ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This paper talks about the effects of globalization on global sex workers. It will outline how globalization triggers migration, tourism, human trafficking and how increase in tourism is positively related with increase in prostitution. This is a matter of great concern for poor third world countries because the policies that relate to globalization make the poor even poorer and as a result, they have no other choice than to indulge in prostitution which is considered as easy money. These poor people who see no prospects in their home country migrate to other countries where they have a future, even if it means selling their bodies. In addition to this, since tourism increases the demand for this industry, the business becomes even more profitable and hence the people are attracted towards this industry and prostitution increases. Therefore, we can say that globalization indirectly triggers the sex industry. This paper will start off by understand the different concepts that will be studied throughout the paper through the lens of different perspectives. This will help develop a framework for the understanding of the discussion ahead. Next it will discuss the connection between globalization, tourism, sex tourism and the sex industry. It will discuss these concepts in great detail and will connect each on to sex industry. This will help develop linkages will clearly establish the relationship between them all. While this is being discussed, it is imperative that we discuss how this impacts the sex workers. Therefore, the next section will discuss these effects in detail. Towards the end, a conclusion will be given which will summarize everything and connect it all together. Theoretical: Marxist Feminism & Liberal Feminism perspective Feminism is a very complex term to understand. There are many perspectives th
Introduction The study of human behaviour with respect to how human beings produce, distribute, and consume goods and services, commonly known as economics, is a wide and an engrossing field of study. Economics inquires about how economies work and how economic units interact. From Marx, through Smith to Schumpeter, the discipline has developed significantly in terms of its nature, scope, and theoretical frameworks used by economists to approach a given phenomenon of interest. Contemporary economic theories emerged from the field of political economy towards the end of the nineteenth century. Notably, a fundamental motivation for the growth of contemporary economics has been the need to apply empirical approaches. Economic knowledge plays a critical role in the process of a country’s growth and development. In fact, books authored by the distinguished economic philosophers as Karl Marx and Adam Smith like “Das Capital” and “The Wealth of Nations: An Inquiry into the Nature” respectively, have been termed to as books that changed the world together with Sir. Charles Darwin’s infamous book titled “The Origin of Species.” This task is an exploration of the ecological approach to economics. Key features Ecological economics (EE) refers to a trans-disciplinary field of economic studies that deal with the interdependence and co-evolution of world economies, and the natural ecosystems over space and time (So¨derbaum1998, p.1). Ecological economics encompasses the study of a society’s metabolism or energy flows and materials that get into and out of a typical economic system (Daly, & Farley 2010, p.4). In this sense, it has been seen and referred to as bio-economics or biophysical economics with connections to industrial symbiosis (Daly, & Farley 2010, p.4). In other words, EE is premised on a theoretical model that sees the economy as linked to, and sustained by, a flow of energy, ecosystem services and materials (Daly, & Farley 2010, p.4). In fact, scholars from various disciplines of study have attempted to study the relationship between an economy and the environment, with emphasis on energy, environmental quality, material flows, sustainability and economic development. In its modern version, EE is a relatively new field of study. However, this does not necessarily imply that it does not have historical roots that can be traced. For instance, according to Hussen (2004, p.246), EE traces its roots to as far as the pre-classical Physiocrats. Hussen points out that, the essential foundations “…of the Physiocratic school of thought was that all economic surplus was derived from the productive power of land, or its modern equivalent, nat
Introduction The external environment of an organization plays an important role when it comes to the strategic management of an organization’s activities. While many managers focus on the various internal dimensions of an organization, they rarely place the same emphasis on the external environment which is usually at times dynamic, fast-changing and volatile. The external environment of an organization is usually made up of the political, economic, social and technological factors which in one way or another affect the functions and operations of an organization (Witcher and Chau 2010). An analysis of these factors is important for an organization as it will allow the managers to develop strategies that will allow the organization to deal with any changes that might exist in the external environment. Strategy which is an important part of a company’s operations refers to the means used by the company to achieve the long term objectives and goals that have been set. Strategies are the actions which are used by managers to direct the functions of employees so that the goals and objectives of the organization can be achieved. Strategies are important for an organization because they affect the long-term prosperity and functionality of the organization (Goldman and Nieuwenhuizen 2006). Managers have to develop strategies that are future oriented to ensure they reflect the vision of the company. Because of the multifunctional consequences they have on business operations, the internal and external factors have