ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Media is one of the more acceptable and probably the most dominant form of social communication, which today has gained global synchronization through the internet and digital networking. Media includes the traditional print, broadcast, and the multi-media streamlining of the internet, which crept in the most personal of space as more portable gadgets supporting it land on the hands of consumers. These include cellular or mobile phones, personal device assistants, laptops, and their supporting mechanisms that allow the individual access to information, entertainment, or hard facts from the remotest of areas. While it has long been contended by critics how television — the earlier and still an active version of audio and visual media — represents a stranger that comes inside the family house teaching and influencing viewing children of violence, sex, and other negative forms of information and entertainment, it has been ingrained as a basic commodity that need be in every house, specifically, inside the western home where consumerism is highly acceptable and aggressively promoted to the point of advocacy. This paper will try to dissect how media influence the public through the 1957 movie A Face in the Crowd and how the Frankfurt School theory on mass culture provides parallel implications to the public consumer. Theoretical Context A Face in the Crowd: The Movie A Face in the Crowd is a movie said to be based on several popular media personalities that include 1950s CBS radio-TV star Arthur Godfrey, Tennessee Ernie Ford, who had a hit record “Sixteen Tons” and later signed by NBC for the weekly half-hour program “The Ford Show,” Uncle Don Carney, children’s program host on New York’s radio station WOR, and multi-faceted actor Will Rogers. Released in 1957, A Face in the Crowd was directed by Elia Kazan and written by Budd Schulberg (both story and screenplay). The cast of characters is Andy Griffith as Larry ‘Lonesome’ Rhodes, Patricia Neal as Marcia Jeffries, Anthony Franciosa as Joey DePalma, Walter Matthau as Mel Miller, Lee Remick as Betty Lou Fleckum, Percy Warm as Gen. Haynesworth, Paul McGrath as Macey, Rod Brasfield as Beanie, Marshall Neilan as Senator Worthington Fuller, Alexander Kirkland as Jim Collier, Charles Irving as Mr. Luffler, Howard Smith as J.B. Jeffries, Kay Medford as first Mrs. Rhodes, Big Jeff Bess as Sheriff Big Jeff Bess, Henry Sharp as Abe Steiner, Cara Williams as Nurse, and cameos Bennett Cerf, Faye Emerson, Betty Furness, Virginia Graham, Burl Ives, Earl Wilson, and Walter Winchell as themselves (Internet Movie Database). The plot is about a bum Larry Rhodes from fictional Pickett, Arkansas, discovered by radio personality Marcia Jeffries who was given a chance to work on radio. While Rhodes was rough and ingratious, he had a natural charm to listeners, and that in trussing on his sponsor Luffler Mattress, it backfired in a positive way by increasing consumer sales. The wife of the owner of Luffler Mattress herself was a follower of Rhodes. These made the owner stop canceling Lonesome Rhodes’ show. Rhodes, later on, became a television spokesman in New York City for a dietary
Overview of RMRDC The Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) promotes the development of industrial raw materials in the Republic of Nigeria. It also oversees the utilisation of the same minerals, while its activities are considered part of the Nigerian government on a federal level. The organisation started in 1988 and has grown to become an essential institution that supports federal service. It serves many stakeholders who are involved in the country’s vast raw material sector. The organisation began when the country had limited foreign exchange earnings. At the time, Nigeria relied on petroleum products. With the functioning RMRDC, the country can lower its import bill by focusing on domestic raw material production, rather than rely on imports (RMRDC, 2015). Background of the study This study will focus on the subject of performance appraisal. According to Armstrong (1998), researchers mainly concentrate on accuracy and fairness whenever they are conducting performance appraisal studies. This is a subject under Human Resource Management (HRM), and it refers to the use of tools and frameworks to enhance the productivity of human capital within organisations. When organisations measure their performance, they gain insights into their operations and can, therefore, address emerging issues related to performance. This can be in the actual sense of speed of delivery or the impediments to delivery. Being able to identify these areas allows the organisation to respond appropriately to avoid trouble and build on its past and ongoing successes. As a result, the use of performance appraisals can be a way of achieving competitive advantages. Employees can offer their viewpoints on different aspects of their jobs with the systematic evaluation and its related adjustments. They use the process to improve their performance and get a basis for earning rewards. This reason makes the performance appraisal concept crucial as an HRM tool and highlights its ability to help realise capabilities of an organisation’s human resources. Although performance appraisal increases employee productivity, much is unknown about its effects on financial performance. According to Pollitt and Bouckaert (2011), there is no research evidence available for the link. Nevertheless, the con
