ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction “ The Distance of the Moon ”, written by Italo Calvino in the year 1923, is a story which consists of the scientific knowledge as well as fiction which when combined together produce a very captivating tale for its readers. The reader has taken into consideration the different shapes of the Moon. He is fascinated by the various kinds of eclipses that take place in which the Earth, the Moon are blocked by one another. The author also believes that when high tides appear due to the gravitational pull of the Moon, are so high that one can literally climb onto the Moon with the help of a ladder. He adds fiction when he says that the sea weeds and the planktons with the other water animals like octopus and the fish came up to the surface at the time of tides. It seemed that they were being attracted by the gravitational pull of the Moon. The author talks of climbing onto the Moon while he sits in the boat and reaches the point where he can clearly see the edge of the Moon. He then includes using a ladder to finally step onto the surface of the Moon with the rest of his gang. He says that they usually kept hanging between the Earth and the Moon and were neither able to land on the Earth or climb onto the Moon. The author along with his ‘deaf’ cousin, the captain and his wife and little Xlthlx would collect milk from the Moon which was retrieved from the crevices in the Moon. According to the author, that milk was very thick and was formed when the trees and the species in the forests fermented. As the Moon passed over them, they stuck to it and formed this milk. But, he also detested some remains that stuck along with the fermented matter like twigs, leaves, small insects, etc. He along with his group, climbed to the Moon almost every night to collect milk. Body Argument-1 The ‘deaf’ cousin was an expert in extracting milk with spoon and even sometimes with the toe of his foot and knew where he could find it. Due to his exceptional quality and even though he was ‘deaf’, the captain’s wife, Mrs. Vhd Vhd had a liking for him. She liked the way he could find milk from places which they could have never thought of. On the other hand, the author liked Mrs.Vhd Vhd very much. But, this ‘love triangle’ was unknown to the captain. The captain’s wife never took notice of the author and was always interested in playing her harp. This made the author very frustrated and angry. He started envying his ‘deaf’ cousin. This love triangle, contributed a lot to the theme of the story. Argument-2 In the end of the story, the author says that the moon had started drifting away from the Earth and at that point of time, Mrs. Vhd Vhd was left on the Moon along with the author because she could not land back on the Earth like everybody had done. Once when the author was left alone on the Moon with her, his exact words were- “I should have been happy; as I had dreamed; I was alone with her, that intimacy with the Moon I have so often envied my cousin and with
The Labyrinth of Solitude ( El Laberinto de la Soledad ) is a book-length essay published by Mexican poet Octavio Paz in 1950. It is one of his most prominent works that includes nine parts. Loneliness is the most profound fact of human existence. Humans are the only beings who can be on their own but sometimes look for another person to accompany them. A man’s nature consists in their desire to realize themselves in another (Paz, 1961). They may feel nostalgic and seek companionship as a means of a more exciting life. Consequently, when a person takes their actions into consideration, they are mindful of the absence of the other, that is, they accept their loneliness. Paz notes that loneliness is responsible for Mexicans’ views on death, celebration, and identity. Death is praised; however, there is something unknown after it, so people push it away. The holidays make one ‘feel’ the community, presuming the concept of not being alone. It helps identify a true Mexican, who usually denies oneself and hides their real emotions (Paz, 1961). These ideas prove that Mexicans belong to two Spanish and local cultures. Nonetheless, when they reject one aspect of their identity, loneliness absorbs them. Starting with the chapter “Conquest and Colonialism,” Paz investigates the history of Mexico, reviewing the pre-Columbian culture and its influence on individuals’ behavior. In his research, he expresses that people reject interacting with one another after a series of painful events they had experienced. It is vivid in the interaction between Malinche and the Pachucos because they were fighting in the past (Paz, 1961). The author mainly develops an idea of a “Mexican mask” which humans used to protect themselves from unwanted communication. Therefore, loneliness is a primary theme observable throughout The Labyrinth of Solitude . Reference Paz, O. (1961). The labyrinth of solitude: Life and thought in Mexico . Grove Press.
