ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The classification of different groups in the society is a practice that has gone on for some time now. Classification of countries is done based on the study of the cultures of the population of the country. Hofstede is one of the most renowned scholars who have attempted to define and expound on the subject of cultural classification of countries. The paper has explored the features and the assumptions that were used by Hofstede to group Arab countries into one. The findings have revealed that a number of characteristic are justified, while other characteristics are not justified because they follow a general framework that does not reflect the entire Arab countries. It has also been noted that there is a widening gap in the development of cultures within the Arab world. Therefore, trying to single out characteristics of cultural classifications and applying them collectively is no longer considered rational. Introduction There seems to be a growing trend in the classification of things in the world. One of these trends is in the classification of people, societies and even countries according to the perceptions that are held about the people, societies or even the countries. Culture comes from the mental programming of the mind, which makes human beings to attach certain behaviour to a certain group of people, societies or countries. For instance, most people attribute Islam to Arab countries, yet there are a substantial number of people from the Arab countries who are not Muslims. Hofstede is one of the renowned researchers who have made attempts to group countries according to cultural proximity. To advance this, Hosfstede was convinced that Arab countries could fit into one group. This paper explores the differences in the categorization of Arabian countries by Hofstede. The paper begins by justifying Hofstede grouping of the Arab countries. This is followed by a criticism of the Hofstede grouping. The criticisms are backed by suggestions of elements of grouping, which seem rational. Literature Review Understanding cultural grouping Hofstede observed that culture is a critical factor when it comes to the social and economic classification of countries. The features of companies on the global markets are highly influenced by their culture. Within the context of the knowledge society that is characterized by growth in the channels of information exchange, Hofstede brings about a cultural dimension that is used to classify countries in the international scene according to their cultures. According to Hofstede, culture can be defined as the programming of the human mind, which leads to the separation of one category of people from others. The social environment in which a person resides has a profound influence on the mental programming of a person, thereby determining how the person distinguishes groups of people within the society (Hofstede & Hofstede 2005). Hofstede argued that there ar
The challenge posed by homelessness became a complex issue in society today due to myriad of social problems inflicted to individuals, families and even governments. For instance, any government whose sizeable population does not have formal homes may be found distressed due to tarnished image alongside rising crime rate. While empirical research studies have highlighted some of the possible and diverse causes that contribute to this crisis, it is integral to point out that natural disasters, chronic housing problems as well as high unemployment index have significantly aggravated the risk of being homelessness. In addition, homelessness does not occur instantly but it is a continual process. As analyzed in this paper and from the article More Homeless than Athletes in 2010 by Paulsen (thetyee.ca), it is evident that prolonged homelessness among individuals in Tyee Vancouver is likely to increase their population and give a way to more people to be entrenched in the population of the homeless. Hence, this theoretical argument underpins the focus of this analysis by using Young’s notion of social justice. Besides, it adopts the social adaptation account or cultural identification thesis to illustrate effects of homelessness such as depression and its impacts on individuals and society. Arguments from Young’s framework and phases of depression point out that due to lack of social justice, homeless people undergo difficulties and marginalization
Introduction Literacy programs are beneficial because they help in coding teaching into an activity that is beneficial to recipients. The way in which education programs are taught is as equally valuable as the content of the programs. Teaching and learning are involved in comprehensive literacy programs. The education system now is unusually comprehensive because students are engaged in the programs. They learn through themes, as well as reading and writing (Cooper, Kiger, Robinson & Slansky, 2011). Literacy models are valuable because they clearly articulate the activities in learning by focusing on the learner and the trainers. The models explain how learning activities are articulated in an ideal learning environment. The reading and writing proficiency is easily enhanced through a comprehensive literacy model. Learning is directly impacted by the physical environment, the pace of instructions and consistency in giving instructions. Education has changed from the way it was being looked at in the past. Today, students are expected to develop proficient skills in reading and writing at an exceptionally early stage of learning (Colorado Striving Readers Comprehensive Literacy Proposal, 2012). This paper discuses the development of a comprehensive literacy model for elementary schools (k-5) model. It describes how the model will be structured to reflect the literacy objectives and how they will be applied. Summary of the components of a comprehensive literacy model A comprehensive literacy model for complementary grades has to address a number of competencies. These competencies are: vocabulary, writing and comprehension. These appertain to competencies in English language arts. Struggling students may require instructions meant to enhance their fluency and accuracy in identifying words and their usage. Researchers in education have established various components that form a comprehensive literacy model for elementary students. The first feature is fluency and accurate identification of words in their context. Fluency is the ability of the students to read without decoding the words. It gives the students a chance of focusing on the meaning of the context. Fluency is a key feature of skilled reading by the students. Building fluency is a key objective for students in the elementary grades within the United States. Vocabulary becomes advanced and difficult as students advance. Also, the sentence structure and setup advances as students move to upper grades. Thus, fluency and accuracy are vital in helping students to catch up with the advancing language in learning (Cooper, Kiger, Robinson & Slansky, 2011). Reading comprehensive is another component of a comprehensive literacy model. Reading comprehension is a process of simultaneous extraction and construction of meaning through interaction as well as involvement with written language. Comprehension skills in children begin to be traced at the time when the children become exposed to oral language such as listening to stories.
