ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The histories of empire building have enjoyed renaissance from the period of 19 th century. This has been epitomized by the global primacy of USA militarily, economically and culturally. It is the tradition of USA that has given a place to imperialism and especially the Marxist form of imperialism. The influence of the USA is widely related to two aspects: its geopolitical relations and its economic mode of capital accumulation. The economic influence of USA is primarily necessitated by the internationalization of systems of production, circulation and investment, the interpenetration of private capital and the structure of the nation. This has resulted into an integrated nature of the world economy becoming the main arena for competition among states and further resulting into geopolitical conflicts between states. It is understood that the two world wars were products of anti-imperialist conflicts. The US imperialism in the global arena conforms to the theory by Hardts and Negri, who posited that inter-imperialism rivalries have influence beyond the transnational power cycle. Consequently, it is argued that the advent of globalization has facilitated the establishment of the US Empire. What makes the US an indispensable player in the global economy is its resources and massive population that can provide a huge market for its products. Other factors favoring US as a dominant player in the international stage are the dominance and presence of their culture all over the world and the sophistication of its military. Notwithstanding, these reasons, the secret of US dominance is due to the use of a dollar as a global and standard currency [1]. World Bank and IMF as Tools of Imperialism The World Bank, for example, has been considered as an instrument of imperialism that is used by the USA to dictate the world economy. This similarly applies to the IMF. This is evidenced in the management of the bank whereby in the 24 member board, eight are representatives of the global powers namely: “Germany, Britain, France, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, USA and Japan” [1] and the remaining sixteen slots are shared by approximately 185 member states. Consequently, US has control over the voting weight in the two organizations; with “17 percent in the IMF and 16 percent in World Bank” [1], its allies also hold a substantial say in the voting weight. Though World Bank is considered as a global institution, it is only the USA that has veto power of the Bank’s critical decisions, and it is the president of the USA, who is bestowed with the task of appointing the Bank’s president. This power wielded by the US over the two monetary institutions gives them the leverage to promote their imperialism tendencies. The USA influences the global economy through their corporations. American Corporations Imperialism has also benefited US economy through having lee way
Coca-Cola is one of the most established brands in the world. One of the primary reasons for the brand’s success was its marketing strategy, which ensured customers’ interest throughout the years. Slogans were a big part of the company’s marketing, along with its famous television advertisements. In this essay, I want to examine the brand’s 1939 slogan: “Whoever you are, whatever you do, wherever you may be, when you think of refreshment, think of ice-cold Coca-Cola.” First of all, this slogan is an excellent example of the use of poetic language in advertisements. There are several key linguistic components in this slogan, including parallelism, repetition, and triple listing. Parallel structures: “whoever you are,” “whatever you do,” and “wherever you may be” are the foundation of the first part of the slogan. They create a certain rhythm of the sentence, which instantly catches the audience’s attention. Sound repetitions of “w” at the beginning of each part of the sentence reinforce the effect and stress the words “whoever,” “whatever,” and “wherever,” emphasizing the idea of unity and thus the product’s popularity among different groups people. The quantity of the parallel structures is also essential. The slogan presents them in double triplets: in the first two parallelisms contain three words, and there are three parallel structures in total. Repetition and listing in triplets help to establish the idea in the audience’s minds, thus ensuring that the phrase is memorable. Repetition of the word “think,” on the other hand, increases the persuasive effect of the slogan: in the last section, “think” is repeated as a direction, which becomes more efficient due to the previous mentioning of the word. Finally, the last few words of the slogan present a consonance: “ice cold Coca-Cola.” The repetition of staccato “c” sound somehow breaks the overall continuous flow of the slogan, thus attracting the customer’s internal attention to the brand’s name. This segment of the slogan is also important as it is easily memorable due to the sound repetition. By making the audience remember this simple phrase, the marketers not only ensure that people will recognize the brand but also that they will memorize the best way to drink the beverage: ice cold. The most important effect of the use of poetic devices in that they attract the attention of the audience to the central message of the advert. The idea of all-inclusiveness was relevant to the brand’s strategic goals at the time. The drink was relatively cheap and could be perceived as something only acceptable for the low to middle-class populations. By emphasizing the idea that everyone should drink Coca-Cola, the marketers were able to address the issue and promote the drink to all segments of the potential audience simultaneously. The abundance of poetic language also helps to avoid losing the customers’ attention due to the size of the slogan, which is considerably longer than the company’s previous advertisement statements. Overall, I believe that this slogan is one of the best historical examples of th
