ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The aim of the paper is to identify the reasons that have shaped and led to the development of the history of psychology. Many have delved deep into the fact-based history of Psychology that outlines prominent movements and nothing else. It is important, however, also to consider that these prominent movements have had prominent reasons. The development of psychology was borne out of a variety of contemporary scientific and philosophical questions regarding the understanding of human behavior. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes (Feldman, p. 2). Its present-day shape is due to the major movements that shaped its structure and many debates over the various approaches that have governed its study. The real origins of psychological thought are lost in prehistoric mystery. In the western world, psychology is broadly the search for the causes of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. At various times and in various places, different assumptions about those causes have led to different answers and even different ways of seeking the answers but the questions have remained the same. After more than 3000 years of written history, the questions are still unanswered (O’ Boyle, p. 1). Psychology has a long past but short history (Singh, p. 1). Its past begins with the advent of intelligent thought wondering about the workings of thought itself – beginning in the basis of philosophy. With the development of science and the advancement of the industrial age, it began taking a more scientific shape, finding and furthering its roots in biology and other scientific disciplines, instead of philosophy. Proponents focused more and more on the scientific and measurable aspects of human behavior rather than the theoretical and introspective model, which began psychology in its initial days. It formally began taking shape with Structuralism and Functionalism in Europe. Wundt is considered to be the founder of experimental psychology (Dalton & Evans, p. 22), which pioneered the establishment of psychology as a ‘science’ and not an arbitrary off-shoot of philosophy. He saw the mind as a natural event that could be studied scientifically, like light, heat, and the flow of blood. Wundt used ‘introspection’, which would later shape as the key method of scientific investigation in the movements of Structuralism. He presented his colleagues with various sights and sounds and would ask them to look inward as objectively as possible to describe their sensations and feelings (Rathus, p. 9). Structuralism attempted to break conscious experience down into parts, analyzing them objectively. Structuralists believed that when the mind combines objective and subjective experiences, it understands the world through this combination (Rathus, p. 9). In contrast came forward William James, founder of the corresponding school of Functionalism. They focused on behavior rather than the breaking down of conscious experience. For the experience of everyday life, Functionalists wanted to investigate how our experience helps us function in our daily life activities – for example, how habits help us cope with common situations. James wa
Radio frequency identification chip is a system that assists retailers in transmitting items or peoples identity through wireless radio waves. The transmission makes use of unique coding to ensure the identity of the sent package is safe and confidential. Most of the retailers prefer it for security purposes, as there is no need for contacts or physical encounters for the communication to take place (Harley, Jacobsen and Shai 89). The data sent through Radio Frequency Identification is not cumbersome to read as one can do it through human body or any non-metallic objects. The simplest Radio Frequency Identification system consists of three major parts; an antenna, a transceiver whose main component is a decoder, and a transponder that has a program of an exceptional message. The Radio Frequency Identification has assisted large retailers in transmitting data safely, to be read by the intended receiver and then processed accordingly. RFID helps large retailers to transmit the information of a certain object in a confidential manner such that the price details, cash transaction, and even the colors of the item are decoded. Large retailers have made use of RFID for many years because of its ability to follow any load on transit. Moreover, some of its added benefits to the users include asset tracking (National Research Council 12). In large companies there are a list of the objects that are likely to be lost, the objects that are used occasionally, and those that are hard to obtain when in need. Large companies take the advantage of RFID to place some tags on such objects. For instance, NYK Logistics has used RFID to track its containers. In manufacturing companies, RFID has assisted in several occasions like following up the ongoing process and in reducing imperfections during the process of manufacturing. Through this, the manufacturing companies experience an increased output as it is in a position of producing products of different versions. Some of the famous retailers like Wal-Mart and Tesco are among the major users of RFID whereby their supply chain is m
