ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Leadership is a slippery word that is defined differently by different people in the world. Some people consider leadership as a process while others defines it as a responsibility. It is quite interesting to note that leadership is very different from science because leaders are not certain whether they will attain their goals or not. Studies define leadership as a process of having things done by people. It is also a process of being in charge of a certain group or organization in the society. The fact with leadership is that it either can be inherited or acquired meaning that people can be born with leadership while others can acquire it. The objective of this study is to explore the concept of leadership by answering questions related to leadership styles such as factors that lead to effective leadership and how leaders influence people lives among others (Clark & Poortenga, 2003). Discussion Compare and contrast the leadership styles and scope of influence of two historical figures The story of ethics: Fulfilling our nature is a resourceful book written by Clark, K. and Poortenga, A. The book explores the concept of leadership by highlighting various theories of leadership that are evident in both tradition and modern world. Based on the book, researchers were able to identify some of leaders who have been considered as historical figures in the world. Examples of such historical figures include Bill Clinton, George bush, Nelson Mandela, Idi Amin Dada and Julius Nyelele among others. All these leaders used different styles of leadership to lead the society. The study discusses Idi Amin Dada and George Bush as important historical figures that used different leadership styles during their regime. An example is Idi Amin Dada who was the president and a military leader of Uganda between 1971 and 1979 (Sosik & Jung, 2001). He used autocratic leadership style to lead the people of Uganda by commanding them to do what he wanted. In contrast, George Bush, the former U.S. President used participative leadership style to lead the people of America. He gave American people the mandate to participate in the decision-making process, a style that brought development in the country (Greenstein, 2003). The implication is that dictatorship and democracy are very different and they act as determinants of a country’s development. What made Idi Amin Dada and George Bush effective leaders? The two leaders cannot be considered effective because not all of them influenced people’s lives positively. George Bush in this case can be considered as an effective leader as opposed to Idi Amin Dada because he led with the help of people. He considered the society as an important part of leadership by granting people the opportunity to participate in the decision-making process (Greenstein, 2003). On the contrary, Idi Amin Dada igno
Abstract Kuwait is widely recognized for a variety of important features that the country is endowed with. Some of the most popular features include the four walls of the country that have since been reduced to three following the demolition of one of the walls to create room for the development of the Al soor gardens. The sole purpose for the development of these walls was to ensure security of the borders against various attacks and invasions that Kuwaitis constantly faced other tribes (Hauer 2010). The purpose of this report is to provide a descriptive review of the Kuwait walls. The report shall take into account the construction period, the area covered by the walls, the people that constructed the walls, and the materials used in the construction, among others. Introduction According to the history of Kuwait, the Kuwait walls were built round the city to ensure that it was ably safeguarded. These walls were actually very important in the history of the country and also as a way of displaying the solidarity of its people. The major component that was used in the construction of the walls was mud. The first wall was erected in 1760, the second one was built in 1814, while the third wall was constructed in 1920. The purpose of the walls was to ensure that the country was safeguarded against constant conflicts and wars (Facey, 1999). There is also another version of the Kuwait wall, that involves planting of some 315,000 trees across the country’s border. Dubbed Kuwait Green Wall, this project is aimed at improving air quality in Kuwait, History of the City The city of Kuwait was initially made of tents. Most of the inhabitants of the city were people from the Bani Khalid tribe who originated from the Interior of the Arabic lands. One of the reasons that these people came to the city was to evade the drought conditions in their homelands (Kuwait Statistics, 2012). Consequently, the city came to be known as Kout and thus its name and that name of the country. The city, due to its environs continued to attract more people, majority of whom were settlers. Other people who were attracted to the city were nomads who were escaping the hot weather in the eastern parts of the country (Kuwait Statistics, 2012). The availability of a harbour in the city further made it a lucrative place to settle in, with majority of the people being attracted by the trade tha
