ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The 21 st century has seen the emergence of China as a global economy giant and it has even surpassed Japan which has for long enjoyed the status of a leading economy only second to the US. Many people accept the fact that the Chinese economy will continue to rise and will soon be competing with that of the US, written on paper, this is no mean task if the current economies of the two economies is anything to go by. Statistics for the fiscal year ending 31 st December 2009 indicate that the Chinese GDP stood at $4.99 trillion during the third quarter of the same year, a far small figure in comparison to that of the US, which stood at $14.266 trillion. This is despite the fact that the US economy had registered a -2.4% GDP while China’s GDP growth was 9.1% (Economy Watch, para 1). The US economy, as earlier stated, is way above that of China and is projected to retain its ranking as the world’s largest economy for many years to come. China’s main source of economic growth is its population of 1.3 billion, most of who are poor; however, this population is set to decline, thanks to the one child policy. In contrast, the US population is speedily rising and according to census results, the population is expected to peak 570 million by 2100. The GDP per capita, which gives a rough value of the value of goods produced per person, is $3.677 in China while that of the US is $46,442 and this implies that more Americans are involved in nation building (Johnson, para. 2). Cost of Living in China As earlier said, the main force behind the Chinese economy is its large population base of unskilled labor force, most of who are poor. Despite the economic progress that has been made, the benefits are yet to trickle down to the Chinese citizens. Inequalities exist in the country in terms of access of basic amenities and even income mainly due to the liberalization of the markets. Per capita income (annual income per household) is approximately $2,000, a very low figure in comparison to global standards, this places it at 107 th out of 179 nations (JustLanded, para. 6). The cost of living in the country in the country has increased with economic progress that China has undergone recently. Shanghai, Beijing and Hong Kong are some of the cities with the highest standards of living in the world. Rents for high-rise apartments can go as high as $ 10,000 per month or more. Education too does not come cheaply and if one moves within the ‘higher circles’ of the society, he must be prepared to pay Western prices at classy restaurants and other places. However, the cost of living can be quite cheap if one opts to live on the bottom and lower circles. Rail transport
The main work of the choir conductor takes place during rehearsals. After the conductor selects music and singers, he begins musical interaction with the choir. The conductor explains to the singers how he would like the piece to sound. Gestures, facial expressions assist the conductor in interaction with the singers. The easier it is for the chorus to understand the conductor’s body language, the more deeply they will perceive his idea about the final sound of a piece of music. There are some rules in conducting, the observance of which helps the choir and the conductor himself to achieve success. During the rehearsal, the conductor must be able to keep the choir’s attention. Otherwise, the choir will stop perceiving the conductor’s words, which may affect the qualit
The task of every government is to protect human rights and Primary Social Goods, such as “income, wealth, rights, liberties, opportunities, status, and self-respect” (Shaw & Barry 2011). The issue of business ethics is a primary point that should be taken into consideration when it comes about the economy of the country, reforms that can influence the welfare of citizens and national budget. The positions of justice, economic distribution, equality of income, etc are to be considered when a particular political decision comes to action. In this paper we are going to analyze the business ethics of eliminating the federal debt through cuts to entitlement programs that are under close consideration these days. There are many opponents and supporters to the Obama’s project to push cuts in popular programs in order to reduce the budget deficit. The question to be discussed is how this program can influence citizens and what the ethical issues of this project. In order to explore this question, first of all, we should consider the sense of business ethics, its basic points and how it is applicable to political issues. According to William H. Shaw (2003), “business ethics is a set of principle or reasons which should govern the conduct of business, whether at the individual or collective level” (p. 2). The purpose of the business ethics is to introduce the moral issues and a set of values to guide the actions of individual and organizations in the business environment. Everyone who is engaged in business or politics should follow the ethical code to reach the harmony with the community in which one lives. Some aspects of the business ethics can be explained from the political perspective. “Politics represents the commitment to different basic values and will represent liberal and conservative extremes or some compromise in-between” (Betz 1998, p. 693). It is very important for politicians to follow the ethical code, as they are responsible for lives and well-being of many people. The case under consideration undermines such issues of business ethics, as justice, morality, distribution of social benefits and burdens. Thus, the case under consideration is presented in the article by Lisa Lerer “Ryan Budget Plan Defended as Republicans Return Home to Voters”. The case is about the 2012 budget plan “a proposal that cuts more than $6 trillion in federal spending over 10 years, privatizes Medicare and caps Medicaid” (Lerer 2011, n. p.). The budget plan was met with a criticism and provoked many debates. The “fights” around address the politi