Pharmacodynamics of Turmeric As a natural herb, turmeric is commonly used as a spice in various foods. However, when taken orally, it can be used to treat many clinical complications (Petersen et al., 2021). These comprise indigestion, cancer, amenorrhea, fever, leprosy, fibromyalgia, respiratory infections, and bronchitis among others (Petersen et al., 2021). Turmeric has been used for a long time as an anti-inflammatory treatment for skin. It is also used in treatment of body pain, arthritis, joint pains, infected wounds, oral mucosa inflammation, eye infections, and ringworms (Petersen et al., 2021). Research done reveals that turmeric might be efficient in reducing cholesterol level in the blood thus efficient in preventing of heart disease (Petersen et al., 2021). Finally, turmeric provides an antioxidant benefit, fighting potential damage from free radicals in the body. Drug to Herb Reaction Although this spice possesses anti-inflammatory properties, it can also magnify its effect when used together with anti-clotting medicines. Prothrombin time is the amount of time taken for blood to clot (Kunnumakkara et al., 2017). Therefore, turmeric might react with the anti-clotting drugs increasing the time taken for blood to clot. Turmeric might strongly impact the medication taken for blood thinning purposes. These drugs comprise warfarin (Coumadin), aspirin, anti-inflammatory drugs, and clopidogrel (Plavix) (Kunnumakkara et al., 2017). As an herbal supplement, it interferes with the working of drugs that decrease stomach acidity resulting in increased acid production which might impact a patient adversely. Examples of drugs in gastrointestinal class that might react adversely with turmeric comprise cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid), ranitidine (Zantac) and lansoprazole (Prevacid) (Koonrungsesomboon et al., 2018). Finally, turmeric might interact with drug used to decrease blood sugar for diabetic clients cause a higher risk of developing hypoglycemia (Koonrungsesomboon et al., 2018). Therefore, when turmeric is used with some other drugs it might cause adverse effects to a patient.
The very institutions, international codes, practices, and policies that have enabled economic globalization, have offered terrorists opportunities for exploitation (Wright). The world is now witnessing the emergence of an organization called the Islamic States (ISIS) which possess even greater threat than Al Qaeda. Their ability to manage the system to their use and benefits has allowed them to survive and be successful while, at the same time, their illegal operations mirror the lawful. The growth of global economic system has widened the scope of opportunities for ISIS to converge, collaborate and emerge (Laqueur). In nations where investment, tax system, security, and trade have declined, new opportunities have emerged for ISIS through extortion, illegal trade and other kind of loot. Instead of paying taxes to assure safety and equity, citizens pay protection money and depend on the ISIS’s black market as an alternative allocation mechanism for goods and services (Mittelman 208). Wright considers this economy as an “underside of globalization,” since its activities draw monetary support trading in illegal import substances and destructive activities as well as backing from sympathetic state and network (Wright, par 12). The alternative exploitative forms of financing are made more difficult by the drive that accompanies globalization. ISIS has raised money through different means, including ransoms, commandeering food and ammunitions, and stealing oil from Bayji, Iraq and selling
Lack of ethical awareness, inadequate capital market regulations, and misconduct among professionals contributed to various scandals in the banking sector during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). Firms in the banking industry entered into contracts with investors to sell sophisticated financial instruments. Contractual clauses that were found in agreements dealing with Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs), London Interbank Offered Rate (Libor) and other associated benchmarks played a significant role in the scandals. They were misleading and deceptive to investors when entering into purchase contracts that involved complex financial instruments. The regulatory authorities tried to resolve the issues that arose in the scandals by taking the perpetrators to court and introducing reforms into the bank’s standards and practices. They adopted the approach to ensure that providers of financial services stopped taking advantage of unsuspecting clients and put their interests first. The report focuses on two cases, namely Goldman Sach and Wingecarribee v Lehman Brothers Australia. The contracts in these cases are involved in the sale of Synthetic Collateralized Debt Obligations (SCDOs). It will identify the essential contractual elements in the cases, issues, impact, policies, and regulations. The report also analyses the judgments in the cases and their ethical issues. Elements of Contracts Legally binding contracts have six essential elements that contribute to the protection of the rights of parties who are part of an agreement. Offer and Acceptance Creation of a valid contract requires one party, known as an offeror to make a lawful offer. It also requires the other party to the contract, referred to as an offeree to make a legal acceptance of the offer. Legal Capacity The parties entering into a contractual agreement must have the competence to do so. A contract cannot be valid if one of the parties does not have the legal capacity. Persons who lack the ability to contract include minors, people of unsound mind and intoxicated persons. Genuine Assent The parties forming a contract must have free consent, implying that they must come to an agreement about a similar thing and in the same way. Contracts lack genuine consent if they are made under circumstances such as coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, and mistake. Such contracts are not valid. Lawful Consideration Legally binding contracts must have consideration, which entail what the promisee and promisor exchange between them. Lawful Object The objective of creating a contract must be legal, implying that the contract’s design or intention has to be lawful. Unlawful objectives include those forbidden by the law, fraudulent and injurious to a party or their property. It also consists of objects that are against public policy or regarded as immoral by courts. Formalities of the Law A legally binding contract
