ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Papua New Guinea is a collection of islands in the Pacific Ocean, including New Britain, Ireland, and Bougainville. Bordering Indonesia, Australia, and the Solomon Islands, the region experiences a tropical monsoon climate, with much of the annual rains being experienced in the western region. By 2007, the country had a population of 6.3 million people, over 850 different languages and dialects. However, most regions had not been visited by the Europeans up to the mid-twentieth century when a good system of government was established in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG). It did not take long before the country gained independence in 1975 from Australia with twenty provinces (Josephides, p.187). As a result, the kind of government that continues to be exercised in the region is that developed on the olden principles of leadership. How the women were perceived in the region There was a variation in the position given to the women in the communities of Papua New Guinea. The kinds of cultural practices were similar or slightly different from one province to the other. However, in most of the provinces, it can be stated that women were not considered to be of the same category as men. Their roles fell under the men’s jurisdiction and were restricted to home affairs. Moreover, they were not allowed to take part in public activities. Kafaina movement Kafaina is a movement that was initiated by women to fight for their position in the country. The movement, referred to as Wok Meri in the Eastern Highlands province, drew women from various ethnic and linguistic communities within the country. These women formed subgroups with a male representative for soliciting funds to promote the activities of the organization (Warry, n.d, p.3). Their plea was that women should be accorded their due respect in society since they had helped males in acquiring wealth. Instead of being perceived as garden workers and caretakers of pigs, the movement advocated for their recognition as the pillars behind the success of every male in society. Women’s position after independence When PNG gained her independence, a constitution was set up that showed the country getting into a sense of development. One of the aims of the constitution was to give women an equal opportunity of taking part in every activity in the region (Josephides, n.d, p.188). It had been observed that women were less presented in the socio-political activities that took place in the region and they were only regarded as a means of helping men acquire and control their domestic wealth. A National Council for Women was established to help in meeting this objective, only to be faced with serious development obstacles. Even though the council was funded by the government, it
Introduction It was Wordsworth’s belief that Nature has the power to subdue the human heart and to mould the moral life of man, thereby emphasizing the influence of natural objects upon a superstitious soul and the susceptibilities to good latent in every one. Some deft touches and beautiful stanzas. Coleridge Ancient Mariner combines the aesthetics of terror and sentimental morality and a composition undoubtedly influenced by personal remorse. Critics argue that Coleridge treats a tale involving supernatural agency with naturalness of details in order to achieve an effect of reality, Wordsworth, reversing the principle, endeavors to produce the effect of supernatural awe entirely by natural means. In this essay, we will analyze that Wordsworth and Coleridge merely have a variety of interests, even of passionate interests; it is all one passion expressed through them all: poetry was for them the expression of a totality of unified interests. Examples from following poems both poets will be taken.   * Intimations of Immortality   * Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey   * The world is too much with us   * The Rime of the Ancient Marine   * Kubla Khan Wordsworth and Coleridge The mood of enthusiastic emotional surrender was never quite natural to a temper so austere and self-contained as Wordsworth’s. His more characteristic mood is one of quiet reflection in which the mind lies open to impressions from without. He does not, like some nature lovers-Thoreau for example retire of set purpose into the solitudes to see what he can find there. There is always likely to be something of pose in such a love of nature as that. Thoreau himself, in fact, never really much loved Nature with a big N: he only liked natural things, as most of us do, and was rather proud of living in the woods a year or two where he could see more of them than most of us can. But Wordsworth’s most delightful nature poems are concerned with “common things that round us lie.” He is not on the watch for impressions, striving to catch some universal fact or some new grace or hidden meaning. But in an hour of quiet reflection, some common object, something “that of itself will come,” will flash upon his imagination with a kind of glad surprise. Many of his shorter poems derive their charm from this power to give to the reader a fresh imaginative delight in simplest things. This is Wordsworth’s claim to his high and lasting place. He has written not a line that is idle or insincere. Everywhere it is the quality of truth that gives highest value to his work. For example, in his nature poetry. It will now be generally admitted that Wordsworth is preeminently the poet of Nature. This not merely because so much of his poetry was inspired by the phenomena of the external world, certainly not because he had any unusual gift of description for he had not; but because of his peculiar view of the meaning and influence of what we call nature. As that influence must be chief
