ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Electronic business, also known as E-business is the fastest growing industry in the world. The emerging technologies have given this industry a new shape. As Piercy (2009) notes, electronic business has undergone a complete revolution. This scholar holds that this industry is the most affected by the emerging technologies. This is partly attributed to the increasing globalization that is taking place in the world. The world has been turned into a global village. The geographical barrier has been completely broken by sophisticated technological inventions. The boundaries have been eliminated, and cultures integrated. The biggest beneficiary of this globalization is the business sector. By breaking the geographical barrier, it has been possible for business to operate in different countries simultaneously, opening up the space for growth. An American firm can manufacture its products in Japan, and sell them in Saudi Arabia. This would call for sophisticated electronic gadgets that would help in coordinating these numerous units in different region. A manager, who is based in Japan where production is taking place, should be able to communicate with the head office in United States of America, and monitor progress in the Saudi market. This can only be achieved if there is proper means of communication. Electronics have come up strongly as the solution to this requirement. Communication has been made easier through electronics. Video conferencing, phone calls, mass media (televisions and radios) and social media are some of the electronic inventions that have gained popularity in the business sector. In other words, electronic business has been facilitated by technology, which is changing at a pace that not many had predicted before. New inventions and innovations are coming into existence and this has a very strong impact on human beings. No one can predict what tomorrow would be in terms of technology. Technology has left humanity guessing what tomorrow would bring. The scientists are also not able to predict what they would invent in future. A number of analysts observe that after being in the technology industry for long, they cannot accurately predict what the future would be in terms of technology. Academicians note that when a scientist moves to the laboratory, he or she may not clearly know what kind of products he or she wants to introduce Electronic inventions ha
Introduction Literature review pertains to cross-examining what other scholars have done in the field of study. This is based on the idea that knowledge is cumulative. Revisiting other people’s ideas and thoughts help in formulating both theoretical and conceptual frameworks. In this study, the researcher employs some theories, which are part of theoretical literature. Conceptual literature are usually revisited by scrutinizing what other researchers have concluded in their studies. Literature review is important because it offers a foundation to any study. Generally, literature review is related to determining how much is known. It is important because it keeps away unnecessary duplication of data and gives more knowledge to the researcher. The researcher can only avoid mistakes committed by other researchers if he/she reviews literature. Therefore, review of literature helps a researcher to formulate a study that stands the taste of time The national interests usually guide foreign policies of many states. It is established that the current international system exists according to the Hobbestian state of nature, where life is anarchic, short-lived and brutal. States usually play a zero-sum game where the main agenda is to gain from a particular relationship. A state would therefore formulate a foreign policy with an intention of fulfilling its national interests. It is also established that the existence of states in the international system is affected by systemic variables, such as polarity and the development of international law. In this study, the researcher would revisit what other researchers have done and determine research questions and hypotheses as regards to the relationship between foreign policies and various variables in the international system. Research Questions  1. Does governmental politics affect foreign policy making given that political parties and pressure groups have a stake in the formulation process.  2. Does regime type matter in foreign policy formulation? Does the behavior of leaders affect the quality of decisions made at the international level?  3. Does military spending affect the GDP of a state? Is it factual that military spending drains resource that would be channeled to economic development?  4. Does the public approve military spending that intends to achieve greatness for the state but does not fulfill national interests?  5. Did the two major world ideologies affect the military industry after 1945?  6. How do other variables such as the geography affect the military ideology in a particular state? In Israel for instance, the government spends many resources protecting the borders. This is due to the size of the state and the geographical position. Israel is situated in the region that is prone to aggression. Gambia, which is a small sta
