ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the product of several key players in the market. It can be explained graphically as GDP= C+I+G+(X-M). C stands for consumption, I investment, G is government spending, X is exported, and M is imported. The export and imports make the foreign sector. It is therefore clear that the GDP is influenced by consumers, businesses, government, and the foreign sector. If consumers decrease their level of consumption, the GDP is affected negatively, and the same applies to the other players. All four major participants in the market cannot work effectively in the absence of one of them. For instance, the business sector is responsible for the production of goods and services which have to be consumed for production to continue. Conversely, the business sector cannot be able to meet all the costs required for production since some of them require a high start-up capitals. Here is when the government intervenes to provide things such as infrastructure, security, among others (Kazee, 2010). In return, businesses have to give back to the government in the form of taxes. Sometimes, the government is compelled to give incentives to producers as a way of boosting their production or as a way of protecting consumers from being exploited by the producers. Most businesses produce excess goods and services than the local consumers can consume; this requires them to source for other markets outside the country. This is done in the form of exports, where businesses sell their products in the global market. On the other hand, these businesses cannot be able to produce all the different types of products required by consumers forcing them to import from other countries. Some raw materials are also imported to facilitate production. The major source of revenue to the government comes from taxes. There are different types of taxes charged on different kinds of people; for instance, consumers have to pay value-added tax, the business has to pay corporate tax, and importers have to pay the excise duties. The money collected is used by the government to develop the social amenities (Boettke, 2001). It is, therefore, clear that the four key players in the economy depend on each other in promoting growth and development. The circular flows representation entails the full relations of major sectors, normally in markets, and that any alteration in any one sector may cause changes in other areas. All of the economy’s flows of monetary, trade, and industrial activities are interconnected. If one or more of the flows is misrepresented, the general performance and health of the economy may be altered. For instance, the economy’s ability to produce is calculated by the supply of its dynamic resources and the mode in which it is used (Ayal & Karras, 1998). If the economy’s numerous sectors wish to acqui
Introduction Since 1950, there has been major development in various disciplines like computing, networking and engineering. Notably, experts in these fields keep on using the old concept of “black box” whenever they opt to implement a new task. This concept of black box has acted as an engine aimed at bringing new changes to these disciples. For example, in cars, the brake pedals and steering wheel performs paramount roles, which results into its movement. Nevertheless, the type of brakes or steering system is of less important if there is no action done on them. Whenever there is an input, say pressing of brake pedals, the car decelerates and finally stops moving. This is the same case with a “black box” whose functionality results into an output result. All the period before 1950, scientists and experts never knew the importance of a “black box” and the hidden in it. However, in 1950s, experts started programming computers using setting switches directly controlled by 0’s and 1’s in memory locations. Ironically, there were few memory locations such as 64 bytes forcing them to make short programs. The following decade saw major development of computer languages, which is an automatic program that “sets the switches” in line with the written instructions. The setting of switches became unnecessary even as experts started focussing on the design of a computer language. In 1980s, there was an exponential increase in terms of computer accessibility. Experts designed terminals for multiple users to share large computers thus, replacing a large computer running a series of jobs. However, this regulation required an operating system (OS). Today, people own personal computers fully operating under an operating system (OS). The OS consists of text commands that control the computer limit hence, making the graphical user interface pervasive. The focus now is on the web, networks and connectivity. For instance, experts are now focusing on the internet, which has so far seemed an efficient means of sending and receiving messages. Serious problems have arisen as regard to sending of messages (Rekhter, 1991, p. 2-13). In the past, local delivery was the popular means of sending messages through connected computers. However, as