ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Down syndrome Down syndrome (DS) is considered to be the most common genetic disorder. It is caused by the presence of a partial or complete duplicate of chromosome 21 and is otherwise known as trisomy 21. Down syndrome is characterized by slower than usual physical and mental development, and consequently, a mental disability, as the average IQ of an affected individual is 50, which is about a half of the average for a genetically normal young adult (www #1). The disease is a result of overexpression of 310 genes, and as a randomly occurring disorder, it is neither recessive nor dominant and is not linked to a gender-defining chromosome (23rd pair). The disorder is easily recognizable from the characteristic facial features and is congenital as it forms during fetal development (www #2). Usually, the parents of a child with DS are genetically normal, and the disorder occurs by chance. Factors like age contribute to the risk of having an affected baby, as it rises to 3% for 45-year-old mothers (www #3). The disease is discoverable through prenatal screening or genetic testing, and frequently, pregnancies are terminated once DS has been discovered. Down syndrome is uncurable, but family support and education can improve the life quality of an affected individual. In some cases, children with DS have completed schools and even attended a university; many do some form of paid work but often require special conditions. The disease occurs most frequently in populations where abortion is considered unethical. There is not an evident global leader in the number of the affected individuals as not all cases are documented, but the United States registry cites an average of 0.14% of all the population being affected by DS (www #4). Turner syndrome Turner syndrome, although incurable, can be treated using various methods of contemporary m
Abstract This paper explores the transition of the AirAsia X low-cost model from short haul to long haul operations by providing an insight into the strategies that underpin its success. At the outset, the essay explains the factors behind the victory the airline by providing an insight into the various elements that made its strategies applicable. The paper also provides a framework for utilizing the infrastructure of the AirAsia. Lastly, it seeks to explain how Darren Wright can use alternative market plans to promote the business within a year. Introduction AirAsia X is a flight company that was launched in 2007. Tony Fernandes finally implemented his dream of operating a low-cost long haul airline. The new business was an expansion of short and medium haul flights of the sister air carrier, AirAsia. Low-cost insiders who held that the plan was not viable challenged the idea in the end. However, Fernandes did not give up his expansion dream. Various key strategies were executed to realize the growth of the low-cost model. This paper critically examines the transition of the AirAsia X’s low-cost model from short haul to long haul operations by providing an insight into the strategies that underpin the success of the airline. Factors behind the Success and Expansion of AirAsia X from Malaysia to other Destinations Description of the Airline Industry Environment discussed in the Case Study The case study reveals a business environment that was undoubtedly unfavorable for the global airline industry. It was a hard time following the effects of the September 11 World Trade Center terrorist attack in the United States. Air safety had become a global concern. As a result, many aviation companies dreaded aircraft hijackings. The prevalence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was also becoming global disaster. This situation scared pessimists from venturing into international airline businesses. Furthermore, the prevailing economic depression had tremendous effects on the industry. These conditions lowered the prices of the air tickets significantly. As a result, many airlines opted to charge relatively low prices to entice passengers (Chan, 2014). Elements of AirAsia’s Business Model Revisited by X for its Success The AirAsia X airline adopted the low-cost model of its sister company. It also embarked on various strategies that facilitated its transition to long haul operations. Firstly, the company targeted customers with growing disposable income rather than the wealthy class customers. The affordable tickets were inclusive of seats and airline taxes. However, they excluded onboard services. As a result, they attracted a considerable number of passengers in this class. Secondly, the choice of aircraft and seat design were critical factors that propelled the expansion of the company. It had operated airbuses A330 and A340 before it introduced the most fuel-efficient A350 model. The company had about 20-percent more seating capacity as compared to other carriers that operate similar A330. According to Chan (2014), it adopte
