ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The world has experienced tremendous developmental progress since time immemorial. A great number of personalities and events have contributed either directly or indirectly towards this end. The notion of development has acquired various perspectives throughout the long period of time in the world. Sustainable development can be defined as the process of improving the welfare of human beings through the enhancement of quality of life and social well being which ensures the satisfaction of their various needs and wants (Rist 10). This essay seeks to discuss, in summary, the content of chapter four found in Gilbert Rist’s book, “The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith.” It will highlight President Truman’s perspective on development, the concept of underdevelopment, US supremacy, development as a recent invention, and finally the age of development. In this chapter, the author focuses on how the concept of development came into existence. He concentrates on the events that followed the end of the Second World War, especially in Europe and the United States. During this period, efforts were made to reconstruct Europe and save it from the ruined state caused by Nazism (Rist 69). This period saw the launch of the Marshall Plan in Europe. The supreme authority in the US could not ignore the then dynamic changes that were taking place virtually everywhere. In 1949, President Truman, during his Inaugural Address, outlined the four points that the US was determined to pursue (Rist 70). Firstly, its support for UN Organizations, the use of the Marshall Plan to reconstruct Europe, and thirdly, the creation of NATO with an aim of countering the security threat from the Soviet. However, the fourth, which was the need to extend America’s technical assistance to other parts of the world, was considered a public gimmick since it was in contrast with the first three. On being sworn in as the president of the United States, Rist notes, Truman introduced the term, underdevelopment, as a new concept of regarding the impoverished regions of the world (Rist 72). This terminology brought up an entirely new way of understanding development, where, it was to be brought into existence rather than happening intransitively. Underdevelopment, on the other hand, was to be regarded as occurring ‘by nature’ with no one to blame. The new perspective led to the stratification of nations in the North and South orientation on the basis of developed and underdeveloped states. As a result, struggle for the elimination of the status quo through accelerated economic growth emerged (Rist 74).
Abstract Many experiments have been conducted to develop a better understanding of human memory. The examination of several experiments attempted to test the hypothesis of the relationship between free recall and serial recall. Two conditions were researched, free recall and serial recall, to establish the relationship of the serial position effect. The group was made up of 8 participants, 7 females and 1 male. A list of twelve words was shown, with an average of 5 letters each, these words were randomly selected for the experiment. Each word on the list was flashed for three seconds on the computer screen. The single-trial did not offer strong support for the serial position effect. The results show that other factors, such as word list, word length, study time, and successive trials may also affect recall. Introduction The mechanisms that are used in memory recall can vary from simple to complex. It may depend on the information to be learned, the type of methods used complexity of materials, and the amount of time needed or allowed to obtain information in memory. Many experiments have been conducted to test this phenomenon. Memory recall is retrieving stored memory, according to (Matlin, 2005) it can be stored in short term memory or long term memory with elaboration. The amount of information to be learned and the method used are also important aspects of memory recall. One of the earliest experiments conducted on memory was by Bruner, Miller, and Zimmerman (1955), in which they studied the impact of the order of items in free and serial recall. In the study, the experimenters changed the order in which the items were presented to the participants before each trial to test the ability of the subject to recognize these words (Bruner, Miller, & Zimmerman, 1955) it was observed that memory recall and recognition improved with practice. It was concluded that this improvement in memory recall and recognition was because as the number of trials increased, the subject developed discriminative skill and better discriminative matching, which results from the knowledge of the set of alternative possibilities to which the individual stimulus events must be matched (Bruner, Miller, & Zimmerman, 1955). Dallet
The poem “Sylvia’s Death” by Anne Sexton is devoted, as the title suggests, to the death of poet Sylvia Plath. Sexton writes in the first person as if addressing Sylvia directly. The poem itself is like a monologue or a short speech devoted to Sylvia and her death. The author was evidently a friend of Sylvia Plath because Sexton refers to the letter in which Plath wrote about “raising potatoes” and “keeping bees”. The word “death” is mentioned many times but the main idea of the poem is hard to be located, identified or defined. It appears that Sexton did not care about the format of her poem and simply wrote down her thoughts about the death of her friend. The poem opens rather strangely. Saxton writes: O Sylvia, Sylvia, with a dead box of stones and spoons, with two children, two meteors wandering loose in a tiny playroom, with your mouth into the sheet, into the roofbeam, into the dumb prayer. It is clear what a dead box is (the coffin) but it’s hard to catch the