ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nowadays, it became a commonplace practice among many social scientists to refer to the concept of race, as an essentially social construct. That is, they believe it came into being on the account of representatives of European elites striving to retain their social dominance in the Europe. As Arnesen noted, “One common denominator of most whiteness studies is a core belief in the ‘social construction of race’… scholars remind us that race has no biological or genetic basis’. [1] Such a point of view, however, cannot be referred to as representing an undeniable truth value, because there is a plenty of empirical evidence as to the fact that the concept of race may indeed be considered thoroughly objective, in social and biological senses of this word. In our paper, we will aim to substantiate the validity of this suggestion at length, while outlining the historical aspects of how the notion of race came into being and elaborating on what may account for the implications of race studies in the future. For historians, it does not represent much of a secret that Europeans used to be be endowed with the rudimentary awareness of their racial affiliation, as early as during the course of the Dark Ages. This awareness, however, had clearly defined cultural and religious undertones to it. According to Baum, “Medieval Europeans… emphasized cultural criteria of (racial) difference and lacked any clearly developed notion of ‘fixed natures’ of different descent groups”. [2] In essence, Medieval Europeans used to think of themselves as ‘cultured people’, while referring to everybody else, beyond the boundaries of Christendom, as ‘uncultured barbarians’. However, it would be quite inappropriate to think of such a tendency, on their part, as having been nothing but solely the extrapolation of their cultural and religious arrogance. Apparently, it was the fact that most Europeans never ceased professing the so-called ‘Faustian’ values, based upon the assumption that, “Individual’s willpower must never cease combating obstacles… and that the conflict is the essence of existence” [3] , which naturally prompted them to think of people, emotionally detached from these values, as being inferior. The reason for this is simple – one’s endowment with the ‘Faustian’ mentality is a necessary precondition for him or her to be able to push forward cultural and scientific progress. In its turn, people’s affiliation with the concept of progress automatically empowers them. Consequently, it naturally predisposes them towards exploiting underpowered ‘aliens’, especially if they happened to be visually notable. This simply could not be otherwise, because just as it is being the case with plants and animals, the representatives of the Homo Sapiens species never cease being subjected to the laws of nature. And, as we are now being well aware of, the foremost evolutionary principle is being concerned with the living organisms’ strive to expand their living space. In its turn, this points out to the objective nature of European Colonialism, which created objective preconditions for the emergence of a scientific raci
The Joy Luck Club is a novel by an Asian-American writer, Amy Tan. It depicts a few mother-daughter conflicts that occur due to cultural and generational differences. Mothers in the novel are first-generation immigrants from China who prefer to adhere to the traditions of their origin country. Daughters are second-generation immigrants who are brought up in the United States and, thus, have totally different cultural backgrounds and values. These differences provide a context for the incidence of rifts between the characters. This paper will aim to explain which of the daughter-mother conflicts may be attributed to cultural peculiarities and which – to the generational ones. The main conflict between the first pair of characters Lindo and Waverly Jong, is due to different views on romantic relationships. In the Chinese tradition in which Lindo is raised, it was normal to get married and engage in intimate relationships only with the agreement of seniors who often arranged marriages for their children. However, as an Asian-American, Waverly neither seeks her mother’s permission for dating boys and nor expects her to get involved in these matters. Thus, when she gets pregnant as an adolescent, a serious dispute in the family occurs. Overall, the cultural and generational differences are deeply interrelated in this case since a child’s disobedience is pretty common in many families. Nevertheless, Lindo’s conservative views on marriage add an extra dimension to the conflict. The clash between another pair of characters Suyuan and Jing-Mei Woo, is also due to the daughter’s disobedience. Suyuan always tries to control her daughter and expects her to behave accordingly. Such an attitude is rather common in the conservative Chinese tradition that requires showing respect to authoritative figures, including parents and seniors. However, as an American, Jing
