ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The concept of justice occupies a special place in many religions, both world and regional ones. Faith that sets it as one of the main principles, virtues, and elements of philosophy is Christianity. A person of faith is not only supposed to seek justice but also is provided by the needed resources and is meant to be responsible for justice. However, the resources a person of faith has to contribute to justice are not the same as more common understandings of justice. A person who believes may seem limited in resources as seeking justice must be conducted through passion and love. Nevertheless, such a toolbox of virtues does not make people of faith helpless, as propounded methods may be considered effective or even the only right ones. Justice is manifold and requires a contradictory combination of equality and an individual approach. According to Keller (2016), there are three main aspects of justice a Christian person should consider. It is crucial to have the same law and the same treatment to a foreign person and for a native-born, as equal treatment is one of the main aspects of justice, promoted in the Bible. It is also important to treat the poor and the rich equally. In addition, a person of faith should seek justice by establishing concern about those who are in need or ask for help. Christianity views radical generosity as one of the principal means or methods of conducting justice as being generous is not only a possibility to seek justice but a responsibility and should be considered a must. In Isaiah 1:17 ( King James Bible , 1769/2017) everyone is told to “learn to do good; seek justice, correct oppression; bring justice to the fatherless, and please the widow’s cause.” Biblical justice starts with the eternal in mind. “Give justice to the weak and the fatherless; maintain the right of the afflicted and the destitute” ( King James Bible, 1769/2017, Psalm 82:3). Justice is the foundation for building and maintaining society as well as one of the ways to save the soul of a person. Human rights Religion overall and the Bible particularly had a significant impact on the establishment and the interpretation of human rights. It can be said that human rights are an ideological continuation of Christianity, namely, such aspects of it as justice, equality, and God’s law or, to be more precise, The Ten Commandments. One of the most considerable contributions is the idea of equality. The principle of equality of rights is supported by the idea that every person is made in the image of God, which means worth and dignity are not acquired but given by birth (Dietrich, 2017). No matter what rights are represented in society, the main principle is that the law and any right must apply to any person exactly the same way it is applied to another. A person’s right or a person’s freedom is commonly limited when it encroaches on the rights and freedoms of others. Such principle is reflected in of Ten Commandments already mentioned above, and seven deadly sins as most human rights are indirectly represented by the prohibition of actions, which may have a harmful impact on society or an individual. The most obvious example is one of th
Introduction The evident rapid growth of the IT sector has prompted the emergence of a myriad of electronic applications, which have the ability to run on mobile devices. Mobile applications are “internet applications designed to run on smartphones and other mobile devices” (Myers et al., 2006, p.36). Many of the mobile applications were initially designed to run as games on the mobile devices. However, with the development of android, iphones, and ipad technology, the business world was interested in whether such technologies would help in transferring some of the applications running in their desktops to the mobile devices so that they could get an opportunity to persuade more people into their customer pools. Surprisingly, their dilemmas received a positive response. For instance, applications have been developed to permit persons to take pictures of accident scenes ready to forward them to their respective insurers as part of the data required in the processing of compensation claims. A good example of such an application is the Nationwide® Mobile, an application developed by nationwide insurance company. This application runs on iphones. It gives policy holders an opportunity to forward their insurance claims immediately an accident takes place. Fundamentally, the application is designed to give a room for the policy holders to take pictures of the scenes of accidents to be attached to the photos in the claim data. When this is done, the application takes the information contained in the claims to the Nationwide’s server. This approach significantly reduces the time required to process the claims. Based on the success of the nationwide application, other companies have also developed their own applications, which run on ipads, iphones, and various androids applications. Additionally, people served by these companies get an opportunity to receive massages regarding how far their claims have proceeded via social networks like Twitter and Facebook among others. Apparently, the application of mobile devices in the business environment is not limited to the insurance industry. Applications also exist, which, while running on mobile devices, permit their users to pay their bills via credit cards. Other applications have the capability of reading and decoding bar codes. Yet, they run on mobile devices. Arguably, mobile computing has led to the revolution of the IT sector. From this line of thought, this paper focuses on assessing the effectiveness of mobile applications, evaluating their benefits, examining of their challenges, discussing the approaches for increasing the availability of mobile devices, and methods of making mobiles devices more secure to hacking. The paper also describes methodologies, which can be deployed to make decisions on which platforms to support. Effectiveness and efficiency of mobile-based applications There is an ongoing concer
