ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This paper provides a detailed scrutiny of BMW Central Building. The award-winning architect, Zaha Hadid, who was selected from more than 100 entries from other world’s leading architects following an open request to submit a building design for the company, designed the BMW Central Building. Before the erection of the structure, the plant had three disjointed houses, which assumed an important position in the construction process of the company. The three buildings separately housed the production of raw auto bodies (645,000 square feet), the paint shop (270,000 square feet), and the final assembly hall (1,075,000 square feet) (Jodidio 2). The construction of the Central Building allowed the three buildings to be joined into a single complex. The competition for the construction of the Central Building aimed at attracting designs that would allow the buildings to be joined. In fact, the building complex would also house the administrative division of the company. The selection of Zaha Hadid’s design was informed by the evident creativity that allowed the bringing together of manufacturing, blue collar, and white collar roles in the company in a seamless manner (Kochan 111). It allowed visitors to interact with both administrative and manufacturing segments of the company. The complex is now the central nerve for the production facility in Leipzig Production Plant. Figure 1: Front View of the BMW Central Building The company’s move to expand and modernize its production location in Leipzig was in line with its desire of cementing its position as a central car producer in Germany and across the world. Other competitors such as Audi and VW had already modernized their production facilities. All the key developments in the Germany automobile industry have allowed the country to position itself as a leading origin of top-notch vehicles to compete in the global automobile industry. The BMW Central Building is noticeable from the previous structures on the location by its vibrant geometry that looks like the lightning lock. Further, interstitial rooms on the structure are set to suit court squares that add magnificence to the house. Employees and visitors all enter through the same door where an overhead conveyor for car bodies greets them since uncompleted car bodies zoom past the production line (Wittenburg 328). The employees experience being part of the larger enterprise in the way the manufacturing and administrative roles are interconnected. Divisions were not apparent since the entire close to 800 workers in the Central Building from the boss to the apprentice has an indistinguishable computer unit. Concisely, the BMW Central Building is an indication of the power of mo
Introduction Personalization is not a new term to many people especially those in the service sector. Personalization simply calls for one to think about support and care in different perspectives. The service providers should see the person he or she is serving as an individual who has aspirations, preferences and strengths. These should be at the center of the process of identifying the individual needs and when deciding on how and when they need support to live comfortably. It means putting people first and other things second. Personalization also means giving individuals more choice and control over their lives in all spheres of life. It entails addressing the needs of the aged to enable them make decision which they feel are good for their lives. Personalization also ensures that individuals have a lot of discretion when deciding on how to meet their needs and also how to get universal services such as housing, transport, leisure, health services and even employment without fear of their age or ability (At a glance, 2009, p.1). In this case, as much as Mr. William may have mobility difficulties, we are told that his cognitive functioning is perfect. He is able to make informed decisions on the care he receives. We are also told that he is not happy with the support plan that is currently in use. To prevent this from harming Mr. William further, the support plan should be changed so that Mr. William can be given a choice to decide on who should serve him. Possibly, he could hire a personal care giver who will always be there for him. One who will understand his needs and therefore, serve him better (At a glance, 2009, p.1). Potential opportunities The main goal of personalization is independent living by each individual in every way possible. This is achieved through self directed support, use of personal budgets, and making direct payments. In this case, Mr. William will be in a position to direct the way he is supported, he will also manage his finances by using a personal budget that may be made with the help of a trusted carer. Personalization can also allocate a carer time outside the caring schedule if well planned. Personalization will give Mr. William a chance to choose a personal carer who will not be tied by time schedules, and therefore will be there when needed. This will also reduce the issue of multiple carers enabling Mr. William to have a reliable carer in whom he can confide (Glasby and Littlechild, 2009, p.187). Plan We are told that Mr. William does not like the way the carers treat him. To avoid this, a support plan will be n
