ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Personality Personality, according to Harré & Lamb (1986, p .1), is the entirety of feature and traits, as of manners or qualities that are particular per person. Personality is all about a person’s mind-sets, dispositions, performing, opinions, and method of thoughts, perceiving, and verbal communication. Hypothesis concerning personality or individuality have been formulated and existed in the majority of traditions and all through recorded history. Many people have studied personality and have come up with discoveries and explanations on the subject. For instance, Giambattista, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, and Vico Immanuel Kant all of them put forward ways of comprehending person and group differences. Others include Carl Jung, psychiatrics therapist Sigmund Freud, Ernst Kretschmer, and Alfred Adler who presented contending personality hypothesis. Freud’s hypothesis was founded on “psychosexual drives that had the components of the id, ego, and super ego and the interplay of the conscious, sub-conscious and unconscious” (Shane, 2007, p.3) Carl Jung, his student and follower emphasized unconscious motives but de-emphasized sexuality. Instead, he advanced a typical theory that classified people as either introverts or extroverts. He claimed that individual personalities were from the unconscious, inherited memories. Later on, we still had theories brought forward by other psychologists like Gordon. W. Allport, Erik H. Erikson, and Carl R. Rogers, which were all influential. Gordon wanted to find out common ideology that could be functional to a complete category of persons. It was called personality trait theory. He discovered 4000 words that could be applied to personality traits and categorized them into three classes. These were cardinal, central, and secondary traits. Cardinal traits are strong dispositions that shape behaviors and experiences and develop later in life. By definition, “Central traits are dispositions that manifest to some degree in all individuals, comprising the basic repertoire of personality expressions” (Barrick & Mount, 1991, p.15). Secondary personalities are dispositions that are not straight away noticeable, manifesting as a result of precise sets of conditions in a human being’s life. Later on Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck expanded on this theory. They reduced the list of four thousand to sixteen. Later on Eysenck reduced them to three. Skeptical psychoanalysts said this were too few and came up with five traits, which were inco
Thought theories (TBC) and models (MBC) of behaviour change have a lot in common, there are a few obvious differences between the two (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (C.D.C.), n. d.). Unlike TBC, MBC are more limiting in terms of the strategies that they are implemented with. Though both emanate from every domain of social sciences, TBC include a combination of specific laws, while MBC are supposed to represent a specific system (Cottrell, Girvan & McKenzie, 2012). It is crucial to use theories in health education, since these theories allow for getting a specific framework for evaluating specific phenomena. Theories serve as the basis for developing models, which are used to address a certain problem. MBC, in their turn, can be seen as tools for completing a specific task and reaching a certain goal (Cottrell, Girvan & McKenzie, 2012). Herein the difference between the two lies (Thackeray et al., 2012). The Socio-Ecological Model (SEM) allows for tracing the correlations between the environmental and the societal factors (Cobb et al., 2011). With the help of the SEM, it becomes possible to consider behavioral changes with regard to a variety of external factors, including both environmental (e.g., the resources available, the amount of CO2 emissions, the average temperature, etc.) and the societal (e.g., the healthcare tradition, the quality of nursing education, etc.). Hence, SEM can be applied on an individual, group and organization level (Cottrell, Girvan & McKenzie, 2012). Seeing how the SEM theories presuppose that people’s change towards the use of the resources must be changed, it will be reasonable to assume that behavior change theories can be applied to the exosystem of the SEM, i.e., to the point of changing one’s idea of ecology based on one’s culture and traditions accepted within a particular society (Kittleson, 2009). For a microsystm, the Theory of Planned Behavior can be viewed as an option, since it allows for addressing an issue on a personal level. For the changes in the microsystem, the Health Belief Model can be adopted owing to its focus on persuasion as the key method for helping identify the perceived threat (National Commission for Health Education Credentialing, Inc., 2010). The macrosystem will require a Transtheoretical Model, which predisposes the theoretical readiness of the agent in question. Finally, for facilitating changes in the exosystem, the Diffusion of Innovation approach involving a radical change in the traditions and beliefs of a certain society is recommended (Holman & White, 2011). In health education, each of the theories mentioned above has its significance. For example, the Diffusion of Innovation defines people’s niche in a specific environment, whereas the Transtheoretical Model explores the methods of convincing the agent in shaping their idea of the current system (Sneiderman, 2011). The efficacy of the Health Belief Model is predisposed by its metacognitive nature (Vil