Facts of the Case Hugh Hardage, the plaintiff in Hardage v. CBS Broadcasting, Inc , worked as a supervisor for CBS Broadcasting in Seattle. The defendants were CBS Broadcasting and Kathy Sparks, the station’s general manager working in Tacoma. Hardage accused Sparks of sexual harassment and claimed that the company failed to take appropriate steps against Sparks. In the district court, Judge Wallace ruled that CBS Broadcasting was entitled to a plea of an affirmative defense, rendering insubstantial all accusations raised by Hardage. The judge argued that the company took prompt and reasonable steps to address the matter as stipulated in the Civil Rights Act and the Washington Law Against Discrimination (WLAD). Additionally, Hardage unreasonably failed to take advantage of the assistance provided by the company. The court held that Hardage contacted Dean, the general sales manager, who later contacted Falcone, an HR representative. The actions taken by the managers were considered prompt and reasonable in addressing the sexual harassment claims. However, Hardage did not take reasonable advantage of the assistance when he failed to disclose the specific sexual harassment incidences to his superiors. Instead of using the company’s legal structures, he decided to solve the problem anonymously. Procedural History The case against CBS Broadcasting and Kathy Sparks was presented to the district court, which issued the company with an affirmative defense to liability. After the ruling in the district court, the plaintiff pursued the matter to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal sustained the decision of the district court and affirmed that CBS Broadcasting was entitled to an affirmative defense to liability. Key Issues Hardage argued that his superior, Kathy Sparks, sexually harassed him. He blamed CBS Broadcasting for not taking relevant measures to address the situation and engaging in a tangible employment action that forced him to resign. Hardage blamed the company for issuing an adverse performance memorandum instead of addressing sexual harassment concerns raised against Kathy Sparks. The court relied on two case requirements. The first requirement was to prove whether the company took timely and logical steps to address the issue. The second was meant to eva
Financial systems are influenced by a number of threats. Some of the known threats include insider trading, fraud, tax evasion, interest rates and currency manipulation, tax evasion, corruption, financial insecurity and government decisions. This essay explains the significant of these threats to financial systems. Insider trading refers to “transactions in a company’s securities, such as stocks or options, by corporate insiders or their associates based on information originating within the firm that would, once publicly disclosed, affect the prices of such securities” (Dolgopolov, n.d., para. 1). Individuals who are able to access valuable information from such firms are called corporate insiders (Dolgopolov, n.d.). According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (n.d.), a Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment that promises existing investors high returns. Pyramid schemes are examples of Ponzi schemes. In these schemes, investors are supposed to be paid using money received from new investors. Managers of Ponzi schemes convince investors by offering them a chance to invest in areas that offer high returns within a short period. Murray (n.d.) states that tax evasion is an illegal practice in which businesses fail to report incomes and expenses or tax owed to the government. On the other hand, tax evasion is a legal way of minimizing taxes. For instance, a business can minimize taxes by setting up a retirement scheme for its employees. Nonetheless, tax evasion and avoidance reduce the amount of tax collected by the government. Financial security involves attracting investment of immense magnitude (Fujing, 2007). For instance, some countries enhance their financial security by attracting international investors. These countries use this capital to offset deficits and counter unfavorable trade imbalances. On the other hand, transparency is the key to preventing or reducing corruption in public and private sectors (Transparency International, 2011). At the same time, transparency creates and maintains integrity in financial systems. This ensures that all stake holders get a fair share of their sweet in financial matters. Interest rate and currency manipulation have diverse effects on local and international trade. The rate at which banks pay to raise capital determines the interest rates charged on mortgages and loans and interest paid to those who save with the banks (Oxlade, 2012). Therefore, banks manipulate interest rates to acquire abnormal profits at the expense of other stake holders in the sector. Currency manipulation takes place when a country manipulates the foreign exchange market in a bid to strengthen or weaken its currency. For instance, China was accused of buying more foreign currency and selling the local currency to lower Yuan’s value (Censky, 2010). Additionally, currency manipulation is considered undesirable to international trade as it gives some countries a competitive advantage over others unfairly. Greece, Cyprus and Irelands are examples of what can happen when governments mismanage financial systems. Large public expenditures and heavy debt burdens are some of the factors associated with financial proble
