ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
According to Johnstone, religion is a phenomenon that is sacred, holy and one that has a supernatural bearing. Its subject matter involves the provision of answers to all questions for its members (13). Religion is a strong element of human character. According to Johnstone, religion is a phenomenon that actively shapes the life of a human being by changing his lifestyle and behavior patterns. In the study of religion, it is important to look at the reasons underlying the groupings in religious circles and the theory that strives to explain the emergence and development of new religious bodies from the existent ones. In addition, it is important to highlight the way in which one becomes religious and the reasons why religion arouses conflict (Jansen 12). According to Johnstone, religion exists as a group phenomenon because it a result of social organization. Religion brings together individuals closer to one other. Religion has the effect of strengthening and addressing religious sentiments through fostering social group unity. Religious bodies acquire their strength and recognition through the numbers of their members. On the other hand, members derive psychological strength from their religion. Here, religious bodies cannot exist without the sheer numbers of the members that form the group (Jansen 15). In addition, religion is a group phenomenon because religious organizations tend to organize themselves in groups known as congregations, fellowships, dioceses, and denominations (Johnstone 3). Church sect theory is a theory used throughout the course of history by sociologists. The theory is a tool that advances various explanations in sociology regarding the development of religious movements. Applying the church sect theory provides insights regarding the emergence of religious movements that broke away from the main churches (Jansen 19). It advances the idea that religion has a greater or lesser degree of tension with the secular world. Religion therefore exists to reduce these tensions that result to religion conflicts, changes as well as innovations. According to Johnstone, these tensions have resulted to establishments of new forms of religion and organizations that broke away from the main churches. Such sects come up in an effort to purify religion (62). Over a long period, they gradually become recognized churches. However, to maintain their identity they have to struggle to preserve the tension that led to their establishment. The church sect theory explains the emergence of movements within the catholic and Methodist church. In addition, the theory strives to explain the development of religious bodies that are non-denominational as well as post denomination (Johnstone 64) According to Jansen, a religious person is one who adheres or observes laid out doctrines. These doctrines dictate their behavior and lifestyle. In other words being religious involves living up to certain standards established by man (9). These standards have rituals and regulations that determine how one should lead his life. Here, to become religious one has to invest time and
One of the most important conflicts that have ever been raised throughout the history is the problem of personal development. Even now it is still on the agenda of the modern world. Like any other person, the character of the memoir by McBride is changing together with the world around him. In the midst of finding his racial identity, James realized that in order to reach his identity as jazz musician and a writer, he had to ignore his racial issues. It is clear from the very beginning that there is certain link between James and his mother, but it is obviously different from the one that intertwines a child and his mother. As the story unwinds, it becomes evident that James and his mother are interrelated in much more subtle way. They both possess certain secret within them, the secret of their origin and their life. It is quite peculiar though that, in contrast to his mother, who is trying to keep her secret deep inside, James is eagerly trying to find the answer to his secret: “Sometimes it seemed like the truth was a bandy-legged soul who dashed from one side of the world to the other and I could never find him” (McBride 145). What is peculiar about James as a child is that he wanted to know the truth, no matter what it might turn for him. Such attitude is strikingly contrasting to the adult James, a confident and self-assured man with few or no doubts. His eager attempt to unveil the mystery of their family is dominating over him, possessing his entire self and calling back to his ancestors. Perhaps, this is the “call of the wild” that has been spoken so much of. Anyway, the novel starts with a story of quite happy family. Growing increasingly interested in his origin and his real story, James is slowly becoming aware of the fact that he is different from the some of the people in the city. It must be admitted that the process is not harsh and quick – on the contrary, it takes James much time to realize that certain people take him wrong and have the wrong ideas about James and his family. Consequently, the character of the book starts searching for the truth that he has been protected from for such long time: I felt like a Tinkertoy kid building my own self out of one of those toy building sets; for as she laid her l
