ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Investment in modern clinical trials is considered to be an integral part of contemporary medical operations and innovational approaches. Financial incentives provided by commercial sponsors are usually aimed at facilitation of early trial initiation. The enrolment of patients into clinical trials is widely spread in modern medicine; nevertheless this method of medical testing can bring negative effects from scientific and ethical point of view. Nowadays drug companies try to develop effective techniques for the purpose of clinical trials fulfillment. According to the data provided by Albert Einstein College of Medicine the doctors are paid for the patients being enrolled into the clinical trials; sufficient patients participating in such trials “bring” more money to the physicians. From scientific point of view this mechanism of clinical trials can lead to serious consequences affecting and threatening to human health. In previous centuries such testing covered the participation of animals and plants in order to avoid harmful influence of hazardous particles on people’s health. With the development of commercial practice, great interest of physicians and sponsors awoke in the promotion clinical trials with human enrolment. It should be stressed that earlier trial initiation does not guarantee the effectiveness of medical drugs and even can lead to negative effects. (Foy, 1999) According to Macklin, the promotion of financial incentives cannot be ethically evaluated because it results in exclusion criteria; “…if a patient’s blood pressure is too high on the first try, you calm him down, take it again, and he is in…” (Larkin, 1999) This practice is aimed at the development of new effective approaches and drugs though financial aspect is predominant one. Ethical principles cannot become the background of modern medical testing. It is necessary to underline the fact that a lot of pharmaceutical companies use the method of clinical trial in order to provide new drug for the patients. In such cases financial incentives and commercial basis overweigh clinical priority of the practice. (Mant, 1997) Further one, one should underline the fact that all the patients enrolled in the experiments are usually kept in the dark. Ethical principles presuppose complete awareness of the patients as to the testing and its effects they are to experience. There are a number of drawbacks in earlier initiation and financial incentives. From scientific point of view such practice can result in the formation of various chronic illnesses suffering by dyspeptic patents. According to bioethicist Baruch Brody, “There are no data out there to suggest that gullible patients are being recruited by
This article discussed the work of cognitive psychologist Elizabeth Loftus from the University of Washington. She contended that when we recall a memory the event is not accurately recreated, but instead we recall a reconstruction of the actual event. She stated that this is most common in criminal investigation cases. Loftus argues that changing minor details in a question can cause a person to recall the event differently or even add in details that were not there to begin with. She used four experiments to prove her hypothesis. Loftus’ work has been challenged, with some psychologists stating that the memory is not lost, but can be obtained with proper questioning. Recently, Loftus’ research has been applied to repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse that is recalled through the assistance of a therapist (Loftus, 560-572). Upon reading the article, I found that many of the points made by Loftus make sense. I can easily compare and apply her research to real life situations. If you want current crime dramas, such as Law and Order, you can see the questions the lawyers use to trigger memories with the eyewitnesses. It was very interesting however that changing simple key words in the question can almost create a memory in the person’s head. For example, Loftus compares the usage of “a” as opposed to “the.” I could ask an eyewitness, “Did you see a knife?” This question evokes a different answer than, for example, “Did you see the knife?” The second question implies that there was a knife at the scene. I feel that it is up to the lawyers to ask the questions properly so the eyewitness can accurately recall the events, to the best of their ability. Of course, what I find fascinating is that a lawyer could use this method to elicit the responses they need from an eyewitness. By using this research, the prosecuting attorney could, in effect, make an eyewitness recreate an inaccurate event. I can understand where some of her research could be called into question as well. The end of the article states that the memory is still there, but it is up to the investigators to focus on the right wording, as I stated above. In order to obtain accurate eyewitness accounts, an investigator must be made aware of how a witness will