Introduction Jing Peng and Lili Zhang published their work entitled ‘An eye on target language use in elementary English classrooms in China’ in an edited book by M. Nikolov titled ‘ Early Learning of Modern Foreign Languages: Processes and Outcomes ’ which was published in the year 2009. There is a general agreement among researchers in second language learning that target language input plays a critical role in acquiring second and foreign language (Peng and Zhang, 2009). This essay will offer a critique of the research that was conducted and published by the two authors in which it can be argued that they made positive contribution to the teachers’ use of TL in elementary schools in China. Summary There is general agreement among researchers in second language acquisition which asserts that target language (TL) is critical in learning of the second and foreign language. Since learning often happens in a classroom environment, the use of TL by teachers is crucial as it becomes resourceful for students in obtaining knowledge in TL (Ellis, 1997; Ellis, 1984). The study by Jing Peng and Lili Zhang aimed to establish how the Chinese teachers made use of TL in elementary school English classes. The sample population for the study included fifty-four English teachers and two hundred and three students in elementary schools in China. Of the fifty-four teachers, four were subjected to observation whereas the rest were given questionnaires which they were required to fill (Peng and Zhang, 2009). The study aimed at finding out the manner in which teachers used TL in English classes. More emphasis was laid on the quantity and suitability of target language usage. It was hoped that the information gathered would be of great help in generating recommendations for English teachers to enhance their understanding of the significance of using TL while teaching. The data collected was also aimed at facilitating effectiveness among teachers in using TL in elementary schools while conducting foreign language classes (Peng and Zhang, 2009). A naturalistic model was used, and the results were subjected to statistical analysis. The investigation was conducted for a period of three months. The investigation made use of various methods that included interviews, questionnaires and observation methods in gathering data. In analyzing the results of the study, it was found out that significant variations existed in respect to the amount of TL used by the Chinese teachers. The results revealed that, in most instances, the teachers used less than 60% of their talk time on TL (Peng and Zhang, 2009). It has to be noted that, the time used by teachers on TL was not commendable for the students who were learning a foreign language. In addition, from a pragmatic point of view, the used of TL by teachers was not sufficiently differentiated, and in most instances, was found not to be appropriate. From the findings of the research work, it was concluded that the usage of TL in f
Introduction Spinoza is not, for the most part, viewed as an advocate of religion. He is not, for instance, recited currently as a religious scholar despite the fact that it is difficult to find an individual with a greater amount of sway on the contemporary theological colleges. His generalist theology, such as it is, barely appears to fuel divine arousal or restoration, and its instinctive components are not sufficiently definite to generate a religious society. To be specific, over a hundred years, Spinoza has been portrayed as a “Supreme Being inebriated individual,” mystical, and an individual of faith. However, in a path reminiscent of peculiarities, Spinozism could maybe move to sacredness. Yet, it is not clear what it does toward advancing religion (Den 3). Supporters of Spinoza as an earnest promoter of religion must contend for their perspectives, notwithstanding monstrous chronicled assessment that Spinoza was either a skeptic or, if nothing else, an opponent of religion (James 12). This feeling is generally communicated just in the name of Leo Strauss’ book “ Spinoza’s Criticism of Creed” as though there was no protection of religion offered by Spinoza and as though it is the way of religion, as opposed to religion as he discovered it in his own particular time, to which Spinoza disapproves. On the off chance that critics are insistent to the point that Spinoza rules out bare religion, it is no big surprise that Spinoza’s admirers show up continually on edge. From Spinoza’s standpoint on the miracle to prescience, it is absolutely not clear what Spinoza’s defense of faith might be (Den 22). In this paper, our position is not simply absorbed by either Spinoza’s supporters or opponents. Against the opponents, our case is that Spinoza considered religion important, at any rate in governmental issues. We should start at the end of the day, not with the thought that Spinoza looked to challenge religion, but instead with the possibility that for Spinoza, religion is basically a component of politics. However, against any supporters of Spinoza who may want to contend that his precept is not conflicting with a sound religious atmosphere, we should see that the ramifications of that principle raise a number of difficult issues regarding both the feasibility of religion and its impact on politics. Spinoza’s theory of politics Spinoza’s political reasoning is one of a kind since it is the sole power-based liberalism, instead of rights-based liberalism. His philosophy is very different from philosophies such as that of Hobbes and Locke that are hinged on rights. According to Spinoza, the common right of nature and of each person spreads as far as its power. Therefore, everything a person does as per his tendency, he does by the s
Executive Summary Ramsay HealthCare Ltd is the most profitable private health care provider in the region. It has over 117 private health care facilities with over 9,000 beds, which have day surgical units. Moreover, it offers several health care services. The company has effective risk management strategies. It focuses on critical areas like finance, legal, strategic, clinical, and environmental risks. Ramsay constantly reviews its risk management approaches based on the best standards in the industry. Ramsay is financially healthy company. It has high profitability ratios. It has been able to use shareholders’ investments effectively for revenue generation and profitability. However, Ramsay must control its operational expenses and focus on other markets for generating markets. Ramsay will continue to generate earnings from acquisitions and investments. Moreover, the company has embarked