ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary This report is supposed to explore how organizations manage their multiple relationships with key suppliers and business customers which is a critical strategic issue that faces all organizations. This is to be achieved by identifying one organization that is involved in such business-to business transactions and use it as an example on how it is involved in the various organization buying situations as well as what strategic relationships it can use on its suppliers and customers. The report identified Nike Inc. an American company which was founded in 1962 by Philip H. as an importer of Japanese shoes, then known as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS). It has over the years grown to have over 20, 000 outlets in 110 countries worldwide. The company deals in designing and marketing of sports footwear and apparels as well as selling its branded items. Most of its raw materials are imported from other firms outside the US which the company has contracted to provide the goods and services. As a result the company is involved in various buying situations with its suppliers. These include: Straight rebuy situation, which involves purchasing with the same specifications as the previous ones. Modified rebuy situation, which refers to purchases made but with adjustments compared to the previous one. Lastly there is new buy situation, which involves, purchasing which has new specifications meaning that no such purchase has been made by the organization. Nike Inc. is involved in all these buying situations either with its upstream business suppliers or with down stream business customers. Nike Inc. has a business model that describes how information flows between the company and its customers, suppliers and competitors. The model also shows how physical goods and services move between the parties involved. The business model makes the suppliers and customers visible and as a result, it enables Nike Inc. to come up with measures that it can use to secure more value from customers and suppliers compared to its competitors. In order for Nike to be competitive it needs to identify attract and retain strategic suppliers and customers that will ensure that it realizes continuous growth in profits. Therefore this brings out the need for the company to formulate and implement supplier relationship management strategies and customer relation ship management strategies. Introduction Business-to-business relationships refer to transaction, collaboration other interactions trade between business ventures, whereby goods are exchanged not for consumption but for production of other goods and services or for the buyer to pass them to the end consumer. Such businesses include transactions between a raw material supplier and a manufacturer, manufacturer and a whole-seller and lastly a whole-seller and a retailer. Nike Inc. features as one of those entities that are involved in business-to business transactions (Hutt & Speh, 2010). The founder of the company was Phil
Harsh financial conditions and rising gas costs are two factors that drive employees to defraud their organizations. One of the tricks used involves sharing city-owned fuel credit cards and passcodes with family members and friends for personal financial benefits. An investigation conducted by city officials found out that several employees were already using the trick to supplement their income. In addition to carpooling and fuel conservation, fuel, and transportation fraud are other ways that employees are using to save money due to the high cost of fuel. Employees are resorting to fraudulent alternatives because the rising fuel prices are exerting great pressure on the financial situations of employees. Employees take advantage of fuel or transportation reimbursement program to make extra money from their organizations. The most common fuel reimbursement methods include fuel depots, fuel credit cards, mileage reimbursement programs, take-home vehicles, and a combination of the aforementioned methods. To detect fraud on fuel credit cards, companies need to possess detailed information regarding the date, time, purchase price, and amount, as well as the location of purchase. Additional information needed includes mileage logs, the capacity of the vehicle, and the employee’s schedule. Information needed to conduct a review for mileage reimbursement programs include employee work schedule, mileage request for reimbursement, detailed report of locations visited, and records of employee expense accounts. Employees defraud their companies by reporting false mileage, failing to present reports until rates go up, and documenting longer routes than those taken. Many organizations ignore the likelihood that employees use take-home vehicle plans to commit fraud. Data need for conducting a take-home vehicle review includes vehicle policy, vehicle maintenance reports, fuel data, vehicle assignment, and assigned fuel card. Fraudulent schemes used by employees include allowing family members to use a company vehicle, using a company vehicle for personal business, using assigned fuel cards to fill up private cars, and using a take-home vehicle as a carpool vehicle. Employees also defraud companies through bulk fuel purchases. Information needed to identify such fraud includes the capacity of onsite tanks, delivery company information, detailed contracts showing the price, amount, and grades of fuel delivered, and tank usage reports. Schemes used by employees to commit fraud include delivering lesser grade fuel, using shorting techniques to steal fuel, delaying billing so that market rates can go up, and selling fuel directly from the depot. In large organizations, employees use a combination of fuel and transportation fraud schemes because of the availability of numerous reimbursement schemes. Possible fraud schemes include siphoning fuel from company vehicles, including personal gas receipts on rental cars that were returned empty, fueling personal cars using company fuel cards, and requesting mileage reimbursement when using company vehicles. Companies need to collect
