ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Every profession has a code of ethics that are followed by its members in order to ensure self regulation. The code of ethics includes the values by which the members of a certain professional community must abide. These values are very instrumental in making the government and the public develop a level of trust for the specific profession. Codes of ethics differ with profession (Mizrach 2000, p. 1). One of the simplest and most informal of professional codes is the original Hacker Ethics. If a code of ethics is broken, the defaulting individual may be banned from practicing the profession. Violation of hacker ethics tend to lead to social ostracization. The existence of Hacker ethics in the computing profession leaves one wondering whether hacking is good or bad (Stone 1999, p. 1). The definition of computer hacking Computer hacking is, unlike other computer offenses, hard to define. In a general sense, computer hacking involves the intrusion of the computing privacy of other people, damage of the computing property of other people like files, software etc. or the theft of private information by unauthorized access to computer systems. Consider for example, a student logs in to the face book account of his/her classmate by trying different password combinations until the account opens (Erickson 2003, p. 1). This amounts to hacking since he/she accesses the computing resources of his/her classmate without the permission of the latter. Another example could be a programmer who is hired to destroy files stored in a given computer by a client who wants to destroy evidence and commit frauds. This amounts to hacking since it is the destruction of computing resources of other people. Consider another example in which a programmer penetrates the system of a bank, creates ghost accounts and credits them with money. As evidenced in the examples above, hacking is mostly unethical (Harvey 2001, p. 1). Two sides of hacking Hacking has so much negativity attached to it for it to be termed as even remotely ethical. Hacking leads to unauthorized access of confidential information, destruction of personal resources for malicious reasons, acquisition of confidential information for use in committing crimes etc. It is therefore apparent that hacking is, literally, unethical. However, hacking can be used productively to benefit the owners of computing resources. Consider for example a case in which confidential data is lost due to the secur
Abstract This paper is aimed at examining the role of the construction and real estate sector in developing the economy and infrastructure of the United Arab Emirates. One can say that it can contribute to the growth of other sectors such as the hospitality industry, manufacturing, retailing, and so forth by providing infrastructure and office space. Moreover, construction companies can create opportunities for businesses that can act as suppliers or contractors. The Role of Construction and Real Estate Sector in the UAE The government of the United Arab Emirates attempts to diversify the country’s economy and make it less dependent on the oil industry. Much attention should be paid to the role of the real estate and construction sector because it plays an important role in supporting various forms of businesses that may differ greatly in terms of size, structure, or activity. Some of them can benefit from using buildings and infrastructure, while other enterprises can act the suppliers or contractors of construction companies. These are the main questions that should be discussed more closely. It should be noted that the construction sector plays an important role in promoting the growth of the tourist industry in the country (Oxford Business Group, 2008, p. 171). Various hotels, restaurants, and entertainment parks can be cost-effective only if developers can construct buildings quickly and at a relatively low cost. In turn, the increased inflow of affluent travelers from various regions of the world generates extra revenues for the country and its citizens. Furthermore, the companies working in this sector contribute to the creation of more affordable office space in the country (IBP, Inc, 2014). This opportunity is critical for many businesses that may represent various sectors of the economy. For instance, one can speak about such organizations as retailers, IT companies, banks, public agencies, and so forth. This is one of the positive effects that should be distinguished. Moreover, the construction industry is important for developing infrastructure such as roads and telecommunications (Gorgenlinder, 2011, p. 35). At first, this infrastructure is critical for the movements of goods across the country. Thus, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers are able to benefit from the growth of the construction sector. Furthermore, this infrastructure is important for financial transactions that are made by various financial institutions, such as banks and financial institutions. These are the main details that should be distinguished. Furthermore, one should mention that the real estate and construction sector contributes to the development of different businesses that can be engaged in such areas as sustainable technologies, design, engineering, and so forth. In many cases, they are the suppliers of the construction companies. This is one of the positive impacts that sho