The financial performance of the e-hotel has been significantly affected by the Covid-19 Pandemic. After the resumption of operation, the e-hotel registered a low occupancy percentage for the first six months. The average daily rates were below the forecasted rates in all the months after reopening. The revenues of the hotel were above the budgeted amount. The number of rooms sold was on a steady rise for the first five months. Lastly, the rate of annual staff turnover was higher than it was anticipated. Figure 1 below gives a snapshot of the e-hotel’s financial performance. Figure 1. Overview of Financial Performance (Simulation budgeting excel). Revenues Revenues are important for organizations because they act as indicators of performance. Comparing the actual revenues to the target is important because it helps organizations understand how they are performing financially (Gerber, 2021). The hotel rooms contributed to the greatest part of the revenues for the hotel after it resumed its operations. It was followed by the food and beverages offered and lastly by the other revenues such as discounts and packages. Figure 2 below shows the proportion of revenue that was accumulated from various sources. Figure 2. Proportion of Revenue Sources (Simulation budgeting excel). The hotel’s revenues have been highly affected by the global pandemic that led to the closure of most organizations in the hospitality industry. It was necessary that the hotels would quickly adjust their strategies after they reopen to manage to generate enough revenues to sustain their operations in the industry (Choi, 2020). The e-hotel considered these adjustments, and they truly had a positive impact on the hotel. Similar to the other industries, the hospitality industry was expected to maintain high standards of cleanliness. Sanitation was supposed to play a considerable role in enhancing and protecting both the employees and the customers (Choi, 2020). Maintaining high levels of overall cleanliness was one of the company’s goals that helped in attracting customers and recording the revenues that it had. Costs The costs that an organization incurs can also be considered an indicator of performance. When the cost incurred within some given time period is lower than that of the revenues earned, then the firm can be considered to be having a good operation (Ditkaew, 2018). The e-company had three main costs, which included advertising, payroll, and training. There were also expenses of sales, which form part of the overall costs and expenses as a value. Cost management is critical and highly fundamental for the hotel’s management because it results in accurate, timely, convenient, and reliable information needed by the firm’s decision-making body (Aničić and Aničić, 2019). The hotel’s cost of sales, for instance, has a direct impact on the revenues collected hence helping in determining the
Introduction Leadership is influenced by many factors that include personality, belief system, company culture, employee diversity, organizational vision and mission, and cultural norms. Culture is one of the most influential factors that shape leaders’ behaviors, attitudes, and thinking patterns. The decisions they make and the way they deal with their employees are greatly influenced by the culture in which they were raised and live in. Culture plays a key role in the development of attitudes, behavior, and perceptions. In addition, it determines the values, norms, and practices that leaders embrace. In China, culture is an important component of leadership. Globalization is presenting numerous challenges to organizations that want to expand to foreign countries because of variances in cultural practices between countries. For example, many multinational corporations are struggling with the challenge of developing effective leadership in China because of its culture that is different from that of the West. Expectations of Chinese Workers from their Leaders Chinese workers have great expectations from their leaders. They expect them to promote the concept of family and harmony by encouraging teamwork and deserting the idea of individuality in the workplace (Gallo, 2011). Successful cooperation and collaboration among employees depend on strong relationships that are founded on trust, honesty, and respect. Employees expect their leaders to use their communication skills and mandate to strengthen family and friendship bonds among employees (King & Zhang, 2014). Leaders should create, promote, and maintain harmony among employees (Gallo, 2011). Personal development is an important aspect of Chinese culture. Employees expect their leaders to be inspirational and provide opportunities for both personal and professional development. Inspiring employees means behaving in ways that they can emulate. A manager’s character should be founded on values such as integrity, honesty, and transparency (King & Zhang, 2014). A recent study among Chinese employees revealed that progress, availability of study opportunities, and training and development are among the most important factors that people consider before joining an organization. In that regard, Chinese employees expect their leaders to develop training programs that develop their skills and increase work-related knowledge. They also need leaders to facilitate study leave so that they can advance professionally. Critical Leadership Qualities in China In China, there are certain qualities that are required for leadership to be effective in achieving organizational goals. Leaders should be inspirational, honest, transparent, open-minded, flexible, and should possess great communication skills. The Chinese leadership is greatly influenced by culture because of the effect of ancient philosophy that they value highly (Gallo, 2011). In that regard, their leadership is shaped by philosophical concepts. A major philosophical tenet that defines Chinese leadership is the importance of personal development. The Chinese value personal and professional development more than the financial or econ
