ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The documentary “Freedom Riders” describes the experiences of hundreds of freedom activists whose agenda was to challenge racial discrimination in the United States interstate transport sector. These civil rights protesters traveled in interracial groups to different southern states (“Freedom Riders”). The activists wanted to ensure all people had access to waiting rooms and bus terminal restaurants across the nation. This discussion analyzes the documentary in an attempt to understand the strategies employed by the civil rights activists. Changing Media Landscape The movie reveals that the activists of the 1960s capitalized on the changing media landscape in an attempt to pursue their aims. The campaigners were accompanied by photographers and reporters who covered their actions and missions. Most of these journalists were from the Black Press (“Freedom Riders”). The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was observed to bring on board a freelance writer to ensure every happening was covered. This analysis shows clearly that the riders were aware of the potential benefits of the emerging media industry. This approach would make it easier for them to sensitize more people about the ongoing struggle. Although early coverage and news labeled most of these riders as extremists, eyewitness accounts, images, and revelations encouraged more people to sympathize and support the riders’ agenda. For instance, images of the beatings at Birmingham Trailways Bus Station were shared across the nation. One of the buses burned in Anniston was captured on camera. The Ku Klux Klan members collaborated with the police to attack most of the freedom activists (Silver 13). The KKK attacked one of the photographers known as Tommy Langstom. More people were able to understand and follow these heinous events. Different newspapers and radio stations made it possible for more people to come into terms with whatever was happening during the time. The use of media exposed the brutality perpetrated by the state and the KKK. The media presented the reality to the people. Various channels, such as NBC and CBS, described the experiences and encounters of the activists accurately. News reporters covered the mob violence experienced in Montgomery and the escort through Mississippi River (“Freedom Riders”). These events are believed to have empowered more movement leaders to pursue their rights. Competing Strategies The film explores how different groups used competing strategies to realize their objectives. For instance, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) chose to conduct a reconciliatory journey to ensure more people were informed about the existing discrimination in the country’s public transport. The strategy capitalized on the rulings made by the Supreme Court in Morgan vs. Commonwealth of Virginia and Boynton vs. Virginia (LaFayette and Johnson 22). The group embr
Introduction The issues raised by the facts are, first, whether Bedford can satisfy all the necessary features of a cause of action in intentional interference with contract or business relations against Lowell Litigant. The second issue is whether the facts can also support a suit against his wife, Betty, for breach of contract and fiduciary duty. These two factors are the primary determinants of how a court is likely to rule on the matter. Rule Intentional Interference with Business Relations The Massachusetts Appeals Court, in Kurker v Hill (1998), articulated the four constitutive elements of a case for the intentional meddling with contractual or beneficial commercial relationships. First, an economically valuable commercial association between the petitioner and a third party must be present. Second, the defendant or respondent must know about this relat
Introduction Historical facts can sometimes be misinterpreted, changed, or simply forgotten as time passes, both on purpose and accidentally. This tendency results in the emergence of many myths that people treat as real facts. American history is not an exception in this context and its colonial history in particular. One of the popular customs that roots back to the Pilgrims’ times is Thanksgiving Day. Nevertheless, much of the information that is traditionally considered to be history appears to be a myth. Thus, what are the real facts that originated in the Thanksgiving celebration? Main body Usually, history books contain a familiar picture depicting a group of Pilgrims preparing a November feast to celebrate a successful harvest of 1621 and thank the local Indian population for help. The Pilgrims were the Plymouth settlers, and the ritual meal was an embodiment of hypothetical collaboration between Pilgrims and the natives (Fee & Webb, 2016). This event is treated as the first Thanksgiving dinner, which started a tradition that is a couple of centuries old. Still, the fact is that this event was not called Thanksgiving until the 1830s (Salam, 2017). Moreover, the holiday became official only in 1863 during Abraham Lincoln’s presidency, when it was treated as a thank you for victories in the Civil War. Conclusion Also, the event is traditionally treated as a religious occasion, which is not true because a harvest festival with drinking and gambling can hardly be considered solemn. In addition, there are doubts that the festival could be organized in November since the harvest time is usually in September and October. Finally, meals that are common for contemporary Thanksgiving were not a part of a menu of Pilgrims of that time. On the whole, there are probably more myths than historical facts in the tradition of celebrating Thanksgiving.
