ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Scandinavian mythology, also known as Norse mythology refers to the pre-Christian religious beliefs of the Scandinavian people. The Scandinavian mythology originated from North-Germanic people and shows light into the ancient German mythology. This involves myths about ancient heroes, gods and goddesses, animals and also the creation and destruction of the universe. It was developed over a period of many years and was transmitted and altered by medieval Christian historians. This mythology has a strong influence on modern literature and culture of the people. Scandinavian mythologies are heroic stories of strength and war. Myths serve the purpose of being explanatory, esthetic or allegorical. It includes myths that explain the beginning of nature, man, the sun and planets, etc and also about the different customs. Esthetic myths deal with beauty and heroism and have a lot of interesting stories. Allegorical myths convey a moral. (The New Student’s Reference Work/Mythology). So it is very important to preserve some of the works that help us understand the culture and lifestyle of certain parts of the world and its development into the present world. It is both socially and intellectually important and helps us understand certain values. Norse mythology is the best-preserved source that includes Germanic paganism, Anglo-Saxon and continental varieties. Myth exists in various forms and has regional variations and is considered as valuable information that should be preserved. (Myth, Poetry and Norse Religion). Unfortunately, most of the best books are out of print and the only way left is to preserve the important ones we have. Edda It is believed that around the year 1220, a scholar from Iceland, Snorri Sturluson created the famous work Edda. It is also known as Prose Edda and is an Old Norse language script. Edda is one of the most important works done on the old Scandinavian religion. Eddic poetry is rhythmic and alliterative, resembling old English poetry or mythical, about heroic legend. It also includes patriotic works, related to contemporary history. Some of the stories in the Edda are dated several hundred years before the book was written. This shows that most of the stories were orally transmitted and preserved. In order to understand Norse religion, literature and history, we have to have a fair idea of the stories and poetry works. Edda mainly represents how Norse poets perceived myth and their god Odinn and has a great influence on their cultural heritage. (Myth, Poetry and Norse Religion). The mythologies have highly influenced literature, culture and modern fiction. Being one of the most important sources of information about Scandinavian mythology, the Edda by Snorri is an inevitable work. Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson There is also Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson who believed
Introduction Plagiarism can be defined as the act of stealing another author’s work and treating it as ones original work. It is the use of another person’s ideas or thoughts without making proper acknowledgements. It can also be defined as the imitation of a certain article or publication without giving credit to the original author. It does not only refer to the use of exact words but also how the author expresses his thoughts. It also refers to the use of another persons work without giving credit. In practice, it is required that once a person uses direct words from another source they should be in quotation marks or indented if they exceed 40 symbols and the source should also be cited. Plagiarism is mostly witnessed in academic institutions where students are either too lazy or have no time for assignments (such as writing research papers). Instead of researching to produce their own work, they go for the easier option and copy published work. Other students do this in order to get high grades since they think that the published work has been written by experts and so it will be easy to pass. Plagiarism is not only practiced in academic institutions but also by artists. Some artists have the tendency of copying different pieces of work to produce an article which looks original in the eyes of the readers. There are other artists who misuse employees into writing articles or other publications and publish them as their own original work. This paper looks at a brief history of plagiarism and explains why it can be classified as a form of theft. It also gives the definitions of paraphrasing, self-plagiarism, and explains how plagiarism can be avoided. Plagiarism in the Past In the past, plagiarism was not recognized as an offense and authors would copy the work of others without giving credit to the authors. For instance, in Europe, artists were allowed to copy other author’s work word by word in order to retain the original meaning. Artists were discouraged from being innovative since they had to rely on other sources which sometimes were old fashioned. However, in the early 18 th century, plagiarism was recognized as an immoral act which had to be discarded. Other morals (to discourage plagiarism) were set which are still applied in the education institutions and now plagiarism has become an academic fraudulence [1] . Other countries followed suit and banned plagiarism and any student found with a plagiarized work was penalized. However, many artists are still plagiarizing and it has become the order of the day. This has increased in the 21 st centur
