ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nowadays, it became a common assumption among social scientists that, after having developed the capacity to indulge in abstract cognition, the representatives of the Homo Sapiens species have effectively ceased being subjected to the Darwinian laws of natural selection. When thoroughly scrutinized, however, such a point of view will emerge utterly erroneous. The validity of this suggestion is best illustrated with respect to the scientifically proven fact that, as time goes on, the human brain continues to evolve, in the sense of becoming ever more adapted to the workings of the surrounding social environment – the process that appears to have a strong “negative” quality to it. After all, whereas the average size of the brain in Cro-Magnons (early Homo Sapiens) and Neanderthals used to account for about 1500-1600 cc, the contemporary representatives of the human race have the average brain-size of 1350 cc (Holloway, 2014). Nevertheless, there is a good evolutionary rationale behind the process in question. Before we get to discuss it at length, it is important to mention the following:   *        + While accounting for about one-fiftieth of one’s bodily mass, the brain consumes up to 25% of metabolic energy, generated by the person’s body (Magistretti & Allaman, 2015). What this means is that the brain cannot function in the full “switched on” mode for too long.   *        + The brain’s functionality is strongly utilitarian. That is, it serves the purpose of helping an individual to succeed in achieving his or her foremost biological objective – to ensure the intergenerational survival of its genome. And, there are three activities that directly lead to reaching such an objective, on just about anyone’s part – sexual mating, securing access to nutrients, and aspiring for domination (Hodgson, 2013). In light of the above-mentioned considerations, there can be very little doubt that the ongoing “shrinkage” of the human brain is evolutionary predetermined. The logic behind this suggestion is quite apparent. The reason why our early ancestors (Cro-Magnons) were able to develop an enormously large (by today’s standards) neocortex is that, having been deprived of the atavistic survival-ensuring “assets” (such as protruding fangs, strong muscles, sharp eyesight, etc.), it allowed them to successfully compete with even the most vicious predators within the same environmental niche. This simply could not be otherwise – the primates’ endowment with the enlarged neocortex increases their ability to react adequately to the externally induced stimuli, which is a huge survivalist advantage. However, there was a point back in history (about 100.000 years ago) when our ancestors have switched to leading a fully socialized lifestyle – something that amplified the extent of their evolutionary fitness even further (Dielenberg, 2
An increase in funding for education can help improve the nursing shortage issue, especially the nursing faculty shortage. As stated by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN, 2019), “faculty shortages at nursing schools across the country are limiting student capacity at a time when the need for professional registered nurses continues to grow” (para. 1). The main factors contributing to this adverse situation are budget constraints, aging employees, and intense job competition from clinical sites (AACN, 2019). Therefore, it is pivotal to secure and increase federal funding for faculty development programs and educational and recruitment strategies aimed to combat the existing workforce shortage. It is valid to say that the faculty shortage is directly linked to the general nursing shortage. Considering this, Deyoung, Bliss, and Tracy (2002) suggest addressing this problem by increasing the number of nurses with bachelor’s and higher degrees and by attracting more advanced practice nurses to faculty roles. In addition, the development of the nursing faculty workforce can be fostered through the implementation of national certification programs for nurse educators and the creation of a more prestigious image of nursing education as a career path (Deyoung, Bliss, & Tracy, 2002). The major difficulty is that many applicants to various nursing programs become turned away every year due to the lack of educators in schools (AACN, 2019). At the same time, a greater number of nursing students should graduate to expand the nurse educator workforce. It is clear that to break this vicious circle; more funds are needed. Money should be allocated to make schools more job-competitive and create new faculty positions to meet schooling demands and accept all qualified applicants.
