ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The USA is probably the country with the most frequent jury trials. A Jury Service is a kind of go-between for the judiciary and ordinary citizens. It involves active citizens of different classes, different ages, and various professions in the functioning of the courts. It also gives them the right to protect the accused against bias or unjustified verdicts. Therefore, jury duty is a crucial element of the judicial branch of government, contributing to the development of a democratic state. Impact of Jury Service on Democracy A Jury Service is an integral part of the U.S. judicial branch, due to which people can make responsible decisions and understand that their opinion is essential to the state. It reminds citizens that they live in a truly democratic state. Thomas Jefferson has claimed that “trial by jury is the only anchor, by which a government can be held to the principles of its constitution” (as cited in Kolbe, 2020, p. 16). Moreover, those involved in Jury Service become more educated and know how the judicial system works. They realize that a person’s fate depends on their decision and try to be as objective as possible. Thus, jury duty is a significant civic responsibility, strengthening democracy. Trial by jury also contributes to increasing trust in the state. It convinces the accused that their case will be examined impartially. Although many people think that the main thing in such a trial is to appeal to the jury’s emotions or even move them to pity, juries can be more objective than professionals. Juries Service eliminates the likelihood of corruption, injustice, and bias (Kolbe, 2020). Therefore, the accused will be sure that active and objective citizens will judge them. The Seventh Amendment: Importance and Effect Due to the Seventh Amendment, the position of the Jury Service has strengthened, and its powers have expanded. Firstly, this Amendment limits the judge’s power to change the decision of the jury. Secondly, it allows that cases to be considered by Jury Service if claims exceed twenty dollars. This Amendment also means that juries can hear any civil suits, considering all facts, evaluating them, and pronouncing the verdict (Kolbe, 2020). As for its potential effect on my life, this Amendment suggests that if I file a lawsuit where the claims are more than twenty dollars, the case can be tried by juries. It also guarantees that my case would be heard and decided by those who cannot be bribed. Hence, the Seventh Amendment is a significant law th
Intercollegiate athletics is the foundation on which the country’s national sports, both amateur and professional, are built. Athletes constitute the main reserve of the national teams that participate in international professional competitions. While many students have a hard time finding the money to pay for their education, hundreds of U.S. universities offer scholarships and free accommodation, and meals for applicants who have athletic talent and participate in intercollegiate sports. However, the emphasis has been displaced from physical fitness to commerce, and the perception of educational institutions has changed. Intercollegiate athletics is an important element in the preparation of high-class athletes and provides a permanent and highly qualified reserve to replenish the country’s professional sports teams. American student sports are well organized as studies and sports are inextricably linked together (McArdle, Paskus, and Boker 57). If students make unsatisfactory progress in their studies, they will not be able to train for games or sports. In addition, sports are one of the main marketing tools used to attract students. In order to attract the strongest athletes, schools introduce funded sports programs (Feezell 186). More than a thousand U.S. educational institutions are seeking currently students for their sports teams to bring glory to their university. Sports events are a huge interest among the U.S. population. The best teams can fill stadiums, the capacity of which exceeds one hundred thousand spectators. They have been designed for intercollegiate games on almost every campus (Jozsa 21). The press, the Internet, and television broadcasts are all at the disposal of athletics. Millions of viewers across the country watch television broadcasts of college basketball, baseball, football, and other games. Student sports in the United States is a business with an annual turnover of more than a billion dollars. Top athletes then become professional athletes and receive good incomes, although in order to become a player in the National Football League (NFL), the athlete should be a member of the university team for three years. As for the National Basketball Association (NBA), the member must be at least 19 years old. Financing is one the contradictory issues in the sphere. The leading organizations of the NFL, NBA, and NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) try not to compete with each other and hold all of their major competitions in different seasons. The annual profit for all NCAA intercollegiate sports exceeds 10 billion dollars. Of this amount, only 30 percent is directed to scholarships and financial assistance of the players (Nixon 48). Meanwhile, professional athletes receive about half of the profits of their leagues in the form of salary and bonuses. Sports grants, indirect financial investments, and assets, as well as the tax status, strongly influence the perception of intercollegiate athletics. This ratio incl