Alibaba is one of the most successful online sellers in the world. This online platform “dominates the world’s largest e-commerce market” (Rein 27). It earns billions of dollars each year. The company was set up in 1999 as a platform for small business and consumers who could sell and buy goods safely online (“About Alibaba.com”). It is noteworthy that the company earned its popularity due to the large array of products available and the payment system people could trust. When other online sellers used payment systems that were little known to Chines people or could be unsafe, Alibaba used Alipay system that was safe and known to the company’s customers. However, the Chinese platform has been criticized by various producers (including Adidas, Gucci, Yves Saint Laurent and so on) as various counterfeit products are sold and bought there (Chu). It is necessary to note that selling counterfeit goods is illegal in many countries (including China) as these goods break copyright laws, and they can be unsafe for customers (Narayanan 21). Of course, producers of goods (especially famous brands) lose millions or even billions of dollars due to the problem. The company largely ignored accusations, but it took definite steps to address the problem in 2011 (Hu and Guo 237). Alibaba had to make such a decision to keep its customers, brands known worldwide. The paper will include an analysis of the steps undertaken and some recommendations on the way to improve the situation. Thus, Alibaba’s spokesman claims that they keep working with various brands “to help them protect their intellectual property” (Raymond). One of the principal steps is the development of Tmall website. This platform is characterized by sales directly from the brands’ storehouses. Of course, this site has earned trust among consumers who are sure that they buy genuine products (Rein 28). Notably, one of the first companies to join the platform was Adidas. However, it is also necessary to add that various counterfeit products are sold with the use of the rest of websites that are a part of the platform. Another step undertaken is the development of a particular reporting system. Producers can fill in certain forms to report about counterfeit products found at the websites. However, producers argue that the new system is more complicated, and it makes it difficult or even impossible to report (Chu). Producers stress that the new reporting methods are inefficient and should be changed. It can be recommended to change the reporting system. It should be simple, and the company should undertake particular steps to respond to each report. Alibaba’s officials claim that the company spends $16 million on tracking counterfeit products and reacting adequately. The development of an efficient reporting system will help optimize the process and reduce the expenditure. It can also be effective to launch new websites that sell goods directly from companies’ storehouses. Old websites where most counterfeit products are found should be closed. Finally, the platform should also have a comprehensive IPR protection policy that would ensure that the producers and sellers are responsible.
The solutions offered by IPscape can be of great interest to potential customers because their applications enable the users to reduce the cost on phone calls. The tools provided by this company largely rely on the use of cloud computing which helps the clients minimize the expenses on the procurement of hardware and software (IPscape, 2011, unpaged). Additionally, one should mention the distinguishing characteristic of their products is their multi-functionality. For instance, they solutions can convey voice, text and other types of data. Still, their applications are particularly relevant for large call centers. It is possible to single out several competitors of IPscape. One of them is Skype Limited which currently serves the needs of more than 500 million users. In 2005, this organization, this company merged with one of the largest online retailers, Ebay. The key strength of this company is the unique technology that they apply: its functions include video calling, instant messaging, transmission of files or SMS, etc (Skype Limited, 2011, unpaged). This company sells solutions to both large and small businesses. Yet, one should bear in mind that this enterprise is often criticized for the lack of proper customer support, and they often fail to provide proper post-sale services to the clients (Charmy, 2005, unpaged). In part, it can be explained that they have a very large customer base. This is their major weakness. Secondly, one has to speak about such company as LiveOps. This company provides the services similar to those ones of IPscape. This company has not made any acquisitions recently. They also sell solutions that allow clients to make phone calls with the help of cloud computing (LiveOps, 2011, unaged). Additionally, one may argue that this enterprise is often credit for post-sales services and willingness to support the client. However, unlike IPscace this companies does not offer solutions for voice-recording. This is one of the reasons why IPscape can gain competitive advantage over them. At this point, it is necessary to analyze the positing of IPscape relative to its competitors. In particular, one can focus on such parameters as cost and technology. This comparison can be presented in the form of a chart. This chart indicates that IPscape cannot compete with Skype in terms of technology and cost. However, this company may prove to be superior to Skype in terms of customer service. One has to remember Skype has to
