ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Hypothesis Abdominal pain can be caused by excessive consumption of alcohol. This pain can be acute or chronic and there are several possible causes. First, alcohol intake can cause irritation of the esophageal and stomach wall lining which then become inflamed leading to esophagitis and gastritis. It can also induce acid reflux and pain in upper gastrointestinal tract. Acute and chronic pancreatitis can be as a direct effect of alcohol consumption. Liver diseases like alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis can also present with abdominal pain. These liver diseases can lead to portal hypertension with development of painful esophageal varices. Alcohol consumption predisposes to tumors of the gastrointestinal tract which then present with pain (Brick, 2008). Medical interventions in alcoholics undergoing operation Identifying an alcoholic Disclosure of alcohol consumption before surgery is important as alcoholism directly affect the outcome of surgery. It is therefore important for the health professionals to enquire about this and put into place measures to ensure that risks associated with alcoholism are decreased. There are several tools that can be used for this purpose, which include questionnaires and laboratory investigations. The CAGE question, Michigan Alcoholism Screening test and Alcohol Use Disorder identification test can be used to detect alcoholism in the patient. Laboratory tests such as carbohydrate-deficient transferring and gamma-glutamyltransferase can also be used. This information can be used for early diagnosis and correct management of alcohol withdrawal in the post-operative period (Martin et al, n.d). Pre-operative interventions After identifying an alcoholic, the health professional should institute measures to decrease intra-operative and post-operative complications associated with it. The need for abstinence and even cessation should be stressed to the patient. He/she should have weekly meetings with a health professional during which an assessment of alcohol consumption is done. The iss
Even the common building project requires knowledge of all relevant building regulations. For instance, the Department for Communities and Local Government provides all residents with information about approved documents. Thus, regardless of the type of building, owners should provide documents about structure, fire safety, resistance to sound, and others (“Approved Documents” par. 1-3). Current building regulations and the need for planning permission will be evaluated for the standard house and terrace.   * Extensions and Additions. There is no need to apply for planning permission when extensions and additions are going to be built. However, if more than half the area around the house is to be utilized for additions, it is obligatory to apply for permission. According to the guide, the building of extensions and additions to terraces usually requires planning permission (“Interactive terrace” n. pag.);   * Garages. It is not required to apply for permission if the garage is to be built around the house. In case the garage should be constructed as an extension to the house, permission is necessary. Besides, there are regulations concerning garage sizes that do
The increasing dilemma of dealing with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), as an empirical research asserts, is the major challenge that the primary care physicians and their counterparts, medical specialists currently face. COPD refer to the two lung complications, that is, emphysema and chronic bronchitis. This is asserted because both diseases are characterized by obstructing the smooth flow of air through the trachea into the lungs, thus interfering with the normal breathing process, and the two diseases normally coexists. However, to narrow down into emphysema, Emphysema aptly defines it as a long-term persistent lung infection that is marked by over enlargement and shrinking of lung-like sores in the lungs muscles (par. 1). Since in such conditions the carbon IV Oxide is confined in the lung-like blisters, each new breath to supply the lungs with fresh air needed by an individuals’ body, thrusts the air truck walls outwards upon each fresh breath. As the process continues over a period, the difficulty in air transfers arises, thereby causing expansion of the lungs. The lungs then losses the elasticity, and eventually the process destroy the lung tissues. This leads to the retention of high volume of carbon IV Oxide in this respiration organ, thereby shrinking the space for clean air. As a result, the condition makes an individual to suffer from shortness of breath ( Emphysema par. 2). The major muscle used for breathing, that is, the diaphragm flattens. Consequently, the diaphragm does not perform its functions as expected. Causes of emphysema Even though medical practitioners, authors and medical researchers across the world admit that emphysema is majorly caused by smoking, the University of Michigan Health System points out that the dreaded diseases can be because of either one or a combination of cigarette smoking, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, or Air pollution ( Emphysema par. 4). Cigarette smoking Smoking of cigarettes changes the operation and alignment of lungs, thereby enlarging them and eventually losing their elasticity. As noted, smoking of cigarettes augments the amount of inflammatory cells in a smoker’s respiratory organ; the increased cells discharge enzymes, which damage the tissues of the lungs ( Emphysema par. 4). Because of the excess enzymes and other products, the lungs develop bullae and, at the same time, lose its elasticity, thus resulting in emphysema. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Apart from smoking of cigarettes, the University of Michigan Health System notes that Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is another common cause of this chronic disease. However noted as a cause, in comparison to smoking, the deficiency is said to be of negligible volume. Alpha-1 antitrypsin, as the University of Michigan Health System indicates, is a natural protein that circulates in the blood in order to keep the white blood cells from harming the regular tissues. Where the Alpha-1 antitrypsin