later recall the event in question. I find it interesting and apt that Loftus’ research is being used to call into question reports of repressed child abuse. While I am sure that the complaining person is not automatically being doubted, a therapist could conceivably manipulate a person into believing that they were abused because it fits the diagnosis. For example, a therapist could ask a client, “Did he ever touch you?” This could mean a variety of things. The therapist would have to define the type of touch. I think it is important for therapists not to put their own personal spin on things. They are there to assist their clients in unraveling their problems and offering plausible explanations and solutions. While it is important to question these repr
The UCSF researchers are working on a prototype model of an implanted artificial kidney. It is done in order to address the problem of the need for a kidney transplant that arises from renal complications. “The device would include thousands of microscopic filters as well as a bioreactor to mimic the metabolic and water-balancing roles of a real kidney is in the process of development. This is undertaken by a collaborative effort by engineers, biologists and physicians nationwide led by Shuvo Roy, PhD in the UCSF Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Science” (University of California 2010). They are working on shrinking the device to a smaller size equivalent to a coffee cup. This will improve its portability in humans as it can be implanted in the human body. Over 500,000 infected people rely on kidney transplants, which are not readily available. One has to wait for his or her turn on a waiting list. Many patients cannot wait for their turn and die before they can get a donor. Others have to use dialyses which are costly and work on a tight schedule. A patient that needs dialysis will have to use approximately $75000 per year for the treatment. Dialysis is exhausting, and only 35 percent makes it for up to 5 years; others die due to complications that arise. Again, the use of advanced tissue engineering to generate cells that help perform the normal function of a healthy kidney is fundamental in this endeavor. The process is self-sustaining in the human body, as it does not need external supply of power to pump the blood. The researchers from ten teams are working on this project. The first phase of the project involves testing the device on an animal specimen after the size reduction has been succeed. The second phase involves developing a device that fits to the human body. They have the visual design, and seek federal and private support to implement the research. Strengths The research shows that they have been able to reduce the size of the artificial Kidney from a room size device to a coffee cup size. This improves the chances of the devic
Macbeth is often considered, rather unfairly as Shakespeare’s most sexist play. This is because the characters of Lady Macbeth and the three witches are shown as evil and manipulative. Thus Shakespeare is considered sexist on account of this particular play. This however is an incorrect assumption and does not do justice to the playwright and his understanding of human nature particularly his penetrating insight into the psyche of women. In Macbeth far from being sexist, Shakespeare has questioned the conventional roles assigned to men and women on the basis of their sexuality and has sought to overturn the prevalent societal norms with regard to gender. There is plenty of evidence regarding his intentions, throughout the text. Therefore it may be concluded that Shakespeare was a feminist as opposed to a sexist writer. He seems to truly understand women and is able to see past the stereotypical notions imposed on them by society regarding the way they are supposed to behave and feel. In an attempt to explore whether character is determined by sex or prevailing conventions, Shakespeare asks some pertinent questions and makes some revealing observations that reveal his feminist bent. His characterization of Lady Macbeth is particularly illuminating. Some critics have condemned the dramatist for his portrayal of her as fiendish, manipulative and evil. He has been accused of harboring typically masculine and stereotypical notions of the female character, but this is not the case. A careful analysis of Lady Macbeth’s intensely complicated character and her role in the play proves that Shakespeare is actually a feminist writer. When Lady Macbeth contemplates the murder of Duncan, she asks the powers to “unsex me here” (Shakespeare, p. 52). She repeatedly wishes that she could divest herself of the trappings of her feminine nature, so that she will be able to go through with her deadly plan. In the words of McGrail, “She views her sexuality as the root of that ‘Nature’ which impedes her ruthlessness”. But the interesting point to be noted here is that Lady Macbeth completely lacks all the so called feminine traits while she has all the characteristics ordinarily associated with masculinity. For instance far from being tender, soft – hearted and motherly as is expected she coldly plots the death of Duncan and claims that she would even commit infanticide if she had given her word – “I would, while it was smiling in my face, / Have pluck’d my nipple from his boneless gums, / And dash’d the brains out” (Shakespeare, p. 64). She embodies the masculine traits of cruelty, violence and ambition in sharp contrast to Macbeth who is too scared to murder his King. Thus, by deliberating blurring the sexual boundaries, Shakespeare appears to question rigid social norms and calls their accuracy into question. There are further instances in the text that showcase Shakespeare as a feminist