Introduction Nebular model, an explanation about the origin of the solar system was first proposed by Laplace in 1796. He suggested that the matter from which the solar system formed was at one time a nebula or a slowly rotating cloud of hot gas and dust. The dust and gas cooled and the cloud began to shrink. As the cloud became smaller, it began to spin more rapidly, and somehow became flattened. The rotation could have resulted from a combination of centrifugal forces while gravitational force caused the fragments of gaseous matter to be left behind. The rings fused into planets and moons while the larger part of the cloud formed the sun. The nebular model is the most widely accepted hypothesis in cosmology, but has several flaws. First concerns about the speed of the rotating sun. The model predicts the speed of the rotating sun to be 50 times fast that its actual speed. Secondly, there are doubts that the rings hypothesized to form the planets would ever condense. However, this model seems to explain most of the phenomena observed in our solar system. These have been considered to be the evidence of the theory for a very long time. This has been supported by scans of the universe which indicate the process to be taking place elsewhere. In response to this, the paper is aimed at explaining the nebular model of the solar system in details and the features of the solar system that the model can explain. Despite the many theories about the formation of the solar system, the nebular model seems to be the most inclusive and which is associated with observable evidence. Pre-solar nebular The nebular model maintains that our solar system began to form when a fragment of a giant cloud of dust and gas began to collapse due to the gravitational forces exceeding the forces related to gas pressure that expanded it (Montmerle, et al, 2006. p.47). This collapse was triggered by a range of perturbations such as density waves in rotating galaxies and a supernova blast wave. Montmerle and others (2006) assert that the cloud had the size of about 20 pc while the collapsing fragment was about 1pascecs across (p.47). The fragments continued to collapse resulting to the formation of dense cores, about 0.01 to 0.1 pc in size11. The pre-solar nebular (one of the collapsing fragments) was to form our solar system. The mass of this fragment which was to form the sun was just larger that the mass of the sun. This part contained elements like hydrogen, helium as well as lithium while the other included heavier elements formed earlier. Fig.1: Nebular collapsed by gravity and starts to spin rapidly. Stable daughter nuclei of transitory isotopes like iron-60 which form only in exploding transitory stars have been revealed from studies of earliest meteorites. Therefore, a supernova must have occurred in a region near the sun. it is likely that the hypothesized formation of the sun was initiated by the supernova shock waves. The nebular became denser and caused the fragmentation. And since only enormous, transitory stars produce supernova, this formation must have
Introduction William McKinley was the 25 th President of the United States elected to the office in the 1896 election. He was elected on the platform of protective tariffs on imports, pluralism among all ethnic groups in US and the use of gold as the US money system. During McKinley presidency, United States returned to prosperity after the 1893 economic panic. Early Life William McKinley was born to 29 th January 1843, the 7 th child of William and Nancy McKinley in Niles, Ohio States. His father operated a foundry leasing business in Niles. Later, the family moved to Poland, Ohio where the 9 years old William attended Poland academy until he graduated. His love for public speaking, debate and reading were harnessed at the Poland academy where he was the president of the school debate club. Later in 1860, he joined Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania, for one year until 1861. At the start of Civil war, McKinley enlisted as a private in the Union Army, 23 rd regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, under the command of future US president Ruther Hayes. The regiment was sent to Carnifax Ferry, West Virginia, where it spent one year fighting confederates forces. Ruther Hayes would later promote McKinley to the rank of commissary sergeant as rewards for his bravery and courage under fire. McKinley continued display of courage in the battle field would see him promoted to the rank of Second Lieutenant. By the time the civil war was ending, McKinley had rose to the rank of captain to Brevet Major, in the same regiment that he enlisted as a private. In 1865, McKinley returned to Poland Ohio, where he briefly studied law. In 1866, he moved to New York to attend Albany school of Law for one year, returning to Poland, Ohio in 1867. He would later get a job working for a close friend, George Belden, a judge at Canton Ohio, where he worked until he opened his law office. It was here that he became active in politics as a republican. 1869 saw William McKinley elected as the prosecuting attorney of Stark County, Canton Ohio. McKinley got married to Ida Saxton, a daug
