ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
William James was born in the year 1842; he was the first American psychologist and also philosopher. He trained as a medical doctor. In the year 1878, William decided to write a book on psychology. William was testifying on the fact that there is no science of psychology. James explains that he will dwell on the psychological way of introspection in his literature The Principles which he describes as the examining into our minds and then being able to describe what we have discovered. James has taken various methods to elaborate on the brain function and also on the main conditions of the activities of the brain ( James, 1981). William came up with the theory that emotion is the psychological insight of the mind that is the result of the stimulus. He argues that the view of the mind is of the great level of the adrenalin and the heartbeat, and this is what is called emotions. He explains that the consciousness of the mind is active and it is a unity, it is very selective and also teleological. Psychology curves out the man’s experiences. The will makes a strong idea which occupies the mind and makes the mind ready for the action ( James, 1981). The part of the intelligence separates and also incorporates things that implicate the reality to them, in the course of the emotions and the active life; this is conceived pragmatically. James explains that the study of human life is compared to religious experiences. The main interest of James is not a religion but it is found in the feelings, the deeds, and the individual experiences in their solitude, they take into custody themselves to support the relationship to anything that they put into consideration as divine. James also recognizes several experiences but not the flow out of the experiences of the conscious. He, therefore, disagrees with the belief that in awareness the relation that exists between the recognition of the subject and the object itself is fundamental and this has been taken for granted by so many modern philosophers. James also argues that on top of the mind that is conscious there is also the psychical zone that is composed of the subconscious mind ( James, 1981). The subconscious mind is composed of spiritual values like sanctity, the genius among others and their contact is recognized with the absolute (Simon, 1999). James put into consideration this subject of pure science which demands the analysis of feelings, wishes, reasoning, cognition, and the decision that depends on the features and the dynamics that they have (Simon, 1999). He compares this with how a person would explain the structure of a certain house by just examining the stones and the bricks that have been used to construct it. James notes that the behavior of the animals and that of the human differs because the behavior of the animals is automatic and is limited in not complicated, while that of the human is influenced by the broad range of desires and this leads them to acquire new habits. William explains that people’s deeds come u
Introduction Participating in a cross-cultural program brings a lot of challenges to all partakers. Group leaders who come from abroad are supposed to inspire and educate Japanese students to be better prepared for globalization. However, living with a host family, dealing with misguided expectations, and miscommunication with other participants can present a challenge. To overcome these difficulties, one should develop a certain mindset. Main Objectives First of all, there are equal odds that all the mentioned troubles will not happen. Still, there are rarely any provisions made to prepare would-be group leaders for a cross-cultural project psychologically. Behavioral exercises, as well as self-empowerment techniques, can create an overall positive attitude. Although this can prove to be an energy-consuming process, it must be done if group leaders want to succeed in their task. Another essential component is open-mindedness as well as acceptance and respect of other cultures. Being ready to embrace different cultures, traditions, ways of doing things, and being open to discussion are the keystones to success. A group-leader should shift the focus of attention from their conveniences and perceptions to their goal, which is in giving and not taking. Conclusion Taking these points into consideration, I believe that positive thinking and concentration on work objectives, rather than personal experiences, would help overcome any cross-cultural differences and misunderstandings. Staying curious, being ready to adapt alongside working on one’s virtues can open any door. Needless to say, until such a mindset has developed, staying with a host family in another country might be a problem.
