ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
How it Has Translated into the UK’s Maritime Law The development of the international legal regime for the carriage of good by sea has taken a long path over the years as it seeks to promote fairness and a sense of responsibility to all the parties. For a long time, sea carriers enjoyed their immense bargaining power that they used to their advantage. 1 Using that power, they would insist on inclusion of clauses into the contract of carriages, which exempted them from any liabilities, including the basic common law liabilities. 2 They would get away with acts of negligence and other mistakes that led to a serious loss for the shippers. The shippers had limited option but to bear such losses because of the bargaining power of the sea carriers. Many countries around the world tried to come up with pieces of legislation to curb the power of the sea carriers in response to the complaints registered by the shippers and consignees. However, the national-level laws did very little in curtailing the unlimited freedom and power of the sea carriers. The failure of such national-level legal regimes was because the contract would be signed in one country and goods received in a different country. It became apparent that no single country could come up with effective laws to manage the unfair contract that favored sea carriers. As the relevant of international trade became evident at the turn of the last century, individual countries felt committed to working with other countries to streamline sea transport. 3 The international community realized that to promote international trade, it was necessary to develop international legal regime to protect the interest of all the parties involved in the sea transport. It was necessary to come up with flexible laws that allocated risks that occur during transportation in line with the commercial needs. The laws also emphasized on the elimination of abuse of power by protecting the parties with weak bargaining power. It was necessary to promote fairness to all the parties at all times. Every party had to be liable to mistakes committed by them, especially if such mistakes led to any direct or indirect loss to other parties. The international community committed to developing a legal regime that would be binding on all the stakeholders in this industry irrespective of their location. Nikaki
Introduction The United Kingdom (UK) also referred to as Britain is made up of Northern Ireland and Great Britain; these landmasses are mainly bordered by large water masses, namely North Sea, English Channel, and the Atlantic Ocean. The only land border that borders the UK is the Republic of Ireland. In terms of its geographical location, the UK has France, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Iceland, and Norway as its close neighbours. With London as its Capital City, the UK’s government is a constitutional monarchy; it has a strong legislature, which is the parliament. The monarchy is under Queen Elizabeth II, while the parliamentary democracy is under David Cameron as the Prime Minister (Woollaston, 2013). Notably, parliament has the authority to pass written and unwritten laws, and abolish them as well. With its uncodified constitution, the UK has a well-structured process of amending and making new laws like those touching on both public and private media. A simple act of parliament means a lot to constitutional reforms in the UK. Just like the Royal Charter of 1926 that established the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), all legislations have to get royal assent to become laws ( United Kingdom profile , 2012). The BBC is the public broadcaster in the UK providing radio and television services to the country and beyond (Doyle, 2002). Just like the BBC, private radio and television are also under the control of different bodies. For example, the Broadcasting Act of 1990 mandated the Radio Authority and Independent Television Commission (ITC) to regulate the operations of private radios and televisions respectively (Heward & Massey, 2008). Main Arguments/Hypothesis The report looks at the media trends in the UK by touching on various media platforms, technological innovations, as well as the target demographics in most of the discussions. It analyses the effects that the trends on the entire population, as well as on the economy of the country. The Media Landscape Bromley (n.d.) notes that media landscape in the UK is multifaceted, mature, and broad, making it come second after the US media. The author points out the BBC and Reuters as organisations with international standards. In essence, the two bodies contribute considerably to the actions of international corporations. The need by the
