ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Reverse osmosis (desalination) is a process of purifying water using a semi-permeable membrane. In this process, a form of counter pressure is applied to overcome the osmotic pressure that is determined by chemical potential and a thermodynamic constraint. The concentrations of seawater and brackish water differ considerably; hence, there is a distinction involving the concentrate acquired from seawater desalination plants and brackish water desalination plants (Bergman, 2007). Seawater reverse osmosis systems are meant to eradicate huge quantities of salts and other mineral deposits from seawater. Seawater has a high salinity rate because it is found in areas that experience high evaporation rates mostly in the latitudes of north and south. Therefore, seawater reverse osmosis entails applying high pressure to the water that is contaminated forcing it to pass through semi-porous membranes, which prevents salts and other organics from passing. The main function of the membrane is to remove dissolved solids in the solution with an aim of separating the feed water from purified water. Seawater desalination utilizes minimal energy exploitation corresponding to the osmotic pressure multiplied by the volume of desalinated water. This energy is general and efficient to all desalination technologies that are used in water purification (Cipollina, Micale, & Rizzuti, 2007). Brackish water contains a higher amount of salinity than fresh, but not as much as sea or ocean water. Moreover, brackish water is obtained through a mixture of fresh water and seawater, at a point where rivers run into the ocean. The brackish water reverse osmosis is a technique that removes organic wastes and impurities from water. This process is also capable of removing constituents that have a higher molecular mass. For instance, heavy metals and organic compounds are also found in brackish water, and they have a great impact on the concentration of the water. Therefore, hydraulic pressure is used to overcome a nourish solution’s osmotic pressure and induce the distribution of pure water through a semi-permeable membrane. In this case, this process is applicable in foodstuff and drink industries, potable drinking water, hospitals, farming and resorts, water bottling and ice manufacture, pharmaceuticals (Greenlee, Lawler, & Freeman, 2009). Before water starts to undergo the above treatments, there is a stage of the pretreatment process, which is aimed at reducing fouling that may cause reduction of the water flux; hence, minimizing the water recovery in the process. Pretreatment also minimizes hydrolysis and oxidation, which may result from reactions between metals and chemicals found in the feed water. Some of the processes that are involved in pretreatment include acid treatment, cartridge filtration, dechlorination, and coagulation. On the other hand, chemicals used during these processes include chlorine, sulphuric acid, sodium bisulphate, and calcium hypochlorite (Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology, 2008)
In his article named “Most people are not WEIRD,” Henrich raises a question in the account of the doubt in the methodology that scientists are using, considering only WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized, prosperous, and democratic) people. The main points of the article are simple: fundamental cognitive processes are not identical in different populations, and this fact must be recognized in science. These points may be supported by examples from the article: experimental findings from several disciplines and anthropologists’ suggestions also tell about the diversity of patterns and principles of thinking and perception. Besides, Henrich offers to make a set of criteria to be able to differentiate variable and universal parts of psychology. In general, the author explains there is a bias that WEIRD people can represent all people in the world, though they are contextually confined. The author’s points are essential for sociologists because they can help analyze other societies more naturally and objectively, not only through the Western prism. The article considers different influences on human behavior; that is why sociologists have to read it to be able to view various structures and contexts that makeup society. In addition, the article connects to sociological research by mentioning studies on analytical reasoning strategies and social behavior related to fairness. In the Chapter 1 lectures, one can see how the lectures’ material connects with Henrich’s work, for they emphasize the importance of different factors in forming any society. Explicitly speaking, social context and social structure make up society. The former means the impact of historical influences, globalization, and cultural diversity, and the latter means definite patterns of social relationships that with concrete social institutions constitute society.
If the National Debt of the United States cannot be described as a situation experiencing a crisis then little else can. At its greatest level in history, the current deficit provides the economy with a small boost, but if allowed to continue on its path of projected growth, deficits will eventually result in the lower standards of living caused by a sustained stagnation of the economy. Citizens will also be deprived of various government programs such as those targeted at the economically disadvantaged – a state many more people will experience if the current trend is not reversed. Started in 1791, the national debt was, by those days’ standards, an incredible $75 million. Due to President Andrew Jackson’s prudent approach to government spending, the national debt was lowered to, again adjusted to today’s standards, a much lower level – $37 thousand (Suter, 2004). According to the Commerce Department, the yearly payment on this debt, the deficit, reached $725.8 billion. This represents a 17.5 percent increase from 2004 (Armstrong, 2006). These figures are well past most peoples’ comprehension. If, for example, a person were to spend a million dollars a day since the birth of Christ, they would have to continue the spending spree for 700 more years to have spent one trillion dollars. Multiply that amount by eight. That still does not equal the current national debt. The massive increase of debt was not used for infrastructure, education, public programs or even to finance a war. The nation at present is facing many crises including the war in Iraq, illegal immigration, health care, etc., but the one of most importance is the national debt. It alone could tip the balance of power in the world. The U.S. would follow the lead and policies of other nations and be plunged into a third-world-like economic status. Maybe the most troubling aspect of the debt is that it is future generations of Americans that will be most affected by the greed of the present generation. Works Cited Armstrong, David. (2006). “ U.S. Racks Up Record Trade Deficit in ’05: $725.8 Billion Total is 17.5% Increase Over 2004’s Mark. ” San Francisco Chronicle. Web. Suter, Keith. (2004). “ The Next International ‘Debt Crisis’ is in North America. ” Online Opinion. Web.
