ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A lot of debate has been elicited from different parts of the globe with regard to the connection between justice and poverty in criminal systems. The focus of this research paper is on whether the poor are accorded fairness during the process of criminal justice. The research also aims at establishing that economic status, rather than race, determines the course of justice in criminal law. Research Question and Purpose of Study The issue under study is the relationship that exists between poverty and justice within the criminal systems. The research questions in this review are two. The first question is; do the poverty-stricken people have a just and fair treatment in the criminal justice process? The second question addressed by this study is; what is the possibility of the poor people being imprisoned in comparison to people from the middle class? The purpose of this research is to establish whether poverty is one of the main causes of injustice practice and discrimination. The research is also meant to establish the significance of the role played by race in relation to that played by both location and economics. Thus the research is meant to ensure that individuals who are prone to poverty are helped from both injustice and treatment that is not fair. What is interesting about the research question is the fact that it does not only reveal the aspects of injustice present in the processes of criminal justice but also shows how the less privileged are disposed to those injustices. Key Variables and How to Measure them Variables are sets of personal characteristics that are measured in any given research. Variables can be measured either numerically or in form of categories. Age and height are examples of the former while the presence or absence of disease could exemplify the latter (Abramson, 2008, p. 101). Variables are of two kinds: dependent and independent. The variable whose presence or absence affects the other variable is referred to as the independent variable while the one that is manipulated based on the dependent variable is the dependent variable. Therefore, in the current study, the independent variable is poverty since in the court of law people are accorded justice based on their economic status. On the other hand, criminal justice is the dependent variable. The two variables can be measured in categories. Definition of Important Terms Used in the Study Fairness can be defined based on the need norm. In the United States, the equity norm is the most common basis for explaining what fairness is. Studies have revealed that apart from individualism influencing the definition of fairness, it is also influenced by p
In the nineteenth century, part of Eastern Europe was characterized by rising political ambitions. States such as Russia and Brandenburg-Prussia emerged as conquerors of their neighbors using military powers. As a result of Peter the Great’s ambitious expansions of Russia, the number of wealthy Russian people increased due top rise in population and the rate at which people were assuming ownership of land. At this time, Prussia and Russia were almost in competition to acquire more land and power in the eastern and northern European regions. This ambitious pursuit for supremacy and domination was characterized by series of wars and creation of enemies in the course of interaction. Hence, in its quest to conquer other European regions, Prussia engaged in a series of wars and consequently losing civilians and soldiers. Its creation of enemies especially the Western Europe saw it receive only British support just because Prussia was against its long time enemy, France. This coalition ensured continual survival of Prussian interests in the northern European regions. During Maria’s reign, there were “schemed alliances” (Sherman & Salisbury 498) which plunged the whole of Europe in wars for a bigger part of the eighteenth century. Russia thus became a great winner of the two countries while bad governance from the reign of Maria led to a crisis in Prussia leading to eventual lose. During the same period, great rivalries between France and the Great Britain continued and thus incessant wars were observed in the region. Political systems differed greatly whereby France practiced a monarchical system of ruling whereas in Britain, there was achievement of the rule of law (Sherman & Salisbury 484). This was one big achievement of Britain by then. Britain continued to dominate in trade whereby all Britons agreed to focus less on war and opted to extend “their businesses at home and abroad” (Sherman & Salisbury 493). This period was characterized by agrarian and industrial revolution whereby Britain took over colonies and turned them into agricultural producing regions. With this dimension, Britain emerged as the leading exporter of agricultural products to countries in European and the Asian regions. As such, it became the strongest nation economically in the whole of Europe and was thus able to control other European countries through diplomacy and negotiation. Major battles between these two nations revolved around colonial territories. During this time, France had a relatively low number of colonialists while Britain continued its upward trend. During the first three decades of the eighteenth century, it experienced increased rate of colonialism in North America from more or roughly equal to 100folds, this translated to an increase from “1700 to more than 1.7million colonialists by 1760” (Sherman & Salisbury 493). This was also considered as o