technology grew, remote delivery procedures came into effect replacing local delivery. Under remote delivery, there are many routing protocols. However, the internet uses Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to perform remote delivery roles. This report will examine the origin advantages of using a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) over other routing protocols. In addition, the report will examine how BGP works. Routing Protocol Within a communication network, routers correspond with each other. However, this cannot happen minus a routing protocol. Thus, a routing protocol propagates information into different routes within a computer network. Routing algorithms determine the route to follow. Routers operate differently depending on the network. In routing, the routing protocol disseminates information to its immediate neighbours before spreading it all over the network. Once this happens, routers are now
Amy Tan’s novel The Joy Luck Club illustrates the experiences of Chinese families, especially the conflict between mothers and daughters. The screen adaption of this literary work also enables the viewers to understand the nature of this conflict. This paper is aimed at comparing and contrasting the novel and its film adaptation. One should focus on two aspects the main themes explored in both works and the way in which characters are developed. Overall, it is possible to argue that in both cases, much attention should be paid to the nature of cultural and generational conflict between Chinese mothers and their American-born daughters. Nevertheless, there are some important distinctions that should not be overlooked; in particular, the film does not fully explain the motives and experiences of some characters, especially those mothers who need to adjust to a new environment. On the whole, in both case, the audience can learn more about the difficulties encountered by people living in immigrant households, moreover, the audience can empathize for the characters. This is the main thesis that should be examined more closely. It is possible to mention that the book and the film show that the parental style of Chinese immigrants may differ from that one of Western parents. Moreover, in many cases, the children of immigrants may have conflicts with their parents. For instance, Suyuan wants her daughter June to be trained as a pianist, even though she fails her performance during the concert (Tan 38). In turn, June believes that her mother is too controlling and authoritative. Being too angry with her mother, June says that she wishes to die just like other daughters of Suyuan ( The Joy Luck Club ). To a great extent, such a statement can be described as June’s rejection of her mother. This character knows that other parents give more freedom to their children. To a great extent, this disagreement between June and Suyuan illustrate the conflict between Chinese and American cultures. Suyuan represents such values as diligence and respect for parents, whereas June stands for self-sufficiency and equality (Igeleke et al. 238). Thus, one can say that the issues related to cultural conflict is explor
The use of advanced directives in the State of Colorado is regulated with the help of the following legal documents: Colorado Medical Durable Power of Attorney, Colorado Declaration (living will), Colorado Organ Donation form, a Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) directive, and Medical Orders for Scope of Treatment (MOST) (“Forms,” n.d.). Five Wishes is a legal document produced by the Aging with Dignity, which subsumes all of the above documents, thereby making it easier for both primary and secondary decision-makers to express their authority (Ballentine, 2016). The proxy health care decision-maker process has been introduced in the state with the enactment of the Proxy Decision-Makers for Medical Treatment Act in 2016 (Ballentine, 2016). The act allowed surrogate decision-makers previously unrecognized by the state’s law to be selected by a patient’s spouse, children, close relatives, or friends as proxies for their end-of-life care decisions (Ballentine, 2016). It has to be mentioned that under the Colorado Designated Beneficiary Agreement Act, a patient can designate an unrelated adult as a decision-maker who can take charge of many legal instruments related to healthcare. The enactment of the act signifies an essential step in the regulation of end-of-life healthcare decisions in the state. Only 18-year olds are legally allowed to execute the documents on their or someone else’s behalf. In addition, declarants that are judged incompetent by either a physician or a court are prevented from exercising their legal right to exert influence over their end-of-life care decisions ahead of time (Ballentine, 2016). It should be mentioned that the competency is decision-specific. Furthermore, the wishes of principal decision-makers take precedence over the desires of surrogate decision-makers. Therefore, the appointment of the latter is always reconciled with the former.
