ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This book observed well-liked, bureaucratic and royal reactions to the gesticulation of supposed sorcery cases, which began from Jiangnan and extended to other areas from late March to early November 1768. It can be seen from the book that, the Qianlong Emperor’s involvement of these cases with the matters of dissent and agitation, resulted to the extreme utilization of imperial authority to act against these cases. From this it can be argued that, these cases endangered both the honesty of the legal structure and local order (Kuhn 12-309). From the book; in most areas of central and north China there was a consideration of the local executives concerning cases of evident sorcery. In this case, different aspects were involved in these sorcery cases, where in some instance an adversary’s name would be placed on the supporters of a bridge-construction project. From this, the enemy’s soul would be crushed by the gust of the construction-crews’ mallets. Based on this it can be argued that, the writers argument was the belief in sorcery among the Chinese. On the other hand religion was another argument of the writer where he said that; the Chinese people believed that the cutting off the trimmings of people’s lines of hairs, could call for the spirits with the stolen tresses. In this case, these spirits’ appearances could then form the shock hordes for burglary groups, or for those setting up new wicked exploits. From this it can be argued that, the Chinese people believed in calling for help from the spirits (Ding et al. 102-134). It can be argued that, Kuhn offered a charming explanation of the sorcery occurrences at the well known community level. In this case, he described the character and risk of ‘soul-stealing’ to recount the episodes of supposed soul-stealing; as they were taken to regional administration courts. Additionally, he delineated the legal processes that were used to solve the cases and reconcile the local tranquil (Weber et al. 133-148) It can be seen from his book that, Kuhn explained the socio-psychological division and the administration organization of the Qianlong era. In this case, he pointed out the edge-cutting predicament to worries about spirit stealers from both the sovereign and the masses; hence a theme of social stratification. Based on this, despite the fact that the Qianlong era had been commended in history as an affluent period, the frequent stresses of the overpopulation and the deteriorating fraction of possessions per capita placed the commoners in a state of restlessness. From this it can be argued that, the commoners always thought that their lives were endangered by invisible ambient spirits. On the other hand, the monarch thought that there was an incitement to rebellion and incorporation of people’s way of life by Han. As a result of these, the ruler and the ordinary people worked together in ordering the administrators to press the movement of impeaching sorcery cases. By doing this, the priests and the vagabonds in China became the scapegoats (Kohn 167-183). It can further be argued from the book that, the fears connected with sorcery were worsened in this era because many Chinese communities we
This is a lesson plan for the multicultural learning of science. The aim of the plan is to utilize the legend of the Mayans to depict to the students the way science evolved through the ages. The paper is directed towards students of fourth standard. Performance Objective The aim of the lesson is to enhance the ability of the students to inculcate inferential learning, derivation of information from their readings, and inculcate their oral and written skills. Essential Questions   * How science evolved into its present forms?   * How science was practices in ancient times?   * What we know about the scientific knowledge of ancient civilizations like the Mayans?’ NYS Standards This lesson will show the students the historical development of science as described in the NYS standard four. Key Ideas  1. The first idea described is the Earth and the celestial phenomenon of the planets.  2. The three main elements of Earth viz. air, water, and land are described. Key Skills The key skills required for the lesson is a clear idea of how the Mayan culture and their knowledge of science can be used as a taxonomy for students to understand how science existed in ancient times. Materials The first thing that has to be done is to make a knowledge chart that forms into three columns. In the first column, the students enter their knowledge about the Mayans. The second will record what the students know about the Mayans and the third column shows what the students learnt during the course of the lesson. The second material required for the study would be a world map to demonstrate where the students are and where the Mayans lived. The third material required for the class are books and literature on myths pertaining to the Mayan culture. The fourth material would be materials to develop a scrapbook that will help the students to do a project on the Mayans. The books that are to be read for the class are Mayan and Aztec Mythology by Jim Ollhoff and Maya and Aztec Mythology Rocks! by Michael A. Schuman . The other book that will be used for the study is Three Gold Pieces . Introduction to the Lesson The knowledge table should be made in the first class. This will help to ascertain what the students actually know of the Mayans and what has to be taught to them. Further, this will also help the instructor to learn what the students would like to learn about the myths and legends. What aspect the children are more interested to learn can be gauged through this exercise. The first lesson should also incorporate the world map, which would give a clear idea to the students about the whereabouts of the Mayan civilization vis-à-vis their country. Instructional Activity The second lesson should be about reading the Mayan myths. The main aim of the class would be study Mayan folk tales and myths that gave a glimpse into the great Mayan culture and civ
