ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Overview The purpose of this paper is to develop a review of a number of recent studies that attempts to explain and analyze the issues of prevention of the disease in depth. In particular, it will examine the growing volume of research data that is making it possible to understand the problem based on an evidence-based medicine (EMB) as the best approach. Article reviews Gittens-Williams LN. Delivery of the non-diabetic macrosomic infant. Towaco, NJ: Humana Press; 2009. Introduction The article developed a comprehensive analysis of shoulder dystocia, starting with an in-depth description of the condition. It also describes the difficulties facing the diagnosis and prediction and the consequences of failing to have a good detection method 1 . According to the article, shoulder dystocia is a form of obstetric condition that is not only unpredictable, but also unpreventable 2 . Analysis The authors state that the ability to predict the possibility of having the condition in a fetus is based on the statistical aspects of sensitivity and positive predictive value. For instance, the risk factors associated with the condition should be examined to determine whether they are able to identify the fetus that will have the problem at birth 3 . For the positive predictive value, the issue is to determine the percentage of the mothers and their fetuses under the risk of developing and experiencing the condition. However, these statistical inferences have relatively low predictive values, which make it difficult to allow the practitioners to predict the occurrence of the condition with a good degree of accuracy 5 . Over the years, research studies that attempt to describe the sensitivity and predictive value of the condition have been lacking 6 . However, there is a growing volume of research coming from recent studies that attempt to examine how the prediction of shoulder dystocia can be predicted and prevented 7 . Conclusion The article concludes by highlighting the possibility of achieving good diagnostic and predictive methods for the condition 8 . It states that although previous studies have not produced a universally accepted method of predicting the condition, it is important to develop a comprehensive understanding of the
Introduction In health care, human resources encompass the various clinical and non-clinical staff involved in a given health intervention. Arguably, the performance and output of any healthcare system are largely dependent on the skill-level, knowledge, and motivation of the individuals directly or indirectly involved in delivery of the health care services (Anson, 2003, p. 22). As a result, maintaining a balance between the various types of health care staff is crucial to ensuring a successful healthcare system. In particular, because of the obvious differences in expertise, it is necessary to manage human capital appropriately in line with organizational goals. The rising cost of healthcare has strained expenditure in public health systems. This, in turn, affects the ability of healthcare organizations to sustain adequate and effective health practitioners. Thus, given the nature of healthcare settings, both clinical and non-clinical staff should be able to respond effectively and efficiently with regard to emergencies. In healthcare facilities, HRM practices can address the issue of practitioners’ shortage by enhancing the ability of the workforce to render primary care during emergencies. This paper describes an HRM strategy essential in achieving optimal patient outcomes with regard to emergency response. Organizational Goal In various health care systems, different practices with regard to HRM and healthcare delivery exist. The relationship between human resource management and healthcare presents three main challenges: a rising cost of healthcare, concerns about the standard of care and the shortage of staff. In resource-limited health systems, involvement of both clinical and non-clinical workforce is pivotal in achieving optimal patient outcomes. The organizational goal should define the strategies for the development and effective utilization of human resources (Pfeffer, 2005, p. 55). My organizational goal will be to create flexible, responsive and innovative care settings through human resources development. The system will be flexible enough to allow non-clinical staff to respond to emergencies. This can be achieved through training of the workforce (the housekeeper, the business office staff, and the engineer) on basic primary care (Pfeffer, 2005, p. 61). Additionall
Abstract Oceania is the smallest known part of the world, localized in the southern hemisphere; meanwhile, it is the biggest concentration of islands on the planet. Historical development of lands took place in isolation, and Europeans opened these territories much later than others. It has enabled the peoples of Oceania to preserve many traditions and cultural identities. The individual mentality of the Oceanians must be considered in view of the many nuances that form the overall picture – unlike any others in the world. Geography Oceania is a geographical region of the planet that is located in the central and western parts of the Pacific Ocean and is mostly composed of a large number of small islands and atolls (Cummins & Capic, 2017). It is surrounded by many seas of the Pacific and Indian oceans. The total area of Australia and Oceania is more than 8 million square kilometers, and the population is more than 40 million (“World Population prospects,” 2020). Australia is a continent located in the Eastern hemisphere and washed by the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the smallest and farthest from the other continents on the globe. Even before colonization, thinkers were confident of the existence of an extensive array of