The newly learnt topic of licensure and regulations in nursing were fascinating to me. Being a nursing student, I came to understand it better when I was doing my attachments in one of the hospitals. I had been placed in the inpatient and admission and discharge. Everything was completely new and out of control to me. I found it hard arriving in the hospital early and the many patients I was handling. The workers, other nurses, and the patients were all from diverse backgrounds, which gave me more challenges. One afternoon, while in the line of duty, I came across an elderly patient. He was roughly 65 years and could barely understand my official language of communication. He was alone, without any company and money to cater for his admission charges. I yelled at him out of my anger and told him to go and come later when he was ready. I did not know that he was the father of the senior director at the hospital, and the older man was waiting for him. Eventually, the director appeared, and the father explained what had happened. The case was immediately reported to the hospital management. I had gone against the set rules and regulations where any practising or qualified nurse must have an excellent professional character (Oyeleye, 2019). The patients were shocked on hearing about my misconduct, and all I could feel was a shame. The incident was the subject of discussion in the workplace, and I felt uncomfortable about it. I felt so embarrassed and extremely uncomfortable after harassing the innocent patient. Since i was inexperienced, I lacked enough knowledge and skills on how to handle patients, which might have led to the incident. Nonetheless, the positive thing I learnt about the experience was how to manage patients. One must reasonably treat patients because of their condition. I understand that people have different personalities, and perhaps this is what caused the harsh treatment. From this occurrence, it can be concluded that patients must be treated equally and moderately and above all, good communication skills must be used when dealing with the sick. For a successful career experience, one ought to abide by the ru
Abnormal psychology is a study that focuses on abnormal behaviors. Barlow and Durand (2012) note that abnormal behaviors are behavioral patterns that are not expected and accepted within a certain cultural group. Various approaches have been used to address people’s abnormal behaviors. Cognitive and behavioral frameworks have been used for decades, but humanism is becoming a preferable approach among practitioners and scholars (Moss, 2014). The supporters of humanism stress that cognitive and behavioral patterns confine human behavior and emotions to a set of stimuli and responses. Nevertheless, humans have complex emotions, needs, conditions, characteristic features, and so on. Therefore, it is critical to treat people’s psychological issues using comprehensive strategies. This paper includes an analysis of a portrayal of an abnormal behavior and its treatment in the film What About Bob? (1991). The protagonist, Bob, displays several abnormal behaviors and suffers from a number of specific phobias (Oz, 1991). One of the phobias revealed in the films is a fear of bacilli. At the beginning of the film, Bob goes out of his house trying not to touch anything, and when he has to touch some objects, he puts his handkerchief on these objects. Clearly, such behavior has an adverse effect on his life. For instance, his wife left him, and his best and only friend seems to be the fish living in his bowl. Bob addresses a psychiatrist who tends to use a combination of the cognitive and behavioral approaches. However, he fails to apply the humanistic approach. Irrespective of this quite formal approach, the protagonist feels certain reliefs after the first session and wants to continue this practitioner’s therapy. The use of the humanistic approach is revealed in the episode in the asylum. The facility’s staff use humanism as they manage to see Bob’s strengths and his personality behind the symptoms (Oz, 1991). The psychiatrist’s family members also see Bob as a personality rather than a mentally ill person. Such humanistic paradigm is regarded as an important element of any therapy (Moss, 2014). Individuals’ cognitive features, their behaviors in different situations, as well as cultural beliefs and spirituality, should be taken into account during the development and implementation of treatment. Therefore, a treatment plan may include the prevention of avoidance, the alteration of antecedent cognitive reappraisals, as well as a comprehensive emotional support (Barlow, Allen, & Choate, 2016). It is necessary to make such patients’ exposure to their fears routine, which will help them overcome their fears. Patients should also get the information concerning the risks and hazards associated with bacilli as well as proper ways of remaining healthy. Finally, it is essential to understand actual needs of the patient, reasons for such behaviors, and so on. It is also possible to involve patients’ family members and the community. In conclusion, it is possible to note that Bob’s phobia of bacilli in t
