ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Current essay provides comprehensive analysis of Starson vs. Swayne case from the point of five of judicial reasoning and bioethical issues. Through careful analysis of legal test of capacity which is important in determining person’s ability to be an active player in the judicial process, we analyze if the court’s decision was justified or not. Bioethics and law Bioethics is interdisciplinary field lying at the intersection of many sciences including moral philosophy, medicine, law and other important spheres. There is no denying the importance of the fact that its development was greatly connected with the progress of biology, medicine and anatomy which opened the issues of cloning, genetic transformation. As it was noted above many issues of bioethics are interrelated with law and juridical system in whole (Allegretti, 2002, p. 12). Among them the most notable are death lethal injection, using various medications, defining legal capacity and prescribing judicial medical treatment. Some of these mentioned bioethical issues will be touched and analyzed in this essay on the example of Starson vs. Swayne test. But before proceeding to this analysis it is needed to analyze the interrelation between law and bioethics. As Schneider claims, these two spheres are greatly interconnected as we see that many bioethicists are lawyers and vice versa. It should be noted that bioethics has much to do with politics than with academic institutionalized disciplines and hence it speaks on the language of prescriptions and orders which is so characteristic of law (Capron, 1999, 295; Schneider, 1994)). The issues raised by bioethics are close to those which are rise in law proceeding concerning the multi-faceted and various issues of judicial medicine, regulation of patients’ treatment etc (Washington times, 2004). Bioethics, generally saying refers to the study of various ethical issues which related to the health care and starting from deciding on how doctor and patients should act to the issues of how national system of health should be organized in general. Such issues as the analyzed case will shows are extremely difficult and rise controversies between person’s interests and his autonomy to decide on his future life, between free will and medical care of incapa
Different business firms use generic strategies models to increase their competitiveness in different industries they operate in. Three retail firms will be analysed to find out specific business strategies they use to increase their profit revenues. This paper will discuss different business strategies used by McDonald’s, Pizza Hut and KFC in their operations. These firms are reputable multinationals operating in various countries across the world. McDonald’s is a popular fast food chain whose brand is one of the most recognisable in the world (Lassar & Kulkarni, 2009, p. 3). KFC mainly sells chicken products in different global markets. Pizza Hut sells different types of pizzas to consumers across the world. It has more than 20, 000 franchises in different global regions. McDonald’s has mainly used market and product differentiation strategies to increase its competitiveness in different regions. For instance, in China and India, it uses culture- specific market strategies to appeal to its consumers. In India, the firm sells vegetable burgers that do not contain any beef, pork or chicken. There are many Indian consumers whose religious and cultural practices do not allow them to consume meat products (Lassar & Kulkarni, 2009, p. 9). The firm also uses its strong branding concepts to appeal to consumers by offering them value added services to build strong relationships with them. The firm has several franchises in different parts of the world which offer consumers localised service experiences which conform to their lifestyles and consumption habits. KFC uses focus strategies by developing innovative products which serve clients’ needs effectively. The firm mainly sells chicken and fried foods targeting consumers in urbane locations. KFC has relied on the strong brand value of its products to expand into other foreign markets, where chicken and other fried foods are consumed on a large scale. For instance, KFC’s Chinese operations have been well received by consumers in the country. KFC specialises in few product categories which help it sustain strong relationships with consumers in its target markets. It has cordial business relationships with its suppliers who provide raw materials used in its operations at a low cost. As a result, the firm has been able to improve its value chain functions b
Introduction to the Skill As stated by Karp (2015), empathetic care is associated with greater health benefits for patients and increased client satisfaction. Empathy is thus may be regarded as an essential skill needed to grow as a professional in counseling. Empathy is a critical attribute of active listening which is defined by many scholars and practitioners as one of the basic counseling and communication skills. According to Family Health International (FHI, 2011), “listening involves more than just one sense” (p. 47). Eye contact, nods, lack of distraction, body postures, etc. are meant to demonstrate attending (Drab, n.d.). Moreover, despite the prevailing opinion, active listening does not mean simply sitting silently and waiting for a speaker to finish talking, it involves an element of communication as well. To be an active listener, a counselor should not just hear what a person says but should observe his/her behavior and, at the same time, say encouraging things relevant to the situation. Overall, active listening implies listening with an appropriate internal and external activity. It helps to establish a trustful contact with a client and conciliate him/her. As mentioned by the International Organization for Migration (IOM, 2009), it is very difficult to help clients in finding their solutions without trust. But it always takes time and significant efforts to bring professional relationships to the right point where patients would feel welcomed and free to discuss their issues. To facilitate the establishment of a trustful relationship with a client, a counselor should implement active listening techniques and develop the right attitude to the work process and people with whom he or she interacts. It may allow counselors to understand clients’ opinions and be able to help them in a more efficient way. Thus, along with being active, listening should be emphatic. According to FHI (2011), empathy is the translator of counselors’ understanding of individuals’ experiences, emotions, and behaviors into a response through which they (counselors) share their own perceptions with the clients. Empathic listening allows us to live through the same feelings as a speaker experienced, reflect these emotions, comprehend the psychological state of the interlocutor, and s
