ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Criminal procedure is quite a complicated phenomenon in the judicial system, including various nuances. That is why the nationalization of this procedure, or constitutionalization, as called by law professors, was introduced in the last century. It included the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Case’s interpretation for extending the protections of the Bill of the Rights to states. Nationalization implies the creation of a single standard based solely on constitutional rights, which applies to the federal government as well as to the states. Although the nationalization revolutionized the vision of criminal procedure, it remains a controversial issue, so there are both supporters and opponents of this novelty. On the one hand, nationalization helps better arrange the process and formulate an action plan that can be used anywhere in the country. According to Lippman (2018), “the development of consistent procedures is intended to ensure uniform and fair treatment for individuals wherever they live and whatever their backgrounds” (p. 22). It means criminal defendants are given similar rights by both federal and state governments and can gain the same protections. All levels of government follow the instruction, which facilitates the process of criminal procedure. On the other hand, some claim that states should be allowed to develop their strategies. It is thought that the procedures appropriate for federal agents investigating fraud, environmental crime, or corporate abuse differ from the daily demands of police officers in a major city or small departments with a tight budget (Lippman, 2018). Thus, it is still unclear whether states should follow the same rules or be entitled to the freedom of making decisions. It seems that greater flexibility is essential in conducting criminal procedures in various regions of the country. The universal algorithm of this procedure cannot show the same efficiency everywhere because diff
Socratic Method is named after the Greek philosopher Socrates and is a means of conducting a philosophical inquiry whereby the person asking the question will explore the implication of the other person’s position in order to illuminate ideas and stimulate a rational thinking pattern. This is believed to be a dialectical method involving discussions between opposite parties whereby one point of view is defended by being pitted against the other. A person in the discussion can lead the other person to contradict himself by using his reasoning to emphasize the viewpoint of the person making the inquiry. This method was applied by Socrates to examine concepts that appeared to be short of specific definitions, such as that of justice, courage, temperance, wisdom, piety, and virtues. This way of examining the different concepts proved to be a challenge to those that discussed philosophy and brought out the inconsistencies and inadequacies in their belief systems. Socrates advocated this wisdom as being the basis of his encouragement in moral terms and said that the main goodness for human beings comprises in taking good care of the concerned person’s soul along with the moral understanding and moral truth that it is not wealth that brings the good feelings, but it is good that enables accrual of wealth and other blessings, both to the state and the individual. He professed that a life without such dialogues is not worth living. The motive behind using the Method in the modern world does not bear similarity as compared to what Socrates had envisioned. In the understanding of the student of today, the Socratic Method is a discussion or conversation whereby two or more people help each other to find appropriate answers for difficult questions. Socrates proceeded in this manner because he understood, despite his several claims of ignorance that it was not adequate to just know of the facts, to parrot lectures, or to memorize lessons. To seek wisdom and to know the truth, one has to make efforts towards learning and understanding. If one is asked the question as to “what” makes one realize what he knows or does not know, then the question of “why” will lead one to recognize the world in a fundamental and fuller manner. The understanding of the student becomes greater in facilitating his goal to recognize the facts so that he answers the questions on his own and considers the validity of assertions made by other people. This does not imply that he is required to give reasoning and explanation for his opinions to other members of the group. Although this Method is a powerful tool, there are other alternatives also to learn in this regard. The Socratic Method is used widely in the present day law ed
Most inhabitants of Africa, South East Asia, the Middle East and Latin America live below the poverty line. These individuals mainly live in rural and semi-urban locations where access to piped water is limited. Therefore, rain and surface water are the most commonly available sources of water. However, given the fact that these individuals live in densely populated areas where the level of sanitation is questionable, access to clean for drinking and other domestic purposes is quite difficult. Under these conditions, water is usually contaminated by pathogens (viruses and bacteria) making it not to be fit for human consumption (Lea, 2010). Stored water in containers and other storage facilities stand a high risk of contamination due to frequent exposure. At the same time, water that is stored using this methods act as breeding grounds for mosquitoes hence increasing the prevalence of malaria in rural and semi-urban settings of developing nations. The aim of the current design is to provide clean drinking water to people of who are living in rural and semi-urban locations is Vietnam. The level of industrialization in Vietnam is increasing at an alarming rate. At the same time, rural and semi-urban have poor sanitation and waste management techniques. The overall outcome is that rivers and rainwater are