The doctor’s job is to follow ethical standards, including loyalty to patients and respect for their choice. However, the profession concentrates on philosophical, religious, and cultural traditions and beliefs. Physician-assisted suicide can be seen as voluntary death by a medical professional. At the same time, the doctor provides all the necessary means and information regarding the patient’s desires for the end of life. However, such cooperation on the part of a doctor cannot be ethically conditioned. Allowing euthanasia can cause irreparable harm to the patient if done incorrectly. Thus, a person can be left without the possibility of a habitual existence. Even though many patients who decide to die to suffer from incurable diseases voluntarily, the doctor cannot assist them. In this case, the moral commandment that a person cannot take someone else’s life is violated (Clarke et al., 2021). Moreover, doctor-assisted suicide is wholly opposed to the definition of a profession aimed at helping people. The doctor is seen as a healer, while physician-assisted suicide does not seem to control and calculate the risks, which can be a threat to many patients. The dilemma lies in the Hippocratic oath given by all doctors, one of the points of which is not to harm. Thus, helping a patient with a death wish can be seen as a deliberate wish to injure the person. Moreover, it may reduce the level of trust between patients and medical staff since taking a life cannot be ethically justified. In addition, the religious view forbids doctors to help patients at the end of life, referring to the commandment not to kill a person. Furthermore, killing may be considered offensive due to society’s moral attitude. The patient’s pain can be alleviated with the help of available medicines, while the loss of life is an irreversible action. Reference Clarke, C., Cannon, M., Skokauskas, N., & Twomey, P. (2021). The debate about physician assisted suicide and euthanasia in Ireland–Implications for psychiatry. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 79 , 12-14. Web.
The role of women has been discussed a lot during different periods. Women had to follow the prejudices defined within a society, mind the expectations of other people around, and demonstrate their abilities to listen, obey, and complete all their family and social functions on a necessary level. Still, not all of them were ready to follow the order. Some women were ready to resist, demonstrate their points of view, and share their experiences. The current paper shows how different women of the 19 th century treated their social statuses and what attempts they were ready to make to change the situation. An Address by Maria Steward is one of the first attempts to evaluate the situations under which women had to live in the 19 th century. She explained that the position the women had during that period was not perfect because black women had to stand in fear of the whites and work until they had the efforts to walk (“Maria Steward, An Address” 116). Her letter was not the propaganda of some actions. It was a cry about the situation of black women. She addressed God to ask for justice. She underlined unreasonable anger that fulfilled the white men in regard to the black women. She was not satisfied with the existing prejudice. By the way, she was not the only one who was eager to resist the already stated style of life. Harriet Hanson Robinson described the conditions under which factory girls had to live. In her letter, the question of color was not raised. It was the question of the attitude to different kinds of work. In the 19 th century, even white women and girls could suffer from injustice working at plants and factories. The level of a factory girl was the lowest even among female society at the beginning of the 19 th century (“Harriet Hanson Robinson, Characteristics” 121). However, with time, the situation was changed. New England women working at factories created a new class of people, naturally intelligent and successful. Women demonstrated their powers to develop a new community and create their own rules. Many women came to the community from other regions to find protection, understanding, and opportunities. Unfortunately, with time, the community turned out to be a threat to other people, and the factories were closed. Women could not stand this solution and went on strike to support their rights and choices. It was another example of how women could protest and declare th
Compare two (2) job positions from the episode and perform a job analysis of each position One position is the person who prepares the food, fries, burgers, ice cream, and others. It takes skill and understanding of the cooking process, as the food must be ready within the shortest amount of time. The equipment that is used for cooking food requires special knowledge and adherence to certain standards. Another position is the shift manager. This person controls the order in the restaurant and makes sure that the standards are applied. The individual is also in charge of directing the staff to the priorities and overlooks any problems that might take place. The work habits are overall positive; the person possesses managerial and people skills. Has the freedom of action and application of the company’s rules. The fact that the position has authority over the other creates positive and negative effects. The positive ones relate to the overlook of situations and a chance to control the actions of others. The manager is placed into the position because they have the necessary skills to step back and see the situation from a different angle. Their knowledge is also greater, as they have special education or/and experience in the field. The position of a cook is much different, as they are the person who carries out the duties and supports the infrastructure of the restaurant. They are the “work force” of the establishment and play a significant role in the business. Since they have instrumental knowledge of the trade, their duties entail the largest part of the company but they still have to take directions from the management. One position is that of obedience and the key role of the service being provided, whereas the other is of authority and addition to the work of others (Watson, 2008). Describe your method of collecting the information for the job analysis (i.e., one-on-one, interview, survey, etc.) The collection of information takes on several forms. One is a personal interview with the employees. In reality, it is hard to guess what each employee thinks and feels, so it is crucial to talk to the person and find out their point of view. The use of a survey in a form of a questionnaire would also prove useful, as a person will be able to rate their satisfaction and duties. Performance at the job is another important aspect of the interview. The way an employee views their own work is important, as they relate to how their ability interacts with the work environment. It would also be useful to conduct a survey of the customers and managers. The customers will provide valuable information as to the feedback about the work of the personnel. The public has a much different perspective of the work of the peo