Introduction Painless dental care is an important indicator of quality care from the perception of pediatric patients. Most children experience anxiety and tension when required to undergo dental treatment (Kuhad, 2019; Reis et al., 2016). Therefore, dentists aim at minimizing pain, anxiety, and panic among pediatric patients to enhance the quality of care by using nitrous oxide inhalation sedation (Oubenyahya & Bouhabba, 2019). The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (2018) defines nitrous oxide inhalation as a safe technique to reduce anxiety among children and establish communication between a patient and a medical worker. Considering that anxiety and pain are the key concerns faced by many pediatric children, proper sedation serves as a viable solution to the identified problem (Gazal et al., 2016). In this connection, the importance of the chosen topic is associated with understanding the current sedation practices in pediatric dentistry and revealing any tendencies and opportunities for its further improvement. Ras-Al-Khaimah specialized dental center is one of the 8 specialized dental centers under the Ministry of Health and Prevention (MOHAP) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and this center does not have nitrous oxide inhalation sedation. The vision of the organization is to become an effective and sustainable healthcare system for a happy society. By providing nitrous oxide inhalation sedation, the clinic will deliver effective treatment to pediatric patients facing anxiety. Ultimately, these patients will be happy with the quality of services, thereby aligning with the clinic’s vision. The mission of the organization is to improve community health by delivering all-inclusive, state-of-the-art, and unbiased healthcare services based on international standards as well as performing its role as a controller and overseer of the healthcare sector through an up-to-date and amalgamated health legislative system. By installing a nitrous oxide sedation system, the clinic will update its services to compete favorably with other health facilities that provide similar services. It will also provide unbiased sedation to patients, which will align with its mission. Justification for the Business Case at Ras-Al-Khaimah Specialized Dental Center Dental visits are scary experiences for most pediatric patients, often resulting in fear, which is worsened by the sound and smell of dental offices as well as recounted experiences of dental treatment among children (Bajrić et a
Introduction Teaching children to understand mathematical concepts is a difficult task. This research is about how a tutor can help children calculate basic mathematics mentally. It discusses the lesson tools and diagnostics that will help the teacher to identify the learning capabilities of the children. The first part identifies two children who are of the same age. The next part involves conducting diagnostics to help the teacher identify the student’s mental capabilities. The third part of the essay involves reviewing the tasks that the students will complete. The other issue is on development of the lesson and teaching strategy based on the diagnostics results and the children. In order to conduct the diagnostics two children Anna and George were identified. George is in upper primary Year 4 while Anna is in lower primary Year 3. According to George’s parent, he is of average academic capability. He has memorised the multiplication table as well as the multiplications of up to number nine. According to Anna’s parents, she is also of average academic capability based on her previous test scores. They however feel that continuous exercises will help her improve. Planning for the diagnostic tests The aim of the diagnostic test is to assist the teacher know the students’ capability. One of the students is called Anna in lower primary year three. The aim of the test is to assess whether she has mastered what she learnt in year three according to the Australian curriculum (Dole & McIntosh, 2005). The other diagnostic test is for George in year four. The students are unknown to the teacher who is carrying out the diagnostic test to know the students capability in mental mathematics (Lambdin, Lindquist, Rays & Smith, 2009). To carry out the diagnostic test the following resources are necessary. The first one is that they must be done in a classroom where there is no noise and the pupil is not distracted from concentrating on the task. A pencil and a piece of paper are necessary for the students to write down the strategies they may use during the mental calculations (Thomson, 2010). During the diagnostic test, the teacher will not assist or teach the students. The role of the teacher in the test is to provide instructions on how to answer the questions (Thompson, 1999). The students will write the answers and explanations of how they have calculated their answers on the answer sheet provided. The instructions are that the students must show how they got their answers by writing the strategies on the answer sheets (Cathcart, 2001). The aim of these tasks is to identify the mental recall of the students and their mas