Introduction Almost every sensory system is employed by some species of animals for communication with conspecifics. Chemical signals, including pheromones, are ordinarily detected by the olfactory system and are especially important in insects, rodents, cats, and monkeys. Sounds are extensively used by many groups of invertebrates, as well as by all classes of vertebrate animals. But visual signaling has not been studied as extensively as has acoustical communication, primarily because it is technically more with all kinds of communication behavior in other species, and the distinction is held to be the primary difference in kind that distinguishes human beings from animals (Beach and Stammler 6). Human-animal communication can be defined as a two-way process that includes an exchange of messages and information with the help of language. In its turn language can be defined as an expression of man’s very nature and his basic capacity. Animals cannot have language because they lack this capacity. If they had it, they would no longer be animals. They would be human beings (Gardner and Gardner 22). The paper, by looking at the past attempts, will analyze whether human-animal communication can indeed be developed to a point where mere verbal language between the two different species can sustain steady communication. Main body The history of human-animal communication goes back to ancient times when the first god and cat were domesticated. The great turning point in prehistory is the point at which men first escaped from the closed cycle of savagery. The first domesticated animal was a dog. This example shows that human thinking has generally been held to be closely linked to language, and some philosophers have argued that the two are inseparable or even identical (Seyfarth and Cheney 145). To the extent that this assertion is accepted, and insofar as animal communication shares basic properties of human language, the employment of versatile. “Naturally the domestication process, especially when speeded by concerted selective breeding efforts has led to sub-species diversification beyond the wild-domestic dichotomy focused on here” (Beach and Stammler 6). Further, ancient people domesticated cows and cats, fowls, and horses. This process was based on close relations between humans and animals, and the ability of people to communicate with animals. The possibility that animals have mental experiences is often dismissed as anthropomorphic because it is held to imply that other species have the same mental experiences a man might have under comparable circumstances. This widespread view itself contains the questionable assumption that human mental experiences are the only kind that can conceivably exist. This belief that mental experiences are a unique attribute of a single species seems more likely than not that mental experiences, like many other characters, are widespread but differ greatly in nature and complexity. In order to understand animals, humans try to recognize their language and teach them to sign language. The early attempts were made by Gardner and Gardner in 1969. The recent studies of gestural communication between chimpan
Introduction Written in the middle of the twentieth century, the novel A Confederacy of Dunces remains relevant these days. The book unveils some of the features of the people who cannot find their place in their communities or human society at large. Ignatius J. Reilly, the protagonist of the story, is one of such individuals incapable of fitting in. Some may note that the man is just one of the thousand inhabitants of New Orleans trying to live his life and become happy (“Literary Journeys”). At that, he is not an eccentric man with slightly standing out peculiarities but a person suffering from a mental health issue with vivid symptoms. Ignatius can hardly become a part of his community, although he has to try hard due to economic struggles that started after his irresponsible behavior. It has been widely discussed that Ignatius shares many traits in common with the author of the book as John Kennedy Toole also failed to become a successful member of his community and American society (MacLauchlin). At that, while the writer committed suicide, unable to fit in, he gives Ignatius a chance to succeed (Henninger 782). Ignatius J. Reilly can be seen as a good illustration of the behaviors and choices of people with antisocial personality disorder who are doing their best to find a place in their communities. Ignatius and His Antisocial Personality at Home and in the Community Indulging Oneself as a Sign of the Disorder Indulging oneself is one of the most conspicuous traits of Ignatius, which is also one of the major symptoms of antisocial personality disorder. Individuals diagnosed with this health condition tend to indulge themselves and try to have a hedonist way of life as they pay little attention to other people’s feelings or needs (Maass 9). Such persons try to ensure that they have everything they need (money, food, and other people’s attention), and they attain this goal even if it happens at the expense of others. People with this diagnosis believe their needs have to be satisfied while other things do not matter. This trait is displayed in Ignatius in many ways, including his eating disorder and unwillingness to earn his living. Ignatius compares the need to make money and get a job with being “thrown out again into the abyss” (Toole 86). He prefers reading his medieval texts, writing letters and reflections, as well as daydreaming and watching movies (Leighton 211). He cares little about his mother’s struggles and the fact that she supports him financially, although he is already a middle-aged man. His attitude towards food and drinks also shows that he has few or no limits. The man believes that “the lack of food… channels all of one’s better impulses” (Toole 132). He pays no attention to other people’s needs but concentrates on his personal comfort, be it good food or prop
