ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
According to Rostow’s linear model of development, countries tend to develop in a linear path. He was a controversial American Economic historian credited for the development of the five-stage model drawn below. Strengths   * The model helps in explaining why some countries achieve some degree of development and then slip back. This, according to the model, is due to the failure to meet the conditions for that particular stage of economic development (Smithies 18).   * It challenges developing countries to identify their unique resources and invest in them so as to supply to the international market and hence fuel their economic growth from one stage to an advanced one. Disadvantages   * The model draws from historical evidence, especially from developed countries, and argues that other countries would strictly follow the same pattern, which may not be the case (Smithies 19).   * Rostow’s model does not state the driving force behind the witnessed changes, and hence it is not reliable.   * It is designed in line with the American and European experience and assumes that all countries should be high mass consumers without taking into consideration other important factors.   * The model advocates for “capitalist ideals.” Works cited Smithies, Deborah. Development economics digital textbook . Tutor2u Limited, 2009: 18-19.
Nowadays it is almost impossible to find a young person who does not have a cell phone or an account (or few) in various types of social media like Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, etc. Large and small IT companies invest enormous amounts of resources for developing a vast amount of online and mobile applications. Various entertainment websites generate and accumulate tons of content that are spread within social media on a daily basis. Does focusing of the significant amount of entertaining resources on the attracting attention of cell phone owners help them to gain useful information, or does it turn them into addicts? The software of modern cell phones in the majority of cases provides the functionality similar to PC and laptops, and the internet connection is available almost everywhere. On one hand, it provides modern individuals with a possibility to access all the required information within few minutes, but on the other hand, the individual loses some restrictions that provide him or her with an opportunity to look aside, to get a bit of real, offline life. According to 2009 National Poll findings 22% of teens check social networking sites more than 10 times a day and 28% have shared personal information that they normally wouldn’t have shared in public (“Common Sense” par. 2). It is a quite regular situation when few people considered as friends share a table in a cafe or bench in a park not having a conversation but checking online statuses of their peers or playing games. It might start as a joke, but later on, the situation becomes common. People start preferring offline to online, posting and reading insignificant things they would hardly pay attention if they would have no audience to share. Many of the signs of social media addiction resemble those of drug or alcohol addicts. The person takes the substance, or in case of social media, keeps checking and updating online status or website on and on. There are withdrawal symptoms like bad temper, poor focus on real-life issues, frustration, and angriness, depression if an individual has no opportunity to use a cellphone or to get online. Insomnia, decreasing or increasing the appetite can also be observed. All types of addiction may cause dropping hobbies and activities as well as relationship problems. There are several reasons, causing such type of behavioral pattern. The addiction might be caused by the lack of attention and communication in the real life (Mesch and Talmud 41). Later on even if the situation had fixed the old habits stayed. The other reason lies within physiology. As concluded on the basics of many researches, extracting “information from friends’ pages appears particularly pleasurable” and “may be linked to the activation of the appetitive system, which indicates that engaging in this particular activity may stimulate the neurological pathways known to be related to addiction experience” (Kuss and Griffiths 3532). Another reason might be the lack of offline activity and offline interests, online life might seem to be brighter, following talented person mig
The health behavior models play an essential role in predicting and identifying the current underlying issues in a particular group of people. African American women are becoming more vulnerable to HIV infections, which is the main reason to address the problems of the escalated rate of the diseases in the given social category. In addition, all three models of health behavior, which are the health belief model (HBM), the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and the transtheoretical model (TTM), are plausible to apply among African American women. However, the most appropriate option would be TPB because it includes subjective norms and predispositions of people The health belief model is the most simplistic theory, which assumes that people’s perception of risks and benefits of a certain set of health behavior can increase the likelihood of engaging in health-promoting activities. The transtheoretical or the stages of change model views the healthy behavior patterns as a cyclic one, where an individual contemplates and becomes more determined to take actions. These steps are followed by certain activities to promote health, which leads to relapse and maintenance of the given pattern (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2015). It is important to understand that a person can re-enter or exit the cycle at any stage, but initial entering occurs only during pre-contemplation and contemplation steps. The theory of planned behavior has the components, such as attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, which are highly interconnected with each other, and fuel a person’s overall intention. The latter process is followed up by an actual expression of the given behavior, which directly influences an individual’s perceived behavioral control (Glanz et al., 2015). Therefore, TPB is an outstanding model to use, because it includes both the cyclic nature of TTM and the simplistic form of HBM. It also takes into account the fact that subjective cultural norm plays an essential role in determining and influencing an African American woman’s behavior towards HIV risky activities. The theory of planned behavior may relate to the inevitable response of people, which cannot be explained by the method of reasoned action, such as unprotected sex among African American people. The behavioral intention of a person cannot be the sole determinant of behavior, where the control of a person over behavior is incomplete (Glanz et al., 2015). By adding felt behavioral control, the theory of planned behavior can explain the relationship between behavioral intention and actual practice. Several studies have found that TPB is better at predicting health-
Introduction In almost every country, several law proposals emerge daily and crucial arguments and controversies accompany their implementation. Currently, researchers have noticed that debates against laws are increasingly becoming the uptake of public contentions leading to substantial amendments, which are fundamental to nations. Nonetheless, it is always a contemporary issue in law and policymaking to ensure that all laws and policies governing nations, states, or even the entire globe are human friendly and that each citizen feels content with its statements. In most cases, pitfalls within laws and policies lead to either misjudgments or even unintended law-breaking due to a lack of clarity in the laws. Of late, the world has witnessed augmented efforts by law and policymakers in sensitizing and educating civilians on the components of laws through public campaigns. This study seeks to explore issues surrounding the case “Blackwell v Blackwell [1929] AC 318” and its relevance. Overview of Blackwell v Blackwell A case study of Blackwell v Blackwell [1929] AC 318 entirely concerns the principles of secret trusts between individuals, which later led to endless controversies. Blackwell v Blackwell [1929] AC 318 case resulted from informal agreements that occurred between friends on financial issues that brought about controversial arguments of the nature of the trusts. The case of Blackwell v Blackwell involves individuals subject to financial agreements without proper legal procedures. 1 Primarily, this case was about the enforcement of a half-secret trust involving the appellant, (the widow and son of J D Blackwell), who brought a battle against legal representatives of the testator or rather settlor. The testator in this case included W E Blackwell and B S Blackwell, who executed a will. It also involved five trustees of a secret trust and beneficiaries of the secret trust involving a sixteen-year-old son and his mother. This aspect later raised an issue on the validity of the “will”, which consequently forced the judicial authority to preside over half-secret trusts. The case of Blackwell and Blackwell [1929] AC 318 describes how the testator accomplished an agreement that bestowed a sum of twelve thousand pounds in the lead of trust or rather will to about five of his friends to use it in their own investments after which they would communicate. 2 Under the will provided by the testator, one condition involved in the trust stated that these friends would manage the income and interest rising from the sum of money, with powers at any given moment to give a capital of eight thousand pounds to the chosen person or persons by a testator as part of the residuary estate. The person or persons in the Will were his wife, with whom they had a sixteen-year-old son outside wedlock, as beneficiaries. The five friends knew of the testator’s relationship with the woman, whom she financially aided for two years before execution of the trust. The appellants argued that the trust was against acts governing wills. The controversy in this case rose ov
The relationship between pay and performance is one of the most contentious considerations that contemporary HR managers and company CEOs have to deal address. Some schools of thought claim that employees should be compensated depending on an organization’s present form, while others think the expected performance should be the basis for compensation. On one hand, it is argued that paying employees based on the current condition may demotivate them since if the pay is mediocre they might end up performing poorly resulting in organisational underperformance. However, the other side argues that projected performance may not be a very realistic basis for compensating staff since the firm would essentially be “paying above its means”. While both sides posit tenable arguments, it is ultimately more practical to establish a middle ground in which the employees’ salaries reflect the expectations of the firm, but not so much as to cause it to borrow so it can afford to pay. Adjusting pay during transformation In the process of implementing organisational changes in a firm, especially when responding to new strategies and transformation, it is normal for pressure on employees to mount. In most cases, they are taken out of their comfort zones and compelled to work under new conditions, which they may not be psychologically prepared for (Rynes, Gerhart & Parks, 2005). For this reason, it is critical that when implementing transformation, the organisation adapts a flexible and accommodating strategy concerning employee motivation. One of the main ways this can be achieved is by increasing their pay, which should be structured as part of the transformation budget. For example, in their endeavor to transform the Al Hammadi Hospitals into a hub of