highly contaminated. Individuals who consume such water normally contract serious waterborne diseases that pose a great danger not only to their health but also their lives. Massive industrialization has led to increased levels of air pollution leading to acid rain. Acid rain contain a very high content of mercury that might be hazardous to the health of people if consumed. According to Walker and Wenokor (2012), high levels of mercury in rainwater may result to brain damage, eye defects, infertility and discourages. Rainwater that has been collected in the region is usually stored using rudimentary methods. These methods expose this water to bacteria that may cause diseases such as typhoid, diphtheria, TB and cholera. Finally, rainwater that has been collected is always turbid. Turbidity usually arises due to the presence of suspended particles in the water. Despite the fact that turbidity might now have any adverse effects on the health of individuals, it sure makes water not to be attractive to the eye hence reducing the rate of its consumption. The current design aims at overcoming all of these challenges. However, this design shall only focus on the storage, filtration, purification, and pumping of rainwater. This design has been developed to ensure that water is harvested, stored, filtered, purified and pumped in an effective and efficient manner. To ensure that the current project is successful, the materials that will be used in the design are either cheap to acquire or they are locally available. At the same time, the current design has factored in the culture and traditions of the targeted communities. This is essential as it plays a critical role in gaining the support of the target communities. Rainwater Collection During the rainy season, the people of Vietnam who live in rural and semi-urban settin
Global Health The burden of disease is a measurement of the number of deaths and health issues in a given region or among a certain group of people. Therefore, a study of the global burden of disease is an attempt to determine the areas or groups around the world which experience the most problems with health. The resultant information can then be used to assess and allocate necessary resources to improve the situation. Such measurement has a number of constraints and issues which need to be taken into account before a meaningful image can be produced. Thus, the researchers include several criteria to obtain a concise picture. These include data on economic development, geographical orientation, genetic predisposition, and a range of cultural and social conditions. Once these factors are aggregated, they can be measured against the most relevant policies, which may possibly improve the situation. Such an approach eliminates the possibility of inappropriate intervention. Importantly, the data are not limited by the number of deaths and the incidence of certain diseases – instead, they account for the number of years lost because of the death. In this way, the distinction is made between premature and expected deaths, with early ones such as child mortality having the most weight (Lopez and Mathers 484). Finally, because this approach still does not account for all of the relevant health factors, e.g. depression, a more encompassing attempt is introduced in the form of QALY (quality-adjusted life-year), which includes perception of the quality of life, which, despite having its advantages, poses some limitations (e.g. is influenced by cultural differences and thus cannot be applied on a global scale), and DALY (disability-adjusted life year), its somewhat more reliable and consistent counterpart (Muennig and Su 76). The resulting measurement allows the researchers to estimate not only the rates of deaths across the globe but also the most likely reasons behind them and, most importantly, the most effective ways to address the issue. Once it becomes clear what factors are responsible for poor health metrics, wealthy donors (governments, international organizations, or private sources) allocate funds to poor countries to alleviate the issue. However, this approach is also controversial. According to some critics, the policy of aid does not resolve the issue. Some point to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which demonstrates little to no signs of economic or social development despite receiving aid for several decades (Muennig and Su 91). Others suggest that reliance on aid inevitably leads to the situation whereby recipient countries become dependent on external sources of funding, which contributes to reluctance to develop on their own. Finally, in some cases, bilateral aid (sent directly to the government of the receiving country) is misused or fails to reach the intended beneficiaries altogether, usually because of high levels of corruption. This, however, does not mean that aid should be withheld. First, examples of successful development base
To gain some idea of the kinds of issues that come up in this area it is worthwhile considering the celebrated but tragic case of Baby Doe. Baby Doe was the fictional name of a child born in 1982 in Bloomington, Indiana. The baby was a Down’s syndrome child with severe internal complications such as the lack of a passage from mouth to the stomach and the lack of any connection between windpipe and gullet. The baby also suffered from heart and other problems. The parents refused the offer of corrective surgery for Baby Doe and their right to do this was supported by the Indiana Supreme Court. The case raised a great deal of controversy and President Reagan subsequently instructed the Department of Health and Human Services to inform US hospitals that they would not receive Federal health care funds if they refused treatment to severely handicapped children. The rationale for this action was a section of the 1973 US Rehabilitation Act which forbids Federal funding of any programs which do not give equality of treatment to handicapped people. From this perspective, Baby Doe should have been given exactly the