ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract How to resolve social conflicts is a continued debate. Little is known of what contributes to social conflicts in business. This paper provides a brief insight into the process of conflict resolution. A brief review of the article related to conflict resolution is performed. The implications of conflict resolution in business environment are discussed. The paper provides recommendations for the future research. Conflict Resolution and Peacemaking How to resolve social conflicts is a continued debate. The factors of conflict are numerous and varied, from social dilemmas, to competition for scarce resources and perceived social injustice (Myers, 2002). Conflict resolution and peacemaking is one of the most popular topics in social psychology. Conflicts produce a multitude of negative effects on social relations, and it is imperative that the ways of resolving them be understood. The current state of knowledge about conflicts suggests that conflicts are handled through contact, cooperation, communication, and conciliation (Myers, 2002). Simultaneously, conflicting parties face considerable difficulties in their way to establishing contact and achieving conciliation. Cooperation and trust are the necessary preconditions for resolving most, if not all, social conflicts. It is through trust and rapport that conflicting parties can successfully develop and use cooperative methods of conflict resolution, to achieve a workable consensus. In her article, Eszter Balogh (2005) discusses the ways of resolving social conflicts between companies. Business is an arena of numerous conflicts and disagreements, which have far-reaching implications for the stability and profitability of entrepreneurial ventures. The level of trust in inter-company relationships is essential for the companies’ future intentions. Inter-company conflicts reflect an extremely narrow aspect of conflict resolution and peacemaking, but the importance of the subject for business cooperation is difficult to underestimate. This is one of the reasons why Balogh (2005) tries to develop and evaluate the most common methods of resolving conflicts between companies. According to Balogh (2005) the strategies and techniques of conflict resolution vary, depending on the company type. In multinational companies, the complex internal organizational structure is a serious impediment to using quick, constructive conflict resolution techniques (Balogh, 2005). Simultaneously, companies that are totally interdependent i.e., the supply and demand for their products is low, are more likely to use offensive strategies to resolve inter-company conflicts (Balogh, 2005). Yet, irrespective of conditions and circumstances in which companies operate, negotiations are the primary means of resolving inter-company conflicts: companies demand quick solutions and seek to protect long-term relationships with their partners and suppliers (Balogh, 2005). Balogh suggests that trust is a crucial factor of successful conflict resolution in business, a factor, which many schola
Abstract This paper dwells upon reasons and outcomes of empowerment of the USA and its transformation into the policeman of the world. The empowerment was the result of the country’s economic growth, expansionism and international policies. Due to its empowerment, the US involvement in various conflicts led to restoration of peace in many regions. Introduction The United States of America is one of the most powerful countries in the world and it has played the role of the world policeman for decades. Notably, the country has undergone a remarkable transformation from a colony of the British Empire to one of the leaders in the global arena (Schultz, 2014). A number of aspects of the US history account for this transformation. The country is now able to affect the international affairs and contribute to maintenance or restoration of the peace in various regions of the world. Thus, the country’s involvement in Iraqi conflict and provision of assistance to Turkey in its attempts to safeguards its borders from possible invasion of Syrian extremists are illustrations of the US effective policing that has become a result of financial might of the country and its political influence. Illustrations of Policing One of the most suggestive policing strategies implemented in the past five years is the US involvement in the Iraqi conflict. The ISIS has been gaining power and has caused a lot of destruction as well as casualties in Iraq. The USA was committed to restore peace in the region and it decided to provide military as well as humanitarian aid to Iraqi people (Daragahi, 2014). Admittedly, this assistance was crucial for Iraq, as the country could not affectively respond to the hazards associated with attacks of the ISIS, which had to become less active in the region. Another example of efficient help of the United States is the country’s decision to help Turkey to protect its borders. In 2012, Syrian extremists who had caused significant turmoil in Syria threatened Turkey as well. The latter has quite limited resources to deter such a serious military force and, hence, the United States ensured safety of the Turkish border in the sector (“US troops mass on Turkey’s Syrian border,” 2012). The US involvement played a crucial role, as the Turkish border remained intact, since Syrian extremists did not have enough resources to confront the US military units. Becoming a World Policeman The examples of the US involvement provided above are results of empowerment of the USA that took place after the Civil War. It is possible to identify a number of aspects of the US history that caused this empowerment. One of the major factors that have made the United States of America one of the leading world powers is its