Introduction The convergence of technology, as it has happened lately with convergence of television stations, is the evolving of different technological advances that perform similar tasks. The convergence of technology in the media field can be defined by the interlinking of the computing and information technologies that have become popular with the internet as well as the products and services which have emerged in the digital media space. With the current competition and the changes in the television and online services, people are no longer willing to pay less to the Pay TV broadcasters and the emergence of free TV is gaining an audience to the expense. As online and internet services gain momentum, they are slowly becoming substitutes since users are watching less TV even during the prime time. With TV, the threat of market entry is low and decreasing while the barriers of entry remain high. The bargaining power in the production industry is high and as the price increase, these costs are passed directly to TV stations and this has made some TV companies to integrate backwards. As a result, the TV industry has become unattractive and the big players in the industry have introduced digital TV (Dowling, Thielmann & Lechner, 1998). How It Works The telecommunication and cable television companies in the USA, Africa and other places are undergoing rapid transformation in the technologies used and in the services they are offering. These enterprises no longer rely on copper wires alone as their means of transmission they have transformed into using optic fiber cables which carries information on a pulse of right and wireless systems which usually makes use of the electromagnetic spectrum. These optic fibers then are connected to the internet whose software is fast and they complement as well as compete with traditional technologies which were unable to do this. Benefits The advantage of television convergence is that it is an economic strategy where several media properties are brought to work together. This strategy works under three elements which are corporate concentration whereby few large companies own more and more media properties. Then digitization follows whereby the media content produced in a universal computer language easily adapted for use by any medium, and finally the government deregulation that has allowed different media conglomerates to own different kinds of media; For example, one company can own a radio station, a TV station, and newspapers. This strategy allows the company to reduce labor and administrative costs to use the same media content across several media outlets. The convergence of television stations has offered unprecedented reporting and marketing opportunities but to what extent the partners take advantage of the emerging opportunities remains a big issue. In continents like Africa, the introduction of DSTV which brings together several channels sports, movies, news and of late has invited also local television stations to join the service TV and has enabled more consumers in accessing different channels according to their wish. The potential benefits from adopting converged communicatio
Abstract Australia is a steadily growing economy that can attribute its success to the economic policies that have been applied. This report evaluates the macroeconomic setting in economic growth, unemployment, inflation and trade. The investigations will discuss the performance after adoption. Issues surrounding the macroeconomic policies will be discussed. Two major policies have been adopted and have been successful. The monetary and fiscal policies are most effective when applied within a short period. They have been implemented in creation of more water resources, expansion of the port, communication infrastructure, transport network and education. The policies have seen reduced rates in taxation, privatized the governmental enterprises and changed the structure of the enterprises. The main challenge is that the electorate and the legislature have sometimes used the policies for their own interests. Another challenge is that employment is sometimes unsustainable. To overcome the challenges, reports on the implementation of the policies need to be documented and availed for analysis. This will also allow for transparency. There is also need to form independent groups to be in charge of the fiscal policy and monetary policy. Introduction The Australian government has been keen to attain economic growth, reduce the levels of inflation create sustainable employment and create opportunities for future, in terms of market. Due to the dynamics of the market, Australia has adopted policies that control the economic prospects in a changing market. This is a report on the macroeconomic policy settings for economic growth, unemployment, inflation and trade currently being applied in Australia. The current macroeconomic setting in Australia The economy of Australia receives greater revenue from mining and agriculture than from other services. In line with Travel Document Systems (2011, p. 1), government has benefited from exporting raw materials as well as manufacturing them. Manufacturing therefore, is causing gradual economic growth and creating more trade opportunities while creating more employment. Redding & Venables (2004, p. 34) add that the policies that have been adopted have enabled Australia compete in the international trade. Currently, the high tariffs and strict trade rules have been lessened to enable a steady growth and to control inflation. Adopted from: https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-cpi Free trade characterizes the economy. Australia has also enacted policies that have made the currency remain afloat in a tough economic era. Furthermore, the financial sector has undergone reforms that have contributed to the positive outcome in the market and stability. For instance, the policies allow the use of foreign banks. Australia has within its economic power, reduced the unemployment levels by allowing labor flexibility for workers. The government has also reviewed its structures to ensure that the systems allow for growth, reduce inflation, create more employment and lead to future trade opportunitie
