ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Mental health counseling is a diverse profession with national standards for proficiency in education, preparation and clinical practice. The profession offers help to the ever-increasing number of Americans requiring mental therapy. Clinical mental health practitioners are highly-skilled professionals who provide malleable, consumer-inspired therapy. Mental health counselors provide a variety of services such as; evaluation and diagnosis, psychotherapy, solution-motivated therapy, crisis management, substance abuse treatment and prevention programs. After careful research and critical evaluation of my desired career options, I decided to pursue a Master’s degree in Clinical counseling with a bias in mental health counseling. This is an educational option that would propel me to become a mental health counselor in future. As for me, apart from being an excellent listener and having the will to help the neglected; it is obvious that there is an overbearing need for clinical counselors in the country as a guarantee against unemployment. Furthermore, a nationwide survey shows that clinical counselors receive decent salary packages. Other than the money, I find the field of mental health divergent and rapidly evolving. Not much has been studied about the functioning of the brain. As a result, the methods of therapy have not been developed as well as in other fields of medicine. It is, therefore, my desire to engage in this field of study and unearth as much knowledge and information as I can within the period of my career. The decision to apply for the clinical counseling in mental health program was mainly influenced by an internship that I had at the Carter Center of Mental Health. The center is pioneered by Former First lady Rosalynn Carter and is aimed at alleviating the stigma that is associated with mental disorders in society. In spite of growing media coverage and dispersion of information regarding mental health, myths and misinformed prejudices still persist in society regarding mental health. At the Carter Center, I undertook volunteer internship for three months with the aim of gaining some experience on what it is to work as a psychologist. However, after making numerous rounds to countless hospitals, outpatient mental health facilities and hospices, I felt that my real calling might be in mental health counseling. The internship was an eye opening experience on the plight faced by mental health victims such as; depressed people, victims of alcohol and substance abuse, schizophrenics, people with eating disorders, personality disorders and anxiety disorder victims. After watching thousands of Americans suffering mental health disorders, I instinctively knew i had to contribute to the social welfare of this great country. Cultural diversity, as well as cultural prejudice is present in our lives and is a fact that we have to live with and dutifully accept. It is only recently that professionals have realized that they c
The importance of mental illnesses cannot be underestimated due to the fact that numerous people get exposed to such problems on a daily basis. As the evidence from the article written by Latzman et al. (2019) suggests, at least 20% of the adult population across the globe are adversely affected by mental illnesses of various gravity, and at least 40% of teenagers suffer from milder versions of mental illnesses as well. These statistics provide a multifaceted outlook on why it may be important to increase mental health awareness and research mental health conditions more thoroughly to identify possible links between at least some of these conditions. Within the framework of the current paper, the author addresses such mental health conditions as schizophrenia, depression, and dementia in an attempt to develop a knowledge base for the readers and generate an in-depth review of how these conditions affect the behavioural, emotional, and perceptive aspects of one’s personality. The importance of this review may be supported by the fact that if left untreated, mental health conditions could increase the risk of damage given to the patient and their surroundings. Schizophrenia Behaviour Behavioural influence of schizophrenia can be described as a simultaneous hit affecting several areas of human functioning. One of the first (and most evident) aspects of schizophrenia is that the patient would talk about anything and either make no sense or make up inexistent words that they would believe to be real. As it would be discussed below, patients with schizophrenia rarely show emotions or remain expressively agitated for a long time. Another crucial element that has to be taken into consideration is the lack of ability to keep their place clean and do ch
