ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“The Lottery,” by Shirley Jackson, focuses on traditions throughout the story. The story’s overarching subject is conveyed through the employment of fiction elements such as setting, verisimilitude, and point of view. The writing is persuasive and compels the reader to go over it again and again. The narrative tries to educate readers that all customs, regardless of whether they are included, are not always righteous. The third person tells the story to offer the viewer the finest comprehension. The storyteller was not a resident of the community who had to go through the Lottery’s rites. Obviously, the story was given from an omniscient perspective because the speaker was well-informed about everyone “…Old Man Warner, the oldest man in town….” (Shirley, 2014, p. 137). The listener gains a clear picture of the locals and their strange traditions by providing this perspective throughout the play. If the narrative were presented from the perspective of one of the villagers, it would appear to be more biased and less detailed than it is. This point of view explains the Lottery’s tradition in great detail, including how the Lottery should be prepared and the rituals involved. The backdrop and characters depict average, everyday people gathered in the town square for an event. At the beginning of the story, there is nothing extraordinary about this day or the happenings of the day. A toddler playing with stones is not unusual, yet it may raise questions in the minds of the readers about the nature of this Lottery. The audience gets a strong sense that something horrible is going to happen as the story progresses with the Lottery’s background, setup, and name-calling. The truth does not sink in until all of the men glance at their pieces of paper, and Tessie Hutchinson begins frantically shrieking. The sorrow and desperation allow the readers to empathize with Tessie and imagine themselves in her situation. This is why, while Tessie’s family members are stoning her to death, the audience may get disgusted with the townsfolk and the story’s whole theme. The truth is that no one wants to be connected with a species that is willing to kill a friend or family member every year just because tradition dictates it. In order to offer the reader a better comprehension of the story, the environment is described in great detail. The quote “The morning of June 27th…” informs the audience of the Lottery’s time and date (Shirley, 2014, p. 136). The time range for the Lottery is also revealed in the story. The narrative also provides the Lottery’s time frame: “…so it may start at ten o’clock in the morning… al
In the argument for and against evolutionary theory, the use of the word ‘theory’ comes into question repeatedly. A scientific theory is a set of principles that explains an observed phenomenon. This is why scientists argue that when it comes to evolution, it is both a fact and a theory. Popular media has brought to the fore various misconceptions regarding evolution. For example, evolution attempts to explain the origin of life by focusing on changes in successive generations. There is also a misconception that humans evolved from monkeys and that they both share a common ancestor. Some articles show blatant ignorance of evolutionary theory while others contain statements that subtly reveal a misconception of evolutionary thinking. The article discussed below falls in the latter category. In his article, “Why I don’t believe in Atheism’s creation myth”, Egnor states that the claims by evolutionary biologists go beyond the evidence (para. 2). Evolution is a theory based on indisputable and sometimes tangible evidence. It is different from intelligent design which tries to explain living things. Maybe it would be helpful if Egnor would have tried to explain further how evolutionary biologists ‘go wildly beyond evidence.’ The evidence is found in fossil records and in the similarities between certain living creatures. Some of the evidence is in the Galapagos Islands. The evidence can also be found by examining finches. These birds live in the same location but have different beaks and body sizes. This evidence cannot be overstated or changed. The fossil records reveal a lack of continuity among species, as opposed to the methodical transits inherently forecasted by Darwinism (Egnor para. 6). Every time a new fossil is discovered, it leads scientists closer to understanding evolution. The fossil record is a fact of evolution. There may be gaps in it, but this only means that there are fossils that have not yet been discovered and there is still no proof that they are nonexistent. It may not be possible to see the gradual transitions predicted without the complete fossil record. In his article, Egnor notes that “All codes with which we have experience arise from intelligent agency” (Egnor para. 5). In past years, anthropologists have taken this stance whenever they came across some inexplicable phenomena. Such a move can be assumed to be a result of intelligent design. When most believed that everything revolved around the earth, it was accepted as intelligent design until scientists proved otherwise. In the same way, when the earth was believed to be flat, it was accepted as intelligent design until someone disproved it. Egnor has also wondered why scientists never took issue with the theory of randomness as postulated by Darwin. This is a question that Egnor asks in his article (Egnor para. 6).This is a very difficult question in