Introduction Dependent elderly are:   * People who need assistance in daily activities and protection.   * Sick adults who are hospitalized all the time.   * They may include the mentally ill (Payne, 2005). Dependent elderly are people who need assistance to do daily activities and to protect themselves. They also include sick adults who are in hospitals all the time. Dependent elderly people may also include the mentally ill. Understanding elderly abuse   * Elderly individuals are neglected or abused altogether.   * Relatives to the elderly are the main abusers.   * Homes have been set up to take care of senior citizens.   * Legal action can be taken against perpetrators of elderly abuse.   * The elderly are encouraged to report abuse (Bonnie & Wallace, 2003). Several homes have been created in an effort to take care of these senior citizens. There are individuals who neglect or abuse dependent elderly altogether. It is also very common to find that most of the people who abuse the elderly are their relatives. There are legal actions that can be taken against perpetrators of elderly abuse. The elderly are always encouraged to report an abuse from anyone. Forms of dependent adult and elderly neglect   * Physical abuse:       + beating.       + sexual abuse.       + any other physical harm.   * Financial abuse:       + stealing the iden
Fiat’s Market Reentry into the United States From the case study, it is evident that Fiat failed in its first attempt to penetrate the United States (U.S.) automobile market in the 1980s due to a number of factors, including car quality issues, poor service support, and lack of adequate infrastructure and organization in the country (Ivancevich, Konopaske, & Matteson, p. 503). Owing to the fact that reentering the same market can be rewarding for Fiat, the Italian car company must address car quality concerns and ensure that it has an expansive network of dealerships not only to enhance car sales but also to provide customers with excellent services support. Indeed, Fiat’s 50 percent ownership of American automobile manufacturer Chrysler Group LLC is a step in the right direction for Fiat as such a partnership will provide the much needed access to distribution channels of Fiat’s automobiles and service backups. Available literature demonstrates that ownership of the distribution channels is a strategic advantage for any company, as existing channels might not be imagineable or they may be fully or partially owned by competitors (Pehrsson, p. 760). Approach for Reentry Extant literature demonstrates that “the selection of an appropriate entry mode in a foreign market can have significant and far-reaching consequences on a firm’s performance and survival” (Ekeledo & Sivakumar, p. 68). Since market entry mode and market reentry mode are two sides of the same coin, it can be argued that the use of the namesake “Fiat” (brand name) makes the most sense in Fiat’s attempt to reenter the US automobile market. The resource based view is clear that an organization’s chances of success in foreign markets are enhanced when the organization develops the capacity to deploy critical resources essential for success, such as brand equity, marketing knowledge, and patent or process blueprint (Johnson & Tellis, p. 2). Owing to the fact that the “Fiat” brand name is popular across the world, it make much organizational and business sense for the Italian car manufacturer to use the value of having a well-known brand name to reintroduce itself to the US automobile market. Such a popular brand name, in my view, can be used as a critical resource to spur growth and competitiveness of the car manufacturer in the U.S. market. Designing of the Fiat-Chrysler Organization From the case study, it is evident that Fiat has a 50 percent ownership in Chrysler though it has formed a separate network of dealers from Chrysler, and that the intentional separation of the Fiat brand into autonomous dealerships has so far limited any direct benefit from the Fiat-Chrysler partnership for Chrysler dealers (Ivancevich et al., p. 503-504). For the Fiat brand to take maximum advantages of the relationship, the Fiat-Chrysler partnership needs to be designed in such a manner that the Italian car maker will make full use of the distribution channels provided by Chrysler to reach more customers, address quality concerns, and ensure satisfactory services support to the U.S. custom
Introduction International business refers to the commercial transactions or trade activities that usually take place between two or more countries. Commercial transactions entails a wide range activities that are carried either by the governments of the nations or the private investors who may be conducting business at an international level with other investors in other countries (Rugman & brewer 2003, p.105). On a broader context, international business incorporates all business activities that entail crossing national boundaries through transaction of goods, services or exchange of resources between two or more nations. International trade between different countries is always a mutual relationship that is primarily defined by diplomatic relations that exist between the participating countries. Different countries have different diplomatic relations with other countries and this significantly determines international trade; bad diplomatic relations between two countries or regional countries impairs international trade between the countries. The foreign policies of a given nation also play a significant role in determining the participation of a given nation in international trade (Feenstra 2004, p. 56). The onset of international business was primarily influenced by the increasing globalization which harmonized global relations between various countries; which saw various companies scale their operations to international levels