Introduction A state that does not embody true justice is normally viewed as incomplete and appears not to be a moral state. Philosophers argue that it is Christianity that molds people to become good citizens. Therefore, for a state of being morally upright, then it must uphold Christian values and for it to be regarded as a Christian state. The State is viewed as an instrument of force; its roots are founded on the original sins, and the original sins and its outcomes can be regarded as an institution. However, a State which is just is out of the blame if only it’s a Christian state. A state could be considered preserved and perfectly established by assessing its foundations, the bond of its faith and strong concord. More importantly when the correct and the highest true good, God, is appreciated and loved by everyone and people love each other because of His sake. Thus State could also become informed through higher principles that should be drawn from Christianity (Copleston 89). The paper explores two philosophers and their ideas regarding a good state being intertwined with Christianity. Luther’s View Luther believed that state displayed God’s work and was involved in preserving, creating and reuniting Gods work. However, Luther also illustrated state as extremely sinful. Also, Luther alleged that State originates from human sociality; therefore, its part of humanity design of God’s creation. Concerning humanity, the state performs its proper role by reflecting the love and divine justice through its role in reconciliation and preservation. The role of the state is to defend the citizens, particularly as they fight for impartiality and to preserve and create good physical conditions for the whole of humanity as God intended (Tannenbaum and Schultz 67). Luther claimed that a good State is one which its policies assist in establishing economic justice, integration, and an order that is partial and historical manifestations of justice and divine love. On the other hand, State is regarded as evil if it executes and formulates policies founded on classism, racism, and militarism. State portrayed a kind of force for both good and evil. According to his theological approach, the state was not supposed to be an object whereby people fully rely on or base their loyalty. However, supreme authority dwells only in God. Moreover, Luther supported democratic states because they respect and maintain human equality and human rights which are freely given by God. Luther als
Myths and Technologies of the Modern State The chapter focuses on the modern state, which differs from the 18 th -century state in several aspects. The modern state is being closely defined by territories that are characterized by administrative, legal, and educational frameworks. Demarcation of the modern state was achieved by carrying out surveys that helped achieve maps. The demarcation was essential because it helped the state to identify and utilize its resources and tax. For the state to simplify and strengthen itself, it organized its citizens to take part in large-scale wars and so that it would tax them using well-defined structures. The taxation went a long way in acquiring funds to purchase better military equipment. The modern world adopted a top-down state-building and monopoly of power and resources. The elite groups were crucial in perpetuating practices that did not enhance the equal distribution of resources and development of all areas. This was evident in some societies in Japan, China, and Ethiopia, where some earlier groups of people subscribed to the idea that the powerful state acted as a barrier to continuing their civilizations. It is also notable that governments were faced with local disputes, but they were able to mediate. The period 1850-1870 was a turning point for the modern state. The period was characterized by rapid industrialization, expansion of military equipment and skills, revolution, and nationalism. For instance, Bismarck’s Prussia was helped by the adoption of new technologies and professional culture to move to a higher gear. This chapter also touches on the contributions of historians in shaping the modern state. For example, Marxists claimed that the state was like an engine of some social strata of society. Max Weber held that the state was a local organization that guaranteed civil order and progress. However, it was in the 1960s that historians of the English-speaking world started to collectively appreciate the contribution of the past to the success of the modern state. The geographical spread of the 19 th -century state is well discussed in the chapter. The state was experienced much earlier in the West. In Africa, the state was adopted much later due to several factors that delayed the processes of civilization and technological advancements. Critique The chapter contains the major features of the modern state in the 19 th century. Some of the approaches adopted by the modern state were meant to oppress the poor and the marginalized in society. Although the modern state prospered, there was much destruction caused to the poor people and geographical locations characterized by adequate resources in the endeavor of the state to achieve economic stability. Historians could have played greater roles in shap