meaning of the word “spoons”. The choice of the words in the next line is rather interesting. Sexton puts two incompatible concepts into one sentence: children “wandering loose in a tiny playroom”. It is impossible to wander loosely in a tiny room. Similar patterns are used throughout the poem. The poem tells a lot about the life of the author as well as Sylvia Plath. In particular, Sexton tells the story of how they drank martinis in Boston talking about the death. While the poem has a traceable structure with introduction, body, and conclusion, Sexton does not integrate the climax or the point when the events reach the most emotional intensiveness. In other words, the poem is flat. It does not evoke admiration and fails to win the attention of the audience. Regarding conclusion, Sexton does not express her opinion on the death of her friend Sylvia Plath. Sexton concludes with the following lines: O tiny mother, you too! O, funny duchess! O blonde thing! These lines conclude the poem devoted to the death of famous and talented poet Sylvia Plath while Sexton wants the readers of the poem to remember her as a “tiny mother”, a “funny duchess” and a “blonde thing”. Only at the beginning of the poem, Sexton makes a short reference to Sylvia as a poet through the phrase “mouth into the sheet”. I personally disliked the poem because Sexton’s style of writing is not appealing. The death of her close friend Sylvia Plath is presented as an event they discussed having a drink together in Boston. The wording of the poem and weak structure undermines the interest of the audience. However, the poem “Sylvia’s Death” is read easily and the reader feels acquainted with Sylvia, her lifestyle, and
Hawaiian culture is an ancient combination inspired by ethnic and distinctive customs. The culture, which is a key display for this south-pacific holiday destination, is a major element of what makes the island of Hawaii so distinctive. The initial Hawaiian culture remains evident on the island, but the native Hawaiian aesthetic has been diluted and made to fade gradually through intermarriages and death. Today, Hawaiian artworks give a mixed picture of western and eastern influence. Hawaiians have a variety of traditional and customary art such as Kapa and lau hala. However, my essay will focus on Lau Hala, a traditional art practiced by indigenous Hawaiians. The lau hala is a significant emblem of Hawaiian identity, which includes the art of lauhala. According to MacDowell et al. (2014), the weaving and twisting of hala leaves, also known as lau hala, into mea ulana, is vital to Hawaiian cultural heritage art and craft. When they make and use hala, people feel linked to Hawaii and others who weave lau hala. The leaves of hala sewed together with olona were used to build sail vessels that transported early people both to and from islands. Furthermore, mats, home ceilings, baskets, garments, and other products that were employed in ceremonial practices were made from lau hala. The mats were made for many specific uses, ranging from different sizes, shapes, and weaving styles depending on the purpose (Wianecki, 2019). Mats, such as finer mats, were made for beds to serve as mattresses, while salt malts were made to collect salts. Salts collected from the oceans were placed on the salt mats until they dried, then later placed on hala baskets. Lau hala art forms such as hats and baskets reflect an aesthetic appeal since they are made according to the purpose and taste of the individual. lau hala hat weavers, for example, have cultivated the art of inventiveness, with weavers producing internationally renowned weaving styles. To represent the artist’s views and the fashion of the moment, new heart weaving styles and designs have been introduced. Contemporary lau hala weavers labor not just to satisfy historic memories or styles, but also to meet contemporary requests. Some artists create mats by combining traditional and innovative techniques that stretch the boundaries of the Lau Hau arts. At the same time, the lau hala weaving design is determined by the available trees, as various trees symbolize distinct features that are suitable for certain designs. As a result, the various weaving patterns or styles provide a clear image of an aesthetic appeal rather than a purely utilitarian function. The ancient Hawaiian artisans were skilled craftsmen with very high labor standards and a distinct viewpoint on creativity. They recognized that each of their endeavors was a test of self-awareness and devotion to Hawaiian culture and religion. The fact that weavers were forced to think positively during the weaving process shows that beauty considerations were part of the strategy. Weavers who were believed to be thinking negatively throughout the weaving process were forced to repeat their weave until it was
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a large culturally diverse country located at the crossroads of the strategically significant expanses of South Asia, Central Asia and Western Asia, and borders Afghanistan and Iran in the western corridor, India in the eastern corridor, and China in the far northeast (Page et al 6). This brief attempts to examine the country’s history and culture. Although Urdu is the official national language and lingua franca of Pakistan, Punjabi is the principal indigenous language in the country by virtue of the fact that it is spoken by an estimated 60 million individuals (Page et al 18). There exist marked differences between how the Urdu language is written using Arabic and Hindi characters. Although the language uses the right-to-left alphabet modified from the Persian alphabet, it is important to point out that some characters do not exist in Hindi, implying that people using the Hindi characters have to employ some consonants from Arabic for use in words borrowed from