ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Nuclear bombs are some of the most dangerous inventions that the human mind produced. They were used to end the largest war of all time but almost immediately led to the danger of complete destruction of humanity. Since the 1940s, a wide variety of nuclear weapons have been created that utilized a variety of physical principles and concepts. The necessity to produce innovative and effective types of nuclear weapons during the cold war provided physicists with almost unlimited funding for their research. This is why nuclear weapons have such varied types of construction. This paper will outline the physical properties of nuclear reactions that are present in the majority of conventional nuclear weapons. Nuclear Fission Nuclear fission is the process of splitting a heavier atom to form lighter atoms. When the atom is split, it produces a large amount of energy and releases free neutrons and gamma photons. Nuclear bombs often use materials such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239 because they are more easily split. Fission occurs during a strike of neutron and the nucleus of the isotope. When a sufficient amount of neutrons is release, the process becomes self-sustaining because the nuclei located near the strike start to create more fission (Bernstein 31). For example, the nucleus of uranium-235 is able to split in a multitude of ways. However, the atomic numbers of these ways would always add up to 92 while their atomic masses would add up to 236. The split may produce a variety of other elements such as strontium-95 and xenon-139 (Reed 23). As previously mentioned, the amount of energy released by the separation of the nuclei is extremely large. For uranium-235 it is around 180 million electron volts with the vast majority of it being released as kinetic energy producing a powerful blast. The remaining electron volts are released as gamma energy which often makes up less than 10% of the reaction, but its lasting harmful effect is often the most dangerous element of the reaction. Gamma radiation is able to pass through most materials, and it is able to cause cancer, mutations, and death from radiation in anyone in the fallout radius of the blast. The released radioactive elements may be picked up by the wind through dust and fall on areas far away from the explosion of the bomb, which leads to additional harm to people and the environment. Nuclear Fusion The process of nuclear fusion may be considered the opposite of nuclear fission. Instead of splitting a single nucleus into multiple fragments, nuclear fusion is focused on combining two or more atomic nuclei to create a new one. Just as with the fission process, fusion invo
Introduction Biodiesel is a non-petroleum diesel fuel made up of short ester chains. It is produced from a number of natural sources such as animal and plant oils. Plant oil is mostly preferred to animal sources. The commonly used plants include: palm, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower and soybean. Studies show that biodiesel is also produced from recycled cooking grease. Processing of biodiesel involves purifying oil or fat, after which it is reacted with ethanol or methanol. The reaction takes place under potassium or sodium hydroxide that act as catalysts. The process is known as transesterification; it transforms triacylglycerol to esters and glycerol. Biodiesel can either be used in its pure form or be mixed with petroleum based diesel fuels to form blends (IEA 2004). Biodiesel is preferred to petroleum based diesel fuels in many applications. It is used as a source of domestic and commercial energy. Many people consider using biodiesel because it is friendly to the environment, can be renewed to produce energy, it is biodegradable, and emissions are fewer compared to other conventional fuels. Emission control Fuels emit products that harmful to people and environment, and that have been of great concern to lawmakers, scientists, and consumers. The products include Sulfur, and related products which which causes acidic rain, Carbon monoxide which is toxic to human beings, Carbon dioxide which is influences global warming, unburnt hydrocarbons which influences formation of ozone and smog, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are believed have influence some types of cancer. According to Clean Air Act, all biofuels are supposed to be tested to determine their emissions. Test carried out by this Acts shows that among other biofuels, biodiesel has the least hazards to people and the environment. information from National Biodiesel Board shows that a pure biodiesel, emits an average of -67% total unburned hydrocarbons, -48% Carbon Monoxide, -47% Particulate Matter, +10% Nox, -100% Sulfates, and -80% PAH. In a blend containing twenty percent of biodiesel, the emission of these products increases but still to insignificant percentages. Studies show that B100 has the ability to reduce Carbon dioxide emissions by about seventy eight percent, and can reduce the carcinogenic properties of diesel fuel by about ninety four percent (Dianne 2003). This shows that biodiesel is friendly to both people and environment. Toxicity rate Studies show that the biodiesel is non toxic to land animals and aquatic organisms. A comparison between biodiesel and Sodium Chloride’s toxicity shows that biodiesel has a lethal dose is about seventeen and half percent per a kilogram body weight, which is about ten times less toxic as Sodium Chloride is. Test on it’s effe
