ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Business ethics is designated as the behavior that an organization or business encompasses in its daily routine undertakings with the “world”. The ethics of a specific organization can be varied. Business ethics not only apply on how organization interacts with the general world, but also its relations with its own employees. Many organizations have gained a negative reputation by being in business due to unethical business practices. To many people, organizations are in business with an aim of making money, thus, creating money, is not immoral in it-self. The manner in which some organizations conduct themselves warrantees the issue of ethical conduct. Good organization ethics should be a feature of every organization. This paper discusses business ethics that modern organization encounters. The paper points out that most organizations have deviated from ethics which streamline effective management in areas such as; employee’s recruitment and selection, performance appraisal schemes, training and development, culture and employee discipline. Lack of an effective mechanism to synchronize ethics in these areas has caused many organizations to tarnish their reputation with the “outside world”. Employee Recruitment and Selection Organization embracing ethical practices in recruitment and selection strategies contribute positively towards its success (Burack, 74). This is important because effective applications of ethics in strategies aid in choosing the ideal candidate for a given post in the company. However, in most organizations
The Story of an Hour was written by Kate Chopin in the late 19 th century – a time when women did not have much freedom. The main idea presented in the literary work is the concept of women lacking their independence. The story is a critique of control in marriages and dominant attitudes towards women in the society of the 19 th century. The literary work can be considered through the analysis of the story’s plotline. In the exposition part, readers are introduced to the protagonist of the story, Louise Mallard, who has a severe heart condition, and any sudden plot ‘twist’ may cause a heart attack. In the rising action, Louise’s sister Josie tells her that Mr. Mallard died in an accident. In the climax, Mr. Mallard turns out to be alive, which means that he has been thought dead by mistake. He walks in fully alive and completely unaware of the current situation. In the resolution, Louise dies because of the sudden shock of seeing her husband alive and of the disappointment. There are four characters in the story, and Mrs. Mallard is the protagonist. Louise has heart disease, and she is entrapped between her desires and reality, which contrast one another. She is depicted as a subservient woman who has stayed in a loveless marriage for society’s sake. Louise represents women’s role in the 19 th century when a woman was expected to stay home, take care of the children, and live for their husband. Louise breaks the stereotype because she does not want to do that but dreams of freedom and living for herself. She realizes it when she finds out that Mr. Mallard is dead. One should note that the story is imbued with symbolic images with profound meanings. Heart trouble, an open window, the spring season, a latchkey, and Louise’s room are symbolic in many ways. Mrs. Mallard has “heart trouble”, and this is not accidental; perhaps, it reflects her suffering from having to stay in a loveless marriage. When her husband turns out to be alive, her heart stops. It implies that society resists women’s freedom. Heart disease indicates a marriage breakdown, which is a significant social construct. The open window and the spring season symbolize new opportunities for Mrs. Mallard. The window represents a ‘gate’ to Louise’s new self-possessed life. When she is looking through the window, she realizes the life ahead and feels that she is a different person. The spring season symbolizes the rebirth of Louise’s nature. She is awakening after a harsh winter with her h
This writing aims to emphasize and highlight the issue of human rights within social media. Social media platforms are one of the most important tools for communication and interaction between various figures. However, the rights and identities of people are often humiliated there; many users are subject to breaking into their accounts. The main problem is that users’ rights often remain unprotected within social media platforms. Although such media platforms as Twitter and Facebook try to implement various protection policies on Google and IOS systems, the social media users’ vulnerability remains a problem (Jorgensen et al. 2017). Considering a recent scandal with Facebook’s failure to protect people’s data in the Cambridge Analytica breach, it is feasible to dwell on the topic of human rights protection within the Internet. Long studies concluded this fact, and my stance is that users of social media should be secured better. I propose and recommend proper protection policies for media platforms to secure the organization’s policies and users. Background The scandal concerning Facebook and Cambridge Analytica resulted in a mass breakout of personal information of Facebook users on the net. What is more, the Facebook was sued for its inability to protect users’ private data (Criddle 2020). A massive data leak affected 87 million people, including users from the United States and Great Britain (Criddle 2020). Moreover, their data was used during the elections, which could directly influence the results of elections. Furthermore, this breakout could lead to the leak of personal opinions on election preferences. As multiple