ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Foreign Direct Investment One of the ways banks enter new market is cross border lending. In this method, the foreign bank looks for a correspondent bank just for the sake of internationalizing operations. Often, it is the trade finance arrangements that take shape first and this means there must be a trader in the target market. This method of entry into a foreign market can be classified as foreign direct investment (FDI). In doing this, the bank that establishes a representative office limits itself to fewer services like consultancy and so the risk is lower and do not necessarily require a banking license, since regulators tend to treat banks as banks when they are collecting deposits and doing money transmission. The bank also takes advantage to set up business for the mother bank abroad. If the bank opens a branch, this is not considered as an independent legal entity. When deciding whether to enter the foreign market, banks have to consider three types of costs: fixed costs of entry brought about by legal requirements, fixed costs of exit and operating cost. While considering this, the bank must therefore be strategic in timing when to enter the non-traditional market so as to generate enough revenue to justify its existence. Greenfield investment Another way that banks can enter new market is green field investment where it sets up an institution from scratch. The new institution may just start as a branch or representative office and this may only involve the transfer of the human capital in the beginning. In this way, the bank is able to take advantage of its good reputation especially when it enters a less developed country where depositors are looking for safe keeping of their money. The bank that enters the market this way has the advantage of establishing branches anywhere even those regions not previously covered by local bank branches. Acquisition and mergers Banks may also enter a new market abroad through acquisition of a local institution. This can be total acquisition or acquisition of a minority stake. If a bank enters a market this way, it has the advantage of easy access of the local knowledge and customers. It is also a good entry method especially where rapid growth is desired. Mergers and acquisitions allow instant access to deposits which means that the bank can now sign up for local currency. While the foreign bank is good at providing products requiring a global platform, the local bank will in turn provide products that require local abilities and knowledge. For this reason, the local bank tries to focus on retail banking and small and micro-enterprises while the foreign bank focuses on corporate banking while offering trade finance, project finance, financial advisory services and cash management services. Comparing the three strategies; the most limited but least expensive is the representative office, while acquisition or merger is just expensive in terms of the initial expenditure and not
Introduction Business executives must always be concerned with the ethics behind their decisions since it directly affects the public perception of their company and provides an opportunity to attract new customers. Businesses which do not consider ethical conduct as an essential asset for their operations tend to lose in the long run because clients may gradually become dissatisfied with certain actions of such companies. Wells Fargo is one of them, which, despite being a company with a century-old history and large experience in surviving challenging moments, still managed to become involved in a scandal concerning immoral behavior. By implementing a program for its employees to sell additional services to customers and establishing almost unreachable targets, the company created an incentive to abuse the system by creating fraudulent retail accounts. These practices were reported by whistleblowers, but the company’s management, despite paying fines, largely blamed the low-level employees for the fraud activity. Nevertheless, the overall strategy of the company to restore its brand’s reputation was appropriate, and the ethical dilemma the bank faces right now can be resolved with the utilitarian approach. Restoring Trust As it was mentioned earlier, the resulting scandal prompted Wells Fargo to change their approach and pay penalties for their illegal activity. The bank’s subsequent promise to focus on serving the client rather than selling products to them was an appropriate strategy and could potentially be effective. After scandals, people lose trust in companies, but if next time they come to the bank, they will not be asked to buy extra products, they will be less suspicious. Moreover, many want to see instantly observable changes, and the decision of one of the company’s executives to step down from their position is the right move for the brand’s image (Flitter & Cowley, 2019). It allowed Wells Fargo to demonstrate they were committed to rectifying their mistakes and starting anew. Additionally, the company directly paid certain sums of money to its clients and especially to those who were victims of the fraud (WatchMojo.com, 2016). This is also a reliable method for restoring people’s trust since it shows that the bank is ready to acknowledge their failures and suffer financial losses for it. The Top Management’s Responsibility Scandals such as Wells Fargo’s one demonstrate one simple business ethics rule that companies always have to control every aspect of their operations to ensure that employees do not engage in illegal actions. Therefore, it is a top priority for businesses not to create an environment which would be conducive to unethical conduct on the part of workers. Top management must be held accounta
