ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Issue of Project Collaborating in Construction Construction companies sometimes encounter excess commitments and since they work in partnership with other companies, they occasionally opt to work in collaborative construction contracts (Manuel 2014). Collaborative construction contracts are forms of building arrangements and agreements or other forms of mechanisms that allow the involvement of companies to work together in a single project. Whereas the collaborative construction contracts may prove significant especially when contractors are dealing with mega construction projects that require skill combination and timely completion, they are sometimes challenging. According to Manuel (2014), such project partnerships or collaborations act as effective strategies of managing project risks and completing the projects within the stipulated timeframe. Companies that engage in collaborative construction contracts normally possess the aim of achieving the common goal of ensuring an effective project execution (Manuel 2014). Nonetheless, the arrangements for the collaborative construction contracts have often been doubtable and the achievement of the common goal often proves impossible. Construction contracting is normally a complex process that requires trust building among the parties due to time, project quality, and financial issues (Mead 2007). Projects undertaken through collaborative construction contracts have regularly attracted economic, legal, trust and accountability disputes (Osipova & Aleberger 2007). Such scandals between the partnering companies have reduced the adoption of the collaborative contracts across the world. In most circumstances that involve collaborative contacting, there is normally no guarantee about the successful completion of the construction projects, the quality of the final project, or the responsibility of taking the construction risks among the project partners (Osipova & Aleberger 2007). The complex nature of the collaborative construction contracts also poses the issues of mistrust, and the scandals concerning the accountability of the parties involved in the contract agreements. Companies have reported several procurement cases concerning the ambiguities in the partnered projects and the lack of accountability between the members. Issues of Trust and Accountability Maintaining trust and accountability in the collaborative construction contracts has been a prevalent menace to the employers, the contractors, and the subcontractors (Mead 2007). It has remained to be a legal fact whether parties to a commercial contract have confined themselves to any written contract. The construction law often assumes that whether the written contract existed or not, there was or should have been some form of agreement reached between the construction parties. Additionally, most of the
Judaism represents one of the world’s oldest religions; it is a religious belief system common among the Jewish people and it entails the cultural practices, laws, traditions, and general conduct of the Jewish community (Falcon and Blatner 3). The history of Jewish community shows that, Judaism began in the Middle East and later spread to other parts of the world (Falcon and Blatner 3). Today Judaism has grown to become a big community withmillion of followers across the world. Judaism has remained a strong religion because it has some basic beliefs, which play a big role in sustaining this religion. This paper will discuss the four basic central beliefs of Judaism. Discussion Foremost, Judaism believes in the existence of one God. According to this belief, the Jewish people strongly believe that there is only one God and he is thecreator of everything (Falcon and Blatner 7). This concept argues that, every Jewish person has to obey the laws of the creator that are only provided by Torah. In fact, the Jewish people have to recite a declaration that indicates ones commitment to God (Dosick 14). This declaration is made every morning and during special occasions. Therefore, no one should worship any other God and every one is required to show total commitment to the creatorof everything (Falcon and Blatner 4). Secondly, Judaism believes in existence of a covenant between the Jews and God (Dosick 23). According to Judaism beliefs, God formedan everlastingcovenant with the Jewish people in which God promised to give Abraham the land of Canaan. In deed, the sealing of this covenant wasdone through circumcision and even today; the Jewish people undergo circumcisionas a way of honoring the agreement.Under this covenant, the land of Israel was given to the Jewish people through Prophet Moses at Mount Sinai. Thirdly, Judaism believes that there is reward for the good people and punishment for the wicked people (Falcon and Blatner 12). All Jewish people hold this belief and all members of Judaism community live in the hope that they will be delivered to the Promised Land. According to this belief, the Jewish people believe that the Messiah will come back and redeem them to the Promised Land (Falcon and Blatner 12). This will happen at the end of time and it is during this ti
