ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Marti Attoun’s article shares the story of Irena Sendler, a World War II hero who saved the lives of over 2,500 children. The author devotes eight pages to a thorough description of Sendler’s heroic acts and how she eventually received the recognition she deserved. Moreover, other people are mentioned as more information is revealed to the readers. Through the use of direct quotations, biographical images, and continuous storytelling, Attoun develops a solid and inspiring article. Firstly, the frequently inserted quotations aid in portraying Irena Sendler as a noble and courageous person while emphasizing the relevancy of the article. The technique is initially implemented into the story of the three Kansas students, to illustrate their shock at finding out “…she rescued 250 children, not 2,500” (Attoun 94). At this point, the reader is already intrigued to discover possible ways Sendler could have saved so many children. Further quote manipulation creates the effect of reading an interview, as the students, teacher, and Sendler herself describe the events through their own words. Secondly, the added photos clearly demonstrate the heroine’s love for children, which validates the author’s description of Sendler. The first photo, placed near the piece’s title, depicts the mother with her daughter, Janka, many years ago. The sentimental value of the photo becomes evident along with the title and quote about “a story of tolerance and love” (Attoun 94). Other images include those taken with the Kansas students, as their admiration and respect for Sendler are expressed. In this way, the author highlights her caring and nurturing character by capturing the woman’s heartwarming relationship with children. Finally, Attoun selectively accentuated shocking and surprising information through a bigger font size and placement near the photos to attract the reader’s attention to some of the heroic acts of Sendler. One of the texts includes a description of how she managed to sneak children out: “in suitcases, sacks, even in body bags” (Attoun 96). Another critical point of the article summarizes Sendler’s interrogation, noting horrifying details of her “…legs were broken, but she…gave up no names” (Attoun 100). Hence, even the readers who could not read the full text understand the complete extent of Irena Sendler’s nobility and integrity. The technique is rarely used throughout the piece to retain its effect of concisene
The economic theory represents a broad impression for the description and comprehension of the flow of products in a marketplace. The extent of total production denotes the output generated by an organization in the course of a given year (Shepherd, 2016). It includes sold goods and commodities meant to be traded, the generated amount of stock, in addition to products that are either in the process of, scheduled to or have already been reused by the organization. The average production determines the degree of contribution of each worker and is computed by dividing the entire output by the number of employees involved in its generation. The cost of production enables an organization to establish the outlays it incurs before sales. It is the entire expenditure of generating a year’s stock, which comprises both direct and indirect expenses, for instance, overhead and labor costs. Companies employ the cost of production in the determination of how effectively they are manufacturing their goods. Marginal decision-making is a vital analytical technique in business management, which enables organizations to assess the benefits of producing commodities versus their costs. Companies that are efficient and maintain their cost of production low enjoy high profits from the sale (Cobo-Reyes, Lacomba, Lagos, & Levin, 2017). On the contrary, companies that are inefficient and with high production costs have reduced profits. In this aspect, the knowledge of the cost of manufacturing makes an organization able to establish a favorable price for an item (Chen & Inklaar, 2016). Comprehending the variations in an organization’s short-term productivity offers a basis for the realization of how its costs of production vary as the company changes its rate of output.
