ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Taxes are ‘necessary evils’ in the economy. They are harmful to growth and business sustainability. On the other hand, governments are not charitable organizations and therefore, they need taxes to enable them to provide essential services such as infrastructure, education and health services. Citizens pay most of the taxes directly or indirectly such as the income tax, sales tax, and FICA tax. There are other taxes such as the property tax and corporate taxes Nightingale (2002). Factors to consider when imposing taxes on Small Business  1. Type of taxes you will be paying – small businesses pay various taxes such as self-employment taxes, sales tax, payroll tax, and income taxes. One needs to know which taxes to pay and when to pay them.  2. The profitability of the businesses – one should consider the proportion of the businesses profit he wants to be distributed to him and the percentage he wants to be reinvested in the business so that he can decide the amount of money to pay in terms of taxes.  3. Type of employee hired – one needs to know the classification of his employees from the beginning. Contract employees cut the tax burden while permanent staff increases the tax burden.  4. The industry of the small business – some industries attract higher taxes while others attract fewer taxes, such as small businesses in the Export-Processing Zone enjoy tax subsidy and pay taxes at a rate lower Nightingale (2002). Taxes imposed   * Licenses levee – charged by the local government.   * General tax sales – tax charged on specified goods such as medicine and foods.   * Gross receipts sales – taxes charged on all gross receipts, goods, and services. Property owners Tax charged on property held such as real property (land and structures) and personal property (bank accounts, automobiles, bonds, boats).  1. The market value of property – additions done on the property increases the market value of the property. Property appreciates in value overtime therefore; one should consider how long the property owner has held the asset.  2. One should consider the value of other property in the locality. This is because, if the property in the locality increases or decreases in value, taxes on that property will also change.  3. The property tax by the state may also change. The legislature applies a general property tax to the recreational, commercial, and industrial class of properties. Taxes imposed   * General property tax – This is a tax charged by the local government. The tax is imposed at a single rate based on the class of the property.   * Special property taxes – charged on a select property such as gas and oil properties, intangibles, and house trailers.   * Taxes charged based on the income generated by the property (Nightingale 2002). Individuals  1. The status of the person – resident or non – resident.
Introduction While research ethics are very sensitive in human development research (particularly in children), there has been significant progress in the research on language acquisition in children and the “window” of learning opportunity. Through the research, scientists have been enlightened further on the role of nature and nurture in child development. Cases such as Genie’s, and hundreds of other undocumented cases of feral children have helped psychologists, and scientists better understand the biological and emotional needs of humans at different stages of their development. Given the vast amount of information currently available on child development, it is compelling to view Bandura’s line of thought to be more accurate in Genie Wiley’s case. This report seeks to relate the social learning theory to Genie Wiley’s case and investigate the contributions of nature and nurture to some of her behaviors and social interactions. The Contributions of Nature and Nurture Undoubtedly, nature and nurture had a tremendous, lifelong, and damaging impact on Genie’s development in all aspects. The total isolation from society and the absolute absence of active conversation deprived her of the opportunity to communicate with others and learn about the environment, thwarted her psychological progress, and inflicted irreparable physical harm. In particular, because of the adverse circumstances, her brain appeared to be impaired and decreased in size, which significantly restricted her cognitive abilities responsible for memorizing, logic, attention, and learning from experience (Christie and Weston, 2002, 0:25:25- 0:25:50). She also possessed exceedingly impulsive and unstable behavior and mood and was inclined to harm herself physically. As a result, Genie always experiences severe difficulties in interactions with other people, including peers, and the exploration of the surrounding world. The Application of the Theory The social learning theory can be one of the effective approaches to explain Genie Wiley’s case. In essence, this theory states that young children, typically learn behaviors via imitation from other individuals, especially parents, relatives, and friend who serves as a role-model (Lumen Learning, 2017). Furthermore, Bandura, a founder of the hypothesis, supposes that media is also a powerful social influencer that can foster and cultivate particular behavioral patterns (Lumen Learning, 2017). Hence, since Genie was devoid of a healthy social environment and their biological and emotional needs were predominantly neglected by her parents until the age of 13, she did not have illustrative behavioral examples. For instance, the girl did not realize a need to learn a language, get food or other livelihoods, and converse with other individuals. Urie Bronfenbrenner presented a model that brought all the influences of human development toget
