ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Political power as a means of influencing the masses is the force that is considered rigid and uncompromising. Political leaders are usually associated with strong-willed males whose decisions are weighty and balanced. However, in different cultures, there are examples when women held senior leadership positions and performed their tasks successfully. Such cases may be found in tolerant Western states, in indigenous African traditions, and in conservative Eastern countries. The coming of women to power has always been accompanied by circumstances that caused widespread public outcry, but in general, the success of many female political leaders is objective and undeniable. Women Political Leaders in China Since the continuity of power in Eastern countries is a significant political aspect, there are examples of the marital transfer of authority. As Kristof 1 argues, Jiang Qing, the widow of Mao Zedong, began her political activities during the life of her great husband who provided her with little support. Nevertheless, the woman managed to become a powerful political figure on her own. Another example is Deng Yingchao, one of the most ardent revolutionary fighters. According to Reuters, 2 her communist views supported by her famous husband Chou En-lai became the basis for the formation of a resistance movement to capitalist elites. Thus, one can note that in China, women achieved political success, and their husbands’ careers contributed to this. The example of Madame Chiang Kai-shek, which Faison 3 mentions, is proof of how her family’s financial background allowed her to become an active participant in the nationalist-communist struggle. Moreover, many of these women, for instance, Soong Ching-ling, had a long life and, according to Barbanel, 4 supported an active revolutionary position. Therefore, the continuity of power in China may be considered one of the drivers of women’s participation in politics. Women Political Leaders in Western Cultures In Western cultures, women began to take an active part in political life from the mid-19th century. As Buhle, Murphy, and Gerhard 5 state, they started to call for respect for their rights and demanded equal opportunities. According to Doran, 6 one of the most influential and successful female monarchs is considered Elizabeth I who, despite the discontent of some, managed to achieve prosperity for Great Britain. Women Political Leaders in Africa Even in indigenous African tribes, today, women-led communities exist and sometimes even prosper. Bell 7 notes that in some villages, this is the norm, and although protests and controversies have occurred earlier, women in power is a common phenomenon. This proves that even despite the traditional patriarchal principle of continuity,
Introduction Homelessness is the condition in which individuals or families lack permanent shelter. In other words, the individuals or the families lack a place to call home. Homeliness is not only a condition associated with the minorities but also people with regular income. However, the income cannot afford a decent housing. In most cases, homeless is caused by lack of adequate income to cater for a decent housing. However, extreme poverty and lack of affordable housing has been attributed to increased cases of homelessness. Actually, minorities constitute the largest percentage of the homeless people. In most cases, the homeless families are composed of single mothers having children of less than six years. Low education levels, poor job skills and limited job opportunities that could pay for a livable wage characterize the single homeless mothers. In fact, such families experience increased rate of domestic violence, mental health problems and high costs of medical care. Even though not all homeless people have similar experience, studies indicate that majority are found within the descriptive bracket. Generally, most of the homeless families and individuals go through a traumatic experience. In fact, the circumstances in which the individuals and families have no shelter coupled with the disconnections from support services are stressful. The problem is exacerbated in single motherhood where mothers have multifaceted roles ranging from being the breadwinner to parenting. Based on the longitudinal studies that have been conducted, single parents with no homes have increased vulnerability to sexual and other abuses as well as exposure to other form of violence particularly within the family or in relationships. Currently, the government and various agencies are collaboratively focusing their efforts towards preventing and ending the problem of homelessness among the population. The efforts are backed by a policy framework that provide clear guidelines and responsibilities to the governments at all levels as well as various agencies on how to manage the preventive measures and stop the problem of homelessness. Moreover, the current policy framework focuses on all groups of homelessness particularly the families. Problem Statement Currently the numbers of homeless families have significantly increased compared with the number in 1980s and earlier. The number of homeless in 1980 accounted for less than one percent. However, the numbers of homeless individuals and families have considerably augmented by over thirty percent in the last ten years. Given the number of homeless families, the increasing rate of homelessness is alarming calling for appropriate interventions from the governments at all levels. However, studies on homeless families indicate that other problems the families face obfuscate the pressing need of having a decent place called home. Moreover, interventions methods have not been focused on addressing the related problems rather on real issues concerned with homelessness. The Purpose of the Study The main aim of this study is to establish the manner in which US government is aiding various local gover