Tenessee Williams’ renowned Broadway play A Streetcar Named Desire manages to reflect the turbulence of family drama in New Orleans’ French Quarter in the 1940s. The author explores the vulnerabilities of the story’s protagonists – Blanche DuBois, Stella Kowalski, and Stanley Kowalski. Williams may have projected his own insecurities and personal tragedies into the play, drawing inspiration from his family (Vernadakis). It is evident that the writer has been an exceptionally vulnerable human being due to his experiences of being homosexual while struggling with depression and addiction (Vernadakis). Williams translates his struggles with being an outcast onto his characters. Blanche’s inability to face reality, as well as Stanley and Stella’s complex relationship, reflect their vulnerabilities as human beings and help drive the narrative forward. Williams mentioned that sensitive human nature in a world that expects full conformity is a major theme in his writing. The author manages to demonstrate the power of vulnerability and raw emotions through the play’s characters, which keeps the story full of tension and interesting dynamics. The character of Blanche DuBois represents the destructive path of a proper Southern Belle refusing to face reality. As a result, she struggles to safeguard her image while struggling with addiction to alcohol. Her tendency to over-stimulate her senses comes from the erratic fear of her past. Blanche is haunted by “the rapid, feverish polka tune, the ‘Versouviana’,” which brings back repressed memories (Williams 139). She then turns to alcohol, that provides her with a temporary escape. Mitch mentions that Blanche has been “lapping it up all summer like a wild cat” (Williams 143). The word ‘wild’ reflects her animalistic nature in her strive for immediate pleasure and emotional release. Williams reflects Blanche’s vulnerability through her refusal to conform to conventional societal norms, painting her as a social outcast. The theme of vulnerability continues in the portrayal of Stanley and Stella, a seemingly happy young couple. Stella’s blind optimism is evident due to her inability to accept the abusive nature of her marriage. She describes Stanley based on the fact that he “always smashed things” (Williams 72). Stella struggles to realize the power struggle between her and her husband because she has always depended on him for money. Therefore, she has never questioned his treatment of her. While Stella’s vulnerable nature is evident in her inability to face reality, Stanley’s anxiety is less obvious. He is portrayed as unlikeable and harsh. However, he is vulnerable because he fears to lose Stella. This explains his attitude towards Blanche since he believes that she will take his wife away from him. This erratic fear leads to him trying to destroy Blanche and assert his dominance with Stella. Williams’ demonstration of the couple’s raw emotions and deep insecurities makes both Stella and Stanley seem real and compelling. In terms of the story’s progression, this serves as a tool to fill the narrat
Personality disorders are a group of mental health illnesses defined by specific behavior patterns and distinctive cognitive and affective characteristics. Such disorders are characterized by significant deviations in the way of thinking about oneself and others, emotional responses, regulating behavior, and the ability to relate to other people (Robitz, 2018). This essay will consider borderline personality disorder (BPD), its manifestations, personal characteristics and cognitive features associated with the disease, and potential genetic causes and neurochemical features. BPD is a severe disorder that can significantly affect one’s health, well-being, and ability to develop meaningful relationships. Patients with BPD often experience sudden mood swings and regularly change their interests and personal values due to the present uncertainty of their place in the world (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017). People diagnosed with the disorder are not capable of building stable relationships as their views and opinions, including those of other people, change suddenly and radically. BPD is traditionally assessed by completing an in-depth interview with the patient and a medical examination employed to rule out other causes for behavioral manifestations (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017). In addition, the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD) can be employed for the initial assessment of BPD (Dabaghi et al., 2020). Family history and the patient’s medical history can also be included in the evaluation. Several risk factors are distinguished when discussing BPD and its development. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2017), environmental, cultural, social, and family factors are substantial risk factors for developing the disorder. Some studies show a possibility of a genetic predisposition to BPD and state that specific genes can modulate the effect of stressful events on one’s impulsivity and aggression (Bassir Nia et al., 2018). In particular, catechol o-methyltransferase (COMT) val158met polymorphism and 5-HTTPLR ss/sl polymorphism were found to have a determining effect on one’s aggression and impulsivity. Furthermore, persons diagnosed with BPD often present with structural and functional changes in the brain, specifically, in the prefrontal cortex, responsible for regulating impulses (Bassir Nia et al., 2018; National Institute of Mental Health, 2017). Thus, it can be argued that BPD is the result of the intercorrelation of multiple factors, including genetics, brain structure, and social and environmental aspects. BPD is generally associated with several typical personality characteristics and cognitive features. The National Institute of Mental Health (2017) distinguishes several BPD personality traits, including feelings of emptiness, distorted self-image, inability to trust other people and build relationships with them, and self-harming behaviors. The disorder is also associated with such cognitive impairments as “deficits in executive functions, response inhibition, attention, and cognitive control and abnormal social cognition” (Bassir Nia et al., 2018, p. 63). T
Introduction According to the United Nations Environmental Program, environmental degradation is the term used to refer to the destruction of the environment through the exhaustion f natural resources such as air water, and soil along with the destruction of ecosystems, wildlife, and their natural habitats. Main body Environmental degradation is a multifaceted problem, having to do with both economic and socio-economic factors, and is caused by overconsumption, overpopulation, and the use of technology which put considerable strain on existing natural resources. The world has watched with delight as, over the years, more so in the past century, there have been amazing leaps and bounds achieved in the arena of technology. These discoveries and inventions have all been lauded as being beneficial to the human race, be they our industries, railway systems, motor vehicles and airplanes, and new methods of power generation. However, the considerations of the negative impact these advances in technology have on our environment have only recently come to light. As environmental awareness increases, there is a corresponding rise in the calls made for people from all around the globe to make adaptations in their lifestyles to slow down the rate of environmental degradation. There have been advances made in technology in almost all aspects of our lives, advances that as has been mentioned have generally improved the quality of human life. In the agricultural sector, modern practices in farming such as mechanization, irrigation, and the use of fertilizers have more than doubled food production in the past century. But as with all other technological progress, there are negative aspects of modern agricultural practices. In the article ‘Researchers Probe Links between Agricultural and Environmental Degradation’, there is a link between modern farming methods and delicate changes in ecosystems that may prove to be harmful to the environment, more so to the world’s water flow systems. The danger is greatest for the world regions which have the least capacity to cope with such problems if they were to arise. The article notes that so far, the concern has been mainly for the preservation of what is termed as ‘blue water’; the water resources that we can physically observe with our eyes, like dams, lakes, and rivers. On the other hand, ‘green water’, which is the moisture content of the soil as well as evapotranspiration from plants has been given minimal regard, and yet it is the one more affected by agricultural practices. Research is done by the Stockholm Resilience Centre and the Stockholm
The Aum Shinrikyo began their attacks in 1994 in Matsumoto where they used the refrigerator truck to release sarin near the homes of three judges who were overseeing a lawsuit that was predicted to go against the cult. This however left 500 casualties and 7 people were killed. The cult further unsuccessfully tried to use other biological weapons such as botulism and anthrax toxin to avenge and kill people. This was done to accomplish doomsday prophecies of its leader come true (Tucker, 2000, p. 2). In March 1995, Japan experienced a chemical and biological attack by the Aum Shinrikyo cult using sarin, a deadly nerve agent. It was around 8 am when a group of the sect entered the Tokyo subway and released the deadly biological weapons killing 12 people and injuring more than 6,000 people. The Tokyo subway attack was aimed to kill a massive number of policemen as there were rumors that they would conduct extensive raids against their facilities and for arresting 200 cult members. The deadly sarin chemical was packed in plastic bags and wrapped in the newspaper. Once placed on the floor of the subway, they were punched by an umbrella tip and allowed to spill on the floor. The liquid spread out followed by a vaporous agent throughout the hallway. In addition, the EMS personnel were affected with 33 being hospitalized and 135 symptomatic. The attack was highly organized and coordinated as it was marked as the most deadly assault by the mysterious sect. the attack occurred simultaneously in 5 subways of which they all converge in the center of Tokyo. This aimed at forming a jam around the station at Kasumagaseki that serves buildings occupied by Japanese government officials as well as headquarters for major industries and national police agencies (Milton, 1999, p. 149). The Aum sarin chemical weapon led by a chemist Masami Tsuchiya was a limited success. Although the facilities for production used were high-tech, later stages of production were accumulated by equipment failure and accidents which stopped production. This included toxic leaks which alerted police, ineffective subway attacks as a result of diluted sarin, and rushed production. The Aum dissemination was not effective and most failed considerably. The one suggested as the most effective was the primitive technique of puncturing bags using a sharp umbrella that left 12 people dead. The cult both the chemical and biological weapons kill and pervasive sense of fear and insecurity to people. The Aum Shinrikyo sect had two laboratories, one at Kamakuishki and the other in Tokyo, for producing toxin to dabble many different biological agents. Here they cultured and dab