In the middle of the 19th century, Harriet Beecher Stowe has created a well-known novel about slavery in the United States. The scandalous book was very popular, and its provocative glory is even considered one of the factors that have caused aggravation of the relationship between the northern and the southern states of America, which led to an escalation of the conflict between the two sides and soon resulted as a Civil War. Analyzing the opinions of representatives of both sides – a slave owner’s point of view, and the stories of poor immigrants struggling to survive – we can notice how different the views were. Looking at the situation from the point of view of a slave, and of an immigrant worker, we can see that neither of them had what we call “freedom”, in a traditional sense. Talking about the lives of slaves and comparing them to the theoretically free lives of immigrants, we are comparing the inevitable to the unknown: hopeless life of a slave and helpless life of a worker, who had no rights. Of course, the appearance of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” caused a reaction from the slave owners. A dangerous pattern started to emerge, slaves were about to realize that they have rights, and have power to fight for their rights. Wealthy and satisfied with their lifestyles southerners, living happy full lives were not please to feel the smell of revolution in the air. This is why a completely logical reaction followed – slave owners started to respond to Beecher Stowe’s novel with their own articles designed to show better sides of slavery, justify it, and portray it in a good light, as an act of generosity. Slave owners saw slavery as a great responsibility they were willing to take, in order to be good Christians and take care of the souls of their slaves, they imagined that they did not only own the bodies and lives of their slaves, but also the souls. Slave owners began to work out a series of arguments to prove that slaves were not used to freedom and that they required constant control, without it slaves would become unhappy lost people with no chances to survive, as they had no education, profession, social skills. Southern plantation owners were trying hard to create a stereotype of a happy slave, a slave, satisfied with his place in the society, living fulfilled, organized life, grateful to the master for taking good care of him. Slave owners tried to deflect accusations for owning people, redirecting the social attention to the situation in the North of the country, where the labor market was overcrowded with people in need, begging for jobs and having very little chance to find one. Clearly, slave owners had a point. Hiring was much more convenient for a northern employer than for a southern plantation owner. From the stories of the immigrant workers we understand how poor were the conditions they had to live in and how low their payments were. Those people truly were “wage slaves”. Rich southerners had to provide clothes, food, medical care and a home for their slaves. Capitalists of the North did not have to be bothered by all that. “Fre
The general discussion of moral development in children is broad and covers various areas, such as taking an interest in other people’s welfare. Students experience personality changes during growth, as explained in Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories. The development of kids into adults is influenced by several factors, such as bullying in schools. Harassment is expressed in different ways, and some are relatively more prone to specific areas than others. Each bully has a different style and applies varied tactics to control and intimidate the victims. The most common type is a physical attack, which is evident within any setting (Canty et al., 2016). It can exhibit in different ways, such as hitting children whom the bully has gained power over. The understanding of moral development following the theories of Kohlberg and Gilligan can provide useful solutions to eliminating bullying in American schools. Moral Development’s Perspective on Bullying and Teen Suicide Harassment in any context is a hostile act which ought to be condemned explicitly. In most schools, it is a common occurrence, and according to current statistics, in almost every three students, one is a victim of bullying (Arnett, 2000). At least at one point in one’s life, they have had to deal with aggression, either direct or indirect, as a witness or a victim. Typically, several aspects are considered in categorizing acts as bullying or not. These features include unbalanced power, distress, provocation, malicious intent, and repeated occurrence. It can happen either in or outside the school but is primarily due to the relationships formed within the institutions’ setting. Victimization is commonly demonstrated in classroom environments in any form and to anyone. From a developmental perspective, the unique characteristics of bullying and its impact can be linked to teen suicide. The various implications of aggression affect different elements of a child’s life and can continue even past childhood into adulthood. Some of the results of abuse are depression, low self-esteem, and suicidal nature (Canty et al., 2016). Adolescents who experience intimidation from others are more likely to encounter emotional distress and instability. As a result, some might respond to the assault by taking their lives or disconnecting themselves from the rest. In essence, abuse plays a significant role in the moral development of children. School-age children are prim
Demographics Total population and population growth since 1960 Guatemala has enjoyed a constant rise in the total population since 1960. With a period of five decades, the population has grown from an estimated 4.16 million in 1960 to 14.75 people in 2011 (Knudsen 19). Within the first decade (that is between 1960 and 1970), the population rose by 31% from 4.16 million to 5.45 million people. The population growth per annum has remained generally constant. In fact, there has been little change in population growth every consecutive year. Between 1960 and 1970, the percentage averaged at 2.70%. Since then, the average per every ten years has not been changing by a large margin. For instance, the average annual growth for the Guatemalan population between 1970 and 1980 was 2.56%, while that recorded between 1980 and 1190 reduced to 2.38%. By the end of the 20 th century, the population growth rate averaged at 2.31%, but gained by a small margin to reach 2.47% by 2011. This means that for the last 50 years, Guatemala’s population growth has averaged at 2.48%. Crude death rate It is quite difficult to examine the