ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Parallel Model Overview Lesson Plan The parallel Overview Lesson Plan presented involves a lesson on ‘The Concept of Leadership’, suitable for pupils in grades 5 and 6. Unit Name: The Concept of Leadership; Subject Area Concerned: Social Studies; Grade level: 5, 6 The above lesson is designed for a grade five and/or grade six classes with a mixture of students of various learning abilities. The lesson does not target gifted students, and it is recommended that students of different learning abilities should be joined together to take these lessons. Assignments and group activities intended for reinforcing the concepts and ideas learnt in class will be used throughout the lessons. The lessons are estimated to last for about four weeks, with four one-hour lessons (4 hours) a week as the recommended maximum. Unit Summary The lesson has been constructed to enable the pupils understand the concept of leadership in its broad spectrum. The lessons’ paramount aim is to inculcate in the students the concept of leadership as an act, and not a position or title – that leadership is action oriented. The lessons will also help the students gain an understanding of leadership in the social, political, and religious spheres. The students will then analyze the concept of leadership in these contexts through various designed class activities and assignments. Using various sources of information, students will be guided to gain an understanding on the sub-concepts of leadership – effective leadership, decisive leadership, and failed leadership. Historical accounts of leaders in the social, political, and religious sectors of American life will be analyzed with a view to helping the students discern the role of leaders in changing society for the better. The overall aim of the lesson is to enable students to acquire leadership skills to enable them overcome different challenges in their own lives by applying the concepts and skills learnt in class. Parallels Targeted  1. The parallel of Curriculum: The lessons will aid the students to acquire knowledge about leadership and its role in society, as well as its different applications in their personal lives.  2. The Parallel of Identity: The students will analyze their own strengths and abilities as leaders during various situations they encounter or will encounter in life. The students will also give instances where they felt the leaders in their lives failed them by the directions they took, or the decisions they made.  3. The Parallel of Connection: The students will analyze various historical crises in America and pass judgment on the social (civil), political and religious leaders involved during the particular crises.  4. The parallel of Practice: Students are always involved in classes activities that involve dealing with a group of fellow schoolmates, and many of t
Introduction The themes of innocence and/or experience come out clearly in A good man is Hard to Find by O’Connor, Salvation by Hughes, A&P by Updike and Advice to My Son by Meinke. The characters in these three stories portray innocence while the theme of experience stands out conspicuously in the poem. In A Good Man is Hard to Find, grandmother shows innocence for she has blind faith and she considers everyone a ‘good man.’ Sammy in A&P shows a lot of innocence as he struggles to handle his feelings towards some scantily dressed young women. Langston’s innocence leads him to give up on his faith in Salvation while on the other side; Meinke shows experience as he gives, Advice to His (My) Son. The characters in these three stories portray the theme of innocence whilst the narrator in the poem portrays the theme of experience. In A Good Man is Hard to Find, the grandmother exhibits innocence of a small child. She simply believes everyone is a ‘good man’ without questioning his or her goodness. After Red Sammy questions why he has allowed some strangers to bill their gasoline, grandmother says, “you did it because you are a good man” (O’Connor 30). Simply because Red Sammy allowed two strangers to bill their gasoline, grandmother calls him a good man; this is innocence mixed with gullibility. When she recognizes Misfit and says that he cannot shoot a woman, the grandmother brands him, ‘a good man’ and calls him “one of my own children” (O’Connor 33). Due to the grandmother’s innocence, she believes Misfit is a ‘good man’ and thinks that he qualifies to be one of her children simply because he would not shoot a woman and he believes in Jesus Christ. Nevertheless, her innocence turns fatal when Misfit shoots her dead. Grandmother’s actions are driven by her innocence as O’Connor brings out this theme. In A&P, Sammy is very innocent. Due to his innocence, he allows the three girls to enter the grocery even though they are appareled for the beach; something not allowed in this grocery. After the general manager of the grocery reproves the women because of their dressing, Sammy feels embarrassed, removes his apron, and resigns immediately. He says, “…but remembering how he made that pretty girl blush makes me so scrunchy inside” (Updike Para. 7). He innocently sympathizes with these girls for no good reason to an extent of feeling ‘scrunchy’. He runs out expecting that the three women would sympathize with him only to find they are gone. All these events underline Sammy’s innocence. The fact that Sammy is willing to quit his job because he feels his ‘friends’ have been mistreated, highlights how innocent he is with feelings concerning women. Hughes in Salvation presents a rare case of innocence. When Langston hears about Jesus’ sermon on the mountain, he takes it literally without knowing Jesus used metaphors. Auntie Reed tells him, “when you were saved you saw a light, and something happened to your insides” (Hughes Para. 5). Due to his
