ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A Modest Proposal is a Juvenalian satirical essay written in 1729 by Jonathan Swift (Moore, 2010). It purported to provide a much-needed solution to the problem of poverty and hunger in Ireland. From the very beginning, the writer expressed his concern for the plight of the poor, which was central to the whole story. Swift made an attempt to resolve the economic difficulties of the Irish by proposing a new strategy: impoverished families could sell their infants to rich people as food (Moore, 2010). According to Moore, A Modest Proposal can be regarded as an attempt of intervention in the economic debates of 1729 (2010). Swift made a mockery of the financial policy attempting to restrain consumption. The writer did not surprise me by introducing the calendar for infanticide as a viable strategy for solving economic problems. However, I was astonished to realize that the implicit assumption in the essay was that all proposed economic strategies of the time Swift ridiculed were aimed at promoting the well-being of the ruling class only. The plan that Swift put forward was gothicaly dark and grotesquely meticulous simultaneously. He made an approximate calculation of the birth rates of Irish children and pointed out to the fact that due to their young age, both employment opportunities and stealing as a form of last resort were closed to them. Much to my surprise writer offered the only logical solution in his opinion— to consume those kids when they reach the appropriate age. Swift believed it was the age of one year, and his very “worthy” friend argued that even fourteen-year-old kids could potentially be served as food (Swift, 2008). The writer dismissed the idea, and cynically persuaded the reader that only one-year-old infants are suitable for consumption. He argued that the flash of a teenage boy was too lean and that the teenage girls were potential “breeders themselves” (Swift, 2008). The writer was extremely successful in convincing the reader to accept the idea of the final revelation. He went to great length to support his proposal by developing six elaborate arguments for it; thus, making the reader believe that the narrator was the outsider to the Irish community who was only motivated by greed. The first argument in support of the infanticide surprised me the most: it would significantly reduce the number of Catholics who were highly dangerous. The second argument stated that the impoverished Irish would “acquire” some property they could sell (Swift, 2008). The third argument was the economic one. Swift claimed that eating babies would improve national well-being by removing the financial burden of the children’s upkeep. The fifth argument defended the proposal on the grounds of cultural enrichment by new gourmet foods that could be appreciated in culinary circles. The final argument took a swing at the lamentable state of the institution of marriage. The writer claimed that since babies would become a commodity, they would receive better treatment from their families (Swift, 2008). The last paragraph of the essay was extremely surprising. It was
To: Group Members From: Tom Smith Date: July 07, 2014 Subject: The Public Presentation at the Career Fair. The public presentation is created to provide important information on the field of educational administration. One more purpose of the presentation is to convince the audience to become interested in the material and to choose a career in the field of educational administration. Agenda Presentation Content                          Timing                                                     (15 minutes) 1. The Introductory Part                      1 minute     (presentation of handouts)                                 2. The History of Educational Administration  4 minutes    (demonstration of the visuals)                             3. Important Terms                            2 minutes    4. Current Issues                             2 minutes    5. Future Potential                           1 minute     6. Interactive Component                      4 minutes    (explanation of the activity)                              7. The Concluding Part                        1 minute      Audience The audience for which the presentation is developed consists of the professionals who work in the field of education as teachers, instructors, and coordinators. These persons usually have a Bachelor’s Degree in the field of education. The audience can also have the experience of working in the educational institutions of different levels. At this stage, the persons attracted to the presentation are interested in obtaining the leader position in the field of education with a focus on administration activities. Presentation Content History Educational administration is a comparably new field that attracts a lot of persons because of the potential for career development. Educational administration is often discussed as based on the specific administrative and educational theories and philosophies which are combined to produce a new field of knowledge where professional educators can see the perspectives for further career progress (Hoy and Miskel 38). Educational administrators work in all the educational institutions, and the list of their responsibilities and duties is rather long, and it depends on the concrete position (Lunenburg and Ornstein 54). Despite the possible challenges faced by the educational administrators who need to pay much attention to monitoring, controlling, and decision making, this field can be discussed as perfect for the persons who aim to develop their leadership potential. Important Terms While referring to the field of educational administration, it is important to pay attention to such terms and notions as the following ones:   * Educational administrators are the persons who obtain the positions of high school principals, elementary school principals, deans, registrars, and academic officers (Bureau of Labor Statistics).   * Educational administrators need to have a Master of Doctor’s Degree in the field of education.   * Educational administration is closely associated with the idea of educational leadership.   * Educational administrators are expected to m