Introduction to Innovation in Organisations Innovation, as defined by Mariany (2013), refers to the creation of something new, something that did not exist before. The new creation can be an idea, a device, or even a method of doing something. In the business world, the creation involves the definition of new products and services availed in the market. Innovation gives the organisation an advantage over its competitors as it may serve to add value to the entity’s already existing products. In this paper, the author will analyse the link between engineering ethics and industrial accidents. Innovation among organisations is closely related to engineering. As such, it is important to analyse how such engineering is related to occurrences in the workplace, specifically within an industrial setting. The Innovation Sequence The Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering [AATSE] (2013), provides a working definition of the innovation cycle. The first step in the cycle is idea generation. When an innovator comes up with an idea, he or she then conducts a research on how best the idea can work and how the intended users will receive it. Ideas do not necessarily need to be new. They can involve a combination of old and new ways of thinking, or just an improvement of an old idea. An enthusiastic innovator will see an idea to high commercial heights by improving the quality of their product, hence attracting new buyers and creating new opportunities. The second component in this cycle is service. The component entails communication with customers. After the introduction of a new product or service into the market, innovators should be available to provide adequate information to the customers with regard to their products. The staff should be able to provide after sales services through brochures, manuals, training sessions, and hotline numbers. Support for customers helps build loyalty with service providers. In the long run, loyalty opens new markets and improves the quality of the products and services distributed. The improvement is achieved through the incorporation of complaints, suggestions, and feedback from customers (Mariany, 2013). Advertising and customer enlightenment is the third factor. Innovators should have an idea on the type of market they are targeting. Research should be carried out to establish what exactly the customers expect from the products. Such information will enable the designers to come up with the best methods of promoting the product before it is introduced into the market. Advertisement choices could include print media, television, or the radio (AATSE, 2013). The f
Drug abuse will be mitigated by creating awareness in society Operationalized dependent variable: There are various definitions attributed to drug abuse based on the perspective from which the vice is viewed. Drug abuse, also known as substance abuse, can be defined as the sequence of injurious use of any drug or substance that alters the mood of an individual. It can also be referred to the use of prohibited drugs or misuse of prescription. This refers to the misuse of drugs bought over the counter for objectives other than those that were intended or in a way or a quantity that exceeds the recommended levels (Abadinsky, 2011). Operationalized independent variable: Society has been defined by sociologists as individuals who interact and share common cultural bonds. Such cultural bonds may be racial or ethnic, pegged on gender, or as a result of shared common values, activities, and beliefs. A normal society is comprised of different generations of individuals that include children, the youths, and the adult generation. The youth age group encompasses individuals aged from 16 to 35 years. This will be the main focus of the study, as the young people are greatly affected when it comes to the drug abuse menace (Rossides, 1993). Operationalized effect: The creation of public awareness is intended to educate the youths on the possible health and legal consequences that they face in light of using and abusing illicit drugs. Creation of awareness is meant to help the young individuals in society to make informed choices before engaging in acts that may constitute drug abuse. As doctors explain, prevention is better than cure (Lowinson, 2005). The operationalized hypothesis In spite of the many intervention approaches employed in the fight against the drug abuse menace, the most effective approach has been observed to be the creation of awareness amongst the youths. In virtually all societies, the youths are the most affected by drug abuse. This project is going to carry out a public awareness campaign with the aim of educating the young people on the hazards related to the vice of drug and substance abuse. This study intends to come up with programs through which the youths will be educated and counseled on the effects and risks involved in the use of illicit drugs. The awareness campaign is going to target hospitals and rehabilitation centers that receive or deal with cases of drug abuse. The study is also going to target local educational institutions as they provide a platform through which the young people can be reached. The study will include integration of drug abuse in the curriculum of the existing educational facilities subject to approval by the relevant educational authorities (Hanson, Venturelli & Fleckenstein, 2009). This study intends to seek assistance from the local law enforcement agencies to shed light and educate the youths on the legal implications if charged with drug abuse. Such programs will help the youths to accustom themselves with knowledge about the effects of drug abuse and the health and legal consequ