In making moral decisions, truth becomes relative and what one considers morally right in a given situation might be morally wrong when viewed from another perspective in another situation. In the film Right or Wrong (Making Moral Decisions), each character is faced with a moral dilemma in making moral decisions. After the guard sees Harry’s friends vandalize
Introduction This essay presents an assessment report on the British Empire as an external threat to the Japanese Empire in 1938. The British Empire had considerable resources in Asia. Japan had created a mission to be the greatest Empire in Asia, the South Seas, and toward the end of the 19 th century, the Japanese nationalism emerged during the Meiji period (Gordon par. 3). Japan focused on enhanced industrialization, mass education, centralization, and massive military recruitments and investments (AETN UK 1). Western powers undermined Japanese imperial desires and weak military position. The Japanese Exclusion Act of 1924 even restricted the movement of the Japanese to the US. Japanese nationalists considered such decisions as provocative. Consequently, Japan appeared more xenophobic, emperor-driven, held a strong Asian-oriented view, and it considered the alliance among the US, the British Empire, Dutch, and Chinese Empire – the so-called ABCD encirclement – as a threat to its empire. The British Empire in Asia – A stronger Maritime Position and Expansion reflecting scenario planning and critical historical trajectories By 1897, Queen Victoria controlled the vast empire ever witnessed in global history (Ferguson par. 1). The British Empire had acquired 9.5 million square miles of territory by 1860, which rose to 12.7 million by 1909 (Ferguson par. 1). In fact, this figure represented 25% of the global land surface. In addition, the British Empire controlled about 444 million people globally. The British Empire led others in the scramble for Africa, the Far East, and multiple islands located in the Pacific. The Empire had more than “one continent, a hundred peninsulas, five hundred promontories, a thousand lakes, two thousand rivers, ten thousand islands” (Ferguson par. 1). Before the Japanese imperialism ambition, the British Empire had already set its interests in Asia, leading to the development and maintenance of strategic interests that could challenge any other rivals. The British Empire moved faster using the Silk Route to establish trading bases across India in Banda, Bantam, and Surat and even in Hirado, Japan. It established the English East India Company, making it a formidable force in Asia. It engaged the Dutch Empire in constant wars throughout the 17 th century and emerged the second best. The Empire developed its resources in Bombay in the West, Calcutta in the East, and occupied Madras located in the south as strategic locations for trade and protection. Consequently, the Empire became extremely influential in the region after the war that lasted seven years. The British Empire defeated the French Empire using its Royal Navy and further developed its resources in Asia after acquiring the right to collect taxes in Bengal, creating a long-term guaranteed source of income and adequate resources to expand its military operations and tax collection in Asia. The Company grew wealthier and occupied other trading bloc
Introduction The practice of using a mixed research method is relevant when scholars face the task of describing this or that problem from different points of view. For these purposes, it is often common to resort to a mixed analysis strategy where both oral surveys are conducted among target groups, and digital statistical data are compiled. As the object to analyze the use of this method, a separate article will be discussed. It is called “Examining the Attitudes and Concerns of the Kenyan Teachers Toward the Inclusion of Children with Disabilities in the General Education Classroom: A Mixed Methods Study” and it is written by Odongo and Davidson (2016). The evaluation of the method of this article’s research and its features will help to describe the relevance of the applied sample for the problem under consideration and to analyze the main characteristics of the study. Appropriateness of the Research Questions to the Study Under Consideration The research questions proposed in the article correspond to the stated type of the study since the answers to them provide not only the survey of interested persons but also a digital report on the data. Odongo and Davidson (2016) argue that one of their goals is to trace “the relationship between teachers’ concerns and their experience with inclusion of children with disabilities” (p. 3). For this purpose, it is required to cite some points that are necessary for appropriate evaluation and providing teachers with answers, which is done in the article. Also, the authors mention the peculiarities of perception of the described problems and digitally present the participants’ answers (Odongo & Davidson, 2016). It allows concluding that the applied method of research is consistent with the claimed design. Reasons for Integrating Two Types of Research The primary reason why the two research methods are combined into one is likely that the authors sought to corroborate the obtained findings in the survey process with digital information and wanted to receive the complete picture of the problem. According to Teddlie and Yu (2007), the successful integration of a quantitative and qualitative method makes it possible to have as deep an analysis of a particular issue as possible since different ways of evaluating data are applied. Odongo and Davidson (2016) note that the significance of their work lies in the fact that different stakeholders should realize the importance of the described problem. Therefore, a detailed study involving two methods of data collection and evaluation helps to comprehensively solve the task. Philosophical Perspective of the Study When assessing the article from the point of view of the philosophical perspective, it can be noted that the concept of interpretivism is relevant here since solutions taken on an individual and subjective level play a major role in the decision-making process. According to Odongo and Davidson (2016), the significance to take actions on the problem of the children with disabilities’ socialization in schools is an acute social issue. Accordingly, the need for intervention does not have the value from the economic, political or other side