Colorado has different committees and groups that focus on the unique issues affecting the population. These boards come up with policy ideas and programs that can be implemented to meet the diverse needs of the people. This exercise guided me to monitor the functions and goals of one of these groups in the state. The targeted group was the Colorado Commission on Affordable Health Care (CCAHC). Critical Observations The agenda of the committee was to identify and propose new practices to deliver affordable health care to the elderly members of the society. According to the policymakers, minimal strategies had been designed to meet the health needs of retirees and other elderly individuals above the age of 65. In order to come up with the best ideas, the committee attracted different stakeholders such as healthcare professionals, community members, and government experts. The next thing was to engage in interactions and discussions in order to understand the major issues affecting the underserved population. The team outlined a smooth process characterized by three steps. These included discussions, analyses, and propositions. The proposals obtained from these discussions would then be presented to the governor for implementation. Throughout the process, it was notable that the public in attendance interacted positively with the policymaking group. This was also the same case with the other key stakeholders. The meeting managed to come up with meaningful insights or outcomes. The policymaking group outlined the need for home nursing services and financial support to address the health needs of the target population. Analysis From the above observations, it is agreeable that the group is appropriate and relevant in developing superior public policies. The group used evidence-based ideas and analyses in an attempt to understand the unique issues affecting senior citizens. The inclusion of different stakeholders and members of the public is a clear indication that the group is important when it comes to the development of public policy. The move will continue to address health care administration issues and needs of more people in the state. Lessons from the Experience This experience has taught me the importance of supporting every policymaking process. An analysis of the issues affecting different people can guide the policymaking process. Collaboration with stakeholders and professionals can deliver meaningful results. Another issue is that of partisanship. From the observation, it was clear that partisanship was not evident in the group. The members mainly focused on the real issues affecting different people in Colorado. This understanding encouraged the group to come up with appropriate ideas and proposals that could m
Architecture inspires and takes its inspiration from art so it should not be surprising to come across an architect like Santiago Calatrava, who blends art and architecture to such dramatic extent that it is often difficult to determine where art leaves off and architecture begins. Concentrating his attentions on those forms of structures that highlight the progress of mankind, Calatrava attempts to inspire other human beings to new heights of spiritual and natural connection through the form of his works. While a brief biography of Santiago Calatrava provides some insight into his influences and the major theories that have affected his work, it is through the study of the work itself that one can truly begin to gain an appreciation for how Calatrava manages to address the human within his work. Originating for a small rural area in Spain, Calatrava has taken inspiration from some of the most creative architects of the past generation and create new works of art that remain functional as public structures. Whether creating something as seemingly mundane as a communication tower or constructing a high-rise apartment building intended to shelter the multitudes, Calatrava manages to convey the beauty of the natural form on an individual as well as cultural level. Proving that great minds don’t necessarily have to come from the great cities, Santiago Calatrava Valls was born in a rural area of Valencia Spain known as Benimamet on July 28, 1951. Having an early love for architecture and building, he completed his undergraduate work at the Architecture School and Art and Crafts School in Valencia, finishing in 1975. From there, he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich where he gained knowledge in civil engineering. Following his graduation from this prestigious school in 1981, Calatrava launched his already prestigious architectural career by dedicating himself largely to public works projects, such as the construction of bridges and train stations (Winkelman & Duncan, 2002). Through his work, Calatrava has proven to be either an architect with the soul of a sculptor or a sculptor with the soul of an architect. His influences include such innovators as Felix Candela, who brought Spanish architecture to world attention, and Antonio Gaudi, another Spanish architect who had challenged many of the standards of the Barcelona elite in the execution of his designs. Another strong influence proves to be le Corbusier with his emphasis upon organic forms (Eardley, 2006). While Calatrava obviously takes inspiration from these earlier architects, he continues to remain focused upon the human body and the natural world in the creation of his structures, always keeping the elements of engineering firmly in mind as he considers the use of the finished space and the appeal of its final form. The turning point that made Calatrava a big name in the world rather than just another architect came with his construction of the Montjuic Communications Tower in Barcelona just in time for the 1992 Olympics to be held there the following year. The tower is a somewhat