The article “Butterflies and Worldviews” by Randal Wallace has equipped me with powerful ideas. Such ideas can transform my life. To begin with, the author encourages human beings to avoid every ethical compromise . Such compromises affect the effectiveness of various ethical decisions. According to cognitive dissonance and social identity theories, moral compromises can result in negative consequences (Wallace, 2014). Every moral compromise will produce several problems. Such problems will also affect the experiences of many believers in the world. The author also encourages every Christian to embrace the power of critical analysis . This approach will address the unique challenges affecting the universe. Human beings should use this idea in order to promote the best ethical practices. The author also encourages more Christians to read the Holy Bible. This practice will equip them with appropriate religious ideas. A community of similar-minded Christians will embrace the best Biblical teachings. The practice will “make it possible for many individuals to strengthen their Biblical worldviews” (Wallace, 2014, p. 36). Such Christians will be ready to support one another. They will also read the Bible together. This practice will encourage them to worship God. The practice will also improve their religious beliefs. These ideas are also applicable in different business organizations. Business people can act ethically in order to deal with the challenges affecting the world today. Such individuals should maintain the highest level of integrity. A positive “ Christian witness will promote the best ideas” (Wallace, 2014, p. 34). The practice will eventually support the religious values of different individuals. I have also identified the major ethical compromises affecting the universe today. Some people “disobey God in an attempt to achieve their goals” (Cosgrove, 2013, p. 64). This practice can be described “as an ethical compromise ” (Wallace, 2014, p. 34). The malpractice can result in negative consequences. According to the article, some individuals have failed to embrace the best ethical values. Many people are unable to find the truth in the world. This situation encourages “many people to permit some small compromises when making various ethical decisions” (Cosgrove, 2013, p. 39). Such compromises have affected their Biblical worldviews. That being the case, the article has encouraged me to understand the consequences of these compromises. Many people are unable to lead ethical lives. Such individuals have failed to improve their religious values. Such individuals also promote unacceptable earthly ideas and practices. This situation explains “why injustice, anger, pain, and bitterness are common in the world today” (Cosgrove, 2013, p. 43). The
Wondering how to write an essay about the importance of non-verbal communication and how it affects workplace relationships? We’ve got your back covered! Check the non-verbal communication essay example below and get some fresh ideas for your writing. In communication, a reasonable percentage of understanding is derived from non-verbal communication. This kind of communication works always. However, it is not always the case that one speaks before people can derive the thoughts of that person. A lot of these thoughts can simply be derived from gestures, signals, or expressions. This kind of communication can be very effective if one sends the appropriate signals aimed at the right target (Abramovitch 1977, p. 82). This form of communication can easily be misunderstood if the wrong signals are sent to the recipients. Hands are significant in conveying non-verbal communication as they are used for gesturing. The facial expression and body language also play a big role in this form of communication. It is possible to know someone’s private feelings simply by looking at that person’s facial expression. For instance if a colleague is not in a good mood, one will simply need to look for the nonverbal communication that that person portrays. For communication to be effective, attention has to be given to that which is communicated non-verbally, good examples being the use of space, gestures and body language. Non verbal communication may differ according to different cultures and this may be the main cause of misinterpretation. There are cultures that take the nodding of the head vertically as an agreement while others take it as a refusal. There are those who would perceive a minors direct look into the eye as honest while others while perceive it as disrespect. For one to mask feelings or spontaneous reaction to information, the attention must be paid to the nonverbal behavior. It might be easy for one to control his/her voice or words yet still that person’s body language, facial expression as well as movement can expose his/her real thoughts and feelings. No matter the position that one holds at the place of work, the ability to interpret non-verbal communication adds to the ability of that individual to share meaning with others. This is because the shared meaning is what constitutes communication (Abramovitch 1977, p. 87). Significance