Introduction The success of contemporary business institutions lies on the capacity of the businesses to encourage and promote diversity. Business institutions that embrace and emphasise on “…diversity in their working cultures can significantly benefit in a variety of ways, including indirectly improving their bottom line” (Agócs & Burr 2004, p. 33). Moreover, organizations that encourage diversity benefit from a motivated workforce, improved productivity and reduced absenteeism. Diversity assists organizations to introduce novel ideas, which help them to identify and exploit emerging business opportunities. Managers have the responsibility of promoting and nurturing diversity in an organization. This paper will discuss the role of managers in promoting diversity at workplaces. Besides, the paper will discuss how one may promote diversity at workplaces. Role of managers Managers have the role of assessing diversity at workplaces. Combs alleges, “Managers ought to guarantee that they assess and evaluate organizational diversity, as part of their management responsibilities” (2002, p. 8). Managers are responsible for promoting and encouraging diversity at workplaces by coming up with employee satisfaction strategies that are tailored to the mission, vision and goals of the organization, and that of individual employees. Managers need to identify all the challenges that discourage diversity at workplaces and come up with relevant policies to address the challenges. Besides, managers need to re-evaluate their organizations to confirm if the organization attains the intended diversity (Combs 2002). Apart from assessing diversity, managers have the role of developing a workplace plan that encourages diversity. Human resource managers have the responsibility of coming up with a diversity workplace plan that is measurable, attainable and comprehensive (Goodman 2001). Besides, the managers bear the responsibility of monitoring the diverse workforce to identify the required changes. A diverse workforce is susceptible to employee conflicts due to differing cultural practices. Hence, organizational managers ought to monitor the workforce to identify the potential conflicts and come up with measures to counter the conflicts. Organizational managers are responsible for implementing diversity as outline in the workplace plan. Organizations can hardly benefit from diversity without the managers’ commitment and devotion. Managers have the duty to integrate diversity guidelines into each feature of the business’s objective and function. Stances towards diversity start off from the managers and filter downward to other employees (Hannagan 2005). Therefore, it is hard for an organization to embrace diversity if managers have negative stance towards it. M
Introduction Commercial advertising involves portraying an image of high quality of manufactured products of an organization in order to create a highly visible impact to the general public, whose attitude is however expected to change. This is an effective means for an organization to win more clients in a more competitive environment. The company does so through promotional campaigns which involve advertising and creates a unique identity against competitors and thus gain a competitive edge over them. Since commercial advertising is intended to influence the perception of the audience towards a particular product, it can be related to propaganda where exaggerations may be mixed with facts to create an emotional response from the audience. The propaganda system is a commonly used tool of winning the attention of the audience and is mostly used in political circles although it has of late gained popularity in the business environment. Generally, propaganda may be viewed as a process of manipulation of symbols and people’s minds to influence them towards a particular product or agenda. According to Jowett and O’Donnell (p. 5), Propaganda is a “deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist.” In addition, commercial advertising has been of great influence in fueling business propaganda to win the appeals of the consumers. This paper will discuss the use of commercial advertising as a propaganda system. The link between commercial advertising and propaganda Commercial advertising is used as a tool for enhancing and promoting the products of an organization through persuasion to win over the appeals of the audience. In this case, communication prowess is very important bearing in mind that the process involves playing around with the psychology of the audience. This means that commercial advertising forms systematic propaganda and has been commonly used in the contemporary business environment as a marketing strategy to influence people towards consuming a certain product by portraying it as more superior to others even though the case may not be so (Jowett and O’Donnell 7). For example, most pharmaceutical companies have won their market share by presenting their drugs to the public as more superior to any related drug thus fighting off generic drugs. There are various shapes that advertising may take including broadcast media, print media, billboards, and the most recent roadshow advertising. In a business environment, a great number of entrepreneurs analyze the cost-benefit of various advertising modes and most of them view that T.V and Radio advertising can be very expensive to manage, but have a very great impact in persuading and i