When people hear of hallucinogens, they frequently automatically think of LSD or hallucinogenic mushrooms. However, the varieties of drugs that cause hallucinations are still being explored, and one of such incognito hallucinogens is salvia. Although many people do not know about its existence, according to the 2016 reports, more than five and a half million US residents have tried salvia (Gonzales, 2018). Over the last years, Salvia Divinorum has become a topic for continuous discussion due to little knowledge on the subject of its addictive and influential patterns. Since drugs such as LSD are illegal across the US, salvia has a similar effect for less money and legal responsibility (Levinthal, 2014). The major difference between salvia and LSD is that the latter keeps the brain influenced for approximately twelve hours, while salvia has a short-term effect that lasts from thirty minutes to a few hours. Speaking of the drug influence, salvia’s impact on the human brain is similar to that of LSD, but it is still not completely examined in terms of its interactions with the human body. Since there are no estimated deaths caused by the drug, scientists have not paid much attention to the epidemic salvia expansion. The drug is still not restricted by the federal government, and it is only prohibited in some states by local legislatures as people are not aware of whether the drug has the risk of long-term addiction. According to the latest reports, salvia is now compared to marijuana in terms of physical characteristics, but with the hallucinogenic effect (Gonzales, 2018). Hence, nowadays, there are many assumptions on the topic of salvia’s potential, but the latest usage patterns show that the drug needs substantial immediate examination. LSD Flashbacks Treatment LSD, being the most notorious hallucinogenic drug, is commonly used in order to experience visual hallucinations that can last for hours. Although there is a belief that single-use drug consumption is not affecting the brain and the human bod
Learning is the acquisition of knowledge skills or attributes by students. Learning is a systematic process and depends on a number of factors which include the source material, the medium, and the method of instruction. For learning to occur there must be a presence of some medium or a mix of media to deliver the required instruction to the learners. The media plays the role of delivering content to the students. It is therefore a vehicle for delivering the materials required for learning. The media does not influence the student’s achievement in learning. The media should not only be looked at from the point of view regarding only the surface features. We should keep in mind that there exist some kind of structures and causal mechanisms by which the media interacts with cognitive and social processes. Learning through the media can be assessed in terms of cognitively important capabilities or attributes. This includes technology symbols and systems which are vital for processing. Clark R. E (1973). Technology here is used to mean the physical, mechanical, and electrical capabilities of a given medium that are significant in giving the media its name for instance a T.V or Radio. The term symbol system refers to the ways of expressing ideas by utilization of symbols t
Introduction Situated in the South Eastern corner of China, Hong Kong occupies an area of 11,104 square kilometers which is about 426 square miles. Most people, about 97% are Chinese and speak Cantonese and English, despite the fact that Mandarin is becoming more popular in the region of late (Henderson, 2002). The most common religions are Buddhism and Christianity. The main mode of communication used by tourism personnel and taxi drivers when communicating with tourists is English. When we talk of cultural and historical value we realize it is a very important thing since people behavior pattern varies between different regions and distinct cultural background.In this paper we are going to look at whether the religions beliefs and behavior patterns of the people have negative or positive impacts on cultural tourism development in Hong Kong region. This implies that Hong Kong is seen as to be using its unique heritage in a time of transition and uncertainty to assist in defining a distinct identity that is partly expressed through tourism (Henderson, 2002). The region since it has varied culture that is more than one religion and languages make it be in the fore front when it comes to cultural tourism development. The existence of a good number of entertainment features and heroes are some of factors that will be discussed in this paper. For example the Christmas festival performed by Christians in the region has highly attracted more and more tourists. Despite the positive development the tourism industry is getting in Hong Kong, there are numerous problems which have hindered its rapid development. This paper therefore, tries to analyze the opportunities and barriers to tourism development in the region. Aim To analyze the cultural tourism development in Hong Kong region. Objectives  1. To investigate the cultural factors that has led to the development of cultural tourism in the region.  2. To investigate how religion especially Christianity influences tourism development in the region.  3. To analyze the cultural tourism development using PEST and SWOT analysis.  4. To investigate impact of globalization on development of cultural tourism in Hong Kong. Tourism, Traditions and Religion The availability of different groups in the region makes Hong Kong to enjoy cultural tourism development over other countries in the region. In Hong Kong Religion is viewed as a vehicle for peace between people and nations. They advocate for peace and justice to prevail in the society. For instance, the region contains different religious groups such as Christianity, Buddhism, and Taoism. The role of religion in promoting cultural tourism development has been recognized on what happened in the September 11 th , 2001 terrorist attack. In Christianity point of view, the incidence was termed as axis of evil and they reacted fi