The articles by Johnson are critical in understanding the external behavior of the US during and after the Second World War. In document 26-1, the author uses the speech of one of the distinguished military generals to assess the position of the US during and after the war. The military chief lamented that the US was ill prepared to engage any state in a military battle since it had limited resources and technological expertise. Though the military general, George Marshall, agreed that the war brought some benefits to many Americans, he lamented that the war exposed the American weakness regarding military preparedness. Before the Second World War, the US was much concerned about its internal affairs implying that it avoided external conflicts at all costs. In fact, the US was forced to join the Second World after Japan destroyed its Pearl Harbor. Various reasons contributed to American dormancy in the international system. The US considered itself a peaceful country that did not need any conflict to succeed. However, other reasons contributed to this quietness. These reasons are better captured in the following statement. There is now another disadvantage to a large professional standing army. Wars in the twentieth century are fought with the total resources, economic, scientific and human of entire nations. Every specialized field of human knowledge is employed. Modern war requires the skills and knowledge of the individuals of a nation (Johnson 212). The general was trying to imply that war is only fought by rich nations, which are endowed with national resources. Therefore, the military leader challenged Americans to support the government in forming a strong military that would counter any foreign power. The general observed that not all Americans could leave their businesses and join the military but they had to sacrifice their finances to fund military projects. In article 27-5, Johnson uses the speech of the former head of state, Dwight Eisenhower, to assess the achievements of Americans during the 1950s. Even though Americans achieved a lot during the 1950s, they were faced with many threats. Such threats could be facing the state even currently. The former head of state observed that Americans had many things to accomplish but the changes in the international system affected them. For this reason, both foreign and domestic policies had to be adjusted to suit the changes in the international system. The leader suggested that American policy makers had to come up with balanced proposals to ensure success. For instance, the economy had to be partly privatized so t
Introduction The demographics of a country are very significant as they determine various aspects of the economy. The working force of the country is determined by the general population set up. A large population means that the domestic level of consumption is high. It could also imply a large workforce that could spur the economic growth of a country. On the contrary, high levels of unemployment in an economy that has a large population means that the level of production is low in the country. This paper discusses the demographics of Hungary’s population. It will also highlight the demographic policies set up by the Hungarian government to check population demographics. Country Demographics: Hungary The general population of Hungary is comprised of Hungarians, who form 92.3% of the population. Therefore, the national language spoken in the country is also Hungarian. About half of the Hungarians are Catholics by religion while the rest are Calvinists, Lutherans, Greek Catholics or other Christians. According to The World Factbook, the country’s population estimates are 9,958,453 people (par. 3). Compared to the world, the country is ranked 87 with regard to the total population. The population of Hungary is comprised of different age groups. The 0-14 year group and the 15-24 year group form 14.9% and 12.1% of the total population respectively. Majority of the people are aged 25-54, which forms 41.7% of the population. The aging groups of 55-64 and people above 65 years of age form 14.2% and 17.1% of the country’s total population respectively. This is depicted in the pyramid below (“The World Factbook: Hungary” par. 3). With a median age of 40.5 years, the growth of the population is -0.184. The comparison of Hungary to the rest of the world based on the population growth rate shows that the country is ranked 206. The negative growth rate implies that given time, the country’s population is decreasing. This could be attributed to the low birth rate of 9.49 births among 1000 people as compared to a high death rate of 12.7 deaths among 1000 people. Out of the
Choosing a proper diet is not an easy task. The decision to include certain elements into it must be based on accurate information about the patient’s condition, the specifics of their metabolism, etc. (Jeanfreau & Jack, 2010). In their article Dietary behaviors related to cancer prevention among pre-adolescents and adolescents: The gap between recommendations and reality , Holman and White (2011) address the issue of cancer prevention through the choice of meals. Though the authors needed to consider a range of factors, particularly, the environment that creates the premises for cancer development, the properties of a range of meals, etc., they have managed to come up with a convincing and relatively short answer quite quickly because of the careful choice of the research method and the tools used for the study. The article is split into four rather basic sections, i.e., “Introduction,” “Methods,” “Results” and “Conclusion.” Each of the sections serves its purpose well; for example, “Introduction” tricks the reader into paying attention by providing background information about cancer (Holman & White, 2011, p. 61). The “Methods” section provides all-embracing data regarding the research tools used (NHANES and YRBS (Holman & White, 2011, p. 61)). The “Results” part is split into several subsections, including the one discussing the process of information retrieval (“Data extraction”), the sections identifying different types of food and their effect on cancer development (“Fruit and vegetables”, “Whole grains,” “Salt”, etc.). The subsection discussing the threats of heavyweight somehow factors in. This seems rather odd, seeing that the rest of the section is devoted to the discussion of food properties. It seems that the specified subsection should have been placed at the end of the section in