Introduction In human history, the ability to provide a sufficient amount of water while the latter is of appropriate quality always has been one of the most important issues. Even the most ancient societies were organized near water sources. With time, the challenge also developed because our population grew constantly. This led to a situation where people started transporting water from other locations to theirs. One of the most vivid examples are the Romans who constructed aqueducts with the intention of transferring water to their land from distant locations. Nowadays, a water supply system can be regarded to as a complex infrastructure that is developed to make sure that there are proper strategies applied to the processes of collecting, storing, and distributing water between its direct consumers. Currently, natural water resources become more and more limited, and this hints at the fact that there should also be innovative methods to manage water supplies (Douterelo et al., 2014). If we are talking about both potable and nonpotable usage of water, reclaimed water is one of the most widely used water sources. Water distribution systems become more complex because it is necessary to allocate the flow and implement conservation practices that would be beneficial to each of the end users. Therefore, there are both present and future requirements that have to be followed in order to ensure that the complexity of water distribution systems is mitigated by new water sources and technical innovations. We have to react to these changes if we want to keep on growing. Currently, the developers of water supply systems pay close attention to sustainable water supplies. At the very beginning of this stage, the developers found that the intricacy of the developed systems was dependent on the location of the application. At the moment, existing water supply systems are strained by an increased water demand. It is also stated that humans need a more reliable system so as to come up with a generalized water supply approach that could be relevant on a long-term scale. It is also believed that we should optimize the construction of water distribution systems and mitigate the costs of the latter. Within the framework of the current research paper, the investigator will review the existing state of affairs in order to produce a number of recommendations concerning the safety of drinking water distr
Introduction Netflix Inc. is one of the largest companies in the American market. We have been delivering our services to the public since 1997. Our main goal is to provide Internet access to films, serials, TV shows through streaming so that our customers can get a fast, convenient, and uninterrupted access to them. Many people have chosen our services, and by the end of 2016, almost 69 million viewers from different countries were our customers and preferred our streaming media services. In addition, our company has been recognized as one of the most successful corporations in the last five years. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of external forces that influence Netflix Inc. External Forces Political Forces The company bears full responsibility for meeting the institutional conditions and legislation requirements of the US. In particular, we take mandatory measures to protect intellectual property and combat piracy so that the services that our customers use to meet all standards and rules (“Relationships between key external forces and an organization,” n.d.). Also, we implement measures to meet regulatory requirements in terms of licensing and other rights to the content so that our customers have the exclusive right to watch official streaming media (Ulin, 2013). In addition, we protect the personal data of our users from leaks including their bank details and other personal data, and do not use them without the consent of clients. Apart from that, Netflix complies with the rules of state competition regulation and does not violate the antimonopoly legislation (“Relationships between key external forces and an organization,” n.d.). Regarding the current trade policy, we pay all taxes and subsidies in the field of mass communication and exclude the possibility of lobbying (Ulin, 2013). Netflix does not represent anyone’s political interests at the local, national, or international levels. Legal Forces At present, one of the greatest legal factors that influence our company is copywriting. Netflix intends to be the first to receive the exclusive right to content so that our clients can gain exclusive access to movies, shows, broadcasts, and other streaming media (Netflix, Inc., 2017). The company has been experiencing problems with receiving the rights for first-run content from companies due to the latest legal restrictions. Nevertheless, we ma
Introduction AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), the deadly disease caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) has plagued countries all around the globe. From the statistical reports of 2006, it was found that almost two-third of the total HIV infected population of the world and three-fourth of the total deaths due to AIDS is among the black community. It is also reported that in 2006 alone, 1.9 million people from the black community were added to the list of those infected with the deadly retrovirus. (Robson, 101)The economic instability, the lack of education and improper health care facilities all attribute to the spread of the epidemic in the black community which is set to rise in the coming years. The disease in return would reciprocate its own deadly consequences upon the social and economic conditions of the community and measures need to be taken to control this evil and this cannot be done without the help of the white support. Background It is true that the African-American Civil Rights Movement from1955 to1968 refers to the reorganization movements in the United States intended at put an end to racial favoritism and it was predominantly mobilized by African Americans. By 1966, the surfacing of the Black Power Movement, which lasted approximately from 1966 to 1975, distended and increasingly eclipsed the aspires of the Civil Rights Movement to comprise racial poise, monetary and political self-sufficiency, and liberty from white influence. Several intellectuals refer to the movement as the Second rebuilding, a name that alludes to the renovation after the Civil War. (Stainton, 221) The matter of HIV/AIDS is very different. HIV/AIDS The AIDS virus is not able to penetrate skin therefore the basic mechanism of the AIDS spreads only when it is exposed to the flesh or blood. Therefore it could be concluded that the activation and infection of the AIDS virus is only possible through blood as it is the only