Introduction In the middle of the 20 th century, the UAE’s budget was hooked on fishing and the gem business that was slowly falling behind (Algethami, 2013). The country’s land changed vividly only after the 1950s when oil was found in the Abu Dhabi emirate. As it has been specified in The National , in a couple of years, it became the original emirate to distribute oil, and this factor has effectively altered the region’s economic and cultural state. In the 1970s, the emirates liberated themselves from Britain and formed a group of six states that are now acknowledged as the United Arab Emirates (Picton, 2010). The main concept of the study is a thorough analysis of the phenomenal rise of the tourism business in the UAE. Occupancy rates and the number of hotels and hotel rooms are going to be methodically studied in order to understand the “tourist patterns” (Vij & Vij, 2012). By a “tourist pattern,” the author means the image of an average traveler who visits the UAE in general and each of the three most popular emirates: Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Sharjah. This image will be based on the number of the individualities of the tourists beca
Introduction Businesses are working toward limiting their operation costs to achieve competitive edge against competitors in their respective industries. One area where quality management has been focused on by organisations is supply chain management, which is considered as a perfect way of managing inventory. Supply chain management has increasingly received recognition as a strategic means of re-inventing an organisation’s entire business operation and planning (Evans & Lindsay, 2008). Samsung Group, which manufactures electronic components as well as financial and services corporation, has a complex global supply chain that has in turn integrated advanced planning mechanisms and scheduling. This report highlights on Samsung’s adoption of the six sigma model and how the company has used the model in enhancing its operations and general business performance. Supply Chain Management Six Sigma Black Belt The initial course in adoption of six sigma at the Samsung Group is the establishment of the methodology through a training program that lasts for four months. The training program mainly focuses on training and mentoring, and it is referred to as the Supply Chain Management Six Sigma Black Belt (Choi et al., 2012). As part of the training programme, full-time training is offered for a period of one week each month for four months. This is supplemented by guiding of supply chain management Black Belts as appertains to their selected projects. Prospective employees at the Group have to finish three similar projects before receiving a supply chain management Black Belt full certification. Leveraging of six sigma within the established human resource belt system enables Samsung to alleviate supply chain management talent shortage. This has been the most significant obstacle in improving the performance of supply chain management. The anticipation of the Samsung Group is that the supply chain management six sigma will lead to enhancement of performance within the supply chain management function owing to greater understanding of the supply chain in general (Choi et al., 2012). Samsung equally expects that its move to adopt the supply chain management six sigma will in turn lead to an improved Return On Investment (ROI). The existing training program is structured within Samsung’s Six Sigma Academy with the objective of developing talent,
Lutein Carotenoids are organic plant pigments which largely occur in chloroplasts of green plants and algae. They are highly abundant in fruits, vegetables and green plants, with more than 600 found in nature [1]. Birds (yellow and red feathers and egg yolk), fish and crustaceans (orange-red skin and flesh), and invertebrate animals have pigments in free forms or as complexes with proteins which responsible for the wide variety of colors in animals. Animal Carotenoids originate from plants where it gets absorbed from the diet [2]. Carotenoids can be classified into two group which are the provitamin A Carotenoids (those that can be converted to vitamin A in the human body) and the non-provitamin A Carotenoids (those that cannot be converted to vitamin A in the human body) [3]. There are only about 30 to 50 Carotenoids commonly associated with human diet and approximately 20 are found in human blood and tissues [1]. Lutein and its stereo isomer, zeaxanthin belong to the xanthophylls (non-provitamin A) family of Carotenoids which are mostly concentrated in the ocular tissues such as the lens and macula lutea [4]. As hypothesized, carotenoid plays a similar role in humans as in the plants where it generates the potent antioxidants and effective screeners of high energy blue light. Lutein is a yellow carotenoid and present as the second most abundant Carotenoids in human serum along with other Carotenoids (Table 1)[4-6]. Lutein is famously known for its value for eye health such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts. However, the beneficial characteristics of Lutein do not only help in preventing eye disease but also with other body health. In many recent studies, it was suggested that Lutein and zeaxanthin may also contribute to maintain heart and skin health [5]. As the importance of Lutein in human health becoming obvious in the society, more investigations have been performed over the years to demonstrate its performance in human health. Table 1: Major Carotenoids in human blood serum [3]. Chemistry of Lutein Lutein and zeaxanthin belongs to xanthophylls which make them significantly different from other Carotenoids as they contain oxygenated substituents [3]. It contains two hydroxyl groups at each end of the molecule that plays an important role in their biological function and provides unique biochemical properties (Figure 1). Lutein [(3R,3’R,6’R)-β-carotene-3,3’-diol] and zeaxanthin [a mixture of (3R,3R’)-β,β-carotene-3,3’-diol and (3R,3’S-meso)-β,β-carotene-3,3’diol] are structurally related to β-carotene [7]. Lutein and zeaxanthin are isomers of each other, differs in the position of one of the double bonds [1].In contrast, hydrocarbon Carotenoids such as β-carotene and lycophene have no oxygen atom [4]. Therefore, the hydroxyl groups on Lutein and zeaxanthin a
