ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Biologically, aging entails the process of growing old, which involves biological changes in the body systems, organs, and body parts of an organism. Aging has both positive and negative aspects simply because it covers numerous aspects of one’s life including physical, psychological, and social changes, which vary and differ greatly from the activities of the young age. In human beings, physical changes in aging may include a reduction in body growth and muscle wasting while psychological changes imply mental changes, response and reaction time changes coupled with emotional changes. Some attributes of aging lead to reduced responses to stimulus while other dimensions of aging cause an increase in knowledge of events and circumstances due to wisdom gained over time. Aging and nervous system Aging affects many body systems including the nervous system whereby, as aging sets in, there is a correspondent decrease in the rate of protein production in the body. The reduced protein synthesis affects among others, the production, and secretion of the neurotransmitters, which on the other hand slow down or reduce the reaction time following a stimulus (Kahn, & Rowe 1987, p.144). This reduces the functions of the target cells and organs hence ineffective delayed responses occur in many aging people. According to Bowling, “In aging, there is an increase in synaptic delay and a 5-10% decrease in the speed of nerve conduction, causing reflexes to slow” (2005, p.23). This synaptic delay results from the reduced production and secretion of the neurotransmitters and the less functioning synaptic knob, which retarded physiological reactions in the body. The body adapts to the low secretion of the neurotransmitters by slowing the response time to allow enough time for enough neurotransmitter production to carry out an effective response or reflex. Aging in addition affects the brain as the central nervous system and causes mental impairments such as memory loss and alertness. According to Bowling, “there is weight of the brain decline with age due to brain shrinkage caused by loss of brain cortical neuron” (2005, p. 24). The loss of brain weight results from the decrease in the number of nerve cells due to aging and the nerve cells have less dendrite at their ends. These aspects affect the normal functions of the brain as a center for nervous coordination and therefore lead to malfunctioning of the nervous system in elderly people. Increased activity of the nervous cells over a long period as aging continues, results in some of the nerve cells losing their myelin sheath or coating and therefore, the speed of nerve impulse transmission in a ner
Introduction In most societies, women are perpetually pushed to the periphery in many activities of the community. In most third world countries, women are not allowed into any political office in contention that they do not posses leadership qualities. This is a false notion that is created by members of the society. Various scholars have developed theories to explain the ongoing injustices against women. The theories cross examines the social roles and feministic politics in a number of ways. The theories target to expose gender equalities. Various theorists including Cohen advocate the rights of women. Discrimination against women takes many forms including stereotyping, oppression, patriarchy and sexual objection. Human Rights Activists Human rights activists promoting gender equality have embarked on serious campaign to educate the public that in deed women are just like men in capability and leadership. The activists trace the causes of inequality by criticizing them as mere statements without any truth. They specifically identify epistemology, which is the source of knowledge as one cause of gender inequality. It is generally believed that men are wise and knowledgeable. They are trusted with leadership because other forces cannot manipulate them easily. The scholarly work is usual attributed to men. Sometimes in history, women developed theories that were attributed to their husbands. Most of the published material uses male language, which increases gender inequality. Such names as God the Father, police officer and mail carrier glorifies men to high positions in the society. Women activists have risen up to challenge such language by coming up with more qualitative language as policeperson/office and mail person. Psychology theories such as Freud’s
Lyric essays are essentially hybrids between poems, non fiction, fiction and essays. Although this form of writing ranges widely in terms of structure and content, all lyric essays possess some qualities of logic and rhythm. Writers must think about the content of their essay quite critically and must also be critical of the diction of the piece. At first glance, one may assume that a lyric essay is actually a typical prose, nonetheless, this piece of writing is much shorter than expected and that instead of separating ideas through the use of line breaks, the lyric writer often prefers writing continuously. What makes the lyric essay unique? A Lyric essay differs from typical prose or poems because it does not get in depth in terms of its ideas. It gives hints and clues on certain aspects and then leaves the rest to readers for interpretation. Lyric essay writers are fond of utilizing juxtaposition, connotation and imagery to advance their arguments and this makes such pieces quite precise. Are lyric essays similar to other pieces of writing? Like most other essays, lyric essay are written in order to make sense of the world around us. Lyric writers do not refrain from using longer narrative sections and this is what makes them so similar to non fiction essays. Lyric essays are very similar to poems because they do not represent ideas directly or objectively. Poems and lyric essays both embrace complexity, poetic language and ingenuity in order to make sense of one’s surrounding. Lyric essay writers, like their poetry counterparts, prefer focusing on emotionality rather than story telling.
