ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In Reading the Book: Making the Bible a Timeless Text, its author, Burton L. Visotzky, presents to the reader a wonderful and exciting world of the midrash, one of the methods of interpreting the Hebrew Bible. Rabbis were the people who developed midrash in the land of Israel. Visotzky finds the Bible like an entity with numerous insights available to any reader who wants to understand the essence of the text. In this book, he focuses on different issues such as good and evil in a person, parent-child relations, sibling envy, life and death, faith, etc. In the chapters 8 (Dying) and 9 (Siblings), Visotzky discusses the issues of death, faith, essence of life, relations between relatives, and envy. In order to deepen the understanding of the text presented in Reading the Book: Making the Bible a Timeless Text and in the Bible itself, it is necessary to clear up the differences between the Bible and midrash, using the ideas of Visotzky; to realize how exactly midrash may keep the text alive forever; and to discuss how Rabbis apply and elaborate the biblical story to their lives and the lives of their relatives using midrash and peshat in particular. To start the analysis of the book and the Bible, it is important to have a clear understanding of what midrash is and how it differs from the Bible. “Midrash is often compared to new literary analyses of the Bible because the rabbinic and the contemporary approaches to the Bible are said to bear some similarities, such as close attention to textual detail, and openness for multiple interpretations.” (Teugels 140) One of the peculiar features of midrash is that every word and even every comma in Torah has a reason. People truly believe that the Bible is written by God, so, such a text cannot have any punctuation or grammar shortages. The Midrash is created by people, the Rabbis, so, someone may think that it is not that perfect as the Bible. The relation between the Bible and the Midrash may be compared with the relation between the present and the past. The text presented in the Midrash is a kind of interpretation of the text presented in the Bible from one concrete perspective presented by the Rabbis. This is what Visotzky tries to reproduce in his Reading the Book: Making the Bible a Timeless Text. The Bible is the source text, and the Midrash is a kind of the target one interpreted by Jewish people. It is not the question of race and inequality, it is just one more attempt to present the biblical text from another perspective, a kind of renewal of the information taking into consideration cultural aspects, traditions, and time. So, the main difference between the Bible and midrash is that the later is a type of interpretation of the former that concentrates on small details, and this is what makes midrash unique and significant. There is one more peculiar feature of midrash, it is its ability to keep the text alive. In Reading the Book: Making the Bible a Timeles
The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the key issues of Procter & Gamble presented in the business case. The issues that will be discussed include cannibalization, customer lifetime value, market share, product development, and customer segmentation. The company owns a number of well-performing brands, such as Tide, Cheer, and Gain, which all grew in sales by 12% (Davenport et al., 2013). As a result, the company’s share in the North American laundry detergent market increased from an already extremely impressive 50% (Davenport et al., 2013). Procter & Gamble has a broad selection of products in the following segments: “Beauty, Grooming, Health Care, Fabric Care and Home Care, and Baby Care and Family Care” (Davenport et al., 2013). This range allows the company to engage with an extensive customer demographic. To obtain a competitive advantage and increase or sustain growth, the company is always researching and experimenting with innovative products. Its new eco-friendly compacted detergent is an excellent example of that. When Procter & Gamble was launching the new line, there were concerns that customers would not trust the small form factor’s efficiency and switch to another brand that sold traditional laundry powder (Davenport et al., 2013). This presented a substantial risk to the company’s customer lifetime value, as people were not likely to reconsider their choice after moving to a different label. Tests showed that buyers recognized the concentrated detergent’s positive environmental impact and higher convenience and preferred it over other offerings. However, to launch the new product globally, Procter & Gamble had to cut production of their other detergents in all factories in North America (Davenport et al., 2013). Cannibalizing the old plants to start manufacturing new products caused a prolonged shutdown and meant that the company could no longer supply non-compacted detergents. Even after the successful test, this irreversible transition carried substantial risks. Reference Davenport, T. H., Jansiti, M., & Serels, A. (2013). Managing Analytics at Procter & Gamble .
