ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Bayer is a multinational corporation with a history of over 150 years. Life science is a primary concern of the company. Once in its history, the company experienced a crisis at one of the plants which were passed due to sound management. The company changed ownership three times for seven months. The work was reduced more than twice during that period. The company was working at a loss. Then the task of the management was to return the company to the market and make it competitive again. The involvement of employees and HR made the changes possible and fruitful. Changes at Bayer According to Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, & Konoposke (2012), the changes occurring at Bayer can be identified as empowerment. It dealt more with empowering individuals. The employees were suggested to answer some open-ended questions. Their analysis was supposed to reveal what was going on at the plant. They aimed to figure out the reasons why people leave the plant or continue working there. The feedback was analyzed, and it brought about thirty problems to deal with. Considering a generic typology of organizational change suggested by Kinicki & Fugate (2015), Bayer plant was experiencing innovative change. It was mainly addressing the treatment of employees and their participation in the process of change. The processes at Bayer’s plan also have the features of incremental change (Benn, Dunphy, & Griffits, 2014). Employee Resistance to Change Employee resistance to change is a common part of any company transformation process. Gibson et al. (2012) single out four major reasons for employee resistance to change. They are parochial self-interest, misunderstanding, and lack of trust, different assessments, and a low tolerance for change. In the case of Bayer, there were some reasons combined. First of all, self-interest was present. Employees were satisfied with the bonus system they had and were afraid to lose it. Secondly, misunderstanding and lack of trust were also involved. The company changed ownership three times within a short period. As a result, new management came. It is evident that at the initial stage of changes the workers did not know what to expect and did not favor changes. The new management realized that not only the business component of the company was changing. They had to consider hopes, fears, and dreams of the people working for the company. The efficient way is to involve employees in the process of change to see their reactions and make alterations in the case of necessity. The management should be aware that resistance is a normal process. It can be effectively managed if identified correctly (Cameron & Green, 2015). Lessons to Learn One of the positive lessons that should be remembered from Bayer changes is the involvement of employees. Often the transformation process of the company is conducted on the management level, and the workers are only informed of the results. It is not an efficient approach since employ
Introduction Healthcare administration in America is in the process of change. The changes affecting how healthcare institutions handle patient data are not new. Traditionally, healthcare providers were expected to handle patient data confidentially. In the recent years, the challenge of maintaining confidentiality has become greater. The main contributor towards this situation is the use of information technology in the treatment process. This paper reviews a case in which a healthcare provider was forced to pay a fine of 275,000 dollars to settle claims made against it because of a confidentiality breach. The main claim against the hospital is that one of its administrators sent confidential information about a patient to almost 800 of its employees on email. Overview of the Article Prime Healthcare Service Inc. is one of the largest healthcare facilities in America. It runs a chain of 23 healthcare facilities in different part of America. An article written by Lance Williams, who is a senior reporter for the Center for Investigative Reporting, indicated that the healthcare chain had chosen to pay 275,000 dollars to settle breach of privacy allegations made against it (Williams, 2013). The specific case in the article related to an incident in which one of the senior managers of the hospital sent an email that contained confidential information about a patient to about 800 employees of the hospital (Williams, 2013). The hospital was using the email to undercut an investigative reporting project that was seeking to find out whether the hospital was using aggressive Medicare billing practices (Williams, 2013). The report further stated the hospital was under investigation by federal authorities in relation to its billing practices. In this regard, the hospital decided to pay the money to federal authorities in order to halt the investigations. However, the hospital accepted no wrongdoing in the entire issue. The patient in question had raised the flag regarding the hospital’s aggressive billing practices after she was billed for Kwashiorkor treatment. Kwashiorkor is very rare in America. The Centre for Investigative Reporting decided to investigate the hospital because it had an inordinate number of Kwashiorkor cases. This issue also raised the interest of federal regulators. Apart from the Kwashiorkor cases, the hospital has been claiming large reimbursements for treating several rare ailments (Williams, 2013). This trend is what led to investigations