same treatment as any other newborn. What we have here is a conflict between two radically opposed views. The first is that, as far as possible, all newborns, including gravely disabled babies, should be kept alive and that selective refusal of medical treatment should be prohibited. The life of a newborn child, no matter how disabled or handicapped it may be, is guarded by the ‘sanctity of human life’ doctrine, and the wishes of the parents or the prospects of the child are irrelevant. The second view is that parents should be able to refuse treatment for their children when it is clear that the treatment will not be for the long-term benefits of the child, given its handicaps and its almost non-existent possibilities a properly human life in the future. In this view the parents are acting as a proxy or surrogate for their child, and are, so to speak, exercising its right to choose not to have its life sustained (Kastenbaum, 2000). A recent survey of the policies and practices of the eighteen Australian intensive care units for newborn babies has shown that they employ very different criteria regarding the refusal of life-sustaining care to newborns. Some take the view that disabled children or very premature babies with poor prospects have an absolute right to life and that the parents’ wishes about the child may be disregarded by the physicians. Others take the view that the parents should based on medical evidence, have the right to decide whether life-sustaining treatment should be given to their children. At present, it depends on which intensive care unit a baby cha to be in which determines what happens (Oates, 1997). A further dimension has been introduced into this debate through the consideration of medical resources. In a recent article in the Medical Journal of Australia , members of a neonatal intensive c
The last several decades could be characterized by the increased tension in the international relations and numerous threats to security that are posed by the evolution of different phenomena peculiar to the coherent society. The rise of technologies and great paces of globalization resulted in significant shifts in people’s mentality. Thus, these also gave rise to numerous civil conflicts in different parts of the world which preconditioned the appearance of problems related to the preservation of public peace, protection of the existing world order, and human rights. Besides, the given task is extremely complex as certain forces oppose it and are interested in the creation of certain turmoil that could be used to obtain a competitive advantage and make their position stronger. Unfortunately, along with the ideas of tolerance and democracy, we could still admit the rise of such horrible phenomena as discrimination, religious fanaticism, and violent extremism. Very often these aspects come together and make the international situation even more complex. Besides, violent extremism often comes along with terrorism as these notions are closely related and could even change off each other. Both terrorism and extremism could be considered one of the most disgusting social stigmas peculiar to modern society. The rise of the terrorist threat could be associated with the September 11 attacks performed by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda. The given event shocked the whole world and opened a new page in the history of struggle with violent extremism. Society has recognized the great necessity of the investigation of the given notion to be able to create an appropriate response and strategy on how to protect people from it and guarantee their security. Unfortunately, there are still no signs of improvement, and the threat remains significant. For this reason, numerous researches provide causation theories of violent extremism and reasons for its further rise. Moreover, scientists try to utilize the existing data and formulate the theory that could be applied to determine further perspectives related to the evolution of the given issue. Besides, numerous websites collect the data related to all suicide terrorist attacks and provide their brief description. Thus, exploring the Suicide Attack Database, we could find the information about all terrorist acts of this sort. Unfortunately, statistics remain depressing. There is credible evidence which states that in the period from 2000 to 2016 years the number of incidents of this sort did not reduce (Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism par. 3). On the contrary, there is a tendency towards the further deterioration of the situation. Observing the map provided there, we could see that the Middle East remains the most dangerous region characterized by hundreds of terrorist attacks (Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism par. 1). Despite all attempts to improve security and decrease the
TallMountain Reveals Her True Self Mary TallMountain remains one of the most remarkable poets and writers of the twentieth century. This Athabascan woman inspired many people to listen to their heart (Welford, “Mary TallMountain’s Writing” 136). Some say that this woman’s works have opened up a new world of her culture to the world of Whites. Some claim that she rediscovered her native land for herself. However, the poet herself once said: Then I went to Alaska and found my people. This poem has nothing to do with what I found out about them; it is more what I found out about myself. (Bruchac III 13) It is clear that the woman rediscovered her true self and revealed her self in her poems and stories. The reader can feel her sorrows and her joys. The woman lived an extraordinary life which resulted in numerous brilliant works. It is essential to state that any of her works is unique and beautiful. Each of her works reveals some facet of her individuality or some part of her biography. However, there is one poem which stands out. “There Is No Word for Goodbye” can be regarded as a specific title to her entire life. This poem is a symbol of eternity and eternal life. To understand the real