ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Iranian coup d’etat of 1953 was a series of events leading to the overthrow of the country’s leader, Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. The events were instigated, managed, and supported by the US and the UK, both of which had political and economic interests in the outcomes of the coup d’etat. One of Mosaddegh’s goals was the audit of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, a British corporation in control of a major segment of the country’s oil industry (Homaeefar 2017). In response, the British authorities initiated a boycott of Iranian oil while at the same time using Iranian agents to undermine the integrity of the government. The recently disclosed documents confirm the fact that the planning and execution of the coup were led by the CIA (Dehghan & Norton-Taylor 2013). These factors have resulted in the emergence of anti-US sentiment in the country, where all foreign powers were treated with suspicion and resentment. The regime of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who came to power after the coup, was becoming gradually more repressive over the years. At the same time, the destabilization of the global economy coupled with fluctuations in oil consumption undermined the country’s economic stability, leading to high inflation rates and the population’s buying power. The combination of these factors has contributed to the formation of a coordinated opposition and, by extension, the revolution of 1978. One of the most significant events associated with the revolution is the Iranian Hostage Crisis, in which a group of Revolution supporters held 52 American citizens hostage for 444 days. After an unsuccessful military operation Eagle Claw, the crisis was resolved in negotiations. The crisis is considered the longest known hostage situation and a major factor in the relationships between the two countries. USA: Carter and Administration First, it is necessary to highlight the key figures in the Carter Administration. On the one hand, some of the individuals, such as the secretary of state Cyrus Vance and Vice President Water Mondale, criticized the realpolitik approach and argued in favor of an international-oriented solution (Office of the Historian n.d.). In addition, it is possible to suggest that Vance followed a liberal approach whereas Mondale supported the idea of resolution via military action. On the other hand, some of the administration members, such as the National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, argued that the realpolitik approach in the form of a confrontational stance was the most feasible option (Carden 2013). Simply put, the existence of two camps with opposing views within the Administration led to indecisiveness and created several conflicts of interests, further complicating matters. Another important factor that supposedly aggravated the crisis was the indecisiveness of Jimmy Carter. President Carter was a prominent supporter of liberal ideas and international human rights proponents. Thus, his initial response to the hostage situation was a relatively ambiguous sp
Individualism is a moral, social and political view that stresses self-reliance and independence and promotes the furtherance of one’s goals and desires. It also goes against some of society and the state’s outlook and is opposed to statism and collectivism which is that of conforming to the community and national goals. To that effect, it also opposes tradition and religion or any kind of moral standard that is coming from the external environment that limits and restricts an individual’s freedom of choice (Individualism). This paper looks at Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience from an individualist viewpoint and sees the extent to which he adapts this in this work as related with other pieces of works also taking the same stance. This is a relevant topic because Thoreau was such a complex writer whose works gave us a better understanding of the nuances of his character. Here was a man who thought deeply about a lot of things and related everyday life to the furtherance of truth and justice. Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience lets each individual speak as to “what kind of government would command his respect and that will be one step toward obtaining it.” Thoreau has the notion that the government values men not as creative individuals but as objects of their whims and caprices. Thoreau “believed that man should go one step further by voicing openly his disdain for injustice and intolerance.” (L’Herrou, Paul 1998). In fact, Thoreau went a step ahead by not only expounding on the political issues and relating them to the issues of his time. He declares unabashedly, “Must the citizen ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? Why has every man a conscience, then? I think we should be men first, and subjects afterward.” Here he is bordering on developing a respect for the right of individuals rather than that of law, arguing that it is people’s obligation to do what is right. Thoreau begins this early on in Civil Disobedience as he agrees with the motto, “That government is best which governs least.” One surmises then that the government and all its powers are often abused and no longer represent the will of the people. (Sparknotes). Thoreau believes that changes come from the character of the people and this is where his ideas point to the individualist perspective – the looking at oneself – the working on the self so that changes will naturally flow out to one’s environment. Henry David Thoreau wrote “Civil Disobedience” to justify the actions he took against the government that spent him in jail and the moral reasoning behind his logic. “The more money, the less virtue.”