Introduction It is much easier to address a particular problem or a difficult situation if a person can properly define this issue and distinguish its major components. In this way, an individual can take more informed decisions, especially at the time when it is necessary to reconcile several conflicting values or interests. The scenario that will be analyzed in this paper also represents a conflict of interests. In particular, one should mention the need for better economic opportunities and the necessity to complete one’s studies while avoiding additional expenses. Furthermore, one should keep in mind that the scenario does not include the information which may be important for choosing the most optimal solution. There are other aspects of this issue and they will be examined in the following sections of the paper. Overall, it is possible to apply the approach outlined in the article The Problem Solving Process (n. d.). This technique can be helpful for discussing this scenario from different perspectives and generating different solutions. These are the main questions that should be examined in greater detail. Problem analysis and application of the problem-solving strategy Problem definition This problem can be reduced to the choice between two options, while the implications of each decision cannot be accurately determined. In this case, I have to decide whether I should accept the job offer from a company that is ready to hire me as a supervisor with a significant salary increase. However, I would have to start my work during my final examination period; so, I may need to abandon my studies at the college that I currently attend. One should take into account that the current company gives tuition reimbursement while the new company does not. Therefore, I may need to spend more time and money to obtain a Bachelor’s degree. This is one of the drawbacks that should be considered. Certainly, it is possible to work in the company in which I have worked for eleven years. Nevertheless, this decision can deprive me of possible opportunities for career growth and this mistake can have far-reaching implications. Admittedly, it is possible to provide alternative definitions of this problem; however, one can do it only by identifying some of the important factors that are not identified in the chosen scenario. For instance, one may consider the opportunities for professional growth in the two companies. Furthermore, one should focus on such an issue as job design in each of the organizations. If this information had been provided in the scenario, the problem could have been formulated more accurately. Problem analysis While analyzing this problem, one should consider the factors involved in this problem, especially possible opportunities and threats associated with each of the decisions. In particular, one can focus on such
Introduction Each year, over 65.000 students graduate from American high schools. However, these students, regardless of their grades, cannot join colleges or work in the military just because they are first grade immigrants. Culturally, these students are Americans because there is very little they share with the country of birth of their parents (Immigration Policy Center, 2011). These students are bi-cultured and are quite often very fluent in English. Most of these children only get to know that they are undocumented immigrants at the time when they apply for the driver’s license. This is the time when it dawns on them that they lack social security numbers and other requisite documents that are needed during application for either driving license or a college entry. Many of the undocumented children are discouraged from applying to college and only 5-10% of them apply to join colleges. This research paper seeks to discuss policies regarding undocumented children in the United States focusing on education. The research paper will describe and analyze policies that touch on undocumented children including the policies’ social and political history. The research will bring into focus how the policies impact undocumented children and their individual families. Description and analysis of the policy on undocumented children In 1994, Proposition 187 was initiated in California to limit immigrants from accessing public services including education, health care services, and welfare benefits. This was specifically targeted on undocumented children. This proposition was passed by a large margin of the electorate (Petronicolos and New, 1999). The courts however immediately blocked enforcement of the statutes. It was until 1997 that the Federal District Court found the provisions of Proposition 187 unconstitutional. Proposition 187 negatively affected Latino children who got embroiled in culture wars (Lopez, 2005). These children had to remain hostages of immigration crisis. Proposition 209, which was a voter initiative sought to exclude undocumented children from taking part in certain activities like public education. At this point in time, complex issues that touched on the youths legal and human rights became subject of cost-benefit analysis. During these debates, issues related to tax burden and crime was raised to the consternation of everyone. Conservatives were bent on excluding undocumented children from public schools, a move that liberals opposed. However, the explanations from both sides seemed to be based on mental state of emergency where reflection and sustained reasoning were never given chance to flourish. Therefore, cultural prejudice and legitimacy of economic self-interest carried the day. It therefore became a presumption that undocumented children should have no right at all or plainly put, had no right, leave alone the right to attend public schools. The court ruling declared Proposition 187 unconstitutional. Gallegly Amendment (H.R. 1377) that would have made Proposition 187 a federal law wa