ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Tuesday September 11, was a dark moment in New York after a terror attack on the World Trade Centre which left more than 3000 neighbors, friends, husbands, wives, brothers, sisters, children and parents dead. The cleverly orchestrated attacks inflicted huge casualties on the American citizens. U. S. Officials later identified the attacker as a Pakistani-born, Khalid Sheik Mohammed who was the mastermind behind the attacks. The terrorist attacks occurred at 8:45am with the first of the two hijacked American Airlines striking the World Trade Centre. At 9:03am, the second airliner crashed into the twin towers, leaving the building crumbling and in a blaze. Many people were left trapped in the building for long hours while others died. The third plane crashed at 9:43 am at the Pentagon which is the US military base and the largest office building in the world. The south tower, after the attack, broke and fell apart and five minutes later, the remaining part of the Pentagon came down. According to police sources, the fourth jet crashed into Western Pennsylvania killing more than 100 people. The police and the emergency staff quickly rushed into the scene to rescue the survivors. In the World Trade Center, the workplace to more than 40,000 workers, people had reported to work as other days and those that were on the 106 th floor died instantly while the rest in other floors could not escape from fire. As the police and the emergency staff trying to help those at the World Trade Center, the South tower, collapsed and tumbled down killing hundreds of the police and emergency personnel. After the attacks a state of emergency ensued and all the flights grounded and all US borders closed. There were fears everywhere that similar attacks could occur and as a result precautionary evacuations took place especially on national buildings. The then president, George Bush, who was also the commander-in-chief of the Defense forces, was flown to a safe and secure base in Nebraska and he and his deputy president were kept in different locations. He later addressed the attacks that though they had shaken the growth of big buildings in America they had not weakened the hardworking and zealous citizens of America. He further added that there was no difference between those who perpetrated the attack and those who gave them shelter and he urged them to co-operate in the fight against terrorism. American Airlines told CNN that they had lost their two planes both in their way to Los Angeles, American Flight 11 from Boston carrying 81 passengers and 11 crew and American Flight 11, a Boeing 757 from Washington Dulles Airport to Los Angeles carrying 58 passengers and six crew and from the witnesses, it is the American Bin 757 that hit Pentagon. Those behind the attacks were Islamic terrorists from Saudi Arabia managed by Osama Bin Laden, who had planned it for years. The hijackers of the Airliners were suicide bombers belonging to Al Qaeda. The tragic attack on America has remained a historical representation and has reminded many to expect anything and to
Introduction In this paper, one of the Australian leaders in the sphere of packaging, the company Amcor, will be discussed. Amcor has a long history. Samuel Ramsden founded Amcor in the 1860s. The company’s employees and leaders did a great amount of work. In several decades, Amcor became one of the well-known multinational companies that succeeded in the packaging industry and served as a good example of how the combination of flexible and rigid segments should look like. Nowadays, it operates in Australian, New Zealand, some regions of North America and Western Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Oceania ( Amcor: about us 2016). The company proves that packaging plays an integral role in everyday life and performs the function of a significant component of supply chains, a protector, and a safe marketing product ( Amcor: sustainability considerations 2016). Nowadays, people cannot imagine their lives without packages: their products are packed in special containers, much food, and all beverages are packed in special containers even in supermarkets, and even their clothes could have containers. Packages become an integral part of many human lives, and Amcor makes everything possible to make this part of life easier, safer, and diverse. The company also supports the development of such core values like safety, integrity, teamwork, innovations, and social responsibility (Amcor 2015 GRI report 2015). One of the most powerful aspects of the company is the fact that every employee believes in what they do. The packaging industry is changing all the time, and Amcor has to take several steps to consider the differences, use the sources available, and meet the expectations of customers and suppliers. Amcor proves that the packaging industry should not touch upon the questions of quality and professional standards only. There are such issues as ethics, honesty, safety, and motivation that help the company to be one of the best representatives in the chosen sphere of business. Amcor has already implemented such materials as fiber polymers, metals, and ink in the development of its products ( Amcor 2015 GRI report 2015). Amcor provides people with several opportunities and promotes a safe and motivating working environment for more than 29,000 employees worldwide. To be more exact, in 2016, the number of staff globally includes 29,788 co-workers ( Amcor: our workplace 2016). Today, it is hard to find a concrete number of people, who work at Australian offices. Still, it is said that more than 80% of all people, who are connected with
