ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Software Maintenance Many companies coming on with maintaining outdated software systems which are built to run on a range of hardware types are programmed in outdated languages & undergo the incompetence which results from delayed maintenance. As software ages, the maintenance task becomes more complicated and more costly. Inferior design, unplanned programming methods, and maintenance can add to lower grade code quality that influences understanding. Enhanced understanding of a program helps in general actions such as performing reengineering, corrective maintenance and maintaining documentation up to date. To reduce the possibility of errors set up during the change process, the software engineer has to know the system amply well so the changes which he made to the source code have expected consequences. But that much thoughtfulness is hard to recover from a heritage system following several years of function. Program understanding is a quite undeveloped field of study for which the terminology and focus are still developing. The purpose of program understanding is to get sufficient knowledge about a software system so that it can grow defiantly. The real meaning of program understanding is recognizing objects and understanding their relation; this process is sample matching at a variety of abstraction levels. It includes the recognition, manipulation, and searching of objects in a definite demonstration of a subject system through mental model identification by the software engineer and the collection of these objects to create more abstract system representations. Analyzing the source code can assist to locate components with
Introduction Art can be defined as the deliberate arrangement of things in a manner that influences an individual’s senses, emotions and intellect (Stokstad, 1995). Art has long been used as a form of universal communication. In politics, art is mainly used to advance propaganda. Political art may refer to human creations that create a visual or hearing experience with the intension of presenting a political view (Rhodes, 1996). The term propaganda has no universally agreed meaning as it may be used to refer to a variety of persuasions. However, it can be generally described as the “art of communicating with the aim of influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position in order to benefit oneself or one’s group” (Rhodes, 1996, p. 45). Propaganda has long been used to advance political agenda, and this is responsible for its negative connotation. Propaganda as its known today, relates to the techniques that were employed by Nazi during the Second World War. This paper seeks to establish the use of art in politics and especially its use to advance propaganda. The paper will mainly focus on how Nazi used art/propaganda during the Second World War. Use of art in politics Art has been used to advance political agenda since the advent of human civilization ad development of complex societies. There are many instances where literature, films, songs and visual art are used to communicate political views. Depending on the political system, artists can either be paid or ordered to create works that are used to advance political agenda. The success of political art is measured by how the message influences the intended audience. Use of Art/propaganda by Nazi before and during the Second World War Nazi officials formulated a propaganda strategy long before the Second World War. A ministry of public enlightenment and propaganda was created in 1937 with a mandate of using several themes to create external and internal enemies (Hitler, 1999). The external enemies in this sense comprised countries that had played a part in getting Germany to sign the treaty of Versailles. The internal enemies mostly comprised Jews and other immigrant groups. Media The media was very much used to spread the Nazi Propaganda. Below is a description of the different types of media that were used and how. Newspapers The NSDAP has its official newspaper identified as the Volkischer Beobachter (People’s ob) which was launched in 1920 (Lighgtboy, 2004). It was mainly used to spread Nazi ideology by mainly
Introduction Stereotypes are common generalizations concerning a particular group of people. Stereotyping involves assigning particular set of characteristics to the group. Stereotypes can be positive or negative. Stereotypes are coined based on the availability of a consistent and clear attribute that is associated with that particular group. The stereotyped individuals or groups consider it an insult and at times quite disturbing since they may experience apprehension of unfair treatment; it psychologically affects the thinking of those who are the victims. Stereotyping can be done in two ways: when there is generalization in the descriptions and attributes, and through biases which are subconscious in form. Stereotyping can be synonymously used with prejudice (USNews, 2010). Main Analysis The three main stereotypes that will be discussed in this essay are: All Muslims are terrorists; All Jamaicans smoke weed and; All Italians are in mob. All Muslims are terrorists : This is a common stereotype among the countries of the world but it is predominant in United States of America and its allies. This stereotyping was widespread and gained prominence following the numerous bombing missions by the Al-Qaeda and religious fundamentalism that is associated with Islamic faith. To understand the arguments behind this stereotype, we should employ logic. Logic is the study of principles of reasoning; this reasoning may be good or bad. Logic is important in the sense that it enables us to examine an argument more critically. The