question, therefore, providing a closure. Eventually, the authors sum up the results of their study in the conclusion. The objectives of the study were defined rather precisely as summarizing “current dietary recommendations for cancer prevention and compare these recommendations to the dietary behaviors” (Holman & White, 2011, p. 60), though the authors never use the word “objective” in their article, to begin with. Likewise, the researchers never call “identifying gaps between dietary recommendations and the diets of youth” (Holman & White, 2011, p. 60) their research question, yet it is obvious that the paper is focused on improving the current dietary strategies in cancer prevention. The introduction, with the basic information regarding current cancer control and its link to dietary components, serves as a perfect foil for the research question. The subjects of the research, i.e., the elements of a healthy diet, were identified in a very thorough manner (Holman & White, 2011). The researchers do not straightforwardly identify their research design; it is supposed that the researchers aimed for a systematic review. The data collection process, on the other hand, was described
Introduction The American Revolution evolved into a combat zone among two influential, intensifying forces: the mounting exclusiveness and sense of prerogative of foreign leaders, and the incipient equality, particularly of the “middling sort” that was just starting to learn the innovative linguistics of accepted privileges. Both the objectives of the privileged and the expectations of those who fought them resulted in a huge fragment from Great Britain. Much of what these colonists from rather dissimilar groups had in common curtailed from their inclination to anglicize their ethos and civilization during the course of the eighteenth century (Codevilla, 2010). Analysis According to the authors of the chapter, “in 1760, there was no “America,” no “South,” and no “North.” The rice planters of South Carolina and Georgia seldom interacted with the tobacco planters of Virginia and Maryland” (Kornblith & Murrin, 2009, p. 31). In North Carolina, the one cluster in which those principles existed together, the outcome was an unpleasant encounter among them, not an acknowledgment of a shared distinctiveness between the slaveholding farmers. As the oppression took place in all of the clusters, the majority of the existing social groups did not yet recognize a piercing dissimilarity between slave and unrestricted civilizations. The Revolution was expected to produce not only an original state but distinguishing districts in the interior of that state. The exclusive families who endured that fight were expected to determine whether they could evolve into a reigning class as well. The authors present the question of whether the given families had an adequate amount of common traits in order to adhere as nationwide overriding elite in spite of the sectional alterations that were appearing to be even more understandable. During the course of the 1790s, the most northern leading families gave the impression of being close to attaining this objective, only to be defeated and lose their control ten years later, however, not its monetary capitals, to an alliance of southern farmers and northern moderate people. That alliance mainly demarcated what America would be until the Civil War. In the North, which started to produce many superior excesses of prosperity than had occurred in the colonial age, financial and party-political control were more and more implemented by not the same leaders. In the South, the most abundant farmers reserved control in both areas, particularly on the phase of countrywide political affairs. This chapter of the book is divided into several parts, which provide a more comprehensive understanding of the topic. More particularly, these are anglicization; revolution; federalist vision and elite division; and democratization, decentralization, disintegration. The subdivision of the chapter ‘Anglicisation’ aims to provide more insight towards the progression of the colonies. With the course of time, during the year 1760, the clusters were still rather varied. Their manners of manufacture drove them apart from each other. The
Summary Modern age is characterized by the great tempo. People are constantly in a hurry, trying to achieve some goal. The question of speed and time becomes prioritized and the air transportation industry succors. It is the best method to save the time and reach the destination point in the fastest way. Today “air transport moves over 2.2 billion passengers annually” ( Aviation & Environment , para. 1). That is why the air transportation industry develops rapidly, “in the last 35 years there has been a six-fold increase in the mobility provided by the U.S. air transportation system” (Waitz, Townsend, Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Greitzer, Kerrebrock, p.3). Now, the air transportation industry is a critical part of an economy of each state. It provides the passenger and cargos moving all over the world, obtaining new features and asking new questions, that have never been discussed before. The great number of different researches had been made in this sphere and the results were unpromising. The number of flights has prominently grown and the question of environmental security occurs. Problem The environmental effect of the air transportation industry should be taken into account, as “with the expected three-fold increase in global air travel over the next 30 years, the reliability and environmental impact of aviation are becoming critical issues for the future of flight” (Kroo, p.8). Signification of the Problem In modern word the question of the air pollution is of the main importance because the aviation produces 13-15% of total greenhouse gas emissions (Clark, 2010, para. 4). The great damage is also done to the ozone layer. The supersonic airplanes are responsible for the ozone depletion in the atmosphere, evolving Nitrogen oxide ( What’s Wrong with Air Transport?, n.d), which causes the great changes in the stratosphere. The further development of that industry will make things even worse. This is not only the question of the increasing number of flights and the raise of the consumption of fuel, but the enlarging of the aviation companies too, “it is estimated that the equivalent of 1300 new international airports will be required by 2050 with a doubling in the commercial aircraft fleet” ( Aviation & Environment , para 6). The development of the aircraft industry with the creation of new plants and factories will also lead to the deterioration of the state of the atmosphere and the increasing level of air pollution. The fuel problem should also be mentioned. The flight for 2,325 miles demands in average 29 gallons of fuel per passenger (Kroo, 2008). The fast depleting oil resources also raise fears. Development
