ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Culture has been defined by different authors differently, but what is perhaps the most common definition is that culture is the collective programming of individuals’ minds, which distinguishes members of a particular group or category from the rest of the population. A model by Edward Hall involved the division of cultures according to the communication patterns of individuals into a high context where much of the information is implicit, and a low context where the information is explicit (Harris, 2004). Talcott Parsons and Edward Shils also came up with their own model that suggested that all human actions are influenced by five pattern variables. These pattern variables include: the need for gratification versus the restraint of impulses; self-orientation collectivity orientation; universalism versus particularism; ascription versus achievement and; specificity versus diffuseness. Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodtbeck also came up with another model after conducting a field study on five communities in the US that were geographically close. Their model distinguishes communities by five value orientations which are: the evaluation of human nature; the relationship between an individual and the environment; the orientation in time; the orientation toward activity and; the relationships among people (Chavan, 2005). The cultural dimensions model of Geert Hofstead is based on a study of IBM as a company in regard to their employees in 40 countries. He identified a number of problems that the employees had to cope with and from their coping mechanisms formulated his model of cultural dimension. He identified that the solutions that the employees had to these problems were different from those proposed by the old workplace which they had all been presented with (Burnes, 2003). He, therefore, came up with five dimensions of national cultures. These dimensions include: power distance, which is the degree of inequality among different people and which, the population of a particular country may define as normal; uncertainty avoidance, which is the degree to which a particular population prefers structured situations over unstructured ones; individualism versus collectivism; masculinity versus femininity; and long-term versus short-term orientation (Carmichael, White, and Jayawardena, 2008). Strategy for Managing Cultural Diversity It is important to note that different organizations have different organizational cultures and in as much as a new manager would like to increase the competitive advantage of the organization in the market, his or her strategies may not fit into the in
The paper represents a comparative analysis of somatic and autonomic nervous systems, which regulate the major body control systems. According to the medical theory, the somatic nervous control refers to all voluntary body movements while autonomic system regulates involuntary impulses of a human body. Specifically, an autonomic nervous system manages such divisions as connections between spinal, brain, and other organs. In contrast to it, the system of voluntary control concerns the connections between neurons and human muscles (“The Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems” par. 2). Two systems play a critical role in regulating the major organism functions. For instance, autonomic nervous control relates to such processes as digestion, perspiration, the utilization of body energy as well as the management of sexual and temperature arousals. The system of involuntary impulses realizes its major functions through the revelation of two subdivisions such as parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous regulations. The first system refers to the smoothing of all body functions. Mainly, sympathetic regulation embraces the stimulation of normal blood circulation, the restriction or extension of bronchial size, delivering regulatory effects through digestion mediation as well as catalyzing the basic sexual arousal ef
Background Information of Dubai and Houston Houston attracts approximately 20,000 medical tourists annually. The city is home to some of the largest medical facilities in the world, including the Texas Medical Center (TMC). The center has 21 hospitals and 13 support organizations. Texas is also home to eight academic and research institutions and offers six nursing programs. It is also home to three medical schools, three public health organizations, and two universities. The medical students also come to Texas for its two pharmacy schools and a dental school. The city receives more than 7.4 million people annually. Its medical facilities can accommodate 7000 inpatients and perform 171,000 annual surgeries (International Medical Travel Journal par. 3-6). The medical reputation of Texas includes being the first city to do a successful heart transplant in the USA. The city also has sufficient accommodation facilities to cater for patients coming with the families just as Dubai does. Dubai attracts medical tourists, mainly through its Dubai Healthcare City (DHCC) that is a 27-million square-meter free zone. 12 million visited the city in 2014 and 15% of the number were medical tourists. Dubai has more than 30,000 health professionals working in 3,000 facilities (Nuviun Digital Health par. 2-4). The city is attracting medical tourists as part of its overall tourism expansion program. The city is eyeing growth in the medical tourism sector and set out plans to match the competencies of other well-known destinations. It is improving features that attract investments in the sector and is combining its marketing efforts with existing strengths in its tourism packages, which includes beaches, international hotels and amusement parks as well as an excellent shopping experience. In comparison to Houston, Dubai is still developing its attractiveness while Houston already enjoys the reputation of an established medical center with excellent facilities and human resources for treatment and research. Competitive Profile Matrix                                                    Houston  Dubai Critical success factors                   Weight  Rating   Score  Rating  Score Advertising & Marketing Campaigns          0.20    2        0.40   4       0.80  Number of facilities                       0.20    4        0.80   2       0.40  Total number of tourists annually          0.20    3        0.60   4       0.80  Expansion plans                            0.10    1        0.10   4       0.40  Internatio