demographics of any country without an analysis of its death rate (Mittal 12). In this case, we examine the crude death rate (deaths per 1,000 people) in Guatemala since 1960. Statistics indicate that Guatemala’s crude death rate has been reducing significantly over the last 50 years. In fact, it is worth noting that by 1960, the crude death rate stood at 18.995, but by the end of the 21 st century, it has reduced by 12.718 to reach 6.277, which is estimated at 70% decrease. This is quite a commendable achievement, whose contributing factors have been explained under health and income rates analysis. Between 1960 and 1970, the annual decrease in crude death rate stood at 16.90%, but this decreased by more than 4%, achieving an average annual death rate of 13.0% by 1980. Similarly, there was significant reduction in the country’s annual death rate, with statistics showing that it the average death rate (crude) for the national population stood at around 10.09 by 1990. Towards the end of the 20 th century, the country had ach
Mandiant Cyber Security Company is an American firm founded in the year 2004 (Gerdes, 2009). Kevin Mandia is the founder and the CEO of the company. Before starting the company, Mandia had worked in the security industry for more than 12 years. As such, he had served in the US air force as a computer security analyst and a computer forensic officer. Mandia formed the organization after he realized that there were going to be a lot of computer intrusion in the future. Currently, the company’s headquarter is based in Virginia. In America, the firm has several offices with more than 300 staff members. The firms’ customers include private firms, government organizations, and high-status individuals. All these customers have been overwhelmed with the firms’ ability to notify them when their systems are at threat and the material consequences of the threats. Early this year, the firm became very popular when it accused Chinese cyber attackers for stealing terabytes of information and documents from American firms and government institutions (Doll, 2013). In the allegation report, the firm asserts that Unit 61398 of the Chinese army was responsible for the attacks. In the last century, several leadership styles and theories were formulated and analyzed (Kippenberger, 2012). Notably, the basic principles of leadership such as inspiring and directing others to realize shared goals underwent through little changes in the past decades. However, leadership context, complexity, and diversity in institutions progressed immensely in the last century. The achievements behind Mandiant Cyber Security Company owe its success to the leadership styles exhibited in the firm. Effective leadership styles have not only enabled the firm to help its customers from being attacked by cybercriminals but also enabled the company to run smoothly. As evidence from the top executives such as Kevin Mandia and Travis Reese, the firm’s top management embraces more of transformational leadership style compared with transactional leadership style. The executives’ ability to embrace dynamic leadership has enabled the firm to become accustomed to changing conditions in the cyber world. During the inception period, Mandia’s transformational leadership was evidenced through his ability to plot a clear vision of the firm’s goals, which has enabled its success. Similarly, the firm’s transformational leadership is evidenced by its ability to attract numerous and reputable organizations as its customers. Notably, the firm’s customers have been pleased with the services offered by the company. Apart from the executive, the firm’s staff embraces transactional leadership style. This leadership style has been efficient for these employees as they work on fixed programs and responsibilities. For instance, when the firm receives a call from a distressed customer that his or her company is under threat from hackers, the firms delegate some of its employees to monitor the costumer’s network for a very long period (Rao & Upadhyaya, 2013). Such tasks are usually very demanding and specific. Therefore, through transactional lea
The revised vision of the Dubai Business School is focused on the near future. Specifically, by the years 2020 and 2025, the establishment leadership plans to move it to the top of the competition in the field of management education. This vision statement expresses the orientation to quality, innovation, excellence, and improvement. However, as goal-oriented as this vision statement sounds, it could be improved by mentioning the student-centered focus of the establishment and the goal of catering to the changing needs of learners and the region in general in terms of business education and expert knowledge. The mission statement of DBS mentions the collaboration with communities, society involvement, and student-centered innovations. All of these aspects make the statement stand out and present the organization as contemporary and highly professional. However, it could be improved by adding another aspect such as the orientation towards the improvement of community life and local businesses. In addition, the statement points out that the organization intends to strengthen its research faculty. In that way, the statement could be improved by mentioning concentration on research activities that could drive the development of expert knowledge in business education forward. The overall list of objectives presented in the statement is quite elaborate and covers a variety of areas crucial for the progressive and successful development of an organization as well as the production of the impact on the field in general. The objectives take into consideration the needs of contemporary business students, society and communities, and the business industry itself. The diversity of the objectives mentioned in the statement is a definitive strength. An improvement could be introduced by adding the focus on fair and equitable policy-making in the field of business education that could allow the area to develop further.
