ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Most individuals use the term “nurse” to refer to Licensed Practical Nurses and Registered Nurses. To them, these two professions are alike as Licensed Practical Nurses, as well as Registered Nurses, provide nursing care to patients. However, there is a clear difference between the Licensed Practical Nurses (LPN) and the Registered Nurses (RN). The two groups have to take a national exam to get a license to practice medicine. However, the contents of their exams vary, and so do their roles. The LPNs and the RNs differ in terms of leadership and management, professional responsibilities, legal liabilities, ethics, roles in quality and process improvement, among others (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, and Cheever, 2012). This paper analyzes some differences between the two nursing professions. Differences between Licensed Practical Nurses’ and Registered Nurses’ practices The differences between the LPN and the RN are significant. They vary from state to state. Normally, the Licensed Practical Nurses work under the supervision of the registered nurses. Some of the dimensions in which the two groups differ include the following issues. Leadership and Management Leadership and management are important aspects of the nursing practice. The relationship between these two dimensions is very close. Leadership and management positions of the Licensed Practical Nurses and the Registered Nurses differ in practice. This is due to the limitations put forward by Nursing Acts, state governments, and Licenses held by the two. They are caused by the differences in the competencies and education provided to the nurses (Porter-O’Grady and Malloch, 2012). The nursing practice expects the registered nurses to take leadership and management roles in the nursing units. The registered nurses act as the supervisors to the Licensed Practical Nurses. The Nursing Act prohibits the LPNs from making decisions or assessing patients without having consulted with the registered nurses (Yoder-Wise, 2010). For instance, an LPN cannot give medication, analyze the vital signs of patients, or take charge of nursing units unless it is agreed with a registered nurse. Therefore, the registered nurses have to apply critical thinking, make important decisions, deliver complex care, and manage patients. Licensed practical nurses act as support for the registered nurses as their educational qualifications and capabilities are below those of the registered nurses. Ethics Similar to other professions, the nursing practice has its code of ethics that dictates the standards, ethical conducts, and roles of nurses regarding the values adopted in the nursing practice. The code of ethics of the nursing professio
Charles Darwin established in his article Natural Selection that natural selection facilitates those individuals that are fit to dominate and to continue existing. This concept is illustrated as the key factor that makes a man be the most constant and dominant animal on the planet. This success is attributed to a number of diverse and dissimilar variables. Man, for instance, has been swift to adapt and succeed in different places under extreme circumstances. However, in the editorial, Lifeboat Ethics: the Case Against Helping the Poor , Garrett Hardin’s foremost dispute is that the poor should not be assisted. This commentary starts by illustrating the dissimilarity involving the spaceship ethic, where we may share available resources for all requirements and shares are equivalent. While in lifeboat ethics, we are not allowed to share resources and by exploiting this aspect we should not assist the poor. Examining this article through Charles Darwin’s observations in Natural Selection it is imperative to understand that Hardin seems to suggest only the strong can save the weak. This is illustrated by the manner he describes lifeboat ethics. According to the aspects of Natural selection, lifeboat ethics presents the strong who have adapted the opposite traits of survival. Therefore, Darwin observed that there are those animals that remained dominant due to their adaptability traits. Thus, on the economic aspect, Hardin’s argument does not fully satisfy the scope of natural selection fully. Rather he suggests that the rich should avoid or ignore supporting the poor. Therefore, looking at his article as a metaphor would be critical in understanding his argument. Perhaps that is why he has argued for the preservation of the rich societies amidst the drowning poor citizens. Darwin argument in Natural Selection may perhaps in a way though not entirely explain this phenomenon in part. According to the law of Natural Selection only the suitable species that are well suited to their surroundings tend survive. While on the other hand the weak species are either destroyed by nature or get dominated by the fit species. This is either through biological or physical influence. Examining the aspects of physical influences, the dominant species can easily overcome such issues like floods, diseases, droughts, or other natural challenges. While we look at the article by Hardin we find that those in the lifeboat have overcome the physical challenges presented by nature. This illustrates why they have the resources of survival and they are the few while the majority are the one wallowing in diseases and poverty. He argues for the reason that we have limited resources, misfortune of commons and no true global government to manage reproduction and utilization of obtainable resources; we ought to manage our actions by the morals of lifeboat. And lifeboat ethics do not allow the poor to be assisted. Therefore, in regard to Darwin argument it would be vital to compare Hardin’s observation with the aspects of Natural Selection. Looking at the section with sub-head “Adrift in a Moral Sea” we are presente