Facts The Joy and Faith Club requested permission to use the campus facilities of the Holmes Middle School. The Club intends to read the Bible, interpret scripture, and take lectures to children from 9 to 15 years old at these meetings. The school administrators deny permission since they suppose that it would violate the district’s policy. Issue Can the Holmes Middle School deny permission for the Joy and Faith Club to use the campus facilities? Analysis/Application The Holmes Middle School should give permission to the Joy and Faith Club. On the one hand, the denial would violate the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. It guarantees that people have the freedom of speech and religion ( U.S. Const. amend. I ). On the other hand, two additional cases have already addressed the same issue. According to Good News Club v. Milford Central School (1998), the school should not deny the Club’s request to hold afterschool meetings. The Court stipulated that it is not allowed to prevent organizations from accessing school facilities because they are religious in nature (Connell, 2020). In Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia (1995), the Court stipulated that the university should not deny funding to a student religious publication. This evidence demonstrates that the Holmes Middle School should allow the Joy and Faith Club to use campus facilities for its meetings. Written Reflection Questions The learning materials and activities demonstrated that disputes between Christian and secular organizations are typical. Even though they involve such a delicate topic, it is necessary to address them as usual. Now, I see that previous cases ruled against discrimination of religious organizations and individuals. I can use this information now and in the future to help such Christian bodies and persons protect their constitutional rights. However, it was confusing to me that it was a typical case that Christian organizations faced discrimination based on their religion. No individual should experience limitations because of their beliefs, and it surprised me that many cases violate this claim. I did not ask anyone for assistance to investigate the issue. The analysis above helped me understand that the U.S. judiciary protects the rights of religious organizations.
Introduction Every student needs to take charge of his or her professional growth and development. Many times, students fall into the trap of assuming that the academic institution they attend is responsible for their professional development. A personal development plan (PDP) is useful in the process of taking charge of an individual’s professional development. This reflection paper looks at various facets of professional development. This paper aims to develop a well-reasoned set of professional and social goals based on insight from literature, and insights developed from participating in academic exercises. Acculturation New students suffer from culture shock. Foreign students suffer from culture shock more severely than local ones (UKCISA 2012). Culture shock arises from two situations. First, when someone goes to settle into a new culture, he deals with the lost people, places, and their entire cultural construct (Arthur 2004). The relationships people form over time are an important part of their cultural experience. The second aspect of culture shock is the need to adapt to a new place, with its people, language, and social norms (Griffin 1997). The extent of culture shock depends on how well someone is ready and capable to cope with the new cultural situation. Two models used to describe culture shock include the U-model and the W-model. The U-model looks at culture shock as a three-stage process. One arm of the U represents contact with the host culture (Arthur 2004). The trough represents a conflict with the host culture, while the other arm represents adaptation with the host culture (Arthur 2004). During contact with the host culture, a new person reacts with short-lived excitement caused by the fascination that new ideals and norms bring. This stage gives way to a loss of morale and feelings of being lost in a world away from everything familiar. An individual becomes depressed and tries to find ways of clinging to the familiar things from their home culture. This stage gives way to adaptation as the need to be productive becomes apparent. The W-model is more elaborate and looks at culture shock as a series of difficulties. It models the changes in the morale of the person as he tries to adapt to the new culture (UKCISA 2012). It covers periods of relapses and periods of stability. The W-model adopted by the UK council for international Student affairs includes the cultural changes a student experiences as he goes to a new culture and as he returns home. Figure 1: The W-model featuring reintegration from a host culture (UKCISA 2012). The UKCISA model, prepared for students assumes that all students go back to their home cultures after their education. It also assumes that the cultural shift experienced during the time spent in the UK leads to some permanent changes in the person. The final level of equilibrium is not the same as the original level. Personal experience seems to suggest that the first part of the model is accurate. I am going through the honeymoon phase. However, rather than
