ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Lifestyle has changed a lot in the past century and people to have changed; they prefer speed in all their actions, making everything happen faster than usual. Communication, transport, business activities learning, among other activities are all happening so fast in today’s world and so is eating. People prefer to consume fast food instead of having homemade food; fast food is food that is easily prepared and conveniently available at any time. The concept of fast food though is not new in the world, and it has existed since ancient times. In the Roman cities, people depended on vendors to provide them with food, and the same case happened in London and Paris. The good thing with this business is that the food was from natural products hence healthy, a fact that has since changed (Stewart, 46-48) Reasons for the existence and consumption of fast foods Many people are very busy for the better part of the day and only get to their homes very late hence fast food seems to be the better option for them but the question is whether it is safe. The reason has to why people are so busy is because of the changes in living standards, life has become very expensive, so people have to work harder to provide for their needs. For this reason, people are having more than one job at the same time while others are even working day and night. In this situation, time to prepare homemade food is rare; hence people opt for the cheaper and easier option; otherwise, if people had the time they would consider having homemade food which of course is healthier. Another reason for fast food intake is the accessibility of food restaurants due to urban development. There are fast food vendors in every street and avenue of any city or town in the world; they are actually the easiest places to find in any city. Fast foods are also available in other business as a side trade. For example in filling stations most of them have shops selling these foods, to attract those getting fuel or gas for their vehicles. Most of these places operate on a 24-hour basis hence making fast foods available anytime, anywhere. The restaurants are very easy to open as they require little capital, laws on their establishment are also not very strict hence favoring their existence (Saltsman, 54-55) Fast food businesses also make huge profits from this trade since taxation is very minimal and the raw products used are not natural, most of them are artificial or genetically modified hence it is cheap to run this trade. The food is also very tasty because of the additions made
Introduction to HACCP Principles and CookSafe Food Safety Management System HACCP Principles Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is defined as a system concerned with food safety management (Eves & Dervisi 2005). According to Riswadkar (2000), the system’s major focus is identification and prevention of hazards likely to cause food borne illnesses (FBI). HACCP is used to overcome the shortcomings associated with manufacturing processes with regards to food items. The system also involves of random sampling of various food products to enhance safety. Bolton, Meally, Blair, McDowell and Cowan (2008) are of the opinion that HACCP ensures quality and safety are integrated into every step of the food production process. The system encompasses specifications of the product formulation and distribution. Consequently, safety is ensured even in cases where potential consumers misuse or abuse the food product. According to Buchanan (1990), HACCP was developed in the 1960s. Over the years, it has emerged as a major approach in securing and enhancing the safety of food products supplied in the market (Buchanan 1990). The popularity of the system emanates from its preventive approach to food safety. To this end, the system indentifies, evaluates, and controls hazards that are associated with food safety. CookSafe CookSafe, on the other hand, refers to a guidance manual for caterers. It was developed by the Food Standards Agency Scotland (Food Standards Agency [FSA] 2004). The manual provides information on the various types of food businesses. The HACCP working group of the Scottish Food Enforcement Liaison Committee (SFELC) was also involved in its formulation (FSA 2004). The caterers’ guidance manual is designed to help catering businesses understand and implement HACCP based systems. It is noted that the manual categorises hazards into chemicals, micro-biologicals, and physicals (Bolton et al. 2008). Hazard is considered as anything that may harm individuals who consume the supplied food products. CookSafe adopts the HACCP approach in managing food qua
Introduction The following article investigates the issue of music and its influence on the health of people. The author underlines the fact that music can be used as one of the main methods which can diminish agitation (Gill & Englert, 2013). A decrease of this phenomenon, in its turn, can lead to some improvements in the situation connected with dementia as agitation is known to be one of the factors which promote an increase in the number of people suffering from this disease. That is why the authors investigate the issue of the relation between music and dementia in order to find the best solution to the existing problem. Resting on these facts, the authors suggest their own hypothesis. In the work, they try to find evidence to the statement that music is able to reduce falls in institutionalized persons with dementia (Gill & Englert, 2013). Stating the fact that agitation is one of the most common syndromes for people who have severe dementia, the authors want to show a correlation between music and agitation and the positive influence of the first issue on the health of a person. Underlining the fact that it is very difficult to manage agitation, the work suggests music as one of the possible solutions to this problem. Main body To investigate the problem better and