Introduction Americans love their cars and this can be evidenced by the brisk sale of SUVs and trucks in the last 10 years. Power is also a major concern for Americans when buying a car. One wonders then is a small, sluggish hybrid auto would sell well in the US market. In spite of such expectation, the introductions of the Prius, a hybrid auto manufactured by Toyota, was a runaway success for Toyota, and the company sold 2,610 units between July and October, 2000. The company had embarked on clever marketing techniques that targeted early adopters and techies. The Prius combines an electric motor with a gas engine to boost power and fuel efficiency. The demand for the Prius was also stimulated when the automaker was given tax incentives by the government. Moreover, starting from 2002, the IRS allowed prospective buyers of the Prius to claim up to $ 2,000 in tax deduction, further boosting sales. Due to intense competition, Toyota anticipates other automakers to also start manufacturing hybrids in a bid to lower emission and raise gas mileage (Kotler & Armstrong, 2009, p. 120). As an early entrant, Toyota is already targeting commercial trucks and SUVs with its hybrid model. Save for techno-savvy consumers, the mass market in the U.S is still reluctant to purchase hybrid cars. On the other hand, auto dealers are reluctant to promote hybrid cars. Only time will tell if consumers will opt to buy the more comfortable, more spacious and less powerful hybrids and benefit from improved fuel efficiency, or stick to the spacious, comfortable and powerful fuel guzzling SUVs and trucks. Executive Summary Americans love high-tech autos that emit fewer air pollutants and gives high gas mileage. In addition, the U. S. culture worships technological and scientific advances. Americans are also opposed to increases in gasoline prices. This, coupled with their concern for the environment, saw Toyota introduce Prius, the company’s hybrid auto, into the U.S market, in 2000. The Prius has a four-cylinder, 1.5-liter gas engine. It delivers 114 horsepower. The 33-kilowatt electric motor operates at low speeds. It uses a nickel metal-hydride battery to start the car. 1 gallon covers 66 miles while driving under normal highway conditions. The Prius has been designed in such a way that it switches to the gasoline engine automatically as speeds increases. However, there is a downside to the Pius. For example, although the Echo and the Prius are both nearly the same car, the latter costs nearly $ 3,000 more. To offset the difference in price, one has to purchase 1,887 gallons in the case of the Prius. This adds up to 124,542 miles, at the rate of 1 gallon for every 66 miles (Kotler & Armstrong, 2009, p. 120). Getting the estimated mileage is a pipe dream since gasoline mileage testing procedures by the EPA are normally overstated by up to 15 percent. Moreover, hybrids recharge their batteries using regenerative braking. Therefore, during the EPA driving cycle, more energy is fed to the braking system and consequently, the estimated gas mileage is boosted. The future looks bright though for Prius becaus
Unfortunately, drugs and alcohol have become a part of human life many centuries ago. Nowadays, people still use drugs and alcohol. However, now many people understand the danger of drug and alcohol abuse. Some think that there are only a few addicts who are treated in special places. However, there are lots of those who use alcohol or drugs in all communities. Therefore, it is possible to find people who have real problems with drugs or alcohol, even in such groups as athletes and student leaders. For instance, Paul Chabot, MPA, Ed.D. came to Iona College to talk about drugs and alcohol with student leaders and athletes. It turned out that many students did not understand the danger. Paul Chabot delivered a really great lecture. He shared his own experience, he gave some statistic data, and he told about the experiences of other people. The main message of his lecture is that young people should not only avoid using drugs or alcohol, but they should carry out a mission, which is as follows: “Live the absolute best life that you can, challenge every wrong that you see before you…” (IonaCollegeVideos, 2011). It is important to add that the lecture was really informative. Paul Chabot revealed precise data, which are quite frightening. People never think of the problem if they do not see the exact number of people who suffer or even die. Besides, the lecturer showed a really illustrative video. The 22-year-old girl who had health problems because of drugs was examined. It turned out that her brain was in a very poor state. Paul Chabot’s association concerning the chase for the Rabbit was really great. Admittedly, the lecture broadened the horizons of many students who were there. Apart from the really interesting and informative lecture, it was a great chance to observe young people’s reactions. It could seem that the audience (athletes and student leaders) would agree with the lecturer. However, it turned out that some students did not share the opinion of the lecturer. For instance, when Paul Chabot was talking about marihuana, students reacted in a bit strange way. Some students did not see the danger. Many students started discussing the use of marihuana. It seemed that some students thought marihuana was a kind of medication. It was obvious that some young people did not think that they could become addicts. Such kind of reaction was quite unexpected. Of course, it is necessary to have a closer look at people’s reaction, and it will become clear who is an addict, who can become an addict, who understands the danger, and who can carry out the mission. Therefore, it is quite useful to attend such events. It is interesting to observe young people (who are not supposed to use any substances) listening to a lecture about drug and alcohol abuse. It is possible to see individuals who have (or have had) health problems because of drugs and those who still do not understand the danger. Interestingly, the lecturer mentioned group thinking. Such lectures can be a good illustration of the group thinking. I would recommend attending such kind of event as it can be very helpful. It is possible to ob