Introduction Management is important in the modern world and it is impossible to imagine modern business life without management. However, accepting management as an essential and inevitable part of the modern business world, many people are sure that it is important to study management in a critical, questioning way. I definitely agree with this statement and I am going to prove that management is a discipline which is to be learnt only in a critical way as only in this case it is possible to understand the real value of the issues. Trying to prove this view point, I will use the ideas scholars who tried to understand the nature of management. In the first section, I will dwell upon the absence of the general strategies (Mintzberg 1971) which can fit all the situations, therefore, critical and questionable consideration of the issue is obligatory. The second section will be devoted to the pressure of management on cultural peculiarities and the negative effect of it (Klein 2001). In this case the absence of the questionable approach to management ay lead to the contradiction of the most important aspects to the cultural peculiarities and the conflicts are inevitable. Finally, the third section of this essay is going to be devoted to the problems of moral vision of different people and the critic approach to management as the only way to make sure that the mission and vision of the company correspond to the employees’ moral qualities (Jackall 1988). Therefore, the main idea of this essay is to show that the absence of the general rules in management which are beneficial for all companies, cultural barriers and moral issues are the main reasons why management should be studies in a critical, questioning way. No general rules useful for all Mintzberg (1971) points to the fact that management is a universal discipline however, this universality is seen only
Nowadays, California is believed to be a state with a high demand for Family Nurse Practitioners (FNPs) and many job opportunities. Big cities, such as Los Angeles and San Francisco, are places where FNPs receive the highest salaries. Moreover, California intends to open new jobs in the near future, which will lead to an increase of employment in this field. Due to new policies and strategies, California is predicted to have about 10% of FNP jobs in the United States. Thus, California may be called one of the most promising places for FNPs with specific benefits regarding the demand for specialists. Furthermore, the authorities’ plans on creating new places on job markets increase not only the employment rate of FNPs in this state but also the employment of the whole country. However, California does not only have one of the highest rates of demand for FNP specialists, but it is also a rather beneficial region because of high salaries. The FNPs’ labor in California is considered to be the most highly-paid in America. The surveys conducted in 2011 demonstrate that the average salary of the specialist ranges from 100 000 to 124 000 dollars. Despite the fact that benefit packages depend on different aspects and vary among employers, there are some most expected benefits for FNPs. For example, after applying for the position, each FNP specialist receives retirement, dental, and medical benefits, and they can also rely on vacation, vision, and life opportunities, which are provided by local employers. Therefore, California gives FNP specialists necessary healthcare, education, and career opportunities, which raises the life quality of these specialists in general. There are many challenges that need to be overcome by FNP specialists due to a variety of patients and unique character traits. In order to build contacts with patients, which is extremely important for a specialist in medical care, FNP needs to have excellent communicative skills and empathy. In addition, most of FNPs have to work with complicated situations so these specialists need vital skills such as rationality, patience, self-organization, and be ready to endure much stress. Sometimes, stress levels can be rather high, and in this case, it is crucial not only to tolerate it but also to remain humane and never show their irritation with some patients’ behavior. Since patients can have diverse ethnicities, races, and cultural backgrounds, it is essential to be aware of some particular features in different ethnic groups of patients, which could help to avoid offense or misunderstanding. Considering various challenges in the profession of FNP, one can find the job very challenging, strenuous, and not the type of work which everyone can do. Although the work of FNP is rewarded with a high salary, it requires many qualifications, efforts, education, and
What Are the Challenges to Expert Knowledge? The members of the contemporary world’s society are undergoing a lot of changes. Society evolves rapidly and so do its needs, requirements, values, and sources of happiness. The modern speed of life is incredible if we compare it with the kind of life people lived several decades ago. The types of activities and goods that are the most popular nowadays are also completely different from what our parents and grandparents used to enjoy. Technological progress affects the lifestyle of modern people immensely. The process of globalization and massive migrations cause cultural clashes, assimilations, and a mix of various types of lifestyles all around the world. The issues that are studied by the social sciences are multiple and various, yet all of them have one aspect in common – they all have a social dimension. Social scientists recently started to be aware of the effects of all these changes. Not all of them are positive. Social scientists are involved in the exploration of how society and its development affect itself, what kinds of outcomes may follow, and how negative consequences can be prevented or inverted. What Are the Risks and Their Sources? The work of the scientists such as data collection, statistics, and analysis has