Hokkanen, Nikupeteri, Laitinen, and Vasari (2016) studied the formation of EE (experimental expertise) about emotional and mental recovery via empowerment in two Finnish NGOs (non-governmental organizations). The study does not have an introduction and starts with a background section where the elaborate problem statement and description are provided alongside the rationale for the research and its purpose. The authors describe the problem background and discuss different approaches to its research using referring to a range of articles that covered the exploration of this problem using different theoretical frameworks and viewed it from various angles. From this discussion, the authors make a transition to EE and recovery supporting their perspective with some more theory. Also, the researchers present diverse viewpoints on the issue under discussion. The vast majority of sources the authors of this study chose as the supporting literature are recent and were published within the last decade. However, there were a few sources from the 1990s, 80s, and 70s that were chosen for this research. They were not used in the introduction and provided mainly the information for discussion of the research findings, as well as some of the bases for the theoretical framework selected for the data processing and interpretation. A description of the research paradigm/design utilized in the research and an analysis of whether this is appropriate given the purpose and topic of the study The formation of EE in two non-governmental organizations in Finland was the major focus of this study. In particular, Hokkanen et al. (2016) explored the formation of EE about dealing with the consequences of violence between intimate partners, and the organization from which the data was collected was the Federation of Mother and Child Homes and Shelters. Also, the EE was studied in the Finnish Central Association for Mental Health, about the issues of mental health accordingly (Hokkanen et al., 2016). For the two organizations, the data was collected separately. The study relied on a mixed design and included both quantitative and qualitative data; specifically, the EE activities in the Finnish Central Association for Mental Health were evaluated using quantitative data, and those of the Federation of Mother and Child Homes and Shelters were analyzed using qualitative data. For the Finnish Central Association for Mental Health, the data was collected with the help of a survey carried out by the associations that were members of the Finnish Central Association for Mental Health. The questionnaire for the survey focused on the EE-based activities and their methods, resources, and outcomes specifically (Hokkanen et al., 2016). The questionnaire targeted the
Ernest Hemingway’s “Soldier’s Home” was written in 1924, when he was engaged in writing his stories about Nick Adams. In fact, when Nick was narrating his war experiences, there was no need to create another protagonist with another story to do the same job. Therefore, doubt arose among the readers and critics about Hemingway’s hidden intentions. As Kobler puts it, the only probable reason could be that “Hemingway’s apology to himself for the exaggeration of his role in that war lies buried in his creation of ex-Marine Harold Krebs, who, like Hemingway, did not actually do any fighting” says Kobler (Kobler). Though Nick and Krebs are war veterans, there is a clear deviation seen in Krebs. Krebs feels frustrated as he repeats lies about his past. The thesis of this paper is in the form of an argument to convince the readers that Krebs’s laziness comes from his inability to adapt himself to the changing patterns of life, which society imposes on him. Krebs’s life as a soldier wounded him both sexually and psychically, creating a great traumatic effect on him. Hence, this paper probes into the backgrounds leading to his present state of laziness. Hemingway begins the story with two different photographs in which Krebs is seen posing in two different backgrounds. The first one is with his college fraternity, where he is seen as quite comfortable. The other one is with two girls and a corporal, taken in Germany. The word “pose” becomes significant in the story because Krebs’s life itself becomes a kind of perpetual posing in order to survive in a hostile society. “He did not want any consequences….He wanted to live along without consequences” (Hemingway). There is an implied meaning here that he was forcibly plucked from one social environment and planted into another one. This is what one gathers from his gradual frustration, laziness, and his indifference to the surroundings: “A distaste for everything that had happened to him in the war set in because of the lies he had told” (Hemingway). Krebs has come home from the war front in Europe, and his past role as a soldier is to be guessed from his present behavior. He cannot convince the people through his stories as these stories have become outdated and uninteresting to the people. Krebs is aware of this. Therefore, he can only withdraw from the outer world and live with the cursed memories of his past. In fact, he “did not want to leave Germany. He did not want to come home. Still, he had come home” (Hemingway). For those who watch him or for the common reader, he looks like an idle man, as he is not interested in anything. To convince them that he is not so is a bit difficult because he is seen either sleeping or reading. At the most, he goes out for a walk. Even the sight of the beautiful girls does not stir him. “When you were really ripe for a girl, you always got one. You did not have to think about it. Sooner
