ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary of the breach A laptop computer that had information about patients of Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center was stolen. Even though nothing was pointing to misuse of information that was in the computer, the Hospital has undertaken to notify the patients in their later dated May 28, 2010, offering to protect their identity without charges. The laptop was stolen from an employee’s vehicle a day before the Hospital management offered to protect the patients’ identities. The incident was reported to the police. The information in the computer was patients’ personal information like their names, their medical record numbers, and the services the patients received at the hospital. There was no information on the patient’s social security and telephone numbers. Moreover, there was no credit card information. Because the information in the laptop was password-protected but not encrypted, Cincinnati has undertaken to intensify its encryption practices. Was the breach an administrative, technical, or physical safeguard? The breach was technical because password protection of documents in a laptop does not make them safe. Passwords can be cracked leading to the theft of medical records, which are supposed to be secret. Encryption should have guaranteed the safety of the records even if they fell into the hands of the wrong people because the laptop would have been tracked. The technical team ought to have put in place an avenue for communicating safe electronic practice within the medical facility. The technical team should also have updated training to guarantee the safety of information regarding the patients to its employees (Gostin, 2001). If these were put in place by the health records technical team, the laptops should not have left the hospital premises in the first place. How the breach was resolved Remedial measures that were taken to counter the breach included strengthening encryption processes. No laptop computers were given to employees without being encrypted. The tracking process of the encrypted laptops was improved. Training to the employees was updated to entail communicating safe electronic practices within the hospital facility. Moreover, Cincinnati contracted the services of ID experts to help the patients whose information was in the stolen laptops. The victims were to enjoy a one-year membership upon which they would enjoy the services of fraud resolution representatives who would stop, assess, and reverse frauds. For one year, the patients were to get free access to the ID expert’s personnel and their online resources, which are both advisory and educative. The patients were to be advised on how to protect their private information after the theft of the laptop. In satisfaction w
Introduction Human feelings and attitudes to their duties and the organisations they have to work at play a very important role in business management. As soon as some concerns or challenges occur, the quality or amount of work could be dramatically changed. Any organisation is at threat of being destroyed and broken in case some employees fail to cope with their duties. Therefore, a number of managers try to pay enough attention to such issues as organisational stress, burn-out, and anxiety and their possible relations to transformations and change in organisations. Education is the field where people have to deal with a number of tasks and duties and develop their knowledge to the highest possible levels in order to teach students, help young people to become mature in certain subjects, and differentiate personal and organisational problems. The existing variety of expectations and missions makes teachers worry, uncertain of their abilities, and unable to decide and succeed. Organisational stress is the problem of many teachers and other employees. Therefore, it is important to understand how to accept and recognise stress and deal with such personal challenges as burn-out and emotional concerns. Problem statement People have to understand that organisational stress could be caused by a variety of reasons and lead to the changes they cannot always be prepared for. Besides, organisational stress promotes certain emotional challenges that could influence the quality of work performed by teachers. Stress is the form of how a human body and mind could respond to a particular situation, demand, or threat. Therefore, stress is an element of human life that cannot be ignored (Vasudevan 2015). The main problem is the inability to understand how organisational stress could influence the work of teachers and if it is necessary to cope with it or neglect its possibility. Significance of the study This study aims at exploring the peculiarities of organisational stress, burn-out, and emotional challenges among teachers and explaining the connection between such terms and “stress” and “change”. It is expected to clarify how the organisational stress of one person could influence the work of the whole organisation. As soon as the concept of organisational stress is analysed, it is possible to investigate the theories and models which could help people deal with stress, avoid or, at least, reduce the level of burn-out, and use theories and the experiences of different researchers. Klassen and Chiu (2010) admit that stress among teachers could be caused by poor work conditions, high demands of students and their parents, and the necessity to cooperate with different types of people at the same time meeting different goals and missions. In other words, stress can hardly be avoided even if people recognise it and understand its importance and possibilities to cause changes and transformations