Introduction Globally, the fishing industry, as a natural resource sector, forms an integral part of national economies by enhancing trade globalization, liberalization, and encouraging investment from transnational organizations (Hoogensen 42). Fish trading is one of the most acceptable trades with several nations working towards improving their fishing industries to cope in the international trade. Apart from trade, fisheries form one of the largest employment sectors globally especially to the costal communities. However, several prior studies have continuously demonstrated pitfalls within the fishing industry; for instance, the collapse of fisheries in various parts of the globe, with research attentively focusing on possible causes and solutions towards the menace (Roughgarden and Smith 5078). For the last few decades now, famous international fisheries including the Canadian fisheries have drastically collapsed with reasons behind such subsidence remaining wide
John Elkington’s lecture primarily focuses on the topic of capitalism and sustainability as the key factors for ensuring the future of humanity. The main idea revolves around the fact that the current system is highly unsustainable due to the paradigm of exponential growth. In other words, an ordinary person’s thinking capability is highly challenged at the notion of an exponential increase in both markets and climate risks. One of the most interesting and striking moments was the proposition of systemic change in regards to the United Nations’ (UN) goals. For example, the speaker states that the UN aims to end hunger and poverty, but the realistic way to achieve these objectives is based on eradicating or transforming the capitalistic system (John D. Gerhart Center). In other words, one can agree that it is the market structure itself that facilitates the persistence of these issues. It is evident that the current attempts and efforts are mere actions forced to act nicer and kinder. However, the problems need to be viewed as symptoms of a dysfunctional and unsustainable economic model and not separate issues. Contrary to Elkington’s optimistic views, it seems that the delayed realization of the proposed ideas will lead to irreparable damage, which might not be regenerated in the future. In conclusion, the capitalistic system can be considered broken and no longer sustainable. The exponential nature of growth, production, and consumption cannot be preserved and maintained in a world with limited resources. Although human understanding of such a trend might be hindered, it is important to advocate for early action to avoid crossing the point of non-return. Sustainability efforts need to be put now to reduce the accelerated increase of climate abnormalities. Work Cited “Session #33 John Elkington:”‘Green Swans’ Solutions and Market Trajectories to Sustainability.” YouTube , uploaded by John D. Gerhart Center. 2020, Web.
Introduction Public administration is a sphere of undertaking challenges. The work of any manager is marked with a range of doubtful decisions and contradictory questions. The problem within the public administration sphere arises when the manager, supported and assisted by guerilla government, takes the actions that stand in conflict with the principles of ethics or embraces guerilla tactics himself. According to Terry Cooper (2012), ethical issues arise when “competing or conflicting ethical principles or values are embedded in a practical problem” (p. 85). Naturally, such ethical issues concern both the employers who feel their absolute power and the employees who are afraid to contradict their managers’ decisions. Main text In his book on guerilla government, professor Rosemary O’Leary (2014) illustrates several cases in which guerilla employees tend to give up on their responsibilities and obligations for the sake of retaining their posts. For instance, the author describes many stories connected with the Environmental Protection Agency’s Seattle Regional Office, specifically with the guerilla government working within it. One of such cases concerns John Spencer who headed the mentioned establishment in 1981-1983. At the time of his directory, John Spencer committed several illegal actions as a public administrator. First, he used to take some trips to Alaska at public expense. Second, Spencer ordered the services of a private driver, which contradicted the agency’s policy. Besides, the administrator launched some changes in the Environmental Protection Agency office building, which was forbidden by the General Services Administration. Therefore, one of the staff members of the agency filed an anonymous complaint against him. However, the director of the Management Division who held responsibility for the review of similar reports did not react to the alarm. According to him, the subordinate workers had no right to disagree with the rules that were established