ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This article, entitled Inappropriate Medication Administration to the Acutely Ill Elderly: A Nationwide Emergency Department Study, 1992-2000 by Jeffrey M. Caterino, Jennifer A. Emond, and Carlos A. Camargo published in the Journal of American Geriatric Society on 11/19/2004 intends to determine the rate of inappropriate administration of drugs to the elderly in emergency departments. Its secondary objective is to determine the risk of being administered inappropriate medication. The main aim of the study The study also attempts to say whether such administration could be justified by the diagnosis in some cases. This observational study is not directed particularly at investigating the adverse side effects of drugs, as it only analyzes the structure of their administration in certain patient categories, therefore the problem of causality is not that relevant to this study. This study performs a retrospective analysis of visits to emergency departments and identifies inappropriate medications with the help of Beers’ 1997 explicit criteria. Because the problem of causality is irrelevant to this article, it does not interfere with the usage of the cross-sectional design, which is usually inappropriate when investigating pharmaceutical treatments (Beaglehole, Bonita, Kjellstrom, 1993). However, some approaches to the performed data analysis call for questioning. Thus, during the evaluation of the inappropriate drug administration risk, this risk appeared to be the highest for the patients, who have been administered several medications. But, it should be considered that this conclusion is quite evident, even without calculating the risk, and does not make any sense. Another aspect of the data analysis that should be discussed is that based on it there was a conclusion made about the fraction constancy of inappropriate administrations during different years, however, the conditions of gathering these data were unequal. For example, in the beginning, only three medications were recorded, and later on – five. In this article, it has been pointed out that frequently there was an absence of diagnosis that would correspond to one or another inappropriate administration however the number of diagnoses included in the system was limited to three, hence some of those diagnoses could not be included in the system. Critique Concerning the conclusions, implications, and recommendations, there was no analysis of the inappropriate administration fraction depending on separate institutions. The above could be done very easily. In this case, the recommendations could be more specific. Regarding the general considerations, the basis for stratification of the administrations and the following conclusions appeared to be the thesis concerning the existence of some “inappropriate” for individuals over 65 medications, formulated in the Beers’ criteria (1997). It would be wise to remark that these criteria, and correspondingly the list of medications have not been investigated in randomized blindfold studies, and they appear to be the opinion of the experts. Therefore their level of evidence according to the principl
According to Van den Cate, the world no longer consists of closed national economies. Accordingly, all countries have opened their borders to international trade. For that reason, the idea of a borderless economy is now real (Van den Cate). Additionally, the need to open economies to foreign investments has resulted into internationalization. Consequently, developing countries’ local industries are now fully liberalized (Van den Cate). However, local companies now face competitive pressure from domestic and foreign rivals. Therefore, for the less developed countries, international trade is an opportunity as well as a threat. Accordingly, internationalization can either expand or restrain the possibilities of a developing country. This essay discuses the impact of internationalization on developing countries. According to Banerjee and Nikolaos, internationalization has led to the development of local firms in developing countries. As these firms exploit new markets elsewhere, they expand and grow. This growth leads to developing countries’ economic growth. Consequently, firms accrue benefits from economies of scale. Additionally, firms from developing countries are able to spread their risks when they enter an international market. Furthermore, internationalization has also brought new skills to developing countries (Banerjee and Nikolaos). These skills are within the workforce that comes with foreign investment or trainings offered to the locals. Moreover, through internationalization, a developing country increases its possibilities of accessing new technologies and ideas. In addition, these countries are also able to promote their brands to new audiences (Banerjee and Nikolaos). For that reason, their companies and brands gain regional or worldwide recognition. However, most developing countries believe that internationalization give them a raw deal. For instance, most of the developing countries rely on few goods as their main exports. On the other hand, their counterparts from the developed countries have multiple goods on their export list. For that reason, a developing country accrues less benefit from exports than a developed county. Additionally, developing countries cannot control prices of their goods and services in the international market. Prices of goods in the international markets are controlled by major economic powerhouse. For instance, the dollar determines the pricing of imports and exports in most instances. Consequently, the economies of developing countries are at the mercy of the dollar. Furthermore, si
