ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The study of vocabulary is not as easy as people think, especially to people learning a new language. Initially, such people know how to say a few words, and then they build their vocabulary slowly. Scholars have used the corpus in an attempt to make the process easier. A corpus is a vocabulary identity of a group of people who have something in common. For example, doctors have their corpus compared to politicians. There are many scholars that support the premise that the use of corpus, plural corpora, is efficient in enriching a students’ vocabulary. This essay analyses the use of corpora in learning. It also gives the benefits of using this type of education in the classroom. What is a Corpus? Varley (2009) identifies corpus as ‘real life’ texts. There are different types of the corpus, for example, the corpus of policemen, the corpus of teachers, the corpus of lawyers and so forth. The real life texts denote how the specified groups use language and vocabulary. Therefore, in the corpus of policemen, one will find very many words that revolve around police work. For example, words like jail, thief, officer and so forth. In the corpus of teachers, one will find words such as teach, students and study. However, just looking at corpora simply as the vocabulary used by a group of people can bring a lot of confusion. For instance, from the group examples given, one can also argue that the lawyers will have similar words in their corpora. A deeper analysis of corpus shows that it also includes the way these groups write (Monaghan, Christiansen & Fitneva, 2011). For the lawyers, the language will be more complex and will be heavy with law terms. This is different from the policemen who will have a simpler write out. For the teachers, the language will be grammatically correct and factual according to what they are teaching. There are indeed several advantages of using corpora. One is that it is reliable in identifying a group of people. Take, for example, an illiterate nineteen year old German boy who has been charged with murder in the USA and the critical evidence is a letter the boy writes confessing to the crime before he was arrested by the police. The letter has clear English sentences, and the vocabulary used explains in details how the murder occurred. One can rightly argue that the corpus provided does not match the personality or the real situation of the boy. Given that he was illiterate, he could not have written down precise and definite statements as presented in the letter. Bartley and Benítez-Castro (2013) explain that the introduction of the corpus was initially used in law and forensic linguistics. However, with time, it was adopted by other disciplines and became a tool used to teach vocabulary. Corpus in Vocabulary Teaching As mentioned, the corpus has been used to academicians to teach vocabulary. In order to understand why this is so, it is crucial first to understand what vocabulary is. Almela and Sánchez (2007) refer to vocabulary as a group of words as used in a particular language. However, he adds that vocabulary also denotes words used by a specific group of people. Combining the two ideas
Students with disabilities Among the five million students, ten percent of the school age population have some disabilities such as, physical, sensory, behavioral and cognitive. These students require a special education system. The majority of those who need special education lie in the four groups of disability, namely, language destruction, emotional disorder, mental retardation, and particular learning disability. Most often, these students need an appropriate curriculum which is applicable for their life and career. ( Educating one and all: students with disabilities and standards- based reform (1997) 2009). There should be a beginning about whether and what kinds of modifications are applicable to the students with disabilities in the regular principles, curricula, teaching and evaluation. The necessary steps should be taken in the classroom itself as the school is the medium from which the disabled children get knowledge to face any obstacle in their way and also develop their personality, collaboration and attitude to everything. Usually the students with disabilities have the tendency of alienation from everyone and everything. So in the classroom there should be action to involve the children in everything and everyone without any hesitation. This will help the children to avoid his or her complex nature and also to find some enjoyment among other students. There should be an appropriate atmosphere in the classroom for the disabled children to participate in the class with other children. The comfortable atmosphere will help the children to attend the class and also provide a good way to mingle with the children with disabilities. The teacher should show more concern and affection to the disabled children and this will help the student to make up his or her mind to participate in the class with cheerful mind, not a bad mood. The teachers also keep an affectionate mentality to the disabled children and show considerable respect to them and also teach the other students to show the same consideration and affection towards them. The teacher should also keep a mind to listen to their problems, especially worry, joys and anxieties and try to console them. The teacher should consider the child first not his or her disability and treat them as the other common children. This kind of care without any discrimination will make the atmosphere good for the disabled child and it also promotes their participation. The teachers also teach the other students to treat them with respect but not with hatred. These are the ways to increase the participation of the disabled students in their classroom. When does ‘consequence’
