ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction During the recent recession, there has been an increased tendency among buyers to sell their stock options and invest in commodities like oil, metals, agricultural products, etc. investors had started demanding more of copper and crude oil as the buyers diversified from bonds (Carpenter, 6 November 2009). Analysts had predicted this as a trend to remain for some time as they believed that investors were allured by the stability of prices of commodities like gold and oil (Carpenter, 6 November 2009). According to the S&P GSCI Index, 24 commodities rose by 46 percent in 2009, after a 43 percent drop hit it in 2008 due to global recession and drying up of raw material demand (Carpenter, 6 November 2009). The reason, many states, is due to the interests that many investors have shown in the commodity market as a means of diversifying their portfolio. Another argument for this is that the devaluation of the US dollar has helped in holding up the commodity prices (Pressman, 10 January 2008). Thus, analysts predict that the US dollar’s devaluation against the euro will increase the prices of commodities further (Carpenter, 6 November 2009). However, the question remains, under these circumstances whether, commodity prices can maintain their upward movement or will the recessionary pressure bring down the commodity prices. The recent shift in the preference of investors from equity to commodities brings up the question that is commodity less volatile than equity. Further, there arises a need to assess the future risk, price, and volatility of both commodities and equity to assess the composition of the future portfolio. Research in economics and business has historically tried to predict the future risk and volatility of stock markets. The ability to forecast financial volatility using an econometric model has been researched by many academicians and there are many models dedicated to this purpose. In this paper, the risk and volatility of both the equity and commodity market will be assessed using the historical data from S&P500 and GSCI indices. The analysis of risk and volatility is done using the GARCH model (Engle, 2001). Literature Review The commodity is an excellent portfolio diversifier. Proponents who believe that commodities are a suitable alternative for stock or bond investors believe that it is a lucrative form of diversification (Greer, 2000; Miffre & Rallis, 2007). Greer (2000) argues that recently there has been an increase in diversification of portfolio into commodities and the reason behind the trend is comparable volume and volatility as in equity. Further, the returns from commodities have shown a more positive skew historically, which has led to its recent popularity (Greer, 2000). Therefore, Greer studied data from 1970 until 2000 and found that risk and returns from the commodity index show more positive total returns as compared to the equity index. Greer also finds that the commodity index is negatively related to the bond and equity index and that it is positively correlated with inflation and changes in inflation (2000, p.50). Therefore, this finding indicates that commodities provi
Published in 1951, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J. D. Salinger became one of his most controversial novels and a cultural phenomenon. This book is one of the most widely taught and commonly banned works of literature of all time (Benson & Salinger, 2018). There are debates on the topic of the novel’s morality and censorship as it touches upon such mature subjects as alcohol abuse, sex, profanity, and prostitution. The story is also known for being a sort of critique of the superficiality and “phoniness” in society and the adult world in particular (Salinger, 2010). This paper aims to summarize the plot of the novel, to discuss the central themes and the main characters, and to provide a personal review of the book. The Plot Summary of the Novel Holden Caulfield is a sixteen-year-old narrator and protagonist of the novel, who is currently getting help in a mental hospital. Holden tells a story that happened to him in December, which begins with his expulsion from Pencey Prep School in Pennsylvania after failing almost all his classes. The same night he gets into a fight with his roommate Stadlater over a girl. This sends Holden over the edge, and he leaves the school and returns to New York early. However, instead of going to the family apartment and admitting his expulsion from the school, he wanders around New York City until it is time to go home for Christmas. While being in New York City, Holden meets female tourists and has a meeting with a prostitute, which ends in a mere conversation and a punch in Holden’s stomach. The next day Holden goes on a date with his ex-girlfriend Sally, who he asks to run away with him, and who he offends after she refuses. At night he secretly enters his home to see his little sister Phoebe, who, as he claims, is the greatest girl in the world, but when their parents return home, he sneaks back out. Holden later goes to Mr. Antolini, who used to be his English teacher and stays there overnight. Although, when he wakes up at night by him stroking Holden’s forehead, he leaves. Having made the decision to run away, Holden sends Phoebe a note where he asks her to meet at the museum so they can say their goodbyes. When they meet, Phoebe has a suitcase in her hands and says that she will run away with him, but Holden rejects her and takes her to the zoo, where she rides a carousel. Watching his little sister ride a carousel, Holden decides to stay and finally declares that he is happy (Salinger, 2010). The whole story is based on Holden’s adventure as he gets a glimpse of the real world ruled by adults. The Main Characters and Central Themes The Main Characters The Catcher in the Rye portraits many important and somewhat symbolic characters, who are depicted to the reader through Holden’s point of view. The central figure of the story Holden Caulfield is faced with various philosophical questions along the way
