ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In 1933, the population of people belonging to the Jewish race stood at above nine million in Europe. Majority of this Jewish population lived in the countries that Germany deserved to occupy and or have impeccable influence during the Second World War. The holocaust [1] entangled “the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators” (Gilbert 1986, 13). Germans who came to power in 1933 believed in a big way on the racial superiority of the German as compared to other people coming from different races. They considered the Jews as racially inferior [2] . Consequently, the people had advocated for mass slaughter of Jews. In fact, the word holocaust refers to the “sacrifice by fire” in Greek. Because of the perceived beliefs of racial inferiority, the German authorities also targeted other races not related to Jews. Such groups included disabled, gypsies, Russians among others. About 200,000, gypsies, about 200,000 physically or mentally challenged patients from German race were also murdered. Additionally, “…other groups were prosecuted on political, ideological and behavioral grounds, among them communists, socialist, Jehovah’s witness and homosexuals” (Dawidowicz 1975, 3). Many of the people belonging to holocaust target group, particularly the religious leaders and those whose behavior did not much some of the prescribed social norms principally died out of starvation, mistreatment and or neglect. Reinhard Heydrich was one of the Germans high-ranking officials
I have always been fond of Japanese culture. Sometimes I feel their outlook is so radically different from ours that it can hardly be explained. As Americans we always struggle for happiness, we want freedom and joy for everybody. Of course, there are many tragic pages in our history, but still, Americans are known for their optimistic world outlook. And as for the Japanese… When I think of them something like soft sweet pain touches my heart. Why is it so difficult to understand them? How can an American explain the possible reasons for suicide called seppuku? Because nothing can cost more than life! So, as you see, for me there is a lot to think about when I read books by Japanese authors or watch Japanese films. Akira Kurosawa is one of my favorite film directors. I like him for his exquisite sense of humor and for his distinctive cinematic technique. I also like the way he uses nature to intensify the viewer’s impression of the scene. Sometimes we forget about how close we are to nature, but in Kurosawa’s films the people and nature are one whole: for example, in the final bloody battle in Seven Samurai we can see pouring rain. His perfectionism is also sh
Introduction The American society has been associated with various incidences of the civil war as the minority ethnic groups, particularly the Blacks, embarked on a course to liberate themselves from discrimination and segregation from their White counterparts. The issue of race and inequality has been resonating with the development of this society for a long time, and it is apparent that there have been adverse effects. For instance, equality in the access to education, health care services, good housing, and other basic requirements has been compromised among the minority racial groups because of segregation on the basis of socio-economic classes. It is apparent that the recurrent inequality in access to opportunities has rendered it extremely difficult for the Blacks and other minority racial groups to achieve economic liberation, and this has enabled the Whites to eliminate the presence of the minority groups in their neighbourhoods and other social institutions. The film Boyz N the Hood depicts the violence associated with the African American neighbourhoods as a result of the development of this communities with idle youths, and the struggles that young boys looking to achieve a brighter future face in the neighbourhoods. The film is a clear depiction of a life in the hood and the plight of young boys with a dream to attain liberation from the curse of poverty that is cast by racism. Racism and Self-hatred One of the psychological impacts of long-term exposure to racism is the development of self-loathing on the part of the victims. Self-hatred is characterised by blaming oneself for the challenges that are associated with racism. Individuals that experience self-loathing as a function of the exposure to racism are likely to believe that it is their fault that they are not accepted in the society. This may result in the desire to change their skin or ethnicity, which is characterised by a high level of anger toward everyone else in the group of victims. This is clearly highlighted in the film through the characters of the Black policemen, who are even more hostile toward the Blacks than the White policemen. For instance, in the scene where the policemen arrive at Furious Styles’ house to investigate the killing of a burglar, the White policeman is polite, whereas the Black policeman harasses Styles and portrays a demeanour that highlights his hatred for his fellow Black men. Inequality and Crime There is a ripple effect associated with the development of a society that has a high coefficient of inequality. First, the economic outcomes of the affected members diminish, and they end up in the lower economic bracket of the society, which
Music already a long time ago became one of the most significant and most profitable business fields that serve not only to entertain the public but also to be a platform for commercial and appearing trends. Major record labels determine what kind of music they will continue to promote and focus on the preferences of the majority of the population. Technology as well contributed to how listeners embrace the songs and interpret the lyrics. Thus, the essay aims to analyze the role of the music industry on the variety of choices for the consumers and the impact of the technologies on musical comprehension. The music industry, like any other, has its tendencies, and it dictates what genre is going to be popular and what types of songs listeners will hear the most often on the radio. Although there are a great diversity of musical compositions and mixes of different styles, only a significantly smaller number of music types have become and remain popular among the masses. Record labels have a tendency to keep producing and promoting music which is similar to what has already proven itself as public favorites (Rosenthal and Flacks 69). Rarely do labels agree to implement the atypical sound which is unfamiliar to the population. Moreover, musicians assigned to any record company have to follow its requirements and write songs that are approved by the management (Rosenthal and Flacks 68). Since they are in charge of the image and the final product, they use the latest technological innovations for promotion and marketing purposes. Technologies undoubtedly influence how music is perceived and interpreted by the audience nowadays. When there were no music videos, performances translated on television, or massive shows holding the stadium, people had more freedom of interpreting lyrics. Due to the fact that there were no additional factors that could suggest or demonstrate the message, the listeners had an endless possibility of adapting the music lyrics to their own feelings (Rosenthal and Flacks 63). Especially when the singer does not claim any sense of the song, it leaves the audience with the possibility of explaining it in numerous ways. However, music videos may add some additional context to the song that, in other cases, probably would not appear in people’s minds. Depending on the scenario that is happening in the music video, the viewer can start perceiving the lyrics precisely based on the image they saw on the screen or accepting the proposed context (Rosenthal and Flacks 63). Live performances and those translated on the television also play a role in presenting the song. The performer’s attitude, style, and manner can shift the perception of the song in an entirely diverse direction than the audience’s initial reaction. Moreover, with the developing technologies and access to the internet, people gained a chance to participate in the discussions and share their opinion about the musicians and their art on online platforms (Rosenthal and Flacks 64). Admirers of someone’s art can express their opinions on the lyrics, music video, and the whole concept creating new theories and meanings about the message that one or another song might co
Summary: The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists’ Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics The book under analysis provides us with a situation in developing countries in the tropics as well as problems connected with their economic growth. The author also describes the way these countries attempt to fit the standards established in North America and Europe. The leading economists conducted their assessment and assist the countries in attaining those standards. In particular, they contributed to fostering education, investing in machines, providing foreign aid, controlling population growth, and making loans to advance the reform introduction. According to the author, the failure to infuse the slightest improvement in the developing economies did not lie in the poor economic structures, but an inability to apply effective economic approaches to practical policy plan. The book is split into three parts where the first part discloses the overall idea of the work, the second part provides specific programs initiated by the leading economists, and, finally, the third section is connected with the results and reaction to the implemented strategies. All chapters are presented in a first-person narration where the author expands on his experience while leading and working in the poor countries in the tropic. It is also worth saying that the entire book is built in the form of essays where each idea is interpreted through the author’s thoughts, feelings, and challenges he had to overcome. The book is of great significance for future specialists in the field of the economy because the book shows how the presented solutions deviate from traditional views on basic economic principles as well as how people react to those principles and solutions. Easterly discusses the importance of growth, evaluates the development solutions, and suggests unconventional approaches to existing problems. Summary: The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else The book focuses on American history and experience in the nineteenth century, in the time when local, federal, and state laws gradually changed and evolved to cope with establishing legal criteria and land issues. The author analyzes the political and legal situation in the developing countries and devises two principles in integrating and blending informal and legal systems of property ownership. In particular, the major emphasis is placed on the essence of the legal reforms serving as the main force in establishing welfare and high-quality economic standards. In the book, the author, first of all, touches upon political and legal changes that should be introduced as well as how those shifts will resist the changes in legal, political, and social structures. Further on, De Soto believes that there is a great need for these legal and political reforms as well as an incr
The available literature on global trade policies demonstrates that protectionism is the practice of countries to safeguard local industries and their labor force through the use of tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and other forms of administered protection intended to block or slow down the economic adjustments that otherwise would have to be made to deal with competing foreign products. This trade policy is different from the free trade system, which basically aims to achieve optimal production and consumption possibilities for citizens of all nations by dropping import barriers and tariffs, hence allowing foreign products and services to compete on a level playing ground with local products. The protectionist trade policy is advantageous in that it encourages and facilitates the growth of new industries by protecting them from foreign competition, creates jobs for domestic workers, and stimulates country-level economic growth in the short-term period. On the other hand, the free trade system is advantageous in that it (1) prevents market imperfections by reducing or eliminating tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and regulations (2) reduces consumer prices, (3) fosters economic growth by rewarding risk-taking behavior through enhanced sales, profit margins and market share, (4) promotes innovation and competition, and (5) disseminates democratic values by ensuring that companies engaging in international trade abide by the terms of their contracts and other international obligations as suggested in the norms and values governing trade. Lastly, the adoption of the free trade system is the best strategy for trade policy as it guarantees immense benefits for countries engaging in international trade. Specifically, this system provides a level playing ground for local products and services to compete with foreign products, hence not only availing customers with a broad range of choices but also ensuring that companies adopt innovative and efficient practices to remain competitive in the international arena. Additionally, unlike the protectionist system, the free trade system encourages economic freedom and fosters support for the rule of law.