Arabic/Persian only. For instance, the ‘Z’ sound is not available in Hindi, necessitating speakers to use ‘J’ instead. Equally, some characters do not exist in Arabic or Persian, and are therefore borrowed from Hindi. The rules for gender in most of the characters which have been borrowed from the Hindi language do not change between Urdu and Hindi; however the rules for gender shifts in most of the words borrowed from the Arabic language. Moving on to the issue of tribes, the major ethnic groups in Pakistan include “…Punjabis (44.68% of the population), Pashtuns (15.42%), Sindhis (14.1%), Seraikis (8.38%), Muhajirs (7.57%), Balochis (3.57%) and others (6.08%)” (Page et al 18). While the Punjabis are an indo-Aryan tribal grouping of North Indian origin, the Pashtuns belong to the Eastern Iranian peoples, and the Sindhis are native to the Sindh province of Pakistan. The Seraikis have no central place of origin, but the Muhajirs are immigrants who preferred to stay in Pakistan and changed their residence after the partition of British India to Pakistan. The Balochis are native to Balochistan – the largest province of Pakistan by land mass. In discussing the main characteristics of Pakistani culture, it is imperative to mention that every great nation enjoys its own distinct culture, and Pakistan is no different in large part due to its distinctive culture that is grounded on Islamic values and traditions, as well as a rich historical background. Pakistani culture draws its value propositions, belief systems and traditions from Islam, by virtue of the fact that it is actually a component of the contemporary Islamic civilization. It is of essence to note that Pakistani culture is a striking combination of Punjabi, Sindhi, Pathan, Baluchi, Barohi, Sera
Communication is distinguished to be either verbal or non-verbal. Men and women are known to communicate for totally different reasons. Therefore, there are significant differences between the body language used by men and women when communicating. This gives the implication that there is a high likelihood of a man misunderstanding a woman’s language in settings and situations, such as social circles, workplace, and during dating. This is greatly attributed to the fact that one gender’s view is regarded differently by the other gender. In different societies, the body language used by men and women results in a wide array of misunderstandings (Abercrombie 335). Misunderstandings occur as a result of differences in understanding body language used by both genders. Continually, men and women develop body languages that are only significant to them but not to the opposite gender. Body language also varies depending on behaviour and culture. Identifying body languages between men and women assists in creating mutual understanding. The main goal of communication for men is passing particular information and tackling specific challenges. On the other hand, women usually communicate to express their feelings or satisfy the need for emotional intimacy. It is worth noting that women utilize nonverbal communication more as opposed to men (McWhorter 52). Women are notorious for their ability to interpret nonverbal signs. In addition, women are experts in identifying unintended nonverbal, signs such as deception signs. Irrespective of the fact that the male gender also communicates using nonverbal signs, their intentions are less subtle compared to those of the females. In addition, they have a higher tendency of using their hands when expressing themselves. On the contrary, women are more likely to use exceptionally restrained and subtle gestures. Furthermore, women display differential gestures. These include lowering their eyes during confrontation and interruption. When communicating, women are more notorious for using eye contact as opposed to men. This is attributed to the fact that women often use communication for establishing emotional connection. Women also use eye contact to achieve sincerity in their colleagues. Furthermore, women rely on facial expression to establish the level of their emotions and pass a message across (Abercrombie 335). While women prefer communicating side-by-side with their mates, men are more comfortable with face-to-face communication. Women possess a higher desire for intimacy, which makes them more comfortable with close body contact as opposed to men. On the contrary, men consider close proximity as an indication of confrontational intent or aggressiveness. It is worth noting that close proximity is tolerated at different degrees depending on the culture. These variations create a clear distinction between the male and female gender. Often, men think that there is a close association between touching and sexual intentions. As a result, heterosexual men never touch their fellow men during c
Marketing Objectives The marketing plan for Blink Camera aims at ensuring the recognition of the companys entry level camera and its multi-feature camera. The company is focused in increasing the sales volume for both entry level camera and its multi-feature camera. To achieve these objectives, the following marketing objectives have been developed:   * Market penetration; the two products will be sold to existing customer segments   * Market extension; the two products will be extended to new markets where Blink Camera has never entered before.   * Promoting the entry level camera among the youth as a user-friendly, affordable and creative camera that meets their photography needs   * Promoting the multi-feature camera among middle income groups and professional photographers Core Strategy Target Markets As stated earlier, the Blink entry-level camera will be targeted more at the youth sector. The companys promotional campaigns and marketing initiatives will target the younger generation in all the regions that the company operates in including Europe, Asia- Pacific, Africa among others. To attract the younger generation to this product, the company will roll out a ‘fun’ campaign to promote the Blink entry camera in all the regions where it operates (U.S Small Business Administration, 2012). On the other hand, the multi-feature cameras are more convenient for more mature and financially stable segments of the population. For this reason, the marketing for this product will target the middle income earners and photography professionals. In addition, given the cameras multiple features some people perceive it as complex and difficult to use. To address this challenge the company has produced a user guide that will guide the customers on how to take pictures quickly. Competitor targets At present, there are many entry-level camera models in the market. These include products from major global players like Canon, Sony, and Olympus that are promoted widely in the market. Canon will further provide significant competition for Blinks multi-feature camera because it strongly markets its professional models like the 50D and 7D, however, Blink can beat it in the entry-level models if significant marketing is done because it often overlooks its models such like the 1000D. The company projects that its strong marketing campaign for its entry level and the multi-feature camera in both new and established markets will help it capture a significant market share by gaining popularity among the population because of enhanced product awareness. Blinks competitive edge Blinks entry level came
Introduction For construction projects, careful planning and system thinking have a great role in effective project development and implementation. One successful function of system thinking is in the area of project management. In this case, a project is divided into manageable pieces to facilitate its completion and management, then the pieces are put back together using interface management, and the system should work properly. The important lesson is that it is not possible to optimize the parts of the system and expect that the whole system will function optimally. The optimization of the whole system takes precedence and requires that the subsystems (i.e., the manageable parts of the project) are therefore sub-optimized. It is applicable to a project, a set of projects that constitute a program, a set of programs that constitute an organizational plan, a set of organizational plans that follow selected strategies, a strategic plan that is designed to fulfill the objectives of the organization, to the mission of the organization (Frame, 2002). The main problems faced by Hazelton International are lack of strategic planning and strict schedules, lack of professional engineers and experts in the field of construction, and inadequate resource allocation and budgeting. Problem Identification The case study shows that Hazelton International deals with a number of interrelated technologies. The introduction of new technology by Hazelton International has a very sharp impact on each of the current core technologies, especially on their interdependencies. The main problems identified to deal with ineffective strategy
Media essentially encompasses various communication channels through which messages are conveyed to a large number of people. They include, print, audio, and visual. Print media includes newspapers, magazines, and posters among many whereas audio media includes radio, and podcasts among many. On the other hand, visual media mainly includes television and cinema. Media has evolved from historically crude form to the contemporary sophisticated system. In the United States of America, media has been developed and shaped by various major events. At the same time, media has had an influence in the society in various ways as discussed in this paper. Major Historical Events Impacting the Development of Media in the U.S. The development of mass media in the United States was influenced by several events. During mid 19th century, the United States expanded from pacific to Atlantic Ocean. At the same time, the country experienced a rigorous phase of industrial revolution. Industrialization paved way for marketing of industrial products resulting to advertising phase that was from 1841 to 1929. The advertising phase created demand for advertising media resulting establishment of various mass media. Newspapers were the first media of advertisement. The first advertising agency, V.B. Palmer was established in 1841 in Philadelphia. It expanded to other cities in the U.S. (Blanchard, 1998). In 1860s, civil war broke up in the United States. During this time, the essence of magazines was realized. Although magazines had been invented in 1841, they were not read widely and conclusively as it was the case during the period of civil war. During this time, detailed analysis of the events during the civil war was well documented. At the same time, the effect of war hampered timely delivery of newspapers meaning that magazines remained effective. In 1906, breakthrough was made in radio broadcasting paving way for audio communication. The development of motion pictures that commenced in 1907 culminated into television broadcasting in 1947. Thereafter, mass media has been undergoing some innovation and transformation to attract large audiences (Blanchard, 1998). Model of Mass Communication and Influence of message on the Society Mass communication is effected through different models. The earliest form is a one-step model communication whereby the message was directly passed to isolated individuals. Thereafter, the two-step model that is used in the modern generation was developed. In this model, the message reaches the opinion leader who interprets it to individuals attached to the leader. The two models are shown below: Figure 1: Two-Step Flow communicat