Introduction Scientific researches involving genetic advancements should be within the required ethical standards and promote human development endeavors. Besides generating important therapies, genetic modifications should also involve the formations of new living organisms that are of critical significance in developing human life (Denning and Priddle 8). In spite of the achievements realized due to genetic testing and progress, a number of concerns have been raised. Moreover, the manner in which ethical principles and moral system affect genetic researches has remained a matter of debate. In this regard, the genetic experimentation should only be applied where it benefits the human development. Even though many people would argue against the genetic development and research, the benefits of the scientific advancement to the human development is immense. The reasons why genetic experiments and developments should be encouraged within the moral conducts Essentially, the genetic research and development should be limited to the areas that befit human endeavor. In addition, the extent in which genetic research and development should be underta
The plays, The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and A Raising in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, both illustrate how their main characters struggle to overcome the oppressive conditions that they experience in their lives. The oppressions and depressions faced by major characters are a result of failure or success to achieve their dreams. The major characters of the play The Glass Menagerie are Amanda Wingfield, Laura Wingfield, Tom Wingfield, and Jim. On the other hand, the major characters of A Raising in the Sun are Mama, Walter, Beneatha, and Asagai. All the characters have their own independent lifestyles whereby they have certain ideas and plans in their lives. The two plays reinforce and challenge typical American values according to which people are full of dreams but not able to make them come true because of the kind of life they are living. Some characters like Tom and Laura try to escape the realities of life by confiding on things which keep their mind off their struggles and daily oppressions. The plays depict how families struggle against poverty. Both Mama and Amanda are single mothers who have children to take care of in a world full of poverty and discrimination. This essay mainly examines the similarities that exist between the plays, The Glass Menagerie and A Raising in the Sun, and how they both reinforce and/or challenge typical American values. The major topic on the two plays is individualism and power, and this issue is also illustrated in the essay. In the play A Raising in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, each member of the Younger family has his/her own idea on how to spend $10,000 that the family received from the insurance cover of the deceased Mr. Younger who was the head of the family (Carter 102). For example, Beneatha has a dream of becoming a doctor, and that is why she wants to use the family money to join medical school. She also hopes that none of the family members is interested in becoming a part of the white world. Walter, on the other hand, wants to put up a liquor store as he believes that running a business is the only way that he can use to save the family from the poverty. Mama, however, wants to buy a house as that was their long dream with the deceased husband. Despite the fact that Walter’s wife, Ruth, is in agreement with Mama’s decision, she hopes that her son Travis can get more space and a larger room in the house which is to be bought. However, at the end of the play, the whole family sees the advantages of Mama’s dreams of owning a house since it brings the family back together. Individualism is also present in the play The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, and this is depicted
Healthcare is an important aspect of life and the level and quality of it very much depend on the individuals in charge, those who organize and provide for the patients. Planetree Model was founded by a patient in 1978. It centers on the patient and their personal needs. It is a system that is new and creative and takes an extra step, in providing the best possible environment for healing. One of the criteria that Planetree strongly enforces is the human interaction and the personal choices of the patients. The architecture of the building creates an opportunity for people to communicate. If a person wants some private time there are places made specifically for that reason. But for the most part, human contact is welcomed and reinforced. People can distract themselves by talking to others and sharing their experiences. Planetree realizes the importance of family and the power that it has in the healing process. Often, hospitals have certain visiting hours, which are very uncomfortable for both family and the patient. At Planetree, the family is encouraged to actively participate in the healing process and contribute in any way they choose. Special accommodations are available for families, with kitchens, which they are welcome to use, overnight quarters, and classes where they can also participate. It was proven that family has a great effect on the healing of the person where a patient feels the support and love of close and distant relatives. Patients are welcome to participate in numerous arts and crafts classes with a warm