Introduction Globalisation has resulted to an increase in international trade; despite the collapse of Doha negotiations in 2008, trade among countries is increasing. Countries trade through economic policies of absolute and comparative advantage. For effectiveness and efficiency in the trade, transport and communication are important. There are international companies which have invested in global logistic service provision. United Parcel Service is an international logistic company which has been in the business for over a century. To venture in international market and remain competitive, there are strategic management decisions made by the company (Joshi, 2005). This paper looks into the company’s global business strategy, it will undertake a PESTLE analysis, use Michael Porters Five Forces and Three Generic Strategies to evaluate the current strategies of the company. Aim of the report The report aims at using management tools to evaluate the effectiveness of current strategies adopted by United Parcel Services Company. It will evaluate internal and external conditions facing the company. Brief history of UPS UPS was founded as a messenger company in United States of America in 1907. Initially, it only targeted local markets. However the company has grown to a multi-billion company facilitating trade across the globe. Currently it enjoys a strong brand name with presence in all continents. It is respected for its efficiency. It focuses on two services; packaging and logistics services. Daily, the company is able to facilitate businesses in over 200 destinations daily. It uses the e-Commerce, supply chain management and frontiers of logistics to facilitate the transfer of technology, goods and funds (UPS corporate Website, 2010). Depending with the type of goods/services the company is transacting, it chooses the mode of transport to adopt. It ranges from sea, road, electronic transfer and air transport. The name UPS was rebranded in 2003 with the aim of showing the world its intentions to be the world largest and most efficient supply logistic service provider in the world. Currently the company employs approximately 4,606 employees distributed in different countries. According to a report by Zemanta on July 26th, 2008, Ups is facing systematic problems. This causes unreasonable delay in delivery of services which lead to un-satisfied customers. The failure has been occasioned by system failures resulting to un-updated system. With such a system, there have been times that goods were thought to have been un-transported from their country/destination of origin but after a thorough check, they are found in UPS warehouses in the intended destination or other destinations. This has caused unreasonable delay and customers lose confidence with the company. The company maintains alliances with companies situated in differen
Executive Summary In the last three decades, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has experienced rapid urbanization due to steady economic growth. The expansion of the economy is accompanied by a sharp rise in population, which has put pressure on its water resources. At present, the government has put in place strategies to reduce the population pressure on its scarce water sources by developing a system for managing the supply and demand sides for its resources. This research study aimed at examining the current water management approach and challenges through qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative data was collected through a structured interview consist of nine respondents drawn from the management level of different UAE water institutions. Quantitative data was derived from official reports from reputable water authorities such as DSC, FEWA, SEWA, ADWEA, and DEWA. The findings indicated a rapid rise in water consumption for the period of analysis, that is, 2005 to 2015 in all sectors. The study relied on the OECD principles of efficiency, engagement, and effectiveness to suggest improvements in water governance. Among the notable suggestions include the integration of technology in production and supply, building public awareness, improving legislative framework on green building code, and collecting non-revenue water among others. Introduction The UAE is a federation that occupies an area of about 83,600 km 2 . The UAE is made up of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah, Fujairah, and Umm Al Quwain Emirates. These Emirates have an expansive coastline of 1318 kilometers where most of the non-conventional and conventional water resources are located. Over the years, urbanization has increased the population pressure and demand for water. At present, more than 70% of the UAE population lives in urban areas (Merabtene, Siddique, & Shanableh, 2016). S
The internet has become the centre of life in the contemporary world. Therefore, it is no wonder that even the education system has taken up this technology to create digital libraries. As a teacher teaching in the UAE for primary stage in IT and English, I feel that there is a need to for me to embrace this technology further and create a subject (English and IT) digital library that serve as a link between me and my students. This will enable to upload relevant and important learning materials to my students. It will also be a channel through which assignments will be sent and received. Through the digital library, the students will have absolute access to every material that I will be using. This paper therefore seeks to explain how I am going to achieve this through designing digital libraries for the two subjects. Design This digital library will have the name, “Linguistic Online Library”. This online library for English will target the students that I teach, and other students who wish to engage in online learning. Since I am a primary stage teacher, the digital library will be simple and easy to use and understand but with features aimed at enhancing efficiency. The digital library will serve to provide the students with as many resources as possible that introduce them to Basic English learning skills. However, since