Introduction International negotiation in general is an interactive process, which serves as an instrument to end a continuing conflict or to arrive at a solution for a controversy. Good preparation forms the basis for successful international negotiations. “It may also serve as a means to achieve common objectives or agreements among individuals or groups (parties) in relation to a specific object, material or immaterial, within a framework of pre-established rules, known and accepted by the parties involved. These parties are directly or indirectly interested in the object and in the objectives of the negotiation,” (Meridiano, 2010). International negotiations also include international business negotiations, which falls under the scope of this research. While adequate preparation happens to be the most important aspect that precedes every round of international negotiations, negotiators often are found to be inadequately prepared and there has been dearth of research on the subject. Most of the existing guidelines have been developed over the period without any research backing. These guidelines focus on concepts such as the underlying concerns of a negotiator and the best alternatives to a negotiated agreement (BATNA), and mostly these guidelines are adopted by the negotiators in their encounters (Fisher and Ertel, 1995; Thompson, 1998). In the realm of international negotiations, the terms planning and preparation are often used interchangeably. However, “preparation” is much more encompassing, as it includes all the efforts and activities of the negotiator undertaken before the actual negotiation takes place, when the negotiator is at the top of his form. Without undertaking an effective preparatory process, the negotiator in an international negotiation is not likely to get satisfying and successful outcomes. Therefore, preparation becomes an essential process in international negotiation. In this context, this presentation focuses on the preparation for international negotiations from a systematic perspective. International Negotiations This section reviews the perspectives on international negotiations to have a better understanding on the scope of the research inquiry. The objective of any international negotiation is to arrive at an acceptable conclusion, which reduces disagreements and enhances benefits for the parties to the negotiation. According to Martin et al., (1999), a comprehensible negotiation process forms the basis of any fruitful business association at an international level. International negotiations for the purpose of this paper are restricted to international business negotiations. An international business negotiation can be defined as the interaction
Free Will and Dependence of Historical Events Machiavelli replaced the medieval concept of divine omnipotence with objective historical necessity, which he called fate. In the historical process, he assigns a prominent place to the free will of the individual and aims for people to participate creatively in politics actively. So, in his opinion, the story depends on two factors. He called the first one “fortune,” meaning by this not the blind force of fate but the natural course of events, and their causal relationship, the second factor he called “virtu” (will, talent, energy). Thus, Machiavelli raised the question of the historical and political process laws and the need for both objective conditions and the role of the human factor, participants in political activity. Human nature is the same in all states and among all peoples; interest is the most common cause of human actions, from which their relationships, institutions, and history are formed. To manage people, you need to know the reasons for their actions, aspirations, and interests. The structure of the State and its activities should be based on the study of human nature, psychology, and drives. Nature has created people so that they can desire everything, but they cannot achieve everything (Niccolò, 1513). Because of this, people are restless, ambitious, suspicious, and never satisfied with their share. Therefore, in politics, one should always count on the worst and not the excellent and ideal. Historical events in all their forms directly depend on the individual and the strength of circumstances. However, according to Machiavelli’s concept, a strong personality can resist coincidences. Careful consideration of the circumstances and the ability to change policy following the situation can ensure the success of the rulers. The choice of a goal by a particular person depends on circumstances, not on morality. Therefore, the plan aligned with the means and the means with the events and results. Class Conflict and Successful Government Machiavelli saw the roots of class conflict as the origin of human society, a form of political communication of people in the broad sense of the word, as an exchange of information, and as perception and interaction. Machiavelli argues that at the beginning of time, when there were few inhabitants of the earth, they lived scattered around the world, like animals. For the best protection and interaction, people started to choose leaders of their kind, more robust and braver, and o