Throughout our lives, we often get to confront a situations when the change in ground rules and regulations, concerning a particular group of people or society in general, prompts us to refer to such a change as unethical. At the same time, the very fact that such changes do take place, every once in a while, indicate their objective essence, which in its turn implies that some of them may be ethical, after all, simply because the cause that results in these changes coming into being, corresponds to the principle of impartiality, rationality and publicity. In their book “Research Ethics: a Reader”, Deni Elliott and Judy E. Stern provide us with an insight on what should account for our reasoning as to which change in ground rules can be referred to as ethical or unethical: “Not everyone agrees on which violations satisfy the three conditions of impartiality, rationality, and publicity, but it is a part of our moral system that no violation is justified unless it satisfies all three of these conditions” (Elliot & Stern, 1997, p. 29). While keeping this in mind, we will analyze the introduction of “holocaust denial” criminal charges into the penal code of many Western countries that simultaneously take pride in the fact that their democratic form of governing is being firmly based onto the concept of freedom of speech. In 2006, a critically acclaimed British historian David Irving was being sentenced to 5 years in Austrian jail, simply because he happened to suggest that Jews were not only the people who suffered during the course of WW2 and that the extent of their suffering is being grossly exaggerated by Jewish controlled Medias. In his article “Freedom of Hate Speech”, Jeff Jacoby states: “Funny people, the Austrians. If you’re Kurt Waldheim – a former Nazi military officer linked to a genocidal massacre during World War II – they elect you president. But if you’re David Irving – a British author who claimed that there never was a Nazi genocide during World War II – they throw you in the slammer” (Jacoby 2006). It is important to understand that this incident sheds light onto the fact that in the West, an impartial, rational and public concept of freedom of speech is being gradually deprived of its essential subtleties. Ever since their childhood years, citizens in such countries as Canada, Britain, France and Germany are being taught to believe that they can utilize their constitutional right of freedom of speech in just about any way they want – yet, as soon as they begin publically referring to Jews other then the “holy cows”, that are being beyond any criticism whatsoever, they automatically risk the chance of criminal persecution. Therefore, there can be no doubt that the introduction of va
Structural elements of a functional eukaryotic chromosome and their functions The basic structural elements of a functional eukaryotic chromosome are centromere, telomere, and a replication origin. They serve different functions. The centromere joins two chromatids together using cohesins before mitosis is initiated (Nussbaum, McInnes, & Willard, 2007). It also binds microtubules to the mitotic spindle during division. Telomeres are protective caps at the extremities of a chromosome that comprise tandem sequence repeats (Tzanetakou, Nzietchueng, Perrea, & Benetos, 2014). They safeguard sticky chromosomal ends from deterioration or binding to other chromatids. A replication origin is a specific site in a chromosome where the copying of DNA starts. Telomeres are linked to the lifespan potential in eukaryotes. Their length at birth and in adulthood shows significant variability. Telomeric loss is inversely correlated with late-onset disorders (Tzanetakou et al., 2014). Ongoing research in premature aging focuses on heightened oxidative stress and degradation of telomeres as potential triggers of these diseases (Tzanetakou et al., 2014). The aim is to reverse telomere loss to increase longevity. The difference among replication, transcription, and translation for both DNA and RNA According to the central dogma model, replication is the synthesis of two daughter DNA or RNA molecules using a parental unzipped DNA strand or RNA primer as a template (Nussbaum et al., 2007). This semi-conservative process is catalyzed by DNA polymerase and occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction. In DNA replication, complementary nucleotide bases are paired together (Adenine with Thiamine and Guanine with Cytosine) to form a double-stranded molecule (Seibert, 2014). Thiamine is replaced by Uracil in RNA copying. Transcription is the biosynthesis of RNA from a DNA template in a process catalyzed by RNA polymerase (Nussbaum et al., 2007). The product (transcript) is usually a single-stranded molecule (mRNA). In contrast, translation entails protein synthesis from an RNA template. A transfer RNA reads the transcript copied from DNA and joins an amino acid to a primer based on a three-nucleotide sequence (codon) to form a peptide chain (Nussbaum et al., 2007). The proteins produced serve different functions in the cell. Factors associated with a complex inheritance health issue Disorders with complex inheritance are often multifactorial. A number of factors are associated with their causation. First, multiple genes are involved, resulting in different disease severity and susceptibility to complex disorders (Nussbaum et al., 2007). The allelic heterogeneity means that their i