Introduction Employment relations are the most complex issue in modern organizations. Conducting employment relations within an organization requires significant cooperation from management because of the staff time and coordination involved. Desirable, if feasible, is a preliminary consultation with the responsible managers to explain how a focus group works and to answer questions as to why things are done as they are. The purpose of this consultation is to achieve a meeting of minds, a mutual understanding of the problems of management, and the potential of employment relations for addressing those problems. Managers and business owners should not exercise their managerial prerogative without interference from the other actors in the employment relationship because it will violate the rights of employees and threaten their freedoms. Main body The state and trade unions protect employees from exploitation and unfair policies. Workers can address job issues with their employer through direct communication to bring actual and desired conditions closer together. The voice mechanism is superior to the exit one because, as firms address the concerns of their existing labor force, workers are more likely to remain with the firm. There is less turno
Innovation is the process through which new ideas, products and methods are introduced. This new ideas and products are believed to have a positive impact on the society. Governments from all over the world have been encouraging their citizens to be innovative, especially the youth. In order to encourage innovation among young people, governments have come up with curriculums that encourage innovation. We are all encouraged to embrace innovations that will be able to help us change our lives in a positive way. The statement “I never did anything by accident, nor did any of my inventions come by accident, but by working hard” goes to show that innovations just don’t occur by accident. People work hard and invest a lot of money and time. Innovation is a process that requires a lot of patience and creativity. Innovation is a process that has ups and downs. An innovative person never gives up. A good example in this case is Thomas Edison who invented the light bulb. Before inventing the light bulb, Thomas went through a hard time. He was forced to work hard and would spend some of his nights working instead of resting. He failed a lot of times but he never gave up. He kept on working hard and with time he was able to invent the light bulb. It was then that he came up with the now famous quote in which he says that he never failed and that he only discovered 10000 ways through which a light bulb cannot work. It was through hard work, patience
Child and family health professional practice includes providing care for the mother, child, and family, working with pregnant women, delivering childbirth, assistance in caring for newborns and younger children ( Maternal, Child & Family Health Nurses Australia, 2021). For over ten years, Australian nurses have been regulated by the Maternal & Child Health Primary Health Care Policy, developed as part of the NSW Families Support Package ( NSW Health , 2021). This policy has a significant impact on determining the ways and methods of providing health care to the population. The purpose of this policy is to ensure a uniform approach to the provision of primary services. Specifically, the policy regulates parental care and home care for mothers and children in New South Wales State ( Maternal & Child Health Primary Health Care Policy , 2021). This policy has several requirements for care, including that district health services use a comprehensive assessment process consistent with the Safe Start model. The latter involves identifying risk and vulnerability factors through team discussion and healthcare planning. The policy also requires implementing a continuity model of healthcare and ensuring communication between patients and services of midwifery and early childhood. The policy prescribes compulsory home visits – UHHV, as part of the SHHV sustainable development program. Patient home visits should take place within two weeks of the birth of the baby. Responsibility for this program rests with AHS, which reports to the NSW Department of Health.