medical technology, the directors invested over 90 million dollars. Given the size of the budget, it is only natural that the employees who will be required to adapt to the new systems get some form of incentive or they may end up feeling exploited by the company. Monitoring the impact of pay on performance Ultimately, the onus of determining if the compensation is having a positive or negative impact on performance falls upon the department of Human resource management. HR managers should liaise with representatives of the employees and use various organisational performance metrics to determine the connection between performance and compensation (Rynes, Gerhart & Parks, 2005). Given that this is the same department that is charged with motivating employees through variety methods, not limited to financial incentive, they should advice the company on how the compensation policy is affecting motivation. Impacts of linking pay to pe
Russia, in an attempt to end communism and adopt capitalism, engaged herself in a number of reforms after the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or the Soviet Union). Beginning late 1980s, the new nation started massive economic reforms aimed at relieving the state ownership of the process of production and encouraging private and corporate ownership of the process. Backed by the west, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, the Russian government, under Boris Yeltsin and his group of young advisors, started the Neo-Liberalism, a transition period that would see the country undergo massive privatization, liberalization and stabilization (Kosals, 2006). Nevertheless, Russia’s economy faced serious problems and failed to achieve the capitalism dream as planned, instead it faced rapid decline, increased corruption and reduction in vital state gains (Kosals, 2006). Scholars have identified a number of issues that faced the transition of the Russian economy to capitalism, causing the decline. Scholars state that Russia failed to achieve a dynamic capitalist economy and instead, it achieved a malevolent form of capitalism known as “crony capitalism” or “mafia capitalism” (Abdelal, 2001). The cause of the problem is based on the process of expropriation of the state assets initially controlled by the state during the Soviet Union era. A small group of people, probably less than 100, appropriated the state assets during the transition period. They were individuals with strong connection with powerful state officials and integrated into criminal groups or clans. They developed notorious oligarchs with an aim of making money through banking and trade (Guriev & Rachinsky, 2005). To achieve this, they took the advantage of the poor legal framework developed during the transition period, which allowed them to siphon off enormous profits from the state assets and transfer them to offshore accounts (Guriev & Rachinsky, 2005). The economic advisors and policy makers behind the transition to capitalism failed to note the need for strong and effective legal frameworks for ensuring a smooth and directed transfer of state assets to private ownership (Abdelal, 2001). Russia failed to have in place effective anti-corruption laws, institutions and the will to deal with the oligarchs. It seems that both the western advisors and Yeltsin’s group of young advisors overlooked the important impact of developing a legal framework to regulat
Outline This paper describes how business can be done in Angola. Therefore it is divided into: Introduction Angola is a country in the Africa continent that is located at the South-Central Africa bordering Zambia to the East, Namibia to the South, Democratic Republic of Congo to the North and the Atlantic Ocean the West. It covers an area of 1,246,700 sq km with a population of approximately 17 million people. It has 1,600 km of coastline with four ports and lots of natural resources; it’s the African wealthiest country with a lot of oil and precious quality diamond. (Roundhouse Publishing Limited, 2008. pg 67-70). The initial inhabitants of Angola are the Khoi and San who are dated back tin 25, 000B.C but in 800 B.C the Bantu started to stream in from the North leading to 1483 arrival of the Portuguese. The Bantus formed the Kongo, Loango, Mbundo, Lunda and Ovimbundu kingdoms after merging with the native Khoi-sam people. As the Portuguese number increase, they started colonizing Angola and this they did from the year 1955 -1975 during which time they were involved with slave trade. Despite the negative activity of slave trade, the Portuguese helped in improving the education of the Angolan people and help boost the economy of Angola first with slave trade money and later with the resources they got from extraction and exportation of rubber, diamond, coffee and oil (Tony, 2001. pg 156-170). In all this, the Portuguese refused to integrate the Angolans in the development of their country and used them to extract the precious commodities from the ground by force. In 1961, Angolans formed the first rebellion movement against the colonial government; however the Portuguese sent their army troops who killed the members of the movement. This made the Angolans run too neighbouring countries but later they regroup to three major groups; movement of liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA),and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). These groups did not only fight to gain independence but also fought among themselves for leadership after independence and in November 1975 Angola got its independence and MPLA was granted the leadership (UHY, 2008. pg 12-23). However, the other groups did not accept the MPLA as their leader and continued to fight among themselves till 1991 when there was a peace agreement. But the peaceful mode did not last long as on 1991 UNITA leaders disagreed with the MPLA leader Jose Eduardo dos Santo to be the president and this brought war between the two groups. Fortunately, this did not last long as in 1993 the united States of America accepted dos Santo to be the president of Angola and this cooled things down (Vincent et al, 2007. pg 38-59). Since the Angolans were colonized by the Portuguese, their official language is Portuguese andit’s also the most dominant language A third of the Angola people speak Bantu as their first language and the other two third speak Bantu as their second language after Portuguese. The most spoken Bantu l
