ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Toy Story is a trilogy of animated comedy films directed by John Lasseter, Lee Unkrich, and Ash Brannon and firstly produced by Pixar. The picture focuses on Woody, a cowboy who is involved in various adventures and who should confront various challenges in a lifeless, human-isolated world. Aside from intriguing plot, all the movies are distinguished by advanced and innovated animation, which allowed the films to deserve the title of the best-animated pictures in history of cinematography. Released fourteen years ago, the first movie has been produced in a fully computer-animated version. Similar to its sequels, it was created by means of three-dimensional computer graphics, yet with some significant improvements in terms of location, complicated camera shot, and new software have been observed in later versions. Although the first film was considered the best-animated movie, its subsequent versions, though upgraded, remain the core technological and innovated idea. The improvements are still presented when it concerns the creation of new locations permitted by the advancement of technology at the end of the past century (A History of Toy Story n. p.). Specific attention requires the second sequel, a direct-to-video movie that was a successful as the first product due to the advancement in depicting characters. In particular, the original idea of the second version was premised on the importance of relationships in the movie, but not on the technological advancement, as it was in the first part. With regard to the themes and location, the third movie focused more on advancing three-dimensional technologies through providing greater sense of scale. Such an approach allowed moviemakers to introduce a 1/3-inch separation. Complicated camera shooting is another feature that distinguishes all three parts of the picture and highlights of Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 . In particular, the second film relies on much more complicated camera shorts, which were not impossible in the original version. The aerial diffusion and texturing that contributes to the deeper sense of scale. In particular, a variety of shot is laid out through sophisticated camera work, blocking and lighting, which makes the viewers feel travelling through the created world of animation in the third sequel ( Toy Story 3 Production Notes n. p.). Focusing on people relationships rather than on developing new graphic and visual effects is the main purpose of staging and blocking the short that keep camera tied to people. Hence, the movie is not represented as a video game, but a true story, which makes all things genuine and believable. Therefore, camera work
Introduction Thousand nights and a one uses a frame narration in order to connect other stories and makes the narration smooth and clear to a reader. In this work, the main character, Scheherazade narrates to sultan fairy tales connected by a frame story. In this work, the distinctions in expression are even more important, however, than the conventions held in common (Almansi 44). The words of Scheherazade communicate a sense of inevitable and unendurable loss which is a much more powerful rendering of the damnation theme than anything in the fairy tales. So, too, the testimony of torment that is wrung from the inner being of Scheherazade: For Scheherazade, at once serious in nature and ludicrous in expression, is representative of the general dramatic situation in which the characters find themselves. The frame story The frame story is used as a unique links and a thread to guide readers through all stories. Some tales are used as a frame story: the Tale of Sindbad and Sindbad the Landman. Since this dramatic context is the artistic representation of the context of divine providence itself, a factor of necessary limitation is imposed directly on whatever storytelling takes place: the basic plot is known from the start; the representatives of the forces of fairytale world are doomed before they begin; the more confident and boastful they are, the more ludicrous they become; any suffering they experience is but just and deserved. At the same time, the world of fairytales in the eyes of the audience by the secure knowledge that the ultimate outcome will be more than just compensation for the travails involved. In short, the medieval audience is assured that all things work together unto good–suffering, evil, even sin. If the dramatic context of the storytelling provided the essential clue for the interpretation of fairytales, the solidity and permanence of that context was responsible for the unshakeable conventions which governed the expression of imaginary world (al-Baqillani 87). The formality in the frame stories throughout The Thousand nights and a one uses is due to many causes: the strength of convention, the narrative function of most of the stories, the element of doctrine which must be expressed, the very noticeable rhyme schemes. In addition, there is hardly time to dwell very long in each of The Thousand nights and a one uses pageants on any one expression of grief; The Thousand nights and a one uses must move along rather quickly, covering the necessary ground without much elaboration (Beeston 42). The frame story is symbolic, and its conventions are, at least in one respect, a kind of dramatic shorthand. The characters are given any long lamentations, The Thousand nights and a one uses is represented in terms quite different from other stories: in the midst of a celebration banquet after the massacre of the innocents, Scheherazade warns the audience to beware of pomp and pride. But the use of abstract figures is only one measure of formality. Another is the background of some of the more familiar laments. The strength of this traditio