“You fit into me” is one of the poems in the poetry collection “Power politics” by Margaret Atwood. The center topic of the book is a discussion of feminist-related issues, patriarchy, interconnection of love, and pain in relationships. Specifically, in the poem’s context, which can have multiple interpretations, the author emphasizes the vision of heterosexual relationships in the patriarchal society. Love itself is depicted as something painful and desired at the same time. The author uses certain symbols to illustrate the dynamics of a romantic relationship that many women can experience throughout their lives. The first image that appears in the poem is the hook and the eye. Those symbols might have a meaning of femininity and masculinity. It seems that the hook represents the men’s power and domination, the way they know their strengths, and how they are capable of getting everything they want. In turn, the eye symbolizes the soul and inner world of the woman that is open to experiencing the love and romantic feelings that men have to offer. Those symbols represent the traditional heterosexual relationships where the man has the leading position and holds the initiative of showing the love interest and stimulating the development of the communication. Considering the idea that the “fish hook” represents masculinity, it gives the broader perception of the metaphor. First of all, the hook itself is initially an object that promises danger, for it aims to catch and capture the prey by entering the body. Something as sharp and threatening as a hook can captivate but not in an exciting but harmful way. It might symbolize passion and affection that happens between man and woman at the beginning of the romantic relationship. However, it eventually leads to the unsafe position of the woman and the following sufferings due to the hurt caused by the hook thrusting the eye. Thinking about the meaning that represents an “open eye”, it might have a hidden duality. At first, the eye in the core of itself is vulnerable and defenseless against any threat that could appear. Therefore, when the “fish hook” catches an “open eye,” it does not even blink or close. It represents the way of creating heterosexual relationships that can be felt like “a hook into an eye” (Atwood 2). As the hook is sh
Nobody in this world can influence one person and stay intact as long as each reaction, and each act implemented by one individual towards another, presupposes interaction. This concept is vividly presented in the Axolotl short story by Julio Cortazar. The work presents a double-transform between a main character of the short story and a mind of an axolotl; watching reptiles that a kept in a city aquarium, a human sees signs of some mysterious consciousness in their eyes and behaviour. Main character’s observation gradually straightens connection between his soul and mind and axolotls’ consciousnesses. One assimilates another, but this process results in emergence of two new creatures: a human being, who had communicated with axolotls and wrote a story about them and a new axolotl, born as a result of human’s and axolotls’ communication. The transformation is mutual (Cortazar). A stereotype may be considered a kind of a double-edged weapon as well. Latin America history knows a lot of crises though it was not an exception in world history. Gabriel Garcia Marquez spoke about stereotypes that influenced world Latin Americas image in his Nobel Prize lecture: …The Europeans of good will – and sometimes those of bad, as well – have been str
Introduction Many natural and artificial catastrophic events throughout human history have greatly impacted whole societies and countries. While a catastrophe’s definition might vary slightly, natural disasters, wars, famines, diseases, and other occurrences that lead to significant economic damage and human losses can be considered catastrophic events. Nevertheless, even terrible experiences might have positive implications and outcomes, and it is vital to critically analyze them from different perspectives. Diseases Instead of selecting one particular disease that affected whole nations, such as the Black Death, discussing diseases, in general, might reveal their significance to the development of society. As mentioned in the script of Section 1, illnesses have become a relevant problem to people as soon as they start living together in larger numbers. Evidently, from 7,000,000 to 3,500 BCE, people had a relatively poor understanding of sanitation and how diseases spread, which led to many sicknesses during the transition to settlements. Also, people of Paleolithic groups started domesticating animals during this period, and many hunters and farmers died from transmissible diseases. Even today, thousands of people die from rabies and other sicknesses from animal bites. Needless to say, various epidemics, including the Black Death, Spanish flu, and COVID-19, have terrorized people for the whole of human history. However, it is essential to identify the good consequences of catastrophic events. While diseases killed many people, they also paved the way for medicine. As people learned more about sicknesses, they also improved sanitary conditions. Therefore, while diseases are still a highly relevant problem, humanity adjusts and develops. Warring States Period The second catastrophic event concerns the extensive period of civil wars in China, which led to millions of deaths and almost constant famine. Many states tried to increase their scope of influence and conquer the nearby territories. However, as mentioned in Section 4, the Warring States Period also gave rise to new political and philosophical traditions that drastically changed ancient China. The three primary branches, Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, were developed as different responses to constant warfare and death. Even today, people from all over the world study the literary works of Confucius, Laozi, and other philosophers born during this terrible period of civil wars. As a result, Qin Shi Huangdi ended the Warring States period by unifying the country and bringing peace to his people, though, unfortunately, only for a short time. Crucifixion of Jesus Section 6 examines how the crucifixion of a living human led to the birth of the largest religions in the history of the world. Regardless of sacred beliefs, most historians agree that Jesus was an actual human with a significant following and taught people about love and acceptance. His inhumane death led to countless confrontations between his followers and adversaries, having a massive
