ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Maya Angelou’s novel presents the events of her life as a young African-American woman. Although these events are factual, her description and interpretation of certain characters-even herself- may not be entirely accurate portrayals of people her characters represent. Therefore, Angelou often depicts herself and other people either more critically or more leniently than an outside source might. Arguably, the author presents skewed perceptions because all the aspects of the people displayed in the novel are in accordance with her perceptions rather than the reality or other people’s point of view. Literal analysis Skewed perceptions Examples of this skewed perception are observed in the author’s presentation of Maya and Mr. Freeman. Certain scenes with Maya’s grandmother, Momma, are also slanted according to situation. Being so close to the topic, Angelou becomes an unreliable narrator, not because she lies, but because she can only tell the truth as she sees it. In this manner of narration, point of view portrays characters in skewed ways- harsh, lenient, and inconsistent. Angelou’s narrative readily takes on the critical self-evaluation of children. For instance, she is quick to point out her faults. Angelou takes particular care to recognize her gangly early years. She describes herself as always being too tall, too thin, with hair that manages to be more unreasonable than most (Angelou 2). Early on, Maya imagines herself waking “out of my black ugly dream” (2) and shaking off all signs of her heritage, effectively turning into the classic American standard of beauty: blond hair, blue eyes (2). This harsh assessment is a testament to growing up in the America during the first half of the nineteenth century; Angelou might be predisposed at a young age to resent her and to admire the lighter aspects of beauty, because in minimizing the humanity of her race, society makes it seem ugly to a young girl. Later, when she is struggling with her place as a woman, not as an African-American, she admires the curves and the breasts of friend who sleeps over with her (she even interprets her envy as lesbianism at one point) (237). Her brother, Bailey, has “velvet black skin” and “black curls” instead of “steel wool” (17). She has a “blindingly handsome” (45) father and a mother who looks like, but is prettier than, a movie star of their era (99). Besides feel inadequately beautiful in the presence of her family, it is true that part of her self-image comes from others in her town. Another narrator may see her as budding, the girl who fell in love with Shakespeare (11), who was thoughtful to a fault, and had something to say to the world, not just something to show the world. Later, in another instance of decidedly brutal judgment, Maya encountered Mr. Freeman and went so far as to question her character (71); she wrongly reverses the role of victim to a man who does not deserve it. With strong feelings of guilt and shame, Angelou’s narration is surprising
Explore: Online and Interactive Exercises   * When selecting a cloud vendor to host your enterprise data and apps, you need to evaluate the service level agreement (SLA).       + Research the SLAs of two cloud vendors, such as Rackspace, Amazon, or Google.           o The selected cloud vendors are Google and Amazon       + For the vendors, you selected, what are the SLAs’ uptime percentages? Expect them to be 99.9% or less.           o For Google, its SLAs’ uptime percent is not less than 99.95% a month. On the other hand, the SLAs’ uptime percentage of Amazon relies on the service credit percent, although it ranges between 99.0% to about 99.95%.       + Does each vendor count both scheduled downtime and planned downtime toward the SLA uptime percentage?           o Google calculates scheduled downtime toward the SLA uptime percent while Amazon has been found to count uptime proportion towards SLA (De Carvalho, de Castro, de Castro, Coutinho, & Agoulmine, 2017).       + Compare the SLAs in terms of two other criteria.           o The SLA credit of Amazon is 10% of the annual bill while that of Google ranges from 10% to 50% (De Carvalho et al., 2017). Moreover, Amazon has an SLA exception of 5 minutes while in Google; maintenance has a period of fewer than 5 minutes.       + Decide which SLA is better based on your comparisons.           o Based on the comparisons, Google appears to have a better SLA than Amazon.       + Report your results and explain your decision.           o Google has been established to have one of the most reliable SLA. For instance, in the entire 2014, they experienced downtime of approximately 14 minutes only. This translates to over 99.9995 percent (De Carvalho et al., 2017). On the contrary, Amazon experienced downtime of about 2.4 hours in the same year, which is equivalent to 99.9974% in operation.   * Compare the communication practices of organizations using the broadcast model versus the communication practices of organizations using a conversation model and Web 2.0 technologies. While using the broadcast model, Internet interactivity permits robust social interrelations between a company and other people, s