From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, grammar, i.e., the constructions used in the speech as the manifestations of grammatical structures, can be considered the conceptualization of an idea. Therefore, any representation of knowledge from a linguistic perspective, be it morphological, phonological, semantic, or syntactic one, is a conceptual structure, which does not allow for elucidating the connection between the semantic and the formal representation of a word to a basic truth-conditional representation. Therefore, by implying that grammatical constructions should be interpreted as the conceptualizations, one introduces a plethora of opportunities for uninhibited linguistic creativity into the language. Cognitive linguistics allowed for merging the domains of truth-conditional (i.e., logical) and the phenomenon of generative syntax, therefore, helping understand how speech is produced and what role experience and subjective interpretation of reality play in the process of producing speech. The use of conceptualization as the amalgam of the speaker’s experience on which the process of generating speech is based can be considered a chance to refrain from the traditional usage of rigid linguistic patterns and bring expressivity and artistry into the language, therefore, creating prerequisites for its further evolution. For example, the word “see” can be used to denote not only the ability to observe something (e.g., “I see a beautiful flower”) but also as the means of denoting comprehension (as in “Oh, I see now what you mean”). In other words, by introducing the conceptualist perspective into the modern linguistics, one is likely to build the foundation for language experimentations, as well as the inclusion of denotation-related meanings based on the experience of the speakers. Thus, in theory, the process of language development can be defined as not being based on any specific order or reality. The promotion of the intersubjective truth as the foundational concept for the further evolution of the language will imply that the latter is theoretically going to be represented by the speakers’ knowledge and use thereof. In other words, the further incorporation of new and innovative metaphors, constructions, and other elements of speech into the language is going to be derived from people’s experiences and the information that they will acquire. Consequently, given the immense range of opportunities for personal discoveries in the usage of language, one may assume that the further perspectives for the evolution of the language are basically endless. For example, one’s perception of the neutral word “outside” as the synonym for something that was not familiar and, therefore, hostile, triggered a negative connotation of the word “outsider.” Put differently, the perspective through which cogniti
Introduction The rapid changes taking place in all aspects of the society are reflected in the theoretical developments across various disciplines. In that regard, the emergence of new methods of researches can be seen driven by the changes in social life, in which new questions are posed for investigation. Accordingly, with new questions emerging, new evidences are required, the gathering of which lead to the emergence of new data collection techniques (Hesse-Biber & Leavy, 2008, p. 1). New forms of data collection and analysis are being conceived and existing data collection methods are being adapted to study new literacies in several disciplines, including communications, media, education, and public relations. They are being adapted for different reasons, including consistency with the data collected. Although the internet can be hardly described as an emergent phenomenon, the growth of its social significance as well as the emergence of new social interactions can be considered as a considerable factor in the emergence of new research methods. The web environment is constantly changing, shifting from the state of being read-only toward read/write and co-operation states. An illustrative of such shift can be seen through the transition through Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and the coming up Web 3.0. In the attempt to keep up with these shifting technologies and consequently literacies, new methods of data collection and analyses are constantly developing. The array of methods can be seen in a diverse set of qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches, ranging from comparative ethnography studies to mixed approaches encompassing “surveys, interviews, diaries, focus groups, observation, documentary and historical analysis, and experimental or comparative studies” (Hesse-Biber & Leavy, 2008, p. 532). While the latter can be seen as a return to traditional methods of research, the new proposed approaches implies a combination of methods, in which ethnography is one of the essential parts, e.g. Howard’s (2002) network ethnography, Hine’s(2000) connective ethnography, and Constable’s (2003) combination of online participation, observation and exploration of context (cited in Hesse-Biber & Leavy, 2008, p. 533). In that