ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the 17th century, the kingdom dubbed the Mayan society comprised of influential cities that covered both north of Honduras and south of Mexico. The states housed several inhabitants governed by powerful leaders who controlled the mighty militaries. The influential leaders proclaimed to have come from the heavenly bodies such as the planets and stars (Holm, 2012). The beliefs of the Mayan society reached its apex in 800 AD before finally collapsing and disappearing. The apex was marked by successful long-distance trade, the celebration of influential leaders’ achievements through making stone curves and lining up of huge temples. Besides, given that the Mayan emerged from Central America and the Yucatan Peninsula’s rainforest, the civilization was densely populated and proved to be a sophisticated society in that era (Fash, 2014). According to Peterson and Haug (2005), in 950 AD, the society was reported to have mysteriously disappeared. The famous states appeared to be ruined and were reclaimed by the rainforests. The abrupt disappearance of this civilization remains a mystery, but most scholars have constructed theories to explain what could have occurred to the once flourishing Mayan society. Theories explaining the Mayan disappearance The starvation theory The Mayan society comprised of agriculturalists who produced food to feed the population (Peterson & Haug, 2005). The agricultural land was made ready for cultivation via a technique called cut and burn. Through this technique, the agriculturalists had to bring down the vegetation and trees in the region as well as burn down everything that remained. After that, crops such as squash, beans, and cornflakes were planted while simple fishing took place in the lakes and coastlines. Since the land in the rainforests hardly had any nutrients, the technique used by farmers just produced crops that could sustain the population for only five years. The cultivated areas were depleted and eroded due to continuous cultivation thus resulting in less annual food production. In the end, the Mayan farmers could hardly generate sufficient crops to feed the entire civilization. The weather change concept The ancient Mayan society was bound to be affe
Introduction Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a form of supportive guidance offered to cancer patients. It entails therapeutic practices aimed at assisting the patient to gain a feeling of motivation, better recognition and improved self-worth. It is recently the broadly used psychological cure for unrelenting pains in cancer. Pain is a complicated sensory and expressive experience mostly influenced by the patients’ imaginations, feelings and manners. Cognitive-behavioral therapy came up as a result of the discoveries that pain is a regular and often immobilizing problem in cancer patients. Estimates have shown that newly diagnosed cancer patients experience less pain compared to advanced cancer patients. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be used to help cancer patients in several ways. In its efforts to help cancer patients, it is divided into various steps. The first step is pain education during which the patients are meant to understand how their reactions to pain affect their experiences. They thus recognize the importance of coping with this pain about pain control (Abernethy et al , 2006). The second step is training; the patients are taught skills of managing pain. For each skill, the psychotherapist provides an educational ground where guided applications are put in place and feedbacks is obtained. The patients are then encouraged to practice the skills learned in non-demanding conditions such as at their homes. They are further supported to apply these skills to more demanding tasks such as managing pain while walking. The final step includes assisting the patients to develop programs for upholding these skills and conquering setbacks in their efforts to cope. The treatment plan for a hypothetical cancer patient Cancer treatments are complicated and are mostly carried out over a long period. The treatment plan is divided into pre-treatment, treatment and post-treatment periods. The pre-treatment period involves evaluating maladaptive conditions and subsequent behavioral patterns. During this period, the therapists’ task is to support, accept and facilitate interactions between him and the patients. The relationship between the therapist and the patient should not be coercive. During the treatment period, diagnostic tests are performed and treatments administered. Records of the drugs and dosages given to the patients are kept. The patients are educated on aspects such as how to maintain pain involved during cancer infections. The treatment plan entails the dates when the patient goes for medical checkups and the doses administered. Effects of the treatments received are considered. The patients are advised on preventive measures such as health and well-being maintenance. Recommendations on appropriate nutrition, exercise, and support are offered. The post-treatment period is typified by a slow recovery from the negative effects of treatment such as fatigue and infertility. The treatment plan at this point involves counteracting the symptoms and problems which persist as late effects. It also includes coordinating the continued care of the patient su