Abstract Psychology, as a broad subject consists of a variety of aspects that range from behavioral to psychodynamic. It is from the content presented by each aspect that qualifies the subject as interesting. This short paper restricts itself to behavioral aspect psychology, as it proves the most interesting to the writer. People consider behavior psychology as an essential branch of psychology, which cuts across all other aspects of psychology such as humanistic, biological, cognitive and evolutionary psychology. The writer also recognizes behavior psychology as a major constituent of major psychology subsets such as clinical psychology, personality psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology and cognitive psychology. Psychology entangles a broad subject that focuses on human mental process and behavior. By creating awareness of what an individual comprises of in terms of thoughts and behavior, psychology “sheds light on our psyche and reveals issues related to harmony or conflicts arising between the ego, id and superego” (Robert, 1993, p. 52). The major subfields of psychology include personality psychology, clinical psychology, social psychology, cognitive psychology and developmental psychology. On the other hand, considering the major perspectives of psychology such as humanistic, biological, cognitive, evolutionary and behavioral aspects, behavior psychology interest me the most. Human behavior is somewhat one of the fascinating wonders that people have to live with. At one point, people are friendly, happy and celebrating. Surprisingly, the mood may change with violence taking toll amid a prior environment characterized by laughter. Nations live in a given period of history proactively participating in international trade unions and hence promoting bilateral and or multilateral trade understanding. What then causes the all over sudden change, which invites perpetration of acts of atrocity and violence between formally friendly nations? How people apply behavior psychology to unravel the mystery behind the question too proves interesting. Interestingly, such a study does not just attempt to explain such issues just from theoretical perspectives. Again, behavioral psychology will not treat such scenarios as just common sense (Cherry, 2010, Para.6). Rather, unlike any other aspect of psychology, this particular aspect deploys scientific methodologies to investigate the various questions in attempt to arrive at comprehensive conclusions. This seems interesting indeed! Psychologists employ varying number of techniques in an attempt to provide a comprehensive study of human mind. Such techniques include questionnaires, naturalistic observations case studies and experiments. Through the help of results obtained from studies conducted with the help of such techniques, human behavior proves th
Scientific Racism: The Eugenics of Social Darwinism It is my impression that the BBC documentary Scientific Racism: The Eugenics of Social Darwinism discusses the controversial issue of social domination that cannot be effectively resolved during centuries (“Scientific Racism: The Eugenics of Social Darwinism”). Despite it seems that our society is mostly based on the idea of equality, the consequences of proclaiming the ideas of Scientific Racism can be observed widely (Bergman 21). I think that the development of Scientific Racism and further Eugenics became the result of people’s attempts to justify their unethical behavior toward other individuals and to support their material goals to develop slavery, and then, to make slaves work hard after the slavery abolition. My feeling on the subject is that people have no ethical right to decide who is better or worse, relating only to the physical qualities of persons and their races. The issue is not in the level of social development and society’s organization. The reality is in the fact that civilization often does not lead to survival, and ‘weak’ natives are usually more adapted to world changes than the social ‘elite’ (Mehler 22). I would say that Scientific Racism and Social Darwinism are theories that work to develop uncertainty and aggression in society in addition to inequality, and these approaches cannot lead to the progress of civilization. The documentary is effective to demonstrate that social theories are often used to justify unethical activities directed against humanity, and such phenomena as colonialism and genocide are based on political grounds rather than on ideas of social progress and prosperity. Commentary on Genie (Secret of the Wild Child) In my opinion, the ideas presented in the documentary Genie (Secret of the Wild Child) support the vision that early contacts of children with their parents play a key role in a person’s psychological and social development, as well as language acquisition. Genie started her life in isolation, and the absence of human contacts had dramatic consequences for her further development (“Genie (Secret of the Wild Child)”). I think that the documentary provides significant case evidence to state the role of contacts and social interactions for people (Bales and Parsons 12). My impression based on the documentary is that even if a person has problems with mental development, the situation can be improved with the help of close people’s attention and care. When a person has no mental problems, the absence of socialization and normal relationships with people can provoke the progress of communication problems (Curtiss 52). Scientists assumed that Genie could have problems with brain development, but the main problem was caused by
Introduction Winthrop Jordan had the commission in mind over the particulars of the whites over blacks, that is American approach towards the Negro, 1550-1812. His main argument in this matter is that whilst racism did not at first lead the colonists in enslaving the blacks, the concept of the native hereditary inferiority on the component of Africans and African Americans finally coalesced in the beginning of Republic, promoted by the environmentalism in the Revolutionary period (Jordan, P. 28). Despite lacking sufficient strength, the fight for the new revolution carried the analysis for the American slavery using the upcoming methods at its initial stages of development and more so it continued with its vision to educate appropriate work in the current revival. Jordan paid his full attention on the attitude of the white men towards the Negroes especially in the first two centuries upon the African and European settlement which later advanced into the current United States of America. Jordan commenced his intellectual scrutiny on the origins of the American slavery by tackling on the English behavior of Africans before the beginning of the institution. He rather persistently showed in their beginning contacts the English