Comparative advantage can be defined as the efficiency of a country or a state to produce a certain commodity at a lower opportunity cost compared to another another country. This applies to international trade where a country can produce a certain good or service at a cheaper cost than another nation. Therefore, it only makes sense for the other country to buy from the producing country as it will be cost effective. International trade refers to the exchange of goods and service between two countries at a price, which is accepted by both countries. A theory can be defined as a discipline of critical thinking and shared ideology on a given topic in science. Thus, the comparative advantage trade theory refers to a clear understanding of the trade that exists between countries that depend on each other for goods and services. In this case, one country can find a market for its goods. On the other hand, the other country can purchase goods at a cheaper price than it would use to produce the same goods. One country is more efficient than the other in producing certain products. Therefore, it makes sense when both countries get involved in the business. In this case, the country that purchases the goods will shift some of the manufacturing attention to other goods that it can produce at an efficient cost. Comparative advantage compares the efficiency of the country to produce a product at a cheaper cost than another country given the same economic conditions. There exists a relationship of co-existence between two countries. In this regard, each country can produce a commodity that it can produce cheaply and purchase the ones it cannot produce efficiently (Leamer, 46). Economics refers to the discipline that focuses on the production, distribution, and consumption of products. It helps to understand the forces of demand and supply that exists in the market. Market forces dictate how certain goods are produced and offered in the market in an effort to satisfy the needs of customers. Thus, in a given economy, it is very hard to produce all goods and service that the economy may require. Therefore, international trade should be introduced to cater for any commodity that a country may not be able to produce efficiently. A comparative advantage exists if two states differ in technological abilities and resource availability. Therefore, one country can engage in the production of certain goods or services at a lower cost than the other country. This comparative advantage may be as a result of a country having cheap labor or due to availability of capital to produce the given product. A country may be strategically located in a place where there are raw materials and thus b
John Smeaton was an English engineer who designed bridges, canals, and lighthouses. In the given article, written by Andrew M. A. Morris, the author demonstrates how this renowned engineer employed parameter variation in a far more broad context as part of an analytical procedure (Morris, 2021). Morris stresses the three distinct goals of such a process, including optimization, theory testing, and maxim development through exploratory testing. As the writer puts it, the fundamental point of this study is that Smeaton accomplished more than enhanced engineering processes by systematizing prior artisanal ways, as was the traditional interpretation of Smeaton’s method established by technology analysts in the 1990s (Morris, 2021). Rather, he claims that his method creates a link between science and technology by including both theory testing and practical testing (Morris, 2021). I agree with the author and believe that John Smeaton was successful at performing the traditionally seen hypothesis testing and developed empirical regularities through exploratory experimentation. While some scholars might claim that no scientific research was involved in the work of Smeaton, the engineer managed to go through a thorough analysis and create his own maxims. Morris also discussed the relationship between science and technology during the Industrial Revolution. According to Morris, the conventional understanding of it was determined by two nearly obsolete historical studies, which are reflected in the discussion between A.E. Musson, and Eric Robinson, and A. Rupert Hall (Morris, 2021). According to the first two researchers, science was an essential aspect of the industrial Era (Morris, 2021). Hall, conversely, believes that the 18th-century technical innovations attributed almost nothing to the era’s science. The way I see it, Hall’s opinion does not have a solid ground. The Industrial Revolution, in my perspective, was an amalgam of technology, science, and industry. Significant breakthroughs and technical advancements shaped nearly every present field of people’s lives while also introducing a slew of new ones. It is well known that during the early stages of the Revolution, natural forms of energy, such as wind and water, were harnessed to generate electricity. However, later, new technologies, including steam power, were investigated and improved by John Smeaton, and electricity was critical in enabling the Industrial Revolution to flourish. Reference Morris, Andrew M.A. “ English Engineer John Smeaton’s Experimental Method(s): Optimisation, Hypothesis Testing and Exploratory Experimentation ”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science , 89 (2021): 283–94. Web.