Patent law is a policy that protects against violation of intellectual rights. Patent law is found in almost all manufactured services and products (Chartterjee, 2009). However, for any creation to be declared patentable, it must not be obvious, it must be useful, and it must be original (Borg, 2001). In this Case-Study, Whopper Co. claims that Bubble Company has infringed their patent product (the Gumballs). This paper will assess legal issues considered in determining whether Whopper Co. will win the case of infringement against Bubble Company. Since Bubble Company has requested the court to cancel the patent case against them, Whopper Co. must be able to prove to the court the following issues. Foremost, Whopper Co. should affirm that the work that has been infringed is similar to the patented work in all aspects including the design, content, and structure (Borg, 2001). Whopper Co. must also show that their work was copied and not just mere ideas. To affirm this, Whopper Co. should gather relevant evidence and present it to the court. This is because the stronger the quality of evidence, the higher the chances of winning an infringement case. Whopper Co. should present to the court a copy of their original work and a copy of the “fake” work. This concept is very important for comparison purposes to check for any unique duplication of original work in the duplicate work. Since Whopper Co. has registered its technology and has been granted a license for its product, the court must assess whether Bubble Company’s work falls within the claims of the registered patent. On the other hand, Bubble Company should assert to the court the following issues. Bubble Company was not practicing patented product, it was not violating any act covered by the patent, it has registered its product, Whopper’s Co. patent has expired, and finally, the original work that has been infringed is invalid or has defects (Borg, 2001). According to patent law, in a situation where a company complains about infringement, a science-based method is used to determine if there has been an infringement of a patented product (Borg, 2001). Apart from this, there must be evidence indicating that the patentee has already filed claims with the patent application (Chartterjee, 2009). In addition, a detailed investigation should be done to determine whether the product is included in the patent claim. Finally, there must be a reasonable interpretation and understanding of the claims raised by the patentee (Borg, 2001). There are several rules that are applied in such a case. The policies include the “doctrine of peripheral definition, doctrine of central definition, or doctrine of central equivalent” (Chartterjee, 2009). The principle of central equivalent is used in most countries. The rule of central equivalent ensures that comprehensive comparison is done on functionality, appearance, effect, method, and structure of the product and creation (Chartterjee, 2009). In addition, all the technical features of the product must be analyzed and a broad comparison is done with the
Male and Female Reproductive Systems: Similarities  1. Male and female reproductive systems have several similarities including the fact that most of the reproductive organs are developed from similar embryonic tissue that make these organs homologous (penis and clitoris).  2. Male gonads are testes, and female gonads are ovaries. Tunica albuginea is a connective tissue capsule (Krstic 2012).  3. Maturation of reproductive organs becomes functional during puberty.  4. In male and female reproductive systems, gametes are produced from gonads by means of meiosis (four sex cells) and mitosis (two identical daughter cells).  5. Both systems respond to FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone). In the male reproductive system, FSH produces sperm, and LH produces testosterone that helps to promote spermatogenesis. Anatomical Structures External Genitalia:   * There are two testes are responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone.   * The epididymis is the structure that connects a testis with a vas deferens.   * The scrotum is a skin-covered fibro-muscular sac where male testes are located (McCance & Huether, 2015).   * The penis is the sexual organ that delivers sperm and eliminates urine. It consists of the urethra, two corpora cavernosa, and the corpus spongiosum (McCance & Huether, 2015). It fills with blood, and the erection and/or ejaculation may take place. Internal Genitalia:   * Ducts – vas deferens (a tube where sperm is carried from the epididymis to the ejaculation duct), the ejaculation duct opens and expels sperm to the urethra), and the urethra (a muscular tube that passes through the prostate gland).   * Glands – the prostate (produces fluid to create semen), the seminal vesicles (produce a source of energy for ejaculation, fructose, and