Introduction The theory of Realism in the International Relations has been a dominant concept. The dominion lasted long. However, in the 21 st century, realism, particularly in the context of international relations, is no longer valid and could be termed as out of date. It generally fails to satisfy when relation of democratic states is taken into consideration. It is also confusing and debate oriented with six different variants that adds to the confusion. Even the balance of power theory has been found to be inaccurate and the tendency of making self serving adjustments to avoid criticisms has also contributed to the fact that realism in international relation is no longer valid in the 21 st century. International Relations The International Relations Theory or the IR theory is the tool to understand international politics. It is necessary to apply a tool like the International Relations Theory to understand the international politics because of its vastness and complexity. The field of international politics is so huge that the virtually covers everything happening around the world including the wars, revolutions, gender inequalities and human rights. The IR Theory is applied in order to understand this deep field of complex diversities. Cynthia Weber in the book “ International Relations Theory: A critical understanding ” (Weber 2005) says about IR theory that “IR Theory is a ….looks like” (Weber 2005, 182). International Relational theory can be called a framework of concepts relating to the understanding and analysis of the international relations. The IR theory can be divided into two broad categories, rationalist school giving priority to state level analysis, and post – positivist school extending the meaning of security and incorporating class, gender and postcolonial security within the scope. There are three very popular theories related to the International Relations. These are realism, liberalism and Marxism. The above mentioned theories have seen a lot of changes and evolved in newer forms. Afterwards, many other theories like the “constructivism and feminism have entered in the arena with the intention of drawing attention ” (Spegele 2003, 208). The definition of realism, its attributes, origin, different varieties and criticisms, all are necessary elements which can give idea of the relevance of the theory, or the lack of it, today (Bilandzic 2006, 267). Realism: an Introduction Realism is a theory that puts the national interest and power politics ahead of any other point of views like ideology, social reconstruction or morality. Realism is distinctive but diverse. It has emerged as a tool to analyze the international relations through the contributions of a number of analysts. Though it is a very well established theory it can not be defined that easily as there
Types of pressures Currently, there are several pressures that act as a barrier to managerial efficiency (Kofodimos, 1990). First, the pressure of internal training makes it difficult to concentrate on other organizational operations. The need to ensure new employees are trained sufficiently is derailing other staff members from working. In addition, training new and current employees is tricky due to a lack of enough time and instructors. Pressures from my family and the community are a major distracter in meeting organizational goals (Kofodimos, 1990). The organization expects my social conduct to reflect the image of the company perfectly. The responsibility of attending social gatherings and business meetings on behalf of the company is tedious. I tend to use my spare time in attending business meetings and charitable events. Therefore, as a manager, I do not have adequate time to socialize with the family and close friends in the community. Alternatively, I only afford to attend a social gathering where people of the same calibre meet. The pressure of meeting the company’s expectation disrupts my private life and is always preoccupied with matters concerning the company. I experience pressures from maintaining and upholding organization values. In this regard, the pressure of ensuring that the organization values are respected as part of the entity’s culture is intensive. In this context, the idea of managing personnel as a way of upholding the integrity and reputation of the organization is time-consuming and challenging (Kofodimos, 1990). The pressure of steering the organization towards achieving business objectives, goals, targets and expectations is challenging for a manager. Achieving business objectives and goals requires intensive planning (Kofodimos, 1990). The idea of implementing a plan that requires constant monitoring, as well as establishing new changes, is difficult (Kofodimos, 1990). External factors are a major cause of pressures. For example, economic conditions affect business performance, especially in unpredictable markets. The pressure of monitoring economic and market trends on a frequent basis is not appealing. There are environmental pressures that do not allow a manager to implement major strategies for effective management. For example, governmental laws and immediate industrial regulations are a major hindrance to managerial orders (Kofodimos, 1990). Impact on behaviour The existence of pressures in a business organization can have both positive and negative impact on a manag