Terrorism can be defined as a premeditated, politically motivated violence directed against noncombatant targets, by sub-national groups to achieve political, economic or religious ends. International terrorism can be considered as the one which involves citizens or a territory of more than one country (Cottle 34). In many instances, the aims of terrorists are similar to those of political groups whose views have to be dominant over those of their opponents. Terrorism is used to achieve progress within a short time than the pace in their current political atmosphere. It can also be said that terrorism is a more advanced stage of failed political process that starts with inequities and injustice. It moves from frustrated attempts of reform that breeds fear and temper, to confrontations related to politics that erupts in violence. They can be used to rationalize the use of any type of violence against any target (Sanders 95). Flashpoint (para.3) states that there are several forms of terrorism in existence. In urbanized countries, the traditional guerrilla warfare is mostly not appropriate. The reason behind is that rebels when attacked by superior forces cannot achieve and get hold of control over territory. In addition, they can not manage employing hit and run attacks effectively without having large losses. This resulted to formation of a new doctrine known as the urban guerrilla warfare which used terrorist tactics. In the 1990s a new form of international terrorism was formed. The group appeared to be less rational, not focused, deadly, and more international. This form of terrorism was known as Islamist Terrorism (Flashpoint para.4). An example of a recent terrorism attack is the one that happened in Southeast Asia in the year 2005. Since September 2001, the Australian prime minister had drawn significant political progress. The political progress was a result of well-worn cliché that changed the world on that tragic day (Club De Madrid para4). Force was needed to do away with the growing frustrations in politics, existential temper, and logistic ability for the hijackers to plan and implement the plots that had been evident for long. This was growing incrementally to anyone who was prepared to listen to the
When it comes to ensuring the commercial appeal of a particular product, it is crucially important to remain thoroughly aware of what accounts for the specifics of the targeted audience’s consumer behavior. In their turn, these specifics are best discussed within the context of how the cultural affiliation of consumers affects their perception of the surrounding social reality, and, consequently, their purchasing choices (De Mooij, 2007, p. 27). In my paper, I will aim to substantiate the validity of this suggestion at length in regards to the print advertisement-poster of Korean alcoholic beverage Soju (hard liquor), branded as CharmSoju: CharmSoju Advertisement Explanation The advertisement-poster of CharmSoju was found on the weblog KoreaBANG, dedicated to the mission of enlightening Westerners on what accounts for the socio-cultural realities in modern South Korea. It features the centrally positioned (sexually suggestive) image of a young girl, with the image of the actual product (CharmSoju) being shifted towards the ad’s lower right corner. According to the advertisement: “CharmSoju is the genuine Soju because it is smoothly going down and leaves you feeling fresh the next day!”. Underlying Assumptions The ad’s main conceptual assumption is that the members of the targeted audience (young Koreans) happened to be closely associated with the so-called Oriental (or holistic) cultural values, largely reflective of the provisions of Confucianism/Buddhism. These values are concerned with the affiliated people’s lack of ego-centrism unlike that, what happened to be the case in the West, East-Asians tend to proceed with highly communal lifestyles, while considering themselves to be the integral part of the surrounding environment (Keegan & Green, 2012, p. 103). T
Introduction Martha Rogers used her nursing theory of “Science of Unitary Human Beings” to promote the quality of healthcare delivered to different patients. According to this theory, nurses should view human beings as crucial parts or elements of the universe (Fawcett, 2003). That being the case, the nursing practice should focus on the best healthcare services and support. The theory goes further to explain why “human-environment interaction” is critical towards better healthcare and service delivery. This theory is useful because it provides the best framework for nursing practice. Rogers explains why nurses should consider the practice as a “science and art.” The theorist explains how the attachment between human beings and the environment forms what Martha calls a “unitary concept” (Blais, Hayes, Kozier, & Erb, 2011). Applying the Theory to My Nursing Practice According to McEwen and Willis (2010, p. 48), “human beings and the environment are indivisible and possess irreducible energy fields.” Such fields can only be identified using clear patterns of the “whole.” This is what forms the “unitary human field” (McEwen & Willis, 2010). That being the case, human health is the outward expression of life and its wider process. According to this theory, “illness” and “health” are parts of the human
