ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The range of altitudes of the united population as illustrated by survey research does not always reflect the real situation on the ground. The experiments have shown that although there exist differences in the public opinions, the opinion polls conducted on the population is usually biased and fails to understate conservative opinion and also do not support republican party. Conservative critics argue that there exist white hostility towards the minority and the blacks in most of the opinion polls. The critics have also argued that opinion surveys sponsored by public media tend to be biased and inaccurate. Where the genuine results show differences in the altitude, there are genuine reasons. (Truman, 2004) Explanation on the range of altitude The critics of the polls claim that skewed samples fails to represent some kind of people as well as some point of view due to the difficulty in getting participants on telephone surveys since most American public are mostly under time pressures to attend to their work. These time pressures have increasingly risen in the recent past and therefore national opinion polls cannot be relied on as in the past because they tend to reflect range of altitude where it does not exist or fails to reflect the range where it exist. For example, during the presidential campaigns in 1996 that involved President Clinton and the republican challenger Bob, Clinton’s lead was regularly overstated and the most probable reason for this is that, conservatives tend to refuse responding to polls especially those polls from media outlets because they consider them biased. Majority of media polls in 1996 campaigns were also found to be grievously misleading and did not only exaggerate Clinton’s lead but also reduced turnout of dispirited republicans. Range in the altitude as reflected by the survey data also arise due to the cutting of too many corners by the national polls as argued by many scholars, because of the short period of time that the surveys are given in order to produce immediate results. This is in contrast to the rigorous surveys conducted by the university research centers. Reduction in the budget of the news media has also influenced a lot of methodological compromises together with the assumption that the media is using time-tested methods and therefore would always produce reliable measures of opinion and pretty good records in election forecasting. (Feltey, 1998) Media usage, daily activities and how people feel toward others has a lot of influence on people’s altitude in shaping their political opinions and also how long the public are exposed to a particular survey. This is because most of the public are likely to change their altitude over time due to other factors like reading of the national budget which has a strong influence on the public depending
In all medical setups, good communication should prevail between nurse managers, doctors and most importantly patients since information is the basis for medical attention. Nurse Managers should therefore ensure that all patients get satisfied and this can only be achieved through communicating effectively with them. Nurses are some of the professionals that need to communicate with their clients to promote understanding between them because it is only through communicating that they get to know the needs of their patients enabling them to easily solve their problems. Patients need to explain to the nurses what situations they are in, prior medications that they may have used or even professional information from other medical practitioners. Since nurse managers coordinate all activities in a hospital, their communication with other staff members is necessary because they are indirectly communicating with patients. Nurse Managers are required to have good personalities and should be caring and able to pay a lot of attention to patients. Despite efforts in training nurses to promote effective nurse-patient communication, the expected quality of communication has not been met between nurses and patients. Communication barriers are the major causes of inadequate treatment provisions by nurses as well as medical errors and unnecessary costs to patients (McNamara, 2007, p. 1). This lack of good communication skills in most cases is linked to poor training of nurses. Another major cause of miscommunication is time on the part of nurses, who may be working overtime and as a result of the pressure, end up providing poor services to patients. In rare cases, some nurses may feel free to communicate with people of certain social classes and not others. The low-class patients will therefore receive less efficient treatment than those of a higher social class (Lloyd, 2009, p. 1). There are many different modes through which nurse managers can communicate with patients. However, some of them may not be effective enough to allow for the provision of quality treatment. Face-to-face communication is the preferred way for nurses to communicate with their patients. This gives the nurse a great opportunity to get to know the patient as they continue to interact and the patients always feel free to talk and explain themselves more efficiently. The nurse also gets the chance to enquire more about the patient’s health background something that would have been more difficult to do through other forms of communication. The nurse is as well in a position to see the condition that the patient is in and this would help her prov