sources on human rights on the Internet say, the company should respect the user’s security. Thus, Facebook’s leak is a mass violation of human rights on protection of their private data. In turn, Facebook’s representatives tried to deny the claim and reported that no information would be received concerning this matter. However, the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) claimed that Facebook violated the rights of its users (Criddle 2020). The stance of the U. S. Federal Trade Commission was similar; therefore, Facebook had to pay its record 22, 5 million dollars (Criddle 2020). In addition, its representatives were accused of security failures by multiple social media users. It becomes apparent that an insufficient protection of users’ data led to undermining people’s confidence in using Facebook and its subsidiaries. It would be feasible to appeal to the Human Rights Watch, the organization, which is competent in human rights violations. This organization calls on other intergovernmental (Roth 2004) and corporate organizations (Jorgensen et al. 2017), so it can be appropriate to send the request to them. Analysi
The concerns that PII raise include the fact that people leave the information on every site they visit. He gives an example of the small number of pages that they start visiting in the morning. One concern of the author is that the information that people leave behind in the few sites they visit has already been spread. Tracking takes place every time people visit a site. The reason is that the sites are interconnected so that one site will provide information to another site. The sites that are interconnected grow exponentially. The problem is that the trackers undertake to track without getting permission from the internet user permission. Tracking takes place without the knowledge of the users. This is wrong and unlawful. The author has some reservations about tracking. The concern here is on the times that people are being tracked. Tracking has its benefits. It makes surfing easier and also helps in remembering very important sites that the user obtained important information (Kovacs, 2012). Behavioral tracking is tracking the behaviors of an individual. This information will be used to find out some facts about that individual. Online behavioral tracking is getting information about what someone is browsing and what sites they visit. Behavioral tracking is the process of getting what sites are popular with an individual. This information will be used without the knowledge of that information (Kovacs, 2012). Collusion is found on many websites. One place to get this tool is CNET. This tool would then be installed on Firefox browsing software. This will be installed as a plug-in. This software will help in tracking the trackers that are getting private information and how one uses the internet. It helps in getting information about what was collected. It will get information about when the user of the internet is being tracked and the information that is being tracked. It also reports when tracking is being undertaken. It will, therefore, get to know who has access to private information. This will enlighten internet users on how this information will affect their privacy (Kovacs, 2012). I am against tracking by all means. I believe that tracking should be undertaken with my consent. Getting my private information without my knowledge is wrong and is a breach of my privacy. I should be consulted when undertaking all types of tracking. This will help to know who has my information. It will also help to know what implications will be met if some unauthorized persons have my personal information. Personal information should remain personal and sho
In the book, Exploring the Philosophy of Religion, David Steward puts forward the idea about two types of evil: moral and natural. Moral evil addresses the sufferings caused by human perverseness and people have been presented as the ones who are capable of bringing great physical and moral pain to each other, which reveals natural evil as less damaging in comparison. The editor of the book presents these concepts through the prism of theological teachings about the causality of God’s deeds in the world. In this way, the books present different ideas expressed by Griffin, Hick, and Doniger on the reasons and nature of evil. The authors also present theodicy in addressing the definitions of natural and moral evil. Griffin’s justification of the presence of evil in the world is revealed in his article called God in Process where he presents different underpinnings and theodicy of sufferings that existed on Earth. Hence, Griffin first relies on the traditional explanation of perceiving evil as the one contributing to a higher good. Further, the author firmly believes that it is impossible to impose limitations on God’s evil, as they are only imposed in reality but not in the actual sense. Therefore, the philosopher withdraws the idea about God’s omnipotence and the creation of the world from nothing (“ex nihilo”), which are the basics of his theodicy. At this point, Griffin leads to the point that each thing has an innate power that should be controlled by God (Griffin 176). Hence, moral evil is the one that arises from the limitation of God’s power whereas natural evil is the one that is connected with the evolutionary process, which is closer to scientific explanation. John Hick, the author of Evil and the God of Love, insists on the idea that theodicy is “unavoidable … in the virtue of the nature that the world and of the essential character of the Christian understanding of God” (Hick 194). Therefore, the philosopher justifies suffering experienced by people as the soul-making process. In other words, moral evil serves as a means of comparison with good. Both moral and natural evil is necessary to God, whose omnipotence is revealed through freedom of choice allowing to address either the good or bad side. According to Hick, moral evil is that experienced by people where God is a spectator. It is also perceived as an absence of good and limitation of God’s power. Doniger presents an alternative interpretation of moral and natural evil. In particular, she believes that our evil actions, though