Introduction The Republican Party’s history is marked with much intrigue and drama. Starting with its first presidential nominee known as John Fremont to the latest by the name of John McCain, the Republican story is worth some discussion. In the beginning, the Republican strongest point started mainly from New England and the Midwest. However, it was not until the Second World War that the party’s popularity began to rise in some places. In general, the Republican Party is the more conventional of the two foremost parties, with its major hold coming from the upper-middle class and the business, monetary and agricultural sectors. The party has achieved political position mainly due to its support of laissez-faire, free business, financial dependability, and opposing the welfare state. The party widely advocates that less government involvement is better governance and that the state should only interfere where the person is unable to assist himself/herself. (Flower, 540) A brief history of the Republican Party The early Republican Party began from three issues; the primary issue was the changing role that came after the Second Great Awakening. The Second Great Awakening in this case was a religious reinforcement group that overcame the American nation from the nineteenth century. So many of the Second Great Awakening principals did a
Introduction Living in the information era presupposes being able to acquire new knowledge and use it properly. As far as the acquisition tools are concerned, however, a major conflict seems to have emerged. While the scientific method of qualitative or qualitative research has been defined as the most efficient means of acquiring the necessary information, the unorthodox methods of gathering information pertain within contemporary society. Indigenous ways of living in nature are opposed to the scientific method of cognition, yet the two should be combined so that a perfect method of cognition should be created. Science as the Most Reasonable Way to Cognise the World The opinion of science seems to have become the only credible source of knowledge in a contemporary world, and for a good reason – with the recent technological breakthrough and the advent of the era of the information society, science has clearly become the main tool in acquiring new knowledge. Thus, science is viewed as the key means of propelling the humankind. Indeed, the scientific methods of cognizing the world have a range of advantages compared to the existing alternatives – science supports the key theoretical tenets with logical reasoning, vast research, and impressive evidence. Moreover, it is crucial that the present-day theories offer substantial information on the connections between the existing domains. Indigenous Ways of Knowledge and Intuitive Understanding of the World One of the major problems and at the same time major advantages of indigenous ways of knowing is that they blur the line between objective reality and spirituality, therefore, leaving the person discovering these ways to a major introspect. On the one hand, the idea of losing touch with reality does impede the process of cognizing the world. O the other hand, meditation paves the way to metacognition. The latter, in its turn, helps one locate one’s place in the universe; as a result, the process of acquiring knowledge about the relations between different elements of nature becomes a possibility. Much to the credit of the people supporting an indigenous way of cognizing the environment and locating people’s place in it, there are some grains of reason in the philosophy that is not supported by contemporary science. Conclusion: Locating a Compromise
Introduction Healthcare is the prevention and cure of diseases through specialized doctors in the sector of medical insurance. It is an important activity to our bodies due to changes and consistent environs surrounding us. Heredity factors, environmental factors, and physical behaviors change the normal function of our body resulting in the incorrect function of the immune system. Epidemiology status was examined every time, to protect several people from infections (Hebel & McCarter, 2006). Background Content Epidemiology This is the study of how regularly diseases occur in diverse groups of people and how some peoples get definite diseases. Clinical healthcare concentrated on our adaptations since many diseases were not haphazardly distributed all through the population (Gordis, 2000). An epidemiologist examines individual patients and collects their data to compute the level of their disease through physical examination hence providing assumption statements for the distinct diagnosis. Every person was vulnerable to diseases due to the environment around them, physical behaviors, and heredity factors (Dodson & Hammar, 2005). Epidemiologists help many especially when there was an outbreak of the disease in a certain group of people and termed to cause more problems when they were not treated. They provided the best solution on how faster the outbreak could be prevented and controlled (Rothman, 2002). Food-borne illness and cancer were problems facing several people in those communities, threatening their life. They were known as complicated diseases to ordinary people