premise of the argument on this stereotyping that Muslims are terrorists is that people accept this claim without challenging it. This stereotype is only based on a single experience and arguments about stereotypes are judged on one line of conclusion. The conclusion here is that from the association of some Muslims with terrorism all Muslims are terrorists (Mosser, 2011). The common mistakes that are found in the argument are that there may be variations in attitudes which are dogmatism and skepticism. Dogmatism prevents the acknowledgement of the other side of the argument. All Jamaicans smoke weed : Weed is associated with fans of reggae and since Jamaica has a lot of reggae fans by the fact that reggae is rooted in Jamaica then all Jamaicans are weed smokers. In order to understand the argument about this stereotype, it is important to substantiate the claims that accompany the stereotype. The claim in this argument is that all Jamaicans are weed smokers. The conclusion concerning this claim is true since it is a mental construction. This is because it is based on inductive reasoning and no one has gone the extra mile to ascertain whether all Jamaicans smokes weed. For this claim and conclusion to be confirmed, all premises guiding arguments must be followed. First this claim needs to be evaluated and then the real issues concerning the dispute identified. The mistakes that are often found in such arguments are matters of predetermined mindset and no party is willing to cede ground on either side of the argument and every side in the argument will tend to give facts to s
Introduction This research paper concentrates on economic history of South Korea including economic philosophies, important economic events, Asian financial crisis, economic relationship between South Korea and the United States, increased economic integration with China, recent economic development, foreign direct invest, and so on. Economic history of South Korea Harvie and Mosayeb (3) and Indexmundi (1) pointed out that South Korea was one of the poorest countries in the globe in 1952 though it experienced slow economic growth from the middle of 1950s, but the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of this country was comparable with African and Asian developing countries. In addition, Harvie and Mosayeb (3) stated that the economy of this country was heavily reliant upon assistance from the USA though the government concentrated more on the investment in education to develop skilled labor force and help the country achieving an implausible record of growth and global integration to become a high-tech and largely industrialized regime. After liberation from Japan’s colonial rule, North Korea had mainly maintained trade relation with socialist countries and faced financial hardship after collapse of the Communist; on the other hand, South Korea had joined the trillion-dollar club of world economies due to inspiring economic growth by promoting indigenous industrial firms and maintaining good trade relationship with the USA (Indexmundi 1). However, Harvie and Mosayeb (3) stated that the establishment of growth and development strategy (1962 to 1971) played a vital role to develop national economy to achieve the status of NIC and the implementation of this strategy influenced government, banks and investors to develop relationship with entrepreneurs to use properly the
According to the philosopher, Glenn Campbell, in his article from the Family Court Chronicles, “loneliness” is “the most painful human experience, apart from physical pain itself.” Elisa Allen the wife in John Steinbeck’s short story “Chrysanthemums” is a lonely and depressed woman who is frustrated with her marriage, her sense of isolation from the world, and her repressed desires to explore her sexuality and to live a fuller more passionate life. As it is depicted throughout the story, the principal issue remains centered upon the woman’s disconnection from those around her and her desperate desire to reconnect. Written with a subtle style and fluidity, the story highlights its deeper meaning within its final lines, in which it is seen that Elisa is “crying weakly – like an old woman.” Steinbeck manages to capture the isolation and sexual frustration of Elisa Allen, the reason for her tears, through his characterization of her while she is tending the chrysanthemums, the interaction that occurs between Elisa and the tinker while her husband is out on the ranch and in the depiction of the relationship between Henry and Elisa. Elisa’s isolation and sexual frustration are quickly revealed as she works on her flower garden. She is enclosed within the garden space, symbolic of how she is enclosed and isolated from others. This isolation is made palpable as she watches her husband talk to strangers not far away as is noted by Andrew Berry in “An Explication of John Steinbeck’s ‘The Chrysanthemums.” “The second noticeable aspect of Elisa Allen is her curiosity. Elisa sees the men talking to her husband and wonders what they are talking about.” Her sexual frustration can be identified in her care for her chrysanthemums, taking pride in their size as she might take pride in her children. Her tension is also revealed as she works. Steinbeck tells us, “The chrysanthemum stems seemed too small and easy for her energy.” Symbolism placed throughout this opening setting further supports the idea that Elisa is isolated and sexually frustrated. The ranches like the one Elisa resides at are described as being quite separated from the rest of the community. Even the weather is described as a closed space: “The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the [valley] from the sky and all the rest of the world. On every side, it sat like a lid on the mountains and made of the great valley a closed pot.” Placed in less picturesque terms, Elisa is a curious woman trapped within a shaded corner of a shadow box. The idea of her frustrated sex
