ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Juvenile Detention Center is the center used for holding young offenders as they await court processions and court arraignment. They are colloquially known as Juvie. (Worral, 2007). The juvenile detention center is a requirement for an effective judicial system. There are many challenges the correction officials are facing being entrusted with the responsibility of managing the young delinquents. They range from the peculiarities of the young offenders’ traits to the offenses they have committed. Also, the civil rights of young offenders is another challenge to the officials. Correction officials working in juvenile detention experience difficulty in balancing between the forces required to effect change and the limit of the force stipulated by the law. Therefore, it is a problem to administer punishments to some of the delinquents without breaking the law. The problem is multiplied when dealing with teenagers who are aware of the law limits because they tend to misbehave deliberately knowing that the punishment is bearable. On that note, many non-governmental organizations, which act as watchdogs overdo their job making the officials afraid of administering punishment to the offenders (Seiter, 2011). Some of the young offenders have gone through painful past experiences, for instance, betrayal from the closest family members. Consequently, they end up learning not to trust people and cannot communicate clearly whatever they have in their minds (Worral, 2007). This is a problem for counselors since getting through to these types of children is a daunting task that can also be highly discouraging. Communication is the key to an effecting behavior change of these young offenders, therefore, when they cannot communicate, the work of the correction officials becomes difficult. There are crimes that are unnatural for individuals at such a young age to commit, they are cold blood murder or organized crime, just to mention a few. It is strange for any child to be able to embrace emotions similar to that of hatred to such an extent that they end up committing murder (Worral, 2007). Such a case, however, is referred to as the field of psychopathology. The point is that delinquent children suffer from different types of psychological abnormalities comprising mild neurotic symptoms along with ultimate psychosis. Correctional officials have difficulties in dealing with these abnormal offender
Introduction In researching, scientists have to consider many important issues for the final product to be whole. The list of these components is pervasive, starting with a theoretical study of the literature and ending with direct field experiments. However, there is little emphasis on aligning research with ethical standards in the wider community. Nevertheless, adherence to ethical principles is one of the fundamental components, without which the scientific community cannot perceive its results. The purpose of this report is to study the topics of research ethics, their principles, and those ethical responsibilities that researchers have both to the participants in the experiment and society as a whole. What are Research Ethics? Ethics is a fairly common concept, being a philosophical discipline that studies the foundations of morality. The general orientation of this discipline leads to a massive number of different interpretations based on philosophical or social trends. Depending on what a particular section of ethics is based on, this concept can be theoretical and practical, reflecting the recommended methods. From this point of view, research ethics, no doubt, can also be viewed as a category of more general philosophy. The profound essence of this concept lies in the description of how researchers should behave. In other words, research ethics is a collection of elements of practical scientific morality (“Guidelines for research ethics,” 2019). The concepts included in the list of recommendations for scientific ethics primarily relate specifically to the scientific process but also affect other activities related to research (“Guidelines for research ethics,” 2019). One of the crucial distinctive features of research ethics is unifying these principles throughout the scientific space since the entire scientific community is subject to the same principles. Research ethics is based on four groups of norms: compliance with good scientific practice, regulation of the scientific community, relationships with research participants and society as a whole (“Guidelines for research ethics,” 2019). The first two points are related to the regulation of internal relationships, while the last two regulate the external relationships of the researcher. Research Ethics Principles Each of the four groups of norms given earlier is fundamental to conducting qualitative research. However, since they are a set of norms, their application in practice is difficult. That is why there are concepts of ethical principles that are practical guid
