ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Public relations/Advertising history Introduction Public relations have always had an advocacy function and recently the field moved towards a management aspect. The field was purely activitist in nature as it only related to actions seeking to influence relationships in any way, but the managerial orientation of PR has created parameters to follow and narrowed the definition of PR to only include actions that seek to influence relationships with constituents in a sustained strategic manner (Nan & Faber, 2004). While PR has its roots in activism, advertising started as small scale PR attempts by private individuals or entities. The press was the preferred form of carrying advertising messages because of its reach to the masses. Historical features of public relations and advertising Growth in PR throughout the recent centuries has mainly been a response to democratic freedoms and the growth of free markets (Cutlip, 2013). Before free markets, publicity, puffery, and press gentry were still preferred ways of promoting causes, such as raising funds or calling for reforms. In the nation’s political struggles, techniques and tools of persuasive communication were preferred because of their effectiveness in achieving intended purposes. Slogans, staged events, and being the first to reach the public and using a sustained approach to saturate the public with campaign messages are old tricks that have passed on from the informal forms of PR to the present well managed forms (Weilbacher, 1996). One of the biggest beneficiaries of PR in its primitive forms is the Constitution of 1787. Ever since, the presidential elections have been avenues for strategists and skilled publicists to influence the public to be sympathetic to their causes (Hallahan, 1999). On the other hand, the commercial aspect of advertising meant that it could serve as a revenue source for the medium used to carry the message. Thus, the practice of press ‘agentry’ took root in book publishing, resorts, and professional sports, among other forms (Coombs & Holladay, 2012). Rapid industrialization called for an increase in consumption to sustain industries. The need fuelled the rise of advertising as a field (Hon & Grunig, 1999). A b
Nowadays the sphere of business develops extremely quickly that is why it is investigated thoroughly by many scholars. Numbers of organizations occur every year, and the majority of them tend to expand to other countries to become prosperous. Needless to say that they need a sufficient workforce to provide the customers with the high-quality services and maintain the activities that are targeted at the achievement of the companies’ objectives. Today’s business faces global competition and needs to be ready to work in different countries with a variety of nations. The expatriates are trained in the local area and sent to other locations in order to enhance the connection between the head company and its branch as well as to enhance the performance of the second one. Unfortunately, sometimes they fail to meet the superiors’ expectations and return home earlier. Still, it is only the outcome of the problem is much more serious. Expatriate – is an employee who is working on terms that differ from those generally accepted in the working place; mainly, it means that the person is not working in the home country and is sent to work abroad (Bussin, 2015). As a rule, the workers are expatriated if the organization creates or already has a branch in another country, or because it becomes involved in the cross-border merger (occurs when two organizations agree to join), acquisition (presupposes that one organization buys another) or alliance (cooperation of two or more organizations) (Dowling, Festing, & Engle, 2008). Anyway, the worker who is sent to another location enters the unknown environment, which influences one’s personal and professional life greatly. Rather often the employees are not able to cope with stress and pressure, and expatriate failure occurs. Commonly, it is thought to be seen as an early and unscheduled return; but the issue is more complex. The failure does not mean that the company is to blame this individual for being a bad professional. It shows that the departments responsible for the preparation of this operation made a mistake, which is likely to be repeated unless the problem is investigated and improvements are made. The complexity of the issue occurs due to the involvement of individual, cultural and organizational context in the host and expat. For one to work efficiently, companies consider strategies managed
Insolar Brazil lacks essential internal finances in order to develop itself in the long run. The majority of the projects are considered to be beneficial and profitable after a long period and require significant funding. For this reason, the organization predominantly relies on the support of the government. In addition, local multilateral organizations may provide necessary financial help. Apart from these options, another potential source should be determined, as the solar energy sector implies considerable expenditures. Inter-American Development Bank appears to be the solution to this problem. Its interests include investing in community-led development projects in Latin America ( Brazil to push private investment in clean energy with $750 million in IDB resources , 2016). Consequently, it presents the major source of funding for Insolar of Brazil and provides money for several long-term projects, which contributes to the development of this sector. The advantages of receiving finances from internal sources are evident. There is no need to divide ownership, control, and profit with an external investor. Consequently, it is possible to make decisions without the necessity to come to an agreement with a stakeholder and considering his or her benefit. In addition, internal funding does not imply any legal obligations for the investor. Reflecting on the long-term perspective of the business, this method of receiving money makes the company more valuable and improves the credit rating. However, there are some drawbacks, which are associated with internal finances. For instance, it is not helpful for launching long-term projects, which is especially significant for Insolar of Brazil, considering the specifics of its field. Another negative consequence includes the impact on other business operations. In case Insolar of Brazil invests in long-term