pointed out the connections between human societies and the damage they can cause to the environment. The risks that people create have to be carefully monitored to maintain the social awareness of the dangers that we may have to face in the future. Social scientists have already raised the social awareness of such issues as the power and effects of mass production and mass consumption, the environmental pollution caused by manufacturers and producers, and social pressure. One of the main challenges social scientists have to face nowadays is the complex and changing nature of the risk itself. The problems that need to be estimated and monitored become harder to follow, risks become impossible to detect. As a result, some of the consequences cannot be predicted and our society will have to face one of the scariest things possible – the unknown. What Is Expert Knowledge in Social Sciences? The role of the social sciences in modern life is finding social problems, studying them, collecting data, analyzing, and making logical and appropriate conclusions. The work of social scientists helps the members of the society understand the quickly changing life around them, the risks, and damages. To find the sources of the risks, scientists need to learn the way our society operates, its patterns, the most common habits, and processes. After careful observation and research, the scientists start to
The Veteran Health Administration (VHA) requires healthcare providers to inform their patients of any adverse side effects resulting in the course of the care (Pozgar 1). The patient has a right to be informed of any harm associated with surgical procedure and whether the side effects are immediate or come up later on (Pozgar 2). As per the case study of Mrs. Z, the surgeon, who was supposed to advising her on the surgery and its side effects, did not take his duty seriously. Therefore, instead of meeting Mrs. Z and talking to her face to face, he highlighted the benefits and risks of the surgery in writing form. He proceeded to put them on the table and asked a nurse to tell Mrs. Z to read through and sign the consent form. Mrs. Z, on the other side, was in a hurry to pick her children from school and so she signed the consent form but did not read the notes from her surgeon. As a result, some of the crucial considerations, like involving family members, were not discussed. In addition, Mrs. Z had blood pressure and type II diabetes, which were crucial aspects to consider before any surgery should be carried out on her. In this case, the surgeon did not ascertain the clinical adverse effects of the surgery to the patient because he took his duty lightly. These events are therapeutic misadventures, which are directly associated with patient’s care within the jurisdiction of the medical center. For instance, if he had been patient enough, the surgeon could have gathered sufficient information from Mrs. Z regarding her health history. This way, he could have analyzed it exhaustively to determine the best treatment and management for her condition. The Bariatric Surgery Center had the responsibility to convince Mrs. Z, who seemed to be in a hurry, to spare sometime, and have a face-to-face conversation with the surgeon regarding her situation. In the conversation, the surgeon should probe the patient to provide any information that could be critical for the surgery. For instance, the surgeon had to ask Mrs. Z if she was suffering from any ailments. This way, Mrs. Z could have informed the surgeon of her blood pressure and diabetes. During the conversation, the surgeon should also inform Mrs. Z of the requirements of surgery, such as involving family members at her own will. Also, all benefits and risks of the impending surgery should be revealed to the patient beforehand by the surgeon, which he failed to ensure in a proper way. Moreover, the surgeon was obligated to inform Mrs. Z of the legal restrictions on the information sharing. The surgeon should also assure Mrs. Z of confidentiality of any personal information she might disclose to him, and which could be vital in the surgical procedure to be carried on her. There are statutes and regulations of confidentiality, like the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and Privacy Act (US Department of Health and Human Services 4). These acts limit the disclosure of any patient information including his or her personal inf
Finding solutions to resource preparation problem for most favorable response is exceedingly complicated, especially for the big project networks with several distinct resource types. Nevertheless, according to Akanda’s presentation of heuristics in project management, many heuristics are present to tackle such difficulties. According to the YouTube video presentation, these heuristics assign resources to activities to reduce project postponement based on some priority principles (Akanda et al). The two mostly applied heuristics are the serial and the parallel methods. Akanda evidently states in the video presentation that in the serial technique of resource distribution, activities are arranged into a list and resources distributed to each of the bustles one at a time in anticipation of resources distributed to all activities. The parallel technique on the other hand, has resources distributed on an interval basis other than each activity. In this technique, only those actions whose previous activities have been accomplished will be taken into consideration (Balas 189). If two or more actions vie for same possessions, then distribution of the possessions is centered on certain stipulated main concern principles. Akanda clear states in the video that when parallel heuristic is compared to serial, there is no doubt that the parallel technique is the most widely used heuristic (Akanda et al). Below are examples of main concern principles provided by Akanda in the video, in order presented that are most influential in project postponement.   * Smallest time period   * Minimum slack   * Lowest action identification number Despite these preoperational heuristic applied, the main impact of resource limitation scheduling is the defeat of flexibility because of the minimization of slack as observed in the YouTube presentation. He added on that the minimization in slack also raises the number of significant or close to significant activities. In order to understand the concept of the two majorly used heuristics, the following details are provided. The Serial Method According to the video presentation, Kelly (1963) suggested the serial technique, which consists of n=1 ….. j stages, whereby every activity is chosen and scheduled. Related to each of the two stages are two put out of place activity-set. Tutor Akanda clearly states in the presentation that in the schedule set S n are the actions, which were already in program and therefore belong to the fractional program (Balas 190). The decision group, D n encloses the un-programmed actions with each precursor being in the program set. He adds on that in every stage, one action from the decision group is picked with
Abstract This paper reveals the way developing countries should transition to a green economy. It emphasizes the fact that such an alteration is advantageous for them because it allows for the enhancement of the living conditions of the population when other practices turn out to be ineffective. Also, it identifies those challenges the countries may have when maintaining the transition and points out those issues and advantages that are related to this process. Thus, following the examples of Nigeria and South Africa, other countries can reach sustainable development. Introduction Among the most critical global issues that the representatives of the general public are faced with today are water and food supply, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and terrorism. This list may be continued, but the causes of these problems are mainly limited to environmental mismanagement and inequality. The most vulnerable of them are developing countries that still face a lot of challenges and yet survive due to external assistance. They can be negatively affected by climate changes and the usage of resources. International efforts today are used to emphasize the overall desire to make countries reach sustainable wealth. However, for now, they are focused on the promotion of green growth as a part of it. Green economy presupposes “improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities” (UNEP, 2010). In its framework, professionals within both the public and private cooperate to reduce emissions and pollution. The main purpose of the transition toward this economy is to increase economic growth. Its main challenge is the differentiation of the desires that both rich and poor countries have. A transition toward a green economy as a tool for sustainable development is worth discussing because numerous developing countries try to undertake various initiatives to improve their performance and make the lives of their populations better. Unfortunately, the expected achievements within a short period are reached only by a few. The rising number of issues such as malnutrition, water contamination, or homelessness indicates that new approaches should be introduced and discussed. In this way, however, a green economy is not currently very popular. Green growth affects not only the economy but also the environment and society. Thus, it increases GDP and distributes it better. Economic diversification and innovation can also be reached in this way. The usage of natural resources enhances so that they are efficiently used and preserved. In this way, adverse environmental influence reduces so that it becomes less complicated to manage risks. Due to green growth, the quality of people’s lives are enhanced; they obtain better jobs as well as equality. Such improvements that are obtained due to the transition toward a green economy prove that it is likely to be beneficial for
Tests are usually developed to measure the level of students’ knowing the definite facts and concepts on a topic. Thus, tests are oriented to measuring the students’ knowledge of the concrete information and connections between the facts, concepts and their definitions (Slavin, 2009). To help students to prepare for a test, it is important to provide them with the necessary information about the test structure and its type (Smaldino, Lowther, & Russell, 2008). Moreover, it is useful to present and explain the information which will be mentioned in tests in the form which is easy to practice and review (Borich, 2007). Thus, to prepare students of the third grade for the test about the planets of the solar system, it is helpful to use flash cards for learning the information and then for its review in pairs and groups. To learn such specific information as the details about the planets of the solar system, it is possible to use the activity based on discussing the concepts and making flash cards. Thus, while explaining the information about the names of the planets and their peculiarities, the teacher can ask students to write down the notes using the different colors of ink in order to find the necessary information in the text easily. This hint will help students in making flash cards in relation to the learnt material. To remember the necessary concrete information which will be examined with the help of a test, it is useful to provide the students with instructions to prepare the flash cards basing