atmosphere. Volunteers take baking classes and go around the hospital spreading their cheer. Planetree also treats patients’ spiritual or psychological side. Sometimes, people sit in their empty rooms without anything to do, they feel bored, lonely and depression overtakes their whole being. But at Planetree, the staff very much care for the person’s moral well-being. It is the key to healing the body because the person is full of hope and is morally set on the positive outcome. Nutrition is given great attention at Planetree. It is also a distraction activity and is very pleasurable. Patients are given a chance to cook their favorite foods or let family members bring their preferred meals from home (Planetree: Family Support, 2010). The high-quality kitchen staff and patients themselves, create an atmosphere with all kinds of aromas, which adds to the overall feeling of familiarity and friendship. There is even an open-chart policy, which allows patients to read the medical notes and history so that they take a part in their treatment. This allows them to have medicine by their side and be educated on the factors that are necessary for their heal
A director or administrator heads the agency. The current head is William Craig Fugate. Before joining the organization, he served as the Alachua County representative of Emergency Management Division. Emergency management is not an easy task, that is why experts came up with at least four phases. One of the phases is prevention. An example of prevention is building dykes to prevent floods where disaster-handling officers undertake activities, such as intense inspection, surveillance, and investigations (Bradley 34). The second phase entails mitigation, which refers to the mechanisms that aim at reducing the occurrence of an event. An example includes a situation where officer in charge undertakes risk assessment leading to information gathering that lays a strong foundation towards improvement. The third phase is preparedness and example includes sensitizing the community through introduction of educational programs on disaster handling (Burns 67). The last major phase is response, an example comprises coordination of resource, both human and capital. The President created Federal Emergency Management Agency on 1 April 1979 following the presidential reorganization plan no. 3 of 1978. The Federal Government is solely responsible for providing security to its citizens, since it has the jurisdiction over the entire country. The risk management model is the widely used in disaster management, since it seeks to calculate the probability at which a risk might occur. Upon noting this, the challenges or the threats that the risk poses are identified, as it helps in offering a solution. Whenever a risk occurs, not all groups are susceptible, meaning that it is the role of the officers to identify those affected directly (Coppola 89). Lastly, the criticality or the consequences of the risks have to be recorded to understand the way in which they affect the population (Stollard and Johnston 112). Taking an example of floods, most of those vulnerable are women and children, even though men might also be affected. The officers have to assess the probability of the disaster happening in the locality before moving in to calculate the threats. Once the officers are aware of the dangers and the chances of the disaster happening, evaluating the vulnerability of the co
Evaluations and Ethics In the current paper, potential concerns which could arise during an evaluation in a medical institution will be analyzed. Moreover, the strategies for addressing those issues will be considered and discussed. For the present piece, the privacy and confidentiality area was selected, and potential ethical problems which a nurse informaticist might encounter will be demonstrated and summarized below. The particular ethical issue was chosen, as it is one of the most complex problems, which health institutions face today. Additionally, the possible ways to address ethical concerns will be presented. With the growing adoption of new information technologies in health care institutions, new issues and concerns are arising for the clinician-patient relationship. The widespread technologies in healthcare pose privacy and confidentiality challenges, which should be taken carefully to ensure private data (Goodman, 2010). By confidentiality in healthcare institutions, “the obligation of professionals who have access to patient records or communication to hold that information in confidence” is implied (Prater, 2014, para. 3). In order to ensure the confidentiality of patients’ private data, health records, in this case, medical institutions should provide professional education on a regular basis, as new technologies continue to develop quickly (Goodman, 2010). This education should include the technical side, which would teach clinicians to interact with equipment, as well as the ethical part explaining possible consequences of information disclosure. Concerning privacy, it is the right of a patient to decide how their personal information is shared (Prater, 2014). This right, as the right for confidentiality, is protected under the Federal Law. For privacy, he