The argument that is made by Weiss (2012) in the essay called “Should gamers be prosecuted for virtual stealing?” is that people should not be judged in reality for actions they have taken in the virtual world. One can claim that the author’s arguments are persuasive and effective because the issue was considered from different angles. The first argument of Weiss (2012) here is the following: “reportedly, the player also beat up his victim, for which he should, of course, be punished” (para. 6). This quote compares real punishment for stealing stuff in the video game and the absence of consequences of virtual abuse. I would use this citation to argue for the meaningless of the actual judgment of a teenager for actions in the game. It brightly illustrates the inadequacy of prosecuting actions that were not restricted by the rules of the game. The second argument in the essay “Should gamers be prosecuted for virtual stealing?” is the following: “video games are not work or investments for which people should be compensated; they are escapism” (Weiss, 2012 para. 2). By these words, the author wanted to show that virtual reality does not only has rules that are different from the real world but also cannot be taken seriously. I would use this argument in the same discussion because it is an adequate point of view and reminds readers about the border between the real and imaginary worlds. In her work called “In defense of writing letters,” Derzic (2013) argues that people should still write letters. The author’s arguments are persuasive because she states them very shortly and structurally: writing letters takes time, is a mental exercise, is aesthetically pleasing, and has no immediate gratification. Derzic (2013) encourages people to write letters and opposes it to the constant usage of social networks, such as Facebook, and claims: “emails and text messages make us forget that people have lives outside of our own, and Facebook seems to have convinced us all that real-time status updates necessitate replies” (p. 806). By these words, Derzic tries to remind the readers that it is not right to anticipate the reply to their messages within a couple of minutes because the receivers are real people living their lives. I would use this quote to emphasize human nature and remind readers of the time without social networks, which raises the nostalgic feeling.
International business is evolving and developing in the context of the 21st century, moving forward at an unrivaled pace. It is clearly a beneficial innovation for all enterprises having the potential to expand beyond national borders, giving additional opportunities and profits to those who dare to enter the international market and sustain the competitive advantage as compared to other companies acting in this sphere. The tendency of globalization that has marked the turn of the third millennium also adds positively to the development of international business, erasing all barriers of an economic, geographical, and legislative character. However, it has turned out that it is impossible to eliminate some types of barriers, namely cultural ones. With the intensification of globalization and overall world integration, the cultural differences that used to be underestimated revealed themselves more intensely, showing that the underlying reasons for all misunderstandings that may emerge in the business sphere may come from cultural diversity, mentality, and peculiarities that one or another country may possess. These peculiarities and differences may not only complicate the process of conducting business affairs but also make it completely impossible. Ethical issues have been recently recognized as one of the key factors of failure of success of a particular country, its campaigns, and undertakings. The reason for this is that within the past few decades, the reputation of the company, its ethical profile, and the pattern of corporate ethics it adopts influences its perception by consumers, directly influencing sales and overall profit. Thus, the necessity to comply with the established rules and standards that may not be fixed legally but that exists in the minds and hearts of people all over the world have to be kept to in order to sustain profitability, no matter how strange it would sound. Logically, in order to sustain a good reputation and be successful in the world market, the international companies are urged to establish a code of ethics that would comply not only with the ethical standards accepted in the host country but also in the countries in which the outsourcing capacities of the company are located or the target market at which the company sells its products or renders its services exist. Only under this condition, it becomes po
Numerous battle scenes are included in the epic, which provides insights into the way the war and men at war were seen at that time. For instance, the battle describing the courage of Patroclus unveils the major themes arising in the descriptions of such scenes (Homer 235). First, the author pays considerable attention to such details as armament. Warriors are often given specific attributes such as “silver-footed Thetis” and weapons are also well-defined as warriors are killed with “cold bronze” (Homer 235). Such details suggest that armament was an important theme as it stood for the wealth and might of the army. Battle scenes are also characterized by the description of the mental state of men who are mainly outraged and committed to revenge on their enemies. Homer also illustrates the satisfaction warriors display when they kill their enemies as every hero falls “much to the pleasure” of their rivals (Homer 236). Battle scenes are full of violence and detailed descriptions of wounds that cause death. Thus, Homer describes fighters as brutal creatures that focus on killing their enemies with all means available to them. The expression