Introduction When speaking of a talent that can be awakened in an artist who chose to study a subject that can not be farther from art, usually the word destined come to mind. Atta Kim, a talented photographer from Korea is a perfect example of such an artist. Atta Kim born in 1956 in South Korea, he was always interested in philosophy and literature although he earned a degree in mechanical engineering. It can be seen that his love for photography was stronger than the wish of his father for him to become a college professor and indeed stronger than the specialty that he studied especially considering the fact that it was chosen for him by his friend because of the good opportunities that it offers after graduation. Main body When speaking about what influenced his work, Atta refers to such works as Heidegger’s speculations on time and the teachings of Gurdjieff – a spiritual teacher from Armenia who influenced many other photographers. Although not a Buddhist practitioner, the concept of Zen Buddhism ideology as Atta admits serves as a source of inspiration for his works especially the concept of interconnectedness. The works of Atta involves a lot of digital effects and technical nuances. The experimentation with long exposures in shots that takes up to twenty-four hours and the layering of many photos forming one image from his On-Air collection are some examples of Atta’s implementation of technology to form astonishing effects in his photographs. However, although being modern and up to date in his approach, Atta’s mostly known for the distinctive ideas that are the main focus in his works. Such ideas can be witnessed in his early works were the collection Psychopath where he took photos of mentally ill patients during long interactive sessions in the 1980s. Other distinctive ideas were used in shooting nude models in desolate landscapes representing the birth of a new life after a catastrophe. It can be seen that no matter where the technology goes and whether the digital or film approach is used the future will be based on unique ideas that will set the viewers into thinking differently rather than paying attention to the model of the camera used in taking these pictures. Other works of Atta include a series called “The Museum”, photographs of people of different naked people included in boxes and put in different places such as malls and exhibitions. As Atta himself called it’s a representation of the modern approach to various aspects of life today resembling religion, materialism, politics, and sexuality. Conclusion While many techniques Atta
Introduction A contract is always intended to formalize agreements between parties about particular subjects of interest. Consequently, contracts cover a broad range of issues that can include the sale of services or goods as is in the case of Ben and Tark, intellectual property ownership, terms of employment, or dispute settlement. Elements For any contract to be enforceable, it must involve mutual consent. This implies that the parties need to establish mutual understanding and accept what the contract should cover. In this case, mutual consent and understanding existed between Tark and Ben and it is no wonder the sports car was sold for 100 dollars in the first place. Theirs, therefore, was a contract. It is Ben himself who offered to have the car sold at one hundred dollars and Tark thought of it as a good offer accepted it. Consequently, the contract became instantly enforceable and binding. According to contract law, therefore, Ben does not have valid grounds to withdraw his offer. Additionally in a contract, the buyer’s acceptance of an offer is very important in ensuring the contract becomes valid and thus binding 1 . Tark’s acceptance of Ben’s offer thus automatically qualified their agreement and dealings as binding. The agreement was furthermore qualified as a binding contract since there was an exchange of something valuable (in this case, hundred dollars). The consequences or effects of bad negotiation can thus not be avoided by Ben; this means that he must not try to revoke the contract after the realization that the sports car cost a lot more than he thought. Conclusion In conclusion, withdrawing the offer would be equivalent to a breach of contract which is essentially punishable by law. Ben must thus by all means honor the contract. Even if the contract was merely oral (implying that there was no drafting of a written document) the elements discussed are still applicable. The contract between the two parties was thus valid with sufficient consideration and Ben has no legal ground to withdraw his offer. Bibliography Beale, Hugh. Contract law . London: Hart Publishing, 2002. Footnotes  1. Hugh Beale. Contract law. (London: Hart Publishing, 2002), 15-18.