Scope and purpose of the clinical practice guideline The scope of these clinical guidelines aims to demonstrate evidence-based practices to Prevent Dangerous Surgical Site Infections and Avoid Antibiotic Resistance (Bratzler et al., 2013). These guidelines are meant to provide healthcare workers with a consistent approach to “logical, safe and efficient use of antimicrobial agents for the elimination of surgical-site infections (SSIs) by considering the currently available clinical evidence and other emerging challenges” (Bratzler et al., 2013, p. 195). The CDC noted that surgical site infections are critical sources of health challenges for healthcare facilities and patients. Surgical site infections are most likely to take place in every 100 procedures and contribute to significant rates of mortality. Such infections contribute to hospital-acquired infections and related morbidity, mortality, and additional costs for the affected patients. The new guidelines contain significant improvements on the previous clinical practices, and they were developed to assist healthcare professionals to ascertain the optimal antimicrobial usage to aid in inhibiting infections in patients undergoing surgical procedures. These clinical guidelines were developed through a multidisciplinary, professional panel by relying on evidence-based strategies, and they accounted for aspects of reliability, validity, and clinical use of available studies. The new guidelines have replaced the previous versions of “the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) on therapeutic, which were first published in 1992 and revised seven years later” (Bratzler et al., 2013, p.195). In addition, they have also replaced other versions from IDSA and SIS. Prophylaxis is the prevention of infections, and there are primary prophylaxis, secondary prophylaxis, and eradication (Bratzler et al., 2013). The primary prophylaxis focuses on “the prevention of the first infection” (Bratzler et al., 2013, p. 195). On the other hand, secondary prophylaxis focuses on the prevention of subsequent or reactivation of previously existing infections while eradication concentrates on complete removal of a colonized organism to inhibit potential infections. The guidelines have been developed for primary perioperative prophylaxis (Bratzler, 2013). Stakeholder involvement The guidelines were developed
Introduction According to Mr. Broom, Century 21 Westside is a small company that is still at the development stage in the real estate industry. Mr. Broom goes on to add that although his company is small, it is conscious of technology and innovations. Body The case study implies that the company has successfully used e-media to promote its products through advertisements and sales promotions. The use of e-media in sales promotion implies that the company is aware of the potentials of e-media in business and therefore it hopes to benefit from the innovation. Through e-media, the company can promote its products to potential customers by creating the necessary awareness. This section discusses the possible application of e-media that can promote the use of the company services among potential buyers of the company. Sales promotion through advertisement is a positive effort towards promoting the services of the company to potential customers. The measure is however not sufficient and the company needs to consider other possible uses of e-media in sales promotion. This section proposes the possible areas that the company can apply e-media to promote its services to potential sellers and buyers in the real estate industry. Sales are very important in the life of a business and therefore the company should apply all possible measures to meet its sales target. The e-media is a potential area that the business should exploit to meet or surpass its sales target. Although the company has an active sales promotion plan on e-media, the measure does not sufficiently meet the company’s sales needs. Although creating awareness of a product is important, the customers need to be guided on how to purchase the product of their choice. With the advancement in technology, the e-media is not only a useful advertisement tool but also has become an important marketing tool since it is now possible to make sales through the internet. The company should therefore establish a system through which customers of the company can make online purchases and payments. Obtaining feedback from the market is of great importance to a business and its customers. Century 21 Westside should ensure that it has a continuous flow of information from the field. The company can obtain business information through customers’ feedback, complaints, and recommendations. Although most companies are aware that market information is essential for their business, they lack an effective system through which they can obtain it. Lack of an effective system also makes the customers withhold critical information needed by the business due to their concerns (Smither & Reilly 2005). Century 21 Westside is a small enterprise that is in its development stages and therefore it may have a customer