Abstract Terrorism is a phenomenon that dates back very many years into the history of humankind but also a term that has proved very difficult to define. This is large because of its ever changing meaning and character over time and among different countries. The term has generally been used to refer to forms of organized threats or acts of violence, whose main goal is to cause fear and terror in the targets either through assassination, killing, bombing, and taking of human hostages in ships and aircrafts. Victims of terrorism are often innocent civilians other than the specific target of the act. Indiscriminate killing of innocent life is ethically very immoral, but it is done anyway, and more so in the name of liberating the same masses that are victims of these heinous crimes. Religion and secularism are some of the most common driving forces behind terrorism although secularism is slowly falling back. Comparing secular and religious terrorism Religious terrorism can best be described as one of many types of political violence but one whose ideologies and motive for violence are based on supernatural commands to apply terrorist violence, with the goal of spreading out and glorifying a certain faith. Perpetrators of such kind of violence justify their actions as the expression of the divine will or the purpose of their deity. Religious terror is currently the most common form of terrorism and one that is also most destructive. Secular terrorism on the other hand has relatively reduced in scale and frequency mainly because old secular ideologies of nationalism, anti-colonial liberation, and class conflict have gradually and vigorously been replaced by religious ideologies (Martin, 2006, p.183). Secular terrorists most often have the capacity to carry out massive and indiscriminate killing but to them, such an approach is unproductive because it fails to fulfill their political aims. They relate their acts of terror to the defense of certain aggrieved people or communities and to the secular terrorist, the use of acts of terror is a means of correcting a flawless system or pushing for the creation of a new one. Religious terrorists on the other hand carry out large scale violence aimed at eliminating broadly defined groups of enemies, an act which to them is deemed not only a necessary move towards achieving laid out goals but also one that is morally justified. These terrorists are in defense of a massive common goal centered on them and therefore wage total war without demanding the support of non-committed constituents as required by secular terrorists (Larrson, 2004, p.12 -13, 109 -110). For relig
Introduction Teamwork can make it easier for employees to deliver positive results. Effective collaboration within the workplace creates the best environment for planning, execution, and realization of objectives. Using the cases of Hewlett Packard (HP) and the Chartered Management Institute (CMI), this discussion examines how an idea of teamwork can be implemented to deliver positive results. Comparative Analysis: Teamwork HP is currently one of the most successful companies in the global technology industry. It has been focusing on the concept of project management in an attempt to achieve its goals (“Taking project management,” 2011). This corporation trains employees to ensure that projects are completed successfully. Education programs at the organization are supported by the Learning and Development (L&D) department. Emerging issues are also analyzed to implement superior programs. At HP, teamwork is taken seriously since all efforts are used to support every intended project. Leaders are usually expected to meet the needs of their followers using adequate resources and incentives
Texas City Refinery explosion in 2005 has been considered one of the worst industrial accidents in the recent times. The oil refinery, which was owned by BP at that time, exploded violently while several employees were within the plant. According to Adeola (2011), Texas City Refinery explosion was an accident that occurred out of negligence. The reports said that a hydrocarbon vapor was ignited by an engine, leading to a massive explosion. Fifteeen people died instantly, and over 170 others taken to hospital with serious injuries. Causes Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board and many other environmental bodies investigated the incident and their report indicated that the explosion occurred because heavy hydrocarbon came in contact with a source of ignition. The report blamed BP for inadequate structures at the place, and lack of engineering ethics in running the plant. Although the release of the heavy hydrocarbon was accidental, and could occur in any refinery plant, the report blamed the firm for its poor infrastructural investments. Ethical implications of the Disaster Texas City Refinery Explosion is one of the worst industrial accidents that have raised ethical issues among different stakeholders. According to Adeola (2011), accidents are occurrences that happen when they are least expected, but measures should always be taken to minimize their occurrence. As mentioned above, several government agencies and independent bodies investigated the explosion and the blame was fully laid on BP. This company was trying to cut cost of its operations. For this reason, the firm ignored various measures that it was supposed to observe. For instance, the technical failures that were identified as the causes of the accidents- such as poor infrastructure- were directly related to organizational failure. This disaster had massive ethical implications on the firm and other stakeholders in this industry. Fifteen people lost their lives because of this accident, and over 170 people sustained serious injuries. There was a massive destruction of property within this plant. These negative effects would have been avoided if the management maintained values in its operations. The act of ignoring the need to improve the infrastructure within the plant because of cost-cutting strategies was unethical. The management exposed its employees to massive risks because it was determined to reduce operational costs. One of the immediate implications that the accident had on this firm was a thorough investigation on its operations that revealed several lapses. The investigation revealed that there were several other unethical practices going on within this plant that could have caused the accident. For example, the plant was run without some of the necessary equipment because the management had failed to make replacements as was necessary. According to Khanna (2005), it is the moral responsibility of a firm to ensure that all its facilities are in a good sta
