ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Wireless communication is by far the most widely spread and fastest-growing sector of the communication industry. It has mesmerized our civilization to a great extent. In the year 1985, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) opened numerous bands of wireless spectrum. These bands could be used freely even without government authorization. As such, Wi-Fi came into existence due to the vision of an engineer of FCC named Michael Marcus. About the topic of this essay, it was in September 2008 that Mayor Boris Johnson expressed his concern on the BBC to make London a Wi-Fi city. “Let’s do it, beginning in Stratford in this fantastic area of opportunity.” (As cited in BBC London 2010). The mayor was referring to the venue of the 2012 Olympics. The project was named Wi-Fi London. The existing cable system could be used for Wi-Fi enabling the street lamp posts, bus stops, etc. Presently, the city of London has 95% coverage and the company that provided this wireless network was ‘The Cloud’. The Chief Executive Officer of The Cloud, Steve Nicholson, said, “I suspect Boris is articulating his thoughts around how we can conceptually deliver a Wi-Fi service across all key London boroughs to create a Wi-Fi city. The Cloud has multiple networks similar to what Boris describes, in the Nordics, and of course in the City of London, which is mounted on street furniture.” (As cited in BBC London 2010). The Cloud, a BSkyB company, is the United Kingdom’s largest provider of free Wi-Fi access and has recently bagged a five-year contract (extension) to provide free Wi-Fi access in London. Another company eying the lucrative opportunity is Nokia. Virgin Media was also trying to negotiate with the London boroughs and councils to provide free Wi-Fi. Nokia has recently (November 2011) launched free Wi-Fi at 26 hotspots across central London. Most of these hotspots are in and around Oxford Street. This will be a two months’ trial period in which, any person who has a Wi-Fi enabled device, will be able to access the internet, provided the person is near one of the hotspots and has accepted the ‘Terms of Use’. The service will not be confined to Nokia’s handsets. A person with any other brand of handsets will also be able to access the Wi-Fi with the same facilities. According to an article published in CBR Communications Mobility, “The Finnish mobile giant has teamed up with Wi-Fi provider spectrum Interactive to initially offer the service in 26 hotspots across England’s capital, although many are located along Oxford Street and none are south of the river Thames.” (CBR Communications Mobility 2011). It is noticeable that to access the Wi-Fi facility provided by The Cloud, a person had to become a customer in any of the hotspots where The Cloud’s Wi-Fi was available. The objective of this essay is to outline the features of Wi-Fi connectivity and evaluate the differences between a Wi-Fi network and other available networking options. The essay will a
Summary This paper attempts to present a critical comparison of Melanesian and Polynesian economies and polities. The two are agricultural regions with much the same crops but they differ hugely in terms of political organization. The paper assumes a simple abstraction/caricature of some of the obvious deviations in the political organization of the two areas. The paper juxtaposes the differentiated, relatively primitive, and underdeveloped Melanesian structure with the pyramidal, more inclusive, and developed Polynesian political structure. Melanesia is characterized by a big-man kind of leadership that attracts a coterie of kin and followers to organize around the big-man. Polynesia on the other hand is characterized by chieftainship. Despite the conventional belief that political organizations are meant to serve or benefit the commonality, sometimes it is predatory as was the case in the two areas (Sahlins 1963:286). The central issue addressed by the author This paper attempts to explore the continuum that societies follow in developing their political structures. Indeed, the paper acknowledges that there is an increase in complexity of political organization from the primitive west towards the relatively advanced east (Sahlins 1963:286). As a continuum, aspects of the primitive west are also found in the advanced east. The paper captures such a development as an evolutionary process that is determined by the nature of political leadership, population size, and territorial expanse (pp.287). The Melanesian ‘big-man leadership style is juxtaposed with the Polynesian ‘chieftainship’ to capture the backwardness of the Melanesian polity occasioned by the primitivism and personality-based power structures and by extension infer that the modern political establishme
