ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction New economic conditions have moved major world economies, including the United States, from a major basis on manufacturing to a dependence on services that require specialized skills. As a result, it is becoming less important to discriminate against women in the workplace because an increasing number of jobs are now created that do not require excessive physical stains that characterize the manufacturing industry. A large-scale embracement of division of labor has also made routine factory tasks easier thus breaking the barriers of entry for women to these industries. Scott, Treas and Richards (2004) state that as the rate of women employment increases and demand for specialized skill increase, more women are opting to delay marriage to cope with the increasing responsibilities facing them. Feminine Employment Feminine employment has significantly contributed to an increase in disposable household’s incomes of families in cases where the employed young person still lives with their parents. Employment of a young woman reduces the need for her parents to provide for her basic needs like food and transport as well as purchase of personal products. Young women coming from economically disadvantaged families are likely to contribute to the family expenditure budget thus enabling the family to purchase more necessities and investments. Feminine employment is a major reason why most single mothers prefer to raise their children alone, however single parenthood has also been associated with child poverty as the parent is unable to compensate fully for gaps in child support that would otherwise come from the income of two parents. As the economy creates more demand for specialized labor, people have to study and train more, leaving them with little time to pursue personal interests. In addition, rapid urbanization has created population explosion that has surpassed the rate at which infrastructure development catches up leading to chronic delays within that force individuals to allocate extra time to meet deadlines and appointments. Time scarcity has necessitated the spending on premium goods and services that are reliable and facilitate timely engagements at work and at personal social space. It has also increased the need to have virtual engagements to compensate for distance barriers that require adequate time allocation to cover. The new expenditures necessitated by time scarcity has force individuals to reduce their spending on other items or tap more into their savings. Time Crunch Lack of adequate time also limits the individual’s potential of obtaining an income increase through an a
“Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings”, by Robert C. Solomon, presents an introduction to the subject of philosophy and gives an overview into the fundamental problems of philosophy that constitute the subject as well as the spectrum of perspectives used by various philosophers to resolve these problems (Oxford University Press). Rene Descartes French Philosopher Rene Descartes, also widely hailed as “The Father of Modern Philosophy”. “Meditations on First Philosophy” was first published in 1641. He believed that the acquiring of knowledge was an action that man was not capable of performing by the use of his senses rather man acquired knowledge through the reasoning of logic and judgment (Lex Newman). Descartes draws a strong line between the belief of the existence of something and the knowledge of the existence of something. For instance, Descartes states: I shall proceed by setting aside all that in which the least doubt could be supposed to exist, just as if I had discovered that it was absolutely false; and I shall ever follow in this road until I have met with something that is certain, or at least, if I can do nothing else, until I have learned for certain that there is nothing in the world that is certain. (Solomon 195). In the coming paragraphs, an analysis of Descartes’ standpoint of knowledge and man’s acquiring of knowledge shall be analyzed (European Graduate School). Descartes is also of the opinion that man does not merely acquire knowledge as he lives, but there are certain elements of knowledge that are of an innate nature to man (Solomon, Introducing Philosophy ). Descartes refers to these elements of knowledge as absolute truths of the universe that are woven into God’s creation of the universe. In layman terms, Descartes believed that the only way to be sure of an existence of a
Abstract Aviation industry in France has come a long way evolving over the years to emerge as one of the vital industries enhancing industrialization in France. The French aerospace is autonomous with state-of-the-art technology which has been the benchmark for the growth of the country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product). The country’s export industry accounts for 75% GDP courtesy of an effective and a sophisticated aerospace (Winston, 2008). The amalgamation of five private airlines in the year 1933 led to the formation of Air France, the national airline (Charles, 1974). The airline operated solely as the national carrier for seven decades and in the year 2003, KLM (Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij), a Dutch airline was incorporated owing to the government’s efforts to privatize the industry (Leonard, 1999). As a result, the airline conquered the European market emerging as the most lucrative airline in the world over accounting for 25.5% of the Europe’s market share (Dolganis, 1995). France’s stable political environment coupled with its strategic location in Europe has been a great impetus to its tourism industry thereby enhancing an influx of tourists. The efficiency in handling the multitude of tourists has been made possible by an effective airline which boasts a great deal of international airports. The French aviation industry operates under six market segments. Civil and military aircrafts form the major market segment of the French aviation industry responsible