on aggressive budget cuts, expansion, acquisitions, search for largest deals and referrals from NHS. These would boost Ramsay earnings. Introduction This report focuses on Ramsay HealthCare Ltd (RHC). It shows analysis of the company’s profitability, efficiency, liquidity, and capital structure ratios. In addition, it also highlights business and financial risks for the company and its future earnings potential. RHC owns and operates several private health care facilities in Australia, Indonesia, France, and the UK. 1 It operates more than 117 private health care facilities. RHC has nearly 9,000 beds with day surgical units in all these countries. The company provides a range of medical services within the health care industry. Some of these services include cancer management, rehabilitation, dermatology, surgery, haematology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, and nuclear medicine among others. By June 2012, Ramsay had more than 10,000 beds. It had provided various services to over one million patients within the same year. There are 66 hospitals in Australia. In addition, RHC has day surgery units that admit more than “760,000 patients conducts over 450,000 procedures per annum”. 2 The company has “38 acute hospitals in the UK with day procedure centres”. 3 It has continued to grow through acquisitions and takeovers. For instance, in May 2013 it acquired Peel Health Campus in the UK. It also acquired
Introduction This movie, The Shawshank Redemption , starring Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman, is an American prison drama. It is based on a novella by Stephen King. It portrays the story of a successful banker who evidences the cruelties and abuses held in prisons. Andy Drusfene, an innocent man, has been convicted of murdering his spouse and her lover following his (Andy’s) discovery of the affair. Shawshank is a prison, and the name redemption is used to capture the hope in the movie. Hope sheds light in Andy’s life, and he struggles for two decades knowing that he will escape from prison and become successful. Andy tirelessly waits, and he does not lose hope in the whole of his prison life. In fact, Andy instills hope in his fellow inmates, and his hope earns him trust with the prison authorities. At its beginning, the film involves some scenes of the night of the murder by providing a recreation of events throughout the trial being held in a court room. The movie is presented as a relating of Andy’s life in prison being told by Ellis Redding- “Red”, a felon inmate, who becomes Andy’s true companion and loyal friend. Conception of Andy’s Hope Andy is convinced of his innocence, and he knows that, one day, he will be set free. Andy says that he loved his wife; he did not kill her. However, circumstantial evidence act on his downfall and Andy is imprisoned for double murder. He keeps on referring to life outside the prison, and some inmates feel that Andy ought to stop thinking about freedom. Andy believes that the prison can deny him freedom, but prison can not deny him hope; in fact, hope is the only thing that cannot be taken from someone. For instance, Andy tells Red that he listens to Mozart in his head. He tells Red that some places are not built with stone, and the mind is one of these places; hope restores one’s faith in life. He does not get discouraged when Red tells him that hope is a dangerous thing. He believes in the opposite of what Red says. He also tells Heywood and Red that they will like a book, The Count of Monte Crisco, since it is about prison break. This shows that Andy has hope of escaping prison at all costs. In fact, this acts as a premonition of Andy’s later escape from prison. Hope in Prison The Shawshank prison is an institution of cruelty where inmates are beaten, starved and abused. The wardens do this in an attempt to obscure the redemptive power of hope from the minds of inmates. This method is successful, and a lot of prisoners, in Shawshank, are hopeless. Andy manages to fit in this setting by providing fiscal favors to the prison warden and the prison guards. This slow tale of cruelty and abuse summarizes the theme of the trail lived through the movie. This trail is characterized by the m
Introduction Due to the growing rate of technologies in this world, so many organizations have emerged to meet today’s standard. As a result of these rapid transforms, high and qualify staff is required to meet the target of the vast growth of the organizations. It is for this reason where education has been given the first priority in the enhancement of today’s economy. Today’s education requires one to be molded into an individual competent of contributing in success to the general public and to the world society at large. (Syracuse)The continued growth of many organizations has created so many vacancies leading to confusion of so many people in choosing the way forward. It is during this confusion where you find many people asking themselves questions like “should I go to college and get a degree and incur like the normal person or just go straight to work?” here is where the labor force has come up with a policy of asking for certificates from the people who are applying for the jobs. This is the best policy that can be applied in organizations for minimizing the number of people applying for the jobs as well as getting the qualified people. So why it is important to go to college and get a degree and incur like the normal person before going to work? First, you will be fully competent in the job you are doing and especially if it is in your line of education. This will reduce the work of the supervisors as well as the fear of damages in the organization for they will be having the right person in their organization. This will also boost the growth of the organization since the workers will be having the expected knowledge. There will be fear of employing someone who has not attained any college since he/she will not having the capacity of developing an organization. Also some people who have not gone to colleges do not have the pinch of the money incurred in colleges thus they can do anything for the sake of they incurred nothing to achieve what they are. (Joshy) Secondly, if you first go to college and get a degree before going to work, you will be proud to choose the right place to work. The qualification will enable you to choose what really fits you. Working on your line of education reduces stress which may occur in your line of work since it is something you are familiar with thus enhancing a nice working environment. The qualification will also help you in gaining experience as well as boosting your reputation. Going straight to work
