ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Camp David of the year 2000 refers to a summit held in the place whose name is borne by it and whereby both Israël and Palestine seemed to be heading for a way out from the conflict. It has been conducted upon an invitation from former president Bill Clinton. A proposal was advanced by Israel but never materialized. Indeed, the Israeli proposal was rejected by the palestinian representative, Yaser Arafat. The failure to agree with it has stirred debate on whose fault it is; whether it is the israelis who did not provide a convenient plan or whether it is the palestinians who failed to seize the olive branch. On one end of the spectrum, some analysts and politicians believe that the Palestinians should have accepted the proposal. Benny Morris and Ehud Barak exemplify this stream of thought. They argue that the plan embodies an unprecedented attempt at compromising. The stakes were a total control of the Gaza Strip, a quasi-total control of the West Bank, and an end of occupation. On the other end of the spectrum, other analysts argue that the failure of the Summit is to be shared by both parties. Among them we find, Hussein Agha and Robert Malley who maintain that the proposal was not as generous as it has often been portrayed. As a matter of fact, it is true that Camp David was the first tangible attempt to find a solution. However, its seems that the concern of Israel about the security of its people and territory made it over stipulate provisions that literally stripped Palestinians from any real power over their territory. Moreover, the issue of Jerusalem was poorly attended to. It offered no authority to palestinians over it, knowing that the palestinian population beholds the city as a holy place, just like the Israelis. The provisions of the proposal gave the Israelis the right to control the air space and the frontiers of the two states. This means that it would have held the power to police both territories and the Palestinians would have been dependent on it. It is a milder form of colonization because Palestine would not enjoy total sovereignty. It is understandable that Israel has a major security concern, as the history of Palestine/Israel has long been that of mutual attacks on respective populations and territories. It is furthermore complicated on the Israeli side because Israel does not face an official palestinian army but rather various factions- that do not stop fomenting- who do not necessarily abide by the position of their national authority. This is clearly r
Strategic human resource management is not a simple process as it keeps on evolving over time. The concept does not have an absolute definition since opinions about it vary between various scholars and analysts. However, one thing that remains clear is that the concept is essential for improved business performance. It can be regarded as a strategic approach to human resource management which links human resource to the future plans and directions of an organization. Basically this implies that the strategic HRM seeks to ensure that resources are matched with organizational future needs by concerning itself with long term issues relating to employees, organizational culture, values, and commitments. Harter et al. (2006) says that strategic human resource management focuses on increasing productivity and effectiveness by motivating employees to give their best and work towards achievement of organizational strategic goals. The approach re
Good oral health is the foundation of overall health excellence. It as well requires launching programs and initiatives focusing on finding ways to prevent serious oral health concerns and mitigating their negative consequences. However, the central objective of such programs is becoming the source of funding for community-based research in order to achieve the purposes mentioned above. This paper will provide an overview of three potential sources for financing oral health research such as federal funding agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private foundations. The most influential funding agencies are those supported by national governments and driven by state budgets. They can be represented by initiatives and programs, which, in most cases, focus on solving clearly determined problems and achieving particular objectives. Some examples of federal funding agencies include Office for Minority Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Issel, 2013). These agencies concentrate on improving overall health excellence. However, they as well pay significant attention to particular sectors of the healthcare industry. For instance, Office for Minority Health (2013) launched programs for educating oral health professionals with the purpose of lifting language barriers and providing minorities with equal and adequate access to care. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) initiated a program for collecting oral health data among different social groups that can be used as the foundation and driver for positive changes in community healthcare and plan to spend $30 million to improve oral health conditions (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). CDC is also known for supporting health promotion programs such as Healthy People 2020 paying significant attention to oral health issues. Funding cycles differ from one to ten years in length. Both offer the provision of technical and educative assistance if necessary investment in the development of healthcare professionals and community-based health research. Another potential source of funding is the non-governmental sector. It is represented by such organizations as American Association for Community Dental Programs and American Dental Association. The focus of these associations is made on improving the nation’s oral health and increasing awareness of issues related to dental health. The foundation of an organizations’ operation is voluntary membership. That is why charitable assistance is the major portion of their funds (ADA Foundation, 2016). It is imperative to note that application is unlimited so that every citizen is free to join these institutions. Because their operations are limited to community levels, the significance of their contribution to community-based oral health research as well as control over funding them cannot be underestimated (American Association for Community Dental Programs, n.d.). Finally, there are private foundations such as Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and W. K. Kellogg Foundation (Issel, 2013). W.K. Kellogg Foundation, for example, focuses on drawing at