Introduction Philosophers are known to be a breed of thinkers who tend to ask critical questions regarding the world within which we live. They are known to be critical perceivers, seldom taking anything at face value. Philosophers may be engrossed in criticizing and reviewing the world outside their academic realm. They are known to critically look at matter, human’s brain functionality, religion and general existence of the human being in the society. It is perhaps this overemphasis on the world without that had made some philosophers forget or abandon critical aspects within their academic discipline. Perhaps it is about time that philosophers woke up to this fact and started looking critically at their discipline. Since they are known to operate by asking questions, they can pose the same to address obvious problems cropping up in their realm. Recent developments in philosophy have raised many questions than answers. This has led people like Bunge (1) to pose questions like: is philosophy really dead? This is the question at the mind of many contemporary thinkers who have taken the time to reflect on the internal dynamics of their profession. Some philosophers, those referred to by Corazzon as “philosophical prophets of doom” (3) declare that philosophy is in fact dead. This is an argument that is taken as a fact by any person in the society who has their reasoning faculties intact. This is especially so given the mental gymnastics that post-modern theorists seem to prefer so much. Scholars in this school of thought have already started drafting the contents of the obituary for philosophy in contemporary society. They are of the view that, if philosophy is not already dead as some pacifists seem to argue, then it is on its way there; it is already on its death bed and life is surely ebbing out of it. However, voices of reason among the so called reasonable members of society quip that the obituary is “immature” (Bunge 4). These are philosophers such as Mario Bunge, who contend that the current state of philosophy is nothing more than a stage on its cycle. Historical analysis will prove that philosophy has undergone period of relapse at various points in time. Never did it die at such times; rather, some thinker or some event came along and shook it out of the self-induced slumber (Bunge 8). According to Cooper (4), philosophy cannot die. As long as people keep on philosophizing, as long as they keep on critically analyzing the world around them and the space occupied by the human in this world, philosophy will keep on living. This being the case, one is left wondering, what is the actual state of academic philosophy in contemporary society? Is the summation that the discipline is afflicted by deep, systemic problems correct? Mario Bunge steps in to answer these questions. The crisis bedevilling academic philosophy is the main theme of his book Philosophy in Crisis: The Need for Reconstruction. This book was published by Prometheus Books in 2001. This paper is going to review this book, looking critically at the various arguments that are fronted by Bunge. This paper is going to look at the structure of the b
Synopsis Archnar analyzes the situation in Libya thoroughly through his article. He takes a closer look at the thoughts of the Transitional National Council (TNC), the Muammar Gaddafi’s government and the Western Powers. He goes ahead to compare past NATO operations that happened in different countries. He notices that in Libya, the operation happened differently and with a purpose. NATO and Western Forces, “Achcar et al.” have not supported the insurgents fully. There were accusations that the insurgents only wanted to partition their country, but these claims got disputed since the rebels continued to fight for liberation of the whole country form Gaddafi’s dictatorship. They have done this even with poorly trained, poorly armed and amateurish insurgents’ forces. Civilians have also joined the fighters for their country’s liberation. “Achcar et al.” points out that the Western countries do not want to work directly with the Libyan rebels. There is mutual mistrust between the rebels and NATO. The Libyan rebels barely trust NATO. They only wanted NATO to provide arms and fighting equipment. The main points of this article are as follows:  1. The two NATO’s Libyan paradoxes  2. The mutual distrust that exists between Western powers and Libyan rebels  3. Nato’s plans for Libya  4. Dissension in opposition ranks The two NATO’s Libyan paradoxes The first paradox was that, in Iraq and Afghanistan, US-led fights put emphasis on ‘nationalization’ of the conflict. The rebels in Libya were not even armed so they had to seek NATO’s help in provision of weapons. They even assured NATO that, with the weaponry and adequate armament, they could finish the problem of liberating the country. NATO refused to arm them. The insurgents were willing to pay. This happened despite the fact that NATO used to make deals with Gaddafi. The Mutual Distrust The Western powers did not trust the Libyan rebels. Their attitude was different from the attitude they had towards the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) or the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan. There was an emphasis on the role of ‘Islamists’ in the Libyan rebellion as a reason for not supplying the rebels with weapons. There is a strong suspicion that echoes a feeling that was expressed by Libyan rebels themselves. One of the spokes person of Libyan rebels felt that NATO was performing slow military operations against Gaddafi’s brigades. This would maintain Gaddafi longer in service. This would then increase the price that the opposition would be requested to pay to the wo