Introduction Mythology refers to the scholarly study of the different myths associated with different cultures. Myths are stories that tend to explain why things are or happen the way they do. These stories include stories of different cultural heroes and heroes; thus, the term mythology refers to the study and interpretation of such stories. There are several theories that explain the origin and classification of myths they include: euhemerism, allegory, personification, and the myth ritual theory. Theories explaining the origin of myths Euhemerism This theory expounds on the conceptualization of myths as actual accounts of vast ages events and that those who recount these accounts as storytellers repeated the stories to take up the status of gods. For example, the myth about a king who though his people to interpret the wind and use it to sail, the Indian mythology, e.g., the Jakarta tales, etc. (Armstrong, 2006) Allegory Other theorists argued that some myths originated from the allegories for natural occurrences. For example, Apollo was to mean fire (Apollo was the Greek god of the sun, prophecy, music, youth, and hearing), and so on. Others said that myths originated from the allegories of religious or philosophical issues (Australian Aborigine Creation Myth 2006) Personification Some scholars believed that myths also resulted from the personification of human forces and abstracts. According to these scholars, in ancient times the natural phenomena such as wind and fire were worshiped, and gradually they became to be associated with the Supreme Being (Adams, 1992). The myth-ritual theory Myths rose to explain the occurrence of rituals. The proponents of this theory claim that in ancient times rituals were conducted, and people forgot the purpose of that rituals. For example, it is believed that religious values arose from the failure in magic that when believers of magic lost faith in it, the myth for religion offered them an alternative account (Armstrong, 2006). Comparative mythology Comparative mythology refers to the systematic comparison of myths. However, it is important to note. The systemic analysis is based on myths from various cultural grounds. It outlines common myths for different cultures. Most of the 19 th -century mythology is more of comparison (Adams & Page, 1996). Approaches to comparative mythology There are several approaches applied in comparative mythology. This includes structural, psychological, and linguistic approaches. Linguistic This approach tends to compare and contrast myths of different cultures. For example, they compare the names of gods from different cultural backgrounds. In this relation, mythologist argues that there is a relationship between religious names given to gods in the Indian and European cultures (Lewis, 2005), Structural Other scholars analyze the underlying structure of different myths. For example, Russian fairy tales have the same plot in which the occurrences of events are predictable (Adams, 1992). In determining the underlying
Communication is often effective when functional receivers and functional senders are involved. Functional receivers are attentive to senders’ verbal and nonverbal cues and willing to respond (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003). Functional sender pays attention to the receiver’s feedback, so there is effective interaction. I have witnessed numerous examples of a functional communication process at our hospital. One of the examples involved an interaction between a nurse and a patient. The nurse was performing a regular clinical procedure, and she communicated with the patient who was slightly upset. The nurse had a clear eye contact, used humor, and several nonverbal cues. She was also responsive to the patient’s every utterance. They both were active during this communication process, and, as a result, the rapport was maintained, and the patient’s mood improved as he became smiling. Dysfunctional communication processes are characterized by a lack of rapport, attention, and responsiveness. Dysfunctional senders are not interested in the receiver’s feedback or reactions (Friedman et al., 2003). Dysfunctional receivers’ responses are often defensive and can be characterized by negative attitudes or microaggressions. I observed this kind of communication process that involved a mother and her teenage daughter. They were not arguing, but they were not listening to each other at all. The mother wanted the girl to tell her about some case related to school, but the girl simply ignored her as she was using her cellphone. When the mother took the cellphone away, the girl started accusing her of being too pushy and controlling. Mother, in her turn, became defensive as well and started telling the girl that it was her duty as a mother to take care of her daughter. As a result, they stopped talking and were both rather upset. Reference Friedman, M. M., Bowden, V. R., & Jones, E. G. (2003). Family nursing: Research, theory, and practice (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Proposal Context The Nigerian natural gas industry is young. There is appreciation for the need to develop a consistent strategy in the sector. This project seeks to identify current efforts that the government is using to develop the natural gas sector of the petroleum industry. It focuses on the aspects of the current strategy in use by Nigeria and seeks to propose ways in which the country can get more out of its current efforts. The context of the project includes looking at international trends in the trade of natural gas. It also includes an examination of how those trends affect domestic energy policy in Nigeria. Novelty The novelty of the project lies in the fact that it takes up on previous studies that have examined the issues surrounding the Nigerian natural gas economy. It seeks to identify the key influences in that economy. It identifies how their interplay affects the Nigerian economy. In the end, it will provide a unified view of all the influences and propose the best strategy that cuts across the influences to yield a master plan for the Nigerian natural gas economy Aims The aims of the project will be as follows:  1. To identify the factors that influences the natural gas industry in Nigeria such as human resource development, research and development, economic and regulatory, and the outlay of requisite infrastructure.  