meaning of the poem, it is essential to take a closer look at the writer’s life. Tragedies in TallMountain’s Life Mary TallMountain lost her mother when she was only six (Welford 61). Her mother was terminally ill with tuberculosis. Her two brothers were sick also. The horrible disease took away the dearest people in Mary’s life. The doctor who tried to help her mother took the orphan away from her village. In her interview with Bill Moyers, TallMountain recalled details of her departure. She noted that it was not that easy for the doctor to take her away from her people as Athabasca’s were reluctant to “give up” their people (Moyers). TallMountain stressed that even though she was a girl, it was challenging to adopt her. She added that the doctor would have never taken her if she had been a boy. During the interview, TallMountain also tried to reveal her feelings at that time. Of course, she was a little girl, and she could not decide what she wanted. It was difficult for her to leave as she left her homeland for life. On the other hand, she admitted that she was also happy to learn something new and open up a brand new world for her (Moyers). It is important to note that it was not much of her decision
Executive Summary Many businesses that have boasted of success know what it means to recruit and preserve top-talent human resources. Failure in almost all organizations is associated with poor workers and leadership. Getting talented employees involves recruitment and selection processes that must be conducted properly if the company intends to boast of a talented workforce. Thus, the human resource deparent must learn the methods of hiring, recruiting, and retaining employees to maximize productivity. This paper offers a review of various techniques that an organization can adopt to recruit and keep expertise. It comprises an annotated bibliography of authors from different industries such as the food-manufacturing sector and community banks among others. The industries provide a broad scope from which organizations can borrow ideas. However, irrespective of the industry, it is a common agreement that organizations should enhance job satisfaction by offering lucrative compensation and training programs. Introduction Employees form the most crucial asset in an organization. They help the organization to realize its key agenda of being the best in its industry. Hence, the issue of recruiting the best human resources is imperative for companies that wish to record a long-term success in their lines of operation. This paper presents literature on the strategies that various industries have adopted to tap and maintain the best-talented employees. It also presents an annotated bibliography on the same subject. Recruiting Top Talent Anita (2014) uses the machine data analytics industry to address the issue of recruitment in this sector. She regards getting and keeping top-notch talent as one of the main challenges that affect the industry. New opportunities will push entrepreneurs to adopt new business models to fit in the industry. The increased demand from customers and high competition will pressure entrepreneurs to seek skilled employees and/or initiate skills to retain them. According to Anita (2014), recruiting and retaining staff can reduce the cost of operation while at the same time enhancing productivity. Retention of experience employees enables entrepreneurs to survive in the competitive field. Hence, they must learn techniques to keep their staff members. Coulter (2013) paints the picture of recruitment as it appears in the law sector. To offer quality services, law firms need to have partners that not only have a wide scope of the
Introduction It is true that many people’s personalities show consistency throughout their lives. But there are also people who do change, long after their childhood, all by themselves. They change for the better, persevering on their own, without ever having seen an analyst, depth or otherwise—have overcome every conceivable kind of psychological problem, regardless of age. This is what happens to Montrey, main character in the documentary film by Heidi Ewing and Rachel Grady which shows how the most miserable children of Baltimore can find hope given a different kind of setting. The documentary followed them in Kenya and Baltimore before they even started attending the Baraka School in Kenya. It is worth noting that this should be seen in the context where 76% of African Americans in Baltimore do not graduate at all. As Ewing and Grady record, their new environment makes the boys excel in their studies and gives them a better future to hope for. Discussion The dialogues of the boys in the playground as they talk about the lack of schooling they have had make one’s heart go out for them. One of the boys states, “They only taught us one year. That’s not enough.” This can be encouraging for other Black students who are given all the opportunities to study yet do not give any importance to it at all. The good part of the documentary is the situations where the boys admit that their personal worth exists, as evidenced by their own internal experience. They slowly understand what is happening to them. They are able to live in a world in which they must constantly struggle to meet basic needs. Almost all of their energies go into their major need areas. They do the best they can, given their resources. But the available strategies that they have in meeting their needs are limited by what they know and do not know, their conditioning, their emotional make-up, the degree of support that they receive from others, their health, and their sensitivity to pain and pleasure, and so on. And all through this struggle to survive, they are aware that both their intellectual and physical sustenance is available. They are assured on that in this project and that gives them the comfort that they badly need. In the face of all the pain, past and to come, they continue to struggle. They plan, they cope, they decide. They continue to live and feel. If they let