Introduction The film, “The Replacements” depicts the dedication and devotion of the Washington Sentinels football players to succeed. It starts with a strike by the team’s professional players, technical bench and even the cheerleaders at a critical point of the season forcing the team’s owner, Edward O’Neil, to hire a retired coach, Jimmy McGinty, who hurriedly assembles a new team. The players of the new team happen to be former players with diverse interests making it hard for them to cooperate. Despite the perceived incompatible individual interests, motivation allows the team to succeed. The players include Shane Falco, a former player for Ohio State football team, a player from Wales, gangster rapper brothers and a deaf player. Despite weak teamwork spirit at the beginning and opposition from former players, the team manages to reach the final playoffs. The team learns to cooperate and with support from cheerleaders headed by Annabelle Farrell, who is romantically involved with Shane, the team is able to advance into the final playoffs. In the finals, mistreatment of other players by the quarterback, Eddie Martell, causes the team to play poorly almost losing the game; however, help from a motivated Shaun, who returns in the second half, enables the team to win the finals. Motivation and Determination Motivation is important in organizations as “it builds willingness by the players or staff to work in order for the organization to achieve its goals (Goldratt and Cox 77). It bridges the gap between the ability or competence possessed by an employee and the willingness to work. Motivation also helps in building friendly interpersonal relationships amongst workers. The management should strive to keep the staff informed regarding the events of an organization. In addition, motivation boosts the spirit of teamwork and morale making the workers to perform more effectively. Motivation also creates a sense of belonging to an organization, which helps to build teamwork spirit and morale. Teamwork encourages “team members to strive hard to achieve common goals adding to the success of the organization” (Kotter 112). Additionally, motivation helps to improve individual performance of the workers leading to improved organizational performance as each individual strives to give his or her best. Furthermore, motivation allows the subordinates to develop self-confidence in what they do, which encourages them also to do their best on top of encouraging them to develop a sense of responsibility, which leads to employee developing initiatives to better their performance and develop cooperation towards team activities. Motivation is an important factor in enhancing employee satisfaction. Motivation through incentives provides a good working relationship between employees and the management as the employee unrest and industrial disputes reduce. Additionally, motivated employees would be less resistant to organizational changes that improve productivity of the organization. Improved productivity is the main goal of
An explosion at a tank farm adjacent to an industrial facility represents a potential threat to the population of patients located in a nearby hospital. However, an administrator on duty (AOD) should not declare a disaster immediately without seeking any more information. The key strategies for disaster response include the protection and preservation of life, the stabilization of a disaster scene, and the protection of property. When implementing a hospital’s emergency operations plan, these three objectives must be met. Activating the command center is important in this case because it will help for the easier dissemination of information and the management of responses to the emergency: the unity of command, clarity of text, and span of control. To ensure the safety of staff and patients, an AOD will engage everyone in a coordinated collaboration effort reinforced by clear communication (Cooper, 2011). By using the command system, all patients and staff will be given instructions on how to behave in the current situation. However, mobilizing potential hospital staff may pose a threat to their well-being due to the widespread panic in the immediate vicinity of the hospital. When it comes to the lockdown, it may be sufficient to limit the entry to the facility but not the exit. Due to risks of exposure to harmful substances, the decontamination of emergency patients should be performed. It is also necessary to notify public health agencies about the risks of the emergency for them to assist in additional safety efforts and provide resources. Such organizations as the Department of Homeland Security, a relevant emergency management agency in the area and the representatives of the local government should be immediately contacted by the hospital’s AOD to communicate the efforts implemented for keeping patients and workers safe. Not only will these agencies give instructions on how to preserve the safety of the people located in the hospital but also aid in evacuation if necessary. The potential threats are associated not only with the hospital itself but also with people located inside it. In addition, the equipment present in the facility is at risk due to the threats of catching fire, and restoring it may be costly to the healthcare government of the area. This means that hospitals represent valuable resources to the community, as well as needed for addressing the physical damage of any other individuals who suffered from a disaster. In the case of hospital emergency, the coordination and supervision of the staff will be implemented with the help of an incident command system as well as through face-to-face interactions (Reynolds, Michael, & Spiess, 2017). The goal of the coordination is to ensure safety, achieve tactical objectives, and use resources efficiently. Coordination, collaboration, and cooperation are the “3 Cs” of incident command and requires professionals to be aware of the situation, be professional, and avoid any confrontations to achieve the effect
