ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Advancing in a career in law requires not only sufficient knowledge of current legislation and its effective application but also a total commitment to ethical principles. When a lawyer or an attorney works for a client, they start a special relationship that should be built on trust and respect. It is apparent that individuals only resort to legal services when they are confronted with problems that cannot be resolved without the help of a professional. Thus, one may contend that by doing that, a client puts himself or herself in a somewhat vulnerable position. However, a lawyer’s power and leverage are limited by their ethical duties which both protect the client and compel a legal practitioner to make amendments to his or her practice. In the United Kingdom, the Legal Services Act aims to build an effective system for processing customer complaints, whereas the Solicitor’s Code of Ethics provides a comprehensive framework for lawyers. These two legal documents will be discussed in this essay alongside the most common types of misconduct in the field of law. Legal Services Act and Solicitor’s Code of Ethics Legal Service Act was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 2007. In his interview, Ian Miller provides a clear rationale for such a decision (Future Learn n.d.). In the lawyer’s opinion, before the introduction of the LSA , one of the pressing issues in the legal field in the UK was lawyers’ leaning on intuition instead of actual rules. The penchant for trusting an inner feeling for what is right, especially when the notion of “goodness” falls beyond the scope of the legislation, is only natural. However, there was a dire need for standardization of legal practices in regards to the moral foundation of fairness and justice. As of now, LSA contains regulatory objectives and professional principles which encourage independence and integrity in lawyers. Four years later, in 2011, Solicitors Regulation Authority published the first Handbook of Solicitor’s Code of Ethics which since then, has been amended 21 times. SRA’s Handbook includes principles similar to those of LSA which discuss lawyers’ competencies and moral guidelines. The most extensive section, the Code of Conduct goes into detail about client care, fiduciary duties, ethical management, and public relations. Among other significant sections is Client Protection where one may learn about negligence cases and compensation. The Handbook also describes regulations for persons and bodies established overseas but providing services in England and Wales. Types of Legal Misconduct Both the Legal Service Act and Solicitors Regulation Authority Handbook aim at eliminating legal misconduct in the United Kingdom. These documents discuss all possible types of malpractice in the field of law; however, the following section will cover only the most common types.
Overview: Personal Energy, Self-Believe, and Commitment Impact on Leadership Leadership is the most essential bit in an organization. Leadership enables the successful achievement of set goals and objectives in an organization. Personal feelings and characteristics of a leader are capable of determining the direction and overall leadership success of a team or an organization. Various leadership styles exist, which enable leaders and managers to employ them to achieve the right results during varying conditions or situations. While these leadership approaches are important, the individual characteristics of a leader, in terms of the self-belief, personal energy, as well as general commitment, play a crucial role in determining the success of the leadership in general. Leadership Styles Democratic leadership This style is also known as participative leadership and encourages employees in an organization to give their contributions as far as the decision-making process in the organization is concerned. 1 A democratic leader constantly informs his employees of the things that affect their work, sharing with them the responsibility of solving any arising problems as well. The leader in this regard should be a coach with the final say, although the information to be used in making the final decision is actually gathered from the members of staff. This style has the ability of producing both high quality, as well as high quantity of work for a significant period. Because of the trust that the employees receive from their managers, the workers respond with high degree of cooperation, high morale, and team spirit. However, the main drawback of the participative or democratic leadership style is the fact that it requires highly experienced employees. Laissez-Faire leadership This style is referred to as ‘hands-off’, where the manager offers very little, or in some instance, no direction at all to the employees. 2 This alternatively gives the employees a lot of freedom in the performance of their work. In this regard, therefore, the employees have full freedom to determine goals on their own, make decisions on their own, as well as find the perfect solutions on the problems that they encounter. Adopting the Laissez-faire kind of leadership, however, calls for a highly skilled workforce, use of external experts to support the workers, as well as trustworthy and highly experienced workers. Failure on the part of the manager to offer regular feedback and the lack of understanding of responsibilities could easily jeopardize the overall performance of this leadership style. 3 Practical Value of a Leadership Style to a Manager Working situation 1 A large multinational firm with operations that span across several na