Within the framework of the current project, it may be proposed to implement the PDSA cycle to support change and revise the approach to the issue at hand with the help of on-the-fly transformations intended to support the idea that fewer chemical restraints would have a positive effect on middle-aged patients. The key advantage of PDSA that may be mentioned here is the fact that it does not require an extended amount of resources to be implemented, and also does not force the team to conduct large-scale implementation (Leis & Shojania, 2017). Therefore, the PDSA change model is going to become the quickest method of practice change that can be utilized to answer the chosen PICOT question. In order to institutionalize the potential improvements through the modification of systems, structure, and processes, the team will have to put the influence of chemical restraints at the forefront of the project and have the care team learn more about how they could improve patient outcomes with the help of reducing the influence of chemicals on their health. The systems should be modified to an extent where they would consist of measures that define, measure and improve the quality of care. The structure of care provision could be changed with the help of long-term activities aimed at the creation of a much more enabling environment where every stakeholder would have a chance to contribute. Ultimately, the processes will be institutionalized through the transformation of staff roles and responsibilities and the thorough implementation of support functions. The staff will have to engage in a number of training sessions intended to explain the rationale behind introducing chemical restraints and comparing their milder and severer effects to decide on how effective chemical restraints actually are. The author of the current presentation proposes to conduct training within the general workplace environment and not pick any custom location, as it would put a strain on organizational resources. Another idea is to deploy a committee that will be responsible for checking in with the team and study participants. The policy on chemical restraints would have to include information on how care providers could protect patients from the negative effects of chemical restraints, and what could be the key approaches to removing patient distress and making the sample
Introduction Cohabitation comprises of coexisting couples in a sexual liaison without the legal acknowledgement. Marriage is formally composed of a husband and wife who legally, traditionally or religiously vow to commit themselves to each other. Family formations have modified where many people prefer to cohabit as an alternative to having a marriage commitment. Some views cohabiting as a way to acquire freedom, some chose it over marriage due to personal reasons while others just finds themselves in it. In most cases, a decision to cohabitate is determined by financial status of the partners. Those with low income prefers it since they take it as being inexpensive to maintain and incase one needs a break up, there are legal procedures involved but just ends the relationship. Proponents of cohabitation emphasize that cohabiters should be allowed to enjoy rights and legal protection similar to those of marriage since the difference is minimal. They claim that marriage is procedural, restrictive and expensive when starting and ending it. However, these attitudes completely destroy marriage institution which is meant to be sacred. Marriage is more preferable since couples are more contented, healthier, have legal protection and enjoy social approval as opposed to cohabiting which deinstitutionalizes the traditional family setup. Marriage is legally recognized and provides a sense of security and social stability within the family. It is not only crucial to the couple but also to the whole society since it is the foundation by which a society is based. Various nations encourage marriage by offering particular rights and inflicting repercussions for those compromising the institution. Marriage persuades emotional investment and thus more secure than cohabitation. Cohabiting is sometimes taken to be a prerequisite to marriage although such a relationship ultimately breaks up. Others prefer cohabiting due to its fragility where they are natured and this makes the partners enjoy short-lived emotional and material benefits. Nevertheless, Failure to abide to each other requirements mostly leads to a sudden end since the couples have nothing to lose especially when children are out of question. Many people prefer cohabitation since there is a likelihood of having multiple partners under such conditions unlike in marriage where there are strict rules to be followed and one is answerable if he or she fails to abide. On the other hand, as compared to marriage, cohabiting couples have a less likelihood of neither attaining marital satisfaction nor amassing wealth since they feel that they bear no responsibility of securing each other’s future by wise spending, investing and career maintenance. Living together appears to many people as better than having to commit to one another and then eventually break up. In cohabitation, couples are able to enjoy from the advantages that come with marriage such as dividing expenses among