Research indicates that there has been an increasing number of social exclusion and discrimination instances amongst the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender groups (LGBT). In most cases this has resulted to violence (Meyer, 2008). Social exclusion can be defined as the process by which a group of people is discriminated against due to their sexual orientation, race and/or religion. The discrimination is evident in public places, the legal system or in places of residence. Social exclusion is experienced in all areas of life, from political and cultural to economical and it penetrates all areas of the social realm (Meyer, 2008). Social exclusion in particular seems to fulfill the concept of inequality in that it focuses on the inequalities between different groups. The differences in most instances are used as avenues of denying access to various services such as political offices, healthcare at times and access to education in terms of scholarships and education bursaries. LGBT community faces discrimination and most notably marginalization in many forms. The worst of the discrimination is violence or the gay killings that are found in many cities. Despite the constant murders, the law enforcers in many instances do not investigate these cases seriously due to public views on the same. In comparison to other killings with violence, few public outbursts result from gay killings. John and Elizabeth (2006) note that few people are willing to fully cooperate with the law enforcers after disclosing the identity of the murdered person or the location of crime, most of which are regarded as usual joints where gay men hook up with their partners (John & Elizabeth, 2006). Additionally, only 31% of gay violence victims will report the incidence to the police and about 50% of the community have been victims of gay violence, most of them more than once in their life time (Helen, 2006). Meyer (2008) in his studies notes that 32% of the total gay community were subjected to violence, with 12% having faced black mail, 6% were exposed to vandalism and 4% received hate messages at one point in their life. The population, however, that is most at risk were the 18 years and below where almost 49% were victims of abuse and 61% had been harassed publicly like in colleges and embarrassed (Helen, 2006). Amongst the females, the main forms of violence and discrimination relate to their sexuality where
Churchill was a British statesman and the prime minister who played a huge role during World War II, leading Britain. Despite the fact that he was not a very brilliant student academically, he had a very illustrious political career. He joined the army and had many adventures in Cuba, India, and Sudan. In 1899 he quit his military career and embarked on a new career path as a newspaper reporter, covering the Boer War in South Africa. His political career began in 1900 when he was elected to parliament. He held several government posts, and during the First World War, he served as head of the Admiralty. During the 1930s, Churchill was away from the political scene though he warned people about the dangers of another world war. When the Second World War began, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain put Churchill in charge of the Admiralty again. When German armies created havoc in Europe in May 1940, King George VI invited him to be Prime Minister, which post he adorned until the election of 1945, just before the war ended. He became prime minister again from 1951 to 1955. He gave up politics in 1964 and died in 1965. Thesis: Winston Churchill’s illustrious political career can be studied under the following six phases: Radical (1900-1911); Warmonger (1911-1915); Chancellor (1924-1929); Exile (1929-1939); Warlord (1940-1945) and Elder (1945-1955). Radical (1900-1911) Churchill entered the House of Commons as MP for Oldham and as a Conservative Unionist. However, within four years, he crossed the floor to join the Liberals, much to the surprise of many Conservatives. This was because, after being elected MP for Oldham in 1900, he found himself opposing several Conservative policies, chief among them being increased spending on the army, the post-war settlement with the Boers, and, after 1903, Joseph Chamberlain’s Tariff Reform campaign. It was mainly because of his strong opposition to Tariff Reform was he defected to the side of the Liberals in March 1904. Churchill was totally supportive of all Liberal policies. In fact, before joining the Liberals, he had opposed their policy of Home Rule in Ireland. Churchill served as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies between 1906-1908, during which time he argued for restraint and reconciliation and helped restore a responsible gove
Introduction Many state employees including teachers and government employees are protesting against a proposed legislation that seeks to curtail the collective bargaining rights of workers unions. They are also opposed to a move spearheaded by the Republican Governor, Scott Walker of raising employee’s contribution towards the pension scheme from 0.2 percent to 6 percent and increasing the health insurance contribution from 6% to 12%. Proponents of the proposed legislation, including Walker, support it as the best effort to solve the current economic crisis and avoid layoffs of public employees . The bill has the support of Republican lawmakers who have the numbers in both the state Assembly and the Senate to pass it. Once passed, the legislation will demand that the unions’ employees pay will be line with the guidelines of Consumer Price Index. The efforts of the protesters to stop the legislation from becoming law through labor unions represent a clear example of Marxist theory. The protesters want to avoid exploitation by protecting their collective bargaining rights. The Marxist concept of surplus value outlines how a capitalist economy exploits state employees. According to this theory, state employees can avoid exploitation through forming workers union that gives them effective bargaining rights since labor is the generator of value. Labor Theory of Value Karl Marx formulated the concept