Social media has provided a platform for women to communicate about intimacy in a way that was never possible before. Across all races and gender, social media has promoted cohesion by driving spontaneous affection, intimacy and informality (Zacharias and Arthurs 214). A majority of studies reveal more women than men use social sites. It has also been deduced that consumers of such media are always in the lookout for similarities with others users that promote “at home” feeling. Such similarities may include gender, age, location, race/ethnicity, and education (Zacharias and Arthurs 214). Examples of social media include social networking sites, online communities and blogs (Zacharias and Arthurs 197). For intimate groups such as lesbians, online communities provide a refuge from outside homophobia. Aside from protection, they are also offer ground for contestation, debate, identity formation and reinforcement, self exclusion and even bigotry (Zacharias and Arthurs 203). Social sites have appealed more to women because it has provided them with a platform to explore issues and make personal contributions free from censure of the rest the world (Zacharias and Arthurs 221). However there some who argue that women have not adequately or even attempted to harness the power of such ubiquitous and powerful medium to champion their course and bring lasting change (Zacharias and Arthurs 221). The anonymity provided by the social media makes this medium very appealing to both women and men as they are able to “reconstruct” themselves to a level they deem “cool” enough to garner more desired responses. Because this may not be practical in real life, social media thus come out as a viable tool to challenge established norms in regard to gender especially in a conservative society. In the present times it is popular for friendship and intimacy to be conducted online. This kind of relation contrasts the traditional physical type in that it is characterized by constant monitoring by friends and colleagues (Zacharias and Arthurs 208). In this context, to be friendly means updating your status with photos, text post, events among other features of the particular medium one may be using. Typical social media such social networking sites require users to input personal details. This information can be exploited by third parties for commercial gains. In largely patriarchal societies, women are rising to challenge male dominance using the social tools of the internet. Even in conservative societies women have taken to presenting obviously controversial views via the web. Of course such moves always elicit strong reactions but altogether it has served to bring to the fore the revolutionary power of the internet. Women have used the social media to display intimacy with unprecedented boldness. Lesbians, bisexuals, gays and transgender individuals have embraced social media to connect with their likes and lay bare their lifestyles to the general public. Friends and lover are aggress
What is Lenovo’s current competitive position, and how can Lenovo maintain or increase its PC industry market share and margin over time? Lenovo is one of the best technology companies in the world in the field of producing innovative PCs and mobile Internet devices. Lenovo takes leading position as the PC manufacturer in the world, and it is the fourth largest supplier of smartphones. The company is listed in the Global Fortune 500 (Daft 118). Today, Lenovo is a corporation, which costs $47 billion. The growth of Lenovo is ahead of the average market indicators for more than four years. Today’s impressive success of the Chinese Company was highly influenced by the acquisition of Motorola Mobility in July 2014. As a consequence, the company became the world’s third largest smartphone manufacturer, and also strengthened its leading position in the sphere of innovation. Motorola counted more than 2,000 engineers and technical specialists who were the industry leaders and the authors of thousands of patents (Griffin 200). Thus, Lenovo makes the products that are the most relevant in the current market: PCs, smartphones, tablets, Smart TVs, servers, workstations and storage devices. The primary difference of Lenovo from the competitors is the comprehensive vertically integrated business model. This model is unique among major PC manufacturers. It provides a significant competitive advantage, helping them to produce more innovative devices, efficiently and actively pursue opportunities for the development of the PC market. During global expansion, Lenovo consolidates its position in the international market significantly. They invest not only in sales but local production in various countries, research activities and other important areas. The combination of global reach and attention to local capabilities allows them to create a new type of company — “global-local” company (Segal-Horn and Faulkner 456). It helps to implement the strategy of defense and attack and to lay the foundation for long-term success. Innovation is the primary objective of Lenovo Corporation. How should Lenovo develop its internationalization strategy going forward? The main driving force of the internationalization is private enterprises. They are interested in the well-known brand and high technology. In this regard, Lenovo Company is an ideal example. In 2004, the company acquired the PC business from IBM and since then all the achievements of the company integrated into a single product line under the name ThinkPad (Yu 359). Cleverly using the existing well-known brands, Lenovo quickly establishes its presence and awareness in the global market by purchasing th