for the major revenues earned by the French governments. In a nutshell, this paper will focus on the: French national airline, the international airports in France, military aircraft manufacture in France and the tourism industry in France. Introduction The French aviation industry has come along way dating back to early 19 th century when the first company committed to the manufacturing of aircrafts was formed. French aviation industry is unquestionably the pioneer of the early aviation industry (Charles, 1974). Gabriel Voisin and Ernest Archdeacon’s Syndicat d’Aviation was the pioneer company established in the year 1905 (Leonard, 1999). According to Leonard (1999), Blériot and Voisin merged to form the Blériot-Voisin Company towards the end of the very year of establishment. The company lasted for a short spell before falling out in the year 1906 with Viosin assuming the full ownership after buying of the partners shares. Another merger was formed between Viosin and Charles and this later transformed the companies name to Viosin Freres (Paolo, 1975). The company registered positive results such that prior to the commencement of the World War 1 in
It is not a secret that today many Americans face financial problems related to healthcare. The government claims to do the best for the citizens and provides them with various programs that are created to be beneficial for the general public, especially for the vulnerable populations, but is it so? To my mind, if the government is willing to provide the funds for innovative drugs, it is great. In the perspective of making healthcare services and medicines affordable for the population, their wish to reduce the prices is decent. If the organizations that were creating the drug tend to make the prices high, the government should influence them. Still, I am not sure that they are willing to do so always. In other words, if the government would be allowed to change the prices and make them lower, what would forbid it to make them higher in other situations? Today healthcare is a rather costly affair, and many individuals are not able to afford long-lasting treatment. As a rule, health problems are often faced by vulnerable populations because they do not have a decent environment every day. That is why they catch different diseases and, over time, occur to be not able to pay for the needed services and medicines. After consulting a doctor, they are given a prescription for the drugs that are supposed to help. Unfortunately, patients cannot change the prescribed medication for the alternative one even if it costs less. According to the laws, only every drug can be used or its approved generic copy (Engelberg, 2015). As a result, many people give up and stop the treatment earlier than it is needed. In this way, the rates of disability and death increase. Some people also do not have enough money to buy products of high quality and often eat fast food, which leads to obesity. Even those who can afford better products yield to junk food because it is tasty and easy to get. As a consequence, more than half of all Americans today are overweight. Still, attention is paid to the prevention of the major causes of the diseases but not at their treatment. American healthcare costs are changing every year, and they only become higher and higher. However, the positive outcomes of such funds are not seen. Healthcare providers are talking about the diseases, but they seem to forget that they are a healthcare system, and they should be concerned about their patients but not the illnesses. It would be better if the medical industry turns towards the treatment of the patients instead of just taking measures to prevent them. When people are already ill, prevention will not already help. That is why the main purpose of a healthcare system is to alter. It should accept innovations and implement decent low-cost ways of treatment. Of course, it does not mean that they should forget about the prevention of
The Civil Rights Movement in its modern form was characteristic for the development of the American society during the period of the 1950s-1980s. The movement was started as the reaction of the African Americans to the social segregation and discrimination. The protests against segregation and discrimination were actively supported by the public, and President Kennedy initiated the discussion of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to stop racial discrimination in the American society. Although the positive role of the Civil Rights Movement for changing the role of the African Americans in the American society is visible, this topic is also essential to be discussed because the movement for the African Americans’ rights provoked the associated movements against the social and gender inequality. Thus, many effects of the Civil Rights Movement are observed in the modern American society which develops resolving the challenging questions of racism and inequality. That is why, this research aims to answer an important question: What modern effects of the Civil Rights Movement related to the issues of racism, discrimination, and inequality can be noticed in the present-day American society? To explain the effects of the Civil Rights Movement from the sociological perspectives, it is necessary to refer to the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist theories. Many modern researchers focus on the functionalist perspective and agree that the Civil Rights Movement influenced the society positively, and these effects can be observed today because the society is transformed, the problems of racism and inequality are discussed openly; referring to the conflict perspective, it is possible to note that discrimination is illegal, and the principle of the social justice and gender equality are followed. Following the functionalist perspective, it is essential to state that the society develops as the whole composed of connected parts which should interact according to the idea of social balance. From this