Introduction Records show that there is about 2.0 million children in the United States whose parents are in prison. According to Marsh 321 in 2007 about 10 million youths in the country had one of their parents being imprisoned at some point in their lives. Analysis of data between 1995 and 2006 reveals that the number of women put behind bars increased by 23% standing at 57.0% from 34.0% in 1995. It is worth noting that over a half (52.0%) of those in prison are parents while 75.0% of women in prison are mothers (Marsh 252). Additionally when considering the age of their children, majority of them are of tender age. For this reason they are directly affected by the fact that their mothers are in prison. The essay is an examination of children of incarcerated women and the recidivism rate of incarcerated women based on two main theories, differential-association theory and labeling theory. Differential-association theory According to Williams & Marilyn 34 this theory was developed by Sutherland Edwin and holds that the environment in which one lives in plays a significant role in dictating which norms individuals violate. Thus the people one lives with or closely associate with influences the way that individual will see the world. It is a fact that people learn norms, beliefs and culture from different socializing agents such as parents, teachers, siblings, relatives, friends among others. For this reason individuals learn deviant behaviors from people with whom they closely interact with (Marsh 124). For women who are imprisoned, it is evident that they will interact with other criminals. Although the aim of placing them behind bars is to help them reform, research has shown that once they are released, there are higher chances of these women to engage in more serious crimes. On the other hand, since the child will interact with his or her mother when released or interact with other members of the society who show deviant behaviors there are high chances that they will engage in criminal activities. For instance children of African-American race are 10 times more likely to engage in criminal activities if their mothers were imprisoned while Hispanic are 3 times more likely to be deviant (Marsh 89). Labeling theory This theory explains that deviance is present in the society as a result of labeling. Usually people derive meaning from one another, symbols, actions as well as reactions (Williams & Marilyn 67). Members in the society who are deemed influential and powerful are the ones who give labels to others for instance an individual or a group of people may be labeled prostitutes, alcoholic, drug addicts among others. Once this has entered into the minds of the public, even in situations where an individual portrays contrary behaviours he or she will still be referred by
Twitter is an online social network that has gained a lot of attention and popularity among users, both young and middle aged especially due to its ease of use and peer pressure. It is a social network that revolves around the aspect of followers where an individual follows a number of people. The social network works under the principle of being at per with what is happening among an individual’s followers at different times. This is because by choosing to follow some people or Twitter users their tweets appear on your main Twitter page. As the author of the article states, Twitter is on a move of changing the way people live. This is because of the influence it has had on the members and although it has not been there for a long time, its impact on people’s lives is evident (O’Reilly and Milstein, 2009). I agree with most of Johnson’s claims in regard to the topic of discussion, that is, “Twitter will change the way we live.” Twitter has for example enabled members to be at per with almost everything that is happening not only around them but also around the world. This has been made possible through various techniques for instance the most recent search box that allows one to attain information of any given topic in real time. Real life and national experiences and conversations have helped in molding people behaviors due to exposure to some important life issues on any advancement and happenings in different parts of the world (McFedries, 2010). Various kinds of information are conveyed through Twitter other than just being a communication tool. This is through use of links that give details on different issues including videos and articles. In other words, Twitter has proved to be an efficient supplier of credible information that is up-to-date for instance news and advertisements (Thomases 2010). This has changed peoples’ perception of life through informing them and thus doing away with ignorance. It has also fostered a lot of end user innovations through allowing users to not only use the tool but do some developments (Johnson, 2009). One major change is how people communicate in their personal life as well as in their business life in a positive way. It has also made people bold through sharing their experiences. Creativity among followers has also grown in the course of using twitter through honing of individuals’ talents through information and encouragement from people. One is able to influence change without difficulties. Twitter has also made people to be a source of inspiration to others an aspect that boosts ones self esteem and morale. Through sharing, people have learnt to be kind and to help others achieve success in life where they can help, that is, it has enhanced problem solving. The fact that Twitter allows people to know of what exist beyond their backyard is another point that the author has used to support the topic of discussion of which it is justifiable. Twitter has also facilitated learning on different issues (one just has to follow the right people) (Belardo, 2010). Although twitter has negative impacts on peoples’ li