Definition and Characteristics of an Entrepreneurial Leader Entrepreneurial leadership in education requires dealing with challenges and crises of current organizational settings. It has been increasingly applied to improve school performance in the UAE. An entrepreneurial leader is someone who can influence or motivate a group to meet the objectives of an educational institution by using his/her leadership skills. According to Pihie, Asimiran, and Bagheri (2014), an entrepreneurial leader should have a combination of personal qualities and functional competencies. Characteristics of a leader are proactiveness – being active, motivated, and exploring new opportunities; innovativeness – creative thinking, ability to invent practical ideas and utilize resources; and risk-taking- the readiness to face difficulties. The functional characteristics relate to their task-performance abilities such as efficient use of human resources and influencing groups of people. Thus, an entrepreneurial leader should have a list of personal characteristics including excellent communication skills, alertness, ability to create opportunities, motivation, courage, and creativity along with necessary technical skills. The Difference between Economic and Social Entrepreneurial Leadership In the modern world, the concept of entrepreneurship has various definitions and is applied in economic, business, and social fields. According to Brüggemann (2014), entrepreneurial leadership “creates visionary scenarios that are used to assemble and mobilize a ‘supporting cast’ of participants who become committed by the vision to the discovery and exploitation of strategic value creation” (p.6). Economic entrepreneurship is usually motivated by profit and aims at using originality, and innovation to improve commercial markets. Whereas, social entrepreneurs are driven by social good; through leadership, development, and maintenance of creative organizations, they wish to increase social capital. However, there are some fundamental similarities in the two types of leadership: both create value, use local efforts, have committed leaders, experiment, and both are either supported or seek support from local people (Hjorth, 2015). Thus, economic and social entrepreneurial leadership use the same tools in pursuit of improvements in society and the business sector. Entrepreneurialism as Type of Leadership Style Today, many people successfully apply entrepreneurialism as a kind of leadership style. Any business or organization requires the implementation of a management style. As explained by Davey (2012), entrepreneurs needed a different
Introduction When designing products for use in health institutions, giving consideration to the end-user is imperative. The consideration of factors such as ergonomics, comfort, and whether an intervention strategy can lead to patients’ maltreatment is crucial during the designing stage. Nursing informatics requires knowledge concerning patients’ needs and ensuring that the instruments are used to address their requirements effectively. Besides, they should understand the difference between needs and wants and ensure that strategies are put in place to attend to both of them effectively. Nursing informatics ought to ensure that information technologies in hospitals address the needs of both patients and nurses to improve the former’ outcomes. Finding a Balance between Wants and Needs One of the nursing informatics’ primary responsibilities is to ensure that they find a perfect and functional balance between wants and needs. According to Williams (2015), nursing needs are the essential medical services for the treatment and management of diseases, while wants are the aspects that improve the quality of life through comfort. Both of them are necessary for positive patient outcomes. However, it is also crucial for the nurse to understand the difference between them and prioritize when necessary. The IT department has needs and wants which should be given priority because they are essential for communication. This department’s necessities are mostly concerned with computer hardware and software facilitates communication and store crucial patient information. In addition, the department’s wants are related to the cooperation nurses need from other health practitioners to ease their work. The nurse informatics will provide the hardware both for information storage and transfer. Besides, the nurse will ensure accurate and updated data to aid the IT department in decision making. Nurse administrators and the end-user also have needs and wants which the nurse informatics expert should consider. Williams (2015) explains that one of the roles of the administrator is budgeting. To decide how money is prioritized, the specialist will need the essential data and analytical tools capable of calculations and data analyses. The wants of the administrator systems support the software updates and data protection. The needs of the end-user will be to receive effective medical attention toward wellness and perfect health, while their wants are to enjoy quality services in terms of decision making and adhering to patient confidentiality. The necessities should be given priority to establish a balance because they are connected with care, which care is crucial to manage and cure diseases. Without medical attention, the patient will probably lose their lives. After primary care, the nurse will provide support for wants to be comfortable as they recuperate. Needs of the End-user The needs of the end-user are crucial because they are the clients of the health institutions. If the patients’ requirements cann