Introduction Amber Dahlin is twenty-three years old. She is six feet tall with blonde hair and an athletic body. It is possible to conclude that she puts some effort into working out so as to remain physically fit, something she denies. She suspects that her body type may be a product of genes. She discloses to me that her mother is equally athletic. She is a junior in college, and she is soon becoming a senior. The possibilities and opportunities that are part of the world outside college excite her. She makes it clear to me how she cannot wait to live her out of college life. She loves college but she thinks that she will like life out of college more. She is confident and speaks with authority. She is comfortable with me disclosing her name in the interview. She tells me that she does not mind because she has nothing to hide. Her life is the typical American life. Body Amber comes from a middle-class American family. They have two cars and her mother divorced her first husband. The stability of the family is currently at its best and Amber cannot wish to be somewhere else. Her brother who is two years older is six feet seven inches tall and loves basketball. The youngest in the family is twelve-year-old Dan who is naughty and active. Amber has dated only once in her life. The lucky man was an international student from Kenya whose magnetic personality left Amber running after him. He was witty and landed on the Honor Roll the same Fall Quarter he reported for classes. According to Amber, the guy seemed to get it without even trying. She also tells me that she liked him because he was not a fan of things she considers stupid. He never talked loudly; he was uniquely eloquent and wanted to become the president of his country someday. Their relationship experienced some difficulties but she hopes that he will come back to her one day. He still has feelings for him. Besides the above, Amber tells me that she easily connects with open-minded people who are not inclined to make judgments. She believes that everyone has his or her own potential and in most cases, the things we dismiss as meaningless simply because they are done by people we do not value so much does not make the people as valueless as we may think. It is even possible that given a chance, we cannot do these things we consider trivial. She sees the world as a jigsaw mat that needs every piece so as to be complete and functional. The pieces cannot solve the puzzle if they are the same. Shapes have to be different so as to close the gaps and produce complete work. Listening to Amber speak makes me conclude that she has an exceptionally good memory. She is able to give me detailed narrations of experiences she had close to sixteen years ago. For example, she clearly remembers how she nearly beat up a boy who had described her as the flamingo girl, something that had to do with her long slender legs. She knew that she would be tall right from the time she turned five. Her mother kept on pointing out to her
Introduction The modern digital generation has a lot more opportunities than any of the previous ones in terms of world investigation and global coordination. Since 2000, the world has been changed more by computer programmers and hackers than by any government or terroristic group whatsoever. The most powerful weapon that we can now resort to is a computer: New technologies have already revolutionized a number of developing countries allowing them to interact with more advanced nations and learn from their experience. However, on the other hand, technology also provided plenty of dangerous opportunities, including the ability to mobilize and terrorize, which can be regulated only with the help of diplomacy. This means that the role and the power of diplomats in the digital age become unprecedented. Tom Fletcher, a professor of International Relations, teaching foreign policy and global citize
Introduction Even if a person has never studied chemistry in-depth or been to a chemistry lab, he or she might still be familiar with the concepts discussed in this essay – acids, bases, and buffers. These substances are commonly used in everyday life: for instance, it is safe to assume that almost everyone has drunk orange juice, an acidic solution, or use baking soda, a basic solution. This paper will describe each of the elements in detail, outline the differences between them, and provide ideas for their implementation. Acid and Base Ionization of Water The main difference between acidic and basic solutions is the concentration of hydrogens ions (H+): for the former, it is higher than that of pure water, and for the latter, it is lower. Autoionization of water is a spontaneous process characterized by the dissociation of a certain percentage of water molecules (Starr, Taggart, & Evers, 2018). The equation that illustrates the described mechanism looks as follows: H20 -> <- H+ +OH- From the equation, it is possible to conclude that autoionization results in equal numbers of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-). Hydroxide