Introduction Turkey’s intent of joining the European Union has a long history. The country applied for Associate Membership in 1959, two years after the formation of the European Economic Community (EEC), which was the precedent of the European Union (EU) formation. The EEC formed an association agreement with Turkey three years later in 1963, which was known as the Ankara Agreement. Among the goals of the agreement was the formation of a customs union with the EEC before 1995, a step that would facilitate Turkey becoming a full member of the EU. However, there was no definite time set for the country to join the EU (Sulamaa & Widgrén 2). In 1996, the EU came to an agreement that Turkey would join the EU’s customs union. However, the agreement covers a limited number of goods; it covers only industrial products and processed agricultural goods (Sulamaa & Widgrén 2). Up to date, the country is yet to become a full member of the EU. The intent of the country to join the EU has been very controversial and has elicited widespread debate among the EU member countries. Turkey’s migration Turkey’s migration policy is mainly influenced by several factors; in fact, Turkey has been traditionally known as a country of emigration. During the 1960s and 1970s, many Turkish nationals migrated to other western European countries such as West Germany. However, Turkey has recently become a transit country of other migrants into Europe. Most of the migrants are irregular and mainly come from the Central Asian countries such as Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan. The country is also a destination of most irregular immigrants from the former soviet countries (Kirisci, 2003). Germany has by far the largest number of Turkish immigrants. However, after joining the EU the free migration of the Turks into other EU countries is expected to increase the number of Turkish immigrants in Germany to 3.5 million (Flam 15). The illegal migration from the Caucasus (central Asia and Middle East countries) usually poses a security threat to the residents of both Turkey and the European Union. However, some parties believe that the number of illegal migrants from the Caucasus would reduce if Turkey were allowed into the European (Hug 15). This would mainly be because Turkey’s integration into the EU would have significant economic benefits to the country, thereby reducing the number of immigrants who illegally migrate to EU in search of better economic opportunities. The current adjusted per capita income i
The discussion on eternal security is highly debatable within Christian circles. Those who hold the belief of eternal security argue that one cannot lose his or her salvation, while the opponents of this belief argue that it is possible to lose your salvation as a result of apostasy. However, when a human soul is saved or comes to the knowledge and acceptance of Christ as the savior, it develops a personal relationship with God. This relationship assures the person of eternal security. In other words, once a Christian is saved, it is hard to lose salvation as long as God’s grace remains in abundance and the individual continues to believe in the salvation power of Christ. Apostasy is the act of denouncing a religious belief. In Christianity, it refers to when an individual, who once believed in Christianity, rejects the faith. Three things mainly lead to apostasy. They include persecution, deception, and temptation 1 . In the New Testament, Judas Iscariot is the perfect example of an individual who denounced his faith as a result of temptation to sin. Christians are always tempted to go back in their old way of life and engage in vices or acts that contradict Christian teachings. This is also known as backsliding in the modern age. It is expected that Christians bear the fruit of the Holy Spirit in their every day living. My conviction on this position is placed upon various scriptures in the Bible that allude to this. The one misconception that is held by those who do not hold this belief is that eternal security is a lee way to sin. This implies, that once a person says the salvation prayer, then he or she can continue living in sin while at the same time assured of heaven. This is a misconception because the result of salvation is guided by the belief in the resurrection power of Christ and the grace provided by God. Salvation regenerates an individual by changing him from the old self to a new being. The spirit of God, which is the Holy Spirit, comes to dwell in a person and provides the help needed in the war against sin. A saved Christian, convicted by Holy Spirit will not seek to abide in sin. It is in contrary to the teachings and the power of salvation for one to deliberately continue sinning after salvation. Calvinism presents an argument which supports this position. According to them, God predestines and selects people for particular purposes even before they are born 2 . Therefore, every saved Christian is assured of eternal security because God had already predetermined our destiny even before we were born. The moment we are saved, God forgives us of all our sins including the sins that we are bound to commit in the future. This is one area that causes a bon
Introduction In the field of research, data collection forms an eminent portion. The organization carrying out research should critically undertake data collection to ensure the highest possible degree of accuracy (Salkind, 2014). Research helps organizations to make decisions. After carrying out data collection, data are analyzed and interpreted before any conclusion is made. Step 1: Identify the reasons for data collection The first step is to know and identify the need for data collection. The step requires one to carry out both internal and external evaluations of an organization or a company. By doing so, it aids in the creation of opportunities for data collection. Upon identification of reasons for data collection, an organization should decide on time and means to collect information from the field (Salkind, 2014). Equally, the step is important in ensuring that a company realizes its objectives while satisfying its clients. The process of identifying the need for research involves a thorough review of policies, procedures, and practices subjected to workers and clients. If gaps and weaknesses