How does communication influence decision-making within a company? Is there any relationship? Find the answer here! This essay focuses on the role and importance of communication in decision-making process within a business. Executive Summary The report entails evaluation of the role of communication in making decisions within an organization. The correlation between decision making and communication is underscored in the background study. Some of the key roles of communication in decision making are identified. The importance of communication in identifying the complexity of the intended decision is underscored. This arises from the fact that some of the decisions that a firm’s management team can make are more complex and can lead to enormous financial loss. Through communication, firms’ management teams are able to identify the involved complexity. The role of communication in solving problems within an organization is underscored. This arises from the fact that problem solving entails effective identification of the problem which is attained via communication. Communication also aids in reducing employee resistance which might during the decision making process. This may result into conflicts within the organization. Communication also aids in the process of a firm undertaking decisions regarding research and development which is vital for a firm’s success. Finally a conclusion of the entire study and a set of recommendations are made. The recommendations made entail some of the ways via which communication in an organization can be enhanced so as to improve decision making. Introduction Background to the study In the process of executing their duties, managers are charged with a number of roles. Some of these roles relate to interpersonal roles, informational roles and decisional roles. The success of an organization is dependent on the effectiveness and efficiency with which the managers undertake their functions. One of the most important roles which managers are supposed to undertake is making decisions to guide the organization’s operations. Decision making is paramount in the success of every business. According to Martinsons and Davison (2007, p.287) decision making should be fast considering the fact that opportunities have a short window. Poole and Ahmed (2008, p.6) define decision making as the process of selecting from a number of alternatives based on a comprehensive analysis of the various options. Poole and Ahmed (2008, p.1) consider decision making to be a vital primary process in the operation of an organization. The decisions which the managers undertake are supposed to be independent. In an organizational setting, there are a number of groups which help the organization in conducting various tasks. The basis of these groups may be the various departments. Despite the fact that managers should be independent in making decisions, consideration of the various groups is paramount. There is a strong correlation between communication and decis
The situation in Pioneering Technologies (PT) is complex and ethically unstable. On the one hand, Owl Vision is a unique product in the field of bionic eyes with clear strategies and benefits for customers. On the other hand, the causes of fall-off because of some changing conditions are poorly investigated. In other words, no guarantees are given to explain the shortages of the new product. Regarding such conditions, the utilitarian ethical framework must be applied as the most consistent option with PT’s corporate culture. The main idea of this approach is that morally right steps are those leading to the best outcomes for many people and resulting in the greatest overall good (Halbert & Ingulli, 2015). The company should analyze the harms and benefits of the campaign and the product not only in relation to its success but all stakeholders and users who may be affected by the decision (Halbert & Ingulli, 2015). The examples include the evaluation of long- and short-term outcomes. Many individuals can be attracted by the campaign at the beginning, but their problems and concerns would grow with time, challenging the company’s reputation. Following the rules and principles of the utilitarian ethical framework, the identification of the outcomes plays an important role. When the company is confident in positive results and benefits for the company and ordinary users, the success of the campaign within the framework may be observed. Thus, at the moment,
The key differences between Charismatic, Transactional and Transformational theories of leadership are as follows: Charismatic theory of leadership is based upon the assumption that one’s ability to act as an effective leader is innately predetermined. Transactional theory of leadership, on the other hand, is concerned with the idea that, while interacting with each other, leaders and followers never cease acting as the thoroughly rational agents – this establishes the possibility for some corporate bargaining between them to take place (Chaudhary 2013). Transformational theory of leadership differs from two of the above-mentioned rather substantially – it reflects the assumption that one’s effectiveness, as a leader, cannot be discussed outside of his or her ability to endow followers with team spirit (Chemers 2000). According to Yukl, at the dyadic level of analysis, Transformational theory of leadership should include provisions for: a) infusing people’s activities with meaning, b) facilitating the sense of self-confidence in subordinates, c) establishing the preconditions for employees to enjoy the benefits of being corporately empowered (1999). Yukl’s criticism of Transactional theory of leadership is concerned with the fact that, according to the author, this theory is utterly ambiguous. That is, it provides the would-be practitioners with the essentially mechanistic recommendations, as to how the functional effectiveness of an organisation can be increased, which in turn presupposes the irrelevance of what happened to be the affiliated external circumstances. However, as practice indicates, this leadership-approach can hardly be considered thoroughly justified – especially given the post-industrial aspects of how just about any modern organisation operates (Yukl 1999; Uhl-Bien 2006). Interview one. Roger – a software designer from Apple Inc.  1. Steve Jobs (former CEO of Apple Inc.) fits perfectly well into the description of what an ef