Revised Qualitative Problem Statement There is a general abuse, discrimination, marginalization, and harassment of womenfolk in information technology (IT) industries. This social or behavioral conflict has made the full participation of women in IT poor and invisible; even though there is a slight growth in advocate level for equality/empowerment of woman as against male marginalization, globally. Age-long masculinist ideologies have continued to be dramatically untenable, notional and justice-distributive (Haraway, 1991). Technology is seen by most men (and indeed society) as a man’s zone to dominate and transform; therefore the presence of a woman in this sphere is unusually considered by men as unacceptable or even as a privilege for abuse. The effect or consequence of gender discriminations as practiced in IT industries is the limitation of IT-based industries particularly in terms of growth. There is an equal wastage of talents only on account of gender as womenfolk continually face various challenges capable of distracting their excellence in performance. Research has therefore identified the need to address challenges met by woman at the work-place in IT organizations for enhancing equality and consequently, productivity (Turkle, 1984; Wajcman, 1991; Rakow, 1992; Riano, 1994; Plant, 1997). This study equally identifies with the need to promote a more free participation of women in IT; on a broad screen, this can be achieved through more enlightenment of gender issues, appropriately developed research, and an enabled sex-disaggregation. The study is therefore institutionalized to address complex issue of abuse, discrimination, marginalization, and harassment of females at the workplace in information technology industries through both structural qualitative and quantitative research methods using sampling. The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of assorts from the workplace in IT on women particularly in the US. Two hundred questionnaires are to be administered online for assessment of how women are finding IT based organizational or industrial challenges, or otherwise. These findings would also be backed up with one hundred verbal qualitative interviews to validate or authenticate the responses from the two hundred administered questionnaires. The option to authenticate the previous findings is born out of the need to find a reliable database that could be used to address the important issue in discuss. Hence the researcher is disposed with a formidable research tool for a well presented point of view. A concise, straightforward, but yet clear imagery of the subject matter is desir
Introduction The industrial revolutions of the 18 th and 19 th centuries transformed nations and empowered individuals to seek equality, justice, and freedom from oppression. People realized the need to establish institutions that will safeguard their interests and promote the development of economic, political, and social structures. Democracy became a reality and dictators started to realize the need to respect the rights of other people. It is necessary to explain that people died and the property was destroyed during the struggle for independence in most nations. Therefore, people enjoy the freedom of democracy, even though most of them do not know what their forefathers experienced to make their countries independent. Colonialism, illiteracy, poverty, and diseases are some of the barriers that hindered the attainment of freedom in most nations. This research paper compares various issues surrounding elections in Japan and China. Independence in Japan and China Japan is respected by many nations because it has never been under any colony. Other nations were colonized for different periods, but Japan maintained its sovereignty and independence for many years. History explains that the closest this country came to being colonized was during the Second World War when the United States wanted to control it (Thies 2010). However, the colonizers managed to occupy the island of Okinawa for twenty years. The history of Japan dates back to the 18 th century when it had already united and formed a central government. It is important to explain that the fact that Japan was never colonized does not mean that it did not experience conflicts. The Mongols tried to invade Japan several times, but this government was strong and defeated its attackers (Grofman 2009). It is important to explain that unity among the Japanese, availability of funds, and a strong political and civil awareness enabled Japan to remain free of outside authorities. Europeans were welcome in Japan during the 16 th century, but their influence on the locals was restricted. In addition, contact with the outside world was cut for two centuries when Tokugawa Shogunate united the Japanese and ensured their culture was not interfered with by the western world (Thies 2010). The modernization program launched in Japan during the 19 th century enabled this country to defeat Russia in the First World War. However, Japan made a mistake by venturing into a mission of securing resources and the introduction of imperialism in its leadership that made it go to war with China and America. This weakened its military and financial resources and made this government cede part of its island to the United States. The Japanese remained united and focused on the need to develop their economy, strengthen their political institutions and protect the cultural interests of
Introduction All women regardless of their location have a possibility of multiple pregnancy; still, in the USA this rates increased greatly in the recent years. Professionals who deal with pregnancy care and childbirth education notice that just between 1995 and 2000 the number of multiple gestations increased for almost 20% (Montgomery et al., 2005). Today a little bit more than 3% of all children born in the USA are at least twins. Of course, having a child is usually considered to be an extremely happy event in the life of a woman and her partner. Still, evidence reveals that a multiple pregnancy can be entailed by the negative consequences that are often treated too lightly. That is why healthcare providers need to educate future mothers and their families regarding pregnancy and possible complications. Nurses should take into consideration their condition and ensure that women receive all they need, and healthcare staff monitors and controls their condition regularly. Concept of Multiple Gestation As a rule, women give birth to one child at once but in some cases, they can have two or even more fetuses. Such condition is commonly known as a multiple gestation. Professionals believe that the main reason why it became so widespread today deals with the appearance and common usage of fertility technology for infertility treatment (Montgomery et al., 2005). Now women who were previously claimed to be unable to have children become pregnant in this way. They all initially have several fertilized ova, as the risk of losing them is very high. Maintaining delayed childbearing and being more than 45 years old is one more condition that causes a multiple pregnancy. Singleton births are less dangerous and have lower miscarriage rates. In order to improve the situation but not affect the causes of having twins or triplets, as they are often treated positively by the society, professionals developed several treatment approaches that can be rather effective. They offer to refer to reproductive treatment cycles to reduce risks for both women and their children. Moreover, special guidelines exist for both healthcare professionals and future parents. They allow to plan various periods of life starting with the desire to have a child and ending with the pre-school years. Signs and Symptoms. Treatment Modalities Women can find out that they are going to have more than one child in deferent ways. Still, the most efficient and authoritative one is ultrasound confirmation. Realizing that a woman is going to become a mother for several children, they and t