ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Siddhartha was born in the 6 th century to a royal family, but he left the palace when he was still young in search of explanations for life’s inconsistencies and pains. He founded Buddhism before his death in 483 B.C., aged eighty years. Nanak was born in Pakistan to an ordinary Hindu family. He refused to adhere to the beliefs and customs of the Hindu religion and instead founded Sikhism. There are four noble truths in Buddhism. The four are dukkha, the origin of dukkha, the cessation of dukkha, and the path to the cessation of suffering. Both Buddhism and Sikhism believe in the concept of suffering in the world. Introduction In 6 th century B.C., a royal family was blessed with a son, who was named Siddhartha Gautama. As a young adult, Siddhartha Gautama started looking at life from a different perspective. His life experiences motivated him to search for the true meaning of life and how individuals attain spiritual fulfillment (Kinnard, 2011). He meditated and sought guidance in his endeavors. As a result of this, he achieved a state of enlightenment. The attainment of this state of enlightenment is what gave him the name ‘Buddha,’ which translates to the “Enlightened One” (Armstrong, 2008). Buddha traveled long distances to teach people how they can save their souls while living in this wretched world. He was able to attract a large number of people to his faith. After his death, his students spread his teachings in the world with the aim of bringing hope to ordinary people (Higers, 2012). As a result, a religion was born in a humble village in Nepal, India (Kinnard, 2011). In this essay, the author will provide a comparison between Buddha and Guru Nanak. The latter is the founder of the Sikh religion, as earlier mentioned. Special attention is given to the four noble truths as taught by Buddha. The author will also compare how the two figures traveled around the world to enlighten other people. An analysis of various aspects that are common to both Sikhism and Buddhism is provided in the paper. The author will examine Buddha’s life within and outside the palace and how he transformed his life and philosophies after the enlightenment. Buddha and Guru Nanak: A Comparison After Siddhartha was born, astrologers were called to prophesy how his life will turn out (Reis, 2010). The astrologers prophesied that he would make a choice between two options, a choice that will drastically change his life. According to the astrologers, the young man will either become an emperor or denounce the privileges of a prince to become a
The article discusses the importance of saving and, more specifically, for workers to continue working beyond their retirement age. Fahlund Christine and T. Rowe Price support the idea of people saving for retirement. Fahlund argues that individuals can stop saving for retirement after attaining age 60, and they can use the money they were putting into their savings account and spend it on enjoyment, such as having more trips. The article discusses the benefits of “practice retirement” (Fried, 2012). The article postulate that for individuals to get such benefits need to have made significant savings by the time they attain age 60, and they also need to commit themselves to work past their early 60s. In addition, the article argues that individuals must use the income they are earning after attaining age 60 while their savings and social security benefits remain untouched in order to gain value. The article also demonstrates the way in which individual’s retirement can become more comfortable in the event that they worked well into their 60s (Fried, 2012). Individuals are viewed as to preserve their savings as well as delaying their social security when they work past their 60s. According to the article, “practice retirement” should be undertaken after an individual has saved a healthy sum of money in the account (Fried, 2012). The article also argues that when individuals work for an extra year after their retirement age, they are able to considerably increase their eventual retirement income by 9 percent on average. Individuals are also urged to avoid going into retirement with debts. Individuals can benefit from using their savings during situations such as when they lose job, when they get sick and even in the event that market collapsed (Fried, 2012). Article Reflection The article is quite interesting since it demonstrates a possible way that can be adopted by individuals in order to have a guarantee of a less problematic future. The discussed concept seems to be applied by most political leaders all over the world. For instance, most of the past and present African presidents and senior leaders have remained in offices past their 60s and at most times they have even advocated for people to work beyond their retirement age. I have come across several retirees who were once very rich and had made several savings before retirement, and now have already cleared their savings and are struggling to survive due to financial problems (Bodie, 2000). The article to some extent gives advice to individuals who have attained the retirement age to consider the option of extending their employment after the early 60s. This is because of the several advantages that accrue to individuals in the event that they do not start using their savings and social security benefits after retirement. Again, working for additional years after attaining retirement age may imply that one’s retirement savings may not stretch over for many years (Utkus, 2000). Additionally, one’s savings are able to grow at a faster rate if an individual works even until 70 years. Again, when individuals delay claiming their social security they are able to l