Primary Source In this primary source, Duiker and Spielvogel observe that Germany was forced to pay for the damages caused during the war, which led to hyperinflation in the country. The source suggests that this affected the economy of the country because personal savings of the middle-class earners were dried up. The scholars note that companies in Germany were unable to support various employees almost in all sectors of the economy leading to massive unemployment. This had a negative impact on the stability and peace of the continent given the fact there was an increase in social instability that destabilized the delicate Weimar Republic. Western countries seized the opportunity to marginalize Germany to an extent of cutting links with democratically elected leaders of the country. The German nation had no choice but to resort to military expansion with an aim of restoring prestige and lost glory. In the source, it is noted that the socio-economic difficulties that ensued after the war interfered with the country’s democratic ideals and paved the way for the radical right-wing parties that believed in war. The Treaty of Versailles was irrational because it favored other European states and aimed to punish Germany for the events that had taken place globally. For instance, the source revisits Article 22 of the treaty, which suggested that a number of communities that belonged to the Turkish Empire were set free from the German dictatorship because it was believed they had reached the take-off stage of development hence they had to be independent in order to determine their own destiny. The authors evaluate the provisions of Article 42, which suggested that Germany was to be prevented from interfering with the affairs of Rhine. Furthermore, article 45 was meant to undermine the power of Germany because the state had to pay for the destruction of the coalmines in parts of France. Again, Germany was to surrender the mining fields it owned jointly with France, as one way of compensating for the damages caused. France was to continue with the mining process without consulting Germany. The source concludes that the provisions of the treaty were unfavorable to the government and the people of Germany, something that forced the country’s leaders to respond with militarization of the state. Secondary Source In the secondary source, Myers notes that a number of treaties developed after the war angered German leaders and its citizens because they took away everything that belonged to the state. The author analyzes the provisions of the Paris Peace Conference, which was set by the armistice agreements and was aimed at adopting the fourteen points as suggested by President Wilson. The states agreed to form the League of Nations to prevent the occurrence of another war. Under the treaty of Versailles, the history scholar suggests that Germany lost a tenth of its territory to neighbors because it ceded Alsace-Lorraine and Saar (Myers 41). Additionally, Germany was barred from keep
In the previous paper, we have already cogitated about the ambivalent character of the issue of cannabis and its usage. The fact is that along with some obvious harmful effects produced on the organism by the usage of cannabis, there is the tendency to outline the beneficial effect that it could also have on a person. That is why, resting on these facts, it is possible to say that there is a great possibility for various debates connected with the issue of the given substance and perspectives connected with it. Besides, the situation is also complicated by the fact that various countries have different approaches to the usage of cannabis and its impact on the state of health of a person. That is why, the focused research of the given question could provide some extra information. It should also be said that the special interest towards the given issue is attracted by the possible usage of cannabis in the medical sphere for certain purposes. It is a well-known fact that some diseases like glaucoma or depression could be treated with the help of cannabis prescribed by a physician. Taking into account the fact that the specialist is not able to prescribe the medicine or a sort of treatment if he/she is not sure in the positive effect it might have on the health of the patient, it is possible to make a conclusion that there are some qualities that make cannabis useful and which could be taken as the evidence of the necessity of reconsideration of the attitude towards the cannabis and its influence on the health of a person. With this in mind, it is possible to say that the main purpose of the given focused research paper is to determine the mechanism of the functioning of cannabis and the way in which it produces its effects on the person, both negative and positive ones. Moreover, taking into account the fact that it could be used for the treatment of depression or glaucoma, it is important to understand how the usage of cannabis could help patients, who suffer from them, and what substances, which appear in the course of using of cannabis, promote the improvement of the state of health. Finally, it is important to determine whether the positive effect which cannabis could have on a person is worth using this substance or the negative effects prevail. With this in mind, it is possible to say that the structure of the given paper is determined by the main goals of the research. The detailed description of the main pattern in accordance with which cannabis influences the organism of a person is given. Moreover, the bodys reaction to this influence is also described. Finally, the attempt to determine the character of the given influence and state whether it is positive or negative is also made. At the end of the work conclusion is given and all main points are recapped. First of all, analyzing the way in which cannabis influences the body of a person, it is vital to determine the main substances and elements which take part in this process. The fact is that herbal cannabis contains over 400 compounds with about 60 cannabinoids, which are unique to the given plant (Ashton 101). The most important agent of the given substance is tetrah