exist, then it creates an opportunity for data collection. Step2: Select reasons and set objectives After identification of several reasons and opportunities for data collection, priority is established and goals are set. The step involves choosing one or few critical issues to research. As such, the step assists the organization to be focused on specific issues at a time. Equally, the step enhances efficiency and proper uses of resources. The organization needs to ask critical questions concerning the identified issues. For instance, an organization needs to establish whether the selected issue can lead to other opportunities (Salkind, 2014). Setting of objectives is essential for each of the selected issue. That is different issue should have different specific goals. Goals may be stated hypothetically concerning certain issues. Step3: Planning on data collection approaches and methods The stage is crucial in data collection process as it involves selecting the individuals to be surveyed, sources of data to be utilized, and time and duration of collecting data. The organization’s management may decide on this or they can make use of a consultant. Approaches and methods to be used depend on organization’s resources, the type of issues, and the purpose of data collection. The stage involves asking and finding answers to various questions. During the initiative, a researcher should know the target group, the sources of data, the group of interest, the geographical locations, and how
Introduction At the end of the twentieth century, Texas saw certain changes, which resulted in decline of its electricity market. Taking into consideration that Texas “is rapidly approaching the limits of its ability to produce electricity for is 22.9 million residents” (Lauderback), there arose a need for electricity deregulation law in the state and the deregulation bill was passed in 1999. The aim of this deregulation was to decrease the prices for electricity. However, the results were unexpected and these days Austin American Statesman reports about rather opposite data. Instead of prices starting to decline, they went up suddenly and Texans had to pay for electricity far more than national average. Some people state that deregulation was to some extent beneficial whereas others keep to the point that it was more of harm and had a number of flaws. It is necessary to consider deregulation in more details in order to find out its strong points and weaknesses and to determine which role it played for Texas electricity market. Main body What should be mentioned above all is that this legislation was aimed at increasing market competition and allocating the resources in the most efficient way for the benefit of the consumers: “Electric deregulation will increase competition and foster innovation, resulting in lower prices and better service for consumers” (Public Utilities Reports, Inc. 28). It was believed that “bringing competitive market forces more fully to bear in the electric power industry will enable more efficient use of electric power resources” (Melamed). Among the strong points of the regulation was that it stopped the existence of electric company monopolies. This widened the choice of electricity providers for the consumers and allowed choosing the best suiting supplier for them; it also was intended to increase competition among different suppliers which was supposed to drive down prices for electricity. What else should be noted is that the biggest flaw of the deregulation was the removing of governmental control over the electricity rates. This resulted in the suppliers’ setting the prices they considered necessary and getting profits by causing inconveniences to the consumers. The aim of the legislation to reduce the prices by letting the companies fix them by themselves was not reached and let to opposite results. In the period from 1999 to 2007 the electricity rates were registered to have risen by sixty four percent. In 1999 the rates were fixed at 9 cents per KWh whereas the rates in 2009 fluctuate between 10. 8 and 13.5 cents per KWh. Moreover, the consumers often complain that it is difficult to find a company which provides electricity at lower rates, especially if the consumer has poor credit. And finally, deregulation brought about numerous cases of market power abuses. The power market of Texas had more than 60 providers and anticompetitive behavior started to be observed among them this is w
The principles of acculturation generally depend on the mentality of the people that leave their motherland, and the character of the “accepting” side. Therefore, it is stated that Europeans are mainly close to each other by national spirit, some common traditions, and common history. Africans often feel strange in America or Europe. The same is for the Europeans in Asia. Hence, the matter of acculturation, racial identity, as well as attitude to the people with different origins are closely associated with the overall readiness of the immigrants and acceptors to arrange a proper contact. (Sala, E. et al. 2009) In general, the articles are quite clear and properly structured. The research principles and assessment methods are described in detail, and it is generally hard to lose the overall research and results thread. I did not experience essential difficulties in reading these articles. The cultural value orientations associated with how cultural groups view relationships are regarded as the key aspects of the entire acculturation process, and it should be stated that the key values of the general immigration principles are discovered from the perspective of adaptation to a different environment, as well as overcoming difficulties associated with being a stranger. Hence, as Adkins (2010, p. 422) emphasized: Disparities in mental health treatment have been documented for ethnic minority populations. Barriers to treatment may be pronounced for African-Americans, with this group overrepresented in the nation’s poor, as well as having low utilization rates for mental health services. Yet, the exact reasons for African-Americans’ underutilization of these services remain somewhat elusive in the literature. Some barriers to treatment have been suggested such as socioeconomic status and cultural mistrust. In the light of this fact, it should be emphasized that the