ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
BBC documentary film entitled “Secret of Stonehenge” discusses the building of Stonehenge – a symbol of a stone-age era. Built around 3000 BC, Stonehenge consists of huge bluestones, surrounded by a circular ring of stones. The bluestones weigh from 3 to 45 tons each and are carved like woodwork (Balmond, 2015). The project is revolutionary for that age period and is surrounded by many legends. The central questions the film sets out to answer are who built Stonehenge, how it was built and why. To answer these questions, a Stonehenge riverside project, which includes about two hundred people – scientists, students, and specialists in astronomy – initiated excavation in the area. The excavations revealed that Stonehenge was built in stages: first, the dig was dug, and then, about 500 years later, the colossal stones were installed. Later, a two-line avenue was made from Stonehenge to the River Avon when Stonehenge was finished. Stonehenge may have been built by pulling stones over tree trunks to transport the rocks; tipping them into a giant hole, ancient people may have made stones stand erect. Later, the stones may have been pulled up the ramps and levered into place. These theories are plausible, but there is no evidence that they we
Executive Summary Sunshine Coffee shop’s product and service delivery will stand out from that of the competition. Customers seek always go out for the best of products particularly because it serves to distinguish them from other users of similar products. In the past six years, demand for coffee has exceeded the supplier potential and we intend to capitalize on this shorfall in supply. A growth of thirty percent is predicted in the launching year with sales exceeding ($Canadian) 250, 000. There are positive indicators in the market that the business is bound to grow. Our main strategies that will ensure that we meet the set goals include:  1. Establishing and maintaining mutually beneficial relationships with clients and suppliers.  2. Ensuring that the shop gives the optimum profits in the shortest time possible.  3. Using technology to ensure that the desired levels of profitability are attained.  4. Establish proper channels of communication with potential customers.  5. Ensure that the shop gets to be regarded as the best provider both in terms of product quality and customer service. Highlights Objectives   * Grow sales from to $ 250, 000 in the first full year of operation.   * Establish strategic relationships with 5-10 Canadian coffee shop suppliers around Cape Breton University and subway   * Increase gross margins from fifteen percent to about 15% in the next two years. Mission Our relationship with future clientele will be of utmost importance and this well be made clear by provision of outstanding products particularly in terms of quality. Customers will also be treated to tailor-made services with individuals being allowed to offer suggestions regarding the best way to serve them. We shall remain loyal to our customers and our desire to see economic growth in the city of Sydney will be manifested by practising in honest and accountable business. Company Summary Sunshine Coffee shop buys and prepares coffee into drinks alongside their accompaniments including confectionary. Our customers are primarily students from Cape Breton University and the commuters who frequently use the subway. Company Ownership Sunshine Coffee shop is privately owned and it’s proprietors and operators are Alawi, Mohammed and Feras. Start-up Summary Start-up                                                 Requirements                                                      Start-up Expenses                Legal                    $1,500  Insurance                $550    Rent                     $2,800  Machinery                $3,800  Coffee products          $1,000  Total Start-up Expenses  $9,650                                   Start-up Assets                  Cash Required            $20,000 Start-up Inventory       $7,100  Other Current Assets     $3,400  Long-term Assets         $0      Total Assets             $30,500                                  Total Requirements       $40,150  Start-up Company Locations and Facilities The Sunshine Coffee house’s shop and office will be located in Sydney, Nova Scotia near Cape Breton
Introduction Anxiety and fear are the common experiences for any person involved in high risk situations covering life and death consequences. Anxiety disorder is a psychological disorder which is characterized by unrealistic fear and anxiety. There are several variants of anxiety related disorders. Sometimes, such feelings will result in psychological disorders in which the individuals suffer from a belief that they are caught up with some disease. This is essentially a psychological disorder for which there is identifiable medical basis. These disorders are known as Somatoform disorders (Dorfman & Walker, 2007). There are various causes which lead to different types of disorders. This paper analyzes the causes of different types of anxiety related disorders. Abnormality Abnormality is the deviation from a statistically based approach and the deviation from the ideal standard toward which most people are striving. Abnormality can also be stated as the inability to function effectively in that people are unable to adjust to the demands of society. Even stable people may sometimes breakdown when they are forced to face the situations of extensive torture or natural disaster; and for some other people even performing their daily routine chores may be fearsome. For instance being on an airplane may make some people -seriously fearful or anxious. The most important abnormalities of mood are depression, anxiety, and elation. It is possible to infer affective disorders from altered behaviors of people. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety may cause fear which is an emotional, physical and behavioral response to an immediately recognizable external threat. The feeling of anxiety is a distressing, unpleasant, emotional state of nervousness and uneasiness. It is difficult to clearly assess the causes of anxiety. Anxiety-a general feeling of apprehension about possible danger was in Freud’s formulation, a sign of inner battle or conflict between some primitive desire (from the id) and prohibitions against its expression (from the ego and super-ego). There is a group of disorders which share obvious symptoms and features of fear and anxiety and these are known as anxiety disorders. Causes of Anxiety and related Disorders Anxiety is a fear-like emotion. Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state. This state is characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional and behavioral components. These components act together to create a feeling which is not only unpleasant but also is associated with uneasiness, fear or worry. The behavioral model underpins the development of response and stimulus hierarchies that lead to increase in anxiety or fear for any speci
Introduction The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) is among the key pieces of legislation for businesses operating in the United States. It serves to establish conditions and requirements regarding a minimum wage, working hours, child labor, overtime compensation, and recordkeeping for private companies and government agencies. One of the key provisions of the FLSA is the workers’ eligibility for overtime pay. According to the FLSA (2016), employees who are working over 40 hours per week are required to receive
Introduction It is a common notion to find people mentioning America as a land of milk and honey. Perhaps the many usually construe that all Americans enjoy the riches that have been gloriously praised. America indeed is one of the richest countries in the world today. America enjoys abundant natural resources, the modern infrastructures as well as high productivity fuelled by the many industries it has. It has been able to establish itself as a superpower through its economic dominance. Its GNP is much greater than many of the developed countries. As Washington and Cunnigen (2002) argue, the 267 million people who live in United States could produce more than all the 4.3 billion people living in more than 150 developing countries in the world. It hasn’t been easy to build America as it is. It has taken many years’ efforts and hard work to achieve this (Marris, P and Rein, M, 1973). Many people especially the young people living in other countries and more so in developed countries wish to immigrate to America instead of working hard to achieve the dream of better opportunities. Many reasons could be the motivating factor for those seeking to migrate to America. Many youths need to look for better opportunities and with America having a booming economy, many of them, opt to immigrate to America. Some migrate out of necessity, for instance, when calamities arise, eruption of wars and fear of persecution among others. Others migrate to America out of choice due to reasons such as looking for better jobs, business opportunities and schools (Iceland, 2003). Factors contributing to Poverty in America Although America is seen as the land of great opportunities, a number of people still live below the poverty line. The question which needs to be asked is how is America in terms of income equality? The fact is that income inequality is a reality in America and it could have contributed to the widening gap between the “have” and the “have not”. Equal opportunity is a very fundamental principle in any nation to ensure that poverty is checked, however, American government has failed in this. Another factor that has contributed to this is slow mobility. Compared to other industrialized countries, America has sluggish mobility. Wealthy families pass on their riches to their heirs. They are able to access good schools, better health services and good nutrition. Those from poor families are unable to afford this and the government doesn’t step in to help them. Washington and Cunnigen (2002) argue that a culture of poverty perpetuates poverty from one generation to another. This is true in America where power seems to be inherited in rich families. America being a capitalist nation, the idea of class cannot go unmentioned. The formation of class makes it possible for poverty to thrive in America. American sociologists, Hylan Lewis and Miller argue that the attitudes shown by the poverty culture are the reaction to low income and lack of opportunities. Structuralist theories, maxims attribute poverty to the availability of class divisions in the society. This is the same reason that has actively perpetuated poverty in Ame