Introduction The vast majority of the world’s transport system is powered by fossil fuels. In all industrialized countries, transportation accounts for a significant amount of the total fossil fuels consumption. Curtis and Anderson reveal that by the year 2005, approximately 20 percent of the oil used in the US was used for transporting purposes (11). In the recent decades, it has come to the world’s attention that the overreliance on fossil fuels is both unsustainable and detrimental to the environment. New technologies have therefore been developed which promise to significantly reduce the fuel consumption by motor vehicles. One of these technologies is the hybrid engine which makes use of an electric motor which is powered by high voltage batteries as well as a conventional engine to propel a vehicle. Hybrid engines have been used to power hybrid cars with significant advantages being reaped by the user and the environment. However, the hybrid engine still suffers from significant demerits which have led to some people questioning if these engines are preferable to conventional engines. This paper will argue that hybrid cars are superior to standard cars and therefore should be used more widely. The paper will highlight the strengths that hybrid engines have over standard engines. To provide a balanced view on the topic, the paper will also highlight the major arguments against hybrid engines and provide counterarguments for the same. Comparing Hybrid Cars with Standard Cars Merits of Hybrid Cars compared to Standard Cars Arguably the most significant advantage of hybrid cars over standard ones is their low CO2 emissions. The growth in automobile mobility has resulted in increased use of standard engines and consequently a worsening of air quality for the country. Research indicates that road transport and international shipping are the two largest contributors to the global emissions of Nitrogen Oxides which are greenhouse gases. Calef and Goble reveal that in California, on-road mobile sources were responsible for 51% of nitrogen oxides (4). Greenhouses gases have been blamed for a myriad of negative environmental impacts including; global warming, acid rains, respiratory conditions to name but a few. While other solutions such as electric cars have been tried out in the quest to reduce the CO2 emissions by vehicles, hybrid engines have emerged as the only realistic technological option for personal vehicles that does not rely exclusively on gasoline (Calef and Goble 25). Hybrid engines that are used to power hybrid vehicles have proved to be a viable technological option to reduce air pollution. The use hybrid engine powered vehicles in California and France has resulted in an improvement of the urban air quality in both these two regions (Calef and Goble 27). Hybrid engines ensure that the minimum possible levels of CO2 are emitted by the vehicles. In these engines, temperature and other parameters are constantly regulated when the gasoline engine is running to ensure that they are running at the lowest level of emissions. In addition to this, the gasoline engine is powered off when the vehicle engine is turned off therefore
Introduction It has been argued that The Medieval Iberian Peninsula was quite influential and memorable for its diversity in terms of politics, language, culture, religion and ethnicity. As a result, there are several authors and historic experts who have come to conclude that the people of Iberia positively affected the Middle Age, describing the society as one which promoted social coexistence among Christians, Muslims and Jews. Thi
At the beginning of the 20 th century Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams with his view on human consciousness was published. His discoveries and the book itself became very popular. Naturally, the fact of a new age in science influenced the art of the time, which got a new stream – surrealism. Surrealism can certainly be considered as the most intellectual and provocative movement in the art (Brenner, 1997). Thus the works of literature can be analyzed from the point of view of the actions of the main characters made in the condition similar with the one when the person sleeps. The whole level of our consciousness is closed until the organism falls in the arms of Morpheus. As I can see, the father of this movement was Andre Breton with his “The Manifesto of Surrealism ”, in which he provided a great number of specific terms. Among them the definition of Surrealism is also used as a depiction of the out-of-conscious reality. His poem “Free Union” can be understood as the most impressive and direct in the world of poetry. We can say the same about the most prominent master of depiction of the surrealistic world, Gabriel Garcia Marques. He followed this movement inventing new methods of describing surrealism. So, the definition of Magical Realism appeared which we can observe in his short story “Death Constant beyond Love”. To the story of love for money and power he introduces the theme of Latin American. Marquez investigates the real life of Latin Americans through Magical Reality. Let us pay attention to the tendency of artistic effort free from conscious control, which Breton meant as an indispensable element of Surrealism. The suggestion that by entering into the condition of trance or dream-like state the artist’s unconscious is revealed in a pure and unfiltered fashion simply appears naive today. That the “spontaneous” products Breton and his colleagues turned out took the form of highly-evolved poetic images, inconceivable without an extensive knowledge of literary technique and history, might