ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Memory is the cornerstone of human cognition that enables all of its profound mechanisms, and the instrument of knowledge acquisition and exchange. However, it remains a mechanism of unparalleled complexity because of the diversity of its functions and purposes. Prior research has mostly focused on the biological mechanisms behind the perception of color. However, its role in memory performance requires further examination. The present study aims to investigate whether a correlation exists between the presence of color in an image and an individual’s ability to remember it. In fact, the dependence of the memory abilities on various independent variables is a subject of active research. In the case of color, the opposition is observed between monochromous and colored images. It is theorized that the second type of images engages the memory mechanism on a more profound level through the extensive use of visual receptors. This way, colored pictures lead to a better ability to memorize and retain them in mind. However, the contemporary body of knowledge does not provide a definitive answer, and the necessity of further research arises. Today, experts and researchers seek to acquire a better understanding of the relation between colors and memory. According to Dzulkifli and Mustafar (2013), the complexity of human cognition, namely the memory mechanisms, impedes the formation of concrete answers and evidence-based theories. Their research revolves around the role of color in improving an individual’s memorizing abilities. In this regard, an emphasis in placed on the concept of attentiveness of the subject. As per the contemporary research synthesis provided by Dzulkifli and Mustafar (2013), the combination of attention and emotional arousal has a direct positive impact on the memory performance of an individual. In turn, these factors are more actively engaged when the presented images are colored. This way, colors have an effect, although indirect, on the memory improvement mediated by the increased attention. Researchers equally attempt to formulate a list of relevant independent variables that contribute to or impede the improvement of object memory. Similar ideas are discussed by Reppa et al. (2020) who examine color in combination with shape and in relation to the memorizing ability of an individual. Their research follows an experimental design, probing the participants’ episodic memory. The purpose of the study is to identify possible correlations between the objects’ shape and color and their ability to be memorized more easily. As revealed by Reppa et al. (2020), their findings suggest that “colour is an automatically encoded object property” (p. 1504). However, color demonstrates its effectiveness primarily in combination with shape. This information suggests that it is, indeed, an active independent variable within the discussed context but no
The present paper deals with a fictitious scenario on the issue of probation revocation and decision-making related to this procedure. The paper attempts to identify the theory underlying the decision to revoke probation, make valid assumptions concerning the rationality of such a decision, and establish the limit of rationality. Studies of probation law and offense in various states have shown that probation officers, not the judges, have a critical role in the offenders’ condition status (Franklin, 2010). In this particular case, the probation officer is tasked with providing a rational ground for his decision to revoke probation for his supervisee. The theory underlying Nichols’ decision can be that of the simple logic of treatment. According to this theory, revocation is due on every occasion the probation conditions are violated (Stojkovic, Kalinich & Klofas, 2016). The factor consistent with this theory and contributing to the severity of potential punishment is that Jim (the offender) was repeatedly involved in an offense he was originally charged with. In other words, the initial offense and the one that followed his probation are of the same nature: being implicated in illegal drug trafficking, he was later found to be under the effect of drugs. Making his decision, Nichols would potentially consider rehabilitation as the fundamental goal of probation (Boone & Herzog-Evans, 2013). Correction of behavior would also be a goal to aim at. To arrive at a rational decision, the officer would need to know whether Jim had to undergo a drug treatment program, whether or not he adhered to the treatment, and what his progress was. Besides, the probation conditions were specific, including Jim’s obligation to perform social work, stay within the town’s limits. Consequently, the officer would have to ascertain whether any other violations were registered (e.g., loitering, leaving the premises of residence without permission, etc.). Rational decision-making in situations concerning probation has to take multiple factors into account and rely firmly on logic dictated by the guidelines. Extralegal criteria can appear relevant to the actors responsible but they should not have any substantial influence on the decisions. To arrive at a rational decision, it is imperative that Nichols is capable of defining the problem, reviewing all alternatives, and singling out the best one. The alternative selection should be based on valid decision criteria enabling him to weigh the costs and benefits of each option (Stojkovic et al., 2016). In other words, his decision should be based on the guidelines of:   * Equity (that the offender be treated in a manner similar to the treatment of other offenders under similar circumstances);   * Accuracy (the fact of guilt should be established);   * Consistency with theory;   * Consistency with resources;   * Positive effects of the present decision on the subsequent ones (Stojkovic et al., 2016). The latter factor can be problematic because the officer (or any other actor involved) has no knowledge of what Jim’s future conduct might be. However, if the officer can articulate his