to be considered when developing suitable strategies for the organization (Mason 2007). Many studies have been conducted on the factors that make up the external environment of an organization (Canzer 2006) as well as strategic management for company managers (Sadler and Craig 2003). There however exists limited research on the relationship between these two aspects. The current research will seek to review previous and current research that will shed more light on the relationship that exists between an organization’s external environment and the strategy developed by the organization to achieve its long term goals. The study will provide a review of the existing research conducted on the relationship between external factors and organizational strategy. Basic information on Strategy and Environment Based on the classical Chandlerian view developed by Chandler in 1962 on organizational strategy, structure and the environment, Chandler was able to note that the environment of an organization determined the strategy that would be formulated by the organization’s players which in turn determined the structure of the organization. Chandler basically proposed that environment, strategy and structure were concepts that were directly related to
Introduction Investment strategy forms an integral part of any business management and utility status. This means that any fluctuations in the trends that play some role in business functions lead to tremendous effects. One of the leading trend factors that have opened successful applications into the business managements revolves around the hardware’s costs, sizes, processing power, and the careful integration of the three aspects in ensuring optimal success in the business investment strategy. This paper aims to analyse how the increased hardware trends affect the business management investment strategy and the influence of the same on the management decisions regarding the purchase of organizations’ software and equipment. Reduction in cost of hardware The influence that reduction in the cost of hardware has on the business management’s investment strategy depends on the business in one industry or another. The reduction of hardware’s costs offers strategic advantages to a business in that the new services that a company is planning to take off will go through successfully. Perhaps, this happens due to a multiplied investment based on the lower cost of equipment and needed software for the new business ventures (Rainer & Cegeilski, 2011). On the other hand, the reduction in cost of hardware may also increase the expenses used in applying new strategies of investment. This is because with the shift in the cost of hardware, the outcome affects the employees and the structure of business making the management re-deploy the equipments and ask the employees to adopt to a new business setting to fit the changes that occur in the trends and field of business altogether. Additionally, the business investment strategy may benefit from the reduction in the cost of hardware because this causes the policy changes that enable the business to access equipment; their inexpensiveness means that employees can even assist the business in the provision of equipments. However, this trend may also be an added disadvantage to the effective application of the investment strategies because with the freedom of employee, equipment provision of the business management loses its corporate asset power symbolizing that the business would have to deal with more challenges in enforcing security procedures in case of the expensive hardware costs. Furthermore, the reduction in the cost of hardware may look appealing at first but has far more challenges to application of the business management and its maintenance of the laid down investment strategies. This is because even with the development of the cheap hardware, competition still presented in a business capacity has to enable the growing technologies. Reduction of hardware size The equipment sizes have made it easy for distribution and information processes throughout the business chains. However, with the reduction in size of equipment, certain technologically related skill issues may need to be dealt with in business. The business might end up spending more in terms of investment to re-train their employees on the new technologies of scale and the widespread equipment technology, es
Introduction The Project Management Professional (PMP) exam is taken by professionals in the field of project management who want to improve their skills and efficiency to advance their careers (Angel, 2009). The certification endows managers with the skills necessary to work in any country around the world. The exam is taken only by individuals who have worked for a certain period in project management. Therefore, anyone willing to sit for the exam without prior experience in project management is not allowed until they gain some experience in the field. There are three main categories for the PMP exam eligibility requirements namely, education, project management experience, and project management training (Crowe, 2005). Education The first and most important requirement for taking the PMP exam is the level of education the applicant has achieved. Applicants should have a bachelor’s degree or its global equivalent, or a secondary degree such as an associate’s degree or a high school diploma (Angel, 2009). Any discipline of specialization is allowed as long as the applicant has prior experience in the field of project management. Earning PMP certification is a career milestone because it increases employment opportunities for project managers in the global labor market. Project Management Experience Project management experience is an important requirement. An applicant who has a bachelor’s degree is required to have at least 4,500 hours of project management experience (Crowe, 2005). This translates to about three years working in the field. Applicants who hold high school diplomas are required to have 7, 500 hours of experience, or approximately five years of project management experience (Angel, 2009). This experience should include both leading and directing projects in any discipline or field. In both instances, the project management experience should have been attained within a certain period before the day of the exam. The Project Management Body of Knowledge Guide (PMBOK Guide) contains a list of acceptable know