Introduction During infancy, the majority of ova in ovaries are found within non-mounting follicles, which are usually small in size. However, follicular mounting starts when oocyte begins to replicate, increasing in numbers. This process results in the multiplication of granulose cells. Preliminary follicles initiate within the foremost week of their subsistence. A differential growth exists in a period of 2 weeks where follicle cells are larger than those before. This is manifested in 3 weeks where the large follicles dominate the ovary. Autoradiography system was first applied by Pedersen in 1972 to conclude the total number of follicles parting the site of non-mounting follicles in a rat at different phases (Sirotkin 2222). This proves that neither a given entity of follicle starts to grow and attains ovulation when the rat matures. Instead, there is always a continuous development growth during infancy (Sirotkin 2222). The wearing of surface ovarian epithelium, which protects ovarian walls, results in the development of ovarian cancer. Entrapped ovarian surface epithelium which covers the ovary contributes to the development of inclusion cysts. The resulting cysts increase the chances of uncontrollable growth of cells probably due to the exposure to the stromal microenvironment which is rich in growth factors. A repeat of such exposure increases the chance of cancer due to the loss of the ov
Over the last few decades, scholars have attempted to understand how humans acquire knowledge during childhood stages. A number of theories and concepts have emerged in an attempt to explain how childhood behavior can be understood and integrated into practice. For instance, theorists such as Skinner, Piaget, Gesell and Vytgotsky have contributed significantly to the field. Their work is important in developing and evaluating our learning models as well as analyzing the teaching practices that we apply in the field (Forman & Kuschner, 2007). Moreover, these theories are important in measuring educators’ performance and outcomes. Several theories of learning provide teachers with a good opportunity to create the appropriate environment for educating children. For instance, behaviorism, constructivism and multiple intelligence theories are some of the most important theoretical concepts applied in developing the appropriate learning environment in ECD. According to Forman and Kuschner (2007), the social constructivism theory is the complex interaction of the interdependent individual as well as the social processes that build human knowledge. On the other hand, Howard Gardner’s theory of ‘Multiple Intelligences’ describes learning as “that aspect that involves an independent operational of human’s ‘Multiple Intelligences’, which explains all the facets of cognitive development in humans…” (Forman & Kuschner, 2007). In contrast, the behaviorism and cognitive constructivism theory include the social setting in which the learner constructs new knowledge. It also includes the natural setting in which the leaner expands the pre-existing knowledge. In this paper, I will develop a comprehensive learning philosophy for applying in my work of teaching. The purpose of the paper is to develop a detailed analysis of my learning philosophy based on the theories analyzed in the course. First, I believe that the learners, as developing humans, are actively involved in their learning process. Therefore, I believe that as an educator, my role will be mainly to facilitate and guide the children in their active learning process. My primary task is to ensure that the appropriate environment is provided to the learners in order to enhance their active learning. In particular, the environment must include those aspects and activities that attract the interest of the developing children and validates their existing knowledge (Forman & Kuschner, 2007). In addition, the environment must include the activities that lead to the child’s ability to build new knowledge on top of the existing one in order to create challenging activities based on the current level of development. The idea of aiding and supporting children is
Introduction Russia’s economy is ranked 9 th in the world in terms of GDP, 6 th in terms of purchasing power and 3 rd in terms of military spending. The country’s GDP was estimated at around 2.4 trillion dollars (FYE 2011) and a per capita income of 16 736 dollars (Index Mundi, 2012). According to the 2012 estimates, the Russian population is believed to be over 140 million with an unemployment rate of 6 percent. An average Russia earns approximately over 640 dollars a month. Mineral fuel, oil, metals and timber represents over 80 percent of the country’s exports. Despite of the increased energy prices, mineral fuel and oil only contributes 4 percent of the country’s GDP and the government expects a further drop in this figure (Index Mundi, 2012). Russia is not only the largest county in the world but also the richest in terms of mineral resources. The country covers over 75 percent of the former Soviet Union territory. The country holds the largest natural gas