There are various types of psychosocially-based sexual dysfunctions that people face. Some of these problems include premature ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, painful intercourse and lack of desire to engage in sexual intercourse. Erectile dysfunction is one psychosocially dysfunction that has affected men over the age of 40 year (American Psychological Association 2012, para. 2). It is caused by abnormalities in the hormones, medications in psychological problems, vascular insufficiency and neurological diseases among other complexions. These dysfunctions cause psychological distress among men and therefore, require treatment to enable them recover from this anguish. Different kinds of treatment are administered to different categories of dysfunctions. Lack of sexual desire in men causes distress and problems in relationships, leading to psychological problems among the victims. To treat this problem, it requires multiple steps and processes (Schover et al. 2002, p. 2397). The first step towards its treatment is for the therapist to help the clients recognize their negative approach towards sex, and to stress the origins of the negative thoughts. They also help them to find alternative ways to think about sex, after which they focus on the behavior, whereby, clients may be required to keep track of their thoughts and imagination about sex (Schover et al. 2002, p. 2397). They may also be required to develop fantasies or watch movies that are erotic (American Psychological Association 2012, para. 2). The aim of exposing them to such movies is to make them begin to develop desire to engage in sexual intercourse. The clients are also taken through a one-on-one program whereby, relationship problems and issue are discussed. This conversation is aimed at making the client change his perception about a bad encounter in relationship that might have affected his sexual desires. After sometime, the
Introduction E-learning has become one of the burning issues of the modern era as well as one of the most progressive and innovative approaches to education, teaching-learning activities, and the process of gaining experience through digitized technologies. In this respect, it is necessary to provide the learners with well-planned workshops by enabling the tutors to guide such e-learning sessions using appropriate materials, examples, and activities that would meet the requirements, needs, and expectations of learners, and increase their information-seeking skills. As such, I am going to present examples of workshops in e-learning as a training assistant for information literacy for mature students. Profiling the Audience The main audience of the information literacy workshops will be mature students who have some experience of searching for required information but may experience some discomfort while asking for help. As suggested in the study by Weil (1993), mature students can cope with more tasks due to motivation even if they had poor achievements at school. The reason for choosing this particular segment of learners includes the lack of information-seeking skills mature students have and their constant claims about lack of information on topics assigned. What I want to show mature stud
Introduction Contemporary philosophical schools of thought about self-cultivation hinge on the works of various philosophical thinkers, such as Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, and Zhuangzi. These philosophers have had different assumptions and approaches about life and about the process of self-cultivation. They have expressed these arguments based on different conceptions of ethics, epistemology, spatial inferences, and temporal assumptions of self-cultivation. 1 In the context of this essay, we present the concept of self-cultivation as the process of a human being acquiring new knowledge and using the same to inform his/her actions. The basic assumption we use in this definition is that people always want to better themselves, or live their lives in a noble and ethical way. Building on the above definition, in this paper, we review the works of Confucius and Zhuangzi as two major philosophers who have informed Chinese thinking of self-cultivation. In this text, we show how these two philosophers comprehend and explain the concept of self-cultivation and how they encourage people to live their lives within different ethical, moral, and spatial inferences. We also compare how the views of the two philosophies differ and contrast to have a more holistic understanding of where their views merge, or differ, in thought. The last section of this paper explains the larger conclusions drawn from this comparison and contains a self-assessment process that reviews the process involved in undertaking this review. In the Analects (Confucian) In the Analects, Confucius argues that human beings are identical at birth; however, based on their environments, values and beliefs, they grow up to be different. He explains this concept by highlighting the Junzi , which literally means a noble person. 2 A translation of the same concept draws our attention to the concept of the profound person, which is also a direct translation of the Junzi . The opposite of this person is the “small person,” who is often motivated by profit. Relatively, this description points out that the actions of the profound person are guided by moral principles, while the actions of the “small person” are informed by the pursuit for profit. Therefore, the Junzi is the profound person because he manifests traits associated with ren (jen) . 3 They also manifest the quality of the Yi ( i ) in their actions. 4 These two factors are the main graphic elements in the description o