Country and Multinational Corporation Selection In this paper, the multinational firm under study is Google Inc. Moreover, in this paper, the analysis is done on Google Inc. operations in the USA, where its headquarters reside, and South Korea, one of Google Inc.’s subsidiaries. The Google Inc’s multinational corporation model is called Coordinated Federation. Google Inc. consists of a parent corporation hosting the companys headquarters, which are located in the USA and subsidiaries in other countries. Based on the initial corporation technologies, Google Inc. developed and expanded to South Korea and other parts of the world to meet the needs of bigger market. According to this type of Multinational Corporation, Google Inc. maintains its main operation at headquarters, while other subsidiaries work with little ties with the mother company in the USA. Strategic Analysis The management at Google Inc. has tendency to expand their firm to areas that have the potential to boost their profit. For instance South Korea, Google Inc. considered the country as among those who had embraced the internet technologies long time ago. Besides, South Korea has extensive broadband infrastructure and good business conditions to support starting up of any business. However, South Koreas legal dimensions highly restrict Google Inc. operations. South Korea legal system does not allow legal responsibilities to the company head officers, which is a different case with other nations. Moreover, the companys Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the only holder of the organization’s fund. Hence, the CEO may intentionally mislead the company with an aim to retain the fallen companys funds and jump into starting their own firm. Another challenge that Google Inc. subsidiaries face when operating in South Korea is highly regulated Internet by the government. The South Korea internet regulators prevent children from playing virtual games and grownups playing virtual games must seek authorization through providing their residential details. Moreover, the users are required to reveal their official names when posting on websites and many local websites prohibit the search engines from indexing their sites. Finally, the country blocks some local information on the internet from the citizens and any import and export of records through the Internet. As a result, Google Inc. cannot offer some services, thus it requires using its servers located in the USA. The above affects Google Inc. competitive edge. Moreover, it faces stiff competition from a local search engine, the Naver, as they offer similar services when Google Inc. is not offering its special service. In other countries, when Google Inc. opens a subsidiary, it dominates due to its special services. Brief Countrys Political Environment Assessment The eminent threat to the market stability of products in South Korea is the nuclear power crisis in t
Introduction Vanilla is a product, which can be found in every country, as today it is distributed worldwide. There are several reasons for choosing this culinary product for the research. It is widely known, as practically every restaurant in the world offers dishes with this ingredient. It is actively used while cooking bakeries such as cakes, pies, and cookies (Ho, Shahidi, and Contis 139). For example, vanilla consumption in the United States of America is relatively high, as the country consumes approximately 2000 tons per year (Havkin-Frenkel 5). Another interesting fact is that a majority of vanilla powder is used in ice cream manufacturing. Moreover, vanilla has many benefits, which have a positive influence on one’s health. Furthermore, this product is also used in other industries. These facts were the primary drivers of my choice, as possible solutions to vanilla usage in different industries could be introduced. The popularity of vanilla might be a key driver and motivation for opening a restaurant, which only offers dishes with this ingredient. This specialization will help a business stay competitive in the dense restaurant business. Furthermore, if a founder of the enterprise owns his/her own vanilla plantation, it could be beneficial, as the cost will be dramatically reduced. Moreover, the cooperation of agricultural businesses with companies from other industries could be established. As it was mentioned earlier, vanilla has a charming and exceptional flavor. This particular characteristic could be beneficially used in order to set up a network of food and fragrance production. In this case, high volumes of products will be sold and distributed. It will help a farmer generate higher revenues and avoid a stage of stagnation in a long-term perspective. Additionally, pharmaceutical and cosmetic producers are also interested in this ingredient. Since it has positive and unique qualities, it attracts more and more people to utilize this product. Furthermore, as the smell is rather distinct and dense, it has a significant influence on an individual’s mood. In aromatherapy, different odors are used to affect an emotional state of an individual (University of Maryland Medical Center par. 1). Consequently, partnerships with various spa centers could be established, as a majority of them uses vanilla extract for massage. In terms of the hospitality business, excursions to the plantations can be arranged. The visitors will get an opportunity to see a production process in real life and even take part in it. It will cultivate interest among tourists and encourage people to travel to the countries with vanilla’s plantations. Today vanilla is not just a culinary product. It is something more with its own heritage and history. Today it is widely used as it has a plethora of exceptional characteristics and bene