Science and technology have enhanced the way people do things. It has enabled business transactions and social interactions to become accessible. The paper would discuss the emergence of mobile phones as the only tool for future needs. The Technological Aspect When the telephone industry started its operations many centuries ago, no one knew how long the market would sustain it (Zheng & Ni, 2006). But due to innovation and technology, the industry evolved and is still evolving. Today the mobile communication has taken over all communications in the world. Initially, the phone manufacturers developed devices for voice communications. Then it developed the text messages. Now it has the internet plus many other features that are still evolving (Zelkowitz, 2011). People all over the world have accepted it as the primary source of information. It has also become the most common means of transmitting information. Banks are now using the technique to provide customers with information about their accounts. People can also open accounts through the phone and ask for loans through the same device. Mobile companies have also started the money transactions through the phones (Katz, 2008). One can deposit money on the phone, send to another person, withdraw, and buy air time with it. The African country called Kenya developed this technology through the Safaricom telephone company. The only thing that someone needs is the mobile data to access information all over the world. One can download special Apps from the App store and be able to do business on the phone (Zelkowitz, 2011). Companies can now use these Apps to market their goods and or serve their customers (Donner & Mechael, 2012). The phones have large storage capacities where people can store relevant information, pictures, and videos (Zheng & Ni, 2006). They can record videos and audio sounds. They have Radio and Television networks. Some have the remote control system and features in them for Television and Radio settings. They also have religious, historical, and games features. The Dissenting Views There is a danger if people rely so much on these gadgets. They slow down or stop their ability to use their brains creatively. It is important for people to practice doing things creatively. They need to memorize some of the things. It seems that creativity might become the reserve of a few (Zelkowitz, 2011). The mobile industry is also becoming a health hazard (Barnes & Meyers, 2011). The more people rely on these gadgets, the more they are exposed to dangerous rays. They may cause sicknesses such as cancer and skin disease. They can also cause heart diseases. Although the mobile phones have increased communication even through video communications, they have reduced the everyday social contact. People are keeping distances from each other (Bhowmik, Li & Bos, 2008). The human social aspect is slowly diminishing (Katz, 2008). The mobile phones have become the storage facilities for most of the personal information. There are people with bad motives who can access this
Introduction Lyman Frank Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856. Before he found his calling, the future writer was engaged in poultry farming, played in the theater, and wrote columns in the newspaper. Baum was from a wealthy family, but he more than once went through many troubles that brought his family’s fortune to zero on the way to his destiny. Biography He survived his father’s bankruptcy, a theater fire, and the closure of a newspaper in which he wrote poignant humorous columns. However, by 1897, he embarked on the path of his vocation and decided to write children’s stories. At first, Baum publishes Mother Goose’s Tales in Prose, but the turning point in his biography is writing a series of tales about the Magic Land of Oz (Rogers 75). These literary works brought fame to the writer, and since then, his mailbox has been filled with children’s letters. Another critical moment in his biography is opening a shop in 1888, where Baum sold various goods from sweets to bicycles. It is noteworthy that this shop was popular with children, as its owner entertained the children with various stories, which he told with sincere enthusiasm (Rogers 27). Even though the store was not profitable and was closed after only two years, Baum had a significant experience with children who fell in love with his stories. It is also worth noting that the writer himself was the father of four children and developed various ideas for screen versions of his works, productions, or even a project for a children’s amusement park until the end of his life. Influence There was little traditional literary criticism devoted to Baum’s writings. It may be because he did not belong to the literary circles of communication of writers (Chaston 157). Nevertheless, it is still possible to trace the literary influence that gave birth to the classics of the genre of children’s fairy tales. Of course, playing in the theater left a specific imprint on Baum’s work because often, the power of the writer’s imagination is compared to Shakespeare (Schama). His phrase “there is no place like home” has become a reflection of the American popular consciousness of both adults and children. Many critics see the similarity of Oz to the work of John Bunyan “Piligrim’s Progress” in the image of the yellow and straight road and the richness of history with images. Baum was familiar with Bunyan’s book, although Baum himself did not recognize any literary influence, calling his pure work