Introduction The 19th century was a turbulent time in global history, characterized by rapid changes to existing processes and systems in practically every field and industry. Science and technology began to develop, leading to new theories as well as economic restructuring under industrialism, which in turn affected the distribution of influence. This led to consequential paradigm shifts which impacted social order, structure, and trajectory of power which led to the beginning of World War I. Industrialism Industrialism which was led by England and other European nations came due to rapidly changing demographics and economic stagnation of traditional agricultural societies. The social structure was characterized by high inequality and population decline in some areas. Industrialization arrived in several waves, with each addressing vital aspects of social structures through a unified growth theory. In order for industrialism to have begun, per capita, income, and living standards were increased. The social traditions existent in England, as an example, stabilized per capita living standards and prevented the waste of resources. This eventually led to a shift in the demographic regime. Human capital is vital to industrialism, and therefore, with its arrival, inequality began to slowly decrease. A new working class formed with began earning wages to improve both spendings on essentials as well as purchasing of manufactured goods or services. Finally, the technological change which arrived with industrialism affected the economics and methods of production. Property rights began to matter, there was an incentive for innovation, and a traditional feudal social structure became obsolete. 1 Industrialism and subsequent technological innovation provided countries with new capabilities. This was used to develop economic production and influence. At a certain point, European powers began to use this production capacity not only for manufactured market goods but for military development and growth. T
Case Whenever Ross call her mother, Myra, the conversation is always usual. Myra always describes that she is in the midst of cleaning her house. Ross is used to this routine. Myra takes great pride cleaning her yard and house. As a child, Ross remembers her mother continuously cleaning on weekends and when she was not working outside her house. She would clean the entire house, arrange and dust the furniture, wash the curtains, polish the furniture and even make sure the yard remained clean. Whenever the family received a company, it was assumed that the house will be scrubbed two times, once during normal cleaning and once during the day of visit. Myra always perceived herself as an idealist who did a lot for others and demanded little in return. Despite being retired, Myra continues to clean her home. Myra always thinks that it is her job to clean the house and always oversaw house cleaning, although her husband and child could help. Myra’s mother was accountable for house cleanliness and made her believe that it was the responsibility of women to do so. In fact, her mother passed these skills to Myra. Myra’s parents believed in punishment, and they would hit Myra if something was wrong. Most of the time, she was punished if she did not thoroughly clean the house. Myra made sure her family saved money by using plastic and sheets to cover the furniture and making sure the family ate the leftovers even if they were unappetizing. Sometimes, Myra could be disappointed if someone borrowed cash for soda and could not return it. This behavior made Myra end relationships with her friend as soon as it had begun developing. She would have a person over for a meal and then complain about some aspects of that person to Ross. Most of these argument were on the assumption that Myra was better at her friends. For example, she better at cooking, or Myra’s house was cleaner. Myra is very health, and she could take part in other activities like volunteering. However, she prefers spending time in her yard and house. Most of the time she complains how her children are dirty, whenever she visits them, and that her neighbors do not care for their household as she does. Developmental Factors Erik Erikson would consider Myra’s ego to have developed throughout her life and controlled by genetically defined principles which have resulted to the ego characteristic to develop in a predetermined sequence (Ashcraft, 2012). Myra’s expectation from the society, beginning with her mother, has played a determining role in the way her ego has developed (Ranson & Urichuk, 2008). The environmental and social dimension exposed to Myra’s life can be defined using Erik Erikson’s phases of growth (Ashcraft, 2012). According to Erik Erikson’s eight phases of growth, Myra is at the intimacy and isolation stage. Myra has accomplished many economic autonomies that makes her feel more isolated, and alone at home. She stays at home, has saved money, and she has no friends. She tries to pass this stage by adopting the sadism phase of authoritarianism which has manifested by lettin