The Spring Festival is a well known event in the Chinese culture through which its citizens get the opportunity to learn how China as a country is viewed both locally and by other states. Traditionally meant for Han Chinese people, the Spring Festival has now been transformed into a national holiday by the government and it is now celebrated by all Chinese ethnic groups (Real 1999). The festival has ensured that Chinese traditions have been handed down from the ancient times to the modern generation. The traditions have also undergone constant reinvention as well as being turned into various cultural practices and products. The practices and products include the ‘Spring Festival eve gala’ that appears on the China Central Television (CCTV). The gala event has since then achieved a lot in trying to retain the Chinese traditional culture and enhance the Chinese identity of students in foreign countries like England. The media has actively build China’s political practices, as well as its cultural and social practices. This has been achieved by the role played by the gala in educating the Chinese citizens. The festival has led to massive public awareness on the Chinese culture (Bell 2008) The culture movement led to the realization of the importance of the support received from the mass media and the role the popular culture played in reaching the nationalists. New culture forms like the stage dramas, films, and carton magazines have become common in the urban centres. The CCTV among the other forms of mass media dominates the China Waves as it is designed to unify the nation through entertainment that is culturally appreciated, informative, has official news presentation and is for official dialect use (Benton 1998) The CCTV debut broadcasting live the Spring Eve gala changed the family togetherness traditional festival making it a distinctive national character. (Zhao 1998). The influence of the festive greatly expanded and spread the traditional Chinese culture in the entire nation and beyond. According to Zhao (1998, p. 46), the gala has enhanced the traditional Chinese culture which was known for being oriented on family basis as well as merging the image of the Chinese nation to be one community. The Chinese culture is no longer bounded by its physical territory according to Tu (1994). The image of an inter-national family has spread globally through the gala. The result is a Chinese ethnic Han nation which is at the center while the other outer layers spread globally (CCTV 1984-2007). The stretch was from the 56 Chinese ethnic groups found in the mainland of China, to the Chinese nationalists found in Macao, Taiwan, and Hong Kong and later overseas to the Chinese diasporas all over the world. By the year 2001, the television gala had come up with a cultural space that become popular and subtle so as to create a ‘greater China’ in the minds of the audience. The CCTV gala objective since its establishment has remained to be the mobilization of views that are popular and patriotic to the Chinese culture. This resulted to the solidification of the China
Introduction Possession of an anti-social demeanor is a trait that can be traced to have its rudiment causes by psychological processes involving thought, sense, and real-life experiences. Scholars have developed theories that are paramount in understanding the causes and persistence of certain behavioral abnormalities in humans. To alleviate psychological anomalies, the best possible solution is behavior change. Various therapies have been advanced based on theoretical philosophies that explain the development of anti-social behaviors in humans. To analyze the behavior abnormalities and appropriate counseling methods, this essay identifies a behavior case of a 15-year-old male client. Behavioral Patterns of the Client The context of this essay is based on the behavioral patterns of 15-year old Denny. I am acquaintance with the client’s family; hence, I have interacted with him since childhood. Earlier on, Denny was lively and participated actively in social interactions. However, he has lately developed social fears on various occasions. In addition, the Denny does not attend social gatherings, and if present in any, his voice is rarely heard. His recent behavioral patterns have raised concern among many parties including teachers, friends, and parents. In a recent meeting that was aimed at identifying the rudiment cause of Denny’s sudden behavioral c