Although nurses take roles of preceptors only after completing certain preceptorship orientation programs and courses provided by educational organizations, such background can be discussed as limited. The solution to this problem is the organization of a preceptorship preparation class as a program that should be implemented in facilities where preceptors and preceptees work. This paper provides the analysis of the proposed solution with the focus on potential outcomes for preceptors, preceptees, and administrators; discusses the change theory applied to the project; presents the evaluation plan; describes the used modalities; and refers to the professional knowledge received after participating in the nursing program. Evidence-Based Solution The solution to the problem of the lack of knowledge and practical skills in nurses who plan to become preceptors is a preceptorship preparation class that is organized in a facility in the context of followed training programs. The curriculum for this preceptorship preparation class should be developed by the group of specialists, including nurse leaders working in the concrete facility, experienced preceptors, and professors who have experience in designing preceptorship programs in educational organizations. However, the focus is on creating a separate program for preceptors who work in the concrete facility; therefore, educators working in colleges and universities should be invited only at the stage of developing the program. Although the cooperation between facilities and educational organizations is promoted by Duteau (2012), Watson, Raffin-Bouchal, Melnick, and Whyte (2012) state they the practice of referring to educators as consultants is more advantageous because of saving resources and guaranteeing flexibility in planning training sessions. The selection of topics to cover in a short four-week course is based on recommendations provided in the scholarly literature, and they are identified with the focus on problems that are usually experienced by preceptors during daily interactions with preceptees (Shinners, Mallory, & Franqueiro, 2013). The expected outcomes of this program’s implementation in the selected facility are the reduced turnover rate and improved retention because of the effective management of nurses’ time and resources (Watson et al., 2012). Additionally, outcomes are associated with improving the quality of nurses’ collaboration and making the preceptorship training well-structured. Table 1 presents the curriculum to use in a four-week preceptorship preparation class. Table 1. Preceptorship Preparation Class: Curriculum. Instructor:Nurse Educator Week                       Topics                Activities                              Teaching strategies   Lecture      1                          Goals’ setting        Presentation                            Time management
“Rama was a famous person from a royal family and he was described as a brave, wise and dutiful man, while Sita was beautiful and Saintly” (Das 6). This couple came to know each other at “Swayamvara” party which was organized by Janaka, who served as Mithila king. Janaka was the farther of Sita and his intention for organizing this party was to help his daughter get a good bridegroom. After the party, Rama was chosen as the best bride and he married Sita. Rama’s Exile Dashratha was the farther of Rama and he was polygamous. The eldest son in this family was Rama and Kaushalya was his mother. The second son of Dashratha was Bharata and he was born by the second wife. The third wife of the king was called Sumitra and she had two children. Trouble began in this family when Bharata’s mother made arrangements for him to take over the throne after his farther. This arrangement contradicted their tradition in the sense that Rama was the one to assume power after his farther because he was the eldest son. “Instead of being crowned king of Ayodhya, Rama was sent into exile in the forest for fourteen years by an intrigue in the palace and a quirk of fate”(Narayan 45). Rama together with wife and brother went to stay in the forest where they lived with the Hermits. After some years Bharata went to see his brother in the forest in order to convince him to go back to their home in Ayodhya. However, Rama refused to accept his brother’s request and Bharata returned to Ayodhya with Rama’s pair of shoes. “He placed Rama’s shoes on the throne to act as the symbol of Rama’s continuing monarchy” (Das 7). Abduction of Sita Rama continued to live happily in the exile with his brother and Sita until one day they got a tragedy. In this case Sita was kidnapped by king Ravana who was the ruler of Lanka. Rama was really disturbed by this tragedy and he decided to get her back. Rama organized a powerful army which he used to attack Ravana’s soldiers and he finally killed Ravana, and he managed to rescue Sita. Rama Becomes the King of Ayodhya They went back to Ayondhya after staying away for several years. Upon their return, they were received back very happily. From that time Roma ruled his kingdom for a long period of time and they had two children called Kush and Luv. Nonetheless, “Sita’s chastity during her period of capture by Ravana came under scrutiny, and she had to go through trial by fire to prove her purity”(Narayan 67). Rama’s trial of Sita was based on their tradition that if a woman ran away from her husband then she had to be tried by being put on a huge flame. Rama subjected his wife to this kind of punitive test because he felt that Sita had probably been cheating on him hence he wanted to check if she was truly kidnapped or if she ran way from him deliberately. Trial of Sita Sita cried bitterly saying that she had been forcefully kidnapped by Ravana’s agents. While crying she asked, “Was that my fault? The monster carried me away against my wishes. While in his residence, my mind and my heart were fixed on my Lord, Rama, alone” (Das 9). Rama did not sympathi