Introduction Over the years Golden XYZ Company has tremendously invested vast resources geared towards making some developments as well as making implementations on the quality management initiatives. It is vital to note that the culture exhibited by an organization often has a huge impact on the workers as well as on the relationship amongst them (Jones & George, 1998). Every organization including Golden XYZ Company has their unique culture which brings about the differences in their mode of operations (Yoon & Ringquist, 2011). In this paper, a critical outlook of Golden XYZ Factory is outlined with in order to analyze its organization’s culture and the problems that have faced it. Some recommendations are also presented concerning various approaches that the factory can utilize to stamp out the problem at hand. Culture and norms of the company Organization’s culture is a paramount aspect in the business world. Van & Sminia (2010) defines organization’s culture as the belief as well as principles that act as a guide to organizations to enhance smooth running of their businesses. Quality initiatives are a critical element in Golden XYZ Factory. The management of the factory has been working on development as well as implementation of quality initiative, which is institutionalized in its corporate culture. More importantly, the vice presidents of the factory, directors, managers as well as various supervisors have tremendously integrated an aspect of quality in their strategic as well as operational plans. Golden XYZ Company seems to have centralized its decision making as a part of their culture. The company does not entrust fully the non-management employees on making decisions about the company. This is one of the instances that the quality manager sees as a challenge in the light of making adjustments in the company. A good example is an instance where Bailey Davis, the quality manager had brought informal team together as well as vertical and horizontal classification of Golden XYZ Factory’s employees in the verge of developing a quality plan. Surprisingly, when the plan was presented to eth executives, the vice presidents agreed to the plan, however, there were no changes in the culture. Therefore a culture of distrust between the management and non-management employees prevailed. The belief that non-management employees cannot be trusted to make decisions by the top management has had some impacts on workers communication as well as sours the relationship between them and their managers. This is the reason that made Tommy and Jake to be suspected of goofing off while in fact they were discussing on their ideas about work. It is clear that the Factory’s culture does not allow empowerment of employees to make decisions or even take part in decision making,
Introduction Dr. Julie Gerberding, Director of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention declared during a CBS Morning show that the “No.1 health problem” facing the U.S is not SARS or any other fast-spreading disease, but the “epidemic of obesity” that is “unfolding before our very own eyes” (Ruskin). The U.S has been in the throes of a child obesity epidemic since the 1970s (Iom.edu), with the number of obese children increasing by 100% increase between 1980 and 2000 (Med.umich.edu). It is estimated that 25% of children in the U.S. are overweight, out of which 11% are obese (Dehglan et al.). In view of the many disadvantages – especially the risk of contracting Type 2 diabetes (Waters et al.) – a disease affecting more than three-fourth of the obese population in the U.S (Smith, p.15), where a number of victims multiplied 10 times in the last 2 decades (Monaghan) – U.S. policymakers have branded this nation-wide problem as a ‘critical public threat’ (Iom.edu). Main body An obese person is an individual who has over-average {+20%} body fat as compared to a person of the same age and height (Med.umich.edu). Public Health researchers and clinicians are unanimous in their recommendation that prevention is the key to reining in the ongoing child obesity epidemic (Dehglan et al.). Therefore, devising and implementing sound and feasible prevention methods has assumed paramount importance. It is very important that all the methods are based on a common platform that recognizes it is impossible to set ideal weights for different age groups; instead, it is more realistic to believe that children should have a healthy weight, viz., the natural weight assumed by the body after being subjected to healthful dietary intakes and a reasonable amount of physical activity (Ces.nesu.edu). Seven sectors have been identified in the U.S. from which prevention methods of childhood obesity can be launched. The first sector is the U.S. Federal Government. The first method is to set up an Interdepartmental Task Force (Iom.edu) to organize a complex operation in which various Federal Agencies’ (Koplan et al., p.153) contributions are brought together to form an efficient nurturing environment (Iom.edu). Such an environment fosters all elements of natural growth and evolution on 3 levels – physical, intellectual, and social, leading to enhanced self-respect, body contentment, and confident body perception (Ces.nesu.edu). The second method is to create levels of quality to be accepted as the norm concerning all food and beverage products allowed for sale in schools (Iom.edu). It is recommended to levy a small tax on low nutritional items like confectionery, snacks, and beverages (Dehglan et al.). The third method is to provide Federal funds for state-executed nutrition and physical activ