Introduction Writing back refers to the literature where an author reflects on past experiences. An author writes back on the issues that he/she has been passionately involved in and which affect the author’s life directly. Queer voices have been oppressed in the past; most writers who have experienced this oppression have found it necessary to write back. The oppression of minority may be as a result of gender, race, class, or sexuality differences. Queer voices have been suppressed as a result of Power structures not giving equal rights and supporting the mutual development of the populace. “ A Room of One’s Own ” is a book written by Virginia Woolf, it focuses on gender issues where women are oppressed. In her book, women are not allowed to participate in creative literature. In her days Woolf was a critic; she felt that her understanding of literature as a woman was not well acknowledged as compared to literature written by male authors. For this reason, she wrote the book “ A Room of One’s Own ” where she takes the reader through her research and getting the reader to know the woman behind the many literature works she had written earlier. Woolf, in her work, dares the patriarchal system which only lets women live their life supporting the enterprise of men instead of choosing their own livelihood. Writers like Ngugi wa Thiong’o in his novel “ Decolonizing the mind” , give agencies and voice to community languages that have slowly become extinct as a result of the community members opting to speak English instead of their native languages. Waters’ novel, “ Tipping the velvet” , is set in the Victorian era in the late 19 th century, it focuses on sexuality. Her novel has persistent lesbian themes which revolve on self discovery. In Tipping the Velvet , the characters with queer views and sexuality differences interact with the surrounding rather than isolating themselves (Waters 82). Waters chose to write on the Victorian era because she felt the power structure in this era oppressed the gay and lesbian members of the community. According to Waters, most of the things people know about this era is stereotype and wrong. Waters considers herself as part of the gay and lesbian heritage; she portrays her support to homosexuality (Waters 57). Waters work was influenced by Chris Hunt’s novel “ Street Lavender” . Her intentions were to make her novel look like a female version of Street Lavender . The two novels are set in the
In the 20th century, many events that transformed the global political structure had occurred: the collapse of the bipolar system of international relationships, development of independent sovereign states with the communist historical background, regime changes in the countries of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. However, dissemination of democratic values and institutions can be regarded as one of the most significant phenomena that took place in the past century. It is traditionally considered that democratic practices and economic growth are interconnected. However, throughout the time, the authoritarian political systems functioned in many countries which underwent the periods of rapid economic advancement. For this reason, the question about what leadership style and political factors foster economic growth is now of great interest. In this paper, we will evaluate the given topic and will attempt to resolve this issue by reviewing distinct theoretical perspectives. According to the classical model of democracy, the wealthier the state is, the more opportunities it has to establish and maintain the democratic regime. As in the case of many Western industrial nations, modernization of the economy made an impact on the social-cultural sphere and provoked the formation social conditions that consequently resulted in the development of a favorable environment for the performance of democratic practices. From this perspective, the shift from economic modernization to the political one seems to be logical and inevitable. Thus, it is possible to say that in advanced economies, the consolidation of democracy is facilitated, while in developing countries, it becomes more difficult. However, in their works, Olson, Moyo, and Friedman argue about the causal relationships between the functions of institutions and the temps of economic development. From their points of view, the concentration and accumulation of capital, unequal distribution of resources, as well as the level of political instability and economic freedom may determine the degree of economic sustainability in the country. The focus on multiple political and legal factors rather than on the leadership style seems more appropriate because, by the beginning of the 21st century, the number of authoritarian states with a low level of economic development has decreased − reasonable financial policies enabled by the leaders of those countries were the major reason for this improvement. It is worth mentioning that while it is hard to find an economically underdeveloped democracy, authoritarian states largely vary on the levels of their advancement and tempts of growth. The differences in ec