Huntington’s disease is a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system thereby leading to its degeneration. It impairs the coordination of the muscles leading to cognitive decline. It is asymptomatic in children and its symptoms can only be read at middle age. It is the common cause of chorea prevalent among the western Europeans, Africans, and Asians (Walker, 2009). The condition is largely necessitated by autosomal dominant mutation on human copies of genes called Huntingtin. Children born out of a relationship where one of the parents is affected has a 50-50 chance of developing the condition. The risk is enhanced in cases where the two parents have affected gene. It also occurs also when one of the parents has two affected copies. Physical symptoms of Huntington’s disease are greatly manifested when one at the ages between 35 and 44 years. Symptoms that are shown when somebody is barely 20 years old have a higher progression rate and slightly vary hence the classification of the disease as juvenile complication. This essay seeks to illuminate how testing children for Huntington’s disease would change discussion about that issue, topics that should be explored when counseling those affected by Huntington’s disease, whether the healthcare experts should consider sharing with close relatives of the victims of Huntington’s disease-especially the minors, the possibility of subjecting them to test, and the rationale of the responses given by registered nurses. Diagnosis of Huntington’s disease is basically anchored on appearance of physical symptoms which in this case Jean’s son does not have (Paulsen, 1999). Genetic testing that Jean is basically agitating for is only conducted to confirm the observations that were made from the physical symptoms that had been exhibited in patients with a family history of Huntington’s disease. Because of the psychological implications involved, only 5 per cent of patients without physical symptoms opt to go for genetic tests to prove whether they may develop Huntington’s disease or not. Subjecting the boy to genetic test will add to nothing but just heighten the suicidal tendencies among victims and the discriminatory tendencies a positive patient would be subjected bearing that the disease has no cure. It would be quite interesting to see a child subjected to pre-symptomatic testing that is basically meant for shaping career and family decisions. Successful counseling of Jean would involve provision of information, advice and support to help the family in initial decision making and if she otherwise feels that she must subject her son to genetic testing be able to withstand the intricacies of the testing processes. It would very appropriate to share with Jean the intricacies involv
The article Valuation Techniques by Nick Mansour and Alexander Tauber of Stanford University Graduate School of Business addresses the issue of accepted valuation techniques that can be used frequently by industry practitioners during a company evaluation. These techniques are necessary when buying, developing, and selling a progressing business. There are three methods of valuation covered by authors, namely:   * Balance sheet analysis   * Income statement valuations   * Discounted cash flows Balance Sheet Valuations According to the authors, balance sheet valuations are used to figure out the value of a business’s essential resources recorded in the bookkeeping explanations. Three utilization of this method is generally involved when calculating:  1. Book value  2. Adjusting book value  3. Liquidation value Income Statement Valuations The second method attempts to value an opportunity by capitalizing on its multiple earning streams. According to the article, a company is singled out, its ratio of value to earnings is calculated and applied to the last twelve months earnings to yield a valuation estimate. Discounted Cash Flows According to the authors, the third method states that a business value is equal to its future expected cash flows discounted at a rate that mirrors the riskiness of the cash flow stream. Steps to be followed to facilitate this valuation technique include:  1. Projecting the Cash Flow Stream  2. Choosing a Discount Rate  3. Deriving a Terminal Value  4. Discounting the Cash Flow Stream Balance sheet techniques offer a quick starting point for the valuation process. However, they offer the least relevant valuation approximations. Income statement multiples are the most frequently used technique since it is easier in communication. Discounted cash flows can be used in a situation when the company does not have an operating history. Professional investors use two methods to value these opportunities:  1. Comparables  2. Required rates of return.