Charles Schwab is a for-profit Corporation whose main business is savings and loans. The company provides banking and asset management services, and financial advisory. It has several subsidiaries – Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., Charles Schwab Investment Management, Inc., TD Ameritrade, Inc., and TD Ameritrade Clearing, Inc., which are all limited liability companies (“The Charles Schwab Corporation,” 2021). This paper aims to analyze the form of business in Charles Schwab Corporation (CSC). Charles Schwab is a corporation, which is a form of business with some distinctive features. Firstly, its officers are agents, unlike its directors and shareholders, which means that the latter are not involved in the company’s current strategic, managerial and other business decisions (“Corporation,” 2022). Secondly, the corporation is managed by the board of directors who have the right to appoint the officers. This approach creates a balance of managerial forces, since CEOs and CFOs are directly involved in the work processes, and the board of directors, in extreme cases, has the right to dismiss them by voting. In the corporation, shareholders are free to transfer ownership, which means that in critical situations such as bankruptcy, the corporation can be sold to another owner. This outcome is possible because the corporation is an organization that creates an opportunity for investors to profit by investing, unlike an LLC (“Forming a corporation,” 2022). Finally, in corporations, the income is taxed twice: the first time at the corporate level, and a second time if dividends are distributed to shareholders. Thus, the form of business in Charles Schwab Corporation was analyzed. The CSC is a corporation with several subsidiaries and conducts business following the requirements for a corporation form of organization. A distinctive feature of corporations is the board of directors, which has an indirect influence on daily decision-making. Still, in critical cases, it can appoint new officers to manage the company. Corporations can also transfer property rights in the event of bankruptcy or other cases.
The two hypotheses about the causes of coronary artery disease The research into coronary artery disease in the 19 th century lead the scientists to propose two hypotheses about how the disease develops. The first hypothesis claimed that incrustation was the cause of the disease. Rokitansky and Duguid proposed that the disease occurs as a result of deposition of fibrin and fibroblasts onto which lipids are accumulated. The lipid hypothesis which was put forth by Virchow claimed that coronary artery disease was caused by transduction of lipids into the walls of the artery which then entered into complex formations with mucopolysaccharides, The prevalence of lipid deposition systems over lipid removal systems leads to the accumulation of lipids in the arterial walls. Injury hypothesis Modern researches have found evidence that the correct way to describe the development of coronary artery disease is the so-called response to injury hypothesis that was first proposed by Ross. This hypothesis, in a way, unifies both of the earlier ones and makes some new proposals. The main idea is that in order for coronary artery disease to occur some kind of vascular injury has to take place and thrombus has to be formed (Samady et al., 2011, p. 782). Types of the injury There are three types of vascular injury that can cause the disease. The first one is in the cases when morphologically unchanged endothelial cells alternate their function. The second type occurs when some of the endothelial cells wear off and intima is damaged but the internal lamina remains without damage. Finally, the third type of injury is related to both the damage to intima and media together with the erosion of endothelial cells (Samady et al., 2011, p. 783). Causes of injuries Those different types of injuries are caused in different ways. It is widely believed that minimal injuries of the first type are caused in the disturbances in the blood flow. Type two is initiated when the macrophages release toxins in which case platelets grow together. Sometimes this process can cause a capsule to be formed over a lipid lesion. This usually leads to the formation of fibrointimal lesions. Finally, the third type of injury is created when sensitive capsules are disturbed and the thrombus is formed. Small thrombi can easily fuse together and large thrombi can cause unstable angina, myocardial infraction and ischemic death (Samady et al., 2011, p. 783). Factors in the diagnosis The diagnosis of coronary artery disease is very complex and there are several factors that can help when establishing a diagnosis. Anginal chest pain can be a reliable signal that the artery is narrowed but it can also be present in rheumatic diseases and hyperthyroidism. Furthermore, the pain should be dull and constricting never sharp and it should radiate. In addition, electrocardiogram and coronary angiography are used in order to spot irregularities in the function and morphology of the coronary arteries. However, recent studies (Heidenreich, 2010, p.5-7) suggest that