The narrative elements in a story are a large consideration of plot, conflict, climax, resolution, and dialogue. Theme is not just a plot or a summary of a story. It tells one what the story talks about. Theme is a representation of what lies behind the story. In order for one to identify the theme of the story, there is a need to look beyond the plot. When writing a story, the characters, actions, and other elements make it come alive, and it can be broadly recognized. Plot In the short story, “Hills like white Elephants” the plot is as follows; the main characters are: the girl and an American man. They sit outside a hotel under a warm shade. Jig and the American man have been sleeping in the hotel for several nights. They are asking for beer a bottle after the other while watching football. They are holding a conversation. It is about abortion. The man is encouraging the girl to abort. He even tells the girl that they witness people who aborted and are living happy lives. He is trying to show the girl how easy it is for abortion to take place. He is telling Jig that being pregnant makes them unhappy. According him, he takes care of the girl by doing this. His insincerity has significantly contributed to fulfilling the theme of the story. He is telling the girl that, this is to make him and her live a happy life (Clugston, 2010). This conversation shows that the girl is in a dilemma. Therefore, when the man sees that his girl is not into this idea of abortion, he tells her that she can do it if it is out of her will and that he is not forcing her to do it. Her answers to the questions that the American asks her show her frustration with him. Her strength is the one which can help her resolve the dilemma. The girl ends up not supporting the idea of abortion which frustrates the American man (Gates, 1996). The way these two people have been asking for beer throughout the story is to try and take away stress. This conversation, however, has not ended with a conclusion. Character Characters in stories have different behaviour, which forces the fullness of the theme. Characters of the involved people in the story affect the narrative theme. The conversation between the two characters has a great effect to narrative theme in the short story “Hills White like Elephant”. Jig’s sarcasm, which expresses her feelings when the American praises abortion, establishes the theme of the story. Also, frustration of the girl when she is in a dilemma on what to do about abortion has helped to build the theme of the story. Symbolism In this story, the distant hills symbolize a place of escape. They always remind her about consequences of any decision she can make. This helps in building the theme of the story. The hills were traditionally a symbol of beauty while they are now not symbolising beauty according to the girl. This affects the theme of the story. Also, setting of the story helps to identify the theme. In this story, the setting is in a hot
Medicine identifies blood groups in each person, which determine their antigens. When a non-native antigen is introduced into the human body, complications begin due to the struggle of the body and the defense system activation (Zhu et al., 2017). Four major blood types are: A, B, O, and AB. Each blood group defines specific antigens that are located on the red blood cells of a person (Fan et al., 2018). Blood groups add several unique characteristics, which is why the combination and movement (transfusion) of groups between people is possible only if unique factors coincide or there is no specificity in one of the groups. O blood type is referred to as a “universal red cell donor” due to the fact that it has no antigens (A, B, or Rh), while group A contains antigens A, group B antigens B, and group AB both. Therefore, O blood type can be safely used and adapted for people with other blood groups (Zhu et al., 2017). This makes the O group unique and possible to use for patients with other groups. Moreover, people with different blood types have different Rh factors which can be positive or negative. Most people have a positive Rh factor, while negative is rare. Even smaller percentage of the population has both blood group O and a negative Rh factor (Zhu et al., 2017). In the event that a person with a negative Rh factor is transfused with blood from a positive factor, antigens may begin to be produced, which leads to complications. At the same time, the AB blood type is the only type with a unique plasma that is suitable for any other group. This allows transfusion of plasma from AB blood to people with any others without complications (Zhu et al., 2017). Universal blood types for transfusion are always in high demand and are needed in hospitals.
Introduction Comparative evaluations of companies in the same trade provide an interesting study. Sodexo and Compass Group Plc. are in the industry of hospitality. Comparative operational and financial reviews of the business operations of these two companies have been conducted, bringing forth their main operations and composition of their capital structure in the first section of the report. In the second part, a comparative study of profitability, performance, and liquidity status has been taken up with the help of ratio analysis. Finally, it is reviewed whether the companies have been able to put up themselves as per the expectations of the stakeholders. Analysis of the informative status of Operational and Financial Review statement Main operations and uncertainties of the business Compass Group Plc is in the hospitality business of providing food and a range of selected services at workplaces. The company’s operations extended to 62 countries speak volumes about the success of the company. The company provides services under different brand names. As per the company’s website, “many of these are in-house brands unique to Compass and often specific to particular markets, regions, countries, or in certain cases clients.”(Compass Group). The company provides food and support services around the world under these brand names to specified sectors like Business and Industry, Fine Dining (creative hospitality services to executive dining rooms), Education, Healthcare & Seniors, Sports & Leisure & Others Chairman and auditor views Sodexo, the other company under the study, is also in the hospitality business and is considered a worldwide provider of food and facilities management services. Sodexo offers personalized service under its trade mark that “identifies customer catering needs and expectations by taking into account their mindset and consumption behavior at work.”(Sodexo experience). The company servers in its eight areas of expertise, namely, Corporate service, Leisure, Defense, Correctional Services, Health Care, Seniors, Education, and Remote Sites. Uncertainties are associated with any, but the bu