(Thoreau, David Henry) For Thoreau, breaking unjust laws and being independent are precedents in transforming America into a better place. Thoreau’s call for change is by spreading his ideas and influencing others to refuse to surrende
Summary Hospitals in the United States of America face several interesting and challenging issues. Even though most people think of these issues as being uncertain, this paper looks at these issues and reveals opportunities for growth, change, and innovation in most hospitals in the United States. In his article, “8 Key Issues for Hospitals and Health Systems 2013”, Scott Becker identified several health care issues. They include physician alignment, healthcare reforms, healthcare information technology, leadership issues, and sustainability of independent hospitals among others. Physician alignment is considered an issue when it comes to employment because the physician employment strategy is expensive. Additionally, since hospitals are known to enter into co-management strategies and relationships with physicians, hospitals increasingly have financial issues with their key physicians. Nonetheless, most hospitals also suffer physician shortages especially with the changing revenues that hospitals face. Apart from physician alignment, the sustainability of independent hospitals is another issue facing hospitals. Just like any other institution, the hospitals in the United States also face leadership issues in that most hospitals require that the physicians take the leadership roles but most physicians are reluctant to put in the noteworthy non-clinical time towards clinical management and leadership. Finally, another major issue is health care information technology which is assumed to demand a long procedure for tasks that would otherwise take seconds on paper. My Opinion As a student dealing in healthcare, I hold the view that these issues are of grave importance for the successful management of hospitals. In my view, physician alignment should be sorted out as fast as possible because it is the physicians who run the hospital. For instance, I would suggest that all hospitals have a specific minimum number of physicians even though it may be expensive. The importance of life cannot be compared to the amount of money it would take for a hospital to employ more physicians. Therefore, the government should ensure that all hospitals have a specific minimum number of physicians depending on the geographical location and the number of people that are served in the hospital per day. This would ensure equitable distribution of physicians in the entire nation and solve the problem of physician shortage. Furthermore, the hospital should offer service management training to the physicians to motivate them to provide management and leadership services within the hospitals. Since most hospitals have the fear of bankruptcies, the hospitals should ensure that t
Depression is any form of condition that causes a low mood within an individual and affects the person’s behavior, thought, physical appearance as well as feelings. Depression can have various effects to an individual’s brain and can influence how an individual behaves, responds to feelings, thinks or relates with others as well as the environment (Corrigan 2004). There are different causes of depression; hence, different theories incorporate results from different research fields. There three major types of depression; namely major depression, bipolar disorder and dysthymia. A number of factors such as social, psychological, and mental disturbances can cause depression. Studies link the different types of depression to neurological and genetic causes involving brain pathology. However, environmental and social influences such as history of abuse, poverty, and other serious emotional traumas affect a person’s venerability to depression (Fung 2007). There are a number of challenges that individuals suffering from depression and their families go through. One of the challenges is that these individuals are denied some of their essential benefits, like being excluded from public schemes, such as insurance covers. They are also exposed to exploitation by credit cards companies, which lend to them with an intention of racking up unmanageable debts (Dickey 2002). Discrimination greatly undermines the ability of the affected person to cope with daily life; moreover, it exacerbates their illness. People with depressive disorders experience a number of problems such as confusion, anguish and, in some respect, are unable to undertake a normal life. In some situations, depression challenges