The article by Ralph Ellis “Puerto Ricans fire back at Trump for critical tweets” reviews the recent crisis in Puerto Rico and the President’s response to it. The article was published in CNN , which is among the key news sites used by the American public to obtain information on current events. The audience of the piece is thus varied and consists of people of various ages and occupations who are interested in news on public matters. The primary purpose of the article is to outline the responses to Trump’s posts on social media criticizing the relief efforts undertaken by the Puerto Rican officials. Ellis explains that the conflict between the President and the San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz was initiated by the call for more aid from the U.S. government. In her speech, Cruz stated that the people of Puerto Rico are on the verge of dying and begged the U.S. government agencies to send more help. She has also criticized the current scope of the government’s involvement in the relief efforts in Puerto Rico (Ellis). The statement provoked a series of tweets made by President Trump, expressing skepticism and disapproval of the Puerto Rican officials and their calls for more aid. In particular, the President wrote that the leaders of Puerto Rico “want everything to be done for them when it should be a community effort” (Ellis). The tweets led to an outrage among the Democratic leaders and the public, including the residents of Puerto Rico. In particular, people involved in the recovery efforts voiced their support of the mayor and criticized the President for his tweets. There are three main lessons that can be learned from the event. First of all, it is crucial for the government to establish a thorough involvement in disaster relief and to inform the public of the efforts in an official manner. This would have helped to ensure that the people are aware of the U.S. government’s participation in emergency management efforts, thus reducing public outrage. Secondly, the leaders have to ensure responsible use of social media and effective communication in the aftermath of a crisis. Refraining from posting critical responses to the Mayor’s call for aid could have prevented the conflict. Lastly, it is necessary to ensure that the help provided by government agencies is sufficient to address the needs of the population in crisis. At the time of the event, only 5% of electricity, 33% of the telecommunications infrastructure, and 50% of water resources had been restored in Puerto Rico (Ellis). Providing enough aid to speed up the recovery process would have assisted the government in maintaining a positive image. Overall, the article exemplifies all of the Unit objectives by providing an example of incorrect reaction to a major crisis. As evident from the article, insufficient disaster management can damage the leader’s rep
Hennessy explains that there are various ways of analyzing a given work of art formally (2). Comparison and contrast can be done mainly by the use of the artist’s name, the year of birth as well as the influences. In addition, style associated with the artist, title of work and background information would also be used for the same evaluation. Peterson adds that comparison can also be done based on the critical analysis of the artwork. In critical analysis, shape or form of the art, color, value, texture and space are the major tools used (44). The discussion therefore attempts to compare two types of artwork found in the Indianapolis Museums of Art’s permanent collection. The first artwork is the Oldfields, known as “ Lilly House and Gardens ”. The house was designed in the 1920s by Percival Gallagher of the Olsted Brothers firm (Chanock 95). The second architectural site is the Miller House which was designed by Eero Saarinen with the interior and landscape being designed by Alexander Girard and Daniel Urban Kiley respectively (Chanock 96). The two architectural sites clearly symbolize the modern type of houses and the colonial ones. Chanock confirms that Olfields architectural work is one of the examples of country place era estate, a period during which, large estate was built outside cities across America (98). The building reflects how people used to live in the country estate in the 1920s. The Lilly House and gardens were a true reflection of the Americans lives in the 1920s. The house was occupied by the late businessman who lived in Indianapolis in the 1920s, thus the name of the architectural work. Miller house on the other is an architectural design that shows the modernism of the society as depicted by flowering layout, which covers almost the whole compound (Hennessy 20). The two architectural drawings seem to have many rooms, just as depicted by their big sizes (Peterson 43). They occupy a wide area. The size of the two architectural drawings does not affect their quality and instead, they look more appealing due to the beautiful scenery around them. Peterson asserts that the colors used by both artists are almost similar, though there is a slight difference (44). They both used a green color in front of the buildings to symbolize the nature of the vegetation. However, Chanock explains that Oldfields-Lily house and garden compound is greener showing that there is grass planted (98). The green color is not intense in the compound of Miller House and this shows the presence of flowers. Peterson says that the architects have used the same color but of different intensities to show the sky and clouds (44). In Lily House, the color of the sky is dark blue while in Miller house the sky is light blue. Both the architectural work have trees. Miller house also has a distinctive features from that of Lily House in the sense that it has a flat roof and a wall made of stones and glass (Chanock 99). Lily House has a raised roof, a common feature of ancient buildings, with walls made of blocks. The shape