of grief and joy is another characteristic feature of the epic poem. Interestingly, men are rather emotional on the battlefield, as described by the ancient author. Patroclus is always beside Achilles to support him in the saddest moments and the moments of his rage. Patroclus remains loyal to Achilles in his rage regarding Agamemnon’s actions, which is highly appreciated by the renowned Greek hero. Achilles shows his great respect for Patroclus when he asks him to make sacrifices (Homer 220). Patroclus remains loyal to Achilles even at the moment of his death. The young man dying on the battlefield still calls his beloved companion “Peleus’ perfect son” without any remorse or pity for himself (Homer 242). This loyalty shows that the friendship of Achilles and Patroclus was a perfect relationship as seen by the Greeks. Achilles asked his young friend to be reasonable and remain calm, avoiding dangerous battles. These two Greeks were ready to give their lives for each other, and they did so. Patroclus died because he followed his companion in a brutal war. Achilles died blinded by his rage, remembering the death of his beloved friend. Uncontrollable emotions seemed one of the biggest threats to the well-being of the society at large, which can be assumed when reading the Iliad . Homer starts the epic poem with Achilles’ rage, which shows the Greeks’ attitude towards this kind of emotion (189). Achilles’ rage is described as “black and murderous” and causing “incalculable pain” (Homer 189). The encounter between Achilles and Agamemnon shows that all people who tried to resolve the conflict focused on Achilles’ emotions although they tried to make both parties satisfied. All speakers mentioned the hero’s rage and expressed their negative attitude toward such emotions. They emphasize that one of the greatest Greeks has to “swallow his temper” (Ho
Introduction An extraordinary event occurred in the year 1956. It was the birth year of the Paris Club. Representatives of various foreign governments and financial institutions met in the French capital in order to find a mutually beneficial solution to Argentina’s debt problems. Even without a legal framework to stand on, the said representatives pledged and subsequently demonstrated a high level of cooperation for the purpose of helping the Argentinian government settle its obligations. There are two major implications of the emergence of the Paris Club. With regards to international law and international commerce, the Paris Club symbolizes the need for greater cooperation in order to avert a global financial crisis. A Prelude to the Paris Club The average employee or business person is well aware of the nature of loans or debts. Most people are aware of the punitive nature of debt collections. Many are aware of the heartbreaking and mentally depressing stories of foreclosures or loan defaults. A car that is needed for work gets repossessed even after paying significant sums of money to cover the amortization requirements. Entrepreneurs lose office buildings, manufacturing facilities and different forms of properties because of the immediate demand triggered by a bank garnishment protocol. It is not hard to understand the punitive nature of debt collections. It only requires a simple insight into the nature of human beings. Regardless of color, race, or creed, people are prone to borrowing significant funds in order to acquire goods they cannot afford to keep. It is part of human nature to overestimate capabilities and underestimate risks. After breaching credit limits, overdrawing accounts, and after it is no longer possible to support a certain lifestyle based on current income levels, debtors find it easier to default on their loans instead of doing everything possible to honor their obligations. Due to the terrible business of going after errant debtors, creditors are compelled to develop unpleasant tactics in order to force them to settle their respective accounts. In the context of international finance, coercive tactics are far more unpleasant than foreclosures. In the history of international finance, creditors were made infamous by their propensity to use violent force for the purpose of collecting debts (Bonilla 2011). Wars erupt between states even if nation states borrowed money from private financial institutions. In the year 1898, Great Britain, Italy, and Germany demonstrated how private lenders have the capability to enlist the military power of their respective governments on account of bad loans (Kolb 2011). The Venezuelan government borrowed money from British, German, and Italian private lenders only to renege on the said loans at the first sign of economic trouble. As a result, warships representing the three aforementioned countries blockaded Venezuelan ports and initiated a bombardment of coastal fortifications (Kolb 2011). After this incident, historians coined the