Jackson Pollock’s painting is distinguished all over the world because it explores a certain type of automatic, mechanical technique that pleases surrealists at irregular intervals. The paint is used a device rather than end because of its ability to produce the desired design. Evaluation of the paint shows that the painter loaded weighted strings, which reconstructs a solid network on the work of art. The silvery paint that shines out of the dense egg-shaped tracery implies a gorgeous astronomical product. The works of Pollock shows an advanced skill in the field of modern paining. This is due to the advanced stage of disintegration. Disintegration is made possible through liberation and cathartic effect. Disintegration is clued-up by a highly individualized cadence. The painting has a main intention of assaulting the image-making sense. At each point of attentiveness of these high-tension instances of bravura phraseology, which visually are similar to nervous spirals of snide wire, there is an unsatisfactory deficiency of resolution in a picture or graphic event for all their supernatural dispersal of power. It is even exciting to realize that the personal canvases in the paint presume a completely image-making action and singleness of the characteristic (Karmel 47). Particularly, Pollock brought out the illogical excellence in picture making to one edge. It is a type of expression and a hazard for imitators in such a straight objective expression of states of being as compared to thoughts and meaning. Even in his scenario, the painting is not conceivably sustained by a uniting or main subject or practice and is too wasteful with bunches of surrealist perceptions. What does come out is the larg
The end of the 20 th century and the beginning of the 21 st century brought a lot of changes into the social interactions, relations between genders and into the division of their roles. The tendency of changes is also reflected in altering the nature of the Australian workforce according to the question of male and female involving into the labour market. The transformation of the people’s vision of the role of a woman in the society resulted in the women’s active participation in the working process. Broomhill and Sharp pay attention to the fact that it is possible to observe the changing male breadwinner model in Australia which is caused by the historical process of the society’s development and a lot of other social and economic factors (Broomhill & Sharp 2005). The peculiarities of the modern society’s progress are based on the necessity to change the traditional vision of the gender roles’ division among men and women in relation to their involvement in the labour market because of the globalisation’s tendencies and altering the public’s attitude to households which were usually discussed as women’s activity. What events caused the present-day issue of changing the male breadwinner model in Australia as a reason to speak about the new gender order? Broomhill and Sharp build their argument about the development of this new gender order and discussion of the question about the significance of the changes in the model with references to examining this process from the historic perspective and with paying attention to the most important social events and changes. According to the researchers, the period after World War II was extremely significant for creating the necessary conditions for changing the current gender order. The male breadwinner model typical for the 1950s lost its importance during the 1960s, and later the process became more intensive (Broomhill & Sharp 2005). The economic growth and the demand for labour can be discussed as the key factors for involving more women in the working process. Having presented the historical retrospective of the process of changing the model, Broomhill and Sharp determine such additional aspects of the phenomenon as the division of the market, the availability of services, the activity of the women’s movements, and the women’s financial independence, and the r
Rousseau wrote, “ Born citizen of a free state and member of the sovereign people, however feeble the influence of my voice in public affairs, the right to vote upon them imposes upon me the duty on instructing myself .” (Rousseau, 2004, 23|) This comment is applicable even today to the general society in the U.S. when it comes to our election process. In the resent US Presidential election the victory of Barack Obama has proven the quote by Rousseau to be right on the truth podium. Obama asks the people during his election campaign not to accept politics, which creates cynicism, conflicts and division among the people, but to remember that people of every creed and color had fought and bleed together to uphold the same flag. In order to face the challenges present today, like unemployment and health issues, America has to come together. Even if its people do not look alike, they want the same future for their coming generations. Barack Obama believes that the issue of race cannot be ignored and people need to come together to solve challenges of education, healthcare and employment. He says that people need to address the accounts of racial injustice which the country has faced and remind themselves that the reason the numerous disparities exist within the African American communities is mainly due to the inequalities that had taken place in their earlier generations caused by the cruel era of slavery. All these elements could have easily turned into hate speech with negative political results. But, this Obama turned these affairs towards a constructive future and people rushed to vote and each rendered their feeble support for the man and thus proves the contemporary nature, justification and truth of Rousseau’s vision under the framework of democracy. Rousseau states in his Social Contract, “ As soon as disobedience can be practised [sic] with impunity. It can be practised [sic] legitimately; and as the stronger is always right, it is only necessary to always arrange to be the strongest .” (Rousseau, 2004, 2|5) However, in the context of immigration issue facing our nation today, it can be stated that the entire statement is not correct and though the stronger, in this case the government, has every right to be ‘right’, in practice we find a very liberal state of affairs. However, in the context of “disobedience” there is an underlying truth in the present context but there are justified reasons behind this “dis