Introduction The Book of Job is rich in literature. This has earned the classification as a literature masterpiece. Various authors such as Victor Hugo, Tennyson and Danny Webster, among others have praised it for works of literature. However, it is quite necessary to note that most Christians have rarely approached it in that aspect. In fact, to them, it is always an inspiration to do good deeds. Interestingly, even though the book is ancient, it contains wonderful productions and works of literary genius. This has perplexed the world since it contains a mix of literary styles. This masterpiece is written in a poetic style. It is also considered as the first of five poetic books of the Old Testament. These include Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, Proverbs, Psalms and Job. Moreover, Paul (Ro 11:35) and James (Jm 5:10-11) have referred to it in the New Testament as an inspiration for patience. This authenticates the book as part of the 66 books of the Bible. In essence, this book is essential and relevant to both the world and Christians. This is because the world can draw its valuable literary works from it while Christians utilize it as inspiration to persevere and continue doing good even in tough times (Harris 45). Dating of the book As it has been stated above, the Book of Job is the first of five poetic books in the Old Testament. In fact, it has been commonly referred to as wisdom literature due to its contributions to it. The dating of this book has been mysterious since no specific period is provided. However, some historians have placed it in Moses’s time (pre 1500 B.C.). On the other hand, others have placed it in Solomon’s time (ca. 900 B.C.). Still other scholars have placed it in Babylonian Exile’s time (post 600 B.C.). In essence, there is no clear date provided for the Book of Job. However, it is necessary to note that there is enough proof to show that it was actually written during the time of Old Testament. This is because Paul quotes it in his letters to both the Romans (Ro 11:35, which relates to Job 41:11) and Corinthians (1Co 3:19, which relates to Job 5: 13). These verses prove that Job is among the books of the Bible, which were inspired by God and written at various times in history. Therefore, even though the exact date is not available, it can be placed within a period in history in reflection of the po
Introduction Holland developed a typology of six personal orientations to life: realistic (R), investigative (I), enterprising (E), artistic (A), social (S), and conventional (C). He defined the six different personality types in terms of their characteristic activities, interests, and competencies. According to Holland, people with similar personalities are likely to form a group. For instance, investigative people are likely to make friends and work with other investigative people. In addition, those who decide to work in a setting comparable to their personality type have high chances of satisfaction and success in their areas of expertise. This paper analyzes results obtained using interest profiler and work locator instruments to learn how these instruments can be used in career development. Career Instrument Results The results from the test areas are indicated in the following table. Given the high score in the social personality type, it is safe to infer that I fall under this category. Personality type  Score Realistic         1     Investigative     13    Artistic          24    Social            25    Enterprising      7     Conventional      5      A person with a social personality type enjoys helping others. For instance, they are most comfortable working as educators, counselors, informants, or nurses. They are people-friendly and generally do not like using machines, tools, or animals to achieve their goals. They value helping people solve problems and perceive themselves as helpful and trustworthy. In addition, social individuals are optimistic, accountable, and are involved in the well-being of others. They love taking part in group activities, as well as educating and counseling others. I consider myself social since I enjoy caring for and supporting others; training and meeting new people; assisting colleagues, and interviewing. I also love reading fiction, plays, poetry, and coaching. Consequently, my ideal job is that which involves working face to face with people and in a people-friendly environment. Personal Reactions A realistic personality possesses practical and mechanical ability but lacks social competencies. As the doer, the personality traits of the realistic type include genuineness, stability, conformity, and practical. I admit a weakness in this aspect since I prefer to work with people rather than things. This explains my poor score. Investigative personality types are more ana
Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts that hasten the rate of biochemical reactions in living systems. Without the presence of enzymes, essential reactions would take extremely long times to come to completion. All enzymes are made of proteins and, therefore, require certain conditions for them to exhibit maximum activity (Eisenthal & Danson, 2002). Such conditions include temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, the presence of inhibitors and substrate concentration (Seager & Slabaugh, 2013). PH is the extent of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, which is influenced by the concentration of hydrogen ions. Different enzymes have various optimum pH, which depends on the enzyme’s biochemical role. This experiment aimed at establishing the effect of hydrochloric acid on the activity of catalase. It was hypothesized that acidic conditions would interfere with the activity of catalase. Materials and Methods Three small pieces of liver approximately 1cm 3 were placed in three plastic beakers, which were labeled A, B and C. To the first beaker (A), 1cm 3 of distilled water was added, whereas 1cm 3 of lemon juice was added to the second beaker (B). Nothing was added to the beaker labeled C. About 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide was then added into the three beakers simultaneously. The beakers were observed for effervescence and the formation of