A lot of blood and illogical shootings can make people laugh. The play The Lieutenant of Inishmore written by Martin McDonagh is one of the most controversial modern works which is discussed as a provocative black comedy the main character of which is inclined to kill anyone who goes against him. Demonstrating numerous deaths and much violence, the play combines the elements of the black comedy with the deep satire while involving the political problems associated with the situation in the Northern ­Ireland during the late 20 th century. In spite of the fact the play is full of violence and blood, this work makes the audience laugh because of exaggerated absurdity of the demonstrated actions where brutality and impulsivity are presented at their fringe with madness. Padraic, the main character of the play, is the Irish man who can kill his own father because of discussing him as guilty in the death of his cat Wee Thomas. The feeling of love in relation to the cat is discussed as more significant than the character’s love for his father. The author accentuates on disregarding the human life. This approach is effective to make people laugh because of black comedies’ absurdity, and this fact enhances the comic aspect of the play. It is rather interesting to observe how far the instable Irish man can go in order to show his love. Padraic is even ready to organize the radical group named after the cat Wee Thomas’s Army. These details make people agree that Padraic is too instable, but these aspects also create the comic effects. The next approach to emphasize the absurdity is to oppose reality and comedy as well as to accentuate the similar details. The playwright uses the realities of life with which the audience is familiar in order to create a connection between the audience and the story. The character of Padraic can be identified by many people in relation to his obsessive and irrational behaviors, and ability to be distressed by
Essay Inequality and difference have been included in “ Ordering Film” and chapter to depict different meanings based on the film. Inequality and difference have varying meanings depending on the given scenario and how one interprets the two terms. According to the “ Ordering Film,” inequality denotes “unequal supply of valuable social resources in a community or between societies” (Blakeley and Staples, 2014, p. 13). This essay shows how inequality and difference are associated among various students. The action of regarding students as bouncers in bars creates differences and inequalities among people. Precisely, difference denotes the things that separate individuals from others (Staple and Blakeley, 2014, p. 25). These differences range from social status, disability, culture, social activities, career, religion, age, sexual preference and gender. Various categories of businesses, restaurants, shops and City roads appeal to various individuals from varying backgrounds, contributing to how different citizens view the order. Ordering is an essential part of the community since it gives individuals the opportunities of defining themselves through social activities, products, beauty, food, and clothes. On City road, the physical Graffiti (the tattoo parlor) is a case that depicts the difference concerning ordering. Majority of people unnoticed social ordering since they are busy in their everyday life. When things go wrong, individuals only raise questions concerning the ordering of social lives (Blakeley and Staples, 2014, p. 85). In the movie “ Ordering Lives ,” there are varying ordering sorts such as “taken for granted” social ordering quality, which depicts the activities such as pubs and shops’ price lists, CCTV cameras and street signs. The mentioned material instruments direct individuals concerning how societies expect them to act. The action is a work thought since people occupy their positions in societies that have already been ordered and made; hence they know the behavior they are expected to possess in specific public areas. Another example related to order is legal ordering, which refers to individuals with specific jobs that make them accountable to observe social orders. After that, police officers occupy prominent positions that are legally permitted to maintain order and enact laws. Local bars’ bouncers are another example that is associated with ordering. Various pubs with individual views concerning the delivery of social orders are on City road. Bouncers are recruited within student pubs to reinforce order in the buildings. In contrast, clients of the bar are trusted towards maintaining and coping with the social order in Ernest Willow bar through the influence of inequality. The bouncers employed at the pubs were major pupils who preferred having fun, listening to music, an
Terrorism is one of the burning problems in the United States. After the events of September 11, 2001, many writers try to analyze, investigate, and classify the sources, reasons, and consequences of terrorism. “Defining terrorism is a difficult but not impossible task.” (Simonsen and Spindlove, 2006) Scientists offer lots of captivating ideas, which define terrorism mostly like one of the styles of violence aiming to change people’s attitude and behavior to a certain problem. Usually, terrorism is not collective but small groups’ activities. There is no clear explanation why people are engaged into terrorism. Like in politics, the idea to use terrorism is usually caused by some psychological considerations. The major point about terrorism is that it is not a spontaneous act of violence. It is always deliberate and systematic. It is also necessary to distinguish two types of terrorism: from the left and from the right. If left-wing terrorism is characterized by perfectly planned attacks, right-wing terrorism is considered to be more indiscriminating. With time, it becomes more