Introduction Public administration entails formulation and implementation of sound policies suitable for management of various public institutions. However, the definition is not limited to public institutions since the both leadership and management of public institutions are almost similar to those of private institutions. Every organization need to have a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) who oversees all the activities of the organization and makes sure every thing is done accordingly to meet organizational goals 1 . The CEO supervises controls and gives directions as what should be done in an organization. In the current changing world, the CEOs are faced with challenging roles to perform their duties as managers. The CEOs ought to acquit themselves with current strategic management skills to ensure the survival of their firms both presently and in future as well as improving their firms’ competitive position in the market 2 . Therefore, CEOs need to be flexible and able to perform other duties beyond their fields of expertise. This will enable them accommodate any challenging roles that may prevail upon the organization. The following brief report will
The definition of a non-profit organization becomes an object for social mocking because of the chain of events that happen within these organizations. Non-profit organizations can be divided into those involved in pure bureaucracy and those that present goods and services. Concerning the first group of such organizations, there was a witty wordplay in the 1960s when non-commercial top managers were renamed into directors and chief executive officers (Lockman, 1992). This resulted in managers boasting of their new positions; the purpose was to make people pay for the air literally. The outcome, that the second group faced, was that they became associated with bureaucracy and the imaginary value of the titles. Moreover, inflation and corporative modeling titles were fraudulently implied, controlled by boosters and friends of bureaucratic organizations. The thing is that many words concerning employees’ high wages cover the fundamental problem of fraud and bureaucracy. Non-profit organizations include trade, health, education, art, design, and culture unions. The thing is that non-profit organizations do not have profit-making as a major purpose and do not distribute the profit among the organization’s participants (McNabb, 2017). These organizations are the subjects of administrative law; an increase in the role of non-profit organizations in the public administration system is stated, and it is connected to the government’s attempt to use self-organization mechanisms. However, by involving non-profit organizations in the public administration system, the government aims to reduce its visible participation in the scopes of economics and politics. Therefore, it is beneficial for the government to involve such organizations in the governmental business and give them certain authority. However, it results in corruption and various manipulations due to the increased empowerment of non-profit unions’ participants. Reference Lockman, N. (1992). War of words over non-profits is costing money. News Journal Editor. McNabb, D. E. (2017). Research methods in public administration and nonprofit management (4th ed.). Routledge.
Introduction A mentorship program in the field of nursing plays a cardinal role in enhancing personal and professional development. The program provides an opportunity to access support, access resources, and develop a clear understanding of various career plans (Sullivan, 2012). These benefits can only be achieved if a student works with a good mentor who is highly experienced and willing to share knowledge with the student. It is in this regard, that this study reports a conservation that I had with my mentor, Rita Bosnia, on the following issues: Leadership Theory Rita Bosnia relies on the participative theory of leadership that is manifested through the transformational leadership model. She exhibits the leadership model by ensuring commitment to organizational goals and objectives, use of effective communication skills and promotion of shared leadership through the guidance of the staff members (Amer, 2013). Acknowledgement of P
Increased global competition, changing work realities, mergers and acquisitions and decline in middle management besides benefits of teams in leveraging organizational strengths and offsetting new challenges has resulted to the rise in prominence of teams in organizations (Gordon, 2002). However, while use of teams is ever becoming more common, the success of teams in any organization is not guaranteed. Recent literature on the effectiveness of teams has resulted to myriad of strategies that firms may adopt in ensuring that teams are successful (Mealia et al, 2005). While some of the strategies have proven to be effective in enhancing the success of teams, others have been wrought with challenges that have rendered teams less effective. One current strategy that is effective in corporate team building is deciding on the type of team design to adopt in an organization. The choice of team designs range from self-directed teams, problem-solving teams, cross-functional teams and virtual teams (Bass, 2007). Use of different team designs is influenced by literature on behavioral science, which suggests that successful team building is dependent on various desirable characteristics which can be built in the work environment (Mealia et al, 2005). The mix of factors depends on the type of team, organizations characteristics, nature of power relations, number of team members, and the type of organization among other factors. The type of design that firms adopt impact on the effectiveness of the teams and thus team building must take into consideration these factors. Problem-solving teams are important in solving various problems that organizations face. Problem solving teams often consist of a few individuals who are crucial in decision making in various spheres of the organization. The effectiveness of problem-solving teams stems from the opportunity for sharing ideas, and offering suggestions thus resulting to