by the management. Consequently, he decided to ignore the complaint (O’Leary, 2014). In this case, one may view the example of how the guerilla employee committed a harsh violation of federal law in an attempt to cover up his manager’s illegal actions. Specifically, the director of the Management Division broke several principles of ethical conduct outlined by federal law. The rules that were violated are the following: “public service is a public trust, requiring employees to place loyalty to the Constitution, the laws and ethical principles above private gain”, “employees shall act impartially and not give preferential treatment to any private organization or individual”, “employees shall protect and conserve Federal property…” (An Ethics Pamphlet for Executive Branch Employees, 2000). The major reason the director chose to embrace guerrilla tactics, in this case, is his striving to retain the position, while Spencer’s ‘reign of terror’ seemed threatening for him. Consequently, could not dare to interfere with the administrator’s decisions. Moreover, through absolute obedience, the guerrill
Marriages and relationships disclose within wider environmental frameworks that at times analyze how the relationship is durable. When marital and relationship framework comprises of plentiful stressful life happenings inclusive of work stress or financial difficulties, marriages often encounter an occurrence referred to as stress spillover. Therefore, this paper had the aim of discussing the effects of stress on a marriage and relationships and how the stress can be reduced and controlled. Various literature reviews were used to ensure its accomplishment. According to research, marriages and relationships are disclosed within broad environmental frameworks that at times analyze if the relationship is durable (Saxbe & Rena, 2010). When a marital and relationship framework comprises of plenty of life challenges, including work stress or financial difficulties, marriages often encounter an occurrence referred to as stress spillover. For instance, between comparisons of the matter, the couples facing, high versus low levels of external stress demonstrate that those encountering more severe stress experience greater reductions in their marital and relationship satisfaction over the early years of marriage. In most cases, stress can make both the partners to become intolerant and impatient, making it difficult for them to offer each other support and also help in solving their problems together. Various studies define stress as the way a persons body reacts to any kind of demand. It may occur due to both the positive and negative experiences. Stress affects every person, especially nowadays when it can seriously cause havoc on marriage and relationships because of various reasons. A considerable number of people may have good intentions of not causing problems at work or in any other aspect of life. However, unfortunately, they have a difficult time keeping stress-driven emotions from spilling over into their relationships with their partners. According to the research, peoples bodies react to stress through the release of hormones into the blood. They provide people with more energy and power that could be a good thing if their stress were a result of physical harm (Powers & Paula, 2006). However, it can be the worst thing if their stress is a reaction to some emotional factor where there is no outlet for an extra vigor and potency. Stress in relationships and marriages may occur due to various reasons, including fatigue and overworking. Thus, internal stress that occurs as a result of too much worrying over things that cannot be changed help solve them. In addition, other people get stressed due to environmental stress, such as family and crowding, among others. Therefore, such types of stresses within a relationship or a marriage may lead to adverse effects that may even cause a marriage or relationship breakup. Therefore, according to the message from various literature concerning the stress and marriage, stressful frameworks influence the quality of marital status. Nevertheless, some stress and marriage studies argue that despite the fact that a considerable number of relationships disintegrate in case of some difficulties
Introduction The Chinese tourism industry is an important part of the country’s economy because it represents about 2.6% of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Zeng 2014). Stakeholder engagement is instrumental to the future sustainability of the industry because unlike other segments of the economy, the sector thrives on culture and the environment, which can be sustainably managed (Vinodan & Meera 2018). The recent diversification of the Chinese tourism industry has prompted the creation of varied and personalised products that meet different stakeholder needs (Ma et al. 2016). This development stems from the need for tourism practitioners to respond to the demands of different interest groups because doing so is vital to the realisation of sustainable development goals in the sector (Qian, Shen & Law 2018; Chen, Huang, & Cai 2014). However, tourism practitioners in the Chinese tourism sector have been unable to create synergy in their operations. Consequently, there has been renewed interest in the industry regarding how to balance stakeholder