Introduction The difference in how Marx and Weber interpreted history, corresponds to the genetic makeup of both philosophers more than to the fact that Max and Weber had simply viewed historical processes from different points of view, as it is often being suggested nowadays. Marx was born in the family of Jewish rabbis; therefore, his interpretation of history corresponds to the theological doctrine of Judaism, which is materialistic, in its essence. Max Weber, on the other hand, was born in a family of German traditionalists, which is why his view of history is marked with a high degree of existential idealism. In this paper, we will briefly outline the basic subtleties of Marx and Weber’s views on history as such that are diametrically opposite, and will also come up with our assessment of such views. Karl Marx According to Marx, the particularities of the historical process, within a society, are being defined exclusively by economic factors. In his book “Capital”, Marx spends a great deal of time, while trying to substantiate such a point of view. “Society does not consist of individuals but expresses the sum of economic interrelations, the relations within which these individuals stand” insists the bearded promoter of “workers’ cause”, while viewing every particular individual as nothing but the “tool of production”, whose existential necessities are limited to his need for food and water. Marx suggests that only a fraction of capitalists’ income is being spent on the expansion of production, with a bulk of capital being simply kept by them “under the pillow”. Therefore, he concludes that another form of social order needs to be established, which would economically benefit workers, by creating preconditions for the capital to be invested into the expansion and improvement of production facilities. In his utopian “classless” society, Marx reserves a special role for “communist intellectuals”, whose task would be to govern such society. If modern capitalist societies’ structure can be compared to the diamond, with rich and poor people on its extreme ends and with people representing a middle class in between, Marx’s communism corresponds to the form of the triangle, with the caste of communist functionaries at the top and countless slaves at the bottom, whose only task is to work for food. Just like Freud, Marx takes one of many individual traits (consumerism) and builds a universal theory around it, while denying other traits any significance whatsoever. Just as Freud, who idealized human sexuality, Marx idealized the economy and suggested that people’s a
Utilitarianism Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences of decision-making, arguing that public health has to consider each person affected by an action. This ethical aspect holds that a moral action is one that focuses on maximizing good and minimizing harm after considering each affected person (Darr 34). For instance, a dental practitioner may observe an employer leaving overhangs regularly on restored teeth. Given that these may affect the periodontal health of patients negatively, the practitioner has to find the proper action to take. The practitioner may neglect to take any action, and this could create severe periodontal diseases. On the other hand, the practitioner may opt to remove the overhangs, even though some states consider it illegal for dentists to remove overhangs. Lastly, the practitioner could talk to the employer to practice more carefully. While the practitioner may have his employment terminated, if the employer is not one to be corrected, utilitarianism requires that the practitioner does what is good, even if it is not in his or her best interests. Communitarianism Today, there are strong communitarian elements that play significant roles in public health (Darr 48). The dominant themes in this ethical aspect are balancing social responsibilities and patient rights, shaped by communal cultures and values. Redressing the balance towards the community is important because public health remains a communitarian service that includes matters, which affect all people. For instance, if people argued that citizens themselves and not the government should fluoridate water, public health will always stand, even if the public considers the costs of dental care always. Social justice In this ethically complex world, we espouse a fair society as the ideal living standard (Coughlin 27). The constitution of social justice, laws conforming to equal treatment without prejudice, and the ways of obtaining it, should be outlined in public health practice. For instance, issues of patients with earlier treatment failure or special patients such as handicaps and the elderly in nursing homes deserve attention. Other issues include treating patients who are off the record because for their pain or the obligations around treating patients with AIDS. This issue of social justice encompasses several concerns that deserve attention in public health. Personalism Personalism compensates the conflicts and shortcomings associated with principlism by taking on a common shared human nature. Th