In this paper, I argue that social media has become a leading source of unrealistic perceptions of wealth in the 21 st century. More specifically, the prevalence of the “hustle culture” principles in the current information space prompts people to redefine their understanding of optimal income strategies. The supporters of these ideas claim that the global capitalist economy provides immense opportunities in terms of personal income. Furthermore, when it is complemented by technology and hard work, entrepreneurship and freelancing often lead to the rapid growth of wealth. These claims are often supported by the examples of prominent personalities who became rich in a short period. Nevertheless, the hustle culture tends to describe the aforementioned success path as a guaranteed outcome rather than one of the possibilities, disregarding the secondary factors involved in the process. As a result, people’s work behavior undergoes major transformations, often having a negative impact on their lives. Social media has become a major instrument through which ideas are spread among millions of people. Among the various ideas transmitted through the prism of social network platforms, the hustle culture is among the most prominent. In its general understanding, this idea suggests that today’s world is full of immense opportunities in terms of personal income and wealth accumulation (Balkeran, 2020). However, in order to seize these opportunities, an individual is expected to venture beyond the traditional understanding of work and career. Overall, hustle culture proponents actively support the ideas of private entrepreneurship and freelancing as quick routes towards colossal wealth. This paper argues that the prevailing status of the hustling principles in the online space has nurtured unrealistic perceptions of work and success within the population. As such, social media users are prompted to believe that overworking is an indispensable determinant of wealth in the current environment. In other words, people are pushed to work beyond normal limits, thus becoming subject to excessive pressure and stress (Clark et al., 2020). Furthermore, the tone of the hustling philosophy implies that wealth and improved quality of life is the guaranteed outcome of such activities. As a result, people who work more without tangible returns in the short term feel frustrated and insecure. In addition, the glamorization of self-employment leads to a greater number of individuals who quit their careers in pursuit of quick profits. In this way, the hustle culture disregards the drawbacks and high chances of failure within these sectors, leaving people on a lower level as compared to their starting point. On the other hand, the proponents of the hustle culture argue that they do not attempt to force others to pursue a similar lifestyle. They refer to these ideas as a mere set of recommendations and a viable
Introduction The domestic dog is a member of the Canidae family. This is a biologically cohesive group of carnivores and consists of thirty-eight species (Serpell 10). thus far, man has managed to fully domesticate the dog ( Canis familiaris) although he has also attempted to breed the raccoon dog ( Nyctereutes procyonoides) and the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes) in captivity for their fur (Klinghammer and Goodmann 36). The current paper tries to show the link between the modern domesticated dog and the grey wolf using documented evidence from morphological, molecular, and DNA investigations. Tracing the origin of the domesticated dog In 1868, Darwin argued that the various domesticated varieties of the dog could have originated from several wild species or from a single wild species. A number of authors contend that the domesticated dog could have originated from the jackal, the wolf, or other unknown and extinct species (Serpell 10). Darwin also suggested that it would be almost impossible to ascertain the origin of the domesticated dog. However, the combined results of vocalisation, morphological behavior and molecular biology of the domesticated dog now show that the wolf is the principle ancestor of the dog (Grandin and Johnson 87). In the 1950s, Konrad Lorenz proposed that certain modern breeds of the dog could have been the descendants of the wolf, while others could have originated from the jackal. However, Lorenz soon realised that the jackal had a characteristic and complicated howling repertoire that is quite different from that of the wolf or dog. This discovery made Lorenz to rescind his earlier view that the domestic dog could have been a descendant of the jackal (Serpell 11). Another hotly contested idea is the origin of the Australia dingo. Molecular and anatomical