it will also target other users who wish to access the library. There is a criterion that will be used for accessibility purposes. Students will not be charged to access the library and will be allowed to use only one IP address to access the library. This is meant to inhibit unauthorized access to the library. The library aims at providing users with as much information as possible by collecting as many English resources as possible and presenting them to the users. The website portal will have objects that will direct the students to the various destinations. By way of example, there will be objects directing students to the resources themselves, discussion forums, and support desk. The digital library will include very important links leading to intended destined webpages like that describing the purpose of the digital library. This is very important and digital libraries like the MERLOT Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching (2012) include such an object. Just like Merlot’s home page, the Linguistic Online Library will have a ver
Introduction Donald John Trump is the 45 th President of the United States of America. Even though he is one of the foremost figures in the political world, he is also well known as a businessman. It has been almost three years since Trump assumed office in January 2017. Since that time, he managed to perform a range of actions, introduce some innovations, and sign a number of decrees, which have both positive and negative results. In this paper, the evidence of the positive and negative impacts of the things that Trump has done for the American nation will be discussed. Main body During the first days of his presidency, Donald Trump started working on issues related to illegal immigration and ordered the construction of a wall at the southern border with Mexico. The wall helps to strengthen border control and reduce illegal immigration. In many cases, illegal immigrants fail to adjust to new living conditions, start feeling marginalized, and involved in illegal activities, such as drug trafficking, corruption, or robbery (Majumdar, 2018). However, the wall can reduce criminal activity and smuggling prohibited goods from the territory of Mexico to the US. As a result, the residents of the USA, especially those who live closer to the southern border, live in safer and more favorable conditions. Similarly, US natives have expressed concerns that immigrants fail to integrate into US society due to cultural differences (Abramitzky & Boustan, 2017). The prevention of illegal immigration can help to avoid the emergence of racism and confrontations between US residents and newcomers, which happen because of cultural differences between Americans and Mexicans. However, the construction of the wall has some disadvantages. First of all, it results in spending a significant proportion of financial means taken from the national budget. According to the US Department of Homeland Security, the construction of a wall co
Target Market Being the Fortune Cookie Car Parts, our aim is to manufacture automotive parts that we shall export to industries in other countries that assemble parts to complete automotives. With the globalization of trade, we can be able to export our products to the other nations without incurring many costs. Our main objective is to reach the best performing automotive industries in the world. With the vast growth in automotive industry in Germany, our most interest will be to venture in their markets. Germany automotive industry has experienced tremendous growth in the last ten years that has enabled it to penetrate more in the European market and the global market as well (Jerenz, 2008). This has made the industry play a recognizable role in the total turnovers of German’s industries. The growth in its market has made the demand for the German automotive industry high (Jerenz, 2008). This demand has made the industry to face great challenge in production and labor costs, that is why this factor has turned the market attention to automotive parts manufacturing companies to reduce their costs (Steven, Sherwood & Dunn, 1993). This gives us an advantage over a manufacturing firm dealing with the automotive parts. In the German market, our greatest interest is to have a competitive advantage that will help us to dominate the market (Aaker & Mcloughlin, 2010). The market is vast for our products in Germany as the country’s industry deals with different types of automotives. They further deal with the sale of parts. We can take advantage of these factors to increase our sales. In addition, Germany’s economy is stable, which allows us to have a good and reliable market that cannot easily fluctuate. In addition, Germany plays a great role in the European and global markets that gives us an opportunity to influence other countries to have business activities with us (Ferell & Hartline, 2011). Market analysis The market analysis is made by focusing on the Germany market environment. To analyze it, we applied the PEST approach (Doole & Lowe, 2008). We examined the political situation in Germany as well as the following factors such as economic, social and finally technological ones. This further led us to having a SWOT analysis that helped us to have an understanding of our strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Bohn, 2008). In political factors, our findings revealed that Germany experienced stability in politics for a long period. This fact made us have confidence in investing in its markets. In addition, the regulations laws are favorable to the foreign investors in German (Doole & Lowe, 2008). The economic factors research indicated that Germany had the best GPD in Europe. This factor strengthened our idea of investing in the German market (Smith & Raspin, 2011). Further, the research indicated that the automotive industry contributed a lot to the Germany total turnovers. This gave us h
