ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Since the beginning of the previous century, employers were interested in finding out more about the efficiency of the employees and how it could be improved. While the Hawthorne Studies intended to measure the correlation between illumination and human efficiency in Western Electric enterprise, the findings touched upon more profound levels of the human resource theory and organizational behavior. It has been concluded that workers are social animals, and treating them as a collective is more reasonable than looking at them as individuals in a vacuum. Synthesis As mentioned before, the lighting study was the initial research that had been conducted. However, the results were unexpected since there had been an increase in productivity with any form of lighting change. The same uncertainty was observed when five women were researched during different changes within the relay assembly experiment. Despite the change of conditions, the productivity remained high compared to the prior efficiency that had been secretly observed before the investigation began. This led to a logical conclusion of an increase in productivity caused by the attention and the research itself rather than other external changes. Another observation was the importance of the group mentality that directly affects the employee’s behavior and productivity. Individuals did not want to be different from their peers, so there was not a big difference in outcome or productivity because of the organizational culture that had formed among coworkers. The leading theory that had been concluded after the research highlights the importance of treating employees as social beings rather than as individuals. There is a strong correlation between outcome and the social environment that occurs in the organization. The author’s concept is illustrated in the finding that the organization is just the environment where employee groups form and implement informal goals, rules, and social bonds. The concept of individuality, however, is much more important in a collective sense. Researchers point out that a worker is a social animal, which is highlighted by their behavior within the workplace (Roethlisberger, 1941). Employees are not isolated but form various social constructions within the workplace. This suggests the importance of viewing the workforce as a singular entity rather than as a form of social relationship where each person has individual goals. Critique The relevance of the text does not fully apply to modern-day corporations and organizations. Nowadays, the public administration is much more focused on individuals rather than the company as a whole. Since individual rights have significantly improved, the findings of the research lose their relevancy. While the experiment’s conclusions illustrate the insignificance of wages, working conditions, and other essential factors, the theories cannot be fully implemented in modern-day organizations. This may cause inherent neglect of employees, which is not something any organization would allow. There had also been a lot of criticism due to the limitations of the experiment. Besides having a small group
Rug Bug Corporation (Hisrich, Peters, & Shepherd, 2010) is the company which manufactures unique vacuum-molded, plastic, motorized wheelchair. The product is safe for children, has low weight and it is not very expensive. All these factors assure that the company product is going to be sold within the short period of time with the highest profit. Stressing the necessity of the product to disabled children, the corporation forgets about one of the most spread ways of promoting products, the Internet. The company plans to refer to hospitals and similar organizations in order to sell the wheelchair. Additionally, the drugstores are going to be offered the information about where the wheelchairs of this top quality may be bought. Looking at the company financial situation, it is possible to use the Internet promotion in order to increase the population informing about the possible advantages of such a wheelchair. The main strengths established by the company owner are the price and the product. Offering an innovative product for a lower price, Mr. Young has managed to increase the sales. However, the promotion is not that good as it could be. Moreover, Mr. Young does not use all the possible ways of promotion and does not consider additional places where the product can be solved. As for price, the discount system is not developed, but working with such particular product as wheelchairs for children, the company should think about flexible discount system. The video is not included which may be a good promotional technique. Reading the information in the case study, it is difficult to check all the aspects of the business plan of the company. The financial side is presented in detail with all the numerical and statistical data. However, the future actions, plans and intentions of the corporations are not consider