Technology is changing fast.It is also changing broadcast media and communication. For instance, information technology has caused the redundant the use of fax redundant and reduced the use of telephone and television. Technology has created new opportunities which have also come with different challenges the greatest challenge being software infringement (legal services India 2010 para. 5).Software infringement is also called software piracy. Software programs are protected by copyright law it states that a developer has rights to the object code, source code, applications and also operating system programs. The internet and web has made it easy for people to infringe on copy right. The digital technology has enabled modification and reproduction which is out of the control of the software developer. There are also incidences that can be confused with software infringement. There is free software that can easily confuse to mean that no price is paid to get the software however this is not always the case. However one has unrestricted right to study, modify, distribute and improve the software. There is also a coded one uses to access use of the software in human-readable form. There are instances that allow users to copy the original of a software creator called fair use. This law allows one to reproduce copy righted material in limited circumstances. First when making a back up copy of software in case the original gets destroyed. Secondly when the user alters a program to enable it to function on a certain machine. Lastly is the reproduction of a program in order to study the ideas of the software (Chiang and Assane, pp. 157-158). Forms of software infringement Soft lifting, here a person buys a single licensed copy of software; this single copy is installed in friends and workmates computers. Counterfeiting where one makes duplicates from the licensed copy then sells them as “legitimate copies” usually the seller makes trademarks or logo that look similar to the ones of the copyright holder or company. Unrestricted client is also another form of infringement where an organization uploads software to its server or network allowing users of their network or website access to the software which violates license agreement terms. Internet piracy happens when one uploads commercial software on the internet for use of anyone who would want to down load to make copies. Hard disk loading is done by some business people who install illegally obtained software in hard disks of their customers this is hard disk loading. This is usually done to attract customers. Commercially using software that is non-commercial: Companies may allow the use of software for educational use such as in College. But after finishing school this software should not be used for personal gain. OEM (original equipment manufacturer) piracy involves use of software made for a specific hardware on other hardware. This violates the contract of distribution. Peer to peer sharing, this happens when you connect individual computers without a centre of information management. This means that one user can access the information of another computer that it is connected to. The users
The main points of the novel Some background knowledge on the history of China To Live is one of Yu Hua’s most famous novels. In this essay, I am going to discuss which period of time is biased and which ones are not. Later, I will argue that the reasons why Yu Hua is biased against a particular period. This essay is written to argue that Yu Hua is biased against Cultural Revolution because in his book he depicts the revolution as violent as it was in reality. The impact of the revolution was that China experienced a social, political and economical change. The movement begun in 1966 and it is considered to have only ended with the death of Mao in 1976. It was characterized by serious chaos and economic conflicts across the country and many people lost their lives. As far as Yu Hua’s novel is concerned the main character’s family gets dramatically affected by the revolution. The violence and brutality that raged the nation was embedded in the youths (Tyson and Tyson 145). The movement spread and was eventually evident in military, party administration and other work places (Braester 78). The communists in Fugui village were ignorant of any political movements in their country and consequently, they lost the target. When they first experienced the revolution, Fugui states that the people were initially average daily workers and understanding the ideology behind it was complex. This was not because they did not care about the nation issues but rather they never understood anything about it. Politics and the concerns of the past lifestyle impacted on his life negatively after the communists took control. Summary of the novel, To Live by Yu Hua. Xu Fugui was a landlord’s son. Because Xu liked to gamble, he lost all his wealth and house to his neighbor Long Er. In order to survive, Xu wanted to borrow money from Long Er, but he was refused. In the Chinese civil war, Xu was forced to join the Guomindang’s army, but he was captured by communists. Xu knew Chun Sheng in the communist army, and he pleased communists by playing the drama, so he received a certificate. In the Land Reform, Long Er did not want to hand in the house and he burnt it, but he was later executed. Xu’s daughter, Feng Xia, became ill. Later Xu’s son died because the carelessness of the doctors at the health facility. The boy was drained all his blood during the process of donating blood to the wife of Cun Sheng; she had lost a lot of blood while giving birth. Apparently, the doctors there could not stop the bleeding and the alternative to save the life of the magistrate (Cun Sheng) was to get blood donation. It is a very sad occasion when Fugui’s son who happens to the only match for magistrate’s wife gets drained and looses a lot of his blood, gets dizzy and dies while the doctor in charge just watches on. The same problem is seen later after Feng Xia, Fugui’s daughter dies during child bearing. Wan Erxi brings Red Guard to Fugui and becomes his son in law (Esherick 67). Erxi seems a better future husband for the daughter and even the entire family of Fugui. However, despite that he suffers the impact of communism governance since he loses his wife