Data on diagnoses should be used for publication. It demonstrates a person’s health state that ranges from average to the patient’s illness, virus, injury and frequently contains a prediction or information on the seriousness of the ailment. Moreover, procedures should also be used in the publications. It characterizes a professional’s medical treatments; therefore, this information may be helpful for other studies. In addition, data from screening tests, laboratories, and radiology may be helpful. This is due to the fact that the information demonstrated there might contain useful information to improve the treatment process. Data Sets to Be Used Only Internally Demographic indicators should be used for internal use. Although some of them can be published, most of them should be hidden. This is due to the fact that it is necessary to preserve the privacy of patients (Newman-Griffis et al., 2021). Moreover, for the same reason, it is not necessary to publish various medical statements, prescriptions. Furthermore, information that may harm the position of the clinic should not be published. This may be the data set about the methods or conditions of treatment. Five Questions from The Staff Will patient anonymity be affected? No, because the information provided will contain useful data excluding the personal experience of patients. What period of time is the data planned to be used in the publication? It is planned to use data for the last 5 years. What benefits will the publication bring to the clinic? The publication of the data will make it possible to contribute to the development of other studies, which will attract attention to the clinic itself. How will patients benefit from the published data? There will be an opportunity to get acquainted with the results of treatment, which will indicate the success of the clinic. What is the benefit for the clinic staff? The opportunity to get acquainted with the information in an accessible form to improve performance. Publication Platforms Certainly, to publish the data, you should use the clinic’s website so that every patient can get acquainted with it. Other platforms for publishing research and data, such as PubMed, can also be used. This is necessary so that other specialists in various fields can use the experience gained by the clinic (Gamache et al., 2018). The availability of clinic data will improve the overall experience of interaction with various experts, as well as increase attention to the institution.
Introduction This is an initiative by the young people in a Christian foundation who have seen the need of not only bettering their lives but also getting a positive word to the rest of the young generation out there, through the publishing of a monthly issue of a Christian based magazine. Purpose The project’s purpose is to set in motion a positive influence on the surrounding community through the publishing and selling of a magazine, whose readers will get to be mentally and spiritually built. In writing inspirational messages, quotes, and words of wisdom in a way that the younger generation can appeal to, the project intends to fulfill its purpose to reach out to a generation devoid of moral standards. Reason for starting this project With these fast-changing times, the young generation must hold first to the moral standards that are getting eroded day after the other, and efficiently being fanned into flame by the media and the internet. The magazine intends to attract these people back in the right direction and provide solutions to some of the challenges that young people are facing. I have also considered the fact that this project will be a job/carrier opening opportunity to some of the young people in the group I intend to work with. Not only so, but it will be a platform for the group to create awareness of itself and its other activities. We may need to have distributors, marketers, designers, publishers, and photographers and the list goes on and on. Key Stakeholders and Differing Roles For the project to run, there are a couple of people who will be involved in giving a successful outcome to this project. I plan to install the position of a project manager, whose main task will be to coordinate every module related to the project, making sure all the modules run within a specified timeline. He will also have the task of coordinating all the departmental heads giving them real-time updates as to what needs to be done and under what timelines. Another key stakeholder will be the Chief Marketer who heads the marketing team. This department gives solutions to which strategy will be effective and timely in the quick distribution of the magazines. It also researches the best sources for advertisers in the magazine. The Finance Manager will be required to give