Introduction Growing up in Kuwait, I used to admire doctors in their white dust coats. I longed for a day when I would join them in serving the many people who were frequenting the local health center. My desire was to be a health professional, but I was not sure of the exact discipline to pursue. My interest in a career in dentistry started during an oral care outreach program in our school in which dentists used to visit our school on monthly basis to give a health talk and free oral care. Currently, I am on a scholarship in the U.S. and I got a chance to interview Dr. Anthony, a dentist working in a public health center. Main body In the interview, I asked Dr. Anthony how he developed an interest to be a dentist. He stated that since his childhood, he wanted to make a difference in the world though he was not certain what career to undertake. It was during his first year in high school that there was a community volunteer program in which he got attached to a public healthcare facility that served residents from low socio-economic backgrounds. During the program, Anthony told me that he worked in a dental unit to record the biodata of patients visiting the dental unit. Seeing the important tasks the dentists were doing to return smiles and love to the people, Dr. Anthony told me he was amazed and developed an interest to serve the community as a dentist. It was at this point of the interview that I asked Dr. Anthony how the interest to be a dentist transitioned to a career choice. My host pointed out that during the attachment he interacted with the doctors working in the unit and inquired what dentistry was all about and its significance. He narrated to me that it is through the answers he got from the interactions that he realized that just like the other health professionals, dentists play a critical role in the provision of health care to patients. He also realized that many people could not access dental care. Dr. Anthony told me that these revelations and his long-term interest to make a difference in the world convinced him that dentistry was the best career for him. Also, Anthony learned that the work of a dentist was both an art and science. I enquired to know what he meant in relation to the aspect of dentistry being an art and a science. He answered me that it is a science in that it deals with the health of the people and art because sometimes dentists are required to design models for replacing removed teeth. He told me this was a common practice in cosmetic dentistry. I then asked him about the subjects he majored in high school. He explained to me that he majored in biology and chemistry. The reason for majoring in biology was because it gave him the basics of the concept of life, such as how various organs of the body are interrelated and the aspect of disease-causing organisms and how they relate to oral health. Also, Dr. Anthony told me that chemistry was also a critical subject because it forms the basis for the general health practice. He gave an example of how dentists use various clea
Introduction Pop art is a visual art movement flourished at the dawn of 1950s. Pop art is a shortened term for “popular art” which were taken from mass culture; this movement surfaced as a reaction against the seriousness of abstract expressionism. Beer bottles, soup cans, comic strips, road signs, and similar objects in paintings, collages, and sculptures are the main subject of pop art. Most commonly used materials are plastic, urethane foam, and acrylic paint. The images are presented in strange and bizarre combinations, distortions, or exaggerations of size. The original human-made object is always kept in its true form in some way. Pop art had its tremendous impact in advertising, graphic, and fashion design through mass media. Pop art depicts the details of everyday life in which people derive most of their visual language in what they perceive to be the real world of entertainment, leisure, and media advertisements. Lawrence Alloway pioneered the use of the term “pop art”. He is known to be one of the eminent critics of the art during his time; he describes those paintings that celebrated post-war consumerism and challenge the psychology of Abstract Expressionism. Pop art attracts American artists living in-between industrial and commercial environment producing an audacious exhibit of art and advertising. While many artists duplicated beer bottles, soup cans, and comic strips in their artworks, other artists incorporated these objects in their actual artworks. In both cases of artworks, however, pop artists stressed “new” and “store-bought” in a shocking light, symbolizing their interpretations of the changes that took place in America during that time. Their vulgar interpretations, which appeared in advertising, supermarkets, and television, explains why the pop art movement had such a large impact on commercial, graphic, and fashion design (Russell, 54). All through pop art’s popularity, a series of crucial events marked the history, a few to mention are the assassination of John F. Kennedy, racial riots breaking out in cities everywhere, and addictions to sex, drugs, and rock ‘n’ roll. Pop art serves as an avenue of time’s splendid dreams, traumas, extravagance, and scarcity. It opens the perception that there is a dire need to support the advertising realm. Ideal and thinking of pop art Andy Warhol, often recognized as the father of pop art, primarily acquaints the public of his own interpretation of the Campbell’s soup can. He perceived Campbell’s soup can as one fascinating object of art. This clearly shows that an advertisement is not just an eye-catching work of art but a main object in the world of commerce. Warhol’s 100 Cans beats a repetitive visual tattoo whose power derives from the insistence of similar commercial imagery in the daily lives of the public (Ocvirk, 305). Boldness and acquisitiveness of modern mass culture is depicted in the images which add vibrant in the products of pop art than that of the real