Plagiarism refers to using other people’s works without clearly referencing them. Hence, plagiarism can be largely avoided by making sure that all external sources consulted are duly referenced. Nonetheless, it is generally agreed that the entire piece of writing should be original both in terms of ideas and sentence construction and structures. For instance, credit should be given to a statement said by someone else. Besides, implied, emailed, or written statements by other people should be cited whenever included in any piece of writing. These are some of the instances when credit should be awarded (Lannon & Gurak, 2016). Further still, documentation ought to be incorporated in words or ideas submitted in various pieces of writings or audio presentations. Examples include information obtained from web pages, TV programs, newspapers, and magazines. They should all be should reference accordingly. Second, plagiarism may also be avoided by awarding credit to information gathered from interviews or verbal communication with other people. In some cases, such conversations may be in form of writings, exchange through the phone, or even face to face. Since they are not the original ideas of the writer, credit should be given. When writing, there may be a need to incorporate some unique phrases or exact words from other authoritative sources. The latter should be referenced as well to avoid plagiarizing the work being written. Visual materials, pictures, and pictograms may also be handy in the process of writing. While we may produce some on our own, there are those which might be cumbersome to obtain to construct (Lannon & Gurak, 2016). Hence, it leaves the writer with the option of using materials from other artists. They should equally be given credit when used. Videos, audios, images, and any other electronically available material that has been reposted
Case Summary In this case, you have been notified by Mr. Hirum Andfirum, Human Resources Director for the Makestuff Company, that the company has just terminated Mr. Got Yourprop, a former engineer in the company’s New Products Division, for the cause. Mr. Andfirum tells you that at Mr. Yourprop’s exit interview earlier that day, the terminated employee made several statements to the effect of “it is okay because I have a new job already and they were VERY happy to have me come from Makestuff, with ALL I have to offer.” Mr. Yourprop’s statements made Mr. Andfirum fear he might be taking Makestuff’s intellectual property with him to his new employer (undoubtedly a Makestuff competitor). In particular, Mr. Andfirum is worried about the loss of the source code for “Product X,” which the company is counting on to earn millions in revenue over the next three years. Mr. Andfirum provides you with a copy of the source code to use in your investigation. Lastly, Mr. Andfirum tells you to remember that the Company wants to retain the option to refer the investigation to law enforcement in the future, so anything you do should be with a thought about later potential admissibility in court. The 4th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution reads, “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” While the 4th Amendment is most commonly interpreted to only affect/restrict governmental power (e.g., law enforcement), the fact that a formal criminal investigation is a possibility (and the Company has no desire to be named in a civil lawsuit) means you must consider its effect your actions. Search of a private vehicle by the company The employee’s right to privacy at the workplace majorly depends on the sector their employer operates in – public or private. While public employees are provided with greater protection, private sector employers may engage in workplace searches in case they have a “justifiable reason related to the nature of employment” ( Workplace Searches , 2015, para. 7). The vehicle parked at a company’s lot is still Mr. Yourprop’s private property. Going through with the search the company would breach the employee’s reasonable expectation of privacy and expose itself to a potential lawsuit ( Workplace Searches , 2015)
The images below demonstrate the student’s answers to the Behavior Log of Demonstrated Multiple Intelligences (see Figure 1, Figure 2): Name: Alexander Young Age: 10 years old Date of observation: 17 January 2018 Figure 1. First part of the assessment of student’s multiple intelligences (Gipe, 2014, p. 414). Figure 2. Second part of the assessment of student’s multiple intelligences (Gipe, 2014, p. 414). Student’s answers to the inventory of interests and activities as published by Gipe (2014) are presented below (see Figure 3): Name: Alexander Young Age: 10 years old School: Undisclosed due to privacy issues Date of observation: 16 January 2018 Interviewer: Tamara Harrington, Alexander’s teacher Figure 3. Inventory of pupil’s interests and activities (Gipe, 2014, p. 415).  1. Ask the StoryBots.  2. Bo ( Ask the StoryBots ).  3. It would be about computers or animals.  4. Paddington.  5. Jelly. She is a cat.  6. Cats and dogs.  7. A cat or a bird because I want to fly.  8. Chicago, Disneyland, Los Angeles.  9. Train, bus, auto, airplane, subway. 10. To India to play with elephants. 11. To the future. I would like to meet robots and become one if it’s possible. 12. Biology. 13. A Beginner’s Guide to Bear Spotting (pronounced with teacher’s help). It was fun. I liked the pictures and the story, but it was not always easy to read. 14. I don’t read much. I like adventures and books about animals. 15. If it were a rainy day, I would probably watch TV or YouTube. If it were sunny, I would play in the yard with my cat who is always there. 16. Running. 17. Drawing. 18. I would buy a puppy or two puppies. Based on the student’s answers, the following questionnaire was created for the interview. The answers were collected from the student and his parent (mother). Questions for the parent: Do you read aloud to your son? A: Rarely, but I used to do it four or five years ago. Does Alexander have many friends? A: He’s not very talkative, but he sometimes plays with our neighbor’s daughters. He mostly plays with them because they always bring this Golden Retriever along. Would you call your son sensitive? A: No, absolutely not. He rarely finds anything insulting. I think he just doesn’t care what others think about him. He has his head in the clouds during classes and at home too. Would you say that he finds it difficult to understand the motives of others? A: He understands them well, but he just doesn’t pay attention to them if they do not concern him. Questions for the student: Do you like playing or working with others? A: Sometimes. But it’s easier to work alone. But I can explain some tasks if my classmate doesn’t understand them. It’s not very hard. Is it difficult for you to pay attention to the materials? A: Depends on the class. I don’t really like to read or to take part in discussions, so I don’t p