Reluctant Entrepreneur In an attempt to find solutions to build the economy in their country, Banerjee and Duflo look at the theme of a reluctant entrepreneur from different perspectives. In the first instance, they argue that a reluctant entrepreneur is one who understands the need to live a better life, but does not build a substantial model to create an ample environment for improved performance in his/her daily duties (Banerjee and Duflo 87). In their quest to view the various aspects of entrepreneurship, they visited the Bombay Stock Exchange and observed four women who sat by the road. Consequently, they view a reluctant entrepreneur as helping poor people, especially those living in the slums, to start a business. However, little or no effort motivates them into getting on to higher heights in the entrepreneurial field as they are neglected once given the initial capital. Moreover, they argue that reluctant entrepreneurs strive for a large amount of capital to start a business rather than using the little available resources within one’s reach to initiate a project and build it over a long time. In Guntur, for instance, an employee of Spandama starts as a trash collector, the lowest-ranked job in India, but later builds a successful trash collecting and sorting firm. Why microfinance most often makes things worse, if not much worse Batman and Chang (13), in their introductory remarks on microfinance and poor economics, challenge the international perspectives of many entrepreneurs on the developmental agenda of the quickly arising microfinance; they maintain that such schools of thought promote poverty among the peasants of various countries (Sachs 36). Based on several aspects of business criteria, they strongly opposed the management and involvement of the community in the activities of the credit-based firms. Instead of enriching the lives of the poor, microfinance rather deteriorates their lives. Microfinance enterprises worsen situations in the manners discussed below. Microfinance ignore the economies of scale Bateman and Chang (17) argue that microfinance ignores the economies of scale, as most of the firms are small, hence are not able to diversify. This limits their chances of prosperity and survival in the financial, competitive field. Besides, with the limited sources of income, the firms are incapable of providing enough loans at reduced rates to its members, thereby limiting the expansion of services to customers. Microfinance ignores the principle of local demand Microfinance ignores the principle of local demand, which is the fallacy of composition. Johnson and Rogaly (84), in their review of microfinance and poverty eradication, reason out that the rule of supply creates demand that does not hold since most people struggle to meet their daily needs. Therefore, it me
Toyota’s culture For many years, Toyota’s corporate culture has ensured that there is teamwork among all employees in manufacturing its cars and car parts. This has made the company stand out from other motor vehicle industries. The company’s enacted values are comprised of five discrete components: teamwork, respect, and challenge, Kaizen, and genchi genbutsu. The company’s business process entails a continuous process of improving its products. This is the kaizen value. This is a culture that has been entrenched in the blood of all staff working with the company. To ensure that they effectively solve problems affecting their customers, Toyota staff believes in going to the root of the problem and looking for a solution from there (McCuddy, 2010, p. 574). Decision on steps to take after identifying the problems is reached upon through a consensus by all staff. Instead of taking challenges as a hindrance to their performance, the company’s staffs consider it as a wake-up call and a motivation to facilitate in enhancing their performance. The culture of teamwork in the company makes the staffs give the company’s matters a priority. This has led to them sharing ideas when addressing any problem affecting the company. As the company has a culture of respect for each other, they are always willing to listen to each person’s ideas and share knowledge. Since its inception, the company has emphasized the culture of ensuring that it offers quality products to its customers. However, this has not been the case. The company has concentrated on incremental growth and forgot to ensure that it offers quality products. This was reflected by cases of the company being forced to recall some of its cars due to mechanical problems during their manufacture. Effects of ‘Toyota way’ culture The success of any organization lies behind its organizational culture. Organizations with a strong positive organizational culture experience more growth than those that do not have. The ‘Toyota way’ culture has been instrumental in enhancing the company’s performance. The culture has brought together all employees within the company thus encouraging teamwork. It has been the reason behind the competitive advantage of the company. ‘Toyota way’ culture has led to the company experiencing significant incremental growth (McCuddy, 2010, p. 574). Despite the culture helping the company experience incremental growth and gain a competitive advantage, it is the reason behind the company’s trend of lowering the quality of its products. Staff have concentrated on improving the company’s incremental growth and forgot to ensure that they offer quality products. Challenges experienced in transforming Toyota’s global culture The global international culture of Toyota Company has helped it experience incremental growth. The company has been able to manufacture and sell a lot of cars every year. This has led to it being competitive. However, the inability of the company to produce quality products has led to the management embarking on shifting from global expansion to quality enhancement. In this undertaking, the company faces the challenge of losing its global market. To focu