Daniel Tammet is known as a British writer and outstanding mathematicians with incredible memory. He is also regarded as one of the world’s known savants who can memorize hundreds figures at a time. At the same time, the young genius has been diagnosed with high-functioning autism, a rare form of diseases which prevents a person from normal social functioning and adjusting to a new environment. His extraordinary computational skills and ability to calculate figures and recognize primes, however, cannot be explained by sciences. As a result, many psychological theories, such as the triarchic theory of intelligence introduced by Sternberg and Gardiner’s theory of multiple intelligences, call Tammet’s brilliant mind in question. Because these theories are premised on the need of a person to possess different cognitive abilities, including use of experience, cognitive abilities, and apply them in practice, Tammet is often considered as a person who has mental disabilities due to a different type of thinking he applies. In fact, this genius cannot be considered mentally handicapped because he still takes advantage of his tremendous activities to adjust to a new environment, use experience and put in practice. According to the triarchy of intelligence, an individual should have enough mental abilities to meet the requirements of the present social environment. Positive adaptation to a new context and ability to survive and act in a new situation is possible through having effective problem solving skills, realizing the seriousness of the problems, referring to personal experience and applying knowledge in practice. In this respect, Daniel Tammet can be considered intelligent because all these components are presented and reproduced in a completely different way. Hence, despite the fact that autists lack social skills, the young savant has other approaches to adapt to a new environment. For instance, he applies to the images sent by brain impulses to calculate figures and memorize. What is more interesting, he turns images and words into figures to be able to adjust to social contexts, though his methods differ significantly from those used by people with accepted mental skills. Due to the fact that the parts of brain that are responsible for number manipulation and shapes and textures have been merged, which is not typical of normal brain functioning. That explains why Tammet associates figures with specific splashes of images and forms. According to Garniner’s theory of multiple intelligences, an individual should possess different types of cognitive abilities which are rarely connected among each other. In this respect, though Daniel Tammet is not conscious about the way he makes calculations; instead, he sends ‘an image’ or ‘shape’ of specific figures to his brain to find out how these figures can be connected to present another image, the result of calculations. Though his percep
Since the invention of computers, they have continued to be a blessing in many ways and more specifically changing the lives of many people. However, in as much as computers have changed the way people live and do things, it must also be emphasized that they are associated with negative effects. This paper, therefore, discusses the negative effects or drawbacks of computers in the lives of many people. In trying to explore this issue, the paper will also mention what proponents of computers say before refuting it. Although many people may argue that use of computers help in enhancing education especially through research, when it comes to young people the reality is different. Use of computers reduces quality study time (Lin and Jin 411). That is to say, chatting, gaming and other social related software are highly tempting in the eyes of young people. As a result, this significantly eats into their study time. In the end, the effort he or she may devote to education is virtually insignificant. In short, for a nation or its people to reap a sizeable output out of something is to invest heavily. Therefore, spending less time on education-related matters can affect one negatively in the future. Computers tend making people be over-dependent (Bowers 115). That is, instead of thinking as it was the norm before computers were invented, people today can just find answers without difficulty on the Internet. Additionally, spending more time on the computer can easily cause health effects like eye strain, mental disorders, and shortsightedness. What is more, according to psychological studies, being on computers for a long time can as well lead to depression and anti-social behavior, and this is mostly associated with young persons (Kassin, Fein and Markus 601). Using computers affects the social lives of people. This is based on the fact that human beings are social animals and they live in a society that is highly interactive (Lin and Jin 411). That is, sharing his opinions, beliefs and ideas with other people play a very important role in his life. However, computers have completely cut him from this kind of life. He or she is completely isolated from the events of the real world. In fact, he or she becomes slowly changed to becoming a machine that is lifeless. He or she just like computers will eventually start perceiving things in the context of numerals and numbers. In short, this argument does not underestimate the importance of computers. In fact, computers can easily create unimaginable things and support man to reach the intended level of success. However, if not managed well, it can as well be the start of something whose end results may be dangerous. The power a computer has over human beings is mesmerizing. Use of computers on a daily basis can easily lead people to commit atrocious