As the curtains were raised ushering in industrialization, the need for power also increased with the development. Starting from 1973, the world experienced an increase in the primary energy demand while at the same time the costs escalated thus transferring the cost to the final consumer of industrial products. Worse still, sources of fossil fuels also experienced rapid depreciation with the increased demand. Automatically, the world turned its focus from the traditional fossil fuels to nuclear energy (Raloff 73). Like most inventions, the new technology brought with it several negative implications. Despite that, there was need for the energy thus calling upon the stakeholders to find solutions that would minimize the negative implications while improving on the positive aspects of nuclear. This article intends to point out that the world remains at risk though increased effort would reduce the risks and allow the world to tap into this great resource. The main risks associated with nuclear energy include risks involving accidents in storage and handling of the radio-active elements. A good example of the catastrophic time bomb is the light water reactors in the United States. Should there occur an accident, be it by design or faults during operation, thousands of lives will be lost. Although maximum care is usually ensured during handling and storage of these elements leading to a probability of one in a billion chance of an accident occurring in a year of the operation of the reactors (Zimmerman 23), the estimate does not include intentional acts from hostile people. With the age of terrorism, the probability of a catastrophe occurring as a result of intentional acts of terrorists thus becomes extremely high. Furthermore, there are dangers associated with natural hazards such as storms and hurricanes which have become part of the lives of people of the United States. There are great chances of such happenings occurring in areas with nuclear plants. This would lead to cases such as those witnessed in Japan in recent times and the repercussions are still affecting the occupants of the regions that were affected. The number of people that would be affected if such a catastrophe occurred in the United States is unmentionable. Unfortunately, such calamities cannot easily be prevented or controlled (Raloff 27). Its occurrence would destroy plants leading only to reactive approaches and not preventive measures. Before the situation is contained, the number of people affected would be so great. Nuclear waste remains one of the world’s greatest problems (Energy Advisory Group of the World Council of Churches 51). Despite the large step towards improvement of handling nuclear energy, there has not been remarkable improvement in the quantity of waste produced from nuclear reactors. Breeder reactors produce an equal amount of waste as compared to present day reactors. This means that there is very little chance
Stress is a condition that makes one to have an unappealing emotional feeling. This condition can be brought about by several factors. One may for instance experience time pressure as a result of failure to meet deadlines in the workplace, lack of sleep due to a nagging issue that one is supposed to do or even long working hours without time to rest (Selye, 1956). However a little stress is said to be healthy in the medical field and it is all the same difficult for one to stay totally stress free. Each person has one or two things that nag him or her in life. Researchers like Janis and Mann (1977) argues that stress has adverse effects. For example, it can affect the operations of a group if the members of that group tend to make decisions wholesomely regardless whether the decisions are good or bad. The individual members cannot make their own decisions but rely on the decision of others thus rendering the group as non-functional. This thus shows that stress can distort a person’s performance if not well managed. Though stress is part of our lives we cannot assume the important role played by humor. It is not amazing to see a stressed person may be due to his or her hard life, peer pressures, pressure from the immediate family members and even a non-controllable situation creating a sense of humour. This sense of humor helps one to get relieved from his or her pressing situation and forget momentarily about his or her problems. That is why Healy and McKay (2000) suggests that people should put more value on humor as it can prevent them from suffering from severe effects of stress. It is not a wonder that so many people nowadays are getting diseases like high blood pressure. This is not even enough as young youths in their early twenty’s are diagnosed with such disease. This is as a result of the hard life and poor economies that render them jobless. In return the level of stress has increased leaving these youths unproductive and stranded on what to do with their lives. It is at this juncture that scholars like Burchiel and King (1999) argues that in life, most of the things we go through are beyond our control and power. However, this does not mean that we should torture ourselves wondering what to do. Rather, we should change our perspectives about these events. We should take these situations positively, in away that suits our purpose and more so in a humorous way which in return would help us to reduce the tension that is within us and not to say, the emotional breakdown that we may have experienced (Kurtz, 1999). To sum up this discussion about stress and stress management, it is important to put in place the strategies that would reduce stress in our workplace, homes, institutions and the society as a whole. In this regard Sutherland and Cooper (2000) suggest that individuals should always try