One of the primary purposes of the introduction is to convey the importance of the research being presented. How is this addressed by the researchers in this paper? A good introduction must convey the significance of a study. In this regard, a lab or any other report must convince its audience that research is important in solving certain problems or filling gaps in previous studies. Interestingly, this journal article scored highly in this area. The study “Green fluorescent protein as a new expression marker in mycobacteria” highlighted the role of green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter molecule for mycobacteria. From the experiment, GFP was found to be an appropriate reporter for mycobacteria. In vitro and in vivo experiments on infected mice proved that GFP is an excellent reporter for mycobacteria. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of most strains of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis kills more people than any other infectious disease. However, GFP can identify drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Therefore, this experiment is important in the fight against this killer-disease. An introduction also typically describes background information relevant to the research being conducted, which informs the reader on important aspects of the organisms or molecules being studied, any applicable theories or models, and the history of the research topic, including reference citations. What sorts of background information are provided in this paper? Apart from bringing out the importance of a study, an introduction presents the issues under study. As a result, the intents of a researcher are recognized easily. A straightforward way of doing this is by providing a reader with relevant background information, applicable theories or models and the history of the research topic with citations and references. Consequently, all audiences are able to appreciate a research. A study should not be understood by people from a specific field only. This journal provides enough background information on the topic. The researchers seem to have done a considerable literature review. For instance, citing Raviglione et al. (995), the article gives an account of the tuberculosis problem. Accordingly, a reader is able to tell that studies on dynamics in virulence and gene control in mycobacteria have been hastened by an increase in the number of people killed by tuberculosis. The journal also acknowledges progress made by previous scholars in understanding the genetic organization of mycobacterium. Timm et al. (1994) and other scholars have been cited in the introduction of the article. These studies underpin the importance of reporter genes. Relevant theories reiterate that reporter genes are used in
The issue of overpopulation is getting more heated nowadays. The planet is not able to sustain the ever-growing population. Considering those problems, specialists from varied fields of science have engaged in an active debate regarding fertility control. The following paper aims at observing the key arguments for and against the position “the world would be better off with fewer people”. Addressing the key arguments for the position “the world would be better off with fewer people”, it important to note that they are integrated around the concept of scarcity. Particularly, the proponents of fertility control support their position by the fact that the degrading environment is no longer able to provide for the needs of so many people, and with the duration of time and increase of the population, the problem will become much worse. Next, they state that without interference into the state of affairs with the environment, people may even lose their habitat and thus, the planet will not be able to support life at all. Another argument is that the size of the population is not the only problem since its structure is also of great importance. This means that the countries with a growing population face social problems because their governments are not able to provide economical and political security to their citizens (Parker, Seager & Lind, 2009). Further, the key arguments against the position“the world would be better off with fewer people” are based on the idea of more efficient distribution of resources and “technological improvement” in the developing courtiers (Parker et al., 2009, para 28). The opponents of population control state that technology is able to solve the problem of scarcity and environmental pollution. Furthermore, they quote the opinions of scientists who present the data demonstrating demographic development and the number of people the planet is capable of sustaining. Based on the findings of those specialists, the opponents of population control state that the planet is able to provide for the larger population. In addition, people supporting this position argue that poor countries have appeared in such a situation, not because of the size of their population, but because “they lack some combination of modern technology, efficient economic systems (including public agencies as well as markets), equitable distribution of wealth and constitutional and accountable government” (Parker et al., 2009, para 34). Finally, those who oppose fertility control make an emphasis on the ethical and moral implications of the issue. Speaking about my own position on the issue, it is necessary to note that I tend to support the proponents of population control. Scarcity is an important variable that should be taken into account when important decisions regarding the future of humanity are made. People should understand that resources are limited including clean water, food, fuel, etc., and for that reason, family planning is the only way to improve the situation. No one would want to see their children starving, being unemployed, and having no meaningful