Introduction Voltaire hates all forms of cultural religions. Instead, he prefers a common god of nature. Voltaire’s problem with the religion is the moral inferences among various religious organizations. Specifically, the subject of religious intolerance was imperative for Voltaire. As a result, he covers this subject in Candide by portraying characters who represent religions negatively. In Candide , Voltaire depicts all religions as ‘evil superstitions’, which can be dangerous to society and people. For instance, Voltaire argues that people live in the “best of all possible worlds” (Voltaire 16) by criticizing Leibniz’s ideas. He supports such views by asserting that, “since everything was made for a purpose, everything is necessarily for the best purpose” (Voltaire 16). The imperfect world Candide suffered and experienced most atrocities, including slavery, the rape of his lover, shipwreck, exile, and lost wealth. He started to question the rationale of his teacher’s ideas. In fact, Candide asked Pangloss to confirm if he still believed that his ideas were correct after the supposed death. The philosophical Pangloss maintained that, “I still hold my original opinions, because it would be improper to recant” (Voltaire 106). From this view, one can observe that Voltaire’s main argument is that this world is not perfect or the best among all possibilities. Voltaire uses different catastrophes, such as diseases, wars, and natural disasters among others to question the benevolent god, who fails to create the best world. Hence, Voltaire notes that it is ignorance to die and support wars for the sake of a benevolent god because wars are only dangerous to society and individuals. The use of religious characters Characters in Candide show Voltaire’s criticism of religion. He uses the Grand Inquisitor, who is a prominent leader at the Catholic Church, to expose hypocrisy of the religion. For instance, the Grand Inquisitor forces a Jew to share his Cunegonde or the sex slave and threatens him with dire religious consequences, persecution. This involves ‘burning alive’ of people, ‘autodafe’ (Voltaire 32). Still, the friar acquired wealth through an old woman while the former baron, who became a Jesuit priest engaged in homosexual, “While in Turkey, I found myself with a very handsome young officer of the sultan’s palace.…so I bathed with him, not knowing it was crime for a Christian” (Voltaire 105). Further, Voltaire depicts the monk, Brother Giroflée as a person engaged with a prostitute and with a miserable stance toward life. According to Voltaire, all these are religious figures who are hypocrites. While Voltaire depicts religions negatively, one must recognize that Anabaptist, Jacques and the old woman present different views about religion. Voltaire shows that Anabaptist died of a worthless cause as he tried to save an unthankful, dangerous sailor. The old woman experienced all forms of atrocities in the ship, “I won’t tell you how painful it is for a young princess to be on board a pirate ship” (Voltaire 41) and endured all
Strength Staples Inc. is an incorporated company that owns several chains of stores and deals with the supply of office equipment. They span all over the world with an incredible two thousand branches in more than twenty-six countries distributed worldwide. This gives them their main advantage and strength that are clearly above any other competitor. Their many stores have made Staples to have a large network of customers, manufacturers and suppliers of their goods which make them enjoy a wide market base where they are preferred. The company has been in business since 1985; this has made them earn an enviable reputation among their customers and competitors. With such an experience and delivery of quality services, the company of such calibre is able to earn customers’ loyalty and satisfaction. A satisfied customer or corporate organisation will always advise a good service provider to the other potential clients thus building a good reputation for the company. That is what Staples has capitalised on and thus created the cutting edge advantage over other companies. Staples’ other strength lies in provision of expert services and advice to corporate companies and clients (Boulton 7). These clients tend to trust Staples since they have been in the business for a long time and their client base is spread worldwide. Such strength allows Staples to partner with these corporate organisations and, at the same time, provide them with their office supplies. Their many branches from all over the world add strength to Staples in the sense that, if one branch makes a loss, other branches counter the loss through their profits. Hence in overall, the company is able to make profits. Also, if one branch is unable to sell some specific office supplies due to low demand, then the stock will be transferred to other branches where they are in high demand. Weakness Being a multinational company, Staples must experience managerial challenges. These are: lack of enough qualified staff to manage the different and many branches, malpractice by the branch managers who may take advantage of the company headquarters being far away from them. The company also faces challenges when it comes to preparing financial statements, because the company has many branches in different countries that use different currencies as they also run online and offline stores. Reconciling such financial statement needs a lot of professional expertise which is expensive. The procedure for opening new branches in other countries is also somet