Leadership Profile I have chosen to profile Napoleon Bonaparte, because his life is the best example of the idea that charismatic leadership is not enough to create significant and lasting achievements. At the same time, his sudden rise to the top not only exemplifies a dramatic life story, but it also serves as a cautionary tale to show that ambitious leaders who do not consider the lives of other people will themselves die a tragic death. For the purpose of this study, I decided to use two websites. The online version of Encyclopedia Britannica provided a scholarly source regarding the life and times of the famous French military leader. For the second website, I chose an online article written by a military officer, also a renowned historian, who authored a book about the leadership style of Napoleon Bonaparte. Based on information gathered from the two websites, the central idea that caught my attention was that Bonaparte’s success on the battlefield was not significant enough to cover his failures after careful consideration of the overall impact of his leadership. For example, Bonaparte failed in his personal life, as he was separated from his loved ones. Furthermore, he was responsible for the senseless deaths of hundreds of thousands of soldiers under his command (Godechot 1). It is interesting to note that historians oftentimes highlight the ability of Napoleon Bonaparte to win in battles wherein his army was outnumbered and headed toward defeat. However, these historians failed to focus on the fact that these victories were the result of Napoleon Bonaparte’s charismatic leadership style (Riley 1). In other words, the French general under consideration inspired his troops to die on the battlefield, but he was unable to justify the sacrifices that his men made for him. In the end, Bonaparte was unable to strengthen the position of France as a major political player in Europe. He was not a good leader, because he allowed his personal ambition to cloud his judgment. The best example of the negative effect of his problematic ego was his decision to invade Russia, to enter a vast territory close to wintertime because he wanted to destroy his enemy without regard to the physical limitations of his army (Riley 1). Due to Bonaparte’s desire to win without considering the long-term impact of his actions, he forced a 600,000-strong army to march into Russia. He stayed for several weeks in the hostile territory because he wanted to break the will of the Russian army. However, he miscalculated the impact of the freezing winter weather. As a result, though he brought more than half a million soldiers to fight when he ordered the retreat, he was left with only 100,000 soldiers, not to mention the loss in terms of horses and weapons. Thus, it is important to go beyond a person’s reliance on charismatic leadership and focus on strategies and leadership philosophies that were created to produce substantial results. Leadership Philosophy I belie
Introduction Background Concrete is a conventional building material because it is not only durable but also made easily during construction. Concrete deterioration is one of the major issues in the construction industry that causes defects in structures. The understanding of the causes and the rate of concrete deterioration forms the basis of constructing enduring structures. Normally, concrete deterioration is subject to numerous forces, which collectively contribute to overall deterioration. Poor construction practices, harsh weather conditions, and chemical reactions are some of the major causes of concrete defects in most structures. According to Gollu et al. (2016), aggregate expansion, bacterial corrosion, seawater effects, chemical damage, calcium leaching, and physical damage are some of the causes of concrete defects. In essence, physical, chemical, and biological factors interact in the environment and contribute to the deterioration of concretes. The nature of defect varies depending on the causes and exposure condition resulting in the formation of the hairline crack, single crack, multiple cracks, minor spalling, severe spalling, spalling on exposed reinforcement, demolishing, minor repair, or major repair. The defects also varied according to the construction designs such as in-situ reinforced, composite in-situ, composite, pre-stressed, precast, plain, culvert, brick, box culvert, and barrel rail parapet types of concretes. Structures can be footbridges, over-bridge, under-bridge, gantry bride, or wall. When defects occur, they can fall under insignificant, serviceable, or very significant in the aspect of urgency repair. In this view, this research paper examines member type, exposure condition, and urgency of repair relative to three types of concrete defects, namely, minor defects, minor spalling, and major deterioration. Problem Statement Concrete deterioration is a major issue in the construction industry because it reduces the durability of structures, weakens the stability of buildings, causes the loss of lives, and contributes to the loss of property. Since there are numerous causes of concrete deterioration, which range from structural design to environmental factors, it is difficult to point out the exact cause of a specific deterioration (Gollu et al. 2016). Some concrete effects occur due to a single cause while others occur due to multiple causes. To understand the causes of concrete defects, construction engineers need to identify real causes and recommend appropriate repair interventions to prevent the occurrence of major structural disasters. Nepal and Chen (2015) explain that reinforcement corrosion is a major problem in the construction industry because it contributes to the occurrence of concrete defects and structural disasters. The adequate inspection of structures for concrete defects requires the understanding of diverse causes and the degree of their impacts on different forms of concrete deteriorations. In this view, a comparison of the degree of defects with exposure condition, the urgency of repair, and member type of defect would provide important information about the causes and the occurrence