Introduction The labour market is dominated by two schools of thoughts, the first one supports the centralised system of labour market also known as arbitration. This is where we have well structured labour unions that bring together the workers, employers and the society thus trying to reduce social inequalities. The second school supports free market structures with its notion of supply and demand under the system that has weakened the labour unions and the means of representing the interest of the workers. According to Shedwin (1970) Australia is a good example of countries that began with the practise of a well structured labour market, but later moved to the decentralised system with the need of surviving competition in the global regime. The decentralised system of government contributes to a lot of social inequalities in major countries like Australia. It has lead to people been overworked in the work places, poor health conditions and insecure jobs. Despite being a wealthy country, Australia has a lot of casual labourers whose interests are rarely protected and this leads to stress and also sicknesses at the place of work. A decentralised system in the field of industrial relations has weakened the safeguards that were used to protect workers under the previous agreements and awards. This as expressed by Russel (2003) it has in effect exemplified various arrangements that were award based in employment arrangements, for example maternity leave or even the sick leave which have been incorporated in enterprise arrangements. Workers have been left without any representation either from the workers representatives or the trade unions. The legislative changes put in place by the federal government are what has assisted the process. The government has been hostile and has weakened trade unions and their unionisations. The powers of the commission of Australian Industrialised relations has also been weakened while its major tasks included protecting workers whose bargaining powers are weak this hypothesis was expressed by Isaac ( 1998). Supporters of the individualised and deregulated forms of relations in the industrial world argue that globalisation forces have provided no alternative. However countries like Northern Europe have maintained very active institutions of labour market to provide enough social protection and they still perform very well in competing with the international economy. According to MaCynter (1985) Australia should stop looking at globalisation as a threat and start to support international agencies for instance the ACTU which would in effect support small nations to improve in the prot
The aspects of evil and the reality of the devil are deeply explored in different verses in the Bible, both Old Testament and New Testament. Evil is highlighted as the source of mankind’s downfall and the factor widening the gap in the relationship between God and mankind. This paper explores the element of evil and existence of the devil. Besides, the paper highlights the roots of contemporary Christian leadership related to culture, tradition, worldview, and doctrine. The paper also reviews the differences between the Global South and Global North churches in relation to their views on evil and general ideology. In summary, the paper presents personal opinion on the differences at the global Christianity level. Biblical Teachings on Existence of Evil and the Reality of the Devil There are several biblical teaching relating to the existence of evil and the reality of the devil. To begin with, the book of Genesis chapter 3, there is an account of how the devil came in the form of a serpent and used tricks to confuse Even to partake from the forbidden fruit after which she passed the fruit to Adam. In the book of Genesis chapter 6 verses 5, the Bible states that God was not happy with the evil nature of man and begin a plan to destroy the Earth with water. In the book of Genesis 4:8, Cain was overcome by evil and he killed his brother Abel because God did not approve of his offerings. The book of Romans 12:12 advises Christians not to be slaves to evil, rather, they should overcome evil with good. In the book of Ephesians 6:11, Christians should be armed with the armor of God for them to be strong enough to survive the schemes of the devil. The book further states that Christians are at war with dark evil forces. In the book of Romans 12:9, Christians should practice sincere love by hating evil and only clinging to the goodness. In the book of Proverbs 8:13, hating evil is equal to fearing the Lord. The verse highlights the signs of evil as arrogance, pride, perverse speech, and evil behavior. In the book of First Thessalonians 5:21-22, Christians should reject evil by sticking to what is good. The verse is categorical that love as a substance of goodness can be used to overcome evil. In the book of Proverbs 3:7-8, shunning evil equates to the fear of the Lord, which comes with blessing such as good health and nourished bones. The book of Psalms 97:10 states that loving the Lord means hating evil and the dark plans of the devil. The verse advises Christians to only pay bad with excessive goodness. The book of Isaiah 1:16 states that Christians should stop doing what is wrong by washing their hands of evil plans and deeds 1 . In the Lord’s Prayer, in the book of John 17:15, Christians should ask the Lord to protect them from the devil (evil one) everyday. Other biblical teachings on evil are the books of James 1:21, John 1:5, Psalms 34:14, and Psalms 119:133 2 . The bible teachings relating to the reality of the devil include the books of John 10:10, John 8:44, 2 Corinthians 11:14, Ephesians 6:11, Revelation 12:9, Revelation 20:3, Mathew 6:13, Timothy 3:7, Daniel 8:25, and Mar