Herodotus is known as the author of The Histories of Herodotus which is discussed as one of the most influential historical work in the Western culture because of the historian’s focus on describing the cultures of Greece, Asia, and Northern Africa in detail. The book, written in the period of the 450s-420s BC presents many records on the aspects of the people’s cultures, traditions, and politics. The Histories of Herodotus consists of nine books, and Book IV known as Melpomene presents the consistent history of the Scythians of the Black Sea region. To understand whether Herodotus provides the reliable considerations about the aspects of the Scythians life and society, it is necessary to analyze the narrative of Herodotus with references to the discussion of the archaeological evidence and artifacts mentioned in the catalog From the Lands of the Scythians (Piotrovsky 1-12). Although Herodotus describes the Scythians’ traditions and the daily life in detail and many descriptions are supported with the found artifacts, there are also many statements in Book IV which cannot be supported with the help of the known archaeological data. Thus, the narrative provided by Herodotus can be discussed as only relatively accurate because describing the certain aspects of the Scythians’ life, Herodotus can exaggerate or generalize his observations and conclusions. The idea of the relative accuracy means that Herodotus focuses on many aspects of the Scythians’ life, which are supported with the archaeological data. Discussing the way of the Scythians’ life in Chapter 46 of Book IV, Herodotus notes that the Scythians had no cities and forts, and they carried their dwellings with them “wherever they go”; they were also accustomed “to shoot from horseback; and living not by husbandry but on their cattle, their wagons the only houses that they possess, how can they fail of being unconquerable, and unassailable even?” (“Herodotus: On the Scythians” 134). The mentioned details are supported with the artifacts found in the Scythians’ lands. Thus, the models of the wagons support the idea that the Scythians were the nomadic tribe and chose the portab
For over four centuries, millions of Africans were shipped to the Caribbean Islands and North America as slaves during the historic Atlantic Slave Trade. During this period, Africans would first be captured from their native homeland and isolated from their families before being shipped and enslaved at a foreign land (Patterson and Kelly 11). The concept of the African Diaspora is used as an illustration of how enslaved Africans managed to hold onto their culture and traditions despite their limited numbers in a foreign land. In addition, they also underwent transformation process that reformed their identities in the foreign land. Some of the African cultural elements that endured the transformation process include folklore, language and region. During the Americanization process, Africans formed the Creoles or the Afro-Americans culture which was a blend of different cultures (Patterson and Kelly 12). The widespread use of the term African Diaspora emerged in the 1950s. In the political arena, the term was used by scholars and historians to emphasize on the unifying experiences shared by the African people who had been dispersed and scattered by slave trade. The objective of the essay is to show how colonialism and racial capitalism shaped the African Diasporic culture(s) while, at the same time, transforming the Western culture. Racial capitalism and colonialism contributed immensely towards shaping the African culture(s) and transforming the western culture (Patterson and Kelly 13). The black Atlantic was fundamental in the creation of the new modern world and culture. In other words, by creating and shaping the African culture, colonialism and capitalism also helped to transform the Western culture. For instance, during the colonial era, Africans were shipped to Western nations while colonies in Africa tried hard to transform the African culture. While in the West, the Africans were treated as persons of different class by the Whites (Clarke and Thomas 143). However, the Africans united and formed a new culture, the African Diaspora, which was as a result of cultural blending. The African slaves formed civil rights movements and demanded for civil rights. In addition, racial social movements were also formed in order to seek for black power advocacy (Clarke and Thomas 144). This was a part of the Western culture transformation as it sought for racial equality. Some words like “Negro” were replaced with black and all persons regardless of their race had to be treated equally. As noted by Cl