Introduction Neuromuscular control is the necessary aspect that is responsible for moving and studying new motions. This process is active when a kid learns walking, and when an extreme sport admirer learns how to perform new tricks. In fact, the neuromuscular control is the process that makes us able to walk, eat, drive a car, ride a bike, be involved into sport activity etc. Neuromuscular control processes are active even when we are picking our nose, hence, the mechanism of this process is comprehensive, and needs to be studied in detail. The aim of this paper is to explain the aspects of neuromuscular control and explain the importance of this theory for studying the processes of Central Neural System. In general, this theory is based on the premise that all the motions are not simply controlled by motor cortex, but the dynamic stereotype is formed in accordance with the life experience (auditory and visual memory), plan of movements created by prefrontal cortex part, and the perception of space and location. Moreover, spinal cord and Peripheral Nervous System are involved in controlling muscles. Hence, the control over muscles is performed by the synchronized and united system. Motor Control Theory Movements of limbs, corps, head, neck eyes, tongue etc are the inevitable parts of our life. However, in spite of the fact that these are the basic requirements of a full-fledged life, scientists still are not able to give the definite answer why people do move, and what is the source of signal, that makes us move. As it is stated by Albus (2001, p. 61): The biological motor system is in some
Introduction It is becoming a common phenomenon for companies investing in foreign countries to have their contracts reworked in favor of host countries’ companies. In the recent past alone, people have witnessed quite a number of such cases across all continents including Asia where Russia reworked a contract it had with Chevron on a pipeline venture, and Africa too where DR Congo has reworked contracts of foreign mining companies and Europe. This practice is becoming a bad plague in the global economy since the spirit of investment, which is the basis of all business and economic activities, is being strangled to a slow and painful death. It therefore calls for a quick action from the investors to structure their contracts in ways that will prevent them from being caught in such malicious practice. Several working strategies are in place to help companies as well as the management to minimize the evident surprises. Dispute resolution is among them as highlighted next. Dispute resolution Since most reworking of contracts arises from disputes, the contracts should contain agreement between the company and the host country on the choice and forum for settlement of disputes. This can take the option of a neutral country. In addition, a choice of the procedure for solving the dispute should be included. For instance, arbitration can work out well since it has the advantage of enforceability, which litigation does no
Uber has become enormously popular across a wide range of customers. What factors help explain the rise of this company?   * The rise of social media made a range of organizations explore the business opportunities that virtual networks had to offer. Uber is one of the companies that took full advantage of the chances that social media provided (2);   * The clever use of social networks as the foundation on which the service was developed can be viewed as the primary driving factor behind the rise of the company (2);   * The fact that a rating system was provided should also be deemed as an essential addition to the customer satisfaction levels since it created an impression of an efficient feedback system and an improved communication process. Indeed, by rating the services, people will feel that their voices are heard. The company, in its turn, can use the received information to focus on the areas that need improvement (3);   * More importantly, the ratings may serve as the means of locating the available opportunities and expanding the services so that the company could appeal to a wider range of customers. After Uber had used the identified factors to its advantage, the profits of the company skyrocketed, making it one of the most widely recognized brands that have appeared over the past ten years (3). What are some of the sources of tensions within the model (e.g., surge pricing, treatment of drivers)? Should these tensions be resolved? What approaches would you suggest?   * The aggressive manner of the marketing process, which the business model used by Uber suggests, can be considered the primary source of tension. While being admittedly efficient, it may be seen as annoying after a while. As a result, there is a threat that the framework used by the organization will ultimately avert a lot of people and become counterproductive. The tension does not need an urgent resolution. However, it could be suggested that a more subtle marketing approach should be used (9);   * The fact that Uber drivers are not fully employed should also be mentioned as one of the problematic areas. The absence of permanent employment implies that the drivers, as well as the customers, may be exposed to threats associated with the lack of the drivers’ skills, the possibility of a robbery, etc. The tension should clearly be resolved. For this purpose, a, higher security levels are desperately needed (4);   * The conflicts between Uber and taxi companies also deserve to be listed among the most evident sources of tensions. Seeing that Uber offers its customers much greater flexibility, it slowly ousts taxi companies from the market. As a result, confrontations between tax companies and Uber are becoming quite common. Although the tension is growing out of proportion, it does not need to be addressed by Uber. Instead, taxi companies should view the issue as an impetus for change and the provision of improved services to the customers (7-8). How robust is the Uber model? Do you believe it is resilient? Why? Why not?   * Even though the model used by Uber seems quite robust and has delivered