Introduction Sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender consistency are complex terms. Being in the 21 st century is still not discussed, talked about, or accepted openly in public. People tend to be judgmental towards these individuals and they are made the center of mockery, ostracism, and criticisms at the most gathering (Leicester Lesbian and Gay Action Website, 1998). Problem faced People who are not sexually like everyone are still considered taboo in every society. They are harassed, abused, and mentally tortured everywhere they go. People find it very difficult to accept them with their special sexual interests. Researchers have established a strong connection between poor health connection and rejection from a family of young adolescences (Physorg, December 2008). Most of them hide their real identity as they are scared of being condemned (Lambdalegal, 2006). They are used to living in an environment of rejection which puts a lot of psychological stress on young adults who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. They are interrogated at every stage of their lives and at every gathering they make an appearance at. They have a strong urge of being accepted and belonged everywhere they go (Martell, Christopher R, and Botzer, Marsha and Williams, Mark and Yoshimoto, Dan, n.d.). Code of Ethics Being a strong believer of liberalism and knowing I’ll be perusing my career towards social work helping Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Questioning understanding their physic, weakness, and strength are imperative for me. My primary objective is to help meet the fundamental needs of people who are vulnerable and seek help. I want to dedicate my life to service for social justice, the importance of human rights, and integrity. The NASE code of ethics presents guidelines formed on ethical values to conduct social works. Their agenda is to reinforce professional practices that will provide a bright prospect to review social worker behavior and adequate following of policies prescribed by it. According to the professional code of ethics, it is the duty of a social worker to help people in need and with problems. The Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning community is dominated in the United States, and my role is to make them acceptable and respected in every walk of life through my social work. Many Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, Questioning require these social services and support to keep their momentum alive. To address these problems I being a social worker will not be prejudice or judgmental about Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning. It is not a mental illness but a personal choice. Rather I will help build their self-esteem (M
Among global food manufacturers, Nestle is one of the largest producers that distributes its products almost in every country of the world. It is a multinational and multi-brand corporation that provides high-quality foods and brings innovation to the industry. The main strategic priority of the company is to increase growth, which would create an immense scale and maximize cost efficiency per unit (Nestle Global, 2020). Apart from the global supply, outsourcing processes to countries with cheaper labor helps Nestle to generate additional resources. Apart from a variety of local subsidiaries, the company manages more than a dozen brands that allow them to target different consumer groups offering both low-cost and premium-class products. These brands cover a large part of the global food sector, offering goods such as bottled water, baby food, or chocolate. The chosen examples of products are Purina One dry cat food, Gerber baby food, and Nescafe 3in1 instant coffee. All these products are strong competitors in their markets, mainly due to the cost-efficiency of production. Purina One is a global brand that provides high-quality pet food. As the company states, its main advantage lies in innovative formulas that respond to different nutritional needs (Nestle Global, 2020). The strategy is based on generating value for the customers, but the company keeps prices relevantly low compared to other premium cat food. That is why the strategy for Purina One can be defined as a best-cost provider which allows to “upscale product attributes at a lower cost than rivals” (Thompson et al., 2017, p. 122). Two other competitors Whiskas cat food produced by Mars Inc. And Hill’s Science Diet adopts different pricing strategies. The former offers cheap food of relevantly low quality, while the latter is similar to Purina One in terms of nutritional parameters but costs significantly more. The same strategy is applied to Gerber baby food that offers high value for t
Introduction Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents that aid in the treatment or deterrence of bacterial infections ( 1 ). These chemical agents are sometimes referred to as “antibacterial.” Their mode of action entails either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth. Antibiotics that prevent the growth of bacteria are called bacteriostatic antibiotics, while those that kill bacteria are known as bactericidal antibiotics ( 1 ). Bacteriostatic antibiotics interfere with the essential physiological processes of bacterial cells including the production of proteins, as well as the replication of DNA and RNA. By doing so, the bacteria are unable to multiply and carry out their metabolic activities, permitting the body’s immune system to clear the infection. Bactericidal antibiotics, on the other hand, kill bacteria by destroying the cell membrane or cell wall, thus allowing the cell contents to leak out and leading to the death of the bacterial cells. Disinfectants are described as antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to get rid of any microorganisms present on the objects. The mode of action of disinfectants involves interfering with the metabolism of bacteria and the integrity of the bacterial cell walls. However, disinfectants are not one hundred percent effective as they are unable to eliminate resistant spores. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is a process of finding out which specific antibiotics a given bacterial species is sensitive to. Different bacterial species demonstrate different sensitivities to various antibiotics. For example, the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a global problem in clinical medicine due to the bacterial species’ resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and penicillin ( 2 ). Therefore, susceptibility testing is beneficial in determining the most effective antibiotic to manage a bacterial infection in a living cell. This method can also be used to identify certain bacteria. One of the commonly used techniques for determining antimicrobial sensiti