Article overview The present article is written by Milosevic who is engineering management associate professor at Portland State University and director of training for Pinnell&Busch, Inc. The main concern of the article under discussion is effective paradigm which serves to remove cross-cultural issues project managers usually face. The major goal of the article is to “examine the influence of cultural values on project management, interpret the silent language, and show how to use the language for successful multicultural project management” (Milosevic, 1999, p.29). Milosevic claims that companies deploy cross cultural project management trainings which prove to be ineffective, since existing training programs do not take into account the fact that people pertaining to different cultural traditions perceive the same information differently. Moreover, it is important to understand that even if some technique is effective for one occasion, it can be inappropriate for another case involving people of another culture. After having considered the importance of paying attention to cultural differences, Milosevic suggests his paradigm which presupposes the use of six variables which enable project managers to understand cultural differences. These variables are: “relationship to environment, time orientation, nature of people, activity orientation, focus on responsibility, and orientation to space” (Milosevic, 1999, p.30). The article under discussion provides detailed description of the variables suggesting some examples. Milosevic also illustrates the use of his paradigm showing how managers can understand their own culture, understand their team members’ culture, identify “cultural and language gaps”, and resolve those gaps (Milosevic, 1999, p.35). The present article also contains certain precautions or “don’ts”. Milosevic claims that it is incorrect to project all cultural peculiarities to a certain individual since every person can be influenced by several cultures. Moreover, Milosevic underlines that cultures are dynamic, they change and develop (slowly but still change), so it is important to take into account those changes. Thus, Milosevic comes to the conclusion that understanding of the silent language and the use of his paradigm, along with project manager’s creativity, can enable multicultural project managers to avoid possible cross cultural issues. Key learning points The present article can be very helpful for multicultural project managers and all those who want to understand the peculiarities of management in multicultural environment. In the first place, the article provides relevant theoretical information. Milosevic outlines the major difficulties which emerge in the field of multicultural management. The author provides the necessary background knowledge which links his research to the overall study. The article under consideration is also illustrated by definite examples. These examples make the article more practical and even more comprehensible for wide audience. For instance, when talking about cultur
Introduction Research Area of Concentration The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) defines a runway incursion as “any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft”. There’s approximately 3 incursions a day at out airports which has the potential to cause catastrophic accidents. Causal factors that lead to runway incursions can be linked to either failing to comply with Air Traffic Controller (ATC) orders, not complying with standard operating procedures, or not be familiar with the airport. The worst disaster in aviation history occurred in 1977 on the island of Tenerife, where 583 people lost their lives when one aircraft taxied on to a runway while another aircraft was taking off. This paper will attempt to show the reader if there’s any relationship between runway incursions and the time of day, weather, and if the airport is towered or non-towered. Problem Purpose Statement Writing a paper for a Human Factors class on the accident in Tenerife back in 1977 was where I got the inspiration to make this my capstone topic. This accident was caused by a runway incursion and at the time of the incident the weather was bad. The airport had a tower, although visibility from the tower to the runway was not possib
Hawthorne’s “Rappacini’s Daughter” and “The Birthmark” have many similar elements, such as the central theme, the main characters, and the story’s ending. However, despite the significant similarities between the female characters of Beatrice and Georgiana, the dynamics and direction of their development differ. This paper will look at the features of the stories and characters of Beatrice and Georgiana to demonstrate their main differences with the same ending of their stories. Hawthorne’s stories are very similar as they both tell about two ambitious scientists who made their beloved women victims of their experiments. The features of the female characters are also very similar. First, as Elbert notes, Beatrice and Georgiana are both under the supervision of men who restricts their territory and pronounce their judgments in excellent tones (28). Moreover, in both cases, women love and admire their guardians and their achievements in science. Secondly, both women are compared to nature and victims of the dominant men’s influence, since they who objectify them by desire make them perfect (Shelton 9). The only difference is that Georgiana’s husband wants to correct nature’s imperfection, and Beatrice’s father wants to use its forces to make his daughter invulnerable. As a result, both women suffer and die at the hands of men who applied a mechanical view of nature and tried to manipulate its forces to their advantage (Petersheim 39). Thus, the main similarities between Beatrice and Georgiana are their dependent position as objects and their victimization. Other less significant details, which, however, play a role in the stories, also bring Beatrice and Georgiana together. For example, Beatrice and Georgiana both do not get the love they deserve, which becomes fatal for them. Beatrice has not received enough paternal love since childhood because her father devotes all his time to science and practically does