Still life paintings were common in Netherlands in 17 th century. Artists made these paintings with specific intentions and objectives. Dutch people have loved flowers since time in memorial. Artist took an initiative to represent various flowers in paintings. Flowers were in a sub-genre of still life which was highly regarded and well paid in Middleburg, Amsterdam and Utrecht cities in Netherlands. This encouraged them to make aesthetically attractive paintings. According to Haak and Willems-Treeman (1984), artists depicted flowers in impossible arrangements to strengthen attraction to people who viewed them. The main reason for making these depictions in Amsterdam and other Dutch cities was to provide a cheaper way of having flowers in people’s homes. The Dutch valued flowers so much and only the rich could afford banquets. Ordinary people were forced to buy depictions rather than real ones. Artists painted the pictures to look as real as possible. Various flowers were meant to represent certain believe held by residence of Dutch republic. Some flowers represented religious believes while others represented feelings. We are all expected to make judgments on these pictures. Like other sub-genres of still life paintings, flower depictions had moralistic messages. However, some messages would not stand the test of time. Most of the paintings were for religious purposes. For example, the Madonna lily was used to represent Virgin Mary because of its unique features. The white iris represented Virgin Mary’s purity, while the rose was a sign of her love. We can as well judge the artists for just depicting what was expected of them by people instead of expanding their own ideas (Haak & Willems-Treeman, 1984). The judgments are epistemological since depictions occurred and they represented flowers from different seasons in ancient Dutch. More so, they represented existing flowers which were grown in gardens or banquets in vases. Some depictions were combination of flowers from different seasons painted on one surface. The pictures of flowers depicted on surfaces were appealing to people who bought them. They were considered a substitute of real flowers for people who did not afford banquets. Some artist did them on tableware which was found to be appealing by customers. However, some flowers were depicted from species seen in foreign places and people could not relate them to anything until later. Tulip was brought from Asia; however, it was not popular until later in 17 th century. Most flowers represented class while others represented religious believes. Sunflower was believed to represent the love of God yet in modern days it
Epistles of the Brethren of purity Epistles of the Brethren of purity is a massive collection of letters also known as Ikhwān al-Ṣafā. This anthology of epistles is considered to be one of the most fascinating bodies within Islamic philosophical literature before the coming of the Avicenna. The letters have been widely and intensively studied within the context of the history of Islam even though there is no unanimous agreement on whether the anonymous authors of the letters belonged to the Islamic traditions or not (One World 1). The Brethren concept is generally perceived with a lot of recognition as significant evidence mainly focusing on the impact of Greek during the entire tenth century, a time that these epistles are thought to have been composed. It is also important to note that there are numerous earlier editions, which continued to be improved, giving rise to the current known Epistles of the Brethren of purity. Together with an array of letters, literature findings and analysis o
Thomas L. Friedman in his article ‘It’s a Flat World’ points out that when the people almost thought that the globalization was over and it was a failed story, the technology and geo-economics got together effectively to redesign the lives of people. It so occurred to the author that the people of the first world were in stupor when the world was being flattened and shrunk by the massive growth of information technology. The greater investments in the information technology during the last two decades pave way to shorten the distance between the farthest destinations of the world. The establishment of broadband connectivity around the world with the aid of the undersea cables and the global convenience of computer as a cheap gadget “have created a platform where intellectual work, intellectual capital which could be delivered from anywhere. It could be disaggregated, delivered, distributed, produced and put back together again — and this gave a whole new degree of freedom to the way we do work, especially work of an intellectual nature” (Friedman 2005). This big twist has enabled countries like India and China to compete globally in knowledge work and information technology more than ever before. Tsoukas (1997) assumes that when a society can easily access the wealth of information, any one in such society can act as a knowledgeable contributor who could carryout informed responsible actions. This was the newly found flexibility among the enthusiastic and skilled work force of the third world. It enabled them to seek “where do I fit into the global competition and opportunities of the day, and how I, can on my own, collaborate with others globally” (Friedman 2005). Such an incredible aspect of drawing all the knowledge pool of the world together was, further explains Friedman, a an initiative empowering the youngsters in Bangalore, Romania, Soviet Union or Vietnam to use all the information and tools for the application of knowledge as they need and as they please. The innovation in a flat world could be emerged from any corner of it as the world would turn out to be one dominated by intelligent machines (Rifkin 1995). In other words, the people to people and application to application connectivity that was established by the Information Technology was a multipurpose innovation that enabled companies to collaborate and share knowledge with each other for better productivity based on the quality (Friedman 2005). The distinguished degree of technologies called ‘general purpose technologies’ were always causes of increased productivity and immense changes in the world. Such technologies include steam en