Introduction One of the greatest causes of indifference among human beings is conflict. Conflict is the main theme that has led to war, genocides and even holocausts which have wiped out some ethnic groups. Mostly the issues involved are those that could have been negotiated and dissolved. If all the parties involved in a conflict sat down, presented their ideas and grudges openly, then human beings would have avoided conflict. This essay is based on the book: Palestine and the Arab Israel Conflict: A history with Documents authored by Charles D. Smith. This essay will discuss the perceptions that both the Arab and the Israel people have towards conflict, how they have tried to solve it, the barriers that they have encountered and what can be done to resolve the conflict. Basis of Conflict Israel and Palestine have always been in conflict and at times at war since the Jewish state was founded and established in the Middle East and called Israel state. Israel is made up of Jews who escaped the holocaust in Germany and returned to their homeland in 1948(Charles, 2007). In 1967, war broke out between Israel and Palestine and the latter emerged beaten and after that they have constantly been embroiled in conflict. According to Charles (2007) Israel perceives the conflict to be based on the Islam religion. Arab nations have always wanted the whole world to have one faith: Islam. The Arab nations have used religion as a tool to base their attack on Israel since it has resisted their faith and instead has remained stuck to Judaism and Jewish. The Arab nations in the Middle East do not have respect or tolerance for anyone who does not have the Islam faith. They have decimated other faiths whose members have moved to Europe or America. They believe that Israel, the only non-Islamic nation should be converted to Islam or leave. Whenever the Palestines attack the Israelites, they also return fire. This goes under the teaching of Judaism: if one comes to slay you, slay him first (Charles, 2007). The Arabs believe that Israel took their land but even though Israel has tried to secede from their territories, the Arabs in the name of Palestine have never rested. Conflict Resolution Methods they have used The method both parties have used to resolve their conflicts is through negotiation. This is what has been the greatest barrier to reaching for an agreement. Both Binyamin Netanyahu of Israel and Mahmoud Abbas of Palestine should have each other’s country’s interests at heart. They should be open towards each other rather than wielding superiority on each other which at times aggravates the conflict. Conclusion In resolving this conflict, the Arabs and the Israel state should be more sincere towards each other. The demands of the Arabs are ever changing; they will point at the borders, Israel aggression, Israel religions who they regard as ‘infidels’. On the other hand, the Israel state should adopt one solution and go for it in an unwavering manner no matter how radical its effects will be. Even though they have tried to keep within th
Introduction Business-related messages can take different types and forms. These messages are exchanged between different people or groups, conveying given information about the business issue in question. Examples of these messages include leave approval messages, the coverage of business or notice messages, linked to the running of the involved parties’ business or assignments. In the current case, the Veema limited has received a notification, inviting them for a business conference to be held in a week’s time (Matusitz, 2005). Following the invitation, the selected team of four professionals designed a document presentation, with visuals discussing the message of Veema limited, and its business. Through the business-related message – aided by visual presentation – the team is expected to inform the congregation, about Veema Limited’s business and their areas of competitiveness (Matusitz, 2005). This paper explores the use of visuals to inspire the business-related message being communicated, through inspiring the audience, increasing message-clarity levels, and presenting the message more effectively. Discussion As a leading player in the oil and gas industry, as evidenced in the presentation at the conference on growth strategies for the economy, the team will emphasize on the strategic placement of Veema Limited, as an agent of development. For that reason, the presentation focuses on the contributions that the company has caused in the country, as well as the changes it has created in the community. In demonstrating the input of Veema Limited to the country and the immediate community as a whole, the team will present information on the fully integrated nature of its business, which ranges from oil exploration to the marketing of finished product (Brumberger, 2005). The company does this by working cooperatively with the players at the different levels of production where it is not directly engaged. These other players include refiners, pipeline operators, marketers, service companies, government agencies and trade associations (Matusitz, 2005). The visual representation of this concept: The range of Veema Limited’s business coverage Through its engagement in the six major operational areas and facilitating industry operations, particularly where the company is not directly involved – for instance, pipeline operations and transportation – the company ensures that supply to the market is not interrupted. Through engagement in the different operational areas, where the company runs the different plants, it creates employment for many citizens. This information is presented through the diagram. Diagrammatic representation of the benefactors of the company Through the diagrammatic representation of the span of the company’s business, the audience will unde