Personal Educational Philosophy During my teaching practice, I have understood that effective teaching is based on two essential ideologies, which include self-education and student-centered teaching. Self-education suggests that students should act as a result of understanding rather than following forceful rules and regulations. Teachers should, therefore, resonate with students and portray the rationale of their advocacy along with the adversities that accompany undesirable actions. As a result, they will accomplish their academics roles willingly since they understand why they should take those responsibilities. Students-centered philosophy argues that the primary concern of teaching is students’ welfare and progress. It contends that other aspects, which include teachers’ conveniences, should only be considered to ensure that the students advance academically. All class arrangements, routines, and administrational logistics must be oriented to the welfare of students’ academic needs and wants. Classroom Arrangement Classroom arrangement involves the arrangement of students’ seats, learning materials, and teachers’ equipment, among other things. In light of arranging the future classroom, seats will be arranged in three columns where each column will have sixteen students (Lock & Babkie, 2006). Columns will be arranged in such a manner that each student has one desk mate so that the column has eight rows, as shown in figure 1. The teacher’s desk will coincide directly with the central column. The columns will be separated by small paths where the teacher and students can pass during the class session (Lock & Babkie, 2006). A white blackboard, which will be used for manual writing as well as projection, will be fixed on the front wall such that students can comfortably follow illustrations. A permanent projector will be positioned at the roof, ensuring that it projects information on the white blackboard. This arrangement connects to my teaching philosophy since it is oriented to fulfilling the students’ academic needs. In my philosophy, I always advocate for systems that aim at providing satisfactory service to the students. In this light, I give students individual consideration rather than a collective one. The paths, which are found between the columns, enable teachers to move and interact with students to assess their progress at a personal level. This individual consideration helps them to obtain individualized records on the academic status of the students, which could be sent to their parents. It is, therefore, oriented to the academic status of the students implying that it is essentially connected to the aspects of student-centered philosophy. Lastly, decorations are very important in a class of the environment. In this case, I could decorate the walls using attractive wall charts, which include scientific flow charts, mathematical formulas, and animal pictures for
In his study, Romero aimed to research the effects of community college students’ participation in learning communities and to explore the qualitative aspects of how such the mentioned partaking helps students to improve their grades. The rationale for choosing in favor of this particular subject of research, on the author’s part, had to do with the fact that, as practice indicates, students are often required to demonstrate the interdisciplinary understanding of the knowledge that they gain. The study’s main question Romero formulated as follows, “Is participation in a learning community a significant predictor of student success for community college students?” (2012, p. 37). Methodologically speaking, Participation in learning communities as a predictor of student success at a community college is best defined as a cross-sectional qualitative study, concerned with testing the hypothesis that there is indeed a positive correlation between one’s academic successfulness, as a student, and his or her willingness to take an active part in the functioning of learning communities. The thesis’s preliminary validity is being illustrated, in regards to the provided review of the relevant literature, which does support the idea that the concerned activity is indeed beneficial to the affiliated students’ academic well-being. The process of collecting the empirical data was concerned with: a) Identifying the qualified participants “students who were 18 years of age or older who were enrolled in at least one credit course at a community college in a suburban southern California neighborhood” (Romero, 2012, p. 39). b) Asking the selected 24,500 students to fill out the survey questionnaires, submitted to them via email (only 927 of them returned the completed surveys), c) Subjecting the received responses to quantification. The data analysis was conducted with the mean of utilizing a multiple regression analysis, with the independent variable has been the extent of every participant’s affiliation with learning communities. The so-called Thriving Quotient tool was used to identify the ‘holistic’ effects of students’ prolonged association with the communal mode of learning. The study’s main finding is that “that student who participates in a learning community have higher academic goals than their counterparts (t(925)= 4.49, p <.000)” (Romero, 2012, p. 40). The author concluded that this should have a positive effect on the strength of educational commitment in students. The reviewed literature’s foremost contribution to the study is that it shows that there are several fully objective preconditions for community college students to consider enrolling into learning communities. Probably the most important of them has to do with the fact that, as many of the mentioned authors (such as Dwyer, Millett & Payne (2006)) point to, today’s students are more than ever required to receive good grades, to be able to graduate. Participating in learning communities make it much more likely for students to succeed, in this respect. I wou
