ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary psychologists argue that the mind is a general purpose cognition device shaped by the culture in which one lives. Evolution psychology takes a modern perspective in trying to explain human traits such as perception and language. This, therefore, means that our body’s organs change to adapt to the existing conditions in the environment. Our lungs, hearts and other organs adapt respectively to the environment. The traits developed thereof are passed down to our succeeding generations. It advocates further that the traits are borne from the adaptations of past generations. This means that the general traits of a previous generation affect our psychological make up. The way we behave, speak, perceive things in the environment and our overall characteristics are shaped entirely by culture. Our ability to learn new language skills are also as a result of evolved psychological adaptations. We, therefore, form social groupings such as extended families and social groups including friends, relatives and acquaintances. This theory borrows a lot from Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection. The theory says that the ancestral environment greatly influences our behavior. The way our parents behaved will most probably determine how we behave too. The brain is a processing device which produces behavior relative to the things we experience. the human brain, therefore, responds to fit in the environment (Gerald, 2008). Preceding experiences determine how we respond to previously known stimuli. For example we know that one is friendly or good towards us if they treat us with respect and care. If I meet for the first time and they treat me badly, the next time we meet, my mind will pre-conceive the man as an enemy and I will have an attitude of hatred towards him. If on the other hand I meet a friendly guy and they treat me with humility and humor, I will definitely like then and look forward to our next interaction. My mind will therefore have been preconditioned to respond positively to those things I like and unfavorably to the things I dislike (Carl, 1980). The human brain has special neural mechanisms for solving past adaptive problems. This benefits the human so that they do not have to go through the same problems without solving them effectively. If for example there were consequences suffered due to certain some acts in the past, then, in the future it will be remembered and the respo
In today’s globalized world, where information is the most critical power source, the media have special authority. As the primary source of relevant information for many people, they influence their perception of news (Chideya, 2018). In other words, the way they present information determines how people feel about that information. Most editors and publishers have a similar style of presentation. However, there is a perception that finding people of color, women, or members of the LGBTQQIP2SAA community makes a big difference in producing such material. I believe that such changes are more subtle than they seem since the worldviews of the above populations are only slightly different from the rest. Most people think that members of certain minorities tend to present information through the lens of their worldview. Indeed, this is true, and it applies to all people in general, since everyone, in one way or another, superimposes their attitudes toward the presentation of information. However, the question is to what extent one allows oneself to impose one’s attitude on the coverage of material in the official media. Both a member of certain minorities and a person who is not one of them are first and foremost professionals. Therefore, he presents information not from his point of view but by stating objective facts. The same applies to the content of the material itself. Editors choose it based on the current social plan, not on their preferences. Thus, a representative of any minority has almost no impact on the style and content of the material presented. More often, editors belong to anti-minority groups who have a much more significant influence on the presentation of these components. They allow themselves to make harsh statements based on their personal opinions, which are rarely liberal. For example, in a local newspaper I recently bought, the headline of an article about traditional values was “Why Gay Marriage is a Contradiction to God’s Law.” I was offended by these words because they leveled a person’s freedom of choice. According to them, a person
The case of Vistakon helps to clarify the main issues of a successful marketing campaign and identify the steps that should be taken by managers, who want to introduce their products and services in the best possible ways. Segment Attractiveness Taking into consideration the fact that Acuvue products were directed to several current full- and part-time contact wearers and ex-contact wearers, market segmentation plays a very important role in this kind of business. The company should target current part-time contact wearers. These are the people, who wear contact lenses on certain events including social occasions or some sports competitions. This segment is the most attractive target market because of less price resistance. Part-time users of contact lenses are eager to pay a higher price in comparison to full-time contact users and consider the options offered by companies regarding such concepts as innovation, fashion, appropriateness, or brand name. Positioning Statement There is no need to wear contact lenses all the time. Still, there are events when a person wants to have 100% guarantees to see and observe all important people and things around. 1-Day Acuvue is the best solution for all part-time contact wearers, who want to be provided with confidence and clarity for a certain period because it is a convenient, soft, and unnoticeable detail that makes a person’s look definite and intriguing. It does not matter if a person is a guest at a party or a sportsman in a volleyball competition, 1-Day Acuvue is the product that has to be at hand (or in the eye). Advantages and Disadvantages of Acuvue Name The idea to use Acuvue’s name for a new product has its advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, there are the customers, who have already discovered that the chosen brand was not convenient for them be
Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of the computer and video gaming on the academic success of the school children. The literature review of this study is most directly based on the scholarly journal articles considering the correlation of the gaming activities of students and their academic performance; apart from the journal articles, the literature review includes several news and magazine articles. Namely, the reviewed literature connects the two activities (studying and computer gaming) in a variety of ways and reports that in most cases, playing computer and video games encourages the students to spend less time on their homework and as a result, demonstrate a poorer performance during standardized testing (Dewar, 2013). At the same time, some sources point out that the impact produced by computer and video gaming on the students’ academic success is not always negative. For instance, according to Gibbs (2016), the learners who are engaged in gaming regularly show better results in such disciplines as math, science, reading, than the students who do not play computer and video games. In that way, this study uses the results of the previous researches and surveys to elaborate on the topic and find the possible connections between gaming among school children and their academic performance. The study is anticipated to either support or oppose the findings of the previous research. Also, this study may find some new correlations between gaming and learning and thus provide the basis for future exploration. In turn, it may facilitate a better understanding of the connection between computer gaming and school performance that will contribute to new ways to combine the two activities and incorporate one into another. This tendency has the potential to benefit the education of the future. Research Questions, Hypothesis, and Objectives The purpose of this research is stated in the forms of questions and objectives. The research questions of this study are the following:   * In what way do computer and video gaming of the learners during their leisure time correlate with their academic performance?   * How does the number of hours the students spend pl
Discussion The article presents a variety of leadership approaches created by female executives. These approaches disregard the traditional style of command and control leadership and substitute it with a new method, which was named by the author as “interactive leadership.” Unlike traditional leadership that is often based on mutual “transactions” between the leader and their team, interactive leadership is focused on close interactions with the subordinates. It allows the employees to contribute to the project, which makes them feel more engaged and motivated at their workplace. In fact, encouraging participation is one of the core aspects of interactive leadership. It involves making people feel like they are a part of the team and trying to create a solid group identity. Different strategies are presented in the article, with the main goal of creating interactions between people who are not as likely to interact with subordinates during their work. However, the possibility of this strategy going wrong is considered. The second aspect of interactive leadership is focused on sharing power and information. The author points out that to facilitate healthy communication throughout the team, it has to be a two-way flow. Feedback should not only come from the leader to the subordinates but should also come from subordinates to the leader. A culture of transparency is encouraged where the leader does not hide the information from their subordinates. The participation of the team members is valued, and every member of the team is included in deliberations on important topics. The article points out that these leadership styles have developed naturally from women who found themselves in positions where they had to negotiate and communicate with a lot of people to fulfill their goals. It concludes by suggesting that there is no “best” way to be a leader and that different situations can call for different styles of leadership. Conclusion Alternative leadership styles have shown to be effective in the modern business world. The presented article was written multiple decades ago, but the styles of leadership it describes have become very popular since then. Also, it provides an important point that in business, there is no perfect way of leading that can solve any issue. Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths The strengths of the article lie in the description of innovative leadership approaches and strategies. The concept of interactive leadership is presented clearly and could be implemented by any executive regardless of their gender. More modern studies have shown that creating a personal connection with the team members can indeed improve the productivity of the team. The same could be said about transparency in communication and two-way feedback. The flexibility of leadership was also mentioned, and it reflects modern ideas of effective leadership. Weaknesses The weaknesses of the article are in its generalization of female leadership. Despite different women presenting different examples of their leadership approaches, the author unifies them into a single concept of interactive leadership. This does not make it inaccurate. Howeve