The financial crisis of 2008 affected the entire globe. One of the major outcomes of the crisis was the increase of public debt in many countries. Such potent economies as Germany, the UK, France, etc. had to face significant financial issues. At the same time such peripheral economies as Ireland, Greece, Spain, Portugal, etc. were in danger of complete collapse. Thus, in the period of 2007-2010 gross debt/GDP ratio “increased by 62.3% in Ireland, by 38.2% in Greece and by 36.3% in Spain” which is the largest increase (Kouretas & Vlamis, 2010, p. 392). Admittedly, many countries face the same problem, i.e. increase of General Government Debt (see Fig. 1). However, it is clear that Greece had the most severe crisis (Young & Semmler, 2011). Fig.1. Percentages of General Government Debt in Some Countries of Eurozone. It is necessary to note that Greece has suffered a great economic turmoil. The government had to implement various austerity measures. However, some of these measures have proved to be ineffective. It is possible to state that Greece should undergo a number of political, economic and social changes to overcome the aftermaths of the crisis and make sure that such a devastating crisis will never occur. Interestingly, Greece was one of the fastest growing economies in the entire Eurozone in the early 2000s (Kouretas & Vlamis, 2010). However, mismanagement of financial flows led to the increase of private debt. The government tried to decrease private debt with the help of loans, which led to increased public debt. Combined with severe global financial crisis increased public debt became one of the major reasons of the economic crisis in Greece. Thus, in the late 2009 analysts expressed concerns about a sovereign debt crisis which led to the crisis of confidence (De Santis, 2012). In its turn, it affected other weak economies in the Eurozone. In 2010 the situation worsened and the International Monetary Fund provided €110 billion bailout to the country. In 2011 the IMF agreed to provide another bailout of €130 billion. However, the Greek government had to undertake certain measures. There were lots of talks about the second bailout as Greeks were against austerity measures suggested by the Eurozone leaders. There were a lot of riots in the country. The el
Introduction The American Nurse Association (ANA) concentrates on improving the quality of care delivered by nurses and advancing this profession. The two issues that I selected for a deeper exploration are staffing in hospitals and the shortage of nurses. The latter problem is discussed in the interview with Dr. Peter McMenamin, a healthcare economist, while the latter is described in a short article on the ANA website. Main body Dr. McMenamin claims that there is no such problem as the shortage of nurses in hospitals now, but this issue will arise when older generations retire. In fact, 140,000 students pass the certification exams every year to work as registered nurses (ANA, n.d.a). Furthermore, many of those who received their degrees in the 1970s still work in healthcare organizations (ANA, n.d.a). Since they represent 40% of clinical workers, hospitals will face the dilemma of nurse insufficiency when almost half of their workforce leaves permanently (ANA, n.d.a). Therefore, the healthcare economist suggests that educational institutions should continue to train more nurses than the system needs to avoid a future crisis of nursing staff shortage. The second article discusses the importance of appropriate nurse staffing in healthcare institutions to ensure adequate care for patients. Furthermore, it is highlighted that ANA tries to address th
Introduction According to Barbour, between 2 and 4 million women regularly experience some form of gender-based violence (GBV) in the hands of their male partners (1). For most of these women, the conversation regarding gender-based violence evokes painful memories. In heterosexual relationships, the woman is usually the victim of GBV. Notwithstanding, in rare circumstances, the GBV may be directed against men. Also, some men are subject to gender-based violence to a limited extent, particularly those in same-sex relationships. As this paper reveals, rape is one of the commonest ways in which people with gender-based prejudices against others propagate it. Sadly, rape leaves the victim with bitter memories and self-hatred. Main Idea While GBV is mostly associated with women in heterosexual relationships, people in same-sex relationships experience similar, if not more harmful, forms of abuse by their partners. Preview of Relevant Concepts and Theories about Rape Rape is one of the regular forms of violence directed towards women. Insecure men perpetrate rape with an inherent need to hurt vulnerable women. Such behavior may arise if a man always feels threatened by women who he perceives to be more powerful compared to him, for instance, those who are more educated. Various theories attempt to explain why rape occurs. The biological theory suggests that rape is perpetrated as a means of increasing the perpetrator’s reproductive success (Eagly and Wood 759). By nature, men are motivated to spread their offspring over a large population of females. Some theorists believe that this genetic wiring may explain why some men choose to rape. The commodification theory for its part views sex as a property where rape is treated as theft. In other words, sex is a property, which a rapist seeks to steal from the woman. Another theory, and probably the most accurate, argues that rape is a gender-based crime that is perpetrated by men who hate women and vice versa. Scholars who support this theory claim that rape has a gender motivation since it portrays certain disrespect for the victims who are usually of the opposite sex (Eagly and Wood 758). Such disrespect is bred by the male entitlement to obtain sex from women, regardless of their willingness/unwillingness to engage in sexual intercourse. Today, the Hate Crime Statistics Act creates a category of crimes known as “hate crimes against women” (Eagly and Wood 758). This Act must have been necessitated by the need to protect women from harm that may be caused to them by delusional men. It is not a surprise that rape is consistently classified as a crime under this Act. Shockingly, rape is al
