and, unfortunately, most leaders lack these qualities today.
Hundreds of definitions of terrorism exist because experts and scholars think of it in different ways. However, these descriptions all agree that terrorism involves violence aimed at instilling fear in victims to achieve a certain goal (Alvarez & Bachman, 2019). Since acts of terror cause panic, people’s concerns are often disproportionate to the level of risk. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), there were 127 terrorist attacks in America from 2002 to 2011 (Alvarez & Bachman, 2019). However, since there is no agreed-upon definition of a terrorist attack, it is possible to state that some incidents were omitted from the statistics. Moreover, this figure excludes American casualties in places such as Afghanistan and Iraq. It is impossible to report the exact number of terrorist attacks because of such unreported victimizations. It is also difficult to identify underlying features shared by terrorists because they portray different characteristics. For instance, while some are driven to terrorism by poverty, others come from wealthy backgrounds. Terrorism emerges from the interplay of a range of social, political, cultural, and religious factors. Studies show that most terrorists share an underlying psychological issue such as a narcissistic personality disorder (Alvarez & Bachman, 2019). This character trait enables them to commit violence without empathizing with their victims. It is important to note that terrorists are neither “crazy,” as some people claim, nor do they have mental illnesses (Alvarez & Bachman, 2019). This stereotype fails to hold them accountable and excuses their behavior to factors outside their control. Essentially, terrorists are typically the individuals who divest from societal norms and values. Terrorism is difficult to combat and requires the input of international bodies, national and state governments, as well as citizens. The UN aims to fight terrorism by addressing the conditions that cause it such as human rights violation, including socioeconomic marginalization, political exclusion, and religious discrimination. On a national level, the US tackles terrorism by prosecuting apprehended terrorists, criminalizing the funding of terrorist organizations, and improving border security. Citizens can help to prevent terrorism by reporting suspicious acts to the authorities. Reference Alvarez, A., & Bachman, R. D. (2019). Violence: The enduring problem (3 rd ed.). Sage Publications.