Introduction The practice of complementary and alternative medicine includes medical treatments that lie outside the field of traditional — or so-called ‘mainstream’ — therapies. Folk and home remedies, unique diets, and practices connected to body, mind, and senses are an integral part of many cultures throughout the world. These are founded on various ethnic and religious beliefs and people resorting to them exclusively are usually doubtful of Western medicine. If a nurse communicating with such a patient is not culturally competent and tactful enough, misunderstanding or even a conflict might occur. A patient’s convictions should not necessarily be shared – but they must be accommodated in the provision of treatment. The cultural influence of alternative medicine can be very strong and nurses must take that into account. Relevance to Cultural Competence Nowadays, alternative medicine is a relevant topic due to an increasing amount of people deciding to resort to it. For instance, Chinese patients might want to try acupuncture for pain-relieving, which is reasonable due to it having roots in their culture (Yan et al., 2020). However, others could have a desire to opt for alternative solutions because they mistrusted scientific methods. Moreover, due to globalization, interactions among people from all over the globe have increased, which might result in a wish to attempt practices that work for representatives of different cultures. Additionally, the population of any given country now is as diverse as ever – and nurses have to be adequately prepared for that. Regardless of the reasoning, with the growing use popularity of complementary therapies, patient safety needs to be paramount. Emerging Trends Considering everything mentioned before, the growing interest in alternative medicine is evident – and medical practitioners try their best to understand the peculiarities and trends of the occurrence. For instance, there is a rise in the use of dietary supplements and commitments to various dietary practices. It is interesting to note that it is frequent among patients diagnosed with conditions like diabetes and cancer, as well as with those simply wishing to alter their lifestyle (Bahall, 2017). In addition, alternative remedies from particular cultures tend to move to other areas with people
Aging is one of the important social issues that society should be concerned about. Aging refers to the gradual changes that happen with time in the life of an individual (Kaplan, 2006, p. 196). A multifaceted process involves changes in terms of psychological, physical, and social changes. Various dimensions during old age change as one continues to live. For instance, wisdom and knowledge of the world’s events expand with aging while time to react to certain situations declines. However, it is also true that old people may continuously grow in terms of their physical, social, and mental capabilities. Aging is therefore an imperative aspect in the lives of people, as it is an indication of the natural modifications happening to human beings. It also defines collective and ethnic patterns of the society. Society is able to grow and progress because of the values and conventions that the elderly pass on to the upcoming generations. Aging is categorized as chronological, which is time bound (Leahy, 2006, p. 21). All people must pass through the state that is measured from the time an individual is born. Social aging is based on culture, and concerns believes and perceptions of people when they age (Leahy, 2006, p. 21). Biological aging concerns physical states. An old person exhibits some physical characteristics such as wrinkles on the face, grey hair, and weak body. It is also important to note that, regardless of people being old, they may have different physical and mental capabilities. Various governments have different ways of classifying old people. They also have different policies to look after them. Population aging arises due to increased rate of migration, decrease in birth rate, and the increase in life expectancy due to low death rate (Kaplan, 2006, p. 196). Aging has significant implications to the society. Their needs are different from those of young people. For instance, they do not involve in criminal activities. Sociology is an important field that studies behaviors and the way human beings live and coexist with one another. It is therefore a very essential area when it comes to understanding the society. Aging is one of the important characteristics that are part of the society. People or every society has a share of the aging people. Therefore, aging is an important aspect in sociology. One of the sociological theories that fits or applies to aging is the social co
Evolution theory explains about the history and origin of life. Scientists of the early age tried to explain the origin of life but they did not have any theories that could support their thoughts. The reigning paradigm at that time was the, “Natural theology”. The naturalist of the time believed that everything in the world had a key role in the economic of nature and the credit was given to an intelligent creator. In 1809 a French scientist Jean Larmarck came up with the first mechanism of evolution which he called “The inheritance of acquired characteristics.” Using the salamanders to explain his theory, he argued that salamanders lived in grassland making it very hard to make use of their short legs. With time the leg muscles became wasted due to lack of usage. They eventually passed this trait to their offspring and thus the emergence of legless salamanders by the virtue of inheriting the characteristic of having no legs. This theory did not stand the test of time as he did not present any experimental evidence and as result his theory collapsed (Freeman 24). Charles Darwin born on February 12, 1809 in England became the most famous scientist for his theories of evolution. His first profession was medicine which he found hard to cope with. One major reason that made Darwin become more interested in life is his health condition where he suffered from sea sickness. As he grew up, he was a good reader of nature books and he spent most of his time exploring the environment around him collecting samples of plants and insects. Like all scientist he believed that life originated from a common ancestor gradually over millions of years (Darwin 3). Darwin served as a naturalist on a British science expedition from 1831 to 1836. In 1831, he embarked on a journey to South America to carry out surveying work. In his trip, he read “Principles of geology,” by Charles Lyell which made him become interested in land forms (Darwin 10). He observed the aftermath of earth quakes and also the fossil shells of marine organisms. He supported the idea of Lyell that over time, earth quakes and Geologic proc