Introduction A process essay is a presentation that aims at describing, to an audience, how a subject is achieved. It outlines the procedure of doing a subject matter. This paper seeks to present a process essay for conducting market research. The paper is based on personal research through interviewing an executive of one of the locally successful companies. Marketing research process Marketing research is a defined process of investigating and collecting information about consumers and other factors in a market such as competitors and barriers into a market. A successful market research is done in a defined and outlined process. It also involves qualified personnel to induce sufficient expertise. This is because market research deals with social factors such as consumers’ needs, preferences, and attitudes that must be factored by a marketing research team. The process normally begins with sufficient planning followed by fieldwork and a final analytical review that may involve professional statistical applications. The first step in market research is problem definition. This stage involves expression of understanding of the objectives of the market research. It defines the problem to be solved such as; ‘how can we best expand our geographical market?’ or ‘why do our competitors seem to have an advantage over our enterprise?’ The stage also defines the people to be involved in the market research. Once the problem is defined, a suitable approach is developed for the entire process. At this stage, the aims of the research are outline and the scope established. Possible factors that might influence the research process are identified and remedies outlined. The stage calls for sufficient experience in market research. Research questions and hypothesis statements are also outlined at this step. After developing the approach for a research, the necessary procedures for achieving the set objectives are established. Formulating research procedure outlines the exact measures that should be undertaken in order to answer the research questions and achieve the research objectives. The methods to be adopted for collecting information are also outlined at this step. Further, this step describes the data that is to be collected, how it is to be collected, and the number of participants to be used and how the information should be analyzed. Once the research procedure is outlined, fieldwork for data collection is adopted. A suitable data collection method that could involve use of questionnaires, interviews, or observation is then adopted. Data can also be collected from secondary sources such as governmental information centers and specialized research bodies. After collecting the necessary and relevant data for a particular market research, a professional stage that involves data analysis is undertaken. This stage involves specialized acade
Fire protection engineering calls upon the study of the behavior of fire and the impact on the engineering properties of building materials that influences the structural modeling of buildings focused at effective methods of protecting occupants subject to the potential threat of fire. A balanced study of the behavior of burning materials, and the inherent characteristics particularly when exposed to incident heat and the influence on engineering properties such as steel and concrete which are commonly used in the construction industry for the safety of life spurs thoughts about fire protection engineering. Therefore, Fire protection engineering unfolds thoughts about the study of the behavior of fire, the structural response of the effects of fire on different materials such as steel, the engineering behavior of concrete when subjected to fire, how these influences the structural modeling of a building, and the overall influence on the safety of the life of occupants in these buildings. The Behavior of Fire Furness and Muckett observe that once a material has been ignited, it evident that the behavior of fire on different materials it comes into contact with leads to the dissipation of large amounts of energy resulting in mass losses in the burning process while undergoing through a number of stages before it reaches its maturity stage (20). Fully developed fires are characterized by a behavior that significantly influence the approach used in ventilating buildings, the rate at which temperature rises, and the time it takes the fire to reach the maturity stage. These elements critically influence the characteristic behavior of burning materials and influence the impact on the overall design of a building (Cote, 32). Burning behavior of materials Cote argues that once a material has been ignited and undergoing the combustion process, the incident fire moves or spreads along the body of the material under the influence of a number of key parameters (23). These includes the intensity of the incident heat on the burning object, the composition of the burning fire, the ability of air that supports combustion to reach the burning fire, the mass of the burning material and its surface ratio, and the physical orientation of the burning fire and the burning material. However for a fire to fully exhibit its burning characteristics, its exposure to the oxygen that supports combustion should