not speak to his daughter and perceives her as an object of experiments (Sugara 26-27). Simultaneously, although Georgiana has a meaning and influence on her husband, for example, he admires her singing and beauty, his obsession with science and aversion to the birthmark makes a woman feel unworthy (Jha 2). For this reason, Beatrice has such strong feelings for the only man who shows love for her, and Georgiana agrees to remove the birthmark to be better for her husband (Hawthorne “Rappaccini’s Daughter” 19-20; Hawthorne, “The Birthmark” 2). In addition, Beatrice and Georgiana were submissive, intelligent, and beautiful women and performed typically feminine roles, since, despite their constant involvement in science, men did not give them much knowledge (Nirwinastu et al. 157). Consequently, these features characterize Beatrice and Georgiana and the position of women in society at that time in general. However, such key features as the motives to take a treatment that killed Beatrice and Georgiana demonstrate significa
Introduction In modern world the complex task of teaching effectiveness is a hard to pin down issue. Some theoreticians identify teacher effectiveness in stipulations of the student achievement. Further researchers center of attention on high-performance ratings of supervision. At rest others depend on comments from administrators, students concerned stakeholders. In practice addition to effectiveness, it fluctuates on just how to measure successful teachers. Higher education is going amidst great quality change in concept of an effective teacher. The number of students is increasing to a great extent but shortage of sufficient public spending for the universities erodes the quality of education. At the same time, lecturers face job insecurity and confront bigger workloads, while universities are forced to become more efficient. The future achievement of any university depends on academics’ performance to respond instantly with a view to happen quality educational change. Academics face uncertain demands, while trying to resolve academic crises. Preedy, M., Glatter, R., and Wise, C. (eds) (2003) stated that a different approach is needed for their management and educational improvement. Effective teachers demonstrate academic leaders how to increase resource productivity and increase teaching quality. It also shows how leaders can assist their staff through substantial change without compromising professional quality. Gaining empirical experience from the world of business leadership as well as research into how to makes academics more productive. Here is the objective to demonstrate academic and university leaders at every domain, how they can lead the university to the path of prosperity. Bennett N and Anderson L (2003) said that the transformational leader who creates an ‘ideology’ for the future of their organisation and motivates others to follow their path they highlights on current research and thinking about ‘leadership’ rather than ‘leaders’. It indicates the intricate factors that influence the real effectiveness of academic leaders. It clarifies that successful academic leadership can be explained by the extent to which faculty, students, and others who share in campus leadership. Concept of effective teacher practices with leadership in all educational sectors from primary to higher education. The teacher of people in leadership positions presents the foundations for the theory of leadership. They depicts a picture of leadership as a variety of disciplines – history, philosophy, psychology, politics, and sociology. Kerry and Murdoch (1993) analysed the important characteristics of leaders and school principals. He raised two key questions: a) what kind of leadership will schools require to help them face the next ten years? b) How equipped are managers in school to provide that leadership? Campbell (1999) suggests in that “there is an expectation that head teachers will be leaders, managers and professionals”. What is the equilibrium between those characteristics? Conventionally, the school principals emerge from the profession by developing the necessary leadership skills. It p
Business plan competitions began in the U.S. universities during the early 1980s. Since then, the programs have been initiated in several universities around the globe. Business plan competitions are organized with the aim of encouraging development of new business enterprises, expanding local economies and encouraging cultural change. Business plan competitions generate a lot of funding from investors and well-wishers. As a result, the competitions are highly valued by the students and those involved. In the U.S.A, business plan contests are so competitive that they attract students from all over the world. Currently, most of the programs’ sponsors and critics have questioned whether these contests are really worth the funding they receive. After analyzing the effects of business plan competitions on the organizers, community and the participants, it is with no doubt that, the events are very valuable. From my analysis, I noted that the contests provide opportunities for students to improve their entrepreneurial skills and knowledge. Similarly, students involved in the competition are provided with opportunities to generate new ideas, increase their self-esteem, access to business advisers and network. Most of the students who have been involved in the contests suggest that the programs have enabled them to learn entrepreneurship skills and knowledge through practice and criticism. Through the programs, the sponsors aim at increasing revenues, raising