Introduction “The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point,” is a poem by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, written in 1846 and first published in 1848 in The Liberty Bell, which was sold at the Boston National Anti-Slavery Bazaar of 1848 (Taplin 111). It is a first-person narration of a black slave woman. It is a horrifying story told from the point of view of a dying Negro slave, who is standing at the place where the first band of pilgrims landed in search of liberty. She had fallen in love with another slave, who had been killed by the overseers. Then, she had been tied up and flogged, was forcefully raped by a white man, gave birth to a white child whom she strangled out of hatred towards the white man (Taplin 194). “The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point” is a dramatic monologue in ballad form. Main text The speaker, a young black slave woman, begins her narrative a day after her escape from the plantation to a place called Pi
Introduction The issue of drug and drug related crime has troubled mankind for a very long time. Drug use costs the society great losses thus making the society invest a lot of resources in controlling in drug to ensure society remains a safe place. Law enforcement uses all the means possible in the endeavor to control drug. This paper discusses the CRS report for U.S congress on International Drug Control Policy. Multilateral cooperation This is reported as the largest and the broadest policy whereby the government of U.S joins hands with other countries in the efforts. The countries make agreements and treaties such as the “Hague Opium Convention of 1912” (Wyler (a), 10) and other international treaties. It is reported that almost all of the U.N members are partners to the international treaties and as such they are supposed to cooperate in the fight against drug trade in all perspectives (Wyler (a), 2008). Restrictions The U.S uses the policy of foreign assistance restrictions to hold their assistance to the states that may have failed to make efforts in drug control under the strategies set at the international agreements. It is reported that under this policy the U.S president may withhold aid or assistance to such which may force the uncooperative states to comply with the agreements (Wyler (a), 2008). However it is worth noting that such a policy may be prone to political manipulation. Burma and Venezuela were some of the countries that were given as examples of states that were not given counternarcotics assistance due to their failure to meet the minimum requirements as per the policy. Crop eradication Perhaps this is one of the most effective policies mostly used all over the world including United States. This policy aims at attacking the growing of banned narcotics. It is claimed that most agencies prefer this policy as it deals with the root source and thus they argue that by doing so there will be no any drug in the market and thus no more costs in drug law enforcement (Wyler (a), 2008). Others argue that it may be more cost effective to control drug cultivation than controlling the whole supply and consumption chain. However critics are also said to question the achievability and the effectiveness arguing that the policy may require a lot of time and resources and other methods of eradication such as fumigation which may be illegal or even not practical in some states. Yet other are claimed to question the political fairness of application of global policy of simultaneous crop control citing that political influence may interfere with the process (Wyler, 2009). Counterdrug policy Counterdrug policy is used together with drug control. It is reported that the policy aims at providing alternative methods to crop farmers. The report has it that U.S through agencies such as “U.S. Agency for International Development (U
Introduction Blockbuster and Movie gallery companies in the entertainment industry that have been affected by the advent of the digital era. The demise of Blockbusters is an example of a failure to adopt an emergent perspective to planning. The video rental company failed because customers discovered a cheaper and more efficient method of obtaining movies and films (Cohan par1). The company stuck to its prescriptive strategy rather than making changes to cope with the situation. Netflix encountered a similar problem when video streaming was introduced. However, it used available technology to provide more efficient and reliable services that kept them afloat in the market (Cohan par1). On the other hand, Movie Gallery collapsed because it was unable to compete in the film industry with the likes of Netflix and Redbox (Schmidt par3). The two companies failed because they were unable to utilize new technology to stay in the market. Failure of Blockbuster and Movie Gallery The main reason for the failure of Blockbuster and Movie Gallery was the introduction of more convenient ways of obtaining films. The two rental companies utilized different strategies to deliver movies to customers. For example, Movie Gallery used movie vending machines to deliver movies. They charged $ 1 to rent a movie for one night (Schmidt par4). The vending machine service was convenient and cheap because it did not necessitate the need for a movie store. However, it did not stand the test of time. On the other hand, Blockbuster operated several video rental stores