MacArthur Foundation Awards Prizes is a program that was founded by Catherine T. and John D. The title of the award is a MacArthur’s Fellowship Program which is also and more known as Genius Grant (John et al, 2008). Such a title was given because the nominees for these awards are considered genius. These awards require a short-listing of nearly forty candidates who are awarded prizes from the United States of America. However, a potential candidate must possess certain qualities of artistic production in order to feature in the list of nominees for the awards. Moreover, the piece of art one represents should be original and attract attention. The winners of the awards are those whose age ranges from eighteen years to eighty two years (John et al, 2008). Analytically, an individual nominee needs to possess great developmental capabilities, original creativity of ideas, educational values, objective behavior, and skills for promot
Abstract The essay discusses the three works, Lolita, Hills like White Elephants, and The Lottery, and the author’s criticisms of American culture in the texts. Lolita criticizes the mismatch of American and European cultures. Hills like White Elephants discuss the criticism on abortion. The lottery discusses violence in American society and how it only starts to matter when the person himself becomes the victim. Introduction In a comparison of the three works: Lolita, The Lottery, and Hills like White Elephants it is necessary to observe the latter two authors are American and the former is a Russian emigrant to America. Each author criticizes different aspects of American culture. Criticism as the basis of the story was only apparent in The Lottery whereas Lolita and Hills like White Elephants were based on the author’s ability to use language with criticisms of American culture ingrained in the plot. Criticisms on Lolita Lolita is the story of a middle-aged European man who is obsessed with prepubescent girls due to a childhood infatuation that ended in tragedy. It is the story of Humbert and how he robs a child of her innocence while portraying a sympathetic image of himself to the reader of his book. Throughout the entire book, there is an obvious set up of differences between European and American culture. In the novel, Humbert describes Europe that his upbringing in Europe has made him unique, unlike the Americans. He also attracts a lot of attention from American women because of his European pompadour and charm. Although the book is about a European man robbing the childhood of an American child Vladimir Nabokov’s skill lies in convincing the audience otherwise. Vladimir makes a pedophile’s case seem sympathetic through the use of language and develops the story in a way that makes the reader believe that it is an American child who is playing the role of seductress and not vice versa. This can be viewed as the author’s skill in writing or his criticism of American culture. Vladimir criticizes American culture to be incompatible with European culture. This is highlighted in the story when Humbert marries Charlotte Haze and tries to educate and culture her according to European standards. Although Charlotte wants to be placed on a higher pedestal in Humbert’s eyes she fails repeatedly and Humbert ignores all her attempts as hopeless. When Charlotte dies and Humbert starts a perverted relationship with her daughter Dolores (Lolita) he becomes unsatisfied by what he had longed for. Humbert describes this phase of his life as a man seduced by a 12-year-old shallow American girl. He takes himself far away from the reali
Thesis Statement The Last of the Mohicans is a novel about national, cultural, social, gender, and racial equality. The races portrayed in the novel are real and existed in the time of the writer. As regards this, Cooper has quite artistically presented the prevailing culture of the Native Americans in the novel. The novel also depicts the adventurous traits of the natives. Introduction James Fenimore Cooper’s adventure series was very popular in Europe and in the United States because they didn’t only introduce the first American hero as well as the noble savage but also enclosed adventure and quests. The Last of the Mohicans is set on the American frontier during the French and Indian War. The daughters of Colonel Monro, Alice, and Cora, are going to visit him at Ft. William Henry, a fort being attacked by the French, with the help of a Huron tribe member Magua and Major Duncan Heyward. Magua betrays them and leads them into the battle with the Hurons; they survive only because Chingachgook, Uncas, and Hawkeye are passing by and rescue Cora, Alice, and Heyward. These rescues go on as the novel progresses, and finally, the Hurons capture Alice, Cora, and Heyward; only Cora survives. Magua kills Uncas and Colonel Monro but then later is killed by Chingachgook, the last of the Mohicans. Alice throws herself off the cliff because she saw that Uncas died defending her. Several illogical and bizarre dramatic effects can be observed in this novel. To begin with, there’s the waterfall jump where Chingachgook, Uncas, and Hawkeye leap out and survive the fall, coming out unharmed. Also, there is the scene where a Huron Indian has Cora under his knife and hesitates a long time to kill her, and Hawkeye taking quite a long time finally gets there just in point to save her, which is a very bizarre coincidence. The castle in this story is the forest, where everything takes place, and the land is very valued. Magua’s religion is to obtain revenge on Colonel Monro and hate for his family, which is also his deformity; he will go everywhere to kill them. The British feel very superior to everyone, including the French; this makes it their religion. The armed knights are, of course, the Mohican Indians. The foreigners are the French and the British, who try to obtain the Mohican’s land and invade it. This novel reflects the values of the individual and common man, making it a romance (Divine, pp.34-35). Discussion Cooper introduced the concept of an adventure novel as this was the ingrained trait of the contemporary society, where certain individuals are chased, captured, and then escape to find that they’re being chased again. The Last of The Mohicans is an adventure novel with many of these examples. In the beginning, when Chingachgook and his sons rescue Cora, Alice, and Heyward, they have to run away from the Hurons, and when they are captured, they manage to escape only to be chased and caught again. Chingachgook and his sons are often entering hazardous fights for Cora, her sister, and Heyward, not knowing who they are. When Major Heyward sacrifices himself for Cora, he wants to show that he cares for her and