It is now over 150 years since when Charles Darwin proposed one of the influential theories, the theory of evolution, through natural selection in human history. At its youngest years, the theory faced immense controversies. People inclined to evangelical conservatism came out to counter it via mega campaigns. At the same time, progressive intellectuals coupled with liberal-minded people were also not left out of controversy. Nevertheless, these controversies have not ceded. Even in the modern world, the theory of evolution through natural selection also attracts valid contest from a scientific society. In his scholarly work, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , Darwin prophesies, “in the distant future, I see open fields for far more important researches where psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation” (Darwin, 1859, p. 449). Today, this dream of Darwin is arguably realized. Evolutionary psychology has resulted in altering the manner in which psychologists conduct their studies on the human mind. Indeed, it is permitting psychologists to introspect human behaviors in more fascinating dimensions. Nonetheless, the progression of any discipline attracts mixed reactions and ways of contextualizing the whole process of progression. Psychology, being one of the disciplines that call for the immense deployment of the power of reasoning, does not give clean pathways for the progression of the evolutional theory by natural selection in a way that Darwin could have anticipated. However, the concern here is not to explore why the theory of natural selection faces criticism. Rather, the aim is to discuss the manner in which Darwin formulated the theory of natural selection coupled with how his notion has changed since the modern synthesis. How Darwin formulated the theory of natural selection The popularisation of the term natural selection is owed to the scholarly works of Charles Darwin. In particular, his aim was to make his theory comparable with “the theory of selective breeding, what was priory termed as artificial selection” (Keightley & Otto, 2006, p.89). Natural selection entails a slow and gradual process through which certain biological traits of the population become more or even less common due to the deferential reproduction of the trait bearers. Darwin noted that variation always takes place across all organisms in populations. In the modem day evolutionary psychology body of knowledge, among the contributors to these variations are random mutations, which lead to alterations of genomes of organisms. Such mutations are hereditary. During the lives of organisms, “…genomes interact with the environment-cells, other
Group project McDonald’s is a name given to several restaurants operating under the same brand name in the US, which marks the origin of the restaurants. The company started early in the 1950s, making great profits and gaining popularity in providing foods to children, youths, young adults, and adults, including the elderly. It was not until 2001 that the restaurant reached its lowest point in operations, making great losses. Several serious issues affected restaurant operations (Laermer & Simmons, 2004). External Factors McDonald’s restaurant produced and sold the same type of foods as other restaurants in the region. This made it impossible for the restaurant to make a profit as before. Wendy and Burger introduced new skills and ideas in the restaurant operations, thus taking some of the customers from McDonald’s. Legislation, on the other hand, had its share on lowering down the activities of the restaurant. Some of the customers took legal action to sue McDonald’s for providing foods that made them gain a lot of weight in few days like one month. This is directly linked to customer’s preference whereby customers preferred specific types of foods that McDonald’s did not produce and sell (Laermer & Simmons, 2004). Internal Factors During the low period, McDonald’s had its internal problems that affected smooth functioning. Customers complained of inadequate satisfaction from the restaurant’s services. They observed that foods were of less substantial quality. The general cleanliness of the apartment was below the required standards. These made most of the customers feel insecure to pathogens that cause diseases. They opted to get their food from different restaurants, which fulfilled their satisfaction (Jellison, 2006). There were also several internal wrangles. For instance, shareholders demanded removal of Jack Greenberg as the manager of the restaurant during the restaurants darkest period. Proposed Changes Citing the problems that the restaurant was facing the management proposed some new strategies to help correct the situation. The restaurant management decided to use two strategies in this context. The strategies included travel path technology and lower calorie offerings. McDonald’s travel path aimed at enabling a staff member to walk along after every thirty minutes to ascertain that all programs were running well. The restaurant management proposed a change in amount of calories they provided to their customers. This is because some customers complain of fast gaining of weight that can easily lead to obesity. Some of the foods invented to promote the sales of the restaurant in different parts of US and other parts of the world. For instance, in Japan they make Teriyaki Burger, which is a new idea from Sweden that grills Burgers
