ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The name of Sigmund Freud is not unfamiliar to most people in the modern world regardless of their level of education. This name has become synonymous with psychoanalysis, the science he essentially invented at the beginning of the 19 th century. Sigmund Freud was a medical doctor who worked with mental patients in Vienna prior to 1959 and is considered one of the founding fathers of modern day psychology because of his development of the psychoanalytic theory. Originally trained as a neurologist, Freud’s work with his patients, frustrated by a mediocre ability to hypnotize, necessarily took on a more imaginative turn that revolutionized the way people approached the treatment of the mind (Robbins, 1999). Although others had been doing work to understand the inner workings of the mind before him and others have come after him to refine and build on his theories, as well as add theories of their own, Freud is generally credited with the first break-through in treating the mind as an entity separate from the body. His identification of different levels of thought and how these levels interact and intertwine led to his development of psychotherapy. Within this theory, Freud outlines three major components of an individual’s psyche – the id, the ego and the superego. This intuitive leap, however, did not occur by accident. To understand Freud’s theories, his concept of the human mind and how that translates into his theories regarding human culture, then, it is necessary to understand a little bit about how these ideas were developed as well as how Freud himself expressed them. With his origins in the medical field, it should not be surprising to learn that Freud’s psychoanalytic theory had its earliest basis in the fields of 19 th century biology and physics. One of the theories that held particular importance to Freud’s theories was that of Hermann von Helmholtz. According to Helmholtz’s dynamic theory of energy, “energy cannot be destroyed but can only be transformed into other states. Drawing upon this notion of undestroyable energy, Freud formulated a dynamic psychology, one of whose key points is that whenever a psychic drive or urge is suppressed, repressed or driven below (or out of) consciousness, its energy inevitably appears elsewhere” (Landow, 1988). This idea is supported in Freud’s Civilization and its Discontents as he discusses the aggressive energy associated with the super-ego. “According to one view, that energy merely carries on the punitive energy of the external authority and keeps it alive in the mind; while, according to another view, it consists, on the contrary, of one’s own aggressive energy which has not been used and which one now directs against that inhibiting authority” (Freud, 1930: 85). In addition, he highlights this concept of energy transfer as a key element in the development of guilt: “When an instinctual trend undergoes repression, its libidinal elements are turned into symptoms, and its aggressive components into a sense of guilt” (Freud, 1930: 86). In other words, guilt is the aggressive energy of thwarted desire finding an alternate ou
In A Letter to America, Atwood uses a lot of allusions related to historical figures and places, political figures and literary heroes, cultural images and events. These allusions can be seen as cultural mosaic of America which builds its life and traditions. In A Letter to America, Margaret Atwood uses allusions to create a unique atmosphere and vivid images of American life style and values influenced by historical heritage and unique culture. Atwood uses cultural images and cultural heroes such as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, Huckleberry Finn, Hawkeye, Beth and Jo (in Little Mother). These images can be seen as stereotypes of good old America and its strong cultural values. These beliefs reflect the intellectual superiority of the American nation based on hard work and perseverance. Atwood uses a lot of literary figures including such poets as Walt Whiteman and Emily Dickenson, writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald, Faulkner and Sinclair Lewis, Author Miller and Marlon Brando. These allusions remind readers of importance and role of American culture and art in development of the American nation. Using allusions, Atwood underlines that these stereotypes account for the unique association between characteristics of the American history and values, and can be seen as a set of unified factors that builds American culture and history. Also, Atwood includes historical figures and events in order to underline close relations between American heritage and European history. These allusions are: Romanized Gauls and Caesar, King Author and New England. As different worldviews and lifestyles collide, the inevitable demand for change in every facet of American life will increase. Traditional ways of doing things will no longer be adequate to deal with the diversity of the country. These allusions represent the ideals of the American nation and Atwood’s personal beliefs. The allusions underline that with the pressure to change will come clashes between competing groups as to which will have the power to make decisions that will affect how a person lives in this society. Using examples of popular singers (the Andrews sisters and Ella Fitzgerald, the Patters and Elvis), Atwood unveils importance of cultural heritage and unique talents ‘produced’ by the American land. These allusions cannot be used in other ways because their meaning and uniqueness become apparent only in a context created by Atwoo