Introduction The mall in the movie “Dawn of the Dead” represents a distinct change in consumer culture within the 1970s wherein a focus on aesthetics and convenience has made shopping into what one can consider as an “experience” rather than the drudgery that it used to represent. When looking at the mall within the study it can be seen that despite the hordes of undead zombies occupying its interior there is a distinct level of aesthetics that went into its development. The interiors are large, pleasing to the eye and have an assortment of modern conveniences that allow a person to go from one section of the mall to another and obtain anything that you may need ranging from beauty products, clothes to even mechanical tools from a hardware store. Explaining Aesthetics and Convenience What you have to understand is that this focus on aesthetics is no mere coincidence; rather, it is a manifestation of changes that have occurred to the modern day consumer wherein the concept of shopping has been conceptualized into a pleasurable experience due to the way in which most shopping establishments have been created. This can actually be seen in the present wherein many of today’s modern malls have made it easier to access a variety of goods and services that make consumers want to come back repeatedly. Explaining the Consumer Experience On way to explain this can be seen in a documented interview involving entrepreneurs Rob and Pablo, creators of “Snog”, a U.K. based chain of yogurt outlets, who state the following: “now we are in a recession and we see businesses that are successful, I think the one thing you see that they all have is the experience which is the most important part in everything, so we made sure that there was an experience”. The “experience” that Rob and Pablo refer to is not just the quality of the product itself but what customers feel when they enter into a particular establishment. In the case of
Introduction The beef was long the most popular protein source in the United States. Beef is still the most popular red meat. Despite the fact that some people do not eat beef because they believe cattle are holy creatures and because it is more costly than pork or chicken, beef remains the world’s third most popular meat per capita. According to Davis and Lin, “beef is a highly consumed meat in the United States, averaging 67 pounds per person per year” (2005, p. 1). The question is, what are some of the ethical considerations that determine people’s choices in eating meat? People should limit their beef consumption for ethical and environmental reasons, and the beef that they do eat should be humanely raised, locally sourced, and grass-fed. People should reconsider eating meat in general, as it is an essential part of our world today. Cattle ranchers are discovering that treating their cows well may still bring in record money, even as beef consumption in the United States continues to drop year after year. Prices have climbed to near-record levels, despite falling consumption. In recent years, drought and high cow feed prices have pushed ranchers to liquidate herds, which has been a significant factor. However, some buyers are switching to higher-quality beef cuts, which is helping. Ethical Issues Masculinity People who respect masculinity, love meat without seeing it as a moral concern and tolerate domination and inequality are the most likely to consume animals. Meat-eating is further supported by the perception of animals as being quite different from humans and lacking mental characteristics such as the ability to feel pain. Aside from these ideas, attitudes, and perceptions, consuming meat activates psychological mechanisms that control unpleasant feelings linked with eating animals. CAFO A CAFO, which stands for Concentrated Animal Feeding Facility, is a large cattle operation. CAFO animals are kept in an area with no vegetation for at least 45 days each year. Open feedlots and massive, windowless structures with animals confined in cages or stalls are examples of CAFOs. Animals are frequently mutilated to assist their confinement in such filthy and stressful conditions, including cattle horns, the beaks of birds, and the tail docking of sheep, dairy cattle, and pigs. Environmental Issues Crop Planting the same crop every year without rotating crops or relaxing the soil is known as monoculture. In spite of the fact that this approach has a number of distinct advantages, it is environmentally unsound and can cause severe economic issues for farmers. Additionally, extensive cow, pig, and poultry farms can cause runoff concerns. Regions of the World In many western countries, this is under control, but it poses a significant threat to the water quality in much of the rest of the globe. In all regions of the world, antibiotic resistance is on the rise. Our capacity to cure common infectious illnesses is threatened by new resistance mechanisms developing and spreading internationally. Health Benefits of Gras