Historical Background The end of the twentieth century was characterized by the rise of emerging economies to the status of global players. The example of the Four Asian Tigers is especially remarkable. One of the Latin American countries is also regarded as an emerging economy with significant potential. At the same time, South American countries have failed to use their potential and are still lagging behind developed as well as developing countries in their economic growth. Kay argues that the region turned out to be unable to surmount various difficulties due to three major reasons (1073). These are state policies, the agrarian reform, and the lack of interactions between agricultural and industrial sectors (Kay 1073). It is possible to look into these issues to understand the peculiarities of Latin American economic development. However, it is essential to consider a certain historical background to understand the potential of Latin American countries. In the 1950s, it was the most developed region, excluding developed countries. The GDP per capita was ¼ of the US GDP, and it was much higher than in East Asian countries excluding Japan and China (Elson 97). This was mainly achieved through the focus on export. Importantly, only some countries exported goods, whereas the vast majority of the states sold raw materials, including sugar, coffee, cotton, bananas, oil, and so on (Bulmer-Thomas 8). The development of industries was rather inefficient as rather low-quality products offered could not compete in other markets, which led to the increase in domestic loans and the significant load on the financial system of the states (Bulmer-Thomas 8). It is also necessary to add that the countries of the region tended to unite their effort in achieving economic goals. Such international organizations as the Latin American Free Trade Association and Central American Common Market were created to meet the needs of the states and ensure their growth. At the same time, the policies implemented proved to be rather ineffective, especially when compared to the progress of East Asian countries. The GDP of this region doubled while the same indicators of South America declined (Elson 97). Importantly, the two regions had quite similar backgrounds as they both include countries that are rich and states that are poor in resources. These regions’ territory is also almost equal. Most importantly, the two regions have similar locations in relation to the most significant markets (Elson 98). The period of the changes that took place is also quite equal as the period covers the past three decades. However, it is clear that the countries of Latin America, in contrast to South Asia, we’re unable to develop efficient policies to foster their economic growth. State Capacity As has been mentioned above, the failure of state policies is seen as one of the basic reasons for the decline of the Latin American economy. It has been acknowledged that the remarka
Abstract The growth of various marketing research has been important and is one way of response, towards the development of service industries and their, continued influence in the world economy (Eric Schlosser, 2002). Most research in the past has based their study in the western countries, however; there has been little attention on the benefits and impacts of fast food meals to the consumers. With a faster lifestyle with more women joining the labor market, traditional American meals have changed. This, however, has been an advantage to the fast-food industries in the country, since almost everyone loves taking fast food meals. This study focused to investigate the western theory change of lifestyles and it intended to examine the quality of the fast-food meals in the United States industries. The results derived in this research will be useful in providing the ideal tool in the United States and the rest of the world concerning the support and growth for all consumptions (Finklestein, Eric & Zuckerman, Laurie. (2008). Introduction The first multi-billion fast food industry was started in 1936 by Maria Del Gray. Later, Ray founded the McDonald’s franchise system, and thereafter, several fast food industries have sprung up in the United States and other countries all over the world. With the significance of the growth of service sectors around the world and the concurrent study, the interest aroused within the service marketing and much knowledge has been achieved, however, much still remains in the hands of the few individuals. In that case, this study will explicitly investigate various services marketing concepts, to check whether they are suiting the consumers’ view of the quality service in the western economy supporting the call for the validation of the market theory (Finklestein et al 2008). The current consumption of fast food meals in the United State is 0.27 in a day. It is probably true that the current prevalence of obesity in the U.S. is caused by this factor. Approximately, 30 percent of the United State citizens have a body mass of 30 kg/m2 or more. Fast food intake is likely to be associated with consuming nutrients such as sugar, fats, and sodium in excess. Fast food consumption may lead to obesity, malnutrition, and cardiovascular disease. Despite that, the etiology of malnutrition consumption in dialysis patients is partly understood. Lack of enough nutrition consumption plays a significant role. However, the affordability, palatability, convenience, and high intake of fat
Introduction Marketing entails offering quality products at reasonable prices. The research focuses on the marketing strategy of McDonald’s Company and its critics. The research includes the history of McDonald’s Company from its humble birth in California to its current worldwide acceptance as the best seller in the food and beverage market segment. Specifically, the research includes a SWOT analysis. The research ends with a recommendation as to what McDonald’s should venture into in the years to come. McDonald’s implements textbook-based marketing strategies to catapult it to its present stature in the restaurant, food, and beverage world. History Gilbert Sara (4) emphasized McDonald’s was founded by Ray Kroc. Dick and Mac McDonald’s had opened its McDonald’s Restaurant on 14 th and E streets in San Bernardino state, California in 1940. The original store included a drive-in environment with a corresponding large menu and car hop services. In 1949, Dick and Mac had reduced their menu. The new menu item list included hamburger, cheeseburger, soft drinks, coffee, milk, potato chips, and pie. The most popular menu during this time period is the 15c hamburger. In 1954, Ray Kroc accidentally enters the McDonald’s scene by selling a multimixer product to both Dick and Mac McDonald’s. Ray Kroc learns that both owners of McDonald’s were interested to set up franchises of their McDonald’s restaurant in many cities across the United States. Ray Kroc decides to enter the McDonald’s franchising business. Consequently, Ray Kroc opens his first McDonald’s store in Des Moines Plaines, Illinois on April 15, 1955. Stanley Meston created the Golden Arches logo of McDonald’s. The company’s first day sale catapulted to $366. This was a large sum of money when comparing the value of $366 during that time period and today’s $366 value. The cost of food, clothing, shelter, and other necessities were cheaper back then compared to the prices of food, clothing, shelter, and other necessities of today, April 20, 2011. In 1965, the company was able to franchise 700 McDonald’s restaurants across the United States. The new recipes included the “Big Mac” which was introduced to the public in 1968 and the replacement of potato chips with French fries. McDonald’s celebrates its 25 years of business operations. In addition, the company reached its 50 th anniversary in 2005