Abstract Businesses possess a variety of responsibilities that require balancing to protect the interest of different stakeholders. These stakeholders include owners (shareholders), customers, management, and employees among others. Current marketing concepts look at the functions of marketing in the society. Ethical interrogatives in the marketing of branded products for children and youths emanate from the argument that they experience challenges while assessing the information provided to them as the foundation of making safe decisions. Disagreements exist on the ethical marketing practices for branded products that target children and youths. Safety, fitness of use, elimination of conflicts of interest, misguiding and deceptive marketing strategies, and observance of integrity by avoiding product misrepresentation comprise the major issues in the debate. Such misunderstandings develop based on the different ethical schools of thought. The current paper deploys utilitarian, natural law, and Machiavellian ethical perspectives in advancing the debate on ethical marketing while targeting the youth and children audience. Introduction The utilitarian philosophical school of thought claims that all conducts of people within organisations or in the larger society must ensure an optimal gain to the larger number of people. All marketing efforts must then ensure that the target audience gains the greatest good from the products, whether they are for the youths, children, or adults. According to Simon (2007, p. 128), ethical matters in marketing comprise the ‘principles and standards that define the acceptable conduct in the market place’. This definition implies that ethical marketing constitutes all practices, which have the capacity to result in the greatest happiness among all people. Some of the marketing practices that are hypothetically considered unethical entail attempts, which are openly meant to deceive and take advantage of a given situation for individualistic or group gains. Different nations have ethical rules and regulations to control the marketing of branded products that target children and the youths. This inclusion highlights the significance of considering marketing ethics from the perspectives of the natural law. This paper critically evaluates the marketing of branded products that are aimed at children and young people with reference to the utilitarian ethical perspectives, natural law (deontology), and Machiave
In February2003, United States President George Bush declared war in Iraq, but cautioned that United States did not intend to determine the precise form of Iraq’s new government. Its intention is to ensure that another brutal dictator does not govern Iraqi people. He prompted that rebuilding Iraq will require sustainable commitment from other nations, including US (Bush 9). As victory defines the central front in any global war on terror, success is an essential component in war against ideology that breeds international terrorism. The policy highlights that victory in Iraq will not come in the form of an enemy’s surrender, or Battleship in Missouri and Appomattox, but it will be realized in stages. These stages included short-term and long-term strategies. Key Elements for Escalation in Iraq President’s Bush escalation plan is quite similar to the previous ones undertaken. These plans had been tried in the earlier periods, and it tremendously failed.  1. Increasing the number of American troops in Iraq. Over the past years, the US government had been increasing the number of troops to Iraq. For instance, in June-October 2006, there was the Operation Together Forward where the troops were given reinforcement in securing Baghdad. The aim of President George W. Bush was the removal of Iraq President Saddam Hussein from the presidential throne. This was to be achieved through the military action, and was justified by enhancing intelligence during the war.  2. Handling off the various security responsibilities in Iraq before the end of November. This was to be achieved by training the Iraqi’s, with the help of the Iraqi authorities, in order to boost their own security. The security program was initiated in May 2004. The number of the Iraqi soldiers that were to be trained were about 260,000, and the American unit was the team selected to oversee its progress.  3. Bush wanted Saddam Hussein to release weapons of Mass destruction. He knew that this will not be achieved with ease and retaliated to use of military force in order to induce the Iraq president to comply with the regulations. Bush was still contemplating the September 11, 2001 bombing when the Iraq-Al-Qaeda connection destroyed the United States Twin Towers.  4. Empowering Iraqi Government and Maliki to find a solution to their Internal Political turmoil. President Bush stated that Iraqi Prime Minister, Maliki, should devise strategies in an attempt to control the worsening of the situation. As such, there is need for