difficult to present a clear definition of terrorism from the left and terrorism from the right. “Terrorist groups of the extreme “left” have often become aggressively nationalistic, whereas those of the far right are second to none with their ardent anticapitalism and anti-Americanism.” (Laqueur, 2003) However, the number of deaths caused by both terroristic attacks from the left and from the right is almost the same. Right-wing terrorism is also called neo-fascist terrorism has nothing in common with liberal democracy. The major purpose of this type of terrorism is to create a kind of fascist state. The reasons of their attacks may be quite different: religious, political, or even social issues. One of the examples of terrorism from the right was killing abortion doctors and the destruction of numerous abortion clinics. Even if all these attacks were spontaneous, the consequences are rather terrifying. Left-wing terrorism aims at destroying all the signs of capitalistic society and creating a communist state. Terrorism from the left may be also called eco-terrorism grounded on some moral principles. As it has been already mentioned above, left-wing terrorism is more planned and purposeful. The representatives of such type of terrorism create separate groups, set concrete objectives, develop reliable plans, and try to achieve the purposes using all possible methods. The problem is that time goes by, and it is not that easy to find devoted and faithful member in order to trust them such a serious business. In comparison to right-wing terrorism, where the base of operations is concentrated on rural areas in different camps, left-wing terroristic representatives prefer urban areas and organize all work within safehouses. (Smith 1994) While terrorism from the left struggle for some political pr
Executive Summary Hydrocan is a small start-up company that came up with a new lawn product known as StaGreen. Since the company had no professional marketer or marketing department, it needed advice on how to market its product. Hydrocan needed advice how it could identify its target group. Moreover, Hydrocan needed advice on the type of strategy it could use while launching its new product. The company wanted to know how to position StanGreen in the new market. Therefore, the management of Hydrocan approached Stone Age Marketing Consultants for advice on how to market StaGreen. Therefore, this article analyses the methods that Stone Age used to enable Hydrocan to launch StaGreen successfully. Moreover, it provides recommendation on further marketing strategies that can be used to enhance the marketing process of the StaGreen. Background & Statement of the Problems Hydrocan was seeking to launch StaGreen into the market. Therefore, the company approached Stone Age marketing Consultants for advice. Stone Age marketing Consultants did an analysis on the costs, prices, and mode of communication in order to formulate a comprehensive market launch strategy for StaGreen. In order to achieve their objectives, Stone Age marketing Consultants met with Hydrocan. They outlined StaGreen’s characteristics that distinguished it from other products in the market. Moreover, Hydrocan Company had to identify the target market for StaGreen. Hydrocan hoped to capture customers either in the commercial market or in the consumer market. The marketing consultants saw the need to use different marketing strategies due to the difference in markets. Therefore, they performed a research in order to investigate the viability of either a consumer or commercial launch. Data obtained from the consumer market showed that the consumers spent $945 million on gardening products. From this value, consumers spend 620 million dollars on lawn maintenance of which 52% was spent on fertilizers. If Hydrocan wanted to enter this market, it would be competing with firms that manufactured fertilizers (Hale, 1996). The consumer fertilizer market was highly competitive. The top two firms in the industry were Scotts Co. and Ortho Chemicals. These two firms had a market share of approximately 50%. Scotts Co. had the largest market share with two powerful brands. However, research showed that 40% of the consumers had no brand preference (Hale, 1996). Therefore, they relied on store advertisements and staff for advice. Most of the consumers could not recall the manufacturers and brand names. Retailers sold lawn produc
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a relatively long-standing, albeit limited interest in nuclear energy. It has participated in the Nuclear Energy Planning project with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) since 1978, although with few practical steps to acquire nuclear power capabilities (Ahmad and Ramana 682). However, 2006 signified the beginning of the new approach, as the Gulf Cooperation Council announce that the Persian Gulf states intended to “start a joint nuclear energy development program” (Ahmad and Ramana 683). In 2010, Saudi Arabia confirmed its commitment to the program by founding King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (KA-CARE) (Ahmad and Ramana 683). These practical steps toward acquiring nuclear energy necessitate the selection of particular technological solutions that suit the kingdom’s needs in energy generation, thermal heating, and water desalination. Two solutions selected for implementations are Westinghouse ALWR-AP1000 and SMART Reactor. The background of Westinghouse ALWR-AP1000 is American, as this light-water nuclear reactor was designed in the USA. Essentially, it is an improved version of the older AP600 reactor developed in 1999 (Cummins et al. 1). The main features of AP1000 are simplicity, reliability, and low projected costs of energy due to using the economics of scale (Cummins et al. 1). Thus, AP1000 is a simple and reliable but large-scale and, therefore, costly