How would you define “organizational development?” Organization development (OD) can be defined as a planned and concise effort to implement changes at different levels (or rather all levels) of the company aimed at improving the company’s “ability to survive” and making the company competitive and flexible in the contemporary business world (Brown, 2011, p. 4). Importantly, OD should be properly planned and it should affect all levels of the company. It should also be properly managed and guided from the top. It should aim for the organization’s health and competitiveness. It is also acknowledged that organizational development can be held effectively with the use of behavioral science knowledge. Why do people/organizations resist change; and what does resistance look like in action? It is strongly believed in lots of organizations that successful actions are undertaken in the past can help the company remain successful. In other words, if something works well, one should follow the pattern and change nothing; otherwise, this can lead to destruction. Brown (2011) mentions the concept of entropy, i.e. the belief that if something is organized it should be maintained. Thus, it is necessary to resist corporate entropy as changes are crucial for the modern business world. Notably, resistance to change can take different forms. Employees can reveal their dissatisfaction and there can be lots of conflicts within the organization. Resistance is also apparent when there are lots of dismissals and resignations or transfers. Describe three of the major diagnostic models and techniques used in OD programs Brown (2011) briefly analyzes three diagnostic models. The difference- integration model, which is also referred to as the analytical model, focuses on the analytical diagnosis. The practitioner analyzes departments in terms of several dimensions, i.e. the structure of departments, time orientation of organization’s members, the interpersonal orientation of members, and members’ “orientation toward goals” (Brown, 2011, p. 128). The second model is the sociotechnical-systems model. This model focuses on the interaction between people and technology. It is believed that teams can be supplied with the necessary technology which will enable them to work and cooperate with other teams effectively. The third model is the force-field analysis model, which focuses on identifying forces that are driving the change and resisting forces. What are “process interventions”? List three and give brief descriptions of each intervention Process interventions are skills of organizational development used by an OD professional to help different groups work more effectively. Process interventions are aimed at helping employees work effectively and cooperate properly. There are different types of process interventions. One of them is clarifying and summarizing, which helps resolve different misunderstandings during discussions. “Providing support, coaching, and counseling” is another type of process interventions aimed at effective
Introduction: the emergence of e commerce In the recent times the internet has emerged as a powerful communication tool dominating all spheres of our lives from education, spirituality, health, romance and economic spheres. According to a research by Nielsen as cited by PayPal (3) over 200 million Americans use internet. According to statistics at the internet world stats website (1) the internet use penetration in the world stood at 28.7 percent. This translates to about 1,970,000,000 internet users. Due to the huge number of internet usage, the internet is vast becoming an attractive business platform. The widespread use of internet, the information superhighway, has spurred a new form of business; electronic commerce. This is a business platform that has hugely become attractive to the mostly young emerging entrepreneurs. The market for e commerce is also huge. According to a research by Nielsen as quoted by Pay Pal, in 2003 the American online shoppers spent 17.2 billion dollars in the last three months of the year. Background of e commerce Electronic commerce, often shortened to e commerce, simply refers to commerce over electronic systems. However complex scholarly definitions do exist for E commerce. The government of South Australia defines e commerce as “…any form of business in which the parties interact electronically over the internet rather than physical exchange or conduct “(1). Andam (6) defines e commerce as “…use of electronic communication and digital information processing technology in business transactions to create, transform, and redefine relationships for value creation between or among organizations, and between organizations and individuals”. In the past the term e commerce and e business were used interchangeably and were understood to imply the same meaning. However scholars have in the recent past sought to differentiate the two by offering a more detailed definition for e business. While e commerce has been taken to the buying and selling over digital media, e business on the other hand has been taken to be the enhancing of the traditional ‘brick and mortar’ business through electronic means. The common telecom networks via which the e commerce takes place include emails, electronic data interchange, faxes, radio, Short Message Services etc. The payment methods for e commerce do vary and include plastic cards, electronic funds transfer, and electronic cash. Plastic cards include both the credit and debit cards though credit cards are widely used. The major advantage of e commerce over the traditional ‘brick and mortar’ means of commerce is the reduction of the cost of doing business and the significant expansion of business. The e commerce reduces several business costs. It reduces transportation costs of looking for information on different suppliers of various components of business. This is done through e procurement sites, brokering sites and infomediary websites. These sites have already compiled vast information available at the click of a mouse. The online stores also reduces the costs associated with putting up o