Thinking critically is one of the basic skills required when analyzing issues. The ability to gather and give a personal opinion to information is equally important. Not all sources of information are valid. This is why we ought to learn how to think critically by criticizing, comparing, and contrasting the different pieces of information we have at our disposal. Some of the dominant information points are textbooks, television, newspapers, resource personalities like teachers and even academic journals. Above all, the internet is among the most modern sources of information. However, how do you know that certain information from a given website is authentic enough and therefore worth basing our decisions and judgments on? This paper relates two different websites on the same topic on psychology which in this case is drug addiction and the comparative quality of information in them. This website was created and is being maintained by Helpguide.org. The domain of the above website is quite authoritative because it ends with.org which means that it is not in the business of advertising at the expense of providing useful information. It is an organization not geared towards making profit and therefore it is more likely to give balanced and unbiased information. This group’s mission is to assist people to comprehend, prevent, and get solutions to different challenges along their way. They have a mission to empower people with the necessary skills and self-motivation towards life. Therefore, they have a good reason to be objective in their reporting. According to Menon (21), internet resources that are considered useful should be authoritative enough and this is mainly determined by the nature of the very source, a school, government, and non-profit organizations are more preferred. The website has a missionary zeal to extend a helping hand and therefore quite objective. Moreover, the information given on drug abuse is accurate and broad-based covering other related subtopics like signs, symptoms, and suggested help for victims which can also be verified through other sources. No blatant advertising is evident on the website. The format in which the information is presented is appealing. Well illustrated diagrams and pictures are proves. The font type and size make the information legible (Jones 78). Three important things I have learned from visiting the site are that drug abuse related to prescription is equally bad as the normal drug abuse. Also family addiction history can be a notable cause of drug abuse and the worst effect related to drug addiction is crime. This website is under the custody of Alcohol and Drug Abuse.com and its sponsorship is purely for commercial interests.
Framing rules and Feelings rules The process of showing one’s emotions is referred to as emotion work. Emotion work can take place through self-perception or interpersonal communication whereby an individual seeks to identify emotions, which best fit different situations. As a result, framing and feeling rules underlie emotion work in that framing rules entail a set of guidelines that provide the meaning of different situations while feeling rules are those guidelines that define the appropriate way to act or the feelings, which befit specific situations (Wood & Henry, 2002, p. 45; Wood, 2010, p. 178). The role of framing and feeling rules in the family In my family, feelings of sadness, joy, and anger are expressed through strict adherence to rules that inform the appropriate expression of specific emotions in specific situations. For instance, despite that I hate my younger brother because he is always nagging me, it is tradition that I must not feel happy whenever he falls ill or in case he hits his head against the wall. Moreover, there are many normative expectations that each member of my family is expected to follow relative to the existing emotion culture. Here, it is worth noting that feeling rules determine the intensity, duration, and direction of different emotions as well as informing our emotional experiences in specific contexts (Wood, 2010, p. 179). As a result, it is natural for me to experience grief and sadness in case any member of my family passes on. In this case, the framing rules defining grief and sadness are based on the fact that the person who dies is significant to the whole family, and thus, there exists some degree of connectedness. Moreover, the degree of connectedness within the family defines the role played by one family member in the life of others and vice versa. Consequently, the feeling rules in such a scenario dictate that the only appropriate thing to do is to feel sad and grief because some sort of connection is broken through death. Furthermore, the greater the significance of a family member in the life of others, the stronger the feelings of sadness and grief when one dies (Stets & Turner, 2007, p. 119). Improving communication about emotions in the family Considering that the emotions of one family member do affect other members in the family, there is the paramount need for effective communication of emotions within the family. As a result, it is my duty to encourage other members of the family to embrace both instrumental and affective communication in their day-to-day activities. Therefore, through instrumental communication, members will be able to share factual information regarding the appropriate emotion culture for the whole family, and through affective communication, emotions and feelings will be shared between the family members in an open manner (Wood, 2010). Guidelines regarding effective communication of emotions Studies note that there are many guidelines that inform the process of improving communication about specific emotions in d