Introduction Ethics refer to them as a set of “well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society and fairness” (Spinoza, 2006, p. 12). Law on the other hand refers to a system of rules usually enforced by a set of institutions and used to regulate the behavior of individuals in a community or a country that recognizes such rules (Spinoza, 2006, p. 13). Both ethics and law are important in guiding the behavior of medical practitioners to achieve better outcomes. This paper analyzes the ethical issues associated with organ transplantation and how such issues can be addressed within the framework of nursing ethics and law. Organ Transplants Organ transplantation is the act of “moving a body organ from one body to another or from a donor site in the patient’s own body, to replace the recipient’s damaged or absent organ” (Winters, 2000, p. 17). The organs that can be transplanted include the kidney, heart, eyes, and liver. Organ transplantation is one of the breakthroughs in the field of medicine. It has particularly helped in saving several lives which could have otherwise been lost due to organ failures. Despite its success, organ transplantation has been associated with serious ethical concerns which undermine its applicability. The main ethical concerns associated with it are as follows. Procurement and Distribution of Organs While organ transplantation has been widely accepted by doctors, patients, and even the law, the question of how to procure the organs legitimately and efficiently remains unaddressed. Besides, distributing the limited organs among the many patients is an ethical dilemma yet to be addressed. The methods of obtaining the organs include donations by good Samaritans, paired exchange, deceased donors, and living donors (Winters, 2000, p. 45). Obtaining organs from deceased donors remains controversial because there has never been a consensus on the definition of death (Trung & Miller, 2008, p. 323). Deceased donors are normally brain-dead (higher functions stops) even though their body organs could be kept alive through life support machines. However, some believe that brain-dead individuals are not completely dead. Thus it is not right to take their organs to benefit another patient. On the other hand, organs obtained from the body after all brain functions have stopped might not be helpful. Consequently, it will be very difficult to obtain organs from deceased donors if death is defined in terms of a situation where all brain functions have stopped. Personal beliefs in terms of convictions considered to be true and a reflection of essential values about life and death have always been
The modern spelling of the word ooze was formed in the late 15th century. According to the Oxford British & World English Dictionary modern version of this word came to us from Middle English. It was pronounced as wose , which in Old English was wāse and it meant mire, soft mud, etc. According to some sources, the first known use of this word was before the 12th century. It is related to Old Norse word veisa – stagnant water , slime and to Old Saxon word waso – wet ground, mire . To Old English, it came from the Proto-Germanic word wosan . According to some sources, there was a Middle Low German word wose , which meant scum , Old High German wasal – rain and it is akin to Old Swedish word os (oos). Originally this word was derived from the Proto-Indo-European language. The word was sound like weis , which meant to flow or dissolve , (related to Sanskrit vásā – oil, fat ). It was also imported to Latin as a well-known word virus – poison, slimy liquid . The modern spelling of the word ooze is pronounced as [u:z]. When it first came to the English language, the word was pronounced as wāse. With the change of vowels in Old English, words with ā became words with sounds like [ɔ:] and [o]. In Middle English old diphthongs were smoothed and some new ones were added. As a result of vocalization, the spelling of the word became wose – [voυz] (as in repose), but from the middle of 15th-century spelling had a change in pronunciation, influenced by Old English wōs – juice, sap , and it started to pronounce as [u:z]. The word ooze , as well as most of the English words, has multiple meanings. Most of them are common. As a verb ooze means “[no object] (of a fluid) slowly trickle or seep out of something; flow in a very gradual way” and “[no object] slowly exude or discharge a viscous fluid” (Oxford English Dictionary), also it means “[with object] give a powerful impression of (a quality)” (Oxford English Dictionary). As a noun ooze means “[mass noun] the sluggish flow of a fluid” and “an infusion of oak bark or other vegetable matter, used in tanning” (Oxford English Dictionary). As an intransitive verb, it means “to flow or leak out slowly, as though very small holes; seep”, “to give forth moisture, as through pores”, “to escape or disappear gradually” (Collins English Dictionary). As a transitive verb, it means to exude liquid and has such synonyms as seep , drain , dribble , drip , escape , filter , leak . An adjective oozy means something giving forth moisture , something slimy (Collins English Dictionary). According to some sources, the word ooze as a noun has a meaning of “soft mud or slime; esp., the deep layers of sediment at the bottom of a lake, ocean”, “an area of the muddy ground; bog”. The word ooze does not have a