Introduction No other case has captured the public’s attention in recent times, more than the trial and sentencing of Derek Chauvin, a former police officer, for the killing of George Floyd. His imprisonment is a culmination of the fateful events of May 25, 2020, when a routine police response to a 911 call spiraled into an unfortunate manifestation of the influence of racial prejudice on law enforcement. Four officers disregarded department policies in the execution of the arrest (Hill et al., 2020). Notably, Chauvin employed a fatal maneuver that suffocated Floyd and rendered him unconscious. He pinned him to the ground with a knee to his neck for at least eight minutes and did not remove it for more than a minute after paramedics arrived and Floyd had lost consciousness (Hill et al., 2020). While this case is unarguably a textbook example of the brutality, discrimination, and prejudice by police officers against African-Americans, some consider the officer’s resort to force under the circumstances as justifiable. However, from a communication perspective, the fateful outcome was avoidable had the officers embraced a collaborative, rather than confrontational, approach that would have facilitated the de-escalation of the situation. The Communication Concern in the Chauvin-Floyd Interaction The underlying concern raised by the interaction between Floyd and Chauvin as well as the other three police officers is that a breakdown of communication before and during the arrest led to the escalation. A further complication derived from the continued violations by the police officers in the form of brutality meted out against the suspect and failure to heed his requests for help (Hill et al., 2020). Unfortunately, the way Chauvin and his colleagues handled Floyd’s arrest is reflective of the typical interplay in communication between law enforcement and suspects within the parameters set by law. Police officers traditionally deploy an authoritative and confrontational, rather than cooperative, approach to communication. According to the cooperative principle, sufficient detail (quantity), candor (quality), relevance (relationship), and non-ambiguity (manner) are imperative (Chen, 2019). As demonstrated below, the quantity and manner maxims of the cooperative principle were absent from the Chauvin-Floyd interaction that, combined with adversarial pragmatic cues, resulted in a communication breakdown. The failure of effective communication between the officers and the suspect undoubtedly contributed to the unfortunate outcome. As noted, the circumstances are indicative of the absence of the components of the cooperative principle. First, the officers did not provide an adequate level of detail required to execute a proper arrest and, second, ambiguity and excessive confusion underlined the situation. These conclusions are discernible from reports that Floyd had been asleep i
Communication is an essential management process for any would-be successful organization. Indeed it is intended to be the medium through which the top management and the subordinate could reach heights of cohesiveness and undertake their functions successfully. Group discussions and meetings in particular are one of the commonplace management tools in the ordinary way of life and also in the business world. Unlike most other forms of communication which have a limited scope of participation, meetings can yield purely insurmountable results when heeded by knowledgeable chairs. For a number of reasons, however, certain leaders in such meetings tend to suppress the free atmosphere of participation, either out of ignorance or deliberately. For egoism, purposes consider the following case study. Recently, the director of our institution summoned a meeting of the heads of departments where a number of issues were to be discussed. Every participant was notified of the actual venue and the agenda clearly before the actual date. This I believe was credible since it gave us enough time to research and put our houses in order just in case we were called to answer matters arising from our department. When the actual day came, we were all set at the venue, but the chair who arrived an hour later, since he hadn’t issued an apology to the effect that he wouldn’t be able to attend and as such had not delegated his task, we were kept waiting all this time in anticipation of his attendance. By the time the director arrived, it was almost lunch break, but there was no possibility of dispersing the members for lunch and recalling them the same day so the meeting kicked off. The chair took control of the whole meeting minutes to the taking down of the minutes. In defense, he claimed that he was doing so in order to hasten the proceedings so as to recover lost time. When I looked around, the faces of most participants were pale and lacked the enthusiasm of whatever was happening and so was mine. The chair kept on probing for answers to the key agenda from the already disintegrated members and there was a lot to conclude from this whole scenario. The mood of the meeting was wanting and it was almost clear that everyone was looking forward to its close. In my opinion, I think I have some points to make as to why the other people behaved the way they did, Firstly, there was a lack of cohesion amongst the members, and the chair failed to read the mood and take necessary corrective measures early enough. I agree with the fact that there are some uncontrollable factors that could affect meetings like personality type and other environmental factors. Nevertheless, others are within our control for example leadership style. The leader should have chosen the style of leadership which could ma