profits, support recruiting efforts, and motivate their companies to focus on innovations. It is supposed that through these competitions, financiers and entrepreneurs are challenged to implement on new projects. Similarly, most companies associated with the competition programs have improved their corporate image. In addition, through these events, most companies, financiers, have helped students implement their business and projects, consequently helping them generate profits. By doing so, the companies involved have not only remained competitive but also attracted and retained the best talents in the markets. Researchers have indicated that business plan competitions have clearly set goals. The organizers must outline their programs’ objectives. By doing so, they will be able to manage financiers and participants expectations. To accomplish this, the competition’s goals must identify what the organizers anticipate from the participants during and after the competition. Equally, the competition’s goals must indicate how the event will benefit the participants. In this not
The Ecology of Commerce is a critical analysis of the way we conduct our business and our society today. Human beings are clearly part of the human and world ecology. Among the hidden costs of industrial economies are their effects on the lives of working people. One of the enduring criticisms of capitalism was its inability to provide full employment. Capitalism today, to some extent, is an immature ecosystem and would require an ecologically mature (sustainable or restorative) economy to provide a secure living for all who work in it. Along the same line, institutional racism has created the social equivalent of a “labor toxic waste dump” with a large pool of permanently unemployable people whose lives are consigned to increasingly horrific levels of violence and deprivation. Large multinational corporations are likely to resist change at every opportunity. Thus changes are revolutionary in practice. Our world is in the midst of an environmental crisis. The biosphere is being destroyed, possibly irreversibly, by the demands placed on it by an industrial society flawed in its central components. Changes were initiated so that business will function in a restorative rather than a derogatory mode toward the environment. Some positive and often intriguing examples—pollution permits, reusable containers, and the elimination of non-degradable toxics from industrial processes. Laws could be passed so that corporations had to own whatever toxins or wastes they produced. These waste products could be chemically marked at a molecular level, so they could always be easily identified. Then the corporation would be charged a yearly “parking fee” for the storage of these wastes. This would give the industry good incentives not to use toxics in the first place or at least a good incentive for figuring out how to break them down into reusable products. In a restorative economy, the least expensive means of manufacturing a product should be the most environmentally benign and constructive means. Taxation plays an important role in this situation. “Markets are superb at setting prices but incapable of recognizing costs.” Hawken explains that the idea for “green taxes” did not start with him. In 1920, Nicolas Pigou, an English economist, proposed taxing businesses for environmental damages. This will provide incentives for businesses to produce things in an environmentally sound way, and it will also give a competitive advantage to products that have a smaller impact on the environment. But what can national taxation do in a world of multinationals? The idea is simple: when you tax something, you increase its cost, and you get less of it. But what do we mostly tax? We tax “goods” — things like income, investment, labor, and property improvements. As a result, we get fewer jobs, less innovation, and less investment in property. The business believes that if it does not continue to grow and instead cuts back and retreats, it will destroy itself. Ecologists believe that if business continues its unabated expansion, it will destroy the world around it
Introduction The mounting popularity of social networking sites (SNSs) among Internet users across the world certainly demands an introspection of their shorter-term and longer-terms effects on individuals as well as societies. Available statistics demonstrate that an estimated 1.5 billion people across the globe have already created their profiles in SNSs, with the majority being on Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin, Ning and Tagged (Das et al., 2011). At the surface, it is believed that SNSs have a great potential to essentially alter the character and scope of our social engagements on all fronts – individual, interpersonal, as well as societal (Ellison et al., 2009).. But while common practice always assumes the shifts to be beneficial, this paper seeks to demonstrate that SNSs have negatively altered the framework for social interactions that bind society together. Understanding Social Networking Sites In the literature, SNSs are defined as web-based services that provide people with the capacity to “… (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system” (Tokunaga, 2011, p. 425). SNSs popularity continue to rise throughout the world, especially among adolescents, not only because of the way they have changed how this group of the population receive information (Neelamalar & Chitra, 2009), but also due to their equalizing effect as users often feel the freedom to express themselves in ways not possible via other offline channels (Cardon e