and sustainability goals (Qian, Shen & Law 2018). Stakeholders’ perceptions regarding Chinese tourism play an important role in promoting sustainable development in the industry (Qian, Shen & Law 2018; Chen, Huang, & Cai 2014). However, few researchers have bothered to understand differences in interests of each stakeholder group and they should be addressed through sustainable development. This gap in literature partly explains why some of the initiatives aimed at changing aspects of the industry to embrace sustainability have been slowly adopted (Lederer, Wallbott & Bauer 2018). Stated differently, stakeholders who do not believe that their interests will be met through sustainability are likely to sabotage ongoing efforts to embrace it (Kozak & Kozak 2016). Against this background, this paper demonstrates differences in stakeholders’ perceptions regarding sustainability. The need to embrace new perspectives regarding sustainability in the Chinese tourism sector informs th
Importance of the Topic Nowadays, considerable progress can be observed in the sphere of medicine. The work of hospitals and the conditions under which people may receive the required medical care has been improved. At the same time, certain limitations and unpredictable outcomes take place. Not all people become able to get the required portion of treatment in time. The way how patients are diagnosed can vary a lot. That is why there is a necessity to consider a list of standards according to which people may understand their rights and opportunities regarding the sphere of medicine. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA) is one of the attempts to define the level of quality of the services offered in hospitals. EMTALA is a well-known federal law under which anyone is provided with an opportunity to come to a hospital and be treated without considering the person’s insurance and financial status. It was developed in 1986. Since 2000, a number of changes have taken place and led to certain financial repercussions of enforcing EMTALA (Simonet, 2009). The changes touched upon such aspects as increased liability exposure (O’Shea, 2007), inadequate Medicaid reimbursement (Hamel, Ruger, Ruger, & Annas, 2015), and patients’ dumping (Price, 2011; Rosenbaum & Kamoie, 2003). People need to know their rights and understand that their health is a priority that cannot be neglected. The crisis that takes place in emergency departments today is a hot issue, and the affordable care act has to be a guarantee for patients to rely on but not a curtain with a number of financial uncertainties left behind. EMTALA and Its Essence The current literature review is the possibility to understand how different financial repercussions that are connected with enforcing EMTALA can influence patients’ treatment and the conditions that are created for people to improve their health. Progress in the sphere of medicine is observed in a variety of countries around the whole world. In the United States, this progress has been observed since the 1980s (Simonet, 2009). However, a number of unclear ethical and financial issues bothered millions of people. To find an appropriate and reasonable solution for such misunderstandings, the enactment of EMTALA was supported. Under this law, all federally funded hospitals were obliged to provide patients with the required portion of non-discriminatory care to stabilize a person, reduce the patient’s suffering, and make it possible to transfer a patient to another department (Rosenbaum & Kamoie, 2003). However, the appearance of EMTALA did not change the situation. Even though the law was created to protect the rights of low-income patients, who required emergent medical services, the main problem was not solved (O’Shea, 2007). The essence of EMTALA was poorly understood by many hospitals and governments and remained to be an unfunded mandate. O’Shea (2007) admits that the law that aimed at helping patients turned out to be the main and impenetrable barrier for patients to get the required emergency medical care within a short per
The process of watching TV shows and series is usually discussed as an easy entertainment for the audience. In his work “ Watching TV Makes You Smarter”, Steven Johnson claims that certain TV shows can be discussed as “a kind of cognitive workout, not as a series of life lessons” (Johnson 171). As a result, watching TV, persons can stimulate their brain activity and become smarter. However, Johnson’s choice of mentally stimulating TV shows is rather limited because he concentrates on popular TV series with many narrative threads important to be followed by the audience. The Mentalist is the CBS show which was premiered in 2008. The show follows the standard pattern typical for criminal series where one mystery is solved in one episode. Nevertheless, The Mentalist differs from other criminal series because Patrick Jane, a mentalist and consultant in the California Bureau of Investigation (CBI), tries to find a serial killer known as Red John in all episodes, and more narrative threads are involved in the basic narrative scheme with each season. The example of a criminal ‘tangle’ made of many threads is Episode 16 in Season 3 of The Mentalist titled as “Red Queen” (“The Mentalist: Red Queen, Season 3, Episode 16”). Although “Red Queen” is based on s