Introduction The theory of demographic transition was first realized in the ostensible developed nations in the early 1950s. During that period, the nations underwent a process in which the death rate was reduced, and birth rate regulated (Kirk, 1996, p.361). Before the demographic transition, the developed countries experienced high death rates and birth rates, which stabilized the size of population. However, after an improvement in the living standards, there was a decrease in the death rate and a subsequent reduction in the birth rate. Demographic transition can be defined as the shift from a situation where nations experienced high levels of birth and death rates to a situation where the two (birth and death rates) are low so balancing out (Montgomery, 2010, p.1). The four phases of demographic transition Pre-transition phase This phase is characterized by cases of high birth and death rates. The birth and death rate during this stage is depicted to fluctuate with natural events such as floods, disease outbreaks, and droughts among others. In this stage, the size of the population is stagnant and not increasing at a fast rate. Early transition phase During this stage, the death rates are minimized, and as such, the population is noted to increase in size (Rueter, 2003, p.1). This is because of improved healthcare and food supply thus reducing mortality especially in childhood. Middle transition phase During this stage, the population size is driven towards a stable position. This is achieved by a reduction in the birth rate, which is due to several factors such as contraception, urbanization, and improving literacy and employment among the women. Late transition phase This stage is characterized by low birth and death rates, during which, the population is high but stable such that the population growth rate is almost zero (Rueter, 2003, p.1). Factors leading to a decline in the crude birth rate and crude death rate The values of crude birth rate and crude death rates are arrived at by taking the number of births and deaths respectively and dividing them by a thousand. The values are termed as crude because their computation does not take into account differences in ages or sex (Rosenberg, 2011, p.1). Factors such as food insecurity, poor living conditions, poor medical services, and use of contraceptives could lead to a decline in the rate of crude birth of a country. On the other hand, improved medical services, food security, and improved living standards will lead to a decline in the crude death rate. Impacts in developed countries Phase four of demographic transition is characterized by a stable population as evidenced in the developed nations. This is normally because of the improved living conditions experienced in those nations. An example is the quality healthcare services provided in the developed nations like the America, which is remarkably different to the kind of healthcare services provided in th
This paper is about the case study of a lady who has delivered a baby, and has been reported to have Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, following delivery. She had no previous records of any such disorder, and her blood tests have not been very positive even after three days of treatment. A detailed discussion of the disorder, its prevalence, causes and symptoms has been included. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a disease commonly found prevalent in young children and infants. It dates back to the year 1955, when Gasser and his coworkers found children suffering from a syndrome that led to acute hemolytic anemia and renal failure. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome is not only found in children, but is also reported to be found in adults (Mayo Clinic, 2009). The current case under study is that of a 25 year old female who is delivering a baby, but has been diagnosed with HUS after giving birth. The cause of the disease may be administration of oral contraceptives, or a bacterial infection caused postpartum. Infection present in the body arises due to toxic substances present in the intestine, which eliminate red blood cells. The production of red blood cells is impaired and the kidneys are affected due to the infection. The infection may be so sever so as to produce renal failure if not diagnosed and treated at the right time, and following treatment, the individual can be fully cured. Causes of the Disease The disease being a gastrointestinal disorder is caused by the bacteria Escherichia Coli, Shigella, and Salmonella. Being the most common cause of renal failure in children, it is on the rise, having spread to large numbers of children. HUS may also be caused by taking certain medicines such as mitomycin C or ticlopidine. Other elements present in the body may additionally cause HUS, due to infection (“Medline Plus”, 2009). Studies show that the most common bacteria is the E. coli O157:H7 (Cleary, TG, 1988) and causes life threatening diseases like the HUS (Louis & Obrig, 1995). The cause of this disease has primarily been found to be the consumption of undercooked or raw meat. Studies have shown the disease to appear as a result of salad consumption during a youth camp too (Brooks, et.al, 2004). It may also be caused if a visit to a hospital to a diarrhea patient is made, or if there has been a recent trip to a zoo (Shapiro, W., 2007). One study has shown the disease to occur through contact with a contaminated building (Varma, et.al, 2003). This bacterial disease gives rise to plentiful toxins in the blood. The toxins cause the infection, and the most common causative factor is consuming contaminated meat. If meat is left undercooked, it mainly gets contaminated with bacteria such as E.Coli and Shigella. On the other hand, Salmonella and Yersinia as well as the Campylobacter species are causative agents to Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (Shapiro, W., 2007). Serotypes of E