People’s exposure to such heavy metals as zinc and copper leads to diverse negative effects on their health due to the toxicity of these metals. Copper is classified as moderately toxic, while zinc is highly toxic, but both of them negatively influence people’s health (Bhargava, Gupta, Vats, & Goel, 2017). For instance, if a considerable amount of copper is ingested, people may develop liver toxicity and anemia that can lead to human death (Mahurpawar, 2015). Karim (2018) emphasizes that this heavy metal is specifically dangerous during prenatal development and for the newborn. It has been found that pregnant women’s exposure to copper and zinc through ingestion or inhaling can lead to various developmental abnormalities and the incidence of hereditary disorders in their children (Titma, Shimmo, Siigur, & Kahru, 2016). People’s exposure to these heavy metals through inhaling is common for neighborhoods located in proximity to e-waste recycling zones or other industrial facilities and results in a high incidence of cancer in adults and children (Huang et al., 2016; Zeng, Xu, Boezen, & Huo, 2016). People living near busy roads are also exposed to zinc and copper, which leads to the development of respiratory disorders (for instance, asthma) (Dietrich, Wolfe, Burke, & Krekeler, 2019; Zhou et al., 2014). Moreover, zinc and copper that can be found in house dust or water also contribute to the development of cancer (Neisi et al., 2016; Izah, Chakrabarty, & Srivastav, 2016). The prolonged inhale of copper and zinc particles leads to the development of neurodegenerative and neurological diseases, and children and the elderly are the most vulnerable groups (Heusinkveld et al., 2016). Therefore, it is clear that people’s exposure to zinc and copper is associated with adverse health outcomes that can affect all systems including the immune, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive (Fortoul et al., 2015; Xu, Zeng, Boezen, & Huo, 2015).
Discussion The Lego serious play methodology is a problem solving and insight building approach or strategy whose aim is to enhance creative thinking among all participants in organizations (Gauntlett, 2007).Through the methodology, organizations are able to have the employees and shareholders think and express or speak their true feelings without the fear of intimidation. Through it also, organizations have an opportunity to have everyone on board in the discussion of organizational issues which stimulates learning as well as thinking. The thinking and learning by all participants in organizations leads to new ideas or insights in regard to particular organizational issue(s) (Lockwood & Walton, 2009). The methodology is applied in many sectors, key among them education and arts as well as in business. It is related to constructivist theory by Papert, which holds that problems are mere constructions in peoples’ minds and thus the solutions to the problems lie within peoples’ minds, that is, people can construct the solutions to their problems (Sioukas, 2003.p.101) In business setting, the methodology is based on the philosophy that business problems or issues have their solutions from within, meaning that the members or shareholders of a business are the people with the solutions, only that they do not realize. It is also based on the thinking that real solutions lie in having realistic action plans which addresses the real problems or issues but not the symptoms of the problems (SIGCHI Group, 2006). The methodology is implemented through facilitation by an expert in the same. It involves organizing workshops for all members and shareholders of a business whereby they are engaged with the problem or issue at hand. During the workshop, everyone is treated equally and each and every one’s idea and thinking is acknowledged. The participants are provoked to think and imagine of solutions to the prevailing problem. Their responses, reactions and ideas are all recorded. In some cases, the participants in the workshops are given some physical exercises which reflect the problem at hand to perform (Jenkins & Jenkins, 2006). Through this physical activity which is performed merely as a play, the facilitator or expert in the methodology observes how the participants approach the issue(s) and thus gets to know various versions of dealing with the problem or issue at hand (Ventola, 1987). The methodology increases innovation and leadership attributes through getting everybody on board and having them think about the way forward in regard to a certain issue of concern to a busies or organization. It enhances leadership in the sense that it is undertaken in groups which must have defacto leaders, who get the opportunity to realize their potential in leadership thus ending up with many people with leadership skills within the organization or business. These defacto team or group leaders become ver