Promiscuity is now the most common way for HIV to spread. Many people have multiple sexual partners, and prostitution is widespread around the world. Unfaithfulness is practiced by a huge number of persons in partnerships who are undisturbed about the repercussions. Poverty upsets a substantial percentage of the emerging world’s population (Sousa et al., 2017). The mainstream of poor individuals is forced to do whatever to create a living, comprising of engaging in sexual behaviors that are a significant peril for the illness. There have been numerous occurrences of young individuals involved in saleable sex. This behavior has been revealed to upsurge the prevalence of infection dramatically. Underprivileged people also have restricted access to education, resulting in a high degree of illiteracy among them. Polygamy works by founding parallel sexual systems within a marriage involving numerous women and their husbands and any adulterous sexual contacts the partner may have. Straight sexual transmission of HIV can happen when the disease is presented through the husband’s extramarital sexual acquaintances or when a new wife who is HIV positive comes into the adulterous union (Sousa et al., 2017). Sexual cleaning, Widowhood-related rituals, and womanly genital cutting are all detrimental cultural practices that intensify the danger of HIV transmission. Traditional morals and customs are normally used to validate these actions. HIV spreads through a wife’s inheritance if the new husband or widow carries the virus. Many people avoid HIV testing because persons living with the illness are stigmatized. If they are proven to have the virus, most persons who succeed in becoming tested do not report their status. They also have a rough time attaining antiretroviral (ARV) medicines or using them in public. Those who are unaware of their status continue to engage in high-risk activities and behaviors (Sousa et al., 2017). Another aspect is ignorance, in which most people are fully conscious of the disease but endure to engage in behaviors that feed its spread. It is contributing to the global HIV and AIDS epidemic negatively. Reference Sousa, J. D., Müller, V., & Vandamme, A. M. (2017). The epidemic emergence of HIV: what novel enabling factors were involved?. Future Virology , 12 (11), 685-707.
Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India are among the earliest civilizations which are found in history. They were capable of growing food both for consumption and for business as they were found near rivers. The system which determines all the foundation of those civilizations is the one referred to as river valley civilization. Civilizations were independent of each other depending on the religious and social environment (Armesto, et al. 2001). On the other hand, they shared some features. Finally, the civilizations declined as a result of wars and disunity among the civilization due to poor ruling. The essay will compare and contrast the political civilization of the four states. To begin with, Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and china all have irrigated agriculture which is the common cause of every civilization existing within them. The political, economic and social civilizations in these states had a strong foundation of water presence. Politically, they were differently ruled but they as well shared in some features. Mesopotamia was divided into some divisions called city-states which were seen as an image of heaven on earth (McCannon, 2008). The leadership of the kings was viewed as an original divine. The rulings of the king were taken with a lot of seriousness by the citizens. The democracy in Mesopotamia was considered by many people as very primitive. The laws were being administered by the government and representatives who were responsible for everyday affairs. The Mesopotamia king Hammurabi gave out a written down code of law. These laws of King Hammurabi were hostile and divided people into classes. The ruling of King Hammurabi was considered to disintegrate the people who were once united. The people were not given any chance to air their views nor contribute to decision-making (Rothermund & Kulke, 2004). The life of people in Mesopotamia turned to be fearful and full of revenge. It was based on the theory of the eye for an eye. In Egypt the ruler was the king just like in Mesopotamia. King Pharaoh was the supreme leader here. As well he served the state as the most supreme spiritual leader. The office of the pharaoh was believed by the Egyptians to be godly because pharaoh was considered by many as a god (The New York Times 2008). The government as well was divided into different parts just like in Mesopotamia. The divisions of the government were controlled by vizier on behalf of the king. Egypt’s state was divided into provinces unlike Mesopotamia which was divided into city-states. Gove
Abstract The concept of corporate sustainability is escalating in Saudi Arabia. Many smaller corporations in the country are participating in sustainability issues to enhance their viability. The firms seek to apply internationally recognized sustainability principles in their initiatives. Most sustainability programs are focusing on improvement of the environment and communities livelihoods. Saudi corporate companies have developed approaches for assessing the impacts of their operations on environment and society. Indicatively, many firms also implement social sustainability projects to assist communities. Therefore, this research proposal hypothesizes that the regulations are applicable in corporate sustainability in Saudi Arabia. This paper proposes diverse research methods that are applicable in the study. It proposes a review of available literature on corporate sustainability in Saudi Arabia. It also proposes to use qualitative investigation approaches in the study. Simple sampling approaches are also proposed