Question 1: What are the reasons behind Lincoln Electric being effective or ineffective? Reason for the company being effective: One of the major reasons for Lincoln company success lies in the methodology the company uses to compensate its employees. The compensation system is based on philosophy of development of one potential through a properly defined incentive system. This incentive system was first proposed by the company then CEO James F. Lincoln. The system is comprised of four major factor elements. These elements include, wages that come inform of piece out put where an employee is paid according to the amount of work done. Other factors are end year bonus, limited benefits and guaranteed employment. Another contributing factor credited to the success of the company is the management style and culture. The culture at Lincoln Company creates a spirit of team work between the employees and management. The management style in the company is aimed at building sense of trust between the management and employees. Open communication in the company enables the employees to freely share their ideas and express their grievances to the superiors. The company’s financial health is also a factor to the company’s productivity and profits. Reasons for the company’s ineffectiveness: Financial troubles: During the 1991 recession in Europe and Japan, saw new companies in these geographical locations make huge loses and effect was responsible for dragging the whole company down. Another factor is that the compensation system in America did not quite apply effectively in other parts of the world simply because there was difference in culture and ways of operations. Question 2: How did Lincoln firm achieve competitive advantage? The company’s innovative management style, culture and effective incentive system contribute majorly to the firm’s competitive advantage. The firm also maintained a significant cost advantage above its competitors in the post world war II period that saw major competitor withdraw fro the market as Lincoln firm dominated (Porter 22). Question 3: Can Lincoln Company apply the above competitive advantage in a new international context? The company application of its management styles and incentive system in other geographical set ups will not be successful in gaining competitive advantage. This is attributed to difference in culture and management style practiced in these different countries. The company top management realized that it could not utilize the American incentive system to other parts of the world because different cultures had different drive to achieve performance. The company can not use the cost advantage either since other international companies have even lower cost in their products than Lincoln firm. However the company can explore end year bonus to its employees abroad to make employees motivated and work extra hard. This will eventually be a source of competitive advantage to the company. Question 4: How has Lincoln competitive advantage been effective and why? Lincoln competitive advantage has enable the company acquire large market share especially in America. It is estimated that Lincol
Introduction Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development was developed by Erik Erikson and first published in his 1950 book Childhood and Society though he later revised the theory and published it in subsequent books beginning from the late 1950s to the 1980s. This theory is one of the most recognized theories of personality in the field of psychology, alongside Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual. However, in contrast to Freud’s theory, Erikson’s theory defines the influence of social experience over a person’s entire lifetime. The theory is divided into eight stages spanning from infancy to late adulthood. Psychosocial Stage 1 – Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth-2 years) This is the first stage of the Psychosocial theory and focuses around the infant’s basic needs being provided by parents or other caregivers. At this phase, the newborn wholly depends on the caregivers for food, care, and love. Their comprehension of the surrounding originates from the parents, for instance, if the parents are affectionate towards the child, their view of the society will positive, but with a lack of affection, the consequence will be a feeling of distrust. Psychosocial Stage 2 – Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-4 years) At this stage, the child develops a greater degree of personal control and starts to explore their surroundings due to improved muscular coordination and mobility. The children also learn to control their own body functions and this results into some level of autonomy. However, the child is still largely dependent on the parents. Through the parents’ support, the children develop their first interests that will go on to influence their careers. However, when the children are constrained, they will instead have doubt and reluctance when performing challenging duties. Psychosocial Stage 3 – Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5 years) This stage mainly occurs at the preschool stage and is characterized by children attempting to comprehend the world around them and learning basic skills. The development of courage and autonomy are what distinguishes this group from the rest. Children who succeed at this stage feel capable and able to take up leadership roles while those who fail to gain the skills have feelings of guilt, lack of confidence, and lack of initiative (Bee and Boyd, 2004). Psychosocial Stage 4 – Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12 years) By interacting with those around them, children at this stage begin to have pride owing to their achievements and skills (Allen & Marotz, 2003). They also learn the idea of time and space and are able to put them into practical use. The stage is very crucial to the development of self-confidence that will be of great benefit both at home and at school and this occurs only if the children are encouraged and commended by their teachers and parents. Psychosocial Stage 5 – Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-19 years) At this stage, the adolescent/teenager is more