better output of solutions. Problem-solving teams may use such strategies as quality circles. Self-management team strategy on the other hand is a team building strategy that involves teams that perform related and interdependent tasks. Self-management teams often take the responsibilities that were being handled by supervisors. The advantage of self-management team building strategy includes reduced middle level management and supervisors and consequently enhancing savings by the organization. The disadvantage attributed to this team strategy includes lack of involvement of some of the team members in work-related processes and decisions (Bass, 2007). The evident failures of self-managed teams have contributed to growth of fully self-managed teams. These teams plan for work, assign roles to each member, select members and besides evaluating how each person in the team performs (Bass, 2007). This model has been mores successful in improving productivity and quality in manufacturing companies. Despite the success of self-managed teams, various studies have indicated that self-managed teams are not effective during downsizing and may also not be effective in certain cultures that have strong respect for hie
The United States’ political, military, and socio-economic landscape was shaped by revolutionary changes during the early nineteenth century. The period of Thomas Jefferson addressed the issue of North African Barbary coast piracy and British impressment resulting in the Embargo Act of 1807 (Gunn 22). Furthermore, the Supreme Court determined the importance of the judiciary in interpreting the Constitution and affirmed that federal statutes took precedence over state legislation. Jefferson also allowed the Louisiana Purchase, following which the United States’ government strived to control North America through diplomatic efforts and exploration. Moreover, this era defined the United States’ shift to participatory democracy achieved through the expansion of suffrage, allowing all white men to vote instead of landowners only. Economically, entrepreneurs created a market revolution in both production and commerce. As the manufacturing of goods became more predictable and organized, the market relationships between consumers and producers prevailed. The textile machinery, the telegraph, and agricultural creations increased the efficiency of production methods. Moreover, judicial order and legislation supported the infrastructural development of roads, railroads, and buildings, which enlarged the markets, especially in the North and Midwest. Likewise, the expanding Southern cotton production and the related banking and shipping industries steered national and global ties. Culturally, a lot of international immigrants settled in the industrializing northern states. Prosperity and living standards increased for some people; an expansive middle class emerged with a handful of wealthy elite (Gunn 30). Family and gender roles focused on defining new domestic ideals, emphasizing the need to separate public and private aspects. As such, the industrial revolution and the infrastructural development changed the market in commerce and production. Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, is remembered for his unique styl
Virtues results from human actions as perception of moral character of a person emanates from various activities he/she does. Human actions and activities aim at attainment of excellence, which is a virtue in every aspect of life. Synchronized actions focus on achieving one or more objectives as ends of excellence. The difference between plants or animals and human being is the rational principle. The rational principle makes human being have ability to make decisions and act in a particular way. Through thoughts, human being can coordinate actions that determine ethics because actions underscore ethics. For instance, the goodness or badness of ‘a good player’ or ‘a bad player’, are descriptions of the act of playing, and they portray virtues of players. Actions are imperative in achieving virtues since no one can have virtues by mere theoretical understanding of what ethics are. Due to diversity and degree of actions, it is very complicated to attribute certain actions to specific virtues, thus humans do not have stable character traits. There are two types of virtues, moral and intellectual virtues; moral virtues emanate from habits, while intellectual virtue is an innate characteristic that undergoes transformation in the course of life due to learning and experience. Nature gives primary moral virtues and through perfection by habitual activities, one attains a set of given moral virtues. Therefore, habituation is a process of achieving ethics because learning and continued exercising is fundamental in achieving excellence in a certain field. For example, one becomes a runner by running, likewise, people become ‘good’ when they do good or ‘bad’ by doing bad deeds. The emphasis here is that, actions have direct relation with virtues for virtues cannot occur without actions. Consequently, some actions underscore certain virtues. Interestingly, same action produces both a virtue and vice. For instance, in the act of playing there are both good and bad players. This shows that, deficiency or excess of an action results into vices, while intermediate actions give virtues. Some actions such as killing have no virtues, and therefore, if actions only determine moral virtues, there could be indefinite virtues in society proving that humans do not have stable characters. The assertion that human beings do not have stable characteristics poses a serious threat to ethi