Introduction The study to be summarized and critiqued was undertaken in 2011 by Dejong and colleagues, and is titled “Physical Therapy Activities in Stroke, Knee Arthroplasty, and Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation: Their Variation, Similarities, and Association with Functional Outcomes.” Summary The prospective observational cohort study employed a sample of 433 stoke inpatients, 429 total knee arthroplasty inpatients and 207 traumatic brain injury inpatients for the purposes of not only examining the similarities and differences in the mix of physical activities used in rehabilitation among patients from diverse impairment groups as observed in the sample groups, but also to investigate whether the same physical therapy activities are in any way associated with functional improvement across impairment categories (Dejong et al., 2011). The justification for conducting this particular research was premised on the fact that relatively few studies had attempted to evaluate and address the relationship between physical therapy treatments and outcomes by specifically investigating the individual and collective contributions of all treatment strategies; that is, the researchers felt the need to disaggregate the unique and discrete contribution of each physical therapy activity and intervention that can be provided to the patient as a constituent of a general program of rehabilitation (Dejong et al., 2011). Critique The authors have given a comprehensive account of how the research study was conducted, including expounding on issues of research design, sample selection, inclusion criteria, site locations, as well as measures and instruments. The sample size used in the study is large enough to enable generalization of findings across the populations of individuals undergoing physical therapy activities for stroke, knee arthroplasty, and traumatic brain injury. However, a major limitation of the study is that it included only patients admitted to inpatient rehabilitation institutions in the United States but failed to include inpatients from skilled nursing institutions or inpatients from other countries (Dejong et al., 2011). This implies that it may be a little bit challenging to generalize the study findings to stroke, knee arthroplasty and traumatic brain injury patients receiving their rehabilitation care in skilled nursing facilities. Although the study brought into the fore important findings for practice as witnessed in the following section, it was also constrained by the fact that it focused primarily on physical therapy without concomitantly taking into account other forms of therapy such as occupational therapy and speech-language rehabilitation. Lastly, the study was constrained by the fact that it failed to take into account the interventions that physical therapists employed when patients took part in discrete physical therapy activities (Dejong et al., 2011). Summary of Important Findings for Practice The researchers were successful in demonstrating “…how practice advances with one impairment group may or may not generalize to other patient groups and how we might learn from the experiences o
Introduction Medieval theology was the philosophical idea of the Western European philosophers, a period that existed between the fragmentation of the Roman Empires and Renaissance between the 5 th and 15 th centuries. Philosophers in the medieval period took over from and related much with those of antiquity. Philosophies on Christianity were notably the most influential in medieval times, with the Christian academies adopting firm medieval intellectual cultural doctrines. This essay endeavors to mitigate the ideological perspectives of Roman Williams in medieval theological presumptions. It seeks to find out whether his assertion on theological integrity is justified in the medieval context. In trying to explain what he means by integrity, Roman William contends that “Discourse is without integrity because it conceals its true agenda, knowing that concealment robs us of our innocence…speech cannot be content with concealment” (William, Theological Integrity , 1). This, to Roman Williams, was a matter of integrity lacking in the medieval theologies. According to h
Introduction Over the last two decades, financial systems have faced many challenges in terms of business risks and unforeseen market changes that lead to losses. These circumstances led to better insight and research into the risks that face financial institutions. Focus was put on three main areas of risk: Risk analysis, risk assessment and business impact analysis. Risk analysis entails identifying the possible threats to a corporation and finding out the loop holes that might expose the corporation to these threats. Risk assessment on the other hand entails assessment of the mitigation measures put in place to counter the threats against the organization or corporation. Business impact analysis deals with analysis of the overall performance of the organization (Risk analysis techniques 1997). The risks faced by financial institutions over the years have been liquidity, market, foreign exchange, interest rates and credit (Forlani 2002).These risks have been greatly reduced due to development of modern risk management techniques. These techniques are vital for risk management but bring along several advantages and disadvantages. It is therefore a matter of striking a suitable balance between the pros and cons in ensuring that the most effective risk management technique is employed. The paper puts into focus the risks, some the most common and effective mitigation techniques and their pros and cons. Risk of Foreign exchange The foreign exchange market is where financial institutions trade in different world currencies. Foreign exchange rate is the price at which one currency is exchanged for another. A foreign exchange rate of 75Kenya shillings to 1 US Dollar just means that you would have to pay 75 Kenya shillings to get 1 US Dollar. The value of one currency relative to other world currencies varies subjectively rather than objectively because it is dependent upon speculation more than any fixed standards (BMO capital markets 2008). This variation in value therefore leads to currency risks because the import and export businesses in the countries in question are affected. A stronger US Dollar would mean higher product value for Kenyan exporters because they get more shillings for each Dollar; on the other hand, this would mean higher expenses for importers who would have to pay more for each Dollar. Financial analysts try to analyze and predict these movements in t