This Side of Paradise is the first novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The history of publishing this novel is rather long and captivating. Fitzgerald could not find any publisher for his first story. It is not even strange, as in 1920, Fitzgerald was an unknown writer, and his stories were unknown to the reader and never criticized. This Side of Paradise consists of two parts: The Romantic Egoist and The Education of a Personage. These stories are about a young man, Amory Blaine, his life, and his dreams. After reading the book, it is possible to find out several specific archetypes, which are taking from Fitzgerald’s life. In order to choose the best examples of archetypes, it is necessary to find a clear explanation to what a specific archetype is, and compare the events of the story with the events of Fitzgerald’s life. “The archetype is an invariant structural relationship of the imaginal world, a kind of imaginal existence which can be realized only through personal experience in the course of an individual life.” (Papadopoulos, 1992, p 109) It is necessary to admit that the year of 1919 was rather tragic for Scott. At the age of 22, the writer broke up with her girlfriend, Zelda Sayre. “Zelda was one of the most popular girls in town because she was known as a good sport who would do anything for the fun of it.” (Bruccoli & Smith, 2002, p 88) Fitzgerald did everything possible to attract the attention of this girl, and he achieved the desirable purpose. However, their happiness was not so long. When they broke up, he started drinking. In several days, he decided to stop all those drinking and suffering and create a novel in order to become famous and win her girl back. In the novel, the major character, Amory, is always rejected by women. It is quite possible that the major character is a specific archetype of Fitzgerald himself. Amory was a successful student, instructor. He was just a perfect man, as Fitzgerald considered himself. However, in the novel, a true Amory’s love, Rosalind, decides to break up with him and marry a wealthy man. Does it look like the same situation in his real life? It certainly is. The two imagery characters, Amory Blaine and Rosalind, are the archetypes of real people, Fitzgerald and Zelda. The love of those people was broken because of poverty of the men. Their women could not live with poor people and even did not want to wait a bit and provide their men with time to earn more money. At the end of This Side of Paradise , the main character says: “I know myself,” he cried, “but that is all.”” (Fitzgerald, 1982, p 442) Almost the same happened to Fitzgerald. He knew a lot and was able to create captivating stories. However, is it the only thing that can make a man happy? Maybe, but for Fitzgerald, as well as for Blaine, it was not enough. “ This Side of Paradise bears early evide
Introduction Amazon.com is an e-commerce company whose headquarter is located in Seattle, Washington in the U.S. It is rated as one of the major and first internet-based companies. How the internet has reduced geographic limitations Looking at its location, (Seattle, Washington’s Beacon Hill), and with a wide range of products it deals with, coupled with a high demand for its products in the world market, we have to appreciate the role played by the internet service in ensuring that the company achieves its goals. This has helped to reduce the geographical barrier which could have hindered its expansion to reach the world market demand. Due to the internet service, one does not need to travel to the U.S to find the catalog containing the Amazon.com products or wait for it to be mailed to him, but it is possible to access everything including the new products via the internet. With high, market demands the company opened up large-sized centers across the globe where it has employed software developers. Such international locations include England, Scotland, India, South Africa, Romania, and China, (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). How the internet has helped in the compression of time With the internet service, customer needs not send such things as the inquiry notes, purchase orders, or send for the catalog which could take a lot of time and cost much. What he needs is just to access the internet, get the catalog from there, and if possible make the purchase there and then using a credit card. With some of its services and products offered in electronic and downloadable form, one just needs to settle his payments and download the product, unlike in cases where one has to settle the payment through money order then wait for the shipment of the goods which could make a big deal of time. How the internet has assisted in the growth of niche product spaces Amazon.com has a storage service called Amazon S3. This service enables the storage of data objects ranging from 1 byte to 5 gigabytes. With this in place, it implies that the company can store products ranging from books, music in MP3 format, newspapers, magazines, computer software, video games, and other electronic products, thus offloading the cost of storing the products in warehouses or stores. If a customer needs the printed or recorded form of the products it is very easy to download and put them in the desired form. How the internet has assisted in the availability of resources The internet service has helped to reduce strain on the scarce resources, especially when it comes to products like books, newspapers, and magazines, which rely entirely on natural resources to get the papers for printing. How the internet has helped in scalability As the demand to advertise, stores, and access to goods and services increase, it means that the developers of computer applications or products have to come up with hardware and software (with the ability to retain performance levels with additional processors) to be used in the operating system so as to handle such large data contents.