Critical Appraisal The selected research article used a quantitative research approach and a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to assess the effectiveness of an early two-session cognitive intervention in a sample of 108 children (2 to 16-years-old) who had experienced road traffic accidents and burns. The study hypothesized that “children receiving the intervention would report fewer PTSD symptoms and behavioral problems 3 and 6 months post-injury, compared to children given standard medical treatment” (Kramer & Landolt, 2014, p. 2). The study objective and hypothesis, in my view, are well developed since they identify the five components needed under the PICOT framework. These components include the population (children, aged between 2 and 16 years), intervention (early two-session cognitive intervention), comparison (children who received the intervention and those receiving standard medical treatment), outcome (reduction in PTSD symptoms and behavioral problems), and time-frame (3 and 6 months post-injury). In research methods, it is important to note that the RCT design employed by the researchers was effective in testing the stated hypothesis due to its capacity to allow for a meticulous assessment of a single variable, in this case evaluating the effectiveness of the two-session cognitive intervention on the selected sample. Additionally, the study methods used by the researchers (e.g., ensuring that all participants met the identified criteria for participation, using control and experimental groups to note the effects of the intervention, random allocation of participants to the two groups, and assessing noted risk factors to ensure that the two groups were broadly similar) addressed the key potential sources of bias, hence ensuring that the findings could be generalized to a larger setting. However, because most RCTs rely on large sample sizes to have a high chance of detecting a worthwhile intervention effect if it indeed exists (Creswell, 2013), it could be argued that the sample of 108 children used in this study may not have triggered the desired study outcomes bearing in mind that 19 of the participants dropped out of the study. The study used appropriate statistical tests that could establish the relationship between the provided intervention and the desired study outcomes. The presentation of the main study findings was done in a clear and precise manner, with the researchers making use of descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to analyze participants’ data concerning the group to which they had been randomly allocated. No conflict of interest was n
The European Safety and Defense Policy is actually focused on very active participation of the EU within global conflict crisis and prevention management. EU, therefore, is intending to contribute to global peace as well as safekeeping in compliance with the contract of the United Nations. With the intention of achieving this, they have created new decision-making structures within the EU hence the EU is as well developing its armed capabilities. In addition the challenges within Europe are superior. They still have uneven series of country states together with their individual industries as well as their individual procurement programs and the processes. However, within the UK security industry is confidential and it is horizontally incorporated with so much rationalization at the back of it. In France, it becomes more disjointed with large portions which are still in the hands of the government and experiencing privatization, recapitalization with heavy rationalization at the same time. When approaching Germany, it becomes vertically integrated and is privately owned although it appears to be in the earliest stages of rationalization. Within Italy the industry is vertically integrated and it is owned by the state. In spite of all these differences, European countries have always been using international collaboration for over thirty years in dividing up development bills as well as achieving the economies of scale necessary for their defense products in order to become competitive in the world market. These personal collaborative programs always bred their own joint venture program companies. European countries have got quite a number of straight joint ventures with the pooled possessions and incorporated management. However successful these joint ventures have always been, the collaboration model will not meet the challenges of the future hence consolidation seems to be more important. Finally, Europe must go on responding in this way. During the latest years the demographic situations in Russia have always become the topic of great concern on the part of the government authorities of the Russian Federation and of mass media. Russian President started his very first point to the Federal Assembly together with the estimation of the demographic state of affairs. At the beginning of the year 2000, the occupant inhabitants of the Russian Federation were around 146 million people. During the past year the population number of the Russians reduced by something like769 thousand people or even 0.5%. The normal loss of population within Russia is the major depopulation factor that tends to be very stable and long-standing in natu