Introduction There are various sociological and psychological factors contributing to suicidal ideation among individuals; lesbian, gay bisexual and transgender groups. However, the strong correlation is not sufficient ground for any conclusive generalization. Other isolated and often episodic experiences and circumstances have been identified to independently yield suicidal ideation. In addition, many empirical studies have tended to rely on statistical deductions which carry manipulative biases. Generally, it is noteworthy that on a rational basis, suicidal ideation often arise from societal hatred and prejudice inflicted upon gay and lesbian youth. Suicide is a prominent leading cause of demise among the sexually maladjusted youth (Silenzio, et al, 2007). All youth are confronted with biological, social, cognitive, and affective changes within a cultural context. The gay and lesbian suffer the additional stigma associated with their maladjustment. LGBT correlations with ‘suicidality’ ideation Sexuality interacts with feeling bad in that, once men feel fairly bad or depressed, they are more prone to attempt suicide if they are homosexual or bisexual than if they are heterosexual. In addition, experience of verbal ill-treatment and physical assault (molestation) intensified feeling suicidal for both heterosexual and gay or bisexual men, not just for homosexual men alone as contained in many research findings, and that social isolation in the form of living alone is an additional risk factor. Seeking counseling intervention and taking sexual risks are also independently associated with feeling suicidal. These actions may be the aftermath of feeling suicidal rather than the reverse, and their association with feeling suicidal warrants further investigation. Celibacy per se and general risk taking are not connected to feeling suicidal. However, they are threats in the indirect pattern (Halpert, 2000). The skewed generalizations have suffered political influences as seen in American society among a plethora of reasons. One possibility is that suicidality has been confused with affective disorders and illicit drug use. However, psychiatric disorders and illicit drug use do not always occur to tally higher among gay, lesbian and bisexual persons than in the general population (Russell, 2001). A large number of risk factors pertaining to suicide have been identified. Some of these, including social isolation, homelessness, interpersonal conflict, and psychiatric disorders, may be the same for homosexual and heterosexual men, while others, such as conflict over nonconformist sexuality, gender eccentricity, and over secretiveness of sexual orientation, may be exclusive to homosexual men, or may interact with factors common among the general populace (Remafedi, et al, 1998). Homophobia is prevalent in the society and, in homosexual persons; it is internalized and manifested as dishonorable, hostility and self-hatred (Abelson et al, 2006). Consequently, homophobia motivate
Abstract This mini-unit lesson plan is intended for 4th-grade students to educate them about the history of the Republic of Texas. It also fulfills the purpose of supplying teachers with the materials and directions necessary to establish a comprehensive overview of the state’s history. The unit introduces students to the early history of Texas until its annexation into the United States. Students will learn about the significant events and individuals of the period and establish logical connections that link the Mexican Revolution and the state’s annexation, establishing a meaningful and valuable relationship with its past. Social Studies Content The independent history of the Republic of Texas will be the primary focus of the module. It will cover developments beginning with the Texas Revolution and ending with the annexation of the territory by the United States. Students will learn about the principal events of the period, their causes, and the prominent individuals of that time. They will obtain an understanding of the origins of the state of Texas, the roots of its demographics, and establish a knowledge base for further education in history. At the end of the unit, students are expected to be able to describe
Risk analysis refers to the process of identifying, evaluating and analyzing the potential dangers or risks to individuals, businesses and government institutions or agencies, which are caused by either humans or natural adverse events. The practice offers organizations a constant strategy to assess and evaluate in a meaningful way, their working operating systems and be able to eradicate any potential risks or threats that could pose harm to the normal business operations. People cannot always be able to identify possible outcomes in their organizations and assess them rationally and for that reason, the concept of risk analysis takes a more serious approach here, by projecting the most appropriate measures that can be used to addressing the outcome (Vose, 2008). The concept of risk analysis applies differently in various segments of the modern world, depending on the nature of the environment where it is used. However, the practice has the same purpose in all sectors of application; evaluation and analysis of potential dangers that are likely to be realized in those settings and presenting the right strategies to combat the issues in a more timely manner. IT security technologies can be used to ensure for effective information security and infrastructure protection in the modern business world. The rate of risks in the contemporary business world can not be estimated, owing to the insurmountable levels of threats presented by each era of the computer technology development. This poses great risks to the security of computer information and infrastructure in diverse areas of application. This has had serious implications to the entire business arena, where individuals and organizations continue to lose important information and infrastructure everyday. At the same time, some people have never been full victims of these avoidable threats. Early assessment of the many risks associated with computers has been useful in dealing with the potential threats that may arise in the sector, and this has helped in minimizing the potential harm which could be presented by these threats if they are allowed to pass by unnoticed. Some of the common risks related to information and infrastructure protection would include the damage or loss of key components such as hardware, software, and connected devices, which could result to unintended loss of data and exposure of vital and confidential business information among other nightmares. The main objective and goal of carrying out a risk analysis on security and infrastructure is to assess the potential risks and be able to come out with the most appropriate recommendation plan that can address the issues better. Other objectives here would include detection, response, and prevention of potential risks in the sector. The main goal of a risk analysis in an IT organization is to help identify any possible threat or vulnerability