Executive Summary Saturn Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of General Motors, is selected for product development analysis. Product development is seen as one of the core foundations of corporate planning. Its success or failure shapes corporate destiny. Because of this, particular attention is given to a discussion of new products, their adoption, and diffusion processes, the product life cycle, and new-product failures. During the 2005-2006 years, Saturn developed two lines: Saturn Relay and Red Line. A distinction was made between price determination and price administration. Saturn develops innovative programs that affect survival, profits, growth, volume, market share, R & D, and image. New product development is based on innovative solutions and a new vision of the company’s products, customers’ needs, and new demands. The focus of a good product-development program is a clearly defined set of corporate objectives and an inventory of corporate resources showing both strengths and weaknesses. Given product concepts and prototypes, further testing and research ensued. Marketing research, patent research, styling and redesigning, and cost and profit assessments receive attention. The evaluation of production, including techniques, material selection, and inventories, must be based on a cold look at market potential, for management faces the decision of making a considerable investment. Several guidelines have been developed for determining the extent of planning and testing in a new-product development program. Introduction By assessing new or modified products that can be added by acquisition and internal development, product development becomes the lifeblood of a business. Decisions in this area determine the products to be produced and stocked, as well as details concerning their appearance, form, size, package, quantities, the timing of production, price lines, and anticipated market segments. Product development combines the scientist’s function of analyzing, classifying, and organizing information into commercially feasible new products and the marketer’s function of assessing unsatisfied wants and needs and identifying profitable market opportunities. Usually, this activity necessitates compromise among engineering, production, marketing; typically, business growth is depicted by a pattern that shows an increase, reaches a limit, and then tends to decline. Although products and markets for particular items will decline, businesses need not (Hollensen, 2007). Continued growth becomes possible by properly developing new products that fit assessed opportunities. Market opportunity considerations have resulted in the development of a new industry in the United States — and industry of discovery — the discovery of new technology, new methods, new processes, and new opportunities. Expenditures on research and development have risen sharply recently and resulted in new products and processes. The company selected for analysis is Saturn Corporation. Saturn is
Introduction Hospitality organizations hire staff with varied cultural backgrounds to serve tourists with sundry cultures. Hence, hospitality organizations should be able to resolve cultural conflicts that might arise in workplaces. Besides, the organizations should be able to coordinate and foster cooperation between staff. Participative leadership can help to resolve cultural conflicts and promote teamwork (Gelfand & Brett, 2004). Participative leadership allows staff to participate in decision-making processes aimed at addressing issues that affect an organization. Therefore, an organization makes decisions that receive support from all employees. This paper will discuss how a participative leader can help to resolve disputes in a hospitality organization. Dispute resolution One of the conflicts that arise in hospitality organizations is cultural conflict. In most cases, employees disagree due to cultural disparity. Different cultures have different ways of doing things. Thus, employees with diverse cultural backgrounds may fail to agree on tactics to use to discharge duties. In such a case, participative leadership can help to resolve disputes by bringing workers together (Kim, 2002). A participative leader can help workers to identify their shared interests and to reach a common ground. It is hard for workers to cooperate if they do not believe that they are pursuing a common goal. Therefore, a participative leader should bring employees together and help them to identify a common objective and strategies to apply to achieve the objective. Limitations One of the limitations that participative leaders encounter when addressin
To begin with, I should say that dress and appearance play an important part in people’s life. On the one hand, they help one to express his or her inner world resorting to this or that tool that is responsible for the creation of human beauty, on the other, they help people to get a general idea of their surroundings that may either evoke further interest to them or seize the existing communication once and forever. To my mind, dress and appearance are equally important in writing literary works. As literature in this way or another is a reflector of human life, dress and appearance fulfill here the same functions of presenting the characters or events, revealing the characters’ inner worlds or the crucial details of events, and make the reader involved in what he or she is reading. Cecil Beaton’s The Glass of Fashion (1954) and Bret Easton Ellis’s American Psych (1991) are perfect examples of how these