Introduction Capital punishment is used to execute criminals and suppress political dissent terms of murder, espionage, and treason. In the most historical records and practices, punishment was used as a way of enforcing justice. They used different ways to punish different extends of crime. They could stone person to death, boil to death, crucifixion, using a gun, burning, slow slicing, and neck lacing to death. Crimes which resulted into death penalty varied from one society to another. In some, sexual crimes such as rape, adultery, incest, and sodomy qualified for a death penalty while others included religious crimes such as apostasy in Islamic nations, and human and drug trafficking. In military, it included offenses such as cowardice, insubordination, and mutiny (Banks, 2004). Findings Those against capital punishment are known as abolitionists. They believe that death penalty is not a legal system of punishing crimes. They otherwise argue that life imprisoned without parole can replace death penalty and is able to keep the society safe from criminals. They say that there are greater chances of killing innocent people who were mistaken for the crime, discrimination in the legal system, and poor people who can’t access to quality legal help. They believe that killing at any chance either in war or defense is morally wrong (Braswell, 2011). There is also a movement that supports capital punishment. They are known as retentionists. They support justice in terms of social utility. They believe that justice can only prevail when a criminal is punished in an equal way to the crime committed. They say that if a person murders an entire family or terrorist blows up a building, it is only right to save the lives of innocent people than that of the murderer. If left alive he might as well kill again. Philosopher Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) supports the law of retaliation where the punishment equalizes the offense (Braswell, 2011). Discussion In favor of capital punishment Retribution; which supports that criminals or wrongdoers should be punished in a way that deserves the crime committed. Deterrence; argues that death penalty help prevent or reduce the cases of murder. Rehabilitation; gives chances to the criminals to repent and change without taking them back to the society but preparing them for the death penalty. Prevention of re-offending; many people believe that a murderer should be killed at once to prevent him from killing again. Even though not in the society, he can kill those in prison too. Closure and vindication; some people think that death penalty will help relieve the family out of revenge. Incentives for helping the police; instead of using death penalty, the police tend to reduce the incentives to life imprisonment to take advantage of doing further investigations. Japanese argument; they support capit
The Client Brief The Chinese labour market is highly competitive as multinational and domestic firms scramble for few qualified graduates. Bearing & Boodles is most likely to face similar challenges during recruitment processes. The Graduate Recruitment Manager will apply a combination of strategies to recruit the best graduates in the Chinese labour market. These strategies would include using social media and networking sites, liaising with the best universities and other institutions in China and the US for Chinese students, working with HR firms and recruiting agencies, providing internship and part-time opportunities to determine candidate employability. The company may send successful candidates overseas for skill developments and they must return to China on company’s assignments. The Environmental Audit Although China has a large pool of university graduates, less than ten percent are fit to work in foreign multinational firms. Therefore, multinational firms already in China face a severe shortage of qualified employees, particularly in critical areas like service and managerial jobs. According to Diana Farrell and Andrew Grant (2005) of McKinsey Global Institute, there is a fierce competition for talent between foreign multinational firms and fast-growing domestic firms. Juro Osawa and Paul Mozur (2012) acknowledge that employee recruitment in China is tough in a narrow environment with a battle for rare, but same talents sought by Chinese firms with global ambitions and Western firms that expand in China. The severe shortage and fierce competition for talents imply that Bearing & Boodles might not recruit the best candidates in China. Bearing & Boodles must acknowledge lack of skills among graduates in China for a global role. For instance, communication is a major challenge among Chinese graduates. Many Chinese graduates do not speak English, which is the interna
Introduction The development of an effective healthcare delivery system is crucial for enabling worldwide health coverage. The quality of care provided is directly related to such terms as coordination and the continuity of care. However, the institutions are always challenged to ensure stable and effective coordination between themselves. The lack of continuity or coordination can cause difficulties that lead to poor quality of healthcare delivery. Main body The case study Jack and Continuity of Care represents these difficulties. First of all, Jack was not aware of his condition, and the new resident who continued Jack’s treatment “did not seem to pay much attention to him” (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2014, p. 227). As a result, the patient did not receive proper treatment. Second of all, Jack’s job and healthcare center did not provide him with insurance. As the patient’s state worsened, the healthcare center wanted to send him to a different institution because of the lack of coverage. Third of all, social work did not play any role in this particular case; however, a social worker could have intervened when Jack learned he had health issues but could not afford insurance. Medical social workers could have provided information to Jack about his entitlements and insurance coverage. A more engaged approach from the medical institutions’ side could have prevented Jack’s stroke. Conclusion To summarize, it is evident that the chain of mistakes of whole healthcare institutions and single workers caused irreparable harm to the patient. The lack of continuity and coordination was the main reason for Jack’s suffering and illnesses. Even though it may be challenging to provide smooth communication between the institutions and the people, this is an essential step towards the high quality of healthcare. Reference Riegelman, R., & Kirkwood, B. (2014). Public health 101 . Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Introduction Years back, the general perception of democracy by most countries was that a democratic system of governance was only possible under particular socio-economic and cultural conditions and thus a preserve for the rich western countries. However, democracy characterized by regular free and fair elections is common in most countries today, with majority of them being poor developing nations. Increasingly, democracy is becoming a universal concept as opposed to the earlier beliefs that it is a preserve for rich industrialized nations. In non-democratic countries, democratic movements are a common occurrence, where the citizenry demand freedom and expansion of the democratic space as a way of promoting peace and development. Although the spread of democracy depends on internal attributes or societal factors within a nation, international influence also promotes the spread of democracy in non-democratic countries. Given the rapid global spread of democracy, multilateral assistance is important to promote democracy in non-democratic and autocratic countries. Democracy leads to peace either nationally or between countries, thus contributing to regional stability. Evolution and Development of Democracy The social origins of democracy involved a revolutionary shift of the relative importance accorded to individuals by the society to a collective system where the rights and interests of all the society members were upheld. The expansion in the democratic space gave rise to democratic forms of governance that contributed to the developments in the various aspects of the society. It contributed to developments in science, education, economy and culture in ancient world (Russett, and Oneal 2001, 112). The earlier democratic forms of governance particularly the American democratic revolution, led to the rise of Renaissance in the field of science, religious reformation and the rise of capitalistic economies in earlier democracies. In the non-democratic governance, the social elite including the military or religious personalities or royalties ruled the countries. The revolutionary shift particularly in Western Europe in the last century intended to advocate for the recognition of the rights of the individuals from the ruling elite and in the process give more power to the people. During this shift, political democratic institutions emerged to advocate for the interests, values, and rights of the people from the authoritarian leadership. This shift was gradual, characterized by shift of power from a centralized system to the society. The military or monarchial rule gave way to
Introduction The paper addresses various theories of communication in reference to conversation between two people. The conversation was held in a restaurant during a weekend. The focus for this paper is to illustrate and explain the live conversion, analyze what they were doing, the key factors during their conversation, evaluate their conversation in reference to sender-receiver, semiotics and discourse theories of communication. It also focuses on answering the question about, which among the theories researched and applied provides most insight into understanding the dynamics of the observed event. Verbal Conversation between two people There was a discussion between two people during my visit to one of the restaurants in town. Two men opposite my table were having some drinks. These men had an interesting topic that they were conversing about which caught my attention. The conversation was on a business proposal that was initiated by one of them. The conversation started; by the way, I have a plan for a business that I hope we can venture together. The other person responded let me here about it. Current clearing and forwarding business ventures are making a lot of profit and I thought we could also venture into it. Well, I think it a good idea but what are some of the risks associated with this business. No, we cannot start by analyzing the risks before the benefits of this business. However, as much as we analyze the benefits the risks are also essential. I get you but let us first evaluate the benefits and we shall then focus on the risks. The benefits associated with this business are… but before he finished the statement, the other person interfered. Though we are doing all this, do you think we shall be able to raise the capital? Fine, capital is not a problem I already have two million US dollars that I hope is enough for us to start with. What are the requirements? The requirements are not many but we need to hire Lorries to ferry the goods from the place of collection to their destination. Do you think this is possible? Why can we not make it? This is a booming business and what we need is to have a good plan, a good business proposal and carry out a research on what those who are in this business do to succeed. Well, we need to take the challenge and the risks associated with this business and find where we shall be in the next few years. However, I left before the conversation was over and I left them continuing. What they were trying to do To my perspective, what these two men were doing is what I can call communication. There was exchange and transfer of messenger between them. Guffey & Almonte (2009) asserts that communication is the transmission of information and meaning from one individual or group (the sender) to another (the receiver). In this case, the man who initiated the conversation is the sender while