Introduction There are four main systems that promote human development and influence human possibilities and awareness of the world around. Each variable in the system affects a child’s life and development of values and beliefs. My life is the combination of four main elements: my family, the interactions with people around, the surroundings, and cultural values developed by people. Microsystem The microsystem has a positive influence on a person because it creates the required number of opportunities, social support, and examples that help to become a personality. I was born in one of the most beautiful places in the world, the coastal province of China, Guangdong. I have a good family including my grandparents, parents, and three brothers. Though I spent the most of my life in boarding schools, my caregivers provided me with the required portion of support and understanding. My friends helped to realize and develop my passion to soccer and books. Besides, I find it interesting to watch movies and make photographs and discuss others’ opinions. The main influences of this system vary considerably. I realize that, being a part of the microsystem, a child learns how to develop appropriate  1. social relations,  2. participate in activities,  3. improve and recognize cognitive skills,  4. develop physical skills,  5. understand personal success and failure,  6. create a number of values,  7. observe the examples of other people
According to Alessandro Nuvolari (348), collective invention refers to a situation where a firm shares its technological know-how with its competitors. Firms share information on concept and functioning of new technologies freely with one another. It was first noted in iron industry of Cleveland in the United Kingdom. Iron producers had new innovations in the industry and they freely disclosed information on performance and construction of new blast furnaces they had installed (Alessandro 348). In addition, the information was not protected to allow the competing firms to utilize it wholly. Alessandro (349) noted that sharing these insights resulted to increased blast temperature and height of the furnaces. As a result, production costs and consumption of fuel decreased. The major similarity between collective invention and heroic individual invention is that both provided important source of innovations during the early stages of industrialization. Historians emphasize that early stages of industrialization were characterized by individual contributions, commonly referred to as “heroic age” (Alessandro 347). The main feature of heroic age was individual contribution towards technological development. However, during the early stages of industrialization competing firms shared information freely, for example, the iron producers’ case. Therefore, both collective and heroic individual inventions contributed to technological advances in early phases of industrialization. Use of patent system to protect individual inventors in heroic individual inventions differentiates it from collective inventions (Alessandro 349). For example, in Britain, inventive activities are rewarded, therefore a legal system has been set up to protect the rights of inventors. Use of patent system is associated with economical gain, which has resulted to increased individual inventors. In addition, Alessandro (350) stated that patents protect information and it is sold to firms by individual inventors, for instance, the case of American glass industry (351). On contrary, in collective invention, the information is freely shared and it is not protected by patents. An example of collective invention is the case study of Cornish mining district. After discovery of steam power, publications were made on features, operating processes and performance of each engine. As a result, competing companies adopted practice and created a competitive environment (Alessandro, 354). According to Alessandro, incremental invention is subjecting new technology to a process of improvements to acquire its full economic and technical potential (347). Collective and incremental inventions are related and interdependent processes. For example, mining activities at Cornish district were affected by flooding. Steam power was utilized to mine drainage effectively. After numerous technical experiments, the steam pumping engine was developed to address the problem. In ad
Introduction The prices of various items in the market can be calculated using different methods. One of the commonly used methods is the regression method. This is divided into two; simple regression and multiple regression methods. In this paper, we use multiple regression method to determine the price of selling a house in East Ville. The use of regression analysis in statistics comes out due to the fact that there are both dependent and independent variables that surround the price of the house. Thus the purpose of using this analysis is to find the coefficients of the independent valuables. These are got while it is assumed that the independent variables are constant. Hypothesis analysis The various companies that are active in real estate have set different prices for their houses. Coming up with a standardized price rate is always an activity that requires a lot of analysis. The buyers of these houses should also be aware of the criterion that is used in setting the prices to avoid the exploitation of the sellers. In our analysis, we shall use the square feet area that the house covers, the bedrooms that the house contains, the number and type of baths, the regulation of temperature and ventilation of the house the availability of garage. The basement of the house can be used as one of the valuables. The other valuable that shall be used is the fire fighting equipment and flexibility of the house. Also there are other variables that are independent also worth in the analysis. The independent valuables Effects of inflation Before we come up with the regression analysis of prices of houses in East Ville, we shall first look into the independent valuables that affect the prices if houses in the area. One of the independent valuables is the inflation. The changes in the economy deal evenly to all industries. This means that it pushes prices either upwards or down wards. However, it is note worth that the prices or items in the real estate rarely go down. This implies that when the there is high inflation and the prices of other items in the economy rises, the prices of the houses also appreciate,. On the contrary, when the prices of other item fall due to the effect of inflation, the prices of the houses and other items in the real estate remain stagnant. This is one of the advantages of investing in the real estate. Government standards The government has the constitu