2. To examine energy utilization factors in Nigeria relevant to the extraction and marketing of natural gas.  3. To develop a coordinated strategy that offers direction to the Nigerian policy making organs on the best way to take advantage of the countries natural gas deposits Main work packages The main work packages for the project are as follows: Literature Review This will involve looking at key literature relating to various aspects of the Nigerian economy, its energy needs and portfolio, and its petroleum industry Data Collection After the production of a questionnaire, there will be a data collection exercise relating to the areas of the project requiring testing and development. Data Analysis This will involve the use of SPSS software to analyze data to find patterns, and trends to determine the efficacy of the master plan. Final Project Report writing This report will cover the findings and recommend elements of the Nigerian gas utilization master plan that require adjustment Expected Outcomes The project anticipates the following outcomes  1. Literature review that contains the key elements of the Nigerian natural gas utilization master plan  2. A report that critically evaluates Nigeria’s energy supply options and puts them in context Technical Risks The project will rely on the quality of data collected. Any biases in the data will influence the outcome of the report Resources Required The reso
Introduction The frequency effect is a widely recognized mechanism for lexical access, suggesting that the more frequently a lexical item is utilized, the quicker it is recognized. In their study Duyck(2008) compared word recognition frequency effect for bilingual individuals in their second language (L2). The researchers argue that the results demonstrate that the frequency effect can be explained by implicit learning. The theory of Rank Hypothesis proposed by Murray and Forster (2004) attributes FE to serial search in frequency ordered bins. This paper will critically examine the research study by Dyuck (2008) and discuss how well the Rank Hypothesis Theory explains the observed L2 word frequency effects. Research Study The research study by Duyck (2008) sought to evaluate lexical decision in the context of the word frequency effect on visual word recognition between L1 and L2 for Dutch-English bilingual individuals. The researchers justify their study by arguing that while the word frequency effect (FE) is recognized, there is a debate concerning the details of how the effect works; different models suggest alternate mechanisms to explain the effect. Furthermore, the researchers argue that no study has evaluated FE in a second language, which is inherently interesting since while the objective frequency of words is relatively similar in both languages, words in L2 are understandably less frequently encountered by a bilingual individual. The aim by Duyck (2008) was to study bilingual speakers to juxtapose FE in first language and second language word recognition. The results demonstrated that mean reaction times were slower in L2 compared to L1 for both high and low frequency words. Participants responded more slowly to low frequency than to high frequency words, but the difference was larger in L2 than L1. Comparison indicates that the frequency effect was vital for both first language and second language, but much smaller for L1 (46 msec) than for L2 (103 msec) (Duyck, 2008). In a second experiment the researchers tested monolingual English participants, who demonstrated the same results for their primary language as the participants did for L1 (which was their native), indicating that the language-frequency interaction was not a variable inherent to English stimuli. Theory The rank hypothesis is based on the ‘bin’ model of lexical access and consists of two part of stages. The 1 st stage compares the input letter strings of the text being read with the orthography details stored in the mind of the reader. These orthography details are an array of lexical entries categorized into multiple subsets known as bins, which are
Trustworthiness and expertness are key elements of the counseling process, which are especially relevant when operating with marginalized groups. One should be aware that these qualities ensure that clients will consider a professional credible and qualified for the task. Multicultural interactions in the given field can be observed through a wide range of dimensions, where both counselor’s and client’s ethnic background can shape the dynamics of the overall interaction. Therefore, it is critical to eliminate any points of bias and stereotyping from the procedures. The quality that makes me credible with my clients is the fact that I am aware of the underlying issues of multicultural counseling. I, as a counselor, am willing to express and convey trustworthiness by assessing the nature of setting, where ethical issues must be resolved (Sue et al., 2019). In addition, one should note that bias and stereotyping can be exhibited by both marginalized and majority groups (Sue et al., 2019). I understand that it is vital to make each case individual-based, where ethnicity and race play a little to no role within the treatment process. For example, I will overcome these major obstacles by removing the influence of the “who-is-more-oppressed-game” (Sue et al., 2019). Thus, a client will primarily focus on his or her own issues rather than discussing the subject of race. In conclusion, trustworthiness and expertness can be conveyed by fully addressing individual problems and shifting the group-based thinking towards the former approach. Although biases and stereotypes can be observed on both sides of Whites and minority groups, they can be overcome through deliberate paradigm shifts. These issues need to be eliminated because they will hinder the counseling process and might lead to incorrect interaction between the professional and client. Reference Sue, D. W., Sue, D., Neville, H. A., & Smith, L. (2019). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (8 th ed.). Wiley.