Introduction Today High Definition Television (HDTV) has made a reasonable share in the consumer market. Its future market prospects are even higher than those of today. The reasons for the success of HDTV are a good many. Starting in the late twentieth century, HDTVs have mesmerized the general viewer due to their high-resolution picture quality, lightweight, and state-of-the-art outlook. Proponents of HDTV are now up to manage to innovate the technology that can belong to the twenty-first century. “With hyperbole minimized, their claims state that HDTV will save the American electronics industry and produce whole new forms of programming as yet undreamed of” (Goeller, 1991). Therefore, the display market is supposed to carve out ways (such as the present HDTV development) by which the general consumer is provided with the best of technology when it comes to entertainment and animated or motion medium. The present paper examines in detail the development process of high definition television, its growth into a modern contribution to animated media, and its future prospects. As such the present paper carefully reviews available literature with regard to the development of high definition televisions. History It was around the year 1987 that the Japanese came up to the horizon of innovative leadership in the international market with the development of HDTV. It was one blow on the face of the United States of America when it comes to developing innovative technology; the reason is simply that the US consumer market underwent a huge loss of billions of dollars and “thousands of jobs in consumer electronics” (Hickey, p. 39, 1996). As a reaction to the electronic revolt by the Japanese in HDTV development, the US also set groups that worked for the development of the same technology so that the US prestige was not left behind. A team comprising members from different electronic giants of US electronic market came into play and “The team worked feverishly to create a prototype system, and on November 28 last year delivered the fruits of its labors to the [Federal Communications Commission]” (Hickey, 1996, p. 39). The FCC had planned to transfer to every TV station an additional TV channel that would simulcast the HDTV version and this practice would continue for fifteen years so that the consumer has enough time to replace the old TV with the new one. However, looking at the present state of the US electronic consumer market, it is a surprise to note that in the twenty-first century, the availability of the HDTV is not at par with the set standards by the FCC. Today, “While limited HDTV service is available in most U.S. television markets, few people can see it” Sterling, p. 146, 2003). The reason is the high cost of receivers which has created a problem for the TV station owners. There is a hitch between the cable operation and the HDTV signals also. As such there are still far too many problems that were planned to be eradicated back in times while the US authorities determined to make this new invention known in the consumer market. HDTV and Europe While looking at the state of Europe, we come to know that the European
The definition of rape Rape is commonly referred to as sexual assault. It is the act of having unwanted sexual intercourse. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has defined rape as the penetration of any object into the vagina or anus of a person forcefully (James 2008). It can happen to both men and women. Rapists have devised various methods of taking advantage of their victims. At times they use force. Others, drug their victims making them unconscious. Raping is against the law and human rights. To the victims, rape is traumatizing and frightening (Lalumiere 2005). The dynamic of rape Many reasons are believed to be the driving forces making people want to rape others. Research has shown that the main cause of rape is the desire to control (James 2008). This is contrary to the widely perceived reason that rape is committed due to the desire of having sexual intercourse. Rapists have this desire to control, terrorize and humiliate their victims. Anyone can be raped. This is contrary to the myths that people of high moral character can’t get raped. Research has shown that the majority of rape perpetrators are well known by their victims. There have been reported cases of husbands raping their wives. The most vulnerable people are children, women, and the elderly walking alone at night (Lalumiere 2005). The perpetrators are normally prepared with objects such as knives. They usually hang around at dark corners where they can monitor their victim’s movements and attack them when they are most vulnerable. Social-cultural factors Several cultural factors are believed to be behind this rape menace (James 2008). Gender-based attitudes are believed to be the main cause of this. Men are perceived to be superior to women. Most cultures suggest that women should be submissive to men. These beliefs have led to the rise in rape cases. However, tables have changed and both genders are considered equal. Personal and psychological factors These have been attributed to be the main driving force that drives rapists to commit this heinous crime. A