Introduction Zoning, as used in land utilization planning, involves designating permitted utilization of land depending on demarcated zones that distinguish one set of land utilization from another. The fundamental aim of zoning is to separate functions that cannot be harmonious and protect residential properties, as well as enterprises from developmental interference. It also protects the culture of a community. The institutions involved in the zoning process include the local authorities like municipal and county councils mostly though it varies with countries. For instance, in Australia, Commonwealth land is not under regulation by the state, in Germany and France; however, zoning is under the regulation of the national and federal government. In zoning, the ventures that the land can be put into are regulated, and such ventures include residential uses, agricultural purposes, commercial and industrial ventures. The state authorities use zoning as a tool of regulating private property so as to enhance economic development and growth. The Zoning Process The first step in the zoning process is the application conference. This is a meeting called upon by the Department of Planning and Zoning staff, as well as other departments to determine their specific development requirements (Walters 45). The next step is where the proponent submits two filled application forms, availing all the supplemental information, a comprehensive site plan, and the necessary processing that is required. “Upon receipt of the application, the planning and zoning department notifies the applicant of discrepancies if any, within fifteen days: If there are no errors, and the threshold for submission requirements is met, the application goes to public hearing” (Burke 22). The public hearing takes place before the Planning and Zoning Commission. During the public hearing, other interested parties present their views that may be in favor of the application or be against it. The Planning Commission then makes its decisions and recommendations which it forwards to the County Council. Appeals or protests may be submitted to the City Council regarding the decisions arrived at by the Planning Commission to be looked at. The Planning Commi
Introduction The present research is based on the official websites of three federal agencies in the USA: the Health and Human Services Department, the Justice Department, and the Department of Transportation. The purpose of the present research is to find out if the analyzed websites provide all necessary information that American citizens would like or need to know about these federal agencies. US Department of Health and Human Services First, we have analyzed the website of the federal agency called the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that can be. As the “About Us” tab suggests, the department is the government’s principal agency that protects the health of American citizens and provides human services, especially for citizens who, for some reason, are least able to help themselves. The “Contacting HHS” tab offers the mailing address of HHS: 200 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20201 and toll-free telephone number: 1-877-696-6775. As for the services HHS offers, there are about three hundred programs the Department maintains. Among the most important services provided is research that is aimed at the improvement of the health of American citizens, disease prevention, which includes such services as immunization of the population. One more service offered by HHS is health insurance that is meant for the elderly, and people with disabilities (Medicare), and one more type of health insurance is meant for people with low income (Medicaid) (Tannahill 15). Also, HHS provides education and other opportunities for children and parents with low income in the framework of the Head Start Program. Besides, HHS improves the quality and availability of services and measures of prevention of and treatment of substance abuse. Currently, a broken health insurance system is one of the problems of HHS and American society. The essence of the problem is that insurance companies get profit while citizens suffer because of health insurance premiums increases. Sebelius, HHS Secretary, states in her report available on the website that there is the necessity of health insurance reform. One more issue addressed by HHS is the use of certified electronic health record (EHR) technology. The meaningful use of EHR is aimed at the improvement of services using standards-setting for EHR incentive programs. The standards will be of great use as they will enable the exchange of healthcare information between providers and providers and patients. Since children are from the most vulnerable layer of society, the issue of improvement of children’s health is addressed by HHS too. HHS grants bonuses for enrollment in the health coverage of children. To get a bo