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to study the main issues related to the delivery of medical services in low- and middle-income countries. During the study, the authors conducted significant work in different sectors of the population of such countries. They interviewed both people in need of assistance and medical workers and social activists. Several problems are common in these countries and require resolution. Among them, an insufficient number of doctors and poor quality of medical services can be noted. Thus, the main expectation of the residents of these countries is the availability and prevalence of quality medicine. This problem is acute, because now the level of medical services in the field of mental health, as in other areas, is quite low. To improve the quality of life of the population, it is necessary to resolve this issue. Main body One of the crucial challenges for medical workers is the introduction of the proposed system into the current healthcare system. This requires a long and complex process of training and practice. Researchers propose a model in which medical professionals consult patients together with inexperienced doctors. During the process, the latter learn to work with various types of patients, obtain sufficient knowledge in the required areas, and, after that, can consult patients themselves. The main benefit of this model of cooperation is the higher quality and availability of medical services in low- and middle-income countries. It will allow the doctors to work more efficiently and the patients to get a better result of treatment. Thus, this model is supposed to positively influence the entire health care system as a whole. However, some complex issues can make changing a healthcare system more complicated. Some of the people surveyed noted that social stigma is a crucial factor for them. This means that when they start looking for help with an existing mental disorder, society draws negative conclusions about them. This makes the process of going to the doctor more psychologically difficult, and often people stop trying to solve their problems. Doctors also have particular preserves that can interfere with patient treatment and learning new things. According to the study, some of them are afraid of poor teaching quality and management errors. Low-quality services of professional doctors can adversely affect both patient treatment and public attitudes towards this area of ​​medicine. Thus, the level of trust in medical workers must be increased by working on their professional and personal qualities. The research results reflect a wide range of problems and a significant number of solutions. This paper may be helpful for use by health systems in low- and middle-income countries. Firstly, it des
Introduction Anxiety is a common condition experienced by all human beings at some point in their lives. A person can feel anxious when he/she is faced with a stressful situation or is about to face a new and exciting condition. Mild anxiety is not only normal but it can even be useful by motivating the individual experiencing it to become more alert and focused when facing an important situation. Blair and Yuval (2010) confirm that anxiety is a universal human emotion that helps people to be alert to potential threats and motivates them to prepare for challenges. However, anxiety can be detrimental when a person experiences extreme worry or fear. The condition where the person suffers from extreme worry or fear is referred to as anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorder is a common and costly condition in adults. The National Institute of Mental Health (2009) reports that about 40 million adults in America (this is about 18% of the entire population) are affected by anxiety disorders. They are an important source of personal and societal cost as individuals incur significant health care costs to solve these problems. This paper will set out to present a concise yet informative discussion on Anxiety Disorders in adults. It will begin by providing a definition of anxiety disorders and proceed to highlight the causes of these disorders, their impacts, and the treatment for the conditions. Anxiety Disorder: A definition Anxiety is a natural human experience that everybody has and it serves some useful roles in human life. However, an excess of this anxiety is considered abnormal and characterized as a disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) defines anxiety disorders as “a group of mental disturbances characterized by anxiety as a central or core symptom” (Gavin, 2003, p.12). These disorders are characterized by excessive fear and worry that negatively impacts on the