Introduction Technology has been pushing mankind forward ever since its advent in the form of the first primitive tools. As new tools became invented or more sophisticated, many spheres of human life changed. Technologically induced change is a continuous process that needs constant revision and assessment. The sphere of design has also been changing, and tools have been influencing this area of human activity every step of the way. The present time also needs assessment as many new technological inventions in the field arrived. A large number of researchers dedicated their studies to technology in general, but since this research focuses on design, only the data on technologies applicable in design would be considered. A review of the latest scientific works about new tools of design could provide an insight into the nature of the impact they make on the industry. The research question is, therefore, as follows: Is the impact of technology on the design industry is positive? Literature Review The design is a diverse sphere with many technologies affecting its domains. Most of the research in the sphere of design seems to be concentrated on reviewing a certain technology rather than inspecting the global impact of the collective concept. In addition, implementation is often studied in some of the areas of design such as web design, industrial design, and graphic design, and so on. However, through these specific cases, one can, in fact, inductively grasp the situation that the design as a major area of human creative activity is living within the current moment. Therefore, this literature review will focus on studying the impact of certain technology types in an aspiration to understand how they collectively influence the industry on the whole. 3D Printing 3D printing is relatively not a new technology per se. It was first invented in the 1980s but became popular in 2010-12 (Zhang 2013). The problem of the technology for use in design was, and according to the researcher, still is not yet mature. 3D printers have a variety of practical problems such as their capabilities and speed. In comparison with 3D modeling on a computer, the process of creating a real-life model could take days depending on the complexity of the project. It is not always convenient for industrial designers. However, Zhang (2013) notes, that there is also a great volume of possibilities. Since modern 3D printers work with a variety of materials and build complex shapes, they can be used not only for prototyping and preliminary modeling. 3D printers could also be used for designing and creating tools and finished products. The prototypes could be made functional in order for a designer to present them to a customer in real life and have feedback on an almost finished project. Zhang (2013) states that is rather convenient for designers themselv
Technology has entered human’s life quite recently, but has already occupied an important role in it. Technology enables people to improve living standards and give more opportunities for further development. Apart from this technology is also excessively used for entertainment purposes. Thus, children spend a lot of time playing video games instead of learning or even playing with peers in playgrounds. This evokes many disputes about the negative impact of video games on the development of children. However, nowadays researchers have come to the opposite conclusion and claim that video games can and do develop children’s learning skills and improve their academic performance. At this point it is necessary to stress that not only educational video games produce positive effects but all kind of games can be beneficial for development learning abilities in children (Bavelier et al., 2010, p.696). In fact, some scholars state that educational games are too formal and do not contain the number of effective factors as developed environment, visual effects, entertaining component, etc. Numerous surveys has proven that wise use of such technological tools as video games motivates children to study and develops their cognitive skills. It is necessary to point out that the use of technology can be fruitful for teenagers and pre-school children. Researchers state that video games develop various skills which are useful for children’s learning among which are attention, memory, motor control and cognition. Of course, it is essential to balance the use of technology in children’s life since video games abuse can lead to negative consequences, but it is necessary to note that any kind of abuse is harmful. Thus, balanced use of video games in children’s life does enhance their learning abilities. In the first place, it is necessary to point out that the use of video games during classes motivates children greatly. Thus, Ting Seng Eng (2005) claims that students are interested in such kind of activity and become concentrated while fulfilling their tasks, and this inevitably contributes to their academic performance improvement (645). It goes without saying that students are attracted by the entertaining part of video games. According to Gentile (2005) children find video games “highly motivating; by virtue of their interactive nature, children are actively engaged with them; they provide repeated practice; and they include rewards for skillful play” (10). Thus, students are encouraged to play a game and learn the necessary material at the same time. On top of that, children perceive and memorize information better which is proved by numerous researches. For instance, recent surveys reported that the introduction of educational video games into math