bubbles. The time taken during effervescence was measured and recorded. Results Table 1: Observations of effect of catalase on hydrogen peroxide                           Beaker A                Beaker B              Beaker C               Observation               A lot of effervescence  Little effervescence  A lot of effervescence Time taken to effervesce  81 seconds              10 seconds            90 seconds              It was noted that the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the pieces of liver led to the formation of bubbles. However, the intensity of bubbles varied in the different beakers. The level of effervescence was high in beakers A and C compared to beaker B. In addition, effervescence stopped in beaker B after a shorter time than in beakers A and C. Discussion The pieces of liver contained the enzyme catalase, whose main role was to catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water during the process of detoxification in the liver. Hydrogen peroxide acted as the substrate for catalase. The reaction took place as shown in the equation H 2 O 2 + catalase→ H 2 O + O 2 . The formation of oxygen was what was observed as bubbles in the course of the reaction. The addition of hydrochloric acid to the liver in beaker B lowered the pH for catalase. Low pH meant there was an increased concentration of hydrogen ions, which affected the integrity of the hydrogen bonds that held the amino acids in the active site of catalase thereby altering the structure of the active site. The affected active site prevented the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes that were necessary for the conversion of substrate into products. According to Eisenthal and Danson, th
Introduction The experience of puberty and the attendant consequence as before the age of eight for girls and nine or nine and a half for boys require parental attendance for guidance, advice and control. Late maturation equally demand attention but has no precise time of onset. Broadly, Individual pubertal maturation are primarily influenced by the genetic factors, however, external factors of nutrition and health play a secondary role. In some girls, it comes with more control, acceptance in adult or peer culture and general ascendance in status in the broader society. Early maturing children Precious puberty is a common condition of the growth process. However, parental intervention is necessary in light of the social, physiological and psychological challenges it might present to the victim. They need to understand the probable causes of the experience for the purposes of intervention. The early maturing boys are more content with their bodies than late maturing boys particularly among boys who develop body height as well as athletic body. Early maturing girls tend to exude dissatisfaction with their bodily appearance due to their being teased by colleagues and parents (Fables & Carol 84). Obesity Nutritional status of the infant leading to overweight is a probable trigger of early sexual development as documented by (Fables et al. 190). Kaplowitz (2004) further argues that, a body weight of 106 pounds is a probable cause of the experience of early menarche. In addition, a hormone, leptin, is a frequent cause of the onset of early maturity. Encourage the child to engage in active sports, ration the consumption of junk food, and advocate walking often (145). Socialization factors The child’s relations with the parents often concur with the timing of puberty. Also high levels of stress in the family triggers early experience of sexual maturity. Moreover, prolonged absence of the father and presence of a man, who is not the girls parent would trigger early puberty (Kaplowitz 150). Also exposure of the girls to intense overt sexuality in the media tends to trigger early experience of puberty. It’s good to restrict exposure of the girls to adult males, encourage the presence of the father, and control exposure to overt sexuality in the media. Contamination Prenatal exposure or in the environment to polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) is a trigger of early puberty. Moreover, the presence of Phthalate esters in the blood has led to early breast development.The use of some estrogen containing ointments or oils lead to the consequent biological activity. Caution against exposure of children to the use of such ointments is advisable (Fables et al 210). Late maturing children The late maturing boys experience inadequacy in school and other social circumstances since they rarely fit in with the peers in sports that involve physical strength, psychological stress as a result of their size. It’s appropriate to avail opportunity for activities and hobbies that involve minimal physical traits as bike riding, hunting and fishing. Children
The Problem of Overconsumption Michael E. Baltz takes into account the problem of overconsumption of resources in industrial countries in his article. The problem of overconsumption, as well as the problem of the growth of population, is the main burning issue in the world economy. The problem of overconsumption needs more attention as far as this problem may cause the ecological disaster. According to Paul Ehrlich, those countries are environmentally unfriendly where the level of technology and economic development is higher than in other countries. That is why the developed countries contribute to the rise of the level of overconsumption and exhaustion of natural resources. For example, an American family consisting of four people has the same environmental impact as 80 Costa Ricans and 280 Bangladeshis. The consumption imbalance makes many people think about this problem. The only decision of this problem seems to be the reduction of the consumer population. Nevertheless, such a decision is not a real solution to the problem. Factually, the solution to the consumption problem is the reduction of the world population and per capita consumption in developed countries. Factors in Solving the Environmental Problem The problem of overconsumption belongs to the environmental issues as far as it causes ozone depletion and acid precipitation. John Hannigan provides six factors that may solve the environmental problem. They are the