Introduction Although flying is considered to be the safest way to travel, a lot of different aviation incidents and accidents happen from time to time all across the globe. There are different causes of plane crashes, but the most common are mechanical errors, pilot errors, and weather conditions. The paper is aimed at the comparison of two accidents that demonstrate pilots’ talents and emergency preparedness: United Airlines Flight 232 case and Baghdad DHL attempted shootdown incident. At first sight, these two accidents do not have similar characteristics due to entirely different causes. However, there are some analogical features and even connections between these two cases. Comparison of two plane crashes The McDonnell Douglas DC-10, a three-engine wide-body jet airliner, landed under emergency conditions in Sioux City on July 19, 1989. As it is described by the Aviation Safety Network (n.d.a.), about one hour after takeoff the tail-mounted engine number two was destroyed. The crew was able to land the plane without conventional control at the airport of Sioux City, but the right-wing of the airliner hit the runway, and the plane broken into several parts. There were 296 people on board (285 passengers and 11 crew members), of whom 111 died, and 185 survived. According to the National Transportation Safety Board (n.d.), the probable cause of the accident was the failure of the United Airlines personnel to detect a fatigue crack located in a critical area of the stage one fan disk. The three hydraulic systems were lost that is why the crew almost could not control the airplane. Baghdad DHL attempted shootdown incident is an aviation case occurred on the 22nd of November, 2003. The Aviation Safety Network (n.d.b.) identifies that soon after taking off from Baghdad airport the cargo aircraft Airbus A300B4-203F was hit by a surface-to-air missile that damaged the console and the mechanization of the left-wing. It caused the leakage of aviation fuel and the complete loss of hydraulic flight control systems. However, the flight crew was able to land the plane at Baghdad airport. Unlike the United Airlines Flight 232 case no one of the three crew members died. The type of landing was similar to the landing of DC-10 in 1989. Space Daily (2003) underlines that the captain of the DHL Airbus A300 attended the seminar in Brussels earlier where the captain who commanded the United Airlines DC-10 and could land the plane performed.
Introduction Understanding the meaning of life is often a contentious philosophical issue. Indeed, throughout history, theology, philosophy, and science (among other disciplines) have struggled to explain the meaning of life. However, their views have varied across different cultural and ideological backgrounds. Nonetheless, many scholars say religious and ideological conceptions of human happiness and social ties may describe this issue well. Others believe that human consciousness and religious conceptions of existence provide the proper direction for understanding the meaning of life. Philosophically, many other issues, such as the symbolic meaning of life and God’s existence, also influence this debate. Comparatively, science has tried to explain the meaning of life by using empirical facts about the world. It has also strived to explore the scope and context about why life is how it is. Through this framework, science has provided many pieces of evidence about human well-being and the ethical guidelines that influence human actions and beliefs. This paper explores the meaning of life from a religious perspective. It focuses on how Christianity and Islam explain the concept. Based on the teachings of the two religions, this paper argues that, to the extent that the two religions attribute the meaning of life to God’s service, Islam and Christianity are similar. Although the two religions have methodological differences regarding how their followers should meet their purpose in life, they do not overshadow the overwhelming similarities between the two religions. Consequently, the overriding argument of this paper is that the Christian and Islamic teachings of life are more similar than they are different. The structure of this paper analyzes the service to God and the perception of the afterlife, as highlights of the differences and similarities about the Christian and Islamic perceptions of life. Service to God Christianity and Islam seem to have different religious practices. However, this section of the paper argues that both religions teach their followers to serve God, as the true meaning of life. Christians believe the central point of power is God, while Muslims believe Allah is the creator of all heaven and earth. Islam requires all worshippers to live by the guiding principles of the Quran and follow the traditions of the Prophet Mohammed. It teaches that God created people for a purpose. The Quran says, “I have only created Jinns and men, so that they may serve me.” Here, it is crucial to pay close attention to the word, “serve” because it stems from the Arabic word, “Ibadah,” which means “worship.” Based on this analysis, the Arabic Bible Outreach Ministry says the true meaning of life in Islam is the complete obedience to the teachings of Allah. Therefore, Islam teaches that the true meaning of life is serving Allah by obeying his commandments. Comparatively, Christians believe the true meaning of life lies in seeking divine salvation from God. Indeed, the bible says, “For God so loved the world that he gave his only son, that