subsequently leading to the rise of multinationals such as coca-cola. Some companies merged with other companies in different countries so as to use the available opportunity to increase their sales at international level (Gabriele 2008, p. 87). International divisions International divisions play a significant role in determining relationship that exists among different countries and subsequently affects international business. International divisions are determined by a wide range of factors that are primarily defined by social, political, economic and to some extent geographic factors. The diversity in social and economic factors among different countries plays an important factor in determining the international trade trends between different countries and regional alliances and sometimes affects intercontinental trade (Feenstra 2004, p. 55). Some of the social factors that that are responsible for international divisions include religion, culture, geographical orientations and governance and economic structures. The international divisions play a significant role in determining the international relationships of a country. The market policies of a given country determ
Introduction Nowadays, many people in the UK continue to believe that there is indeed much difference between Conservative and New Labour approaches to managing the social dynamics within the country and formulating Britain’s foreign policies. After all, both political parties have never ceased positioning themselves as such that pursue rather incompatible socio-political agendas. Whereas, the Conservatives are assumed to be striving to preserve so-called “traditional values” while advocating the economy’s continual liberalisation/deregulation, the New Labour party is widely regarded to be representing the interests of the working class. The party’s officially proclaimed goal is the establishment of a “welfare state” in the UK. It is understood, of course, that the outlined Conservative and New Labour objectives are far from being considered thoroughly consistent with each other. Nevertheless, as time goes on, it becomes ever clearer to more and more Britons that, as of today, the mentioned discursive dissimilarity between the two is best regarded as being merely formal. The logic behind such a tendency is quite apparent – a close examination of the issue will invariably reveal that the most recent New Labour reign (1997 – 2007) with Tony Blair in the Prime Minister’s office is best seen as having been the continuation of “good ole” Thatcherism. As Dorling (2010, p. 399) pointed out, “Given the lack of social achievement, it is likely that the New Labour’s record will largely be characterised in the future as ‘Thatcherism continued’ or, more cruelly, as some kind of political boil on the backside of Thatcherism.” In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length while promoting the idea that, as of today, both political parties have been effectively transformed to act on behal
In order to explore the differences in portraying Saudi women in the media of two different countries, the researcher conducted a small pilot study where a number of newspapers were analyzed. However, as the study is completed, the researcher finds that several issues need to be improved in the main study. While these problems do not diminish the value of the performed research, they need to be addressed further, so that the main research covers every possible aspect of the topic. First of all, in the pilot study, the researcher covers data from a time span of one year, from 1112018 to 1112019. Therefore, the number of relevant to the subject newspapers is limited to four, two British and two Saudi newspapers. In the main study, the researcher is going to cover four years, from 112016 to 112020. The amount of the examined newspapers will also expand, the researcher plans to collect data from two left- and two right-wing British broadsheet newspapers, and four regional broadsheet Saudi newspapers. Moreover, one of the essential elements of the study is also going to be reformed. In the pilot study, the student presents three research questions that cover rather broad topics. For example, one of the problems refers to ways that the Saudi and the UK press represent Saudi women. Moreover, the nature of the representation is also analyzed; the researcher studies whether newspapers of two countries portray Saudi women negatively or positively. Finally, the use of vocabulary is also examined; the student identifies differences in how the Saudi and the UK press employs language to portray Saudi women. The main study is going to cover more narrow issues. For instance, the researcher will address the thematic foci related to Saudi women in the British corpus compared to the Saudi corpus. Furthermore, the analysis will include frequent topics or issues considered in news articles relating to Saudi women in both corpora. Finally, the differences in the use of modifiers in describing Saudi women by the Saudi press and the UK press will also be examined. For the purpose of completing the analysis in the pilot study, the researcher compares SWBC and BNC (Davies, 2004-), SWSC and The Arabic Web 2012, including arTenTen12 (Batita and Zi Gui, 2017) and Stanford tagger. The analysis tools for the comparison includes keywords, concordance line analysis and the ten most frequent collocations with the term Saudi women. In the main study, the same corpora will be compared while using the same tools; however, the number of modifiers will be expanded from 10 to 100. Moreover, the student plans to apply a more in-depth CDA analysis. Some limitations were found in the pilot study, which resulted in developing new aspects of the study, such as expanding the time span and changing th