The historical terms Hong Xiuquan In religious groups of the ninetieth century, Hong Xiuguan instituted Taiping divine empire through offering religious guidance and planning fortified revolt against the reign of Qing. In fact, Hong Xiuguan was the Christian evangelical leader in China (Feigon 1). He was an important figure in that he became the community educator for more than five years after failing to pass the regal tests. Xiuguan acknowledged gods as evil spirits, Jesus as his elderly brother, and God as the esteemed minister. This made him effect baptism and the demolition of craven statues to get on with the preaching work and spiritually guide the public. A part from initiation and monotheism, Xiuguan made his followers keep strict daybreak, nightfall prayers, and refinement, acknowledge spiritual cremation of papers with confessed sins, and eating sacrificed animals in revelry of New Year, matrimony, and funerals. Xiuguan dedicated much of his time praying for tranquility by observing stringent rules and offering ethical coaching in his palace (Spence 52). Russo-Japanese War This war was a tragedy for Russia in martial and sanity although it showed up in countries living in the historic glories and constant tribulations accruing from increased business and farming. The conflict that was to generate a break up between Nicholas and his community came about though it hardly led to the impulsive outburst of loyalty as planned (Steinberg 3). The civic had slight war eagerness, but the novel political parties saw no validation for the warfare thus making societal democrats’ to incite wallop in industrial units, revolutionists organizing terror campaign, and liberals limiting vocal objections and appeals. The war indicated the capture and demolition of the Russians nautical force in Far East, and when the information reached St. Petersburg and Moscow, additional social turmoil that stimulated the disastrous martial campaign and oppression occurred. Nevertheless, the resultant meeting of Zemstvo national conference that Nicholas condemned called for civil rights, freedom of press, freedom of person, and freedom of speech (Jukes 2008). The war led to the creation of trade unions and revolutions that saw more than two hundred protestors killed while singing patriotic songs parading towards the Palace of Winter. Tonghak Rebellion Lee (1963) claims that this social and native group arose from the resentment of overseas missionaries on Christianity and patrician class compulsion that integrated the features of Taoism nurturing force, individual God to resist western education, primeval character of Shamanism, pri
A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor is a short story and many critics have various points of view about it. Some scholars pointed at the greatest problem of individualism, others referred to the religious themes in the story. Moreover, the story relation to the Eddie Green’s 1918 song with the same title is observed and many scholars cannot reject this idea, “the lyrics avert attention from the illusive to the near” (Nester 115). The very story is focused on many specific aspects and smaller themes which are closely interconnected, however the idea of individualism is the dominant. The author touches the family relations, the contradiction from the very first sentence and many other themes which may be considered in the story. However, the problem of individualism is believed to be the central theme in the paper. Grandmother is believed to be the person who has managed to become individuality in dangerous world where people who lived with her were unable to understand her desire to be the one who differs from others not because she is special, but because she has her point of view, her specific ideas and consideration in the direction of many aspects and the inability of other family members crates a kind of a contrast. Considering individualism as the social notion, it may be concluded that it should be defined as the moral worth of a person. Individuality is a person who deserves much attention. It is a person who has personal ideas, personal point of view and particular attitude to the things. The more personal issues are considered in the story, the more attention should be paid to the person. Individualism is a desire of a person who has managed to enter the society to show personal opinion. It is obvious that calling a person individuality we mean in most cases the person who manages to express his/her ideas in such a way that many people should listen to them. Thus, calling the grandmother in A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor individuality who deserves attention is correct. Additionally, it should be stated that the grandmother is the only individuality in the story. Each her movement, each her phrase is the expression of the personal ideas and desires. She does not pay attention to anyone who tries to contradict her point of view, she does everything to make sure that her opinion is heard and that she has done everything to protect herself. Such individualism is seen from the very beginning of the story and is not finish up to the very end of it. Hooten is sure that “the grandmother in A Good Man Is Hard to Find loses her earthly life, but in the last moment when she renounces her individualism, she may also be finding spiritual life” (200). Proving the idea of the grandmother’s domination, her individualism and the desire to show that her point of view should be listened to, it is important to conduct a close reading of