Introduction Organizations experience different kinds of changes in their life cycles. These changes require effective management to allow organizations to thrive in the future. In this essay, we apply the Four Frames of Bolman & Deal (2008) and the Eight Stages of Kotter & Cohen (2002) to create a plan to manage culture change at General Motors (GM). It shows how a new organizational culture change can save GM. Critique the GM’s Profile GM has been in business for over 100 years. However, in the year 2009, the company declared its state of bankruptcy after losses and declines in market shares and profitability. These events necessitated a large-scale culture change at the company. GM had to change its culture and processes to avert a total closure. Changes started with the appointment of the new CEO, Fritz Henderson. It is important to note that bankruptcy stimulated a radical cultural transformation in the operations of the company. Henderson focused on a new culture for GM by concentrating on four areas namely, “risk-taking, accountability, speed, and customer and product focus” (Smerd, 2009). The next stage involved effective communication with GM workers and other stakeholders in order to avoid further financial losses. The new CEO faced imminent pressure to turnaround the company through his proposed culture changes. Moreover, Henderson faced pressure from the Federal Government because it expected quick improvement from bankruptcy. A Plan for Creating Urgency at GM The new management team must understand a sense of urgency to determine the level of complacency within GM. GM has been on top of the market but faced bankruptcy, which it has to recover from somehow. The company had failed to react positively to signs of imminent bankruptcy. The state of bankruptcy inspired significant changes, which the new CEO had to incorporate in order to steer the company to profitability. The new management team must ‘aim for the heart’ i.e., guarantee to succeed in its change effort. The new management team must turn to human resource managers and employees to inspire them to grow the company. Employees must inspire culture change at GM. The new CEO must engage employees and communicate effectively to inspire success. GM must restructure its top leadership and define the new roles of the HR department. The HR department must support a culture change in GM, but it must let employees and leaders to drive the change. GM must develop a procedure for adopting a culture change and put it into practice. It must have a new performance management approach, training for the new culture, effective communication systems for its new values, and a project management team. An approach to attracting a guiding team The
The core assumptions of the biopsychological approach The biopsychological approach involves the following assumptions:   * The brain chemical activity helps define the process of message transmittance in a human brain;   * An evolutionary perspective on the patient’s health concerns provides a deeper insight into the disease and contributes to a more efficient search from the solution;   * Genetic research of the factors inducing the psychological problem in question is crucial to working on the solution for the problem;   * Neurotransmitters function assessment helps evaluate the severity of the disease;   * Hormonal transmission assessment allows us to understand the problem from both the psychological and the endocrinal aspects;   * Analysis of the genetic influences provides a full-scale check of the possible obstacles in curing the patient’s disease;   * Analysis of the functions of specific parts of the brain leads to a better understanding of how to develop the approach towards a specific disorder (Zachar, 2012). Historical disciplines converging to create biological psychology The idea of creating the theory that would explain psychological processes from a biological point of view and vice versa, thus, providing the opportunity for a more detailed study of the factors inducing specific diseases and disorders, is not new. The suggestion to blend the biological and psychological ideas into a single theory that could provide the foil for the development of a completely new branch of medicine was provided in 1977 by George L. Engel (Borrel-Carro, Suchman & Epstein, 2004). However, it would be a mistake to assume that biopsychology is based solely on biology and psychology. Though the latter two doubtlessly make a huge chunk of it, biopsychology also incorporates the elements of philosophy, since, in the latter, the issue known as the mind-body problem exists (Kron, 2012). The earliest examples of a biological approach to studying the behavior Though the relation between the biological specifics of a human body and certain psychological problems might seem a bit far-fetched at first, when considering the issue closer, one will inevitably see that there is a close relationship between the two. A very graphical example of such a relation is depression. The given problem, through psychological, can be caused by several physiological factors, such as liver disorder. Another example of the link between the biological and the psychological is a specific skin condition caused by psychological factors is agoraphobia. Defined as the fear of height, it might be caused by the difficulties in spatial orientation, which, in turn, are the result of cerebellum dysfunction (Bernstein, 2010). Examples of modern careers that have resulted from studying biological psychology   * Neuropsychologists study the effects of structural changes occurring in the brain;   * Mental health counselor advocates for people with mental impairments or disorders;   * Neuroscientist researches the specifics of human brainwork