provide credible evidence for their statement, the authors conduct some experiments. “A quasi-experimental 1-group time-series design was conducted on a 55-bed dementia unit in a long-term care facility” (Gill & Englert, 2013, p. 563). Residents were studied for a long period of time, including 3 and 12 months before the intervention. The authors tried to control many different variables, however, fall rates of residents were emphasized and measured. Having conducted their experiment, the researchers compared different showings in order to find whether their hypothesis was true or not and whether music can really improve the situation. Having obtained the data from their research and analyzed it, the authors come to a certain conclusion. They underline the fact that usually there was a 97% increase in falls during the autumn and winter periods. However, having conducted their experiment, the authors admit the decrease in this percentage. Basing on the statistics, obtained from the research, they are able to state only a 38% increase in falls in the autumn and winter periods. Moreover, the level of agitation is also significantly lower if
The process of seeking for a job position is often challenging. However, if the person seeks for the job abroad, there are more challenges and unexpected problems. It is also important to pay attention to the fact that the human resource strategies and recruitment process can differ significantly in various countries. Nevertheless, the orientation to the globalisation and its principles results in broadening the international job market. Moreover, the work in the international company abroad can be discussed as the developed tendency of the present day. The international job market depends on the constant changes in demands for the definite specialists and certain positions. Today, many foreign employees work in the Asian region and at the territories of the North America when the percentage of the job migration in Europe is rather low, and this fact is caused by the unstable economy within the region. There are many challenges for the persons who seek for the work abroad which are connected with the legal issues, HR strategies, and cultural barriers. Nowadays, the international job market is based on the demands of the IT specialists. This tendency remains unchanged during the recent years because of the constantly developed industry (Rossheim). Nevertheless, the marketing industry also develops significantly and the demands for the workforce can change in relation to the region. From this point, the employees should pay attention to the popularity of this or that specialisation in different regions. Many persons begin their career abroad because their company steps into the international arena and opens new offices. The cultural barriers, language issues, and differences in the approaches to the work process become the main challenges for the international employees (Wild and Wild 58). However, it is easier to work in the company’s department abroad than to start a new career in the foreign country. To avoid a lot of difficulties connected with the legal issues (medical insurance, taxes), special work permits, and cultural barriers, many specialists are inclined to search for project jobs for the definite time period. Nevertheless, in spite of the time working abroad, recruiters pay much attention to the competence of applicants, to their education and degrees, and to the work practice. The work in cities outside the home country is the challenge for the employee’s competence (Wild and Wild 90-92). Moreover, HR professionals who work in the international companies develop special strategies for managing the workforce diversity, but the pressure experienced by the employees in the foreign country can be significant. Having analysed the contemporary trends in recruiting employees internationally, it is possible to accentuate the role of the Asian region and North America in developing the globalisation tendencies (Wild and Wild 89). The work of people from all over the world in the US or Japanese international companies becomes the common situation. On the contrary, the European countries develop the active
Vaccination is the use of synthesized drugs that trigger the body, to react to infections and thereby averting potential attacks by dangerous diseases. Vaccines build immunity, which is the response of the body, particularlythe white blood cells to disease causing microorganisms. In this case, the disease causing agent is the avian virus. Without vaccination, the population is at a greater risk of Infection (Goldsby, 2003). It is not a requirement that everyone gets vaccinated, but a large number of the population should be vaccinated. The vaccinated population will act as a shield of the other section of the population that is not vaccinated. This provides a ‘herd immunity’ type of protection. Herd immunity, is protection provided by vaccinatinga large number of the population. Infection, which has a greater rate of spread, will require that a huge number of people be vaccinated, reducing the number of newavailable hosts to the infectious virus. Through reduction of potential hosts, the infection rate can be easily controlled. Herd immunity is attained through everyone knowing that survival of those around them highly depends on them. (Madigan, 2006). Vaccinating a small population is disadvantageous in that the disease can spreadrapidly. There is a need to know about the extreme effects of a disease. Diseases can cause damage to a population, if measures are not taken, to ensure that the lives of people in the affected area are protected by vaccination. Viral diseases, like in this case, are spread at high rates and there is need to come up with urgent preventive measures. Making the vaccine compulsory may not be favorable to some groups of people such as the pregnant women, people with pre-existing conditions and infants (Tortora, 2010). There are groups of people, who out rightly oppose the use vaccines, because they believe that the drugs used are a danger to their health. Groups of these nature tend to think that the government is ‘out to get them’. Vaccination, in some cases, like that of pregnant women, may cause damaging effects to the fetus, leading to loss of pregnan