goals are achieved. From the very first chapter of Beaton’s narration, the reader might guess that the author is somehow related to the photography: he seems to present a set of photos from the fashion show when the postwar glamour was at its height. The reader is provided with the most detailed description of various items of the fashionable clothes of the Edwardian period. The description is given in such a way so that the reader gets the feeling of being among those who wear this or that cloth. The French words that are used throughout the text add the French chic to the description. Though the French terms that denote clothes seem a bit obscure at first glance, the author’s description that comes afterward clarifies their meanings to the reader. Though some might claim that the avalanche of descriptions of fabric, texture, or color stultifies the writing with unnecessary references, I am inclined to think that the use of numerous descriptions is rather justified, as it does not only give the reader an opportunity to get some insights in the history of fashion but inspires one to make some deeper research as far as this or that cloth is concerned. As for the second work under consideration, in the chapters titled Morning and Harry are the authors give a detailed explanation of the main character’s way of living by describing his day from the moment it starts. Actually, the reader seems to be guided by some doctor or anyone who is not indifferent to health issues. When one reads about the character’s likes and dislikes, gets to know about his habits and attitudes to various tendencies in fashion, he or she never assumes that it is a story of a self-proclaimed serial killer. I suppose that this is here where the main function of the author’s describing the smallest details from Patrick Bateman’s life is rooted. The author strives to demonstrate the contr
Areas of Concern                                           Cancer treatment unit versus emergency and ambulatory care: what are the community’s most important basic needs? The social economic status of the community – low income  Infrastructure and personnel needed to run the facility   Indecisiveness and loyalties in decision making processes  The nature and essence of decision-making process in a hospital setting is fundamentally different from other processes employed in other fields such as business and management. While any decision-making process in the latter fields’ is always oriented towards profit making, it always becomes difficult when decisions affecting hospitals are made since they not only affect the hospital’s affairs and administration, but they also affect patients with specialized needs (Davidson & Clarke, 1990). In such circumstances, clarity, acceptance and balance have to be factored in when making decisions such as deciding whether a hospital requires a new cancer treatment unit as the case seems to suggest. The case clearly raises several issues of concern. The major concern, it seems, is making a decision on whether to implement a plan of creating a specialized cancer treatment unit or recommending improvements for the existing emergency and ambulatory care. Any recommendation made in a community-based healthcare setting must first and foremost seek to offer creative and cost-effective remedies to the issues at hand, and with the realization that patients must be assisted to attain their abilities to the fullest (Davidson & Clarke, 1990). The cancer treatment unit is being fronted by committee members and other work colleagues. However, it should not escape mention that the upgrading of emergency and ambulatory care is desperately needed within the neighborhood. To make a suggestion, it would be more prudent to start with the needs directly affecting community members such as improving the emergency and ambulatory care before embarking on building an expensive cancer treatment unit. The social economic status of community members also comes across as a significant area of concern. Using such theoretical concepts such as the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and cost-benefit analysis, it is clear that building a cancer treatment unit in the community will not be in the best interests of the community members, the very people that the hospital is expected to serve. According to Maslow, needs should be met starting from the most basic needs upwards (Davidson & Clarke, 1990). This is not meant to suggest that a cancer trea
The main problem behind the current situation in South Sudan lies in the consequences of the civil war that has been tearing the country since 2013. These consequences include displacements of the population of South Sudan, deaths of many people, and mass hunger. Currently, the situation is in danger of worsening even further due to the fact that the opposing factions of South Sudan refuse to negotiate with each other, and there is a dry season approaching. Moreover, according to Model Diplomacy (2021), “already, about two million South Sudanese have been driven from their homes, and food shortages and health needs have grown acute” (pp. 1). This case is presented to the public as one of the major global problems that affect the whole region. It is said that there is a lot of pressure on the United States government, as it agreed first-hand to help alleviate the dire situation. Additionally, there are the issues of costs, benefits, and risks of the U.S. intervention that are discussed publicly. Reference Model Diplomacy. (2021). Humanitarian Intervention in South Sudan . Model Diplomacy. Web.