scientific authority for the validation of claims, the existence of “popularizes” that may connect environmentalism and science, media attention to this problem, a dramatization of this problem in symbolic and visual terms, economic incentives for taking actions and emergence of the sponsor. It should be noted, that the problem of overconsumption is unpopular in society. More than that, economic incentives for reducing consumption such as gasoline taxes are also not accepted by many people. Hannigan’s six steps are effective only in the case when everyone realizes all the seriousness of the problem and makes the necessary modification of their life. It should be remembered that the problem of overconsumption is directly related to environmental issues and till it is not solved the problem of environmental pollution and ecological catastrophe will be on the agenda. The whole planet is not able to feed 6 billion Western-style consumers. The relation between consumer choice and environmental issues is covered in the Greendex survey of 2010. It is stressed that every individual living in an industrial country has a great impact on the environment. The consumers of the developed countries should make more sustainable choices to preserve our planet. The last research testifies to the fact that the level of environmentally friendly consumers has raised during the last three years. It means that people’s transportation means, resource use, consumption of foods, and everyday consumer goods minimize the impact of these activities on the environment. The top-scoring environmentally friendly consumers are in the developing countries such as India, Brazil, and China compared to the less environmentally friendly consum
Introduction Working in a team is considered one of the most challenging tasks that can ever be given in to an individual (who may or may not be part of a group or an organization). There are some things that we need to realize when we need to work as a team. One has to be flexible enough in dealing with all the personalities of each member of the team. One must learn how to cooperate, communicate clearly and rely on each member’s strengths while filling up their weaknesses. There should be equal sharing and accepting of responsibilities so that everybody will be encouraged to cooperate. In communicating, it is not enough that one knows how to talk, but listening is also a very important key in communication. Being part of a team means that all the members are all working as one, trying to achieve one common goal. And this is exactly the reason why relying upon and trusting in every members’ strengths and capabilities while also looking out to fill the gaps of each weakness is very important. This is exactly how a team can be successful and productive. Leader and followers In a team, it is already an accepted fact that one must act as a leader and the others has to be the followers. As a leader, he/she must ensure that the members are entrusting him/her with the responsibility of working with them and acting as their leader. He/she must see to it that all the tasks that needed to be accomplished are communicated to the members. He/she must also see to it that every suggestion, complaint, and concern of each and member of the team will be considered and talked about as a team. It should be remembered that although every member is responsible for the success of the team, it will be the leader’s responsibility to lead the team on that very goal. The members, on the other hand, need to cooperate with the leader and with the other members of the team. they must be looking after each other and making sure that each is doing the tasks assigned to him/her. Working alone vs. Working in a team Because of the complexities of working with a team, I prefer working alone. I am not fully comfortable forking for and with a team. I can see myself becoming more productive, efficient, and effective when I work alone. This is because I do not have to think of the other person when I want to start working. I do not have to consult somebody else for a particular idea. I do not have to ask permission from somebody on whether or not I will a particular action. Needless to say, when I am not with a team, I only have to rely on my instincts and depend on my strengths and capabilities. More so, by working alone, I can recognize myself more. Because I don’t have anybody to depend on for something, I will tend to become initiative and resourceful. If something fails, it’s only me whose’ to blame and if something becomes successful, I will have full recognition of it. Succe
While limitations are often important for people’s well-being, there are some aspects of life that should not be burden with such constraints. Moreover, children and adolescents need transparency and clarity in their lives to grow both physically and mentally. Therefore, it is crucial to provide them with a decent education, which will encompass all vital and necessary subjects. Sex knowledge is the keystone to successful social life, which is the main driver of people’s development (Haberland & Rogow, 2015). By integrating sexual education into a school curriculum, one will help students to build a proper understanding of their needs and enable them to make healthy decisions in their personal life. Due to the positive impact on physical and mental health, sexual education has to be included in a school curriculum with no restrictions concerning any topics, yet with the required adjustments to students’ age for better understanding. Sexuality and education Education is considered to be one of the essential stages in everyone’s life; sexual education is no exception. However, while the current situation with sexual education is improving in the U.S., certain changes such as teaching about consent and changing students’ perception of their bodies are required (Cassell & Wilson, 2017). Modern education is not imaginable without sexuality studies because they protect and complete students as members of civil society. Haberland and Rogow (2015) find it crucial to develop and implement strategies for integrated primary education about puberty, gender, and fairness/rights and to place greater emphasis on reaching vulnerable youth, inc