Introduction Budgeting is a very important concept of every business in the world. Budgeting allows the businesses to stick to their objectives while at the same time giving the potential investor the chance to evaluate whether the business is realistic in the formulation of these objectives. It is therefore very vital for all these businesses to ensure that they have a budget estimate that is comprehensive, idealistic as well as realistic and one that truly matches with objectives of the company while at the same time offering comprehensive information to parties interested in investing in the company. Genesis company This company is faced with the task of attracting new investors so that they can avert making losses in succeeding years. This is because the company wants to establish an expansion policy. To this end, the company has to prepare a comprehensive budget to show its potential investors how it intends to meet its financial as well as other obligations in the subsequent years. This budget is formulated as shown in the excel file attached alongside this paper (AUO_B6022_M3_A2_Cash_Budget). The firm’s financing needs Every firm that seeks to expand its business or scope of operation must ensure that its financing needs to take care of this expansion objective are well in check. In so doing, the firm is able to understand the avenues from which the expected financing would devolve. The firm also needs to understand the urgency of the financial need as this will definitely shape the direction from which the firms will source out these funds. The company needs to break down the funds need into short-term debt, long-term debt and long-term equity. From the cash budget of the company in the case study here, Genesis, a number of financing options for the expansion objective of this company can be identified. These options are outlined in the following discourse. As a financial executive, I would recommend that the company consider the possibility of utilizing external financing options to cover this intended expansion or the shareholders could also be asked to chip in and ensure they fund the expansion operations of the company. A number of external financing options could be identified here. For instance, the company could source loans from banks and other financing institutions. Another area where the company could go for assistance would be from the individual investors who wish to invest some money into the operations of this company. However, external financing as Burstein (1960) puts it, does not occur without costs. One of the obvious costs associated with the external is the payment of these funds with an interest rate that is considered high by the company’s financial standards. The recognized interest rates in this company are short-term annual interest rate of 8 percent, long-term debt rate of 9 percent, and long-term equity of 10 percent as stipulated here. These costs will put more pressure on the company’s financial position. Loss o
A communicable disease is a disease that readily affects us and is easy to catch in the course of our day to day life. These diseases include H.I.V. Measles, Tuberculosis, Sexually Transmitted Infections and Nile virus among others. There are a number of factors that catalyze the susceptibility of an individual to being infected by these diseases; they can be widely categorized into, lifestyle, social status and the environment. Due to the human ability to manage these factors, the communicable diseases can thus be controlled. The control is managed from the grass root level by controlling the factors that bring about these diseases. Control of communicable diseases is a community health nursing endeavor that involves use of innovative and effective nursing interventions. In this paper we are going to use three evidence based journals as guidelines with which to review the endeavor of communicable disease control. These include the peer reviews of; the American Journal of Public Health, Public Health Nursing Journal and The Family Nurse Partnership Journal. Through reviewing the contents in the three journals, we will establish the current evidence base together with previous interventions and their applications in this topic of study. According to the peer review on the American journal of public health, evidence proves that there has been a remarkable increase in the life expectancy rates among the developed countries (Brown, & Fee, 2010). This increase is attributed to the great work achieved by the health industries. In order to capture the real essence of this improvement, it is stated in the journal that the life expectancy in the United States and Europe rose to an average of 20 years in the first half of the 20 th century. Though a five tier pyramid, the impact of health care intervention is captured and summarized. In the interpretation of the tier, the forms of interventions found at the bottom of the pyramid produce the greatest results compared to the intervention found at the top of the pyramid. The interventions in a bottom up order include; intervention at the socio-economic level, intervention in public health, the protective intervention, direct clinical care and finally counseling and education (Brown, & Fee, 2010). The socio- economic intervention advocates for the nurse undertaking the care to reduce poverty and improve education levels. Since poverty renders an individual incapable of accessing proper sanitation. This poses a high health risk for the individual. The nurses will have to promote healthy living standards by urging the individuals to engage in money making activities that will enable them access proper sanitation, this form of intervention usually requi