Introduction A merger is the process of a company combining with another company and totally absorbing the infrastructure, facilities and functions (Bontis 1999, p.434). Amalgamation involves merging between commercial companies, and later forming a common name for the merged companies. Two existing companies are unified to form one fully functional company that carries out all activities under one name (Hild 2004, p.2). When a company is soon to restructure through merger or acquisitions, then there is need to understand the role of human resource management all through the process (Hild 2004, p.3). This means that before and after the merger, the HR must collaboratively work with the workforce to ensure higher levels of a successful merger between companies. Hilda (2004) notes there are challenges that are bound to face the HR department as a result of mergers and how the takes up the issues and activities directly affect the productivity of the work force (P.4). This is why the human resource management is vital in achieving success or failure in mergers. Key stakeholders The merger between Sandstone University and Redbrick institute of technology to form All-star University is one of the many institution mergers in Australia. The merger was important to ensure asset stability in financial assets and build on extra knowledge, talent and technology (D’Souza et al 2001, p.24). The major shareholder’s of the All-star University includes, the government, Sandstone University’s main sponsor. The government main’s interest is to have the institution offer more courses to the public and acquire as many students as possible to boost the university courses and have people opt for the All star university. If the school could add more business, related subjects more students would register and the government will reduce its sponsorship to the university. The students are the second stakeholders, after the merger, the students have been pressuring the university to add more courses to its curriculum. The students are demanding for more courses because the merger benefits the students because they get to be taught by academics that have knowledge, experience and experts in technology (Pattanayak 2005, p.400). The local business community also has their interest in All-star University because Redbrick staff has been known to have a wide experience. They also take a modern approach to teaching students in business related fields practically, preparing them for the real world. This coupled with highly educated and experienced lecturer’s the local business community entrust their employees to go through the university to better the comp
The nature of the ‘white mind’ as presented in ‘ The Land of The Spotted Eagle’ by Luther Standing Bear is a depiction of a personal conviction devoid of factual knowledge. Bear presents the white mind as a destructive force; a force that has no respect for nature. Instead of adopting and enriching the American features of nature, the European white man white man introduced European things, thus destroying what was naturally American. Bear’s definition of the’ white mind’ is in complete contrast of Walt Whitman’s definition, which see the white man in positive light. Even though the Whitman’s definition in his 1855 poem ‘ Leaves of Grass’ has been criticised for being too romantic, it works against Bears expression of the white mind, by highlighting major forms including and not limited to wildlife , vegetation and life. The three characteristics represents Luther Standing Bear negative view of the white mind which is in great contrasts to Walt Whitman fact based positive outlook of the white mind. Luther Standing Bear sees the white man as uncaring and unprotective of wildlife. Luther Standing Bear explains that the Lakota, unlike the white man, had a brotherly relationship with animals such that ‘so close did some of the Lakota came to their feathered and furred friends that in true spirit spoke the same tongue’ (Bear ****). What Bear meant was that the white man saw no value and respect for animals. This is in contrast to Whitman appreciation of animals. Whitman appreciates animals to the extent that he thought that he ‘could turn and live awhile with the animals’ and that animals are part of human existences as they (animal) ‘show their relations to me and I accept them’ (Whitman 34). Thus, Bear’s negative presentation definition of the white mind in terms of treatment of animals is sufficiently countered by Whitman’s respectful attitude towards animals. Bear describes the real essence of life from eyes of the Lakota. The Lakota see life as ‘pulsating and vivid’ and that the Lakota appreciated life as ‘more than mere human manifestation as it was expressed in a multitude of forms’ (Bear ****). Bear uses this description of life to contrast the white man view of life. The white man is unappreciative of life and does not recognise the fullness and variety of life that surround him. Bear’s representation of the white man view of life is contrasted by Whitman, who argues that the white man appreciates nature as the source of life. Life is embodied in ‘geography … and rivers and lakes’ (Whitman iv). This portrays Whitman as having as much appreciation of life as the Lakota. The two authors also differ deeply in their definition of the white mind’s view of nature. While Bear presents the Lakota as ‘a