Introduction Data mining can be defined as the process of extracting useful information from the large amount of data stored in databases. With the rapid development in computer and information technologies, large databases are used to gather, store and retrieve data (Vaidya & Clifton 2004). Data mining systems exploit these data sources for the purposes of creating new knowledge. Data mining systems have the capacity to search through large amount of data that would be meaningless and convert it to useful information. Though data mining is a knowledge creation tool, it use for obtaining personal information has been widely criticized and is seen as unethical and an infringement to an individual’s privacy rights. Most private companies use data mining techniques to study consumer behaviour so as to reveal certain trends that can be exploited to increase their sales and profits. Government agencies, on the other hand, use information mining techniques to improve security and social governance. Government security agencies combine private and public databases with personal information so as to identify patterns that link particular individuals to terrorism, crime and corruption (Seifert 2007). Due to the power vested upon most government agencies, they have the authority to access information from both private and public databases. For example, government agencies can retrieve data stored by mobile phone companies so as to track their client calls and messages. The same case applies to emails and websites. Mining of data by government agencies have long been criticized and is seen as a threat to information privacy. Critics of personal data mining insist that it infringes on the rights of an individual and result to the loss of sensitive information (Fule & Roddick 2004). Privacy laws and policies should ideally be used to protect personal information from any misuse or transfer. According to Olson (2007), collecting personal information is unethical and unlawful as it violates privacy laws. On the other hand, government agencies insist that such mining activities are done with the intention of improving the national security, preventing terrorism and improving social governance. In this paper, a critical analysis of legal and ethical issues surrounding data mining by government agencies was done. Literature review Various studies show that even though data mining has many advantages, it use for surveying an individual without his consent can be potentially dangerous. Various publications discuss the importance of data mining to both private and public bodies. According to Wahlstorm et al. (2006), data mining is evolving rapidly due to the improvement in computing and information technologies. Methods of data collections have become sophisticated in the recent past with digital systems replacing manual methods. These digital methods include: biometric tags, radio frequency identification tags (RFID), cell phones, bar code readers, smart cards and Geographical Positioning System (GPS) location. These gadgets have enhanced the process of data collection. Wahlstorm et al. (2006) however cautions that,
Introduction Organisational culture is an integral aspect of any company’s activities and has many conventions and implications. The emphasis on maintaining a favourable microclimate and enhancing productivity is largely realised through appropriate management practices aimed at supporting organisational culture, which includes several sub-systems (Chatman & O’Reilly, 2016). In the aviation industry, this phenomenon is also expressed openly, and the example of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) will be considered. The issues of organisational, safety and professional cultures will be assessed in the context of their roles and influence on operational outcomes. ICAO’s activities will be evaluated by using Hofstede’s framework, the methodology that offers specific parameters for analysing cultural aspects of development (Helmreich & Merritt, 2018). In ICAO, adhering to organisational culture conditions has a positive impact on operational activities and allows its management to maintain high safety performance and job satisfaction, which is crucial parameters in civil aviation (Klimas, 2016). The structure of Hofstede’s model will be examined concerning its core components. Also, ICAO’s safety, organisational and professional cultures will be evaluated, and the interaction between them and safety performance will be determined. Organisational Culture: Basic Provisions Organisational culture is a set of measures aimed at strengthening essential aspects of activities related to the operational features of a particular enterprise. In the field of civil aviation were ensuring the safety of passengers and following a clearly defined mode of work are mandatory conditions, this phenomenon is manifested openly. Organisational culture assessment through Hofstede’s model is a convenient analytical method. This concept includes six basic dimensions defining crucial characteristics of a cultural environment, for instance, the parameters of collectivism, staff gender composition and other indicators (Kim, 2017). In addition, many researchers emphasise the dependence of organisational culture on social factors, which confirms the relevance of Hofstede’s theory (Gharpurea, Roya, Purang & Bhattacharyya, 2018; Noort, Reader, Shorrock & Kirwan, 2016). Therefore, the evaluation of an appropriate environment of interaction among employees is one of the stages of analysis. ICAO is an agency that hires employees around the world, which complicates the assessment of its organisational culture due to the diversity of staff and specialists’ distinctive backgrounds. At the same time, in civil aviation, such an analysis method is mandatory since a comprehensive assessment of working conditions allows identifying potential gaps and ways to address them (Gao, Au, Kwon & Leong, 2018). To determine the features of organisational culture in ICAO by using such a technique, there is no need to