expecting a specialist to examine and give them correct measures. The two diseases were examples of epidemiology diseases, general on the population of that time. Epidemiology played a bigger role in the community through intervention, development, and evaluation of the health problems surrounding various communities facing many peoples (Stuck & Belkin, 2001). Characteristics of Epidemiology designs The use of cohort or case studies helps the epidemiologist to take data and evaluate the normal working of a human body. The cohort was advantageous since it was good for rare exposures. It establishes numerous outcomes of a person and demonstrates temporal relationships within a group of people in a certain community. Meanwhile, a case study was used widely in this evaluation to determine the cause of these diseases. Drugs were a major problem for pregnant women and they had caused birth defects in infant babies (Lash & Rothman, 2008). Most pregnant women were studied using a study design case. This study follows certain behaviors of women who were pregnant and associated with drugs giving out data analysis results. It compares their daily behaviors directed to their offspring, giving out some
Introduction The movie “Cake” gives a detailed analysis of Claire’s loss after surviving a fatal accident. She becomes embittered and restless throughout her life (Cake 2014). This essay describes the issues associated with substance abuse and addiction. Areas of the Brain and Neurotransmitters that Impact Addiction The brain is comprised of many areas. Each of these parts has its specific functions. Some parts of the brain are known to impact addiction. The brain stem is the area that supports the functioning of different body organs and processes (Swartz, 2010). Addiction affects the brain thus interfering with different body functions. The second area is known as the limbic system. Some drugs affect this system thus encouraging people to continue using them. The cerebral cortex is also affected by drugs. Continued drug use “makes it impossible for people to solve problems or make accurate decisions” (Swartz, 2010, p. 4). Some neurotransmitters are also affected by addictive drugs. For instance, alcohol “affects different transmitter systems such as those for dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate” (Coleman, Coyle, Shuping, & Rue, 2008, p. 4). Alcohol also “increases the activities of endorphins, serotonin, and dopamine” (Swartz, 2010, p. 5). Drugs “reduce glutamate activity in the body” (Coleman et al., 2008, p. 4). Difference between Substance Abuse and Use According to the above movie, substance use refers to the intake of drugs such as alcohol to feel good and socialize with different friends (Cake 2014). Substance use might not result in drug dependence. However, some people who use drugs might become irresponsible. On the other hand, substance abuse refers to the continued use of drugs for twelve months or more (Coleman et al., 2008). Substance abusers fail to accomplish their chores and duties. The film “Cake” shows how substance abusers develop various interpersonal problems. Co-morbid Mental Health Disorders Associated with Substance Abuse The word “co-morbidity refers to various disorders occurring in a single person” (Coleman et al., 2008, p. 3). Substance abusers tend to develop certain co-morbid mental disord
Introduction The provision of mental health services to citizens is complicated by racial diversity. It leads to the inability of medical specialists to address the needs of specific population groups. This way, the culture of African American patients can become a barrier to high-quality treatment from Alzheimer’s disease (Clark et al., 2018). Therefore, the consideration of Stanford Health Care personnel’s experience through the lens of the Purnell model for cultural competence will shed light on the latter’s usefulness for such cases. The Cultural Issue The significance of the problem of African American citizens suffering from Alzheimer’s disease is explained by two factors. First, the United States population is rapidly aging, and the mentioned condition is the most typical for senior citizens (Clark et al., 2018). Second, older adults are more ethnically and racially diverse, with African Americans as one of the largest population groups (Clark et al., 2018). Hence, the identified cultural issue is critical for healthcare institutions. The Reason for the Need of Study The need to study the cultural aspect of the provision of healthcare services to African American patients is defined by their beliefs towards health, aging, and medicine. According to the researchers, medical personnel’s competency positively correlates with eliminating disparities between patients (Clark et al., 2018). In this way, they manage to deal with the lack of support of African American families, whose members suffer from the disease and inform them of its progression. Purnell Model and its Components in the Study The initiative of Stanford Health Care corresponds to the principles of the Purnell model. Thus, healthcare providers take action to instill a better understanding of the condition in the patient’s family through specific measures. They include home visits allowing not only to assess the compliance of care to one’s needs but also to receive extensive information on cultural factors that affect it (Clark et al., 2018). In this way, specialists are focused on the components of the inner and outer circles (Purnell, 2016). The former relates to communication, family