Introduction Hurricane Katrina was one of the worst tropical cyclones that caused massive destruction of property and loss of lives in the United States. According to Smith (35), Hurricane Katrina was categorised as the sixth most powerful Atlantic hurricanes in the American history. Many have compared it with other catastrophic hurricanes such as Hurricane Rita and Wilma. According to the NASA reports, the cyclone was first detected on August 23, 2005 in Bahamas. The meteorologists who were studying it never expected it to grow into a catastrophic hurricane because it was moving at low speeds. As it approached Florida, there were concerns as the speed of the cyclone increased to the levels where it was classified as Category 1 hurricane. It started causing deaths and destruction as it moved with strengthened speed towards the Gulf of Mexico (Reed 41). The Hurricane gained strength and reached Category 5 as it hit over the warm waters at the Gulf. On August 29, the hurricane finally hit a landfall in south of Louisiana as Category 3 hurricane. The Gulf Coast, especially from Florida to Texas, experienced massive destruction of property and loss of lives as a result of storm surge. The highest number of deaths was recorded in Louisiana and New Orleans as a result of a massive flooding. The levee systems that had been set in these regions failed catastrophically, and people in the area were left without any form of protection from the hurricane. When it finally died down, 1833 lives were lost and properties worth over $ 81 billion destroyed. In this paper, the focus will be to analyse the interaction of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere and the hurricane Katrina disaster. The Formation of Hurricanes Hurricanes are tropical cyclones that form over the sea and move violently to the earth, causing massive damages on property and loss of lives. The term Hurricane is used when describing the tropical cyclones that occur in eastern Pacific Ocean or Atlantic Ocean. It is important to understand how the hurricanes are formed, by understanding all the ingredients needed for such a powerful force to be developed. According to Smith (112), hurricanes will vary in strength based on the quality of ingredients that form it. For a cyclone to occur there must be warm air in the ocean, atmospheric moisture, and a wind pattern near or over the ocean. It is important to understand that hurricanes form over
Introduction Gap is a leading retailer of cloths and other body care accessories in North America. Gap has been operating under four brand names, banana, Gap, Fourth and Towne and Old navy. This case study is an illustration of strategic issues faced by this company, and consequently which led to a lot of managerial and financial problems in the company. These issues were a threat to the company’s market share since they led to a compromise in quality and uniqueness. Pressler became the company’s chief executive officer in 2002 and before then, the companies operating under Gap were considered the best in the region in terms of style (Wee, 2002). Despite the fact that his strategies led to the reduction of a lot of costs, it also placed the companies at stake of losing its customers and reputation. One of the cost-cutting strategies used by Pressler was closing many stores and cutting down on the inventory in the stores. This led to the creation of lower quality products which were simply copied by other retailers hence competition stepped up. He also separated the three brands such that each operated independently. These strategies worked at first, but in the long run, they started to backfire and the company started losing a great deal in terms of sales, productivity and profitability. The results of this included an increase in the rate of employee turnover, production of low quality out fits and a reduction in the market share to rival retailers such as J. crew and urban outfitters (Lee, 2004). Long term and immediate problems in the case The immediate problems in this case are a drop in profits as experienced between the fiscal years 2005 and 2006. During this period, “the revenue went down by 1.5%, operating profits decreased by 4.2% while the net profit decreased by 3.2%. This company lost its status as indicated by its decline in rank from position 40 in 2005 to position 52 in 2006” (Wee, 2004). This is an indication that twelve more companies performed better than Gaps between 2005 and 2006. The attempt to solve this problem by introducing discounts on the goods meant compromised quality. Gap, for example, was targeting the high-income earners by stocking high quality attires at high prices, and the nature of its market design required nothing less of unique owing to the prices. This is the store that was affected most since after showing signs of deterioration it was not easy for them to assure their customers that they were coming up again. They were dealing with a very sensitive group in the market and retailers such as Wal-Mart came up and replaced Gap. The other stores were not performing well, but they were still not performing at their optimum level. Old navy, for example, resorted to stocking ordinary clothes found in other stores hence their customers discredited them. Earlier on this store stocked fashionable attires at affordable prices that were an attracting to the middle-class community. They had a milestone from the other retail