Sleep is an important part of our life as it ensures normal functioning of body and psychological activity. However, the investigations in the field show that almost 30% of children and adolescents suffer sleeping disorders that can have negative influence on their daily activities. Exploration of the nature of sleep disorders and their treatment provides a ground for investigations in this area. In this paper, we are going to take into consideration the article by Marshal Luginbuehl, Kathy L. Bradley-Klug, John Ferron, W. McDowell Anderson, and Selom R. Benbadis, “Pediatric Sleep Disorders: Validation of the Sleep Disorders Inventory for Students” that provides the investigation on the effect of sleep disorders on students’ academic performance. This study is important in terms of understanding of the effectives of empirical and theoretical research in the field and attracting the scientist’s attention to the problem so that appropriate and effective treatment to be provided. It s well known that sleep is extremely important for normal functioning of human’s brain and body, “our bodies would require a tranquil “rest and relaxation” period to become revitalized” (Ryan, 2011, p. 91). However, from time to time, all people have difficulty sleeping, “a condition known as insomnia” (Ryan, 2011, p. 94). The causes of insomnia are various, it can be caused both physical and psychological factors. The state of insomnia is usually characterized by difficulties getting to sleep, difficulties of staying asleep, constant sleepiness during the day or sleeping disturbances during the night. It is little known “about night terrors, sleep-talk
Introduction There were several instances when group members had different views regarding various decisions, during our group discussion. Divergent opinions by members did not stop the group from finishing its objectives. Opinions which were supported by the majority in the group were adopted as collective decisions. Group members did not antagonize each other and they ensured that all decisions were made through consensus. Improvements in Production The first decision which members had to deliberate on was the issue of operations and production. Some members favored improvements in the firm’s internal operations to boost the quality of products released into the market. All members agreed that the firm needed to institute operational excellence to make it firm more competitive in the market. However, some members felt the best way to institute operational excellence was by improving quality standards in production. However, some members had different opinions regarding this issue. They felt that cordial relations between the firm’s employees and its clients would improve its reputation in the market, thereby making existing clients loyal. Later, everyo member agreed that good customer relations together with improved quality standards will enable the firm attain operational excellence. Some members felt that the firm’s research and development function needed to be improved. They argued that a strong research and development department will make the firm have a competitive edge in the market. This is because, the firm will be able to innovate internal processes to improve the quality of its products. Some members felt that all departments need internal quality systems. Relationship with Suppliers In the third decision members had to decide the best way to engage with suppliers. Some members felt that an exclusive contract with suppliers was beneficial for the firm. Other members thought that an exclusive contract would limit the firm’s options in case a supplier failed to bring crucial merchandise for production. Many members agreed that the firm needs a flexible contract to enable sourcing of products from other suppliers if a supplier fails to deliver merchandise in time. This would ensure that crucial processes in the organization are not jeopardized if a supplier fails to commit to terms outlined in the agreement. This approach will help the firm to reduce risks related to failure by suppliers to deliver merchandise on time. This will also ensure that crucial production processes in the firm are not interrupted. Some members felt that the firm needs to improve its technical systems to make its operations more efficient. Internal Technical Functions Many members argued that crucial technical functions in the
Introduction Zambia is a landlocked country situated in southern part of Africa. A total of eight countries are its neighbors; including Angola to the west, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Botswana to the south, Malawi to the east, Tanzania to the north-east, and the Democratic republic of Congo (DRC) to the north. It has Lusaka situated in the south-central part, as its capital city. The natives of this country populate it densely around Lusaka in the south and the copper-belt in the northwest. Like many small countries throughout the world, many people in other parts of the world know very little about Zambia. This paper seeks to expose the major characteristics of Zambia so that those interested will have a basic knowledge of the country. Government Currently, Zambia is governed based on the constitution that was passed in 1990, by President Kenneth Kaunda terminating the UNIP’s power monopoly, and which was amended in 1996. Subsequently, 150 directly elected members, a maximum of 8 presidentially nominees and a speaker, constitute the National assembly (U.S. department of state, Para. 13). Nine provinces governed by an appointed deputy minister, constitute the republic of Zambia. The judiciary comprises of the Supreme Court as the high court and the court of appeal. High court, magistrate’s courts, and the local courts are below it in power. Economy According to United Nations Statistics Division, approximately 68 