do not affect the sick individuals only, but also affects their caregivers, family members and friends (Corrigan 2004). The caregivers are affected in terms of safety issues that arise from the patient’s deviant actions that deviate from the expected society norms. Such kinds of behaviors trigger involvement of the mental health workers to intervene by assisting the affected individuals. Family members often suffer from shame and denigration, especially when individuals are affected seriously. If an individual’s actions are seen as a threat to other society members, the obvious consequence is fear. The depressed person can have extreme loss of energy, which may make every activity arduous. Common tasks like reading become so cumbersome that, understanding and remembering are impossible even if they re-read several times. While driving a car, an intrusive thought of killing one self may occur. Self destructing thoughts gradually become more detailed, frequent
Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) came into force on October 28 th , 1998, after it was enacted by Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton, who was the president of the United States at the time (Schwabach 77). The Digital Millennium Copyright Act consists of five different titles, out of which four deal specifically with copyright issues. The Act puts into action two treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) created in 1996. The two treaties are the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms treaty. Title I of the DMCA was developed in order to get the United States to comply with the two WIPO treaties. Apparently, Title I has created controversies because of “its prohibition of the circumvention of the copy–protection measures” (Schwabach 77). Title II is the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act and requires every provider of online services to be responsible for any copies made while handling information or offering search services. Considering that copying of information cannot be avoided, Title II offers protection for online service providers. The protection is, however, only valid as long as the service providers act in accordance with set rules and regulations. Title III of the DMCA was designed to guard against copyright infringement during the maintenance and repair of computer systems. The intention of Title IV of the Act was to address issues that included the functions of the Copyright Office, among others. Title V of the Act addresses the protection of specific original designs belonging to individuals or corporate organizations. The titles are discussed again later. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act has been singled out as one of the most controversial developments in the recent past. Apparently, Congress has been working hard to modify the DMCA and ensure that it is as friendly as possible to users. Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the Doctrine of Fair Use Based on a study by Curtis (163), fair use is considered to be a defense for the infringement of copyright. Ostensibly, the doctrine of fair use permits copying of copyrighted information to a certain limit without requiring the owners to express permission. Section 107 of the DMCA suggests that “fair use of a copyrighted work for purposes such as critici
The novel’s main character entitled “The Dispossessed” is Shevek, a brilliant physicist from Annarres. Trying to establish faster-than-light communication, the protagonist faces challenges; yet, manages to overcome them for the good of the planet (Le Guin, 1974). In the context of science, this idea seems impossible, because currently an Internet connection allows you to transfer information quickly, and it is hardly possible to imagine to what extent it can be even faster. Annarres society is characterized by extreme conservatism and conformism. This society attempts to embody the utopia of anarchism; there is no money and property, no leaders, and no laws and police. This is a fraternity society of revolutionaries who have agreed with the hostile government of the planet Urras to settle an uninhabited planet (Cross, 2018). But there is also a downside to this society due to human nature. Many talented people cannot find a use for their creative abilities. Shevek is spoken about as a traitor since his creation is considered against the common good even though his doings bring no harm to anybody (Le Guin, 1974). There is a parallel between Mary Shelley’s Creature and Shevek – they both did not know how to behave in a new reality. Despite their attempts to demonstrate their goodwill to people, they were still outcasts. While staying on Urras, he meets Vea, an ardent woman whom he accompanied on the night. After an evening spent together, he gets drunk and assaults Vea. This scene signifies how Urrastis’ way of life is destructive, and the main character recognizes why his people stand up against materialism. Shevek also understands being empty-handed and perceives the vitality of ego and materialism-free life in society. Hence, Vea is a litmus paper for Shevek to realize that people can be free of material phenomena and enjoy the spiritual ones.