Abstract The population of South Australia is very small and is ranked the fifth among the six states. However the majority of the population is nucleated in the capital urban Adelaide where of course they cause strain to the resources. With the increase in population consumption in the urban there is a lot of waste that is directly proportion to the consumption rate. The state also has most of its small land being arid and semi arid. (Hamilton, 2000) The only small productive fertile land is occupied with agricultural activities taking place. The places have been over exploited to produce enough food for the population and for export purposes. The agricultural activity causes degradation to the environment due to over exploitation. The use of chemical fertilizers to maximize production meant for domestic and export uses pollute the environment and causes pollution to the water especially in river Murray that is used for irrigation. The mining activities in the South Australia also degrade the environment in the state and are a hazard to the environment. Industrial manufacturing which is also a major export sector in South Australia pollutes the environment through the disposal of the waste product that ends in the ocean and the rivers. The air pollution in the state comes from the industries and locomotives. The population highly concentrated in the state’s capital produces mo
Which conveys more information about a person, verbal or nonverbal cues? Irving Goffman talked about the presentation of the self in the public place whereby he underscored the fact that the first impression plays a critical role in determining the interpersonal interactions, as well as the behavior of the individual. This implies that other people can judge the conduct of a person through observation of both verbal and non-verbal cues. Based on this, people are tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that they are attractive to be impressive. People would always try their best to study the conduct of an individual since it helps in defining the situation, as well as enabling the prediction of the actions. Both verbal and non-verbal cues are important in studying the activities and the ways of life, but non-verbal cues seem to be more important in understanding feelings and attitudes. Floyd conducted an extensive study, which established that non-verbal signs convey more information as compared to verbal cues. The study concluded that non-verbal signals help in exposing 70% of human actions while verbal message might just reveal 30-35%. Whenever an individual is in a public place, he or she will always try to avoid introducing topics that might reveal his or her attitudes, feelings, or individual orientation to the world. The use of language is often regulated since it is a product of culture. Individuals are socialized in such a way that they would tend to be selective when using language, but non-verbal cues are utilized differently in various societies. The gesture is one of the non-verbal cues that are mostly relied upon in the understanding of human actions. People are socialized to use certain types of movements whenever they want to convey messages, particularly when they lack words. In a classroom setting, for example, the teacher can easily establish whether the student is paying attention to the proceedings by simply reviewing the posture. A student can give an accurate answer, but the posture tells something different (Goffman, 1959). The use of non-ver
Facts The major appellant was Cox Broadcasting, which broadcasted the name of a rape victim in the news report. The second appellant was the reporter who retrieved the victim’s name from the publicly available indictments. The appellee was the rape victim’s father, Cohn. The appellee claimed that it is unlawful to broadcast the name of the rape victim, and perceived the mention of his daughter’s name in the news report as a violation of privacy. In he pursues, he relied on a Georgia statute. In response to the appellee’s allegations, the appellants referred to the First and the Fourteenth Amendments which state the protection of free-press. The trial court rejected the appellants’ claims and held that the Georgia statute provides civil protection to those whose rights to privacy are violated. On appeal, the Supreme Court held that the trial court made an error in the interpretation of the Georgia statute and declared that the First and the Fourteenth Amendments require no legal judgment for the appellants. During the process of rehearing, the appellants claimed that broadcasting of the victim’s name was of public interest and they believed they could report it with impunity. However, the Supreme Court resolved the contention because the statute is a legal limitation on the First Amendment. Procedures In 1972, Cohn filed a claim for the reimbursement of moral damage against Cox Broadcasting relying on Code Ann. § 26-9901 (1972) (Supreme Court of The United States par. 3). The Court of Appeal decided that the violation of the appellee’s right for privacy was misinterpreted by the trial court and required Cohn to provide the proof for the invasion of his privacy zone. The Court referred to the First and the Fourteenth Amendments’ statement, which was also brought in Briscoe v. Reader’s Digest Assn., Inc ., 4 Cal. 3d 529, 541, 483 P. 2d 34, 42 (1971), that the right to freedom of the press does not cancel the right to individual privacy, and the agreement between the press and private persons may be attained without excess disturbance (Supreme Court of The United States par. 3). Legal Issue Did the Georgia statute which protected the rights to pr