have offered a hint that the states they entered into were hardly free of conscious suggestion (Brenner, 1997). I am in two minds about this fact. Judging by the prominent usage of stylistic means in “Death Constant beyond Love”, we could hardly speak about the unconscious writing of this story. The name of the story itself seems to be thought over in detail. Death is the only constant thing in human lives. Even passionate real love can not save you from a powerful embrace of death. We see the story of Senator Sanchez, who got used to get everything he wanted. His passionate love to a young village girl makes him mad, concerning the fact of his coming death. The title is obsessed with his feelings for Laura Farina but this is not the way out from his selfish life. Author indirectly shows us how rich and powerful people are lonely and unhappy indeed. They think that money can solve all the problems of their lives including the problem of lon
Introduction Exposure to traumatic experiences, such as calamities, road crashes, physical attacks, etc., often predisposes victims to distress and anxiety in their aftermath. These symptoms often wane away over time. However, in some cases, the symptoms intensify, leading to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Rytwinski, Scur, Feeny, & Youngstrom, 2013). The disorder manifests through flashbacks, nightmarish dreams, alertness, and avoidance symptoms, depending on trauma severity. Related comorbidities, including depression and substance abuse, often affect the at-risk groups, i.e., soldiers and refugees, among others (Bryant et al., 2008). The recommended therapies for PTSD include psychological interventions with limited drug use. In this paper, the description/definition, historical framework, and explanation of the issues associated with PTSD are reported. Scholarly research on PTSD, including evidence for its comorbidities, is presented. Description/Definition of PTSD PTSD constitutes a response to an experienced or witnessed traumatic event that posed a threat to the physical wellbeing of an individual or others. In addition, the initial response must be accompanied by severe fright, despair, or horror. The onset of PTSD symptoms occurs within weeks after exposure. However, according to Bryant et al. (2008), the 10 th edition of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems caps the onset of PTSD symptoms at six months. Nevertheless, delayed onset has been reported, which explains the low number of people presentin
In the new era of human disease human social habits and their various circumstances are noted as being one of the primary facilitators of the spread of infectious diseases. What must be understood is that humans are inherently social animals and as such they have a predilection towards gathering in groups, going to areas with large concentrations of people and other forms of social activity that involves close contact with a large number of people. As a result this facilitates the spread of infectious diseases from one carrier to the next creating the possibility of an epidemic. It must also be noted that the current human living environment acts as an adjunct facilitator of the spread of disease which, when combined with humanity’s inherent need to socialize, become two of the main reasons behind the spread of modern day diseases. An examination of modern day living conditions show that with the current trend of excessive population concentrations into increasingly smaller living spaces as noted by the development of modern day apartment complexes this has resulted in people becoming more vulnerable to catching a variety of infectious disease from various carriers. The reason behind this is quite simple, increased population concentrations within a confined location raises the likelihood of catching an infection as compared to populations that are spread over a particularly large area. For example, an examination of the spread of diseases within areas in India, particularly the city of Mumbai, show that the rate of catching disease is higher as compared to various suburbs located outside of the city. This trend is noticeable in cities such as Manila, New York, London and other global population centers where the rate of catching infectious diseases are far higher as compared to areas that are less densely populated. It must also be noted that this change in human living conditions has also had a distinct impact on particular disease life cycles. Due to greater human population concentrations particular diseases no longer go into distinct phases of long term remission as seen in various historical records but instead continue to propagate among the general population. This of course is due to the greater likelihood of infection that concentrated population centers have. As a result this creates the possibility of greater amounts of mutated disease strains that grow more resistant to modern medication due to their longer periods of activity. Evidence of this can be seen in strains of nasopharyngitis or more commonly know as the common cold. Greater population concentrations have resulted in prolonged activities of this particular type of disease resulting in a plethora of variants appearing on an almost yearly basis. Various studies examining the prevalence of the common cold in human populations reveal that its disease life cycle has continued to grow lengthier as a dire