especially in identifying top corporations, suitable government officials, and sector key players in Saudi. Introduction Corporate Sustainability is an essential approach in the corporate sector. The private sectors have obligations to offer assistance to people in places where they operate. Furthermore, corporations have responsibilities to provide sustainability services. They have obligations to give back to the environment in order to ensure maintenance of its integrity. Notably, the private sector sustainability approaches seeks to apply global best practices. Most corporate sustainability activities focus on climate change mitigation. Furthermore, many corporate attempt to adhere to diverse environmental footprints in their activities. The private sector also implements different social responsibility programs to assist their consumers. Literature Review Understanding corporate sustainability hypothesis is not the essential concern in Saudi Arabia. Rather, it is about transforming theory into applications. The private sector comprehend that the potential for corporate sustainability to create industry brand and societal values is independent of company size (NCB 8). Smaller Saudi Arabian corporations are keen on corporate sustainability as a way of escalating their competitiveness. Furthermore, many corporations engaged in corporate sustainability sees their engagements as an indispensable part of conducting business (Boone, Doorneweert & Schans 4). Most Saudi companies implement private sector sustainability programs that conform to the inclusive best practices. Indicatively, their operations are hinged on desirable corporate governance and risk management sustainability fundamentals (Fatani). The corporations green activities ar
Charlotte Facility Strengths The facility’s safety standards are quite commendable. This is quite fundamental, especially when it comes from the United States government. The facility also produces high-quality bedding, which puts it at a higher-level competition-wise. It has set aside committees that handle most of its safety requirements in the various departments that it has. These departments in most cases specialize in the production of interrelated commodities. The facility has the strong financial backing to conduct its operations. This is visible from the financial statements. Weaknesses The charlotte facility is expanding at a very slow rate. This is in sharp contrast to the amount of profit that the company makes. Its presence is basically in one state, North Carolina. It has not made any forays in other states, leave alone foreign countries. This is a case of missed opportunities. Its balance sheet and income statement show potential. The facility should take advantage of this and expand. The company’s online presence is not well defined. Its website optimization is not a priority making it hard for people to find the company by engaging search engines (Johnson, Scholes, and Whittington, 2010). Eastvaco Strengths The company has a large number of customer bases. This gives it an insurmountable market share that can only be eroded through high-level marketing. This is what many companies fear especially in this global economic environment. The cost of doing business is quite high. The company has a burgeoning balance sheet and its income statement shows an improvement every year. With this, they can be able to expand. This is unlike competitors who are facing problems in that department. Weaknesses The company’s managerial status is wanting. The company managerial positions are not well defined which makes it hard to run the company. Its marketing strategy is also a source of criticism. For instance, its online presence is visibly not there. This makes it get exposed. Competitors may have an upper hand in the future in light of this disregard. It is like the company does not take into consideration the changing business environment. If it has a website, it should make an effort towards updating it and optimizing its search so that potential customers are not disillusioned by its lack of online presence (McGee, Thomas, and Wilson, 2005). Opportunities Both the company and the facility have opportunities that they can explore. As noted earlier when discussing weaknesses, both have no defined online presence. This means there is a glaring gap from which competitors can fire salvos. The company and the facility should make their online presence manifest so as to tap into the market that is quickly shifting to that arena. This will also give them opportunities to tap into foreign markets (Johnson, Scholes, and Whittington, 2010). The financial statements
Course Commentary The book entitled The Business of Women: Marriage, Family, and Entrepreneurship in British Columbia, 1901-51 by Melanie Buddle highlights some of the most important contributions of women to the Canadian business and history. Particularly, the book explores women in business cycles, and how this has generally translated to improvement of business in Canada. Perhaps, the issue of women’s contribution to the economy of the country has been given prominence in the book bearing in mind that “…women sole proprietors (are) the fastest growing segment of the Canadian small business landscape” (Buddle 2). The book is more or less of a call for women to continue with their efforts to not only build themselves economically, but also develop their respective countries. Another point of consideration from the highlights of the book is that women are not only engaging in business for the purposes of devel