Leadership is a continuous process of guiding a group of people in a given environment to achieve a common goal. Leaders have the responsibility of guiding their followers until they achieve their goals as the teams they lead determine their success. As a leader, one has to inspire the followers in order to succeed. Leaders use their knowledge and skills, under the influence of their beliefs, ethics and values to influence individuals in attaining the set goals. The assignment explains qualities of leadership in reference to Barrack Obama as political leader and San Walton as business leader. There are factors that determine whether one is a leader or not. Leaders should first understand themselves in terms of who they are, their capabilities, and the knowledge they have especially about the people they want to lead and the environment in which they are. Barrack Obama who is the 44th president of the USA, is a leader because he understood what the Americans wanted and was, therefore, able to promise them what can be delivered. This helps leaders to gain the trust of their followers as well as the honor. For instance, he promised that he would create employment opportunities and, indeed, the USA unemployment rate has dropped by three percent. Good leaders will always have good communication skills to win the minds of their followers. Obama in his sentiments encouraged the citizens of the USA to believe that they are capable of bringing change in their country by creating a better way of life. The healthcare system of the USA had issues in the security section where most citizens did not have the health cover but, through the motivation of bringing change, there have been improvements in the policy target to cover all citizens for better medication. Obama was able to become the president of the USA because he was able to set examples for others to emulate. During his campaigns, he made people believe that they were one family by the use of the pronoun “we”. Obama was able to interact with people from different grounds, which enabled him to win the support of people from different backgrounds. This showed how inclusive he was in the activities that were going on. Leaders should be clear on what they want to achieve for others to follow. This gave Obama a winning edge during the competition because he made his vision clear to the citizens about Change as compared to John McCain who also wanted to improve the living standards in the USA but people failed to understand him. Sam Walton the CEO of Wal-Mart has changed the view of business in the world through his unique characters. Walton managed to be a leader though his values of being the model for the organization. He formulated rule to be followed by leading as an example. He is a leader who could mind the
Author’s Argument The book “What Does It All Mean?: A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy” by Thomas Nagel is a masterpiece that encourages people to think for themselves about the philosophical issues facing them. The author introduces nine key questions that can make it easier for philosophers and non-philosophers to understand themselves much better. The author embraces the power of self-reflection. Nagel acknowledges that people should think directly about the nine questions without fear (Nagel 21). He advises readers and scholars to think freely in order to find their answers to the targeted questions. This essay gives a detailed review of Thomas Nagel’s book. Thesis Statement Nagel’s masterpiece challenges human beings to think clearly, ask questions, and promote various dialogues that can make it easier for them to address the moral, ethical, and philosophical issues affecting them. Summary of the Book Nagel focuses on the fundamental issues that have been faced by mankind for centuries. Nagel’s work shows that readers can study philosophy by thinking about the major questions that have troubled mankind for years. According to the author, the proposed method can offer practical solutions to the nine problems. The nine questions focus on human knowledge of the world, knowledge of minds, relationship between brain and mind, human free will, the basis of morality, possibility of language, unjust inequalities, nature of death, and the real meaning of life (Nagel 36). The author uses several chapters to explain how philosophical questions can be addressed in an attempt to have a common understanding. The book argues that the main disquiet of philosophy is to offer questions and respond to them. Each chapter guides the reader to investigate the common things associated with life. Basically, the author gives a detailed analysis of the major issues facing mankind in the world. The problematical questions faced by man form the basis of philosophy. Strengths and Weaknesses Several strengths can be outlined from this philosophical text. To begin with, the author uses appropriate strategies to achieve the targeted goals. The ultimate purpose of this book is not to do or analyze various philosophical issues. Instead, the book is a guide that encourages people to address the major questions affecting them. This strength explains why both non-philosophers and philosophers will benefit a lot from the text. The author also outlines the major epistemological questions affecting many people today. This approach makes it possible for the reader to understand the major issues affecting mankind today (Craig 49). This book encourages the reader to focus on the best explanations that can address every philosophical question. Thomas Nagel uses a problem-oriented approach to analyze and describe the nine philosophical questions. He gives a brief analysis of the questions and problems that have characterized different philosophical debates across the globe. This presentation makes it easier for the reader to focus on the major problematical features defining the world today (Craig 29). This approach makes it possible for readers to e