Introduction Cybernetics has a long history, and the formation of its discourse, research and experiments can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, scientists tried to define mechanical machine processes in terms of their similarity with humans, particularly with the kinesthetic system of human organs (Hayles, 2010; Wiener, 1954). In the second stage, mechanisms began to be perceived as an observed object and an observing subject. Much attention was paid to the mechanism’s internal functioning as an autopoietic system, limited by its own “perception.” In the third stage, with the advent of the Internet, PC, and multiple interactive devices, the focus was shifted to the perception of the mechanism as an autopoietic system in a social setting (Hayles, 2010). Scientists proposed the phenomenons of mixed reality, augmented reality, and feedback loops between a machine and a person as the main characteristics of the third stage. It is noteworthy that science fiction thought developed in parallel with a scientific discourse at all three phases. Many scientists asked questions about how far science can integrate machines into human life and society. In the modern world, humanity has gone as far away in this respect as no one would have imagined. This paper aims to discuss the boundaries of integrating machines into human life, from creating cyborgs to developing virtual or augmented reality and using cyber solutions in medicine, art, and military affairs. Creation of Cyborgs The first two pictures of my original research depict cyborg people and symbolically reflect a dualistic perception between the material and the spiritual. However, according to Wiener (1954), this dualism did not exist either before or after Newton, who was the first to introduce the idea of the prevalence of matter over other forces in physics. Therefore, Wiener (1954) argues that Gibb’s probabilistic approach is much more utilizable in exploring cybernetics’ abilities. In the context of the history of cybernetics, Wiener (1954) cites Leibniz, Einstein, Newton, Faraday, and Gibbs to describe his vision of machines’ potential. Wiener (1954) says, “For our purposes, the important thing is that in Einstein’s work, light and matter are on an equal basis, as they had been in the writings before Newton; without the Newtonian subordination of everything else to matter and mechanics. ” However, it is highly likely that some ideas will remain intangible, despite the speed and intensity of advances in technology that took place in recent decades. In general, considering Leibniz’s philosophical foundations and their original interpretation by Wiener (1954), humanity could design a creature that is as similar to a person. To do this, the crea
The Value of the Peer Review Process in Academia The term “peer review” denotes the process in which some work is evaluated by individuals who have a similar level of competence to the person who did or created that work. In academia, the process of peer-reviewing plays a crucial role in ensuring that the work of scientists complies with the standards of high quality, originality, and credibility. The process of peer-reviewing is rather lengthy and tedious. For instance, before scientific articles are peer-reviewed, they usually need to pass the editorial offices and the chief editors of academic journals, and if everything is right, the article is sent anonymously to peer reviewers who assess the article and determine if it is credible, valuable, and of high enough quality to be published, or if should be revised prior to being published (Wiley, n.d.). However, the difficulties of this procedure are that which allows the process of peer-reviewing to do what it is supposed to do. The anonymity of this process ensures that the peer reviewer would not judge the materials based on their personal preferences or their attitude towards the authors, which, in turn, prompts the authors to write only high-quality materials. The fact that the materials are evaluated by peers (in academia, this usually means people with academic degrees, such as a Ph.D.) allows for ensuring that the people who conduct the peer reviews are indeed competent enough to be able to make judgments about the quality, credibility, originality and value of the reviewed work (Elsevier, n.d.). Therefore, it should be stressed that the process of peer-reviewing is an essential tool of the contemporary science, which permits for maintaining the high standards of quality and originality in the numerous fields of science. Typical Structure of a Dissertation Proposal and an Academic Paper On the whole, a dissertation proposal usually includes the following elements (Wentz, 2014):   * The basic information about the topic;   * A brief literature review providing background on that topic and showing the gaps in the existing knowledge;   * Research problem, research questions, and the purpose and significance of the proposed study following from the gaps in the literature;   * The theoretical foundations of the study;   * Proposed research design and methodology, and the justification for these;   * Possible ethical issues;   * Expected findings of the proposed study. Such a structure permits for identifying the gaps in the existing base of knowledge, comprehending why it is important to address these gaps, and planning the process of future research (Wentz, 2014). A proposal written in this manner can serve