Case background Jetblue Airline Company was incorporated in United States of America as a low cost Airline in August 1998. Its founder was David Neelaman. The company aims at offering a different experience to its passengers it follows southwest’s airlines approach of low cost freights. Its main airport is John F. Kennedy International airline. For five consecutive years the company has been voted as the best domestic carrier. To maintain these high standards, and remain competitive in the fast developing United States Airline Industry, the company employ’s different management strategies (Jetblue official website, 2010). This paper takes a look on changes in United States Airline industry, how the changes affect Jetblue and then evaluate strategies set by the company. United States Airline industry developments Invention of airline and increased globalization has necessitated the growth of airline companies. In United States, being the world largest economy, has embarked on massive invention in airline industry. The industry is divided into four categories and each category has its changes, some changes cut across. The categories and changes are; International They are planes which carry a capacity of 130 seats and over they have ability to take international routes and revenue of over $1 billion. National They have a capacity of lea than 130 in capacity. Their revenues base is between $100million and $1 billion. Regional They specialize in regional short freights and revenue less than $100 million Cargo: they transport goods. The greatest change in airline industry that will impact Jetblue is the change to Low cost airlines. These are airline service providers who are able to offer services at a reduced rate by eliminating some traditional favors given on planes. It has a cost cutting approach. Competition in this sector has lead to innovations an increased customer service and reduced cost of operation. Some of the airlines operating as low cost in United States are Southwest airlines, Virgin Atlantic and Sun Country Airline. There is an influx of international plane operators who are connecting routes. They pass by Unites States and take passenger/cargo to their final destination. The influx has lead to price wars (Anon, 2008). Jetblue airline strategies The company’s management recognizes the use of information available in the market and internal information. To analyze the market and derive a competitive advantage, the company undertakes regular internal and external audits. The information derived is used to make strategic decisions. Un
Introduction The difficulties that individuals and organizations encounter can be resolved if people define these problems identify the impact of external circumstances, and evaluate the strengths or weaknesses of possible strategies (Lussier, 2011, p. 93; Mundy, 2010). In many cases, a six-step approach to problem-solving can be a useful tool for finding the most optimal decision. This method is beneficial because it enables a person to single out the key components of a certain issue that appears to be very complex. Overall, this scenario shows that very often, there are unknown factors that can affect the outcomes of the choices that an individual takes. By considering the influence of these forces, one can better assess the positive and negative sides of various strategies. It is the central question that should be discussed in greater detail. The definition of the problem In this case, I need to place myself in the position of a person who should decide if it is necessary to accept the job offer from a company that gives a higher salary. In particular, the annual increase will equal $ 15 000. Furthermore, this enterprise promises to cover relocation expenses. Thus, this offer looks very lucrative. Nevertheless, I will need to start my work in this organization when my final examinations begin. Therefore, it may be necessary for me to postpone or even abandon my studies. My current employer encourages me to obtain a Bachelor’s degree that is one of the prerequisites for promotion. This enterprise agrees to finance my studies while the other company does not offer this opportunity to me. Thus, I need to decide whether I should stay or take a position in a different organization. However, there are other aspects of this problem, and they should not be overlooked. In particular, I should keep in mind that I do not know how the management of the new company will respond if I say that I would like to start my work after my final examinations. Additionally, I do not know how my current employers can react if I ask them to increase the amount of my compensation. Thus, in this case, the relevant information is not available, and this issue makes this problem more complicated because a person cannot accurately anticipate the consequences of possible steps (Cleden, 2012, p. 41; Butterfield, 2012). Analysis While analyzing this problem, I should firs