Introduction The economic system in the UAE and the countries of GCC is featured with high parameters. This is generally explained by the fact that the economy is diversified, and the consumer demand growth. As for the matters of supply and demand rates, these are featured with high investment rates, as well as the improved financial stability of the population. Statistical Analysis The supply and demand rate in the UAE and GCC is defined by numerous economic parameters. Hence, real estate property investment is defined as the key supply and demand derivative (Taecker, 34). By the researches by Al-Haj (559), and McLaurin (156), the property market that defines the supply and demand, is developed cyclically. However, the additional development impulse towards the market development is made by the development of international property market development. As it is stated by Cordesman (207): There are also not enough re-sale properties completed and available for re-sale On the other hand, the outlook for future supply is for a considerable expansion. Local agent Asteco reckons 84,000 new units over the next three years. Now 16,000 new residents arrived in Dubai in the first quarter of 2010, according to the latest figures. That would imply an annual demand for around 20,000 units, assuming that everyone was accommodated in a new unit, or resulted in somebody else moving into one. In the light of this fact, it should be emphasized that the actual importance of the real estate market for the demand and supply analysis is explained by the fact that the real estate market is one of the most influential, and defines the rates of supply and demand curves. The oil supply and demand of the GCC group is defined by the overall economic situation in the world, and by the growth of the oil market. As is emphasized in the resear
Introduction Following the currently experienced globalization, world economies are becoming more interdependent through trade and foreign investment. As it has been revealed, this economic integration among nations has largely been triggered by the increasing technology in the information system which has facilitated easy communication and financial partnerships among countries. As the world trade becomes more open and highly liberated, foreign investors and international traders have been quite opportunistic to venture in different international businesses; since the new face of global financialization has been intertwined with investment trends. This paper will discuss the ultimate relationship between Japan and United Arabs Emirates in terms of foreign trade and investment. According to Ramavarman (431), foreign trade has been one of the most significant economic boosters in Japan, through imports and exports with various countries, UAE being the dominant. The bilateral trade between Japan and UAE has reportedly been a potential anchor for the two economies’ stability. Between the year 2007 and 2009, the foreign trade between Japan and UAE was adversely affected due the global financial crisis whose origin was in US. It should be noted that, the great depression resulted into contracted consumption due to increased housing bubble, making consumers to cut their consumption. As a result, international trade among nations was adversely affected sin
Introduction Physical geographers, for a long time, have found it hard to define the boundaries of the European continent on its eastern region. Thus, this essay seeks to analyze the European boundaries, with a keen interest in defining the areas that can make the eastern boundary of the continent. It should be noted that the European continent is bounded by a mass of water bodies (oceans), but on its eastern part, the region is mountainous. Thus, it becomes difficult to explain whether the whole stretch of the mountains is part of Europe or is part of Asia. Thus, the question is asked: are the Ural Mountains in Russia the true definition of the eastern boundary of the European continent? This essay is in support of this, with the argument that these, indeed, are the true definitions of the eastern boundary. The long stretch of the Ural Mountains (approx. 1,550 miles), which are found in Russia, cannot be cut in any way to form the end of the eastern boundary. In this case, it is argued that the place where the 1,550 miles end, that is the end of the European eastern mountain (DeBlij & Muller, 2010). It is well noted that due to this areas’ high production of metal goods, machinery, and chemicals, it is argued over, with some geographers arguing that it belongs in the Asian continent. Indeed, since the largest industrial regions in Russia are found in the central and southern Ural Mountains, those areas are claimed by both continents. As geographic analysts have observed, Chelyabinsk city, which forms the capital city of the large region of Chelyabinsk, is approx. 62 degrees of the eastern longitude and approximately 55 degrees of the northern longitude. It is in the southern region of the mountains, approximately 1600 kilometers east of Moscow city in Russia. This city is the true boundary between the Asian continent and the eastern continent. Thus, it is only logical for it to be stated in this paper that the Ural Mountains, in which it is found the city of Chelyabinsk, form the much argued about the eastern boundary. (DeBlij & Muller, 2010). Conclusion It was noted in the above argument that many geographic analysts are yet to agree upon a true area that defines the eastern boundary of the European continent. However, it should not be of much trouble to anybody to pick from this essay that the eastern boundary of the European continent is defined by the Urals, the large stretch of mountains that are found in Russia. Thus, it has been statistically stated that the city of Chelyabinsk, therefore, is in Europe and not in Asia, as claimed by some geographers. Thus, the end of this city, specifically, is the beginning of the Asian continent as it marks the eastern boundary of the European continent.