Introduction/purpose The practice of bird feeding has been around for many centuries. Many people regard it to be a pastime activity for bird enthusiasts around the world. However, it is an important activity that supplements the natural food that is available for birds in a given area (Sharon 2). Successful backyard bird feeding requires the setting up of a bird feeding station at the back yard and providing food that will attract birds to the station. Most backyard birds often prefer black oil sunflower seeds because of their abundance in oil sunflower. Other preferred seeds “include millet, niger, safflower seeds, cracked corn, whole corn and peanuts” (Montes 3, par. 2). The study was carried out in a backyard that has a lake and a lot of trees surrounding it. The area is not secluded and is very close to the lake. The two feeders were placed at the back porch that is off the ground right in front of the lake. This research sought to determine the number of birds that visit the bird feeders daily for one week. The specific types and names of birds were not identified. Materials/Methods Materials  1. Petco black-oil sunflower seeds : The black–oil sunflower seeds attract many different types of birds such as the “chickadees, doves, finches, goldfinches, grosbeaks, Northern cardinal, nuthatches among others” (National bird Feeding Society, par. 4 ). The black oil sunflower seeds have high quantities of oil than other seeds. They also have softer shells that are easier to open by many small birds (Sharon 3).  2. Petco mixed blend : This consists of different types of seeds mixed together. This type of feed is meant to attract different types of birds as many birds will find their favorite seeds in the blend (Sharon 3).  3. Two thistle bird feeders: This is a long tube type hanging bird feeder that has small openings that prevent food wastage. It is used to attract birds such as the “goldfinches, purple finches, house finch and pine Siskins” (National bird Feeding Society, par. 5 ). Method   * Two identical thistle feeders were placed at the back porch of a house where birds can easily access them to feed. This back porch was chosen because it provides an ample view of the tree-filled land that leads to the lake.   * The feeders were filled with different types of seeds; the first feeder was filled with Petco mixed blend seeds while the second was filled with Petco sunflower seeds.   * Bird feeding activities were then observed during the morning hours and afternoons for a period of six days.   * The number of birds that fed at the two feeders in the mornings and afternoons were recorded for six days. Results Figure 1: Petco m
Abstract There are concerns over the causes, prevention, and treatment of Glycogen Storage Disease. However, several studies indicate that there is no specific treatment of GSD because the disease is inheritable. This explains why diet therapy is considered to be a suitable approach to the prevention of GSD. In most of the cases, patients adhering meticulously to dietary regimen have been found to experience a reduction in the size of their livers, as well as enhance prevention of hypoglycemia. Such an approach is often aimed at reduced symptoms of GSD and the enhancement of growth and development of affected children. Nature of Glycogen Storage Disease Glucose plays a significant role in the human body. For this reason, the absence of glucose, as well as an increase in its level has adverse effects on the functionality of various body organs (Decostre et al., 2016). One of the diseases associated with changes in the level of glucose is Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD). Glycogen Storage Disease can be described as a group of metabolic disorders that can be inherited (Koeberl, Kishnani, & Chen, 2007). The disease often occurs in the form of stored excess glycogen that results whenever an individual lacks the enzymes to release glucose from glycogen. An individual suffering from Glycogen Storage Disease has high levels of stored energy due to unbroken glycogen. There are several types of GSDs, such as Glycogen I, II, and GSD III among others. Causes of Glycogen Storage Disease GSD is caused by the absence of any of the enzymes used in the change of glycogen to glucose at various stages (Koeberl, Kishnani, & Chen, 2007). Lack of such enzyme leads to the stoppage of the entire process and consequently results in the accumulation of glycogen in the body (Bendroth-Asmussen, Aksglaede, Gernow, & Lund, 2016). The defect in enzymes used in the breakdown of glycogen results in systematic problems in the body. Nevertheless, such condition affects various tissues, with most patients experiencing muscle symptoms characteristic of cramps and weakness. In most cases, the Glycogen Storage Disease is inherited from parents to their children. Signs and Symptoms of Glycogen Storage Disease Since different enzymes can miss during different stages of the breakdown of glycogen, the expected symptoms of Glycogen Storage Disease vary. In most cases, GSD affects the liver and body muscles (Koeberl, Kishnani, & Chen, 2007). Some of the common symptoms include swollen bell, enlarged liver, low blood sugar, muscle cramps, poor growth, as well as an abnormal blood test. Nevertheless, a review of the GSD trends indicates that the start and severity of the symptoms of Glycogen Storage Disease are determined by the specific type of GSD that a given individual is suffering from (Maimaiti et al., 2009). For example, young children who have GSD I are unlikely to suffer from liver disease though they are at a high risk of developing liver tumors. The GSD III is considered to be a mild version of Glycogen Storage Disease I, and rarely lea