Introduction Opioids fall in a class of drugs that have been used for centuries to manage pain and records show that their usage started in times of ancient Egypt. Research has led to the discovery of special receptors that these drugs work on in the brain and initial studies use morphine to demonstrate a ‘morphine receptor’ (Trescot et al., 2008). A variety of receptors for this class of drugs has since been discovered and new opioids have been discovered and synthetically manufactured. The pharmacokinetic properties of these newer drugs have generated interest in a number of studies and recently the metabolism of most opioids has been clearly understood. A characteristic of most opioids that has led to their misuse and development of legislation to control their use is the potential addictive properties that they are associated with during their usage. Specific opioids in special dosage forms are also used for the treatment of opioid dependence. New opioid dosage forms and treatment for opioid dependency have increasingly become part of medical treatments in the recent history with buprenorphine being an important drug for this function (Trescot et al., 2008). This research paper examines the pharmacology of opioids and their use in the treatment of opioid dependency, and specifically it looks at buprenorphine while comparing it with methadone. Factors affecting oral bioavailability of buprenorphine The bioavailability of a drug determines the dosage forms and how much of the unchanged form of the drug reaches the systemic circulation (Griessinger et al., 2005). Each route of administration has factors affecting the bioavailability, which are dependent on the body and drug characteristics. The intravenous route of drug administration provides the highest bioavailability, which is set at 100%. On the other hand, oral administration and bioavailability are affected by the drug characteristics such as solubility, hydrophilic or lipophilic nature, and the receptors that a drug uses to get into the bloodstream (Griessinger et al., 2005). Incomplete absorption of a drug while in the gastrointestinal system causes low bioavailability. Very hydrophilic drugs are unable to cross the lipid cell membrane, while highly lipophilic drugs are unable to cross the water layer that covers and surrounds the cells involved in absorption (Griessinger et al., 2005). These elements are some of the factors affecting the oral bioavailability of buprenorphine. The receptor at the absorption site that the drug interacts with is also a significant determinant of the availability of the drug. Some receptors are involved in pumping the drug back to the gut lumen and when these are inhibited, the bioavailability increases (Griessinger et al., 2005). The oral availability of buprenorphine
Introduction Nowadays the majority of people are totally unable to explain the difference between the so called crafts and fine arts. Therefore, in order to be able to do this one may provide with examples of works and their comparative analysis that might be assigned to the categories of the interest. Moreover, to explain the vaguely difference between them, one may give the example of the art work that may be assigned to the both categories: either to the crafts or to the fine art. Discussion It is really hard to define what kind of art should be described as a craft and a fine art; as such definitions can not satisfy everyone and might even injure some artist’s feelings. It is even possible to spend hours on the debate over this issue and not to achieve any particular results. But, what might be noted here is that there exist some elements and rules associated with certain classical idea about the fine arts, like painting or sculpture, that are actually determining them. There were made a couple attempts to distinguish and define those two terms. One may refer to the academic and the utilitarian way of the explanation. Those students, who graduate from the universities with a fine arts degree are not likely to study the crafts discipline, therefore they do not consider the crafts work as a fine, high level art. There is also a scholar point of view which expresses the Elliot W. Eisner’s and Michael D. Day’s idea that “art is not made to sale, you do not create art for money. Art is at a higher level, it makes a statement, and it has feeling and emotion; crafts are more functional and less academic in theories.” Any useful or decorative hand made object might be considered as a craft work, for example a mug, teapot or vase, embellished by the artist with his or her own hands. It should be pointed out that the “craft work is skilled work: any kind of craft must involve the application of a technique … [it] implies the application of human intelligence…” (Eisner, Day, 2004). And here, one is drawn to the point, when the difference between the crafts and the fine arts can be explained. The craftsman’s work, like the mug, teapot or vase must be capable of holding tea, any liquid or flowers. But the fine arts’ work does not usually have any utilitarian function. It might be also a tea cup, but, for example of the Chinese dynasty Min period, thus it would be guarded and of course, no one would be aloud to drink tea from it. As for the crafts objects, they “tend to exhibit their prettiness around a purpose external to the object itself. To this extent, the crafts aren’t arts… (Sayre, 2003). If refer to the famous English philosopher Emanuel Kant in the definition of the fine arts, then it appears that “they appeal purely at the level of
Social media has changed the manner in which individuals interact with each other. Prior to the 21 st century, the most common means through which people would communicate to each other was through sending of letters. Telephones were also the preferred means through which people would communicate instantly over a long distance. Consequently, people used to take photographs as a means of storing the memories of their families. However, with the emergence of social media, all this has changed. With the aid of social network sites, geographical barriers have been eliminated. People no longer incur the high costs of sending letters and making long distance phone calls. Social media has also enhanced the manner in which people represent themselves, their families and friends on the social media platform. However, technology is usually dynamic in nature. Thus, social media is expected to change with time. Currently, many people