Introduction   * Biographical information of Sandra Bartky:       + She is a professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois at Chicago.       + In 1997, she received an honorary degree, Doctor of Humanities from New England College.   * Her article, “On Psychological Oppression”. On psychological oppression   * Bartky quotes Fanon and says that colonialism had psychological effects on the colonized (mainly the blacks).   * Despite being white, Bartky complains of being psychologically alienated.   * The psychological effects of sexist oppression resemble those of racism and colonialism.   * Oppress is to weigh down or exercise harsh dominion over people economically, politically and psychologically.   * Psychological oppression is to have a harsh dominion exercised over your self-esteem and make the victims their own oppressors.   * It makes work of oppressors easy by breaking spirits of the dominated by rendering them incapable of understanding the nature of those agencies responsible for their subjugation.   * The economically and politically oppressed are themselves psychologically oppressive.   * The experiences of oppression falls into three categories:       + Stereotyping;       + Cultural domination;       + Sexual objectification.   * Black men and women of all races have been victims of sexual stereotyping.   * White women have also been seen as incapable and incompetent.   * Female stereotypes threaten the autonomy of women both by their existence and by their content.   * Women are now learning to identify and struggle against the forces that have laid the psychic burdens upon them.   * Women had also become victims of cultural domination, under male manifested supremacy.   * The women of color face male dominance and racism.   * Women of all races and ethnicities are subject to stereotyping, cultural depreciation and sexual objectification.   * Many oppressed persons come to regard themselves as uniquely unable to satisfy normal criteria of psychological health or moral adequacy.   * Bartky argues that women ought not to look ‘pretty and attractive’ for the sake of mere men but for the sake of beauty.   * Much has been written about alienation, but Marx’s theory of alienation speaks most compellingly about feminist political theory.   * All modes of oppression serve to maintain a vast system of privileges including those of race, sex and class.   * Class oppression encourages those who are higher in hierarchies of race or gender to cling to a false sense of superiority.   * All forms oppression support each other and it’s difficult for any form of oppression to disappear entirely unless the system of oppression as a whole is overthrown.
An Overview of Media Analysis History and its Relevance Modern technologies that spawned the culture of virtual spaces, remote communication, and social media also form a new type of world perception. In this new manner of seeing, the medium of communication or the media intermediary determines the meaning and direction of the transmitted information (Alvermann and Hagood, 2000). A lot of work over the past decades has been devoted to the study of media analysis, which has led to the formation of a new area of knowledge, concepts, and categories. The domain of media analysis may be considered a relatively new repercussion of the processes mentioned above, which makes the impulse to investigate this field inevitable (Alvermann and Hagood, 2000). As information is often associated with power and media is a contemporary quintessence of information or its absence, deconstructing media content has become a battlefield for the right to know. The essay strives to analyse the overarching significance of media analysis and its particular role in investigating how the pandemic is covered in news outlets. In the occidental culture, the affirmation of postmodernist interpretation of truth has activated a new era for media. This interpretation on the surface allows each individual to have their realities and denies the existence of the universal one (Sim, 2019). Common nowadays perception of life as a game, the call to abandon the search for meaning, and put own opinions above evidence contributed to the modern state of media and the acute need for media analysis (Sim, 2019). Some researchers view this field as a branch of Critical Theory, an area of knowledge aimed at identifying the methods in which media content is used to affect the power balance in society (Deutscher and Lafont, 2017). Even though the extensive development of the field began rather recently, its first manifestations can be traced to the middle of the nineteenth century, when the first media monitoring canter was founded in London by a newsagent named Romeike (Kaulback, 2016). The further growth of media analysis manifested itself in the transition from individual analysts to agencies, corporations, and governments who also perform the media analysis nowadays (Kaulback, 2016). Defying media analysis is crucial to ensure the unity of understanding of the issue. General opinions regarding the interpretation of what media analysis means seem somewhat equivalent and conforming. From this perspective, media analysis may be defined as a critical examination of the content, form, and context of a piece of media (Berger, 2017, p 311). Another definition states that critical media analysis means thinking critically about the impact of media on the distribution of power in society, nature and agendas of media powers and social knowledge (Stocchetti and Kukkonen, 2011). “Media” in these definitions refers to both the form and content which it communicates. After overviewing several definitions, the key elements pre