regard, following the pattern of finding the most suitable strategy to study the internet, this paper explores the development of participant observation, linked with usability testing to conduct online research. Advantages, limitations, ethics considerations, and future directions are discussed. Overview The usage of participant observation as a method of conducting online research can be seen in the increased emphasis on the social aspect. The latter can be seen in virtual ethnography continuing to explore the complex connections between online and offline spaces (Fielding, Lee, & Blank, 2008, p. 258). Considering the traditional model of ethnography, which most characteristic form involves participation, overtly or covertly, with the key activities being watching, listening, and collecting information that will “throw the light on the issues that are the focus o
Introduction Communication is one of the basic needs and abilities of people. However, not all individuals can communicate in the conventional way, which is through language. There are some mental disorders the accompaniment of which is the inability of a child or adult to communicate verbally. The present paper discusses approaches to non-verbal communication for a child with autism. Specific emphasis is put on augmentative and alternative communication as a method of supplementing speech for non-verbal children. The paper includes a summary of insights and a conclusion covering the main points discussed. Communication and Language Development Communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas among people. The most common type of communication is verbal, which is performed with the help of speaking. However, there are other kinds of communication that are non-verbal. These include gestures, body language, writing, the tone of voice, or using some devices and equipment that help to encode a message that the receiver will later decode (Akmajian et al. 2017). Communicating with non-verbal children is quite a challenging task since it is frequently difficult to encourage these individuals to engage in the process of exchanging ideas. Moreover, the process may be aggravated by the difficulty of explaining to such children how to convey their thoughts or emotions (Byrne et al. 2018). Thus, caregivers should be particularly attentive when selecting the suitable way of promoting communication. There are several important factors involved in communication with non-verbal children. First of all, it is often difficult to understand the needs of such individuals and correctly interpret their emotions or desires. Secondly, it is vital to control one’s tone of voice since it can impact the child’s attitude dramatically. Next, it is critical to interpret the interests of the child without personal bias and without distracting from the exact child’s emotions (Lutz, Fisher & Robinson 2015). Therefore, it is crucial to take into consideration the peculiarities of the particular child’s needs and problems in order to help them express themselves. While working with non-verbal children, language plays the role of the medium. Language is the means of communicating through words (Akmajian et al. 2017). With its help, one can explain the way in which some kind of communication can be carried out and encourage the child to respond to this method. The types of communication typically used with non-verbal children include reaching joint attention, picture exchange systems (PECS), and speech generating devices. A non-verbal child processes language through signs, symbols, images, and sounds. The acquisition of language by such children is reached by teaching them to select the image or object representing their feelings or wishes. In the process of language development, non-verbal comm
Introduction Sustainable business development involves formulating and implementing business strategies, innovations, and initiatives to help create a more sustainable world (Turekian & Holland, 2004). Apparently, the challenges to sustain growth and development have become more difficult due to the complexities of the business environment and the demanding expectations of customers, stakeholders, and society (Juhasz 2011, p. 120). Sustainable corporations tend to focus on development and investments, not just on growth and profitability. While making money and achieving an adequate return on capital are important, sustainable business development envisions balanced performance and outcomes as well as long term improvements (Turekian & Holland, 2004). Indeed, one of the main premises of the twenty first century strategic thinking is that success depends on the rate of improvements in all dimensions, not just the rate of growth on revenues, net income or market capitalization (Rainey 2006, p. 265). For example, the dot.com failures of the late 1990s and early 2000s made a few people richer, but ultimately, thousands lost their investments and became poorer. Sustainable success is, therefore, not about short term gains for a few, but rather about l