Introduction Leadership in any organization is a valuable commodity. The most successful leaders in any firm are those that have learned to understand the different management styles and personalities. Leadership generally refers to the ability to lead the employees of a firm. Positive leadership is a gift for the firm. A good leader has a combination of the following things: traits, knowledge, values, beliefs, skills, ethics, power, and good communication. This study wants to analyze and compare the leaders by dint of:   * Traits, motives, and characteristics of leaders Behaviors, attitudes, and styles.   * Charismatic and transformational leadership.   * Motivation, teamwork, conflict, and communication. For finding a good leader everyone should follow the above characteristics. Traits show the good personality of a leader, it is essential for being a good leader. He must have good motives and attitudes also. Style is also essential for a good leader. He must be a stylish person so that employees of the firm can follow him. A good leader also has some values. He must be a follower of ethics. A leader may be charismatic or transformational or both. The motivation power of the leader should be high and he also is self-motivated by himself. He can control the employees, make the task easier, and control the teamwork. Leaders should also be able to remove conflicts of employees about the firm. He should maintain a good communication system with all employees of the firm. This study group chooses Bill Gates as best. Meg Whitman Meg Whitman is the existing president and Chief Executive Officer of eBay auction website-based company. He joined as the president of the company in March 1998. When he joined the eBay auction website, it was a small company with 30 employees (eBay Inc., 23 January 2008). Mr. Meg Whitman graduated from Princeton University in Economics and received an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1979. “With her expertise in brand building at top consumer companies, she helped this Internet pioneer evolve into an unmatched global ecommerce engine that continues to influence and reshape the way people trade, pay and communicate around the world” (Lal, 04 January 2008). “Whitman was worth an estimated $1.4 billion in 2007” (Miller, 20 September 2007). The Time Magazine shows that “[s]he is one of only seven women to have been repeatedly ranked among the world’s most influential people” (Lal, 04 January 2008). “Whitman starts her career in 1979 at Procter & Gamble in Cincinnati, Ohio. Then she worked eight years at Bain & Company’s San Francisco office, where she was a vice president. As this study discussed in previous that Whitman was in eBay from March 1998 to March 2008, eB
The Market CEC Ltd is operating in a very competitive industry. This means that for it to be successful, it must develop a positive relationship with the market. It must be able to convince the market that it is not just focused on quick financial gains, but on sustainable business development which entails protecting the environment. According to Abate (2005, p. 67), the society has become very sensitive on issues that relate to the environment. This is because they are aware of the negative impacts that are always created by industrial emissions. For this reason, CEC Ltd must find the most appropriate marketing strategy that would enable it endear itself to the public. This firm must understand some of the legal structures that have been put in place regarding the level of carbon emissions. According to McDaniel (2002, p. 67), one of the most important factors that a firm should understand in its external environment is the existing legal structures. If a firm fails to observe laws and regulations set by the government, then it may face litigation. Such litigations do not only affect their finances, but also hurt their reputation in the market. For this reason, they should be avoided as much as possible. The management of CEC Ltd must realize this fact and streamline its operations as may be appropriate. Technological development Technology plays an important role in determining success of a firm in the market. According to McKenzie-Mohr (2011, p. 56), technology is one of the most important environmental factors that have direct impact on success of a firm in the current competitive market. The ability of a firm to adopt the emerging technologies as soon as they emerge would determine how successful a firm can be in the market. CEC must understand that the use of the emerging technologies can help it find the best ways of reducing its carbon emissions at its headquarters. Through the use of technology, CEC can nurture creativity and innovation in its operations that can help it find creative solutions to its current problem. The strategy of the organization for sustainable development According to Bissoondoyal (2006, p. 89), business units are currently concerned with sustainability of their operations as a way of protecting their future. This scholar further elaborates that sustainability in the current society can only be achieved when a firm is willing to protect the environment and its society (McLaughlin & Aaker 2010, p. 40). Sustainable development refers to ability of a firm to ensure that its current development strategies do not pose any threat to its future development needs (Hooley 2008, p. 56). It involves achieving development in a way that does not threaten future developmental needs. CEC Ltd has been very successful within the United Kingdom, and other overseas markets. For this firm to protect itself from future negative consequences in the business environment, it must understand the pillars of sustainability, and the way they can be protected in order to achieve continuous growth within the firm. The pillars of sustainability include the planet (environment), society