percent of Zambians live below the identified national poverty line, with urban rates of 53% and rural poverty rates of about 78% (Para. 3). Zambia ranks 117 th out of 128 countries on the 2007 Global Competitiveness Index, which takes into account factors that influence economic growth (The World Bank group in Zambia 3). Currently, the per capita annual income is at $395. Zambia’s economic regulations and bureaucracy are extensive, and corruption is rampant. The Zambian economy is dependent on copper mining sector, and any discrepancy in the world copper market has serious effects on its economy. Education system The education sector in Zambia, like many third world countries, is not fully developed. In 2003, the literacy rates stood at approximately 80.6% based on the U.S. Department of State (par. 7). Education is offered in two phases, viz. basic education for 1 to 9 years old and upper secondary for 10 to 12. Most children drop out after exceeding age 7 when they start payment of fees because tuition covers only up to year 7. Education opportunities past secondary school level are limited. Zambia has several universities, the competition for admission in these universities is stiff, and they admit students based on ability and deservingness. Fees payment rendered tertiary education unattainable given that many people are poor living below the poverty line despite the fact that government offers boosts through bursaries. Culture Bantu forms the great part of Zambian culture, which carries some foreign (especially European) elements. Due to influence from west, some natives have opted to live in towns with the wak
Public health is a serious issue that reflects the level of social development in a particular community. Despite remarkable progress that has been made in recent decades, there are still numerous threats formed by known or unknown viruses, malicious germs, and bacteria. While some of those are yet to be studied, others have already been examined. Thus, an adverse impact of the latter might be reduced significantly. For instance, a wide-known influenza pandemic was responsible for 50-100 million deaths during 1918-1919 (Pavia, 2019). However, a hundred years later, an ultimate preventative approach is not found. A large-scale project on pandemics prevention is currently being managed by the US Department of Health and Human Services. It includes a strategy of both vaccination and information policies which provide a detailed guide on the most effective measures against the disease. According to Pavia, the examples include “school closure, limiting public gatherings and social distancing”. In a sense, the information policy might sometimes seem like a more important step, yet, its effect remains rather limited (Pavia, 2019). At the same time, scientists work out more efficient forms of vaccines, reducing the impact and further spread of the disease. In this way, pharmaceutical intervention contributes more to the prevention of pandemics, so it is of utmost importance to apply this method in addition to educational events.
Wiesner-Hanks offers a useful overview of the challenges faced by Britain after the death of Queen Elizabeth I. The key concept that was at play in post-Elizabethan England was the struggle for power between the Parliament and the royalty. During Queen Elizabeth I reign, the Parliament faced a dramatic increase in power and responsibility; however, as James inherited the throne, he wanted to limit the influence of the Parliament, thus establishing his power on the English throne (Wiesner-Hanks 338). However, due to the debts caused by the war with Spain and the need for additional financial resources, James was forced to gradually expand the powers of the House of Commons (Wiesner-Hanks 339). The Parliament’s victory did not last long, as it was dissolved by James’s son Charles in 1629. Similar financial issues forced Charles to call Parliament in 1640, which allowed it to establish its power bypassing the law obliging the kind to call Parliament at least once in three years (Wiesner-Hanks 339). The tensions kept rising until Oliver Cromwell used his army to overthrow the king and abolish the House of Lords completely, thus becoming the most powerful man in the country. His position and a strong army allowed him to rule as a military dictator and enforce measures supported by Puritans (Wiesner-Hanks 342). After Cromwell’s death, Charles’ son was able to return to England as Charles II; he returned the House of Lords and provided the Parliament with a stable position of power. However, as the Catholic James II ascended the throne after Charles, the Protestants worked to appoint James’s Protestant daughter Mary to the throne, which allowed them to perform a coup that would be called the “Glorious Revolution” (Wiesner-Hanks 343). The revolution enforced the House of Commons as the most powerful part of the Parliament, thus returning the power to the gentry (Wiesner-Hanks 343). Overall, the writings of Wiesner-Hanks provide a rather short review of the complex political schemes that affected England in the post-Elizabethan period. The reading stresses the importance of religion and social movements, such as egalitarianism, that pervaded the country at the time. This contributes to the previous explorations of Early Modern Europe, allowing us to compare the developmental patterns in England to that of other countries. Works Cited Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789. 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2013.