Introduction Although confidentiality is a fundamental ethical principle in counseling, other considerations may require breaching it. The case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976) established the need to prevent harm to non-patients as one such consideration. Together with subsequent rulings like Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Center (1997), the Tarasoff decision has altered counselors’ understanding of confidentiality. This paper compares those rulings and assesses their influence on counseling. A Comparison and Contrast of the Court Decisions Despite differing substantially in many details and emphases, Tarasoff and Morgan’s cases are both concerned with the same central legal issue. Specifically, they revolve around the understanding that health care providers must protect members of the public from any danger posed by their patients (Younggren & Gottlieb, 2016). Those rulings demonstrate the diversity of situations in which issues of confidentiality and prevention of harm manifest. Tarasoff v. Regents of California (1976) The Tarasoff case was occasioned by the failure of the University of California to warn Tatiana Tarasoff about another student’s intention to kill her, which was known to a university psychologist. The court ruled that preventing danger took priority over confidentiality ( Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California , 1976). This decision established the prevention of harm to non-patients as a healthcare provider duty. Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Center (1997) In the Morgan case, the court found the Fairfield Family Counseling Center to be liable for a discharged patient’s murder of his parents. The center had discontinued the patient’s medication prematurely and dismissed his family’s concerns about his violent tendencies ( Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Center , 1997). The court decided that the relationship between mental healthcare providers and patients placed a special responsibility on the former. Similarities and Differences While both rulings affirmed the healthcare provider’s duty to prevent harm to non-patients, they approached it from different angles. Whereas the Tarasoff case established this duty as a principle, the Morgan case elaborated its rationale as a special relationship. Also, the Tarasoff ruling concentrated on the “duty to warn” (Adi & Mathbout, 2018, p. 6). The Morgan decision dealt with a broader set of responsibilities for minimizing danger. Nevertheless, confidentiality was cited in both cases as a countervailing public interest. Both courts agreed that protecting non-patients from violence was a higher priority. Influence on Confidentiality The two rulings have contributed to the emergence of a more restricted concept of confidentiality in counseling. The Tarasoff case se
Strengths and weaknesses of tiny tots as a business Tiny Tots toymakers is a business venture which is involved in the manufacture, sale, and supply of toys within and without the boundaries of New Zealand. The company, which is run by Ray, its founder, and owner, his wife, and a few employees, has some strengths and weaknesses as they shall be outlined in the following paragraphs. Strengths  1. Convenience : – according to the presented case study, the management of the company is concerned with the convenience of the customers in that their orders are respected and regarded highly. This is evident in the delivery process and also in the manufacturing process. The study has explicitly stated that the customers usually place their orders through post or mail or by making telephone calls. Once this has happened, the toys are made according to the customer’s specifications. On completion, the toys are packed and delivered conveniently to the customers. For any business to move along successfully there has to be enough conviction to the customers that they will get whatever they want conveniently from the store of their choice. This means that it is thus a very big advantage for tiny tots to have won the favor of recognition from the customers (Hill & Westbrook, 1997, 51).  2. Special features and benefits – Tiny tots is a factory that is involved with the manufacture and sale of toys. According to the proprietor, Ray is not vastly interested in sales but is more towards production. He claims to like doing the work himself and doing it in a very perfect way. In this manner, he tailors