ions are free-floaters: they can move unimpeded without making any bounds. This is not the case for hydroxide ions: they are transferred directly to the closest water molecule around to build hydronium ions (H30). In the end, there are no free-floating hydrogen ions left. Yet, it is a general scientific consensus to refer to their concentration as if they were separate and not in hydronium form. Acid The pH scale runs from 0 to 14 and measures the concentration of hydrogen ions. The end result is calculated through the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. On this scale, values between 0 and 7 indicate acids. Acids give foods and edible products that contain them a sour taste – a good example would be lemon and vinegar. If metal is immersed in an acidic solution, it will trigger a reaction with hydrogen ions, which will float to the surface and make bubbles. The last characteristic is acid’s ability to turn a blue litmus indicator red. Acidic solutions are the best choice for a process called pickling – rust and corrosion removal from metal surfaces. Wet cell batteries have acidic elements – in them, acids play the role of an electrolyte, for instance, sulfuric acid in car batteries. Sulfuric acid belongs to the stronger subgroup of the discussed element and is widely used in mineral processing. Phosphate fertilizers used in agriculture and gardening are the product of the reaction between phosphate minerals and sulfuric acid. Base On the pH scale, values above neutral – from 7 to 14 – indicate base. As opposed to acids, bases taste bitter and turn a litmus indicator from blue to red. If a person runs a basic solution through his or her fingers, it combines with fatty acids on the human skin. As a result, bases feel slimy and slippery to the touch. When dissolved in water, bases increase the hydroxide concentration. Aluminum hydroxide can neutralize stomach acid, and
Representation of the author and his book Arnold R. Isaacs was an international reporter for the Baltimore Sun who covered several years of the Vietnam War. In 1984 he took a professorship at Towson University in Maryland where he teaches classes about Vietnam and the war. Thus, Isaacs can certainly be considered a credible source for information and criticism about the Vietnam War, credibility becoming of utmost significance for a book that challenged many of the myths Americans have about the Vietnam War and the atmosphere between our country and theirs in the decades following the war’s end. In both indirect and direct processes, Isaacs makes this concept of myth and reality the central theme of his work. By examining many of the inaccurate assumptions of the media, the public, and even the government, he brings to our attention the fact that war is far too complex to comprehend fully at the moment. Sometimes we must examine the after-effects to understand. Isaacs goes into detail about several circumstances that he considers to have been misconstrued. Among them is the effect the War still has today on veterans and citizens of America. We see the war represented through media and it has its own set of stereotypes which we associate with the typical Vietnam soldier: a violent, sometimes uncontrollable, and even delusional young man hungry for Vietnamese blood. Isaacs explains his belief that this portrayal of the American soldier in Vietnam is detrimental, saying that this contributed to the sense of much of the American public that the soldiers were responsible for the war even though they were not, and drew focus away from the real decision-makers in the administration. He also explains the heavy impact the Vietnam War has had on United States foreign policy. Not only does the war have effects lasting to this day on the United States’ relationship with Vietnam, but Isaacs considers the aftermath to influence all of the foreign and military policy decisions that America makes. Isaacs also takes a turn at the attempts on behalf of both countries in the last decades to reconcile and build back from what was lost and damaged in the war. Another rather controversial issue Isaacs explores is whether or not Vietnam continues to harbor Prisoners of War. Here he explores what he sees as a severely misguided perception that there were much more MIA and POW soldiers in the war than there war, perhaps in an effort by the media to influence the public. Isaacs believes this to be a rumor, making the logical argument that many soldiers reported Missing in Action or assumed to have been captured as a POW died either before being captured or since the end of the war. Though this argument seems pretty obvious, Isaacs makes the point that a large majority of Americans still believe that Vietnam is holding American Prisoners of War to this day. In contrast to our current war in the Middle East, the depiction Isaacs gives us of the Vietnam War is one in which soldiers and officers were clear about their mission there. Because Vietnam War contemporaries were often quite publicly in opposition to the war under the belief that