perspective, the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-1960s caused the development of many other social movements oriented to protecting women, sexual minorities, and workers’ rights, and these movements contributed to maintaining the necessary social equilibrium. According to Isaac and Christiansen, ascendant social movements and modern protests can contribute to advancing the results of the Civil Rights Movement of the 20 th century because the principles of the social justice are re-thought and followed according to the tendencies of the new transformed society (Isaac & Christiansen, 2002, p. 724-725). Referring to the principle of social interconnectedness, the authors conducted the quantitative research on the connection between the Civil Rights Movement and changes in the labor militancy, and they concluded that the Civil Rights Movement’s methods can also be successfully followed today (Isaac & Christiansen, 2002). As a result, the Civil Rights Movement can be discussed as the functional element because it influenced the radical transformation of the American soci
Introduction This chapter will introduce the research study. In other words, it will shortly discuss about the topic from different perspectives. For example, a thorough background to the study will be dealt with in the introductory part. In addition, this chapter will investigate why Russia has had the desire to spread its influence to CIS countries. Besides, there will also be importance to talk about political issues that have been surrounding control of wealth among the CIS countries (Tochitskaya & Lucio 18). One of the reasons why it will be important to consider the aspect of wealth control in these regions is because there are few studies that have successfully explored this area as far as politics of Russian investments on CIS regions is concerned. Therefore, this study will investigate the same by providing examples from several industrial sectors. It will also discuss some of the motivating factors for business investments in some of the selected countries that will be put under study. Literature review Chapter two of this research study will discuss expansion of Russia into nations of Commonwealth of Independent States and how these nations have been affected politically. This chapter will also consider how Russian trade relations have affected political relations of CIS countries with Russia. Some of the sources that will be used to support this chapter will be chosen based how Russia and CIS countries have been relating with each other (Tochitskaya & Lucio 22).The chapter will further look into other pieces of literature that have talked about studies on how expansion of Russia into commonwealth independent states has contributed to its infrastructure, population, energy, governance and economy. In line with this, the chapter will consider how the border region has continued to be an issue between Russia and CIS countries. As a matter of fact, international relations still remain as center of focus among the regions that will be addressed in the study. Even as Russia expands to commonwealth nations, there seems to be no agreement at all. Even though such expansions have been witnessed in the past, the emerging challenges of 21 st century especially those touching on regional or global security are yet to be debated openly. This is because the same issues have continued to raise questions on security and international relations in the region. However, some studies have argued that in spite of prevailing concerns on global security, political and economic fairness of the CIS regions has continued for long. This chapter will also investigate past agreements between Russia and other CIS countries. It will further analyze how recent agreements on international region between various states have impacted Russia politically (Appadurai 67). It will look at earlier studies on recent agreements between CIS and Russia have contributed to putting to an end minor border disputes in the region and how the
Introduction This paper examines why the rate of poverty is higher among single black mothers than among single white mothers. The paper presents findings from a library based research. Analysis of library sources indicates that there are many factors that contribute to a higher rate of poverty among single black mothers as compared to single white mothers. The paper establishes that lack of clear policies and measures to improve the living conditions and prospects for single black women leads to their increasingly impoverished lives. The policies on childcare, pension and discrimination, which are in place, favor the single white women. Statement of the problem Poverty denotes lack of minimum basic needs necessary to maintain life .i.e. food, clothing, healthcare, basic education and shelter. The poor in this case are those people who do not have the opportunity to lead a comfortable or a descent standard of living due to a compromised financial position in society. Poor people have very low incomes compared to the ‘nation’s median income’. A nation’s median income is the average income of individuals in a nation. Poverty among single black mothers is on the increase. On the other hand, statistics show that poverty is reducing among single white mothers. Single black mothers have been susceptible to low income wages and live below poverty line than their single white mothers (Farley, 2009, 21). This research’s aim was to establish why this worrying trend persists. Hypothesis Despite there being many reasons that could explain why poverty levels among single black mother is higher than among single white mothers, this research hypothesized that the white population has more employment prospects than their black friends. Therefore, single white mothers have more prospects of earning a living than the single black mothers. Discussion It is an established fact that, generally, poverty rates are higher among black Americans than among the white Americans. Therefore, it is not very surprising that poverty rates are higher among single black mothers than among single white mothers. Several factors have been proffered to explain this trend across America. Whenever one considers poverty, education as a driver of social mobility can not be ignored. The quality of one’s education enables him or her to lead a good life because education enables one to possess a higher chance of securing a better job (Farley, 2009, p. 78). Educationally, single black mothers are more disadvantaged compared to single white mothers. Lack of right qualifications, mean that less single black women, as compared to single white women, meet the challenging job market requir