Introduction Cape Breton Island is located in the northeastern part of Nova Scotia and the Bay of St. Lawrence on the western part surrounds it while the large Atlantic Ocean covers the eastern section. Cape Breton is remotely located in Nova Scotia. Moreover, it has sparse population density. These factors are responsible for certain challenges associated with infrastructure development, and in this case, Internet accessibility. Therefore, there is an urgent need for Cape Breton to enhance infrastructure development. Internet Accessibility For business people in Canada who are connected to their computers and other mobile devices for accessing the Internet, operating without Internet connectivity may seem impossible. However, in Cape Breton, not everyone can gain access to the Internet. Specifically, individuals without the Internet are generally marginalized rural, low income, uneducated or elderly people. Although the number of people with access to the Internet increased steadily between the year 2004 and 2009 globally, there were notable declines in these numbers between 2009 and 2011. In addition, Internet accessibility is projected to decline between the year 2013 and 2017 (Quandt par. 3). In the past, certain trends such as increased urbanization, introduction of affordable smart devices, cell phones and the Internet increased usages have been responsible for growth of the Internet accessible. These factors, however, will not be able to facilitate Internet connectivity to the rest of the population because of poor infrastructures and low incomes among others. Cape Breton residents who cannot simply gain access to the Internet continue to experience constrained prospect for economic growth, slow personal development, poor education, business opportunities and other factors that influence standards of living. In addition, their contributions toward the development of the Island remain unheard. Generally, residents of Cape Breton who cannot gain access to the Internet miss opportunities on relevant information related to economic affairs, health issues, online government services or engage others socially. The Internet improves participation in politics and other democratic processes in any country and mobilizing resources for worthy courses. Online presence has been credited with increased transparency, reduced costs of doing business, enhanced efficiency, reduced barriers of entry to businesses, generating of ideas, entertainment and access to education among others. Beyond personal participation, poor Internet infrastructure in Cape Breton could result into slower economic development. The Internet has been responsible for driving economic growth, improved use of technologies, tourism and education. Cape Breton must understand the disadvantages related to lack of the Internet to its rural, sparely distributed populations. The Island needs to understand the profile of its residents, who cannot again access to the Internet. In addition, Cape Breton must address the possible major barriers to Internet connection. First, the area is remote with sparsely distributed population and therefore there are no incenti
Introduction Equation extraction from governing data can be difficult among scientists and engineers. Overfitting is avoided by balancing the models’ complexity with a descriptive ability. The study by Steven Brunton and others at the University of Washington demonstrates the use of Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics (SINDy). The algorithm can be used in several problems, from simple canonical systems to fluid vortex shedding. Problem Description With recent technological advancement data analysis software and programs have been developed, data distillation has remained slow (Brunton et al., 2016). Consequently, data extrapolation has been limited to attractor’s sampling and construction. For instance, the discovery of Kepler, although equipped with extensive and most accurate planetary data, lacked fundamental dynamic relationship description of planetary orbits (Brunton et al., 2016). Conversely, Newton’s discovery of the relationship between momentum and energy presented a dynamic model that can predict behaviors where data is unavailable. Methods Used Linear and nonlinear oscillators were used to demonstrate difficulties in simple canonical systems. Also, the study applied chaotic Lorenz system to demonstrate the challenges in simple canonical systems (Brunton et al., 2016). Most physical systems have limited number of relevant dynamic definition terms, limiting number of leading equations in high-dimensional nonlinear function space (Brunton, 2016). Algorithms in the unsteady fluid wake and nonlinear PDEs were also demonstrated by the study method (Brunton, 2021). After that, the dynamics were subjected to generalization to include parameters, time, and forcing. System Discovery and Formula Used The study reenvisioned a dynamical system discovery problem from sparse regression perspective and compressed sensing. The dynamical system considered was of the form: , x( t ) is the system’s state at duration t and f( x (t)) is the dynamic constraint (Brunton et al.,2016). Do determine f the collected data was sampled using the matrix: Next, a library of Θ ( X) was constructed each consisting of non-linear functions of X’ s column. Θ ( X) consist of constants, trigonometric terms or polynomials. To determine active non-linear using the formula: , each column of is a sparse vector that determines active terms. A model governing each equation was determined: . Since is a symbolic functions’ vector of element x . Therefore, x=f(x)=ΞT (Θ(XT)) T New Results and Possible Extensions The work shows that generalizing the SINDy algorithm allows analysis of externally forced and controlled systems. Fields such as neuroscience, with big data without governing equations can apply the new results from the study. The works present the discovery of standard forms by including optimization parameters, thus making a significant step towards unassisted dynamical systems’ identification. Chaotic Lorenz system formula: x=σ (y− x), [7a] y= x (ρ− z) −y, [7b] z=xy −βz, [7c] The data collected was stored matrices X and . For the PDE coordinate system, the mean-field model for the cylinder was: x= μx −ωy+Axz, [8a] y= ωx+