Introduction A person’s health largely depends on many aspects of life, including behavior, social conditions, environment, geographical areas, and even culture and traditions. Apart from biological peculiarities and genetics, a person’s weight is also predetermined with above-mentioned factors. The influence of social environment is, therefore, the most dangerous factor increasing the ratio of obese people. Obesity has become a serious problem since this disease causes a bulk of other related disorders like high blood pressure, diabetes, and risk of heart attack. This is why obesity presents the biggest threat to public health situation, and a problem to a health care system that seeks specific team based approaches to cope with this disorder and to eliminate its preconditions. Hence, health care professionals and nursing staff in particular should be more aware of disease causality thus directing their activities at devising efficient prevention programs, since bariatric patients require a more delicate approach for treatment. Rationale of Obesity According to Bray and Bouchard (2004), the dominance of obesity in Australia together with New Zealand is about 10-15 %. The prevalence of obesity among aboriginals can be much higher or lower as compared with general population of Australia, depending on the level of their accommodation to the western culture. This percentage of prevalence is significant, as it counts mostly one forth of Australian population. Of course, the obesity prevalence in Australia is twice lower than in the US (about 30 % both for males and for females), but still the process of westernization has integrated the country thus contributing to fast-growing ratio of obese people (Acs et al., 2007, p. 83). The problem of obesity almost equally refers both to men and to women (about 42 % for males and 52 %). But as per the age category, the most suffered one is between 50-59 years (Bray and Bouchard, 2004, p. 135). Therefore, group is characterized by the prevalence of excessive weight and the exceeded BMI (Body Mass Index). The studies have also revealed that there is an inherent connection between age and weight, which is explained by biological and genetic issues (Bray and Bouchard, 2004, p.136). The above estimation shows that obesity has regarded as an extremely prevalent disorder among all layers of populations, including children and adolescences as well. Therefore, the evaluation of the severity of the disease among children and elderly, and complications it provokes is crucial. In particular, the degree of overweight among adults and children is identified in accordance with certain peculiar characteristics like physical development, cardiovascular risk factors, and other consequences (Eckel, 2003). Pertaining to physical characteristics, the obese children a
Anger management Program description Anger management and counseling program utilizes therapeutic techniques and tools of psychology in assisting families and inmates in correctional facilities to control their emotions 1 . The program is being implemented in facilities from several states in North America with the sole intention of reducing violence among inmates and caregivers, and reducing cases of domestic violence, child neglect, and child abuse 2 . Most of the crimes committed can be directly linked to uncontrolled anger and emotions. By running this program in correctional facilities helps to avoid recurrence of crimes committed even when the inmates and caregivers are placed under parole programs. Focusing the program on parents and care givers assist in reducing cases of child neglect and domestic violence. Many children from low families experience neglect and violence due to uncontrolled emotions from their caregivers or parents. The program also ensures that the beneficiaries develop an assertive communication skill whereby they are able fight for their rights without infringing the rights of others. In Michigan, the program is administered by the Capital Area Michigan Works which ensures that all the correctional facilities in the state have the program running as well as offering counseling services to the parents and caregivers. Problem statement The main problem that the program intends to create a solution to is domestic violence, child neglect and violence in correctional facilities 3 . This is one of the most serious problems in the society. It is therefore expected that the mentioned cases of violence will reduce as the anger management and counseling program is implemented in the society targeting caregivers and inmates. Program mission The anger management program ensures that the inmates and caregivers gain important and essential skills that assist them to interact peacefully with each other. The program intends to achieve this by helping the inmates and caregivers to control their emotions and develop assertive communication skills. Nonetheless create a situation where the inmates and caregivers solve their problems in an amicable way without leading to violence. The parents who neglect their children in most cases usually need counseling services to help them realize that their problems. Program goals and objective The main goal of the anger management program is to help the inmates and caregivers control their anger. The inmates and caregivers are taught interpersonal c