Introduction Being children, people do not always think about their memories as there are many things which happen and at the same time there are not many events which deserve remembering. There is an opinion that children’s memory is better as their mind is clear and opened for new knowledge. Growing older people start thinking more, they get more knowledge and they are to remember a lot of things, therefore, their memory becomes weaker, still some childhood recollections remain. Thinking about personal memories, I understand that most of them are some bright events which impressed me greatly. Most of the events from my childhood have been forgotten. I see how my parents tell some stories from my childhood, but I do not remember such situations. I began to think about the reasons why people remember some episodes from their childhood which seem rather ordinary, but may forget some bright recollections. For example, I do not remember my first day at school, I do not remember most of my birthdays, but I remember the day when I went to the kindergarten for the first time and when I got acquainted with Mary, a girl I never saw after that day. What are the reasons and the process according to which children’s memories remain in human brain? I am inclined to think that we remember not events but emotions, and if an adult remembers an event from his/her childhood, it is obvious that this very situation has impressed him/her greatly. Childhood and memories Human memories are unstable and limited. People may remember something and when this recollection becomes unimportant it is forgotten. Human brain is flexible, the processes which occur there are not studied up to the end. Dwelling upon children and their memories, it is possible to say that most of them are based on emotions. All the recollections I have from my childhood are impressive. Some of the emotions are positive, others are negative, however, they are strong. Trying to remember an ordinary day from my childhood where nothing happened, I understood that it is d
Introduction Thinking critically and logically for a better understanding and living is an important aspect of human beings. It settles our mind so that we are able to carry out our daily activities peacefully and without suffering consequences of unreasonable mistakes resulting from lack of a clear understanding of our lives. To live happily we need to spend within our limits, plan our time properly so as to have adequate time for work, relationships, ourselves and rest. By doing this we avoid actions that can lead us into trouble. Main Body As a normal human being, I have several qualities which enable me to live happily with my family, friends and colleagues. I can describe myself as a person who is persistent, patient and caring. Whenever I have challenging tasks I try to solve them through different methods even if it means trying several times and if I fail at least my conscience becomes clear that I tried my best. I am a caring person and this makes my friends be comfortable with me. However, I procrastinate and tend to postpone things and do them when they are nearing their deadline. This sometimes makes me finish tasks at the last minute and with a lot of pressure. One year from now I want to be a registered nurse. As a single mother I also want to be a positive influence and a role model to my two boys. I have learnt several things from my friends and their cultures. Key among them is that despite our different background and experiences, all human beings are equal and should be treated with dignity and respect. Their cultures are different from mine because they tend to be more conservative and traditional. Unlike our culture, their family bonds seem to be stronger and go up to extended members of their families. However, all the cultures tend to be similar because they appreciate spirit of advancement and competition. This is similar to the American culture because we try to take up leadership in everything and we are more advanced compared to the rest of the world. As Cheuk Mang reports to us, “The world’s best airport is located in Hong Kong and we are very proud of it…” Furthermore I can describe myself as hardworking and goal oriented. Once I set my eyes on something I work extra hard to get it. I am also compassionate and open minded; qualities that make people comfortable being with me. I have always wanted to be a registered nurse. The dream suits my personality, interests as well as my talent. My qualities as passionate and caring match the nursing profession. In addition, I do not have any phobia for blood. To make this dream a reality, I have enrolled for a nursing course in college. To back it up, I am a licensed vocational nurse and work in gastroenterology lab. I have seen all types of cancers; crown’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and so on. My job as a vocational nurse logically leads to my dream career. Being a single mother, sole family provider, a student, taxi driver and practicing baseball, a logical time schedule becomes an importan