The discussion of gender roles and the difference between men and women remain quite heated. A new term appeared during such a discussion, and although it is widely used, it still lacks a clear definition (Mal, 2019). Toxic masculinity is associated with male behavior and ideas regarding appropriate behavior and the man’s place in this world. Niazy (2019) stresses that the term is often seen as a kind of criticism, but it is far from that. Toxic masculinity is defined as a system attributing a set of features based on men’s gender. The term encompasses such concepts as power, domination, resilience, and self-esteem. It is believed that men have to be silent and invincible warriors who exercise power due to their status of a man. Toxic masculinity can be referred to as a system of rather deviated behavioral patterns based on patriarchal stereotypes about gender roles. Men who try to show that they dominate and have the right to exercise power are likely to have low self-esteem. Their actions do not target others but rather aim at persuading themselves that they are worth being called a man. They think that violence is an appropriate way to establish one’s dominant position and earn people’s respect (Nazy, 2019). At the same time, toxic masculinity unveils certain males’ vulnerability and insecurity. Mal (2019) notes that toxic masculinity is many men’s response to the challenges of the modern world where emotional intelligence is essential. Males need to be encouraged to pay attention to their mental health in order to find and occupy their place in the world and meet their needs. Toxic masculinity will be eliminated when people stop dividing the world into two distinct paradigms, men’s and women’s worlds.
Nagel’s Toleration addresses the complexity of the phenomenon of toleration in society. The author presents several important arguments related to the topic of the chapter and shares the relevant information to support his view. Nagel explores the issues related to the legal enforcement of the principles related to people’s values. He shows that the approach to defining the state’s power to force the citizens to be tolerant in certain areas should be thoughtful and well-designed. He reveals certain difficulties that can be met on the way to the popularization of toleration. For example, he emphasizes that the conflict may arise when defining the values that should guide the government. He argues that the state has the right to enforce only those rules that are based on the values accepted by all of the citizens. The situation when all people have the same beliefs is not possible due to the variety of opinions. Therefore, the state should remain neutral (Nagel 1991). As the government should not force people to follow the laws that do not pay attention to their values, it should remain “impatient” to the issues that raise certain conflicts of interests and worldviews in the society (Nagel 1991, p. 157). Nagel shows that the government should show respect to all kinds of opinions existing in society. He also emphasizes that the person that thinks that certain values are good should not consider the person that views them differently as bad or irrational one. The author has managed to create a piece of information that encourages the readers to analyze their attitudes to toleration and see it from a different side. Reference List Nagel, T 1995, Equality and partiality , Oxford University Press, New York.
Introduction Cars are an essential part of daily transportation and comfort, but the ones fueled by fossil derivatives emit greenhouse gases and pollute the air. Electricity-based alternatives are an excellent solution for mass car use because there is no emission and they work on electricity only. The core idea of the project is designing an agricultural electric tractor fueled by an eco-friendly power source with an appealing look and design. Main text The main focus audience of the electric tractor is a farmer and any agricultural worker. However, it will be important to provide them with charging stations and collaborate with the government. Electric tractors will lessen the overall pollution, and there will be less poising of agricultural products by fumes. In addition, the tractors are not high-speed vehicles, which allows placing large batteries in it; thus, increasing its volume of work. Recently, the development of inductive-capacitive machines, they combine the principles of operation of both mechanisms, but have not yet been in mass production and are not used as industrial converters. Based on these facts, inductive machines can most often be found. However, the Tesla cars partially operate on these mechanisms (Paterson et al. 1982). It is necessary to create a magnetic field in order to run these engines. It is formed in a smooth air gap that exists between the stator, a part of the structure that does not move, and a rotor, a moving part of the machine. Transforming energy, the units are able to launch into action a variety of mechanisms. It is important to analyze and provide a demonstration of how the electric tractor will operate and the principles behind it. Electromechanical units that convert energy are used in various fields of human activity. The uniqueness of their action is that they can perform both the functions of engines, transforming electrical energy