Introduction All people are willing to live in a safe environment that gives them a wide range of opportunities and prevents from facing problems caused by different disasters. Still, considering recent events that happen all over the world, it turns out that such place can be hardly found. If there are no terrorist attacks, such as 9/11, one may face problems created by natural disasters, infections or technological catastrophes. Even though professionals tend to do their best to predict and prevent them, no one is really able to avoid all possible dangers. The population of the world increases greatly every year, which also means that more people can be at risk of mass casualties. Among the most vulnerable populations are those poor nations that live on insecure territories that are often influenced by hurricanes and floods. As the number of incidents increases and more people become affected, there is a necessity to enhance the awareness of the representatives of the general public regarding the issues and ensure that the country is able to cope with possible disasters with mass casualties. This paper will focus on the management of actual or potential mass casualty events. It will be considered whether it is just a part of the normal activity of emergency services and community agencies or not. The attention will be paid to the role of the emergency health services, in particular. According to Australian emergency management glossary, medical emergency refers to mass casualties that are defined as “any event in which trained personnel are required to respond effectively to a medical crisis beyond the accepted routine of a health care facility” (Koob, 2012, p. 75). Thus, it can be stated that such events exceed the normal activity of emergency health services, as there is a necessity to work with more patients than it is possible during routine procedures, prepare special arrangements and provide unusual assistance. Thus, this paper will disagree with the idea according to which it is enough to enhance normal activity to manage mass casualty events. The fact that emergency services and community agencies are challenged by actual and potential mass casualty events will be emphasised. To support this point of view, normal day practice activity in Saudi Arabia and Australia, triage in mass casualty, and a surge response will be thoroughly discussed on the basis of the information received from the authoritative literature sources and personal experience. The representatives of the general public tend to perceive mass casualty events differently, which proves that they lack appropriate knowledge. Many treat them just as some ordinary emergency problems that are just a little bit more critical, as they cause more damage (Spencer, 2011). Thus, they believe tha
Introduction People do graduate from being overweight to obese. Clinically, someone who is overweight is regarded as anyone who has a body weight that is 20 per cent greater than the recommended height. Such people have excessive fat in their systems. Thus, they are at a higher risk of contracting illnesses that are linked to such conditions. They range from diabetes to heart diseases such as thrombosis. Body Mass Index (BMI) which involves comparison of weight and height is normally used to determine if somebody is suffering from obesity or not. Overweight people have a BMI range of 25-30 kg/sq meter, where as people suffering from obesity have BMI that is above 30 kg/sq meters. People suffering from obesity tend to have reduced life expectancy. This study will review the works of James E. Tillotson and report by Clara Pirani on obesity and critique some of the issues they have highlighted. Tillotson’s article generally relates problems associated with obesity to food industries concerted effort to manufacture and advertise goods that accelerate obesity in both children and adults. Summary of Tillotson article Tillotson purports that according to Rand Corporation Study on population 90 million Americans have been classified as overweight. He links this precedence to strain on medical care. He further states that costs associated with obesity at that time were far more compared to the health costs due to smoking. Tillotson reports that The Rand’s population research indicated that between the year 1991 and the year 2000, sixty per cent of Americans were classified as overweight. Tillotson attributes the rising cases of obesity to food industries that supply cheap, tasty and starchy food. He recommends that such food industries should aim at serving people with foods that will not jeopardize their health by encouraging overfeeding. Tillotson posits that people’s obsession with food is not absolutely industry related as individual’s input also encourages this. The food industries indeed encourage people to eat more by enhancing the taste of food, making the foods more accessible, offering affordable prices and marketing their products by using advertisements and promotions that are extremely enticing. However, the desire for food is psychological and it is only individuals who can control it. He reiterates that obesity can only be controlled by eating less. He reckons that some measures to control obesity like labeling and dissemination of nutritional advice have not worked. He attributes the failures to efficacy of the strategies that food industries use in marketing their products. Tillotson blames resurgence of obesity on authorities haze in coming up with solutions that are not comprehensive like imposition of sin food taxes, and restriction of food advertisement. This study also blames rising cases of obesity on complacency of the law as it gives a soft landing for commercial speech advertising. Tillotson attributes rising cases of obesit