Introduction Medical ethics is an area that has aroused enthusiasm and controversy in terms of investigation and finding a position in society. In raising and sustaining interest, medical ethics continue to draw more considerable attention in terms of research and inquiry. On the other hand, controversy has been ignited to a standstill in classifying medical ethics as either a field or a discipline. Nevertheless, according to definitions that have been provided to discipline and field, together with what methods constitute, Sugarman and Sulmasy opine that medical ethics should be perceived as a field that embraces inquiry and integrates many subjects rather than viewing it as a discipline on its own. 1 In the midst of all this, common sense still drive among scholars in this field due to their uniform consensus that medical ethics as a body of knowledge cannot function on its own instead it functions appropriately depending on other areas. The position taken by the authors point out to one thing, medical ethicists share ordinary subject matter but the diverse disciplinary mode of investigation of the subject. Therefore, to medical ethicists, the shared common theme is the normative aspect of health care and the way they approach this is through the integration of wide varieties of disciplines 2 . Consequently, the various disciplines in their nature employ a wide variety of methods, whereby some of the ways are shared by different disciplines while others are unique to a particular subject. 3 Notably, medical ethics has been explained as a field that embraces different disciplines and methods hence the rise of diverse sub-areas of interests and specialization. For instance, there are medical ethicists with backgrounds in philosophy, theology, healthcare, history, and to mention but a few. Consequently, the majority of medical ethics have specialized in critical areas of education, consulting, policy analysis and writing, and expert witness. Further, just like any other field, medical ethicists are not experts all-round, and specialization characterizes medical ethicists. Indeed, today it is conventional to find specialists in research ethics, ethical issues in genetics, public health ethics, ethical issues at the end of life, and many more depending on academic, training, and professional background. 4 Understanding bioethics and its contribution to a broader body of knowledge of medicine require an adequate account of the field history since its inception to its current position. It is in this respect that this research paper aims at providing the historical development of healthcare ethics methods with the aim to understand how normative practices in healthcare ethics have developed over time. Bioethics in the early stages Traditional period The
There are two categories of diabetes, which are type-1 and type-2. The existing medical research discovered the treatment of type-1 diabetes. This type of diabetes is less common and only occurs during the early stage when the immune system of the body attacks and destroys cells that produce insulin in the pancreas. The type-2 diabetes is a common health problem among many people but it is hard to treat. Stem cell research has discovered a possible medical treatment for various health conditions by growing transplantable cells and body organs (Bruin et al., 2015). The new treatment approach might be used to control type-2 diabetes. Through stem cell therapy, doctors can develop new insulin-producing cells to replace the ones lost by the pancreas. The approach could help control type-2 diabetes, which is harder to treat but constitutes 90 percent of all cases of diabetes throughout the world (Szot et al., 2015). Currently, there is no proven stem-cell-based treatment for type-2 diabetes. Through laboratory experiments, scientists were able to make beta cells, which could be transplanted in the pancreas of diabetic patients. The current research is exploring the possibilities of making new beta cells essential for stem cell therapy. The approach could lead to the transformation of mature pluripotent stem cells into beta cells through laboratory processes. These beta cells can then be transplanted into the patient with type-2 diabetes. The research also explores the possibility of making mature beta cells from other organs such as liver cells and transplants them into a diabetic patient. Antibiotic drugs are also expected to be used to trigger the successful insertion of the cells in the pancreas of a diabetic patient (Bruin et al., 2015). The stem cell research activities done in various laboratories have shown the possibilities of having great success. However, the main challenge is how to protect the cells transplanted from being attacked by the body’s immune system. Pluripotent cells can be used to make any type of human cell. It is with this regard that the researchers explore the possibility of using the platform to make fully functioning beta cells. The success of the research could make it possible to replace the donor pancreatic islets of the Langerhans, which are scare body resources (Szot et al., 2015). Researchers have managed to produce pluripotent stem cells that respond to blood sugar in the same way as beta cells. During the clinical trials, the beta cells will undergo safety tests. On the other hand, some researchers explore the possibility of using the already existing pancreatic cells in the patient to create new beta cells. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether the stem cells are present in the pancreas although the researchers had discovered the existence of beta-cell progenitors. Also, researchers are