Introduction The effect of technological change on the distribution of income is becoming widely recognized and documented based on its effects on patterns of local and international trade. Technological innovations affect the patterns of local and international trade because of increased efficiency in production. There is a huge literature on technological innovations and transfer of technology as it relates to local and international trade. Interestingly, world trade has not fully adopted the literature and policies on technological transfer in spite of the vast information on the outcomes of technological innovations (Krugman, 1979, p. 253). In the appraisal of the effects of technological change on the distribution of income, two economic issues arise, which are efficiency and equity (Scobie & Posada, 1978, p. 87). To begin with, technological change has led to an increased efficiency in production that scholars attribute to increased income. The increase in efficiency, as measured by increased work output, results from adoption of new technological innovations (David & Otsuka, 1994, p. 12). Moreover, technological innovations lead to increase product life cycle attributable to product development and improvement. The increase in output leads to a higher income measure in Gross Domestic per Product (G.D.P). The change in technology has led to increase industrialization and urbanization, which raises concerns of equity on the structure of industrial distribution of income. The development of industrialization as accompanied by technological change leads to rural-urban migration. The total income distribution of the whole population is a sum of the income distribution of the rural and urban populations. Therefore, it is deducible that the urban population has higher average per capita income than the rural population. Moreover, the gap in percentage share of income distribution is to some extent higher in the urban population than the rural population (Kuznets, 1995, p. 5). One can understand the income distribution using three concepts, which are functional distribution, extended functional distribution, and size distribution. Functional distribution is relative to the concern of primary production factors such as land, capital, and labour. Technological change lies in the extended functional distribution of income that relates to the mode of production. Lastly, size distribution is attributed to income levels of society. This essay paper uses the extended functional approach of income distribution to discuss the effects of technological change on the distribution of income. The Extended Functional Approach Most economic theories rely on the extended functional approach of income distribution. The aggregations to the extended functional approach vary between different countries depending on the country itself and the problem under study such as technological effects on income distribution (Adelman & Robinson, 1989, p. 965). The Orthodox Marxian view of the extended functional approach is that it wo
Nurse practitioners (NPs) should be aware of their patients’ cultural beliefs, values, and practices. This knowledge can guide them to offer high-quality and personalized medical services. Caregivers who embrace these ideas will achieve their goals much faster and meet the health demands of more people. This paper examines the relevance of cultural competencies in advanced practice nursing. Cultural Competence and Advanced Practice Nursing Professionals in advanced practice nursing should develop superior models to meet the changing needs of their patients. Harkess and Kaddoura (2016) define “cultural competence” as the ability to develop appropriate thoughts, environments, and values and use them efficiently to deliver high-quality services to more individuals from diverse backgrounds. The concept also focuses on the best models to support patients’ health demands. Advanced practice nurses who take these definitions into consideration will provide desirable care and empower their patients to achieve their potential. As populations continue to become more diverse, cultural competencies should be considered in order to improve the outcomes of many patients. Practitioners who embrace the concept will also realize their goals much faster. Institutions that embrace this idea will guide their nurses to develop evidence-based care delivery models (Mackey & Bassendowski, 2017). They will also introduce interpreters, establish desirable values, and encourage other professionals to be part of the process. Every practitioner will identify his or her prejudices and manage them efficiently. Consequently, more patients will have access to evidence-based and genuine medical care. Selected Video The video “Cultural Competence: Managing Your Prejudices” stands out since it had the biggest impact on my perspective concerning cultural awareness and sensitivity. According to it, practitioners should develop an effective philosophy to guide them whenever providing medical services to their patients (Price-Wise, 2009). The first issue is that nurses should be in a position to manage their personal prejudices. This practice can empower them to relate positively with colleagues and patients from different backgrounds. Issues such as socio-economic levels, sexual orientation, language barriers, and disabilities will not affect the quality of medical services availabl