Insomnia is a sleeping disorder where an individual is unable to fall or remain asleep satisfactorily or even both. Characteristics of insomnia include; lack of rest, reduced sleeping time, disturbed or lack of sleep. Poor quality sleep can be perceived as a result of difficulties in falling asleep, high frequency of waking up during the night making it difficulty to return to sleep and complete failure to fall asleep (Lacks & Morin 586). Insomnia can not be regarded as a disease. However, it is classified depending on the duration of time it occurs. Insomnia is classified into two: acute and chronic insomnia. Acute insomnia lasts for a short time and it occurs in two types; transient and short term insomnia. There are two types of chronic insomnia: primary chronic insomnia and secondary chronic insomnia (Lacks & Morin 586). Causes of insomnia can be classified into two; factors contributing to acute insomnia and chronic insomnia. Stress is one of the factors which can interfere with sleep. Stress may be as a result of loss of a loved one, change of job or losing a job. Health problems are perceived to cause insomnia. These problems include ulcers and diabetes. Lack of physical or emotional comfort can contribute to acute insomnia (Lacks & Morin 586). An example of emotional discomfort is anger or anxiety. Environmental factors can interfere with normal sleep. For example, extreme heat or cold, noise and light. Interfering with normal sleeping routine can also cause insomnia because of altering with body clock. Chronic insomnia can be as a result of emotional stress. It can be difficult for the mind to rest when an individual is thinking about the affairs of life. Abusing substance can contribute to the occurrence of chronic insomnia. For example, high blood pressure drugs can cause insomnia (Lacks & Morin 586). Taking substances with caffeine and nicotine also can interfere with sleep. Alteration of normal body routines can cause chronic insomnia. These activities include irregular sleeping patterns like partying till late at night and extended siesta time. Lastly, environmental factors can contribute to chronic insomnia. Extreme heat or cold, too much light and noise have a great impact on sleep (Lacks & Morin 586). Insomnia is more common with women and older adults. Change imbalance in hormones when a woman is pregnant or having menstrual period can interfere with sleep. After giving birth women tend to have less sleep because of the noise produced by babies (Lacks & Morin 586). Older adults have difficult in getting and maintaining a good sleep. It also noted that they tend to wake up very early (Lacks & Morin 586). The exact cause of the sleeping difficulties is unclear. Alteration of normal body routines change as an individual grows old thus causing them to wake up frequently. The main treatment for insomnia is behavioral therapy which includes activities like exercising regularly, meditation and breathing and relaxation techniques. Regular exercise helps the body to relax, and improves the quality of sleep by reducing stress and worries of life. Exercise increas
Christianity has been a controversial issue ever since. Different people have different views about Christianity. Christianity assumes that there is always some knowledge to be gained by the Christians and ultimately once this knowledge is gained, it can always be counted on. But over the years some people have discovered the negative side of Christianity. They believe that Christianity is bad because it is dogmatic, not welcoming to nonbelievers, and has very many contradictions. Other believers believe that Christianity is good because it gives them hope for tomorrow and something to look forward to. Christianity is dogmatic, that is, it has to be followed without question. What is written in the bible is taken as the whole truth and nothing but the truth? Whoever tries to question the bible is seen as trying to question God the ruler of all heaven and earth. For instance, the bible, which is the basis of Christianity, is against abortion. There is no excuse for it. This rule affects the lives of many women if it was to be followed without question. This is because it is known that there are women who have complications during pregnancy and at times it calls for the termination of that particular pregnancy. So since the bible is against abortion, then the lives of many women would be in trouble. Complicated pregnancies at times even end the life of the women. Some of the women are saved through the termination of their pregnancies. This is not accepted in Christianity. If we were to follow the bible dogmatically, then women who would have been saved by terminating their pregnancies would die. Christianity, therefore, hinders medical advancements by being so dogmatic, medical advancements that would help to make people happier, healthier, and more fulfilled. For instance, Christians believe that God is the one who blesses people with children so it is against test-tube babies and any other form of medical advancement that would help to improve the lives of people. So Christians are supposed to wait until God provides them with children, with the medical advancements in the world one can be able to get a child when he wants. Christianity through its law hinders a lot of things that would help to improve the lives of people. People who have problems conceiving can appreciate the medical advancements which would help them to have children but according to the bible, they are supposed to wait for God’s right time. This kind of law negatively affects people. Christianity, therefore, has some negative effects on the community, for instance, a person who is not able to conceive usually has a lot of problems. This is because they try to question God and his laws. Therefore this dogmatic principle of the bible affects the people negatively because they are not given an alternative. It is either to follow the rules or nothing else. This makes some Christians very frustrated. The dogmas in the bible harm society. For instance, according to the bible one is not supposed to kill, what happens then when one is attacked by a thug at home and he is threatening to ki