Introduction: Living Creatures and Their Indisputable Rights The relationships between people and nature have always been complex. Whether dealing with the pollution issue, or the problem concerning the species that face the threat of extinction, people often face a dilemma, i.e., a choice between progress and nature safety. However, of all the ethical battles that people have ever had to face concerning their relationships with nature, the issue of giving the right for life to great apes seems by far the most challenging. Thesis statement: granting hominids their basic rights is crucial Although it is generally believed that people represent the highest evolution stage and are the only animals that have come up with the idea of flocking into societies, great apes also display the features that are characteristic of individuals, which means that subhuman primates must be granted their own indisputable rights, starting from the right to live, which is a basic right of any human being, to more specific rights, as the right for medical services for the great apes in zoos; however, the limitations of great apes are also to be taken into account, e.g., the absence of vocal apparatus, which means that there is no use in providing hominids with the right for free speech. On Behalf of the Great Apes: The Evidence for a Conscious Behavior To start with, it is necessary to keep in mind that both people and great apes belong to the same subclass of Hominidea, which means that there is much more in common between people and apes than the form
Abstract The paper dwells on motivation for addiction. A literature review reveals that most people will be inclined towards drug taking because of environmental factors like availability, genetic predispositions, developmental factors such as adolescence, personality components such as prevalence of psychotic traits like impulsivity, adaptations of the neurobiological system and its mechanisms as well. Adaptations occur when conditioning of the external stimuli arises. The gap in literature review found that most papers did not link motivation for drug use with preventive outcomes. A multimodal approach to drug treatment and prevention has been proposed so as to offer more successful and accurate drug programs. Introduction Addiction is defined as the propensity to indulge in strange and even destructive behavior; addicts will often lack the ability to control their habit and may continue to indulge in it even with external intervention. Several studies have been carried out in the field of drug addiction to find out what motivates users to continue taking drugs. A literature review in this area reveals that almost all motivation falls in these six categories: genetic, environmental, neurobiological mechanisms, neurobiological adaptation, personality and developmental factors. Most studies tend to focus on assessment of one or more of these factors but very few have found a way of relating these motivations to prevention and treatment programs thus minimizing the usefulness of their researches. The present study will look at current findings in the field of addiction motivation and will eventually provide recommendations on how these findings can be translated into tangible prevention outcomes. In other words, the main purpose of this research is to suggest a multi – modal approach that will link motivation for drug taking to tangible prevention outcomes. Experimental evidence Most analyses focus on collection of literature, analysis of drug addicts or experimentation with lab animals in order to unravel the nature of addiction. Crowley (1972) carried out a comprehensive study of addiction through the use of secondary literature and theoretical frameworks. He found that drug reinforcers can either be primary or secondary in that they either cause the effect of the drug directly or they lead to an effect that comes to be associated with the drug. Secondary reinforcers may either be positive or negative. He suggested that a negative secondary reinforcement was one that was learned or conditioned. In other words, if an addict experienced his or her first withdrawal effects in his parent’s house then chances are that the person would get the same feelings in his parent’s house even if he was not going through a withdrawal and this is called negative secondary reinforcement. Alternatively, conditioning or secondary reinforcement may also be positive in that it can be associated with particular peers. Although Crowley (1972) called these conditional motivators secondary rei
Purpose of the Study Non-native English speakers in learning institutions have been scoring lower grades in English classes compared to native speakers (Menken, 2006). This is the concern that has called for the introduction of the “No Child Left Behind” legislation where instructors are supposed to apply the “teach to learn” strategy to equip English Language Learners (ELLs). The purpose of this study was to find out how high-stakes tests have influenced the language policy in schools (Menken, 2006). Design/ Procedure The study was carried out in New York City, where 10 sets of data were collected from 10 high schools in the city. Data were collected to facilitate the evaluation of the current effects that the “No Child Left Behind” policy has on ELLs in high schools. Different stakeholders in English language teaching were interviewed for this study. Among those interviewed were teachers, students, as well as administrators. The research methodology was, therefore, evidence-based. This method was important because it would help in coming up with real-time data for drawing up relevant conclusions. Dependent variables included the measurement of the effects that the reforms influenced in the way the English language was taught, as well as the learning experiences for English Language Learners in New York City high schools (Menken, 2006). Independent variables, on the other hand, included focusing on the way English Language Learners perform in English