into mechanical energy and functions of generators, which is changing mechanical energy into electrical power. For example, Nissan Leaf can serve as an illustration of these ideas (Kulkarni et al. 1143). The principle of reversibility has made electric cars very popular. These technologies are applied for simple and complex mechanisms, to generate various types of energy. To concept is demonstrated in the picture below. Figure 1. Electric tractor concept. In everyday life and industry, tractors are simply indispensable, and they are constantly modernized and improved. With the invention of innovation, their cost is reduced, and quality indicators are developed, so these machines are becoming more and more accessible to consumers. However, these vehicles lack an outstanding design, which would make the agricultural industry and farming more appealing and market presentable. The proper conceptual design will lead to more popularity in the media and increased funding (Newman, p. 59). The main unique feature of the given electric tractor is an electromagnetic interaction that makes it possible to convert one type of energy into another. Chinese BYD companies are designing electric tractors by applyin
International Retailing Organizations International integration of business organizations is a growing trend evidenced in the business arena currently. Big-Box retailing organizations are among the large business retailing organizations dealing with buying huge volumes of merchandise, and selling it at low prices, and across national borders. However, these big-box retailing business organizations are often faced with several problems. Some of these problems evidenced in these organizations include the following. Poor relations with employers and lack of coordination between different branches of these organizations are other problems evidenced in these organizations. Given a chance to acquire a big box organization characterized by the above problems, one can undertake several strategies and measures to provide remedy to such cases. Enhancing coordination through knowledge sharing In the field of overseas retailing, lack of coordination between a retailing organization and its suppliers can be a major concern to address if smooth relations are to be realized. Coordination problems and challenges may arise as a result of organizations’ inabilities and reluctance, to share knowledge with partnering organizations. For instance sharing information with their suppliers will help both parties in mutual understanding, which in turn creates good coordination in their trading activities. When acquiring a big-box retailing organization characterized with coordination challenges, one can employ several measures to alleviate these challenges. For instance the firm can ensure that there is mutual inter-organizational leaning between organizations. Through establishment of knowledge-sharing networks between the supplier and the Toyota company, knowledge was easily accessed at substantially reduced costs, as well as helping in building mutual trust between all parties involved in the trading relationship (Dyer & Nobeoka, 2000). Knowledge sharing helps organizations in a relationship also helps organizations learn from their past experiences. This is an effective measure in avoiding current and future coordination challenges (Emden, Yaprak & Cavusgil, 2005). Th
Introduction This report is about JN Bentley Limited, a civil engineering company based in Skipton, North Yorkshire with over 40 years experience in the construction industry. It presents the history of the company, its current operations and a SWOT analysis. Towards the end, recommendations are given regarding the short, medium and long term strategies that may be adopted by the company as it looks ahead into the future. History of JN Bentley JN Bentley limited was established in the year 1972 and ran its operations in Skipton and North Yorkshire. During its early days in business, the company offered water and sewerage services for the water authorities in Bradford and Craven and also did civil engineering works for the local authorities in Yorkshire and East Lancashire. With this start, the company managed to lay its foundation for civil engineering services and create a strong link with the water industry (Bentley, 2011). As the company continued to expand its horizon, it later added building construction to its range of services with quite a number of building construction projects being completed successfully in the 1980s. Gradually, the strength of the company grew to the point of it becoming a pioneer in the provision of excellent design as well as building services to clients. Two high profile and very ambitious residential projects were later completed in the years between 1985 and 1995. One of these was at Linton, near Grassington, in North Yorkshire and the other one was at Cowan Head, close to Kendal, in the Lake District (Bentley, 2011). In 1990s, the company’s focus shifted towards civil engineering. This saw the company strengthen its relations with Yorkshire Water as well as developing strong skills in offering solid waste management services. Around this time, the company’s operations were extended to cover the northern side of England with a focus on blue chip and local government clients. JN Bentley Limited ‘s expertise continued to grow especially in the water industry. These include process, mechanical and electrical design, installation, and commissioning of water projects. Later, in the year 1999 JN Bentley Limited entered into a partnership with consultant Mott MacDonald with the sole intention of offering an integrated feasibility, design, construction and commissioning of services. From the time it was formed, Mott Mac Donald Bentley has grown tremendously to such an extent that in its thirteenth anniversary, it now represents close to half the turnover of JN Bentley Limited (Bentley, 2011). In the 2000s, JN Bentley Limited diversified its