It is common knowledge that there will be wars and rumours of war. This can be a prediction of what will happen in the future. But it can also be regarded as a statement of fact. This assertion led many philosophers and political scientists to conclude that the reality of international politics is something that can only be understood by the use of force. In the hopes to ensure security, to grab territories and resources, in order to perpetuate the rule of the status quo (Wendt, 1992). In order to understand international politics and the resolution of conflict at a much deeper level it is imperative to know the difference between power, authority and hegemony. Before going any further it is important to know more about globalization. Globalization is not a mystery but it is like a diamond with multiple facets (Roy, 2001). Others see the interconnectedness of people with different cultural backgrounds and religious orientation and yet able to transcend these differences through the use of modern technology such as the Internet. There are those who see globalization in the context of mobility, that a person can be a citizen of the UK, yet lives in New York and travels frequently to China. Globalization is also seen as the destruction of diversity and the emergence of one dominant culture which many agree is dictated by the United States or Europe. There are also others who argue that globalization is nothing more than a planet being partitioned into manageable pieces by multinational corporations that are now as powerful as nation states (Byers & Nolte, 2003). The discussion of power, authority and hegemony in international politics can be achieved if there is a clear understanding of the interconnectedness of people. A better grasp of how globalization has impacted international politics is important because in the 21 st century ad beyond it is an important factor that must be considered when it comes to the source and utilization of power, authority and hegemony. Power and Authority Power can be defined as the ability to perform a certain task. It can also be a force of coercion or a demonstration of superior strength and abilities. But a more enlightened view can be seen in the following statement: “Power is not simply the glue that holds the social together, or the coercive force which subordinates one set of people to another … it is also understood in terms of the processes that generate and enable any form of social action, relationship or order” (Baker, 2008, p.10). Authority on the other hand is the justification for power (Neal, 2007). The best example is the United Nations. Prior to the establishment of the United Nations the whole world was a battleground for kings, emperors and tyrants. Rulers and leaders of different kingdoms and fiefdoms from Asia, Europe and the Middle-East went to war to either protect their domain or to expand the same. History books are filled with the exploits of soldiers and warr
The aim of this research paper is to explore the landmark Roe v Wade Supreme Court ruling of 1973 from the point of view of the public relations industry. In doing so, the author will examine both sides of the abortion debate (pro-life as well as pro-choice) and analyze how public relations campaign managers, representing diverse interest groups successfully communicate opposing messages that have polarized the nation ever since this historic verdict came into force. Accordingly, the author will examine the implications of this debate on a specific organization – in this instance, a news and media entity is used to study the fall-out of the abortion debate. The author will also suggest recommendations for the public relations industry by bringing these polarizing viewpoints across one negotiation table, and seek an amicable resolution to the stalemate like situation in the future. Thesis Statement: The author will prove the following statement in this research paper, “The public relations industry representing various interest groups is largely accountable for creating the present day divide on the issue of abortion. Therefore, the burden of responsibility lies on this very industry to heal the wounds of the past and address the concerns of rights groups on both sides of the debate. Public Relations, can be thus, used as a way to generate consensus, and not create any further divides (Cameron, Wilcox, Reber & H
Examples of species coexisting in a symbiotic relation, their mutual benefits and to the wider society All living things have a form of relationship with organisms different from them in the ecosystem. Those relationships are beneficial and vital for the survival of each of the participating species. There are different types of mutual relationships existing among species, which include animal-animal, animal-plant and plant-plant relationships. Let’s take an example of an animal-plant relationship that involves bees and flowers. It’s noticeable that bees move from flower to flower in search of nectar (Mathew 22).In the process, pollen from flowers stick on bee’s hair and on the legs and as it moves to the next flower, some pollen is rubbed off and enters the flower (140). Mutual relationship is evident here, in that flowers require the pollen for reproduction. Since plants cannot move around and mingle, the bees make the reproduction process an easy exercise for the plants. On the other hand, bees need nectar for making honey and in the absence of flowers, this would be impossible. This further benefits the wider society in that flowers add an aesthetic value to the enviromnt, and bees provide honey which is used by human beings. Survival of both is therefore beneficial to themselves and the ecosystem around them. Strategies and characteristics as ecosystems respond to change in development Development in ecosystems comes about with changes especially in the food chain. The complexity of the relationship between the organisms in the ecosystem depends largely on the composition of the population (Wilson 16). The species possessing and improved reproduction rates have high possibilities of survival in the less crowded places compared to those with low productivity (23). Quantity production is a characteristic of the young ecosystem, while quality marks the older ones (112). Diversity among the species influences their stability in ecological changes. The organisms with varied and diverse characteristics are prone to survive regardless of the natural changes. Genetic changes in species