Everybody is entitled to good medical care since it is a basic human need. However, this is not the case entirely in the United States since there are communities such as the Native Americans who do not receive adequate health care compared to other groups. Consequently, the Indian Health Service (IHS), a branch within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, has a responsibility of meeting the medical needs of Native Americans in the country. The IHS Loan Repayment Program is one strategy the agency uses by helping health practitioners pay for their student loans in exchange for full-time service obligations. One of the primary challenges that American Indians and Alaska Natives face is the insufficiency of medical personnel. This program helps in resolving the crisis by attracting the services of freshly graduated healthcare professionals who would appreciate the $20,000 offered to them each year (Smith, n.d.). This is motivating enough for nurses and doctors to clear their student loans while making a two-year commitment of full-time service to the communities. Moreover, the groups are assured of the best medical assistance since the program is sponsored by IHS, equipping the volunteering medics with high-quality resources. However, assigning a provider to the communities for a period of only two years as stipulated in the program has its own challenges. For instance, replacing doctors in a health center biannually consumes time and resources in training before assigning them to the dedicated sites. Additionally, the initiative interferes with the continuity of treatment for long-term patients to whom the same group of health experts has attended (Zabat, 2021). Although medical procedures are standardized, treatment approaches differ from one doctor to another, and changing physicians might disrupt the therapy process. Finally, most of the healthcare professionals assigned to these sites are not natives and therefore face challenges related to culture. Ethnic and racial disparity is an example of an issue that has denied the American Indians access to medical care since most of them cannot afford insurance coverage. Moreover, some of the communities in rural areas are still attached to their traditional lifestyles which conflict with modern medications. The best solution to this issue is offering schol
Introduction Abortion is the removal of a pregnancy before it is due. It is the elimination of a fetus or embryo from the mother’s uterus before it is due for birth. Abortion can either be induced or can occur due to complications of pregnancy in other terms referred to spontaneous abortion. It can be induced if the health of the pregnant female is at risk or due to other reasons. Spontaneous abortion is a result of miscarriages. In most cases, abortion is used to refer to the induced abortion other than the spontaneous. Abortion has been practiced for a very long period and various methods have been used. Some of the ancient methods include the use of sharp objects and other traditional methods that were practiced by medicine men. Today, the methods have advanced and we have the use of medicine and surgical procedures. Different communities and different races have their own view in regard to Abortion. Some perceive it as a legal procedure while others feel that it’s illegal and the practitioners should be punished. Some nations have gone to the extent of legalizing it, allowing its citizen to perform it freely. However, most nations feel that it’s an illegal procedure, unethical and unreligious. Most Christian and Muslim nations feel that everyone has the right to live and should not be deprived of this right. They argue that abortion amounts to murder (MariAnna, 2002 P43-70). With the increase in access to family planning awareness and the use of contraceptives, abortion rates have gone down worldwide. In the United States, abortion is one of the commonly practiced medical procedures that are performed in day-to-day life. Over forty percent of all pregnant women end their pregnancy through abortion. This is most common among young Americans, the poor, unmarried, victims of rape, and women over 40 years. It was legalized in 1973 and since then abortion rates have increased. Many scholars have argued that legalizing abortion has resulted in its increase. My research is aimed at answering the following two questions: can we say that the increase in abortion rates in the United States has been caused by its legalization or are there other independent factors causing it? Which is the most venerable ethnic group in the US in terms of abortion? Literature Review Almost all women of all classes seek an abortion. Many scholars have been wondering why women opt for abortion especially in the U.S. where we expect the rate to be low because of civilization. Ironically, pregnancy termination in western countries is high than in less developed countries. These are the countries that have access to family planning education and contraceptives just at their doorsteps. Since abortion was legalized in the US in the year 1973, the rates of abortion have gone up to approximately 1.2 million every year (Anon. “ Abortions rising under Bush? Not true ” 20