During long historical periods, the church and state were closely connected in spite of the division of their influence on citizens’ life and spirituality. From the point of the US history, Roger Williams was the first to claim that the church and state should be separated to emphasize the personal liberty as the real fact with references to all the aspects of the people’s life. The Puritans came to form the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the first part of the 17 th century, rejecting the principles according to which the church functioned in England during the period. However, the changes in the role of the church in the Puritans’ life were insignificant, and the basic principles of cooperation between the state and church remained the same. Searching for the new life order and receiving the opportunity to build the community according to some progressive ideas, the Puritans decided to follow the familiar patterns of correlating the power between the church and state. Roger Williams focused on the complete separation of the church and state as the proclamation of the personal liberty, and he had to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony to found Providence 1 . Although Williams’ ideas can be discussed as rather radical, they are significant for understanding the concept of the individual and religious freedom as the basics of the personal life not only in the USA but also all over the world. It is possible to agree with Roger Williams that the separation between the church and state should be complete because the issue involves the question of the personal liberty. Williams claimed that civil authorities cannot control churches because state affairs cannot be combined with the religious matters. Moreover, persons have the right for liberty of conscience without referring to any civil questions 2 . From this point, to be free, a person should live in a state where the church and civil sphere are separated absolutely and where there is no interdependent influence of these spheres on each other. The next controversial point of Williams’ vision along with the determined possibility to choose the way of worshipping was the idea that the government should be controlled by the citizens. To follow these ideas and principles, Williams founded Providence where individual liberty and the freedom of worshipping were discussed as the extremely important conditions for organizing the life within the community. Providing the idea that it is possible to separate the church and state and worship God without references to any institutions, Roger Williams rejected the people’s traditional views, and the reaction was rather strong 3 . Although Williams is right in his discussing the exaggerated impact of the political authority on the people’s religious life with references to the church, it is impossible
Vertical integration strategy: Usha Martin Company Vertical integration involves the amalgamation of the production chain to accommodate the different products that the company deals in line with the market-specific demands. Usha Martin Company boasts of a strong backward vertical integration in its industrial organization. From a single location, the company controls it’s designing, cutting, manufacturing, distribution, and marketing process for its steel wire pipe products. The product segments such as raw material acquisition, power plant operation, and coal mining, actual production, and distribution are segmented and disfranchised within a systematic control system that monitors production progress (Bloomberg, par. 7). Reflectively, the backward vertical integration strategy has shielded the company from market swings which create fluctuations in the supply chain, in terms of input availability and price. As opined by the chairman of Usha Martin Company, the vertical integration strategy has enabled the company to save more than one billion Indian rupees over the last five years. Besides, the company has been in a position to have full control of the quality of inputs used in manufacturing the steel wire pipes. Since the company operates and fully owns its sub production branches, instead of franchising any production or distribution channels, it has been able to benefit from the aspect of cost competitiveness in production and final price of the products (Worthen, Tuna, and Scheck, par. 8). The backward vertical integration process has allowed the Usha Martin Company to produce, design, sell, and distribute its products globally within a short period. This is possible due to the internalization of direct and complete control of the distribution and production process for its steel wire pipe brands. The vertical integration process at Usha Martin includes the aspect of cost, dependability, speed, quality, and flexibility in the production cycle (Bloomberg, par. 4). Acquisition or Merger: Rio Tinto Group Rio Tinto Group has used an acquisition strategy to expand the product line and its market. The group is the fourth largest mining company in the world. It is listed in both London Stock Exchange and Australian Securities Exchange. Profit for the year 2013 amounted to $15,184 million while the total assets amounted to $112,402 million. The main business of the group is processing minerals such as copper, coal, aluminum, and borax, among others. Since its formation, the company had concentrated on the production of copper. The business thrived until the First World War. World War affected the relationship between the US and Europe. Therefore, the profitability of the company went down. The management had to come up with strategies of increasing the profitability of the group. One strategy adopted was acquisition (Hoyle, par. 6