Introduction Schizophrenia is a serious disorder of the brain due to which the affected persons reflect abnormality in the interpretation of reality. Schizophrenia causes, “hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behavior” (MayoClinic.com). This paper aims to research and analyze the causes, symptoms and the risk factors associated with the mental disease and discuss some of the prevention measures of the disease. The term schizophrenia literally means “split-mind” and refers to the “disruption if the usual balance of emotions and thinking” (MayoClinic.com). Schizophrenia is a serious condition in which the affected person requires lifelong treatment. Main body Schizophrenia is of particular interest to me because of the disruption of life and mental emotions which it causes among the affected persons. Schizophrenia is a brain disorder which can be controlled through effective medical treatment. The causes of the disease are not yet known to researchers and mental health professionals and the disease necessitates treatment through the entire life span (American Psychiatric Association, 1990). The onset of the disease is genrally believed to occur during adolescence or slightly later at young adulthood (American Psychiatric Association, 1990), and the symptoms appear gradually which makes the disease unnoticable to friends and realtives. The initial syptoms include tense feelings and the inability to concentrate in addition to social withdrawal, causing severe changes in the personality of an individual. Gradually and more severely, the work performance, appearnce and the relationships of the individual begin to alter and deteriorate through manifestations of nonsensical talk and unusual perceptions of the individual (American Psychiatric Association, 1990). People affcted by the disease may seem to appear normal but often display the ability to “think straight” and often think that they are being spied at with the intention of harm to them. patients may also tend to feel that others can “hear” their thoughts, and may have halluicantions with regard to their personalities so that they feel that they are “Jesus, Napolean or Franklin Roosevelt” (American Psychiatric Association, 1990). However, an intersting aspect of this disease is that people are not completely out of touch with reality and do very well know that they are supposed to have three meals a day and that they have to use their automobiles for driving on the streeets, which is why the disease may not be easily apparent to otehrs at an early stage (APA, 1990). Thus, schizophrenia is an illness which may onset at adlescence or a little later and may affect the the ability to distort the perceptions of the affected indicidual. As a result, patinets affected by the disease may be unable to distinguish between the inner voice which may cause uncertainty to their perceptions and may reslut in symptoms of complete withdrawal within the patient. Sometimes, due to the severity of the disease, patinetsmay be unable to perform even the regular tasks for daily living including bathing, dressing up and speaking to socialize. The disease
The first Gulf war was a war that emanated between Iraq and Kuwait following accusations of oil theft on the Iraqi government by Kuwait. Indeed, the enmity increased when the Iraq government sent its troops to Kuwait to counter the continued oil loss. All this occurred in august 1990 and the months that proceeded. Moreover, this war attracted international interventions where about 34 nations colluded with the United Nations in helping the Kuwait government to defeat Iraq. The nations joined to form a coalition that sent troops over to the Kuwait territory and fight against the Iraq troops. Among the states which colluded in forming the coalition of the gulf war including the United States, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, and Egypt; the nations also contributed towards furnishing the troops and ammunitions expenses. From the records, the war heightened the enmity between the then United States president George H. W. Bush and the Iraq president Saddam Hussein. This paper will aim at analyzing the first gulf war which can be claimed to be going on, whether this was just war or an economic or ideological war, and the perception/views of the US and its allies on the main causes of the war. It is true to say that the first gulf war is still going on even to date because, even after the Iraq government surrendered, there has been a soaring relationship between the United States and the Iraq government; thus, it is better to classify the first gulf war as an ideological war where the US government wanted to bring to an end the dictatorial system of government exercised by the then Iraq president Saddam Hussein. President George W. Bush senior initiated the war and though the Iraq government removed its troops from Kuwait, the war against Iraq was revived in May 2003 by Bush Junior claiming that bad leadership dominated the country. The 2003 war was also undertaken to disarm the Iraq nation which was said to have nuclear w