Introduction In the last few decades, the world has witnessed increased integration of the global economy, which has resulted in new opportunities for economic, and income growth. One of the significant driving forces is globalization as characterized by the production of goods and services, linked, and synchronized on a global scale thus opening significant opportunities in all regions. Therefore, as a company that aspires to internationalize its business operations, TripAdvisor has been motivated to expand into foreign markets such as China and Germany due to the looming market opportunities. Furthermore, there are various factors including the size of the company, its leverage, market saturation, and the overall market conditions that have made TripAdvisor to globalize its business and operations to such foreign markets. In that respect, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the international expansion of TripAdvisor in countries like China and Germany. The paper analyzes the motivations for international expansion based three theories namely the product cycle theory, imperfect market theory and theory of comparative advantage. A risk analysis of the countries where TripAdvisor wants to expand its business operations is also carried out. Besides, an analysis of the possible financing sources for TripAdvisor expansion is performed and an estimate of the cost of capital for TripAdvisor expansion project to China offered in the report. International Expansion Analysis for the TripAdvisor In February 2000, Palka Tom, Shanny Nick, Steinert Langley, and Kaufer founded TripAdvisor Company. After the company started to generate some profits in the fiscal 2002, the management began to expand its business operations to the United States and other parts of the European markets. hese markets attracted the company due to several reasons: (1) the regions had very large customer base, (2) the local residents who had travelled considered themselves risk-takers, (3) the market was fragmented and (4) the potential customers could be identified with regions. Theory of comparative advantage In international trade, the comparative advantage theory appears to be amongst the most imperative concepts that can be used to analyze global business operations for a company like TripAdvisor. Given that TripAdvisor yearns to increase its profits, expanding its global operations to a country like China will help the company to minimize the cost of operations. First, China offers cheap labor or inexpensive raw materials that TripAdvisor can use to help it minimize the incurred expenses. Second, unlike other companies such as eBay and Yahoo that failed to prosper in these new markets, TripAdvisor is financially leveraged and can successfully set its presence in Chinese and Germany. Besides, the overall market condition in Italy, Spain, and France where TripAdvisor operates is saturated and the two countries of
Introduction Descriptive epidemiology consists of epidemiological studies that aim to characterize the distribution of a disease and its possible determinants. Descriptive epidemiology organizes information and data to outline the basic factors of health issues, persons at risk, place, time, and causes, risk factors, or modes of transmission. Descriptive epidemiology can be helpful to determine the patterns and extent of a public health concern, identify vulnerable populations or areas, and derive causes; factors which are vital in implementing treatments and interventions at a large scale (Naito, 2014). Epidemiology must measure disease impacts and outcomes of a specific population at risk. In this context, a population is any group of people, no matter their current health status, that could be considered as cases if they were to inherit the disease (Coggon, Rose, & Barker, n.d.). Depending on the study, epidemiology may narrow the characteristics of a population to determine any causative factors for disease. Epidemiological research Measures of frequency, association, and impact are statistical tools used in epidemiological studies. These can be used to portray distribution, develop causal relationships, and evaluate the impacts of preventive interventions. A ratio attempts to compare two quantities, usually of the same unit. It is an expression meant to measure relative factors. A proportion is a type of ratio. It states a ratio as part of a whole, a fraction, or percentage. Therefore, a proportion sets two fractions as equal to each other. A rate is the comparison of two quantities of uniquely different units. Rates interpret ratios as a quotient and commonly incorporate the dimension of time. In public health, rates can be used for mortality or infection to determine these statistics over some time (Fleming & Holsinger Jr., 2015). Incidence commonly refers to the rate of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. Incidence is measured as a rate over some time and has significant meaning if reported as part of the total population. The accuracy of incidence is based on the appropriate and accurate diagnosis and reporting data from healthcare providers. Prevalence refers to the number of actual cases of the disease that are alive during the period or a particular point in time. Prevalence allows us to gain an understanding of the total disease load since it allows us to determine new infections, cases, and deaths. Prevalence is usually reported in several cases in a fraction of the total population at risk (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017). Incidence and prevalence maintain a relationship, but it is not necessarily linear as other factors may come into play. For example, with influenza, while the incidence rate is statistically high, the long-term prevalence is practically non-existent due to high rates of patient improvements. In the case of rare, chronic diseases, the factors may be reversed. Conclusion Cumulative incidence (also known a