Introduction Business markets provide different investment fund channels for investors. As a result, some institutions provide short-term funds, while others provide long-term capital for investors (Cameron 245). Organizations that provide short-term fund trade the money market, while corporations that provide long-term deals trade the capital market. By implication, the financial market facilitates business investments between lenders and borrowers. Previous reports revealed that financial intermediation improves the economy (Huber 90). By implication, financial intermediation manages the lenders and borrowers arrangement. As a result, money and capital market investors must collaborate with financial trends to make decisions (Henri 9). Consequently, banking institutions must decide the right investor, and environment (Burns 60). As a result, comparative analysis of the money market and capital market will focus on stocks and treasury bills (Simons 362). The paper will evaluate the overall performance of the selected companies that trade in money and capital markets using the IFRS and GPIS standards. The selected banking institution and Stock Corporation include JPMorgan Chase and Apple Corporation. Thus, we will compare the cost of transactions and the ROI as it affects stocks and treasury bills. Apple company overview Apple Corporation is a global conglomerate that manufactures consumer electronics, smart phones, tablets, and personal computers. Consequently, the corporation designs electronic accessories for computer brands such as Mackintosh, iPhone, and iPod. The corporation is a multinational corporation with 370 outlets and operates in 14 countries. As a result, the company invests in capital markets as the largest traded stock. The organization was established in 1976 and incorporated in 1977. Consequently, the corporation launched the Mackintosh computer in 1984. The company has 77,000 employees and its headquarters in California, USA. Industry overview The strength of the corporation includes brand reputation, an efficient financial stability, innovation, and strong client base. Thus, the organization uses brand differentiation to assist its target audience. As a result, the company builds reputation and integrity to overcome competition. However, the Apple’s weakness includes price differentiation, market share value, succession plan, and gross margin decline. The opportunity of the corporation includes higher demand, new products, effective market strategy, and market performance. However, the threats to the organization include tax increases, technology trends, increase in liabilities, and exchange value. The SWOT analysis of Apple Corporation evaluates its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The Corporation’s strength includes strong customer base, innovation, retail outlets, brand reputation, brand image, financial stability, software technology, and consumer satisfaction. However, Apple’s weaknesses include high prices, product defects, market recession, and a succession challenge, poor service, and product delivery, substitute competition; fall in stock value, and unnecessary apps. The US Securiti
There is no simple answer to what it means to be human. Some might say that being human means being independent and controlling their personal lives. For other people, being human means utilizing the refinements of civilization, wearing clothes, and going to work every day, i.e., doing everything that animals cannot do. It is also complicated to say how people want to live because everyone has unique requirements, dreams, and thoughts on this issue. This essay reflects on the On Being podcast and answers the above questions. In the podcast, Thich Nhat Hanh explains why people need to be human. According to him, “we have to remain human to be able to understand and to be compassionate” (Onbeing.org 30:53 – 30:58). The monk adds that being human means having a right to make mistakes, but the absence of a “right to continue making mistakes” (Onbeing.org 31:15 – 31:20). Therefore, being human means being mindful, responsible, and open-hearted. In other words, being human is about being humane. People live in a world of violence and terror and cannot even talk to each other effectively (Onbeing.org). Consequently, they fail to understand which way of living is genuine. From the words of Thich Nhat Hanh, it could be inferred that people want to live without anger; they want to live mindfully and be in control of their emotions. Nonetheless, an average modern person could hardly achieve this way of living. Overall, the podcast is immensely inspiring since it is dedicated to being human, problems people face in the modern mad world, and ways to avoid them. The Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Hanh creates an impression of a conscious person whose ideas should be taken seriously. Even though I do not share the Buddhist worldview, I deeply admire the personality of Thich Nhat Hanh since he inspired me to learn more about mindfulness practices. Work Cited Onbeing. Thich Nhat Hanh, Cheri Maples and Larry Ward — Being Peace in a World of Trauma, 2003. Web.