Abstract The paper discusses the topic of energy-wasting and the patterns of energy consumption that can be outlined. It utilizes the SWOT matrix and the System (Stakeholder) Map to analyze the past, present, and future trends and habits contributing to the development of the problem. In addition, the study provides the findings of the literature review and suggests a possible solution to the issue. Introduction The presented assignment is focused on the problem of energy-wasting. The motivation for the choice of this topic is that currently, the world’s population contributes to the inefficient use of energy regularly, while many individuals are not aware of the impact of their actions (Murray et al. 2016). The problem of the research is that patterns of energy waste are ineffective and contribute to the problem of energy waste. The thesis of the study is that the global population should change its energy consumption habits. The previous research raises the question of the necessity of optimization of energy consumption. Literature Review The purpose of the research is to identify the factors that contribute to the development of the problem of energy-wasting. In addition, the study aims at analyzing the possible options for making a change in the field and eliminating the effects of the issue, using the evidence from recent studies. The majority of the authors investigating the issue agree that many people are not aware of the causes and consequences of energy-wasting (Jabłońska, Jursová & Billewicz 2015). In addition, the unsustainability of energy consumption and production has become an acute problem globally (Caetano et al. 2017). These arguments are feasible as they correspond to the population’s habits related to energy-wasting that can be observed today. This study argues that the measures to reduce inefficient energy consumption should be taken as soon as possible. Methodology The study was carried out in April-June 2019 in Sydney, Australia. The primary methods utilized for this research were:  1. Literature review  2. Exploring the design space (the SWOT analysis and the System Stakeholder Map) The study involved a systematic literature review, during which the evaluation of peer-reviewed articles on the topics of energy-wasting and energy consumption was performed. The selection of works was made according to three criteria, including their 1) timeliness and applic
Introduction Honey has is considered a sweet food that comes from bees using nectar drawn from flowers with sweet aroma. The genus apis or honey bees collect sweet aroma nectars from flowers to make honey through a process referred to as regurgitation. The food is stored in honey combs and consumed during periods of food scarcity. The sweetness of honey comes from monosaccharides fructose and glucose. Most people prefer to use honey over sugar because of its properties in baking and sweet flavour. An analysis on the history of honey consumption reveals that its history has not only being long and mixed, honey has been used in the production of a variety of foods in the world over. This essay seeks to examine various aspects of honey such as history and origins, religious and cultural significance and main manufacturing processes and examples of food products. Furthermore, the essay explores composition, and nutritional and medical benefits of honey. History and Origins The history and origin of honey comes from ancient times and is long and varied. In most ancient communities, the function of honey went beyond food. Its application in ancient times included in talisman and as food sweetener. In fact, honey collection is one of the most ancient activities that span to around ten thousand years ago. The cave paintings in Valencia and ancient Egypt demonstrate that honey was widely used in most ancient cultures. In ancient Egypt, honey has been used in the production of sweetened biscuits, food flavours and traditional dishes. In China, a congregation of historians posit that its history cannot be traced. In Mesoamerica, honey was cultivated and used for a variety of purposes. In Maya culture, bees are not only sacred, but stingless bees are used for culinary purposes. However, most cultures believed that honey played a key role in human health. This confirms its wide application as an ointment for rashes and soothing of sore throats. Religious and Cultural Significance A number of world religions use honey for a variety of purposes. “Honey is one of the five elixirs of immorality in Hinduism religion” (Snowdon and Cliver, 1996). It is poured over deities in most Hindu ritual and is considered a potential source of blessings in most religions. In the Jewish religion, Honey is not only a symbol of New Year; it is also a sign of blessings from God. According to Snowdon and Cliver (1996), “at the traditional meal for that New year’s holiday, apple slices are dipped in honey and eaten to bring a sweet new year and some Rosh Hashanah greetings show honey and an apple, symbolizing the feast.” Buddhism on the other hand makes use of honey in Madhu Purnima. This is one of the most important festivals in the Buddha’s calendar and is widely celebrated in India and Bangladesh. In Christianity, John the Ba