Introduction Among the most recent trends that have taken root in the hotel industry is the sustaining of the environment under which an institution operates. This strategy is not only good for environmental enthusiasts, but also for improving the margins of profitability for the institution. It can be achieved for instance through different ways such as a reduction in the amounts of water and electricity that is consumed. This strategy could also be applied in marketing whereby the branding of an institution is based on their commitment to promote sustainability in their environment of operation. It has been established by the association that is in charge of the travel industry that as many as forty-three million individuals in America are sparingly ecological tourists. These people are known to pay 8.5% more, when they visit tourism facilities that take part in environmental sustainability in the cause of their service. There is also proof that close to eighty-seven percent of those who travel would give preference to those facilities that are keen on environmental sustainability (Hill & Gale, 2009). There exists other more important concern to give reason for an institution to take part in these environmentally sustainable operations. In the past twenty years, the consequences of environmentally unsustainable activities such as the depletion of the ozone layer, the occurrence of acid rain and the effects of the green house gases have caught up with mankind. This has resulted to an increase in awareness of such effects and the importance of slowing them down, and ensuring that the activities that lead to such occurrences are greatly reduced or eliminated (Hill & Gale, 2009). The hospitality industry, as a result of the nature of services it provides, is a major consumer of large amounts of electricity and products that are majorly disposables. This means that the impact of such a facility or facilities on the environment are of a greater magnitude than your typical building at home. It does not mean that the industry is one of the worst polluters, nor is it to say that it consumes vast amounts of energy that is not renewable as compared to others. The impact of the industry to the resources of the globe is significant (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2010). This paper is going to look at the hotel industry in the world today and its reception of this concept of environmental sustainability. Among the renowned facilities that have implemented systems on sustainable management of the environment include, Ramada, Intercontinental, Marriot and the Hilton to mention but a few. However, there is a variation in the intensity of their systems which implies different levels of commitment. Even though there are many benefits to this form of management, the most notable one is improved relations between the institutions and the community around, and a better public image and an improvement in a facility’s repute that comes with such activities. These benefits are for the good of the company, and in many cases outw
So much controversy had been brewing in the business world as to the reason why consumers often settle for certain goods and services in the market with various scholars expressing their views on the subject matter from individual points of view. This state of affairs influenced Martin Lindstrom’s decision to try and bring the various reasons why people buy into perspective. In his two hundred and fifty four page book; Buy-ology: Truth and lies about why we buy, Martin puts this highly speculated issue under sharp scrutiny to come up with the much sort after answers which had been very elusive. He also seeks to explain the rational with which purchasing decision making is always done beyond any reasonable doubt. The introductory phase of this book basically poses mind boggling questions mainly concerning the reasons which propel individuals to buy certain products as opposed to their alternatives in the market. Martin tries to draw the audience’s attention to some shocking revelations which he had come across during his three year marketing research study that coasted a whooping three million dollars. Basing his arguments on the research findings that were arrived at after critically analyzing responses from two thousand individuals from all over the world, he was able to cast so much skepticism on the reasons which for a long time have been believed to actuate purchasing interests. He also focuses a considerable amount of energy substantiating weather sex can effectively influence an individual’s decision to buy an item or not. In a rather shocking revelation, he point out that sex can indeed trigger a prospective buyer’s urge to go for an item. He backs his argument which insists that an individual’s sub conscience may to a large extent be influence to purchase a product by the mere sight of an attractive lady posing suggestively by citing the increasing marketing trend of using skimpily dressed ladies to promote consumer products, he argues that this case scenario is as such since it has proved to be a viable one by producing the desired result of enhancing sales. Another striking revelation which has been captured quite tentatively is the spiritualization of certain behaviors among consumer groups. Citing the case of drinking Corona with Lime, he puts emphasis on the notion held by marketers which dictates that creating trends and rituals in consumer behavior would also influence their purchasing preferences ultimately. With respect to this state of affairs, he mentions that companies from all over the globe have hence invested heavily in trying