actual value of the mental origin of the people plays a significant role in their adaptation and acculturation. Nevertheless, the matters of mental adaptation are not clearly described. Therefore, this aspect should be paid additional attention for a clearer explanation of the mental difference concept, as well as possible conflicts in adolescent development caused by the changes in the social, ethnic, and cultural environment. The key difficulty that I experienced reading these articles is associated with the problem of dilemmas that immigrants generally experience. It should be stated that few articles offer a clear explanation of the origins of these dilemmas, while most researches are focused on the consequences and methods of overcoming. Anyway, Lorenzo-Hernandez and Ouellette (1998, p. 2007) emphasized the following: Dilemmas were used to measure value orientations and perceived congruence between personal and group values. Ethnic identity was positively related to self-esteem. The perception of value congruence was not related to ethnic identity or self-esteem. There was within-group concordance in the ranki
Description In contemporary society, plastic contamination has become one of the most pressing environmental concerns. The primary challenge is the production and use of plastic products, which overwhelm the environment’s capacity to withstand. The most affected areas include the Asian countries and developing states, which do not have efficient garbage gathering systems. However, even the first-world nations have low recycling rates and do not fully invest in the collection. The usage of plastic has become deeply embedded in everyday culture, from consumer products to electronic equipment. It is also used in construction and heavy industry and the manufacture of automobiles (Carney Almroth & Eggert, 2019). It is essentially a problem that cannot be solved at a national level; there is a great need for the international community’s cooperation. The primary causative agents include inappropriate discarding of the junk from materials such as fishing nets and plain trash. The most significant source of plastic pollution is improper disposal because it is the easiest to manage directly. Causative Agents Plastic pollution occurs when its products gather in an area and negatively affect the natural environment, causing problems to humans, plants, and wildlife. Plastic’s long durability and low biodegradation rate make it a toxic pollutant. There are three main types of plastic debris: mega, macro and micro-plastics. The most significant damage on land and sea has been caused by the first and the last, accumulating in high densities. Usually, macro and mega-plastics are found in domestic items such as footwear and packaging discarded in landfills (Carney Almroth & Eggert, 2019). Fishing-related waste is mostly dumped on isolated islands and classified as primary or secondary, depending on their degradation level. Ideally, one assumes that the problem can be easily managed by recycling or cleaning empty bottles. However, the garbage size can vary from huge ones to microscopic ones whose ill effects are irreversible. One such cause is plain old trash, which is everywhere, even on items where one cannot typically expect to find. The milk cartons are lined with plastic, similar to water bottles, which people use almost in any setting (Biswal & Kar, 2020). Other products may contain tiny plastic beads, which are equally toxic to the enviro
Knowledge and belief are accepted as two quite different notions by people. If one asks an average respondent about the characteristics of knowledge and belief, the answer will include the fact that knowledge is supported by evidence, and belief is only a supposition based on someone’s vision of any particular question. However, the question is if these two notions are different and if it so, then what sort of facts distinguish knowledge from belief. Such differences can be researched based on the question of whether someone’s love for the other individual can be seen as knowledge or belief. In the following paper, the question of whether it is known that someone loves you, or if it is believed to be so will be examined. Overall, evaluating the facts, the conclusion can be made that someone’s idea concerning the other person’s affection to him/her can be defined as knowledge rather than belief. First of all, evaluating certain information as knowledge or belief, the very notions of belief and knowledge are to be identified. Knowledge can be identified as the information which is believed to be true and is supported with a measure of facts and evidence (Garrison, 2002). Whereas belief is also information that is accepted as true one but without any particular shreds of evidence. Thus, the main difference between these two notions can be seen in the empirical facts proving the information that is under consideration ( Moral Relativism, 2001 ). Next, addressing the very question concerning the evaluation of the preference and love someone may have for the other individual, the illustration with a pet’s love will be discussed. In the case of a pet, its love may be evaluated by empirical facts, and for this reason, it may be considered to be knowledge. Firstly, love manifestations on the part of one’s pet can be seen in his/her physical acts. To illustrate this, dogs wave their tails, follow their owner everywhere, bring him/her slippers, come and just sit together showing their desire to always stay next to their owner, and so on; the other animals may have many other ways of physical conduct proving their love to their owners. Secondly, the other empirical fact proving that pets love their owners is the fact most of them die out of grief if their owner leaves or dies. Thirdly, if the pet loves one’s owner, this will be shown in the acts of preferences such as protecting the owner and caring for him/her in any other way. All of these empirical facts, or facts from the physical world, prove pets’ love as something to be related to the body of knowledge rather than belief (Steup, 2006). Finally, after looking through the evidence, my categorization of knowledge or belief has shifted in some way. In particular, I started seeing fewer differences between the notions of knowledge and belief. The differences also became more ambigu