The rhythmic accounting rap song Debit Credit Theory by Colin Dodds (n.d.) is an excellent way to remember that debit’s location is the left side of the account, and credit’s location is the right one. This unusual song also explains the meaning of these two terms. This fun but an educational source has enabled me to remember the material and not get confused in the concepts. A link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j71Kmxv7smk The mnemonic offered by Heather McNellis (2020) also contributes to better understanding and remembering the essence of debit and credit and the account balances. The DEAL/CLIP mnemonic contains the explanation of debit’s and credit’s parts. Due to this engaging technic, it is pretty easy to understand that while debit includes Drawings, Expenses, Assets, and Losses, credit consists of Capital, Liabilities, Income, as well as Profits. A link: https://www.icas.com/students/learning-blog/test-of-competence/financial-accounting-whats-the-dealclip-with-debits-and-credits I have chosen these two sources since they make it easy to remember accounting basics. They are pretty bright, fun, and engaging: due to the song chorus, it is impossible to forget wh
Introduction Aetna is a managed healthcare company based in the United States. The firm sells traditional consumer-directed healthcare insurance and other related services. Examples include pharmaceutical, dental, medical, long-term care, disability plans, and behavioral health through insurance and benefit programs and Medicare. The history of Aetna can be traced back to 1853 when it was founded as Aetna Life Insurance Company in Connecticut (Aetna, Inc., n.d.). Aetna life insurance was originally an affiliate company t the Aetna Insurance Company, whose specialization was fire insurance. Aetna life insurance benefited greatly from its association with the bigger company, which already had a good reputation for speed and reliability in processing and paying claims. Etna Life could not continue being part of the broader company due to a new state law that was passed in 1849 preventing companies from offering both fire and life insurance. Since its establishment, the company has gone through tough times resulting from such events as new legislation, changing ownership forms, and even the 1861 civil war. It is the civil war that saw the company change its form of ownership as it became investor-owned. The insurance industry has undergone multiple critical changes that have affected how Aetna conducts its business. In the late 19 th century, a national wide depression of 1873 struck, which was further complicated by major changes in the method of payment of premiums. At the time, insurance companies started accepting interest-bearing notes, but bad press forced Aetna to go back to requiring all premiums paid in full and in cash. Aetna also became a family-owned business during the same period as Morgan G. Bulkeley’s son, Eliphalet Bulkeley, took over the leadership of the business, a position he retained for 43 years (Aetna, Inc., n.d.). In the 20 th century, the company decided to advance through innovation and diversification, which arguably laid the foundation of the modern operations of the company. For instance
Art is a very wide discipline and it is important to study each category of art at a time to understand its contents. For example, Fine art has always been referred to as anything which can be created, touched, and seen but has to contain some aspect of beauty. Visual art is a form of art that includes things that can be seen by the human eye and the common examples are drawings, painting and sculpture (Simon, 169). Auditory art is another form of art that consists of music, drama, and even spoken literature which is normally recited. In the modern world, there is a growing interest in a certain category of art known as performance art. Performance art can be auditory or it can be visual and, in some cases, it can have a combination of both visual and auditory arts (Simon, 215). It is on this basis that this piece of work tries to analyze and explain artistic work by Ron Athey who was a performance artist. Ron Athey was a performing artist from the United States of America. At an early age, he was a very dedicated Christian who used to speak in tongues in order to win more converts. It is being claimed that he began to question the thoughts exhibited by extremist Christians and later ditched the Christian faith. He became addicted to drugs such as heroin but he was later rehabilitated and embarked on performing arts (Smith, 98). He had very controversial performances which included: “Martyrs and Saints” and “Deliverance”. Another very controversial performance was known as “Scenes in Harsh Life”. During his performance in Minneapolis in 1994, Ron Athey did something that attracted the attention of the international community. During the performance, he jumped and made cuts on the back of his fellow performing artist and then placed paper towels on the wounds. He used a pulley to hoist paper towels and made sure that they passed over the heads of the people who were in the hall as the audience. It was reported that blood that had HIV infections dripped down on the audience. The media erroneously reported this incidence because the blood did not drip down on any audien