The major conclusion of the part of Martin Luther King’s speech touching upon the issue of Ho Chi Min’s land reform is that this reform was benevolent for the peasants, and can be categorized as “one of the most important needs in their lives” (King “A Time to Break Silence”). The assessment of the reliability of this assertion requires a thorough analysis of the deductive process as well as the provided evidence and fallacies in it if any. The reasoning used by King for evaluating the effects of Ho Chi Min’s land reform is deductive because it moves from general to specific. King’s major premise is that all peasants are interested in land. The minor premise is that Ho Chi Min’s reform was aimed at the redistribution of the land among the peasants. The conclusion which King forces from these premises is that Ho Chi Min’s land reform was beneficial for the people of Vietnam. Still, this conclusion cannot be regarded as a valid one because there are particular fallacies in the deductive reasoning which provides only partial support for the conclusion. The main sources of the invalid deductive conclusion include Argumentum ad Hominem, all or nothing and cultural fallacies. King criticizes Diem, Chi Min’s opponent, defining him as one of the most vicious modern dictators, thus, attacking him as an individual rather than as a political figure, without describing any Diem’s significant actions and their consequences for the nation. The all or nothing fallacy of King’s deductive reasoning is based upon the opposition of the two political leaders and assuming that if one of them is bad, another is supposed to be good and his reforms are hypothesized to be benevolent for the population. The two above-mentioned fallacies are complimented with the cultural error, the presentation of the information from the culturally-limited perspective, assuming that the US views and system of beliefs are superior to Vietnamese inner policies. This assumption enables the author of the speech to make judgments as to the benefits and the primer needs of Vietnamese people in general and peasants in particular. In general, King’s reasoning lacks evidence because it consists of the speaker’s personal judgments which are not supported with the historically accurate details and relevant information. The evaluation of the land refor
Introduction Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy, on May 3, 1469. He was a political philosopher and diplomat during the Renaissance period, who became famous for his political discourse “The Prince” published in 1513 that is a keystone to modern political philosophy. It is this piece of work that made him be aptly referred to as the father of modern political theory. This essay aims at bringing out the similarities and contrasts of Niccolo Machiavelli’s viewpoint with those of Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu, who are also meant to be renowned philosophers. This will in turn vary the significance of their contributions towards the development of the study of political theory. To achieve this end, I will systematically divide this paper in three sections. Firstly, I will endeavor to highlight the significant aspects of the political philosophy advocated by each of the four philosophers. Secondly, I will attempt to bring out the shared similarities and divergent perspectives between them and lastly buttress the importance of their efforts in the advancement of the field of political philosophy. Starting with Machiavelli, it is clearly evident in his manuscripts that he favored policies that would encourage self preservation tendencies of the ruling elite. He came up with strategies that would distract the subjects into focusing entirely on self advancement and aggrandizement thereby, warding off mass political activism (Machiavelli, 35-56). The Renaissance period in Italy when political standoffs were intense and violent pitting dominant states, like the Papacy, Florence, Naples, Milan and Venice, against each other inspired him to develop his theories mostly captured in “The Prince”. Machiavelli also believed that for any survival of a state, a virtuous and patriotic spirit should be engendered in its citizenry, especially in the politically active ones, and that a government is made strong by tussles triggered by open debate and participation. The adjective “Machiavellian” has been used in a derogatory way since that time as a fitting description of a cunning and a self serving politician. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes is also widely regarded as one of the greatest political ph
Naturally, people have varied perceptions and reactions when it comes to sex issues. For some people, a sexual experience is a normal act that contributes to their daily activities. However, there are those who would not even mention the word sex as they shun away from the act. This is just a nutshell of individual ideologies about sexual issues. Narrowing down to the article ‘Embracing your Inner Slut’, it is really outrageous for one to involve in an orgy. It calls for self-respect for a person to shun away from such indulgences. Honestly speaking it is really ugly when some people involve themselves in such shameful behaviors. Basically, behaviors like orgy normally lower someone’s dignity as they lose respect not only from themselves but also from others (Grosskopf, 2007, Par, 1). Sexual experience should be regarded as sacred and hence people ought to do it with utmost privacy. Basing on this factor, people should respect those they are staying with and need to avoid behaviors that may annoy them. In other words, individuals should not openly indulge in sexual behavior without minding what the other person feels. Cultural attitudes must not be condemned but instead, they can be used as guidelines that prevent sexual misbehaviors. Preferably, people need to get into long-term monogamous relationships to avoid sexual temptations. Thus, individuals in monogamous relationships stand a better chance of avoiding unnecessary sexuality. Ideally, people should control their sexual desires and avoid any kind of jealousy that may lead to sexual conflicts (Grosskopf, 2007, Par, 2). Reference Grosskopf N. (2007). Embracing Your Inner Slut. Web.