role, and common healthcare practices, whereas the latter considers the impact of community and society (Purnell, 2016). These measures help doctors to plan further treatment for the patients. Results of the Study As a result, the researchers concluded on several areas that improve the quality of healthcare for African Americans. The most important points were the increase in staff’s cultural competency, ensuring access to services, and building trust between patients and doctors (Clark et al., 2018). Moreover, they emphasized the need for patients and their families to be followed by a single gerontologist from pre-diagnosis to death (Clark et al., 2018). This way, the cultural specificities of African American citizens are addressed best. Application of the Purnell Model to Mental Healthcare The Purnell model of cultural competency can be applied to any mental disease in order to ensure the provision of services corresponding to one’s condition. It can be extr
Epithelial Reticular Cells of the Thymus Epithelial reticular cells of the thymus can also be called epitheliocytes or thymic nurse cells. They take an active part in the maturation of lymphocytes and guarantee their active role in cell-mediated immunity ( Thymus development , 2019). Considering their embryological aspect, it can be stated that they evolve from the endodermal cells of the third pharyngeal pouch; it is evidenced by the existence of basement membrane in the structure and desmosomes ( Thymus development , 2019). Also being a part of the blood thymic barrier, the given type of cells is important for the preservation of the main blood’s functions preventing the antigens from reaching the T-lymphocytes ( Thymus development , 2019). Regarding the existing differences in their structure, investigators distinguish five main types of epithelial reticular cells of the thymus.   * Type I – form the blood-thymic barrier and can be found in the inner aspect of the capsule.   * Type II, III – are observed outside the cort
Afterglow An afterglow is a broad, high arch occasionally seen in the sky. It is a white light appearing during the darker half of thetwilight. It is caused by fine particles of dust suspended in the upper atmosphere. Occurrence of an afterglow Gamma-rays bursts,which are flashes of the gamma rays, are associated with explosions which are highly energetic. Thebursts occur initially and are followed by an afterglow emitted at longer wavelengths. Models that explain the origin of gamma rays have shown that the initial burst is gradually followed by fading emissions.The emissions occur due to collisions between the interstellar gases and the burst eject. The fading emission is called the afterglow. It is difficult to observe the position of a burst and therefore early searches for afterglows were unsuccessful. A satellite in 1997 was able to detect a gamma ray burst and a fading x-ray emission was observed, when a camera was pointed towards the origin of the burst. Once the gamma ray burstsfaded, deep imaging could “identify a faint, distant host galaxy at the location of the burst as pinpointed by the optical afterglow” (Vedrenne, 2001). There are long term effects after exposure to gamma ray bursts in the earth’s atmosphere. The gamma ray energy causes “chemical reactions involving oxygen and nitrogen which form nitrogen dioxide gas”. The gas causes a photochemical smog which covers the sky making dark. It further prevents sunlight from reaching the earth’s surface, the
Introduction Neo-Confucian works are largely based on classical Confucian texts and thus have a lot in common with them. Neo-Confucians also focus on ethics and morality as the primary things driving all human activities, whereas humanism is regarded by them as the major principle of social life. It means that a person can become moral only through continual self-improvement and strict adherence to cosmologic laws. Main body According to Liu, “Neo-Confucians were generally concerned with establishing a moralistic cosmology, or we can say what they developed was a form of moral metaphysics” (1). They considered that all the processes in the world are governed by the heavenly principle, which also contains some moral aspects, such as righteousness and wisdom, within itself. Additionally, some Neo-Confucians viewed the cosmos as “a complex network of paths and veins that touches everyone in his or her everyday life” (Hon 355). It means that each person is equally connected to the cosmic law and can comprehend it. In fact, such a view on the nature of things implies that humans and their minds form a unity with the world. The given idea suggests that when a person remains unaware of their connection to the heavenly principle, they cannot behave ethically. Conversely, in order to behave morally, one should necessarily strive to understand the cosmic order and law. Conclusion Overall, similarly to classical Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism encourages individuals to develop the knowledge of the heavens will through the investigation of cosmologic principles, as well as human nature, and compliance with them. In this way, the given metaphysical quest is core to the establishment of justice within interpersonal and social relationships, as well as other systems related to human activities. Works Cited Hon, Tze-Ki. “Why Be Moral?: Learning from the Neo-Confucian Cheng Brothers. Book Review”. Journal of Chinese Studies, no. 62, 2016, pp. 355-359. Liu, JeeLoo. Neo-Confucianism: Metaphisics, Mind and Morality . Web.