Introduction Multicultural education aims to avail equal education opportunities for scholars from diverse ethnic, cultural and social classes. Students are thus required to acquire knowledge and skills necessary to function effectively in a pluralistic and egalitarian society. The interaction of students with diverse groups thus creates the necessary harmony to improve the society. It strives to promote equity in education in learning institutions. This approach to teaching and learning recognizes, accepts and affirms human differences and similarities. Multicultural knowledge is applied in the educational environment through course books and instructional materials, verbal interactions, focusing on real-world tasks or using cooperative learning. These applications and techniques appeal differently to both students and teachers. Student’s side A student must develop a multicultural viewpoint in order to amplify a decent self-concept and self-understanding. As a student, facilitating divergent thinking is one of the appealing styles in multicultural education. Independent scholar thinking and personal achievement through competitions assists a student in brainstorming both passively and actively. The psychosomatic foundations of this education thus create a better understanding of self. Small-group discussions and collaborative learning are another effective way for culturally diverse students to learn. Students of different cultures and ages tutoring themselves help provide the experiential information which would allow me easily grasp cultural perceptions. Description of events and achievement in one’s culture brings out a sense of pride and identity. Critical thinking about my position in the society helps in the comprehension of what purposes I serve in the society, and promotion of my culture, thus enabling recognition of talents and participation in class discussions. Teacher’s side As a teacher, the most suitable approach is the application of vitality in the classroom. The way a guider behaves in the classroom helps students from all languages, ages and gender to respond to their potential. Teachers must be able to avoid both intentional and unconscious biases when dealing with students from different cultures. This is implemented through creating enthusiasms in the learning process in order to instill basic content in the students. Educators need not only to consider what they teach, but also how they teach. Students develop a better understanding depending on how they are taught rather than what they are taught. It would thus be necessary for a teacher to use a variety of instruction perspectives
Background of the Company It is hard to believe that the company, which is currently viewed as one of the titans of e-commerce, was born only twenty-five years ago and made its first steps in a small garage of its founder and CEO, Jeff Bezos. Amazon was founded in 1994, and its initial services were focused on online book sales (Schneider). Soon after that, Bezos diversified his organization’s options and added clothes, DVDs, video games, and music items to the list. The initial funding was provided by Bezos himself, who spent $10,000 to buy some furniture and arrange a small office in his garage (DePillis and Sherman). After only five years of Amazon’s existence, Bezos was awarded the title “Person of the Year” by Time magazine. To a great extent, the award was given to Bezos for his achievements in promoting online shopping (Schneider). In 1997, Amazon went public by offering its shares for $18, which gave the company a valuation of $300 million. Amazon warned its prospective investors that it expected substantial operating losses in the nearest future because it needed to contribute to marketing and technology (DePillis and Sherman). Marketing expenses were necessary to beat the competition from Barns & Noble, a bookselling giant at the time. Also, in 1997, Bezos opened a second facility in New Castle that gave a start to the network, which would soon touch almost all states in the country. Much attention in Amazon is paid to corporate culture, which is highly customer-centered. In fact, the organization believes that if it does not satisfy its clients’ needs, it will fail (Schneider). Along with viewing customers as its largest asset, Amazon believes in ownership from its team members since owners are more likely to think long-term and use opportunities to their advantage. With this in mind, it is logical that becoming a member of Bezos’s team is not an easy matter. Unlike Google, which offers a variety of perks to its workers, Amazon puts emphasis on frugality, considering it as a source of self-sufficiency and resourcefulness (Schneider). Within years of operation, Amazon has offered its customers a variety of products and options. In November of 2007, Kindle, the electronic reading device, was unveiled (DePillis and Sherman). With its help, users became able to download books and other reading materials wirelessly. Soon after that, in December of 2007, the company announced new headquarters in Seattle. In the next few years, Amazon purchased a variety of important assets: the audiobook program, Audible in 2008, the shoe shopping site Zappos in 2009, the robotics company Kiva Systems in 2012, and others. The development of new technologies and marketing options required new acquisitions and partnerships. Thus, in 2013, Bezos offered to pay $250 million to help The Washington Post that was struggling financially at the time (DePillis and Sherman). In 2014, Amazon unveiled its first smartphone, but the production stopped in a year. Also, in 2014, Amazon purchased Twitch Interactive, a video game streaming company. In 2015, the first physical shop was opened in Seattle (DePillis and Sherman). The company cons