that made it one of the largest video rental companies (Cohan par5). Huge debts and lack of visionary strategy led to its closure. Customers discovered a more convenient, fast, and cheap way of obtaining their favorer movies. Before the advent of digital downloading, customers had to visit rental stores or vending machines to obtain movies. Also, they had to pay a certain amount of money as a rental fee. However, after the emergence of digital downloading, the film industry has changed a lot. People do not need to visit rental stores anymore. They only need to login into websites that offer downloads services and download movies of their choice at a fee. Advantages of digital downloading Digital downloading is touted as the future of the film industry. It has several advantages that endear it to many people around the globe. First, it is convenient and reliable (Herve 24). Customers do not need to drive or walk long distances to rental stores to obtain movies. With digital downloading, customers only need to log in to certain websites and download their favorite movies. With the rapidly changing society, people are drifting towards sessile lifestyles (Herve 25). Everything is done online including education and shopping. The film industry is developi
Introduction Trust is important in any business. Trustworthiness in a company contributes to its competitive capabilities, as it allows the organisation to have more opportunities in the medium-term. Appearances of trustworthiness and actual trust may be the same. However, they are very different. The first one is only a potential that the business expresses. It does not absolve the business of any loss that would occur if there is an actual breach of trust. The second one is an actuality, which ensures that there is never a breach of trust, and no losses are suffered due to a loss of trust. Trust increases referrals to business and repeat business, leading to a loyal customer base (Sinha, 2010). Other than customers, other business partners rely on trust to form long-term relationships. A good, trustworthy business can obtain financial assistance from its financial partners, even when it is unable to meet its short-term debt commitments. Similarly, a business can use trust as the basis for seeking agreements with the employees, as the internal stakeholders, and the suppliers, as the external stakeholders, to allow it to make some changes in its operations so that it can pass through difficult times. Public trust is the most important factor in public organisations, as well as not-for-profit organisations. Public trust determines the legitimacy of the organisation’s funding. Ethics and accountability are important factors in building trust in all kinds of organisations. Building trust requires transparency and adequate communication with all the internal and external stakeholders of the company. Structures to maintain a trustworthy business can be formal, like a code of ethics, or informal, like traditions, values, organisational culture, and work principles (Greiling, 2007). The BBC Case Study The BBC is a publicly funded organisation that experienced a trust crisis in 2007 due to editorial misjudgements. The incidences happened to pre-recorded programs that caused misinformation about competitions and features that fooled the public into thinking there was public participation in the programs. The root causes leading to the loss of trust The root cause of the problem was the lack of policies governing the ethics of particular acts done by the staff in charge of the programs. Program editors also allowed the need to broadcast programs on time to override their need to be accountable and truthful in their approach in delivering services to the public. There was a need to compete within the industry and to highlight the BBC as an organisation that was responsive and innovative in broadcasting. Unfortunately, there was no mechanism for ensuring that the goals were met. As such, the employees responsible opted to do things without following the due process, as required in their profession. They made the matter worse by liaising with their immediate superiors to hide the irregularity, with the excuse of saving the particular programs from obsolesce. How effective do you consider the taken mitigation actions? In the BBC
Introduction This article is authored by Charles Lindblom, a distinguished professor of political science, who has mainly been attached to Yale University. In this classic article, Lindblom argues that the decision-making process in the United States has several limitations in the form of policy analysis, overrun rationality, and lack of adequate theoretical frameworks. Consequently, the article points out that streamlined decision-making does not have to be a slow bureaucratic process. The article is titled “The Science of Muddling Through” and its hypothesis disputes the notion that all public policy decisions have to be rationally comprehensive. The author is of the view that there are several alternative solutions to the traditional public policy formulation. This article has managed to remain relevant since its publication in 1959. Public administration scholars are still trying to further the research that was started by Lindblom. This essay is a critique of Lindblom’s article “The Science of Muddling Through”. Critique of subject matter Although this article is several decades old, its core subject matter still resonates with the current situation. Lindblom takes issue with how public administrators assign prominence to rational and comprehensive decision-making. According to the article, the most practical approach to a decision is the “method of successive limited comparisons” (Lindblom, 1959, p. 81). The mechanics of this approach allow policymakers to base their actions on the underlying objectives and values within any public policy. The next step in Lindblom’s process gives policyma