Tourette’s syndrome, also known as Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome, is a neurobehavioral disorder which was first recognized as a medical condition almost two centuries ago. Originally, Tourette’s syndrome was perceived to be a rare condition and only a few papers were published about the syndrome in the 19 th century after its discovery. This has since changed and in the present day, a substantial number of papers have been documented. In the early days of the study of Tourette’s syndrome, scientists described it as a disorder that demanded immediate clinical conceptualization of the mysteries leap between the body and mind. The patients who were studied mostly stated that their tics originated from within, from an urge which they felt was too difficult to resist. As research continued to shed more light about the condition, a debate arose on whether Tourette’s syndrome should be treated as a motor-form of obsessive –compulsive disorder or whether obsessive-compulsory disorder is actually a mental version of the Tourette’s condition. A careful observation of the Tourette’s syndrome reveals that the epistemological issues confirm that both perspectives are both accurate. In order to help those suffering from the condition, it is important to understand the issues surrounding Tourettes’s syndrome including its cause, diagnosis and treatment. History of the condition The first lucid description of the condition was made with the documentation of Marques de Dampierre’s (1799-1884) condition by a physician known as Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard. Dampierre was an upper class, intelligent and well mannered woman who was known for involuntarily speaking obscene words in the middle of a conversation that otherwise seemed normal (Kushner, 2000). Itard reported Dampierre’s unusual case in a medical journal describing how she often felt embarrassed by her vocal tics even though she had no control over them. Several years later, in 1885, Georges de la Tourette, a French neuropsychiarist documented the case of eight other patients who exhibited vocal and motor tics that were associated with the syndr
Introduction The paper is a critical analysis of the opposing views of the role of the government held by the liberals and the conservatives. It is evident that these two groups ideally hold varying views with regards to the role of the government as well as other important factors in governance. Liberal vs. conservative Conservative is also known as the right or right-wing in the context of the United States. As suggested by Schneider 98 individuals in this category strongly believe that the government should work with the people and not over them, stand by their sides and not riding over people. The government should have limited influence when deciding things. The key to prosperity is personal responsibility. This can be seen in the eyes of government trying to craft laws that would encourage Foreign Direct Investment between her and other friendly countries (Schneider 89). This has seen to it that the citizens of involved countries seize the opportunities and set up businesses in other foreign countries. Another example can be seen when upon taking office President Bush called the Congress to pass laws and policies that would relief Americans from heavy taxation. Ideally conservatives believe that the government should actively indulge and other relevant stakeholders before arriving at any conclusion particularly with regards to laws that directly or indirectly affect individuals. It is the role of the government to ensure that right policies are in place so that the citizens feel secure. Similarly conservatives are of the view that once people exercise personal responsibility and the government has ensured desired freedom, the pie will be much bigger for everyone. The government does not solve the societal problems; this is the role of citizen
Immigration has central place the history of the United States. It can be said that the USA is the country of immigrants. As the former colony of the British Empire, the USA was built by the hands of the immigrants, so immigration issues were and still are among the top problems in American society. Large cities became the ‘magnets’ for the majority of immigrants, arriving in America at different times. They became the source of the various issues for immigrants at first and later the source of their power. Evaluating the history of immigrants to the USA, the paper aims at exploring the relevant issues to answer the questions concerning such issues as why many immigrants had settled in large and (mainly) global cities, why established communities (nationals) in many of these cities did respond negatively to new immigrants, and what were the specific things that had been done to limit immigrant settlement. Immigrants and Large (Global) Cities The wave of immigration at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century emerged due to the economic and political factors in Southern and Eastern Europe back then. Therefore, most of the immigrants crossed the Atlantic and arrived at the largest ports located in the large and growing cities. Since at least some jobs were available in these cities, immigrants settled there, not moving inside the country’s land to rural areas and work at farms (Hall, 1988; Harvey, 2008; Tonnies, 2005). Competition between immigrants was substantial, but it was a better opportunity to improve life conditions than in the case of the overcrowded Europe with food shortages, total lack of jobs, and religious prosecution as in the case of Russian and Polish Jews at the beginning of the 20th century. Immigrants, Established Communities, and Limitation Measures The new waves of immigrants were not welcomed in the established communities. New people in these communities were the competitors for workplaces. The scarcity of jobs available was tremendous, so any new man or woman in such a community was considered as a potential competitor and threat (Tonnies, 2005). The attitude was appropriate. To limit the immigrant settlement, specific measures were applied (Hall, 1988; Reese, Deverteuil & Thach, 2010). Thus, in 1882, for example, the Chinese Exclusion act was adopted to suspend Chinese immigrants from entering the American land fo