Introduction All components of the urban environment are very closely related; in their interaction, the contradictions between the individual components increase. As a result of the active movement of humanity, a completely new ecological environment has emerged with the predominant role of anthropogenic factors. Modern people are active converters of their environment, including urban, and consumers of all the benefits of civilization. In pursuit of comfortable living and working conditions, people often utilize more than required without caring about such behavior’s social and environmental consequences. Environmental Problems of the Atmosphere Atmospheric pollution is a set of environmental problems associated with releasing chemicals and accumulating concentrations of natural gases in the air. Introducing foreign substances into the atmospheric envelope changes the natural ratio of gases, negatively affecting the biosphere’s life and development (Brusseau 295). Forest fires, industrial waste, and car exhaust gases are the primary pollution sources. The air over megacities is filled with carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and sulfur, increasing respiratory disease risk. The long-term negative impact of landfill gases, motor vehicles, and industrial enterprises could not remain without consequences. People today are faced with several environmental problems of the atmosphere. It becomes evident that the deterioration of air quality is one of the most dangerous consequences (Brusseau 297). Fine particles are unable to leave the body and remain in the lungs, provoking bronchitis and obstructive diseases. Heavy metals have a direct damaging effect on the nervous system. They accumulate in the lymph nodes and bones, becoming a source of chronic poisoning. The consequences of poisoning are diverse – toxic shock, sleep disorders, digestion, motor dysfunction, and hallucinations. It is worth noting that all changes are harmful to human health. The risk of extinction of animal species increases; they do not have time to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. Atmospheric pollution reduces the quality of life in megacities and densely populated areas of the planet (Brusseau 300). Industrial enterprises, transport, power plants, and heating systems emit tons of dangerous pollutants; thus, environmental damage is extensive and multifaceted, affecting all living things on the planet. Among artif
There is a common opinion that violent video games and aggressive behavior are connected. However, some researchers and public authorities challenge this opinion and argue that there is no relationship between violence and cruel video games (Przybylski and Netta 16). The dispute exists as there is evidence that violent video games may cause severe outcomes that are supported by the acts of violence recently committed by children and adolescents after playing video games. The purpose of this paper is to discuss violent behavior associated with video games, measures stakeholders undertake to resolve the issue, and the feasible outcomes of policies and actions done to handle the situation. There are different views on the connection between violent video games and aggressive behavior. Researchers from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that video games may influence violent behavior; however, “these effects are almost always quite small” (Mathur and VanderWeele 708). Furthermore, Gunter claims that observing violence played out on a screen leads to the loss of empathy for victims of violence, “combining with a greater acceptance of violence” (4). Those arguments are often circulated after violent events such as mass shootings as the media and society focus on what might have caused an individual to act that way. This discussion might mention video games as a factor that triggered violence. Thus, considering the possibility that there is a causal relationship between violence and video games, it is necessary to discuss measures to be undertaken to prevent aggressive behavior that might arise. The American Psychological Association (APA) has recently published a resolution on violent video games that states the necessity to implement education strategies for young people that raise awareness of the effects video games may cause. Moreover, the APA impels the authorities and producers to decrease the level of violence and reflect on the possible rating to ensure young children will have no access to aggressive entertainment (Calvert et al. 126). Researchers also suggest putting an emphasis on encouraging manufacturers to produce “games for health” for children and adults (Kowert and Quandt 49). Other potential measures also include putting tax obligations on violent video games, restricting Internet usage for children, and other actions that are not analyzed yet. There might be adverse outcomes if the authorities and the public will not pay attention to the situation and will not adjust policies regarding violent video game regulation. People may observe a rise in the homicide rates across regions, and parents may find the increase in children’s aggressiveness or the appearance of psychopathic traits. Disinhibition, loss of attention, and other adverse effects may also emerge. As mentioned previously, people who play violent video games may lose empathy and accept cruelty as a normal practice (Gunter 4). On the other hand, if proper solutions and policies would be undertaken, the public may observe a decrease in violent acts in the future. To conclude, it is assumed that the dispute am