Introduction Harkness Plaza is a sleepily, lazily peaceful place today. It bustles with life on the days of performances, but right now, nothing is up at the Lincoln Center. The security members have left their posts and are talking in hushed voices. I cannot make out what they are saying, but I think that they might be joking given their smiles. The information desk lady is reading a magazine, but she occasionally looks up and around; perhaps, she hopes for an inquisitive tourist. The few visitors keep to themselves; a few of them have headphones on and keep their eyes down, occupied with the screens of their phones. I do not approach them; I do not believe that they would want an interview. Just like them, I have a table to myself, but unlike them, I keep looking around. Still, I blend into this setting quite easily with my laptop and field notes; all I need to do to fit is mind my own business and respect the others’ space. Here, observation seems to be the most appropriate approach for an ethnographer, although the information desk lady does seem open to conversation. Harkness Plaza is a public space that is a part of the Lincoln Center in New York City. Mostly, it is there to give the visitors some space to rest after a performance; it has a food court, and a few people choose to take food out to the Plaza. The area is nicely decorated; it is pleasant to sit here and relax. However, it is also a commercial area; the show tickets are bought in an office here, although a lot of visitors have a hard time finding this office. This space became the focus of my ethnographic research. I will try to represent the paradoxical nature of the Harkness Plaza by reporting my observations and interviews with people who visit it or work in it. This paper will present the results of my analysis in an attempt to demonstrate the two key themes that emerged from my data: diversification and isolation. I will argue that despite being quite diversified, the Plaza does not exactly promote interactions between diverse groups; rather, they remain quite isolated in this public space. The paper will be structured as follows. First, the methodology of this ethnographic project will be explored, and I will make a statement about my position on the topic. Then, a brief historical comment and an analysis of the social space of the Plaza will be presented. Finally, the two main themes (diversification and distrust) will be explored using ethnographic literature. The conclusions will tie the findings together, expanding on the thesis. Methodology and Position The present paper is dedicated to an ethnographic study, and its methods are defined by this approach. Furthermore, the investigation of ethnography and its methods helped me to determine my own position. In the present section, I will offer an overview of my position and the methods that I used with an explanation of how I discovered and framed them with the help of the literature on the topic. Ethnographic research requires the ethnographer to be engaged with the people he or she is studying (Geertz 1973: 13). Campb
Introduction Probiotics refer to “live microbial food supplements or components of bacteria which have been shown to have beneficial effects on human health” (Salminen, Bouley, Boutron-Ruault, Cummings, Franck, & Gibson 1998, p. 148). Early scientists such as Hippocrates saw fermented milk products like yogurt as a source of food and medicine. This is how sour milk is found used as a solution to the stomach and intestinal disorders (Lourens-Hattingh & Viljoen 2001). Scientists first became interested in probiotics and the role that they play in human health as far back as 1908. During this time, Metchnikoff, a Russian bacteriologist, proposed that man should consume fermented milk to prolong life (Harish & Varghese 2006). However, scientists took along to understand the link between the health benefits of intestinal microorganisms. Currently, scientists appear to agree that maintaining the microbial population of an individual’s digestive tract at optimal ‘balance’ is also linked to good health and nutrition (World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research 2007). ‘Probiotics’ defined The term Probiotics is a derivative of a Greek word that means, ‘for life’. Probiotics products like yogurt contain live microorganisms that are essential in improving the health status of an individual. As we age, the equilibrium of our intestinal microflora is destabilized, with the “bad bacteria” replacing “good bacteria”. Consuming probiotics restore this balance (Salminen et al. 1998). Although humans have natural probiotics in their bodies, factors such as stress, poor diet, and hormonal imbalances tend to destabilize these levels (British Nutrition Foundation 2013). Therefore, we must boost these levels by consuming food supplements rich in probiotics (Ataie-Jafari et al. 2009). Viable Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus cells in bio-yogurt assist in the delivery of the desired goals (Anderson & Gilliand 1999). Metchnikoff proposed the ‘longevity-without-aging theory which holds that the conversion of lactose in milk into galactose and lactic acid through fermentation using live bacteria helps to displace toxin-producing bacteria in the gut (Anderson & Gilliand 1999). Although earlier work on the role of lactic cultures in foods mainly dwelt on the treatment of intestinal infections, the focus has now shifted to other health benefits, including their role in combating flu, bad breath, and allergies. Nutritional Content It is important to note that the nutritional content of yogurt is superior to that of fresh milk and other foods. The most notable nutrients in yogurt are riboflavin, calcium, as well as vitamin B 12, and vitamin B6 (Webb 2006). The addition of the starter culture in yogurt enhances its nutritional benefits (Lourens-Hattingh & Viljoen 2001). Besides, the conversion of lactose (