The Attitudes of the US Government towards Australia’s Political Leaders and Foreign Policy The US government and the Australian government have been having a special bilateral relationship in areas of trade and economic ties, national security and Defence, and foreign policies as supported by treaties such as the ANZUS Treaty that was reviewed in 1983 (McLennan, 1996, p.50). However, Wikileaks, a non-profit media organization that concentrates on revealing suppressed and censored foreign relations information, has offered us some significant insight through it revelations about the attitudes between the two parties involved in this bilateral relationships. The US government’s attitude towards the Australian foreign policy is that the Australian foreign policy is always supportive and likely to toe the line with that of the US government. For example, from the cable leaked from the US Embassy in Brussels, ‘Australians seek common position with U.S. on WCDR and EU additionality’, the two countries describe each other as like-minded, and through their representatives, they were working on presenting a common position on EC participation at WCDR (WikiLeaks,2005a). The US government views the Australian government and its foreign policy as a reliable partner whom they can utilize to form strong alliances globally to reduce the threat from their competitors in defense and other economic interests. According to the statements of Ambassador Thomas schieffer, leaked from US embassy in Canberra on trilateral strategic dialogue aimed at helping Australia to join East Asian Summit (EAS), the US was ready to persuade Japan to use its influence in ASEAN to assist Australia join EAS creating partnership that is open, inclusive and not dominated by China (WikiLeaks,2005b). Additionally, the US values Australia as a strategic ally who can stand by it even in times when it losses support of other partners such as EU on some global issues. For example, on the verge of EU lifting the arms embargo imposed after the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre in the East Asian region, the US relied on support of Australia in seeking for support of its goal of not wanting to see the introduction of any new destabilizing armaments or technologies in the region (WikiLeaks, 2005c). The US government has varied view about the Australia’s political leaders, but generally, it views most of the leaders as supportive towards the US-Australia foreign relations while others as not doing much to promote them further. For exampl
Introduction Drug abuse has become an emotional term that connotes societal disapproval and elicits a sense of uneasiness and disquiet. It is a term that changes meaning depending on time and place. According to one’s society, his place on the continuum of human history and his reason for using a particular drug, such use is regarded as either socially desirable or undesirable. As such, as a definition, drug abuse is of doubtful utility. For these reasons, this research abandons the conventional definitions of drug abuse in favour of other more descriptive terms which focus principally on the personal risks involved with drug use and the societal costs which result from drug-induced and drug-using behaviour and must be borne by the large society. This research addresses the problem of methamphetamine abuse in Oklahoma. This is the biggest drug menace that faces this state. Abuse of methamphetamine abuse is increasing due to its easy accessibility throughout Oklahoma. As such, there is a need to offer a lasting solution to the problem. Identification of the problem: Background to Methamphetamine abuse in Oklahoma Oklahoma is an end-point and transit region for shipments of a number of drugs such as heroin, cocaine, marijuana, and methamphetamine. The state is situated in the south central of the United States. It has a population of about three and half million residents. The state is ranked twenty-seventh in the U.S. in terms of population. Majority of its population are Caucasians, while the rest of the residents consist of minority groups such as American Indians, Hispanics, and African Americans (Martin 5). Its population consists of more than 20 percent of residents who are younger than 18 years. Residents who are more than 65 years make up more than 10 percent. The state is the 18 th largest in the U.S. in terms of geographical size. It has a land area of more than 68,000 sq. miles. Oklahoma has two big metropolitan areas. One of them is the Oklahoma City, which is the capital, and is located in the heart of the state. It has a population of more than half a million. The second one is Tulsa, which is situated in the northeastern part of the state. It has more than 300,000 residents (Martin 7). It is transected by many interstate highways and roads that prop up a big volume of traffic. These highways are utilized by drug trafficking organizations, as well as gangs in transporting illegal drugs into and through Oklahoma from Mexico, California, and other states in the southwestern part of the nation. Among the major drugs that are abused in Oklahoma, methamphetamine is the drug that poses the biggest threat to the state. Unless there are concerted efforts to curb the production, transportation, and distribution of this drug, the menace will be here to stay. Methamphetamine poses a grave concern in Oklahoma. The situation is bound to worsen if the appropriate measures to curb the problem are not put into place. According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), a division