came across the Negroes plainly as another category of people (Jordan, P. 6). He then elaborated the beginning of the slavery in the new world, pressuring the unintentional nature or the unthinking decision of the entire enterprise. In this concept Jordan put forward that the English was not enthralled in the slavery matter as the most proficient kind of labor to them and likewise not necessarily as a means of exercising the inflexible intuition with reference to the inferiority towards the Africans. That kind of conception was realized later in the course of action. Secondly, there was the enlightenment on the development of the slavery society within the second incitement concentrated on the growth of the slavery society in the English colonies. For such schemes to be successful there should be the procedural in place to organize the labor force. Thus, Jordan deals with the growth of the master-slave association which is burdened with the challenges of control, discipline and freedom. The more daunting portion in the events is the sorts of men who became the white attitudes towards the interracial sex (Jordan, P. 34). The main aim of maintaining the two types of men anticipated the difference results and also the similarities in the physical and spiritual world.Once more, Jordan asserted that the white’s societies consider
Balkans is an inclusion of Southern European areas which were located at the interface of mainland-Europe and the Near-East. The region was distinguished and fragmented economically, politically and culturally especially owning to the frequent violence that it was involved in as well as the extremely mountainous geography it had. It has often times been used interchangeably with the expression Balkan-Peninsula even though both have never been coterminous. The name ‘Balkans’ is a derivative from Alkan-Mountains that stretches through Bulgaria into Eastern-Serbia covering a landed area of 212,000 square miles (presently) with people numbering up to 55 million. The Balkans as always used is not limited to countries that are found in the enclosure of the Balkan-Peninsula but has often included Romania and Slovenia (shortly after the first world-war to 1991, Slovenia was an element of Yugoslavia that was found around the southern part of Danube-Savaline). Before the year 1991, the general consideration was that the entirety of Yugoslavia constituted Balkan. Presently, the definition of the Balkan-peninsula encloses the entirety of the region of Southern-Europe as it is enclosed by water bodies from the Adriatic, the Mediterranean, as well as the Black seas (Barbara, 1983). In the north, the region is bounded by Danube River, Sava River, as well as the Kupa Rivers. The emergence of power in the Balkan is certainly associated with the advent of its farming culture within the Neolithic period. During the period, the Balkans advanced significantly in the production of livestock and cultivation of grains which was achieved from fertile-crescent through Anatolia. This development continued to advance until soon it had covered central Europe as well as the Pannonia. Based on the significance of the region in terms of its position geographically and in power, the region was termed the-crossroads-of-various-cultures- and by this, it was an amalgamation of Greek and Latin in the then empire of Rome. The region Then
The debate on what can be regarded as funny has been ongoing since time immemorial. Many people however believe that comic is an art rather than a science and therefore tend to be more subjective with no distinct rules. In the essay, “ Laughter”, Henri Bergson argues that comedy is the involuntary element which lacks of elasticity, through absentmindedness and a kind of physical obstinacy, as a result, in fact, of rigidity or of momentum. [1] Therefore, I agree with Bergon’s idea that comedy is anything that can make people to laugh and is generally achieved through a number of elements that includes the inelasticity of bodies and minds, appeal to the intellect of the emotions, must be correlated to humanity and finally the fun object should be regarded by the audience as harmless to the participants in the situation. One of the important elements of Bergson’s concept of laughter is the notion that comedy is based in the inelasticity of ours bodies, minds and personalities. We often laugh at the individual who has tripped and simply burst out laughing at the inelasticity of the other bodies or the non adaptive behavior of the individual. For instance, When I recall my memory whether there are any funny things happened in my life so far, I remember that there is an anecdote that still made me giggle when I recall it. Back to last year, 2011, in the Annual Chorale Concert, one of our classmates, who weights about 280 pounds, was told to pick up a box of music folders. The hilarious part started at when he came upstairs and was breathless because of holding a nearly forty pounds folder case. His weight prevented him doing such heavy burden task but it seemed that he did not notice and care about that. In few seconds, I was shocked by a sudden sound which hit the floor so hard. I turned my head and saw he tripped with not noticing the steps by a box of music folders blocking his sight. His face literally hit the floor so hard and I burst out laughing. I assume that the laughing can be imply to the idea of Bergson who claims that laughing usually detects to some human attitude or expression. Moreover, we usually laugh at people because their behavior is so involuntary. Thus, it means, that unexpected and sudden change of attitude does not provoke any laughter as such; it is rather clumsiness that caused this particular change, [2] Additionally it is also believed that people laugh subconsciously at the lack of elasticity and rigidity of other people because it is funny to see them making error. Laughter is however corrective because it humiliates the victim and make them change their adaptive behaviors. Many expe