life of the person. Anxiety disorders transform a normal adaptive emotion into a disabling conditions affecting the ability of the individual to cope and causing significant distress. Avoidance and escape is one of the most powerful factors that perpetuate anxiety. When faced with a threat, the anxious person is likely to escape and this fuels anxiety though negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement occurs since the avoidance behavior leads to the avoidance of the discomfort of the anxiety, which is a desirable reward to the individual with anxiety disorder (Thomas & Michel, 2002). This promotes the avoidance behavior as a response to anxiety causing situations. Unlike the typical anxieties that all people face, anxiety disorders are prolonged and they generally last for six months and above. Due to their frequency of occurrence, anxiety disorders are the most common class of mental health problems for adults in the US. Some of the common features of anxiety disorders include heightened fear, physiological arousal, and expectations of imminent threats against the person (Craske, et al., 2009). In addition to this, the person suffering from this condition exhibits avoidant behavior as he/she seeks to escape from the ca
Introduction of the Project This project looked to study the organizational behaviour in a select company in lieu of three aspects namely; the role of personal values and organizational values in employees’ job satisfaction, the types of business communication in organizations and barriers/ problems to communication and the leadership (managerial) styles and issues related with leadership at workplace . The project involved selecting an organization of choice and investigating its organizational behaviour with the aim of understanding the organization’s dynamics. Being a group project, various individual members contributed to this project and each brought in their own opinions and suggestions as to what the project should entail. Additionally, the project sought the opinions of scholars and other relevant authorities when particularly discussing the unique aspects of the select organization. By relevant authorities, we mean people who have had experience with the company such as former employees and managers. All in all, the project was a success based on the information that we collected and its significant input in understanding our select organization’s behaviour. Introduction of the Company Our organization of choic
Abstract Businesses are affected by macroeconomic factors operating in their environment; the main risk with the external influences is that the company has minimal control over them. Depending with the trend in the market, changes in macro economic factors may have positive or adverse effect on the business. The phone industry has faced negative and positive effects from macro-parameters movement. Introduction The phone manufacturing industry is facing some changes with changes in macro-economic situation in the globe; the industry has been vested by major international companies like Apple Inc., Nokia, Samsung, and Ericson. In the next five years, the industry is expected to be affected by macro-economic factors as follows: Population changes and growth With increase in population, the industry is likely to have an increased number of people with varying needs and wants, with such changes, phone with different features will need to be developed that can meet the demands of the changing population. On the other hand, there have been influxes of generation Y in the country resulting to people whose needs are changing by day. Technological changes With technology changes and improvement, the world is likely to get a change on the features and applications that it is going to use in the electronics gadget. The technology changes will require that the companies making phones come up with new systems of innovating, inventing and developing their gadgets. The trends that phone have taken show that they are tending to become smaller with more features that satisfy the customer more. Political influences With changes in globalization, there have been changes in interaction between countries which facilitate the growth of international trade and cooperation among countries; this has yielded an increase in the number of companies working in the international states. The increase in cooperation is likely to make the demand of phones higher and with much demand, and then there will be need for improvement of the gadgets if they have to be competitive. Social changes and lifestyle adjustments With changes in living standards and lifestyles, phones are likely to become more of necessity to people thus the demand of the gadget is likely to improve. With the improvement, there are chances that phone making companies will have to increase their capacity and delivery mode to meet the demands. Despite the prospected improvement of people living styles, there is the risk that factors like global warming, global financial crisis, among other social factors will reduce people’s living standards and styles to the disadvantage of the industry (Spears, 2003). Discussion an final remarks The world seems to have realized the need for effective and reliable communication and transport systems; with the realization the phone industry is growing drastically, the industry is supported by change in macro-economic activities and the trend is expected to remain the same in the foreseeable future. Increased popul