interact with each other through social network sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Google+, LinkedIn, YouTube and so on. However, with the advancement in technology, the use of mobile phone applications is expected to increase (Kaplan, 2010). In the modern day and age, people want to interact with each other irrespective of their geographical location or time. This realization has prompted developers to come up with new applications that will enable people to achieve this goal. However, for these goals to be achieved, people need to have smart phones that are capable of supporting such applications. At the present moment, operating systems such as iOS, BlackBerry OS and Android have enabled mobile phones to support such applications (Neti, 2011). WhatsApp is an example of a messaging application that has become quite popular in the world. BlackBerry OS, iOS, and Android support the application. With this application, individuals are able to send instant text messages, as well as audio m
Project Planning Since many projects are usually complex, proper plans are essential to support the delivery of positive results within the stipulated time. This process is intended to streamline the coordination and control of every activity. Planning is essential since it seeks to prevent most of the predicaments that could arise due to the absence of an effective strategy (Taylor, 2007). Some of the typical planning challenges include dependencies not accounted for, reduced details, inadequate time for design and rework, inappropriate design, insufficient information for management, unanticipated risks, and difficult handover to the user. Schedule planning is an important practice required when pursuing a specific project. This form of the plan revolves around the consideration of an artistic and scientific approach to support the entire strategy. The scientific element is essential since it describes the breakdown of all tasks in an interrelated manner, thereby optimizing resources. The artistic initiative is essential since projects are “often politically driven, thus requiring finesse and interpersonal skill” (Taylor, 2007, p. 57). This initiative becomes essential to ensure that participants are aware of their obligations. The manager will rely on this concept to get relevant materials and supplies to support the completion of the project. Estimating The process of “estimating” is a difficult yet important task required to launch and complete a given project successfully. The exercise entails predicting schedules and costs throughout the undertaking. Unfortunately, the optimistic nature of estimating explains why the project budget will tend to be undervalued while more initiatives might be behind schedule (Taylor, 2007). Consequently, the presented estimates will mostly be inaccurate and capable of affecting the success of the entire project. For example, many companies usually find it hard to come up with correct figures for their res
There are a lot of different ways of moving a product from a supplier to the customer. The process of organization of different elements involved in the delivery of the product from the supplier to the customer is called a supply chain. Grieger (2004) in his dissertation defines supply chain management as “the integration of key business processes from end user through original suppliers that provides products, services, and information that add value for customers and other stakeholders” (p. 105). Reading Whiteley (2000), he has the same approach to supply chain in e-commerce. E-commerce was relatively new trend in 2000, the year of the book publishing. During that time E-Commerce: Strategies, Technologies and application by Whiteley (2000) was an innovative and reasonable source devoted to supply chain in e-commerce. Nowadays, reading that source, most of the strategies, approaches and specific peculiarities remain up to date. E-commerce has changes in the rate of use, mechanism of functioning, etc. However, the approach to the process of the delivery of the product from the producer to the customer has remained unchanged. One of the most powerful aspects in the use of the source under consideration is time. Being written more than ten years ago, it remain up to date and it is easy to understand why it is if to consider the information properly. The second chapter is devoted to the supply chain and value chain. The author of the book refers to the popular and world known model offered by Porter. Proposing the simplest manufacturing value chain which consists of the components of supply which are shifted to the to the sub assembly supply and further appear at the manufacturing stage after which go to wholesale and appear in hands of retails which deliver the product to the customer. Basing on this manufacturing value chain, Whiteley (2000) offers Porter’s value chain model as the most effective and it is easy to explain why. Porter offers five primary activities necessary for successful process, these are inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service. Additionally to these primary processes, Whiteley (2000) points at procurement, technology development, human resources and firm infrastructure. The model mentioned above is just the model, the skeleton which may be used as the basis for applying to the company’s needs. Each company referring to this model should understand that depending on its peculiarities, the chain may have another view, however, the central elements are to be included. Following the pieces of advice offered by the book, the company which refers to this specific strategy should identify the components applicable to its organizational process, then define the linkages and analyze each of the elements from the point of view of cost and value added. This will help to add efficiency to the model. Therefore, having read this source up to