Introduction Leadership and motivation assess human acts which people utilize when interacting with others. Thus, this analytical treatise attempts to explicitly review the leadership theories such as transformational and participatory leadership theories. Besides, the treatise reviews motivational theories such as the incentive and the arousal theories. These theories are related to leadership and motivation issues identified in the leadership and motivation case study . Leadership theories Transformational leadership theory Transformational leadership provides an opportunity to motivate employees to give a desired output. When the management embraces the principles of transformational leadership, it becomes easy to convince employees to be flexible to change. For instance, Jonathan, who is Stephanie’s supervisor, has embraced transformational leadership skills and has empowered Alex’s friend to explore her full potential. The main characteristics of transformational leadership include adaptability, empowerment, commitment, contribution, and critical problem solving skills (Biswas, 2011). Stephanie states that Jonathan has created a self inspired team who does not need constant supervision, unlike Dan’s team. Jonathan’s ten years experience as a supervisor in the supermarket has equipped him with admirable skills of controlling group behavior and inspiring change. Stephanie is inspired to meet the target without feeling any pressure and she describes herself as happy (Robbins, Judge, and Hasham, 2012). Leadership expectancy theory Expectancy theory in leadership functionality in an organization influences the behavior of a person making decision away from personal prejudice, stereotype, or emotions. The expectancy theory offers the most ethically viable option for proactive leadership management of behavior. This theory identifies the aspects of effort-performance expectancy, valence expectancy, and performance-outcome expectancy (Drake, Wong, and Salter, 2007). Unlike Dan, Jonathan has inspired positive expectation among his team. They are constantly changed from one department to another and really feel appreciated. Within a month, Stephanie has moved to four departments and she feels like a member of Jonathan’s work family. Alex, who belongs to Dan’s team, is not motivated and expects nothing, hence the sluggish attitude towards work (Robbins et al., 2012). Motivational theories Incentive theory Incentive theory apprehends the perception that an individual holds in regards to performance reward. Thus, higher motivational expectation attracts better performance of such an individual in an organization. For instance, a quantifiable paradigm shift in perception can be linked to correlation between reward and performance in an organization. The incentive theory explores the weight an individual allocates to a reward in motivating performance (Drake et al., 2007). Stephanie is expecting the seventy five dollars incentive for meeting her targe
One of the most topical issues in the sphere of literature, the problem of fallacies will always remain on the agenda. Sometimes it seems that conveying the idea of the story without distorting it or suggesting a slightest deviation from the topic is completely impossible. Analyzing the text “Help Those Who Help, Not Hurt, Themselves”, one can notice a number of fallacies to mark. Although the idea of the text is quite clear, certain issues might cause quite an example of a common misunderstanding. A good example of a typical fallacy in the text is the metaphor that links the homeless people to the homeless animals, in the given case, the squirrels in the park. Calling both of them homeless, the author thus allows the following suggestions: the people are homeless; the squirrels are as well. Saying that the government gives the homeless financial support, the author of the text thus allows the supposition that the government provides financial support for squirrels as well, which is obviously not true. The example of the fallacy driven above can be classified as a typical formal fallacy that presupposes a conclusion based on false logical considerations. An obviously erroneous train of thoughts, this leads to a conflict within the text, making it somewhat ridiculous and thus hindering the understanding of its purport. Another example of fallacy in the given text is the typical verbal fallacy; to be more precise, it is what must be called a straw man – the peculiar means of distorting the truth. A verbal fallacy, it can possibly
Response to intervention (RTI) is a number of procedures, which can be used in determining why and how students respond to change in specific instructions (Muoneke, 2007). RTI approach provides advanced procedures for school in designing, implementing, and assessing educational interventions; it helps students who are having difficulties in learning (Muoneke, 2007). This paper will discuss about the response to intervention (RTI) approach. RTI approach has been designed to benefit students and education institutions. One of the greatest benefits of the RTI approach is that, it eliminates the ‘wait to fail” situations (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006). With RTI approach, learners have access to immediate assistance and student’s learning difficulties are addressed directly. This reduces the chances of failure because teachers tackle student’s problems before they get worse. Secondly, the RTI approach can be able to reduce the number of learners being referred for special education program. Considering that the RTI approach provides effective instructions and progress assessment, it has the potential of reducing the number of students being referred for special education while increasing the number of successful students (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006). In addition to this, the RTI approach provides more useful instructions compared to the traditional approach (Muoneke, 20