Introduction Nowadays, globalization has a vehement impact on international economics and trade (Surugui & Surugui, 2015). It creates new possibilities for financial growth and expansion. However, management of multinational giants often faces challenges such as cultural diversity and has to develop strategies to take advantage of this threat (Tutar, Altinoz, & Cakiroglu, 2014). This trend led to the development of a fair trade movement that helped Starbucks gain its worldwide recognition and develop the international image. Nonetheless, when discovering Starbucks’ operations in GCC countries, apart from the support of fair trade, the company faces a plethora of challenges related to specifics of culture and economic environment. For example, the enterprise had to redesign its logo, as women could not appear on it in countries such as Saudi Arabia (Cader, 2015). At the same time, these countries are highly responsive to the actions of the company and may consider some of them as offensive (Cader, 2015). For example, along with having segregated locations for families and singles, one of the stores banned women from entering the restaurant while causing dissonance in society (Hanks, 2016). The idea of this research is unique, as it will reveal that multicultural giants such as Starbucks with certified products face challenges in particular markets. Consequently, it is vital to discuss the main details of this case, as it will help discover the trend of globalization from dissimilar angles. These findings can be actively used to understand the specifics of operating in GCC countries and avoid mistakes made by Starbucks. Analysis A brief description of the case study reflected above clearly shows that apart from a high recognition of companies worldwide, their management may face various challenges. The example of Starbucks can be actively used to present different types of globalization. In the first place, the company can be discovered as a trend-maker since Starbucks’ products create an association with a particular lifestyle that targets premium coffee-lovers and enthusiastic businessmen and students. Aiming at these niches and having the support of fair trade organizations helps the company have high profits and become one of the leaders in the market. It is one of the critical concepts of globalization, as, now, it is possible to spread ideas worldwide. Alas, a combination of these aspects did not ease Starbucks’ entrance to GCC countries. Not being able to take into account the specifics of Islamic advertising damaged the company’s reputat
The article review presents a summary ad critical review of the article Perceived Organizational Support: Reducing the Negative Influence of Coworker Withdrawal Behavior by Paul Eder and Robert Eisenberger published in the Journal of Management in 2008. The article discusses the withdrawal from work behavior of employees at the workplace. This behavior is costly to the organizations that look for ways and means to reduce such behaviors. The symptoms of such behavior evident in workplaces are absenteeism, taking long breaks, coming to work late, etc. The article by Eder and Eisenberger conducts two studies to understand the relationship between a high degree of perceived organization support (POS) by the employees to workgroup relation and individual tardiness, and effect of POS in reducing the relation between working teams and withdrawal behavior of an individual employee. The introduction of the article discusses and develops the argument for POS of employees and its positive effect on employee behavior. The researchers’ points out that employee usually has a general belief regarding the value that the organizations give them for their work and contribution. They, with reference to previous research, indicate that employees with a high level of POS have a more favorable outlook towards their job and are more dedicated to work. They use the support of the organizational support theory that posits that the employees develop POS to meet their socioemotional needs. According to this theory, there is a positive relation between employees’ organizational outcomes. Therefore, when POS is high employees are believed to increase attendance of employees, punctuality, and positive output. The introduction also discussed previous works on negative relationship between POS and withdrawal behavior. Given this background of the POS and its positive relation with employment outcome and negative impact on employee withdrawal behavior, the researchers stated the purpose of the paper. The aim of the paper is clearly stated to “investigate the possibility that POS may have an especially strong influence when employees are members of workgroups that engage in high levels of withdrawal behavior, allowing the individual employee’s own high level of withdrawal behavior to go unnoticed”. The main reason for such withdrawal behavior is thought to be social loafing. In other words, they argue that whatever the reason for withdrawal, employees engaged in a group tends to withdraw from work when they observe other group members withdrawing from work. Then the research article subdivides into two subcategories – effect of working groups on individual employee withdrawal behavior and the effect of POS on withdrawal behavior of employees. These two se