Executive Summary Ian Dobie writes about the contentious concerns of the distribution and utilization of the internet music and compares it with the concepts of copyright and property of music industry. In today’s world internet has facilitated the music artists to create, publicize and promote their music more easily but on the other hand it has created a big problem for the record companies as they are unable to control over the replication of their recordings done on internet. The five largest record companies are Sony, BMG, Warner’s, EMI and Universal who have spent a huge amount of money to produce, record, promote and distribute their music recordings but this unique process has become worthless as their music is easily recopied on the CDs with the help of internet. So, to avoid this system has established the process of copyright, which permits standard rights to the creator. As mentioned by the author the internet was initially developed for military purpose and their main objective was to share the information that was more technical and scientific in its nature but in contrast to this in commercial entertainment the analogue sound has been replaced with mp3 that has made a large file to shrink into a miniature one. Mp3 was initially launched for two main purposes; one was to decentralize it known as the “gift economy” by Babrook so it can help to easily share music and information with their coworkers on non monetary basis and made MP3.com. And the second purpose was to create a peer to peer (P2P) services for the music industry and they created Napster (Dobie). The author states that in internet world the music use is revolving around two main strings; one the sharing of authorized music such as MP3.com and the other is sharing of unauthorized music as done on Kazaa.com. If the authorized point of view is considered it has helped a lot of artists to become popular and successful by distributing and promoting their music through internet at a low cost and are earning a significant amount of money e.g. David Bowie. Whereas sharing of unauthorized music has made it difficult for the major corporations to have control on their records the only solution to it till now is the copyrights and another thing they have introduced now is anti piracy campaigns in which their major objective is to constrict the Intellectual Property Rights. The corporations have also established tightened oligopoly which is about extending the supremacy over the markets and for this the companies are merging with internet based companies such as AOL/Warner merger and they are tightening the copyrights. The main objective of copyright is to “promote the progress of Science and useful Arts” but today it has been diminished and copyrights are being used as status quo in addition to this public statutory rights have been gone too. CD releases is also one of the big issue for the music industry but this can also be overcome by providing CD based co
Four Approaches to Creativity Creativity can be examined in a great number of ways. For this paper, the four approaches of creativity will be utilized. They consist of imagination, improvement, investment, and incubation. The imagination-based approach to creativity is focused on the process of creating new ideas, approaches, and other previously unseen concepts. This is the type of creativity that has been associated with Apple products. It would apply to the company’s products that are covered in the paper and those that brought them later success such as iPhone and iPad (Zhu, Song, Ni, Ren & Li, 2016). The second approach to creativity is called improvement, and its focus lies in the creation of better alternatives to existing ideas and products. Often creative and revolutionary ideas are presented in an unrefined form. This is natural due to there not being a point of reference for what would make a great product. Improvement might be represented through the refinement of the idea itself, or just through the streamlining of the delivery process. For example, Google was not the first search engine, but it improved on the ideas of its competitors in such a way that it soon became the standard in that field (Schmidt & Rosenberg, 2014). The third approach to creativity is called investment, and it shares a similarity with imagination. The focus of investment is the competitive creation of ideas with the goal of being the first company to provide a new type of product. This process involves the exploitation of competitors’ weaknesses, the fast development of the product, and a general focus on the competitiveness of the company. This type of competition can be seen in the newly formed industry of Virtual Reality where companies such as Oculus and HTC are constantly competing to introduce innovations before the competitor (Gregory, 2017). The last approach to creativity is called Incubation, and it focuses on fostering creative thinking through cooperation and coordination of teamwork. Collective thinking allows people to refine each other’s ideas which can result in previously unforeseen concepts. For example, the animation studio Pixar has a culture based on open communication between all members of the staff and management. If anything is wrong with the current project, anyone from the team can bring it up and address it. This way, the company has managed to establish itself as not only one of the most consistently high-quality animation studios but also as one of the most creative in the industry (Catmull & Wallace, 2014). The date of the case study takes place before the company saw great revitalization due to the success of the iPhone, but it allows the reader to see the issue that was plaguing the company. Their approach to creativity was almost entirely based on imagination. Despite being the first company to create a lot of modern comput