The Technology Data Mining Technology (DTM) is a well-developed technology that assists organizations to make the best informed decisions rather than assumptions and guesswork by mining or extracting useful information from large volumes of data set collected in the past (Wook, Yusof, & Nazri, 2014). The DMT consists of different approaches and techniques that have been thoroughly deployed in business and industry processes. It has been noted that data mining techniques applicable in these organizations can also be applied in the education sector, specifically higher education. The paper proposes the implementation and use of data mining in the Canadian University Dubai. Data mining refers to “ the extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases , and it is a powerful new technology with great potential to help companies focus on the most important information in their data warehouses” (Thearling, 2012, p. 1). Given the robust nature of data mining technology, it can be applied in understanding unique elements of data stored in educational databases (Luan, 2004). The aim of mining data in the education environment is to enhance the quality of education for the mass through proactive and knowledge-based decision-making approaches. By assessing such benefits, Institutions of Higher Learning should focus on Data Mining Technology approaches as new strategies for comprehending and improving processes of learning and teaching. In fact, higher education requires technology to enhance competition and improve educational outcomes. While some institutions of higher learning have made significant investments in Data Mining Technology, they have paid much attention either on the invention of complex algorithms or technical elements (Luan, 2004). However, these institutions have not indulged much about user perception of data mining technologies. In addition, not many studies have focused on understanding utilization of data mining technology that could inhibit adoption and appreciation (Jan & Contreras, 2011). Just like other technologies applicable in different environments, user support is extremely critical for such technologies to succeed; otherwise, DMT may experience low rates of adoption and acceptance irrespective of notable outcomes and benefits (Jan & Contreras, 2011). It is therefore imperative to observe user behaviors before proposing and implementing any technologies. This approach would reduce low usage rates or utter abandonment. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and various models have been developed to understand specific user behavior toward technology adoption. Hence, it is advisable for institutions of higher learning to integrate such tools in their strategies before adopting DMT. Who use it? As previously noted, several organizations, businesses and industries use data mining technology to enhance decision-making. That is, data mining technolog
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), implemented in 2002, aims at decreasing fraud within U.S. companies and has had the most varied effects on their operation. Both positive and negative influences on business have surfaced from an increase in company spending, necessary to comply with the rules and regulations imposed by the act, to an increase in shareholders’ trust. Thus, components of the Sarbanes-Oxley act affect corporate governance and the modes of regulation of businesses and companies through strict supervision. Elements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Before dissecting the components of SOX, it may be possible to highlight the impact the act has had some years after its implementation in 2002. In short, the goals and effects of the act may be summarized as “[establishing] more stringent standards for internal controls, auditing, disclosures, and management conduct and accountability” (Hostak, Lys, Yang, & Carr, 2013, p. 522). For corporations, this would mean a need for necessary changes within their internal structure to comply with the required standards. The decentralization of companies from being independently responsible for their own profits, taxes, and finances was the goal of SOX. Thus, this allows defining the main elements as auditor impartiality, corporate responsibility, penalty and accountability for crime, as well as financial disclosure through, at least, the operation of a Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (Tricker, 2015). These kinds of changes are aimed at heightened business transparency and, thus, affect the amount of confidence a company will be able to garner due to the scrutiny applied to its corporate board (Hostak et al., 2013). It may be an understatement to say that SOX has affected their format when it has not only increased the number of “outsiders” but also aided corporate board gender variability (Zhang, Zhu, & Ding, 2013, p. 382). The operation of an autonomously functioning and disinterested body responsible for finances allows the achievement of SOX goals highlighted in the paragraph above. Aspects of Corporate Governance within the Sarbanes-Oxley Act The act has attempted a change over the way corporations are governed, creating internal change through increased external surveillance. At the very core, corporate governance can be defined as “the way power is exercised over corporate entities,” and thus, one of the goals of SOX would be to create an effective leverage method (Tricker, 2015, p. 4). Therefore, within corporate governance boards, and likewise with those concerned with audit and compensation, the most important remains the factor of neutrality (Zhang et al., 2013). A reimagining of the elements of corporate governance as ideally nonaligned with possible fraudulent interests, hence, becomes an essential step in achieving SOX goals. A Change in the Mode of Regulation The impact these changes have had on modes of regulation within