solution. The background of SMART Reactor is Korean, as this modular light-water nuclear reactor was developed by Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. The work on the project started in 1997, and it received certification and approval by 2012 (Kane and Pomper 72). Due to being smaller, SMART Reactor is both cheaper and more comfortable to operate (Kane and Pomper 73). In essence, it is a relatively inexpensive solution to acquire and run, but its smaller scale would make the produced energy costlier. Westinghouse AP1000 and SMART Reactor differ in their specifications considerably. The former is specifically designed to reduce the costs of energy by applying the economics of scale, while the latter fills the niche for small and medium-scale power plants. AP1000 has a thermal capacity of 3,400 MWth and an output of 1.200 MWe with a design life of 60 years (“Status Report 81” 29). SMART Reactor is approximately ten times smaller, with a thermal capacity of 330 MWth and an output of 100 MWe, and has the same design life of 60 years (“Status Report 77” 33). However, unlike AP1000, the design of the SMART Reactor also supports such uses as district heating and water desalination, with the latter being especially relevant for Saudi Arabia (“Status Report 77” 33). Thus, technical specifications make AP1000 only suitable for large-
Breast cancer is the second leading cancer killer in women aged 15-54 (Komatsu, Hayashi, & Suzuki, 2012). The number of women who get diagnosed with the disease increases each year. Early detection of the disease increases the chances of survival of a patient. Therefore, early intervention through education, screening and early treatment is very important in monitoring and avoidance of death from breast cancer. A lot of people have been affected by breast cancer either directly or indirectly. The community has, therefore, decided to take action to prevent the disease by engaging in activities aimed at collecting funds for breast health education, breast cancer screening, treatment and breast cancer research. Some of the activities the community involves itself include community breast awareness campaigns, sponsorship and fundraising as well as marketing. Community health nurses play a key role in all these activities. The first method through which the community collects funds is through hosting events and campaigns whose proceeds go to the funding of programs related to breast cancer awareness, its prevention and research. The campaigns are also aimed at educating the public on the detection, causes, treatment and support of the survivors. The progress made has helped to improve the quality of life of those who have been affected by cancer giving them hope of living a better life. In the campaigns nurses are fully involved playing a key role in acting as facilitators who provide education on breast cancer; they also influence individuals to get engaged in community activities aimed at preventing the disease. Another activity to raise funds in order to support breast health education, breast cancer screening, treatment and breast cancer research is done through selling merchandise related to awareness on breast cancer. During the breast cancer awareness campaigns, the organizers make T-shirts, caps and ribbons which are sold to the participants to collect funds. The participants wear ribbons and T-shirts in support of those who have been affected by the disease. The nurses play an important role and act as a source of information during the marketing. Sponsorship and fundraising are also used to fund breast cancer awareness-related programs in the community. The community organizations seek out for charitable organizations to fund their advertisements and education programs (Beckwith, 2012). The advertisements and education serve as a means of raising awareness and encouraging early detection and treatment. Nurses play a key role in facilitating the education sponsored by the organizations. Nurses hold a key position in the health sector; they can use this opportunity to encourage women to be more aware of breast cancer. They have the potential to make an impact on women’s health by encouraging women to make use of the programs available for breas
The matter is made up of small particles known as atoms and molecules which are believed to be in constant motion. Scientific researchers have identified several means by which these molecules move from one point to another especially in living things and they include osmosis, absorption, and diffusion (King & Reiss, 2001). The essay discusses diffusion as one of the most common means of transport across the cell membrane. Diffusion is one of the most important processes in biological sciences by which molecules move across the cell membrane due to the presence of a diffusion gradient (Starr & Taggart, 2006). Diffusion gradient refers to the relative difference between the concentrations of molecules across the cell membrane. By implication, molecules will always move from areas of a higher concentration to areas of lower concentration to attain equilibrium. This process, just like osmosis, is a type of passive transport since there is no energy used for the molecules to move across the cell membrane (King & Reiss, 2001). For instance in the mammalian lungs, due to the difference in concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases, there will be constant movement of the gases in and out of the lung alveolus (Starr & Taggart, 2006). Carbon dioxide concentration is higher in the lung bloodstreams and will diffuse out while oxygen will diffuse into the lung blood capillaries where concentration is lower through the lung alveoli. This process facilitates the constant exchange of gases across the lung membrane which is highly adapted through the large surface area. Fig.1: Gaseous exchange in the mammalian lung.