Uniforms have been a hot issue for a long time. The supporters offer a range of benefits brought in by the enforced dress code. Nevertheless, many of their arguments are questionable and introduce restrictions instead of improving the situation. The absence of strict dress code, on the other hand, has certain benefits. The first argument that is often used to support the school uniforms states that they promote the sense of community and evoke pride for the school. Students bearing the symbols of the establishment have a stronger sense of affiliation and commitment. Besides, the uniform strengthens tradition and benefits the creates the overall positive impression among students. However, it is important to understand that the school community is not characterized by its exterior. Currently, the emphasis is put at the comprehension and acceptance of intrinsic values of education rather than its visual manifestation. Besides, growing evidence suggests that students actually dislike the uniforms. In this light, the community spirit and pride appear to be the result of wishful thinking of the proponents rather than an established fact. It is also often mentioned that school uniform contributes to discipline and by extension improves students’ performance. This is mostly attributed to the fact that students presumably stop caring about their appearance and focus on study instead. Besides, the uniform is less ambiguous than a set of plain clothes and thus is easier to control. However, we must remember that in this case, the discipline is improved through conformity. In the age where diversity is a permeating theme in education, such decision becomes questionable at best. While it is possible that standardization saves time, it does so by cutting the possible choices and thus restricting students to thinking inside the box. Besides, there is little evidence that would conclusively connect the improvement in student performance to using the uniform in the establishment. The supporters of the uniform also suggest that its use decreases social and financial gap among students. According to this view, since there are no means of signaling one’s wealth through clothing or jewelry, the overall social climate improves thanks to the equality. Unfortunately, there are several inconsistencies in this assumption. First, the equality, in this case, is achieved through restriction, not through active choice. It is artificial and thus flawed. Such equality rarely results in positive and friendly climate. Second, such approach limits the students’ means for self-expression. While giving students the possibility to choose their appearance may result in some instances of imposing superiority, it will also let them express personality and individuality. In such a setting, equality may be more difficult to achieve, but will be the result of active choice rather than the externally imposed rule. Finally, as uniforms are often enforced to bridge the gap, such policy occurs more
Family background Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born in a wealthy family and married his wife Eleanor who also came from a rich family. He attended Groton School in Massachusetts which was populated with students from rich families (Feinberg 56). Roosevelt learned most of his good temperaments from his headmaster whom he highly regarded. In 1903, he was admitted to Harvard College where he graduated with an A.B. in history (Davis 53). He later received an honorary LL.D from the same college in 1929. His academic pursuit was impressive and he is recorded to have joined the Columbia law school in 1904 although he dropped out three years later. On March 17, 1905, he married his wife Eleanor whom he met while in college although his mother was opposed to his decision to marry her (Goodwin 62). They had six children: Anna Eleanor, James, Franklin Delano, Elliot, and John Aspinwall. Like many other presidents who came after Roosevelt, his term in office was full of scandals regarding his infidelity and unsteady marriage (Lash 45). However, his situation was quite different because very little was known about his marital problems. It was later established that his wife had offered him a divorce although it never sufficed (Roosevelt 40). Military service His ambition to create a bigger and stronger Navy when he served as an assistant secretary in the Navy was incredible. He founded the United States Navy reserve and mobilized budgetary approval from the congressional leadership (Feinberg 57). His leadership gained credit since no single strike occurred during the seven years he served in the navy (Lash 46). However, he had his share of scandalous events with the major one being the Newport sex scandal that caused great damage to his reputation as well as political ambitions. The economic depression Roosevelt ruled the United States of America from 1933-1945 as the 32 nd president (McJimsey 33). His credits as a leader are tied to his successful leadership amidst the alarming economic depression that was a challenge to his administration. His popularity is further proved by the fact that he is the only president in the history of America to have been elected for more than two terms (Feinberg 22). His twelfth year rule is both historic and iconic. His political achievements, however, do not end with his unique three terms in office. He was also credited for putting together a coalition that dominated and shaped the American political arena for years even after leaving office (Feinberg 23). Winning against Hoover FDR as he was popularly called won the election defeating the incumbent republican Herbert Hoover at the climax of the 1932 great economic depression (Schewe 9). His optimistic character and a relentless spirit were the most notable contributors to his success and popularity. He had proudly recovered from a paralytic illness and his victory formed the basis of the national spirit (Schewe 9). Roosevelt’s close allies included the famous Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin