ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction As far as the source of income is concerned, an employed individual differs in many aspects with one who is self-employed. This difference is made clear by the common law of Australia. This law specifically addresses the pair differently by providing a rationale on which to determine the two categories. The common law has in this effect established a number of principles or tests which differentiate the operations of the two entities. This report will look at some of these principles that have been formulated to guide the lines of duty of self-employed contractors and employees. The report will also address the perspective and situation of these very principles in Australia. Major Definitions In order to fully comprehend the principles of common law in relation to employment, it is essential to first identify key terms that are used in this scope. Key terms in this report are “contract of services” and “contract for services.” A person is said to be engaged in a contract of services if he or she is employed by another person or firm. In this case, the person does not offer his or her services to clients directly, but through the firm or the employer. The employee is also paid by the employer and not the client. A person who is engaged in a contract for service is self-employed. A self-employed person makes his or her decisions while an employee is influenced and directed by those people who are above him or her in rank 3 . The Importance Of Principles Developed By The Common Law On Employment For an existence of a smooth co-relationship between any employer and his or her employee, there has to be an agreement that clearly outlines the terms and conditions of their contract. The agreement serves as a binding document that formalizes the hiring of the employee by the employer as a worker in a particular firm or enterprise. Some of the factors specified in the agreement include the amount of pay or salary, the date of payment of the salary, the avenue of payment and any commissions or bonuses offered to the employee in the event of extraordinary performance. Furthermore, the agreement can contain information that explains how overtime work will be conducted and paid. The Test Of Mutuality Of Obligation One test in common law that can be used to gauge whether an individual is engaged in a contract of service or a contract for service is the test of mutuality of obligation. This is a doctrine of a contract of employment that defines the relationship and agreement between the employer and the employee. Under this obligation, the employee agrees to work willingly according to the directions and instructions given. On the other hand, the employer agrees to fully pay the employee for the services that he or she has provided for certain duration of time. This test can be used to identify that a certain individual is engaged in a contract of service or most specifically, is an employee. The test of mutuality of obligation grants absolute power to one of the two parties involved in the contract to terminate it if one or more measures agreed upon at the time of the agreement is not met. This privilege is normally give
Introduction Sustainability and a wide range of issues and topics related to it have been some of the most frequently discussed subjects in the contemporary world. Today, sustainability has grown into a concept of quite a complex nature with multiple layers that apply to many different aspects of life. As a result, sustainability can be discussed in terms of the modern economy, the globalizing trading relationships, the rapidly developing field of technology that tends to produce adverse effects on the environments, the global society’s attitudes toward the resources and their allocation in the future, and the planetary boundaries that help to define the ecological aspects of sustainable development. As the contemporary world is highly fragmented regarding cultural, economic, political, and social development, there exist several various perspectives of sustainability and the need for sustainable development. The primary focus of this paper is the review of the concept of sustainability, the discussion of industrialization as its most powerful factor. Sustainability as a Concept The concept of sustainability can be treated as a controversial subject because there are many stakeholders in this issue with very different approaches. Moreover, as a theoretical and practical field of expert knowledge, this sphere is relatively new, and thus it still has a wide range of questions without answers, untested hypotheses, and predictions that require further research. The concept of sustainability is tightly connected with that of sustainable development. The former derives from the latter; and both present a topic that has quickly become central in modern society (Sachs 1). Moreover, starting to discuss both of these concepts, Sachs noted that the key to the understanding of their objectives and meanings lies in many different issues such as the development of technology that has skyrocketed over the last centuries and the impact it produced on the global society (1). In other words, the development that human civilization has seen over the last couple of centuries has produced a massive impact on the world around affecting the resources people require to continue living. As a result, there exists a problem of creating a way of development and life that would not clash with the environment but would maintain and restore the important resources. In turn, sustainability, as a concept can be defined as an ability of the human society (or its separate aspects) to maintain the desired practices and behaviors for an indefinite or a very lengthy period. In this regard, the desired practices referred to the continuation of life itself, as well as the maintenance of a comfortable and safe lifestyle. Differently put, sustainability is a concept that is expected to provide answers to the question of how should human society manage its existing resources in order not to run out of them? In this way, the sustainable development involves the practices designed to resolve the present environmental conc
Current Reality Currently, Highschool X needs to address the collective efficacy issue by addressing the educators’ inability to communicate the standards of education set by the national education institutions. As a result, the students are affected since they are not capable of grasping the nature of these standards and learning in a way that would allow them to achieve success on tests. The assessment of the reality statements is true because they are the result of the presenter’s observation of the Highschool X. This presentation focuses on the issue of collective efficacy at Highschool X since, through collaboration, educators can make a real difference in the way the school functions. Action Plan This action plan offers four steps to detail the way the teachers can explain their understanding of the standards to each other. Additionally, these action steps require the school’s leadership to create benchmarks for students and ensure that the teachers talk through these standards at the beginning of the school year. Additionally, the students will be able to review these benchmarks on the high school’s website when necessary. These steps are designed to enhance the collaboration between the teams of teachers and ensure that the state standards are communicated effectively. Current Reality: A System of Assessment The second observational examination of Highschool X’s system of assessment shows that the existing system is not collaborative as the educators do not share details about the way they evaluate student’s achievements. The evident outcome of this is that students have a limited understanding of how their achievements are assessed, for example, during tests or in-class communication. Action Plan: A System of Assessment To address the lack of a formative assessment system, the leadership of the school should encourage a discussion with the teachers. The first step is to create a list of formative assessment systems, which can be adapted to different classes. Next, through a discussion, the teachers should choose one formative assessment system. It is vital to ensure that the students understand how their achievements are evaluated, which is why the next step is teachers explaining how the assessment system is designed, what is expected, and what these students should focus on. Current Reality: Response When Students Do not Learn or Require Enrichment Over the course of data collection, it has become evident that the response to students not learning in this school is not sufficient. Mainly, the students who master the course content receive additional study plans from their teachers, but the design and structure of these plans are not standardized and depend on an individual educator’s judgment. Moreover, students who fall behind are referred to special education classes. However, special education classes are designed for students with disabilities or severe impairments that obstruct learning and s
A reading disability is a type of learning disability caused by neurological factors that affect the ability of a child to read normally (Safford, 2006). Reading disabilities impair the ability of a person to read according to the expected level. A reading disability is also referred to as dyslexia and can affect any child including those with normal levels of intelligence. Children with reading disabilities are faced with a lot of challenges when it comes to learning (Safford, 2006). Children with reading disabilities have persistent difficulties when it comes to using their decoding strategies and therefore completely rely on their whole memory for reading. This affects their fluency in reading and consequently their understanding of text becomes very difficult. Children with reading disabilities read slowly due to their difficulties with spelling and phonological processing. The visual and verbal response of children with reading disability is also very poor and in the process affects their manipulation of sounds (Hatcher, 1999). The reading accuracy and comprehension of children is normally impaired by the reading disability and therefore affecting their academic life. Students with reading disabilities should be given extra time to complete assignments and examinations. Reading disabilities can be partially inherited or can be caused by physical damage to the brain (Hatcher, 1999). According to research findings, reading disabilities can be caused by gene mutations that lead to writing and reading deficits. Children with visual problems tend to experience reading disorders in many occasions compared to those without visual problems (Hatcher, 1999). The nervous system of a person is very important in coordinating the brain and visual processes. In case any of the brain and visual processes is interfered with, children are bound to have difficulties with their reading abilities. Children with language deficits may also experience difficulties when reading (Konza, 2006). Neurological difficulties and the impairment of sensory nerves are among the physiological factors that cause reading impairments (Konza, 2006). The reading success of parents is a fundamental hereditary factor that can cause reading disabilities. The intellectual environment created by parents plays a significant role in determining whether their children experience reading disabilities or not (Konza, 2006). Phonological processing and word recognition are in most cases influenced by genetics. Racial identification and other socioeconomic factors can influence the reading abilities of a child. The learning strategies used by learning institutions can also affect the ability of children to read and comprehend information (Torgesen, 2002). Regular practice is needed for students to sharpen and perfect their reading skills. Children with reading disabilities ha
Introduction The key religious beliefs of Judaism First of all it should be pointed out that Judaism is considered to be not only a religious belief, but also a mode of life. Thus, one can conclude that Judaism is based not only on a variety of spiritual values, but it involves a wide range of moral principles, people are to live according to. When speaking about the key conceptions Judaism includes, one can probably notice that its beliefs and practices are similar to those ones, which Christianity and the Muslim religion involve. Judaism’s key aim is to bring the world to conciliation and happiness. According to the monotheistic religion of the Jews, there is one God in the world Whose Law is to be observed by humanity. God provided human beings with a right of choice; therefore, they can choose between good and bad . Serving God in a proper way means imitating God’s moral conduct and principles. People are to live according to the Torah, which reflects the basic rules of Judaism. Thus, there is a strong need to “care for the poor, love neighbors, celebrate Sabbath and festivals; respect God’s rules of honesty in business and daily life; observe Jewish law on matters of birth, education, marriage and death” (Marans, n.d., p. 1). The persecution of Jews throughout the centuries When discussing the persecution of Jews, it must be noted that no one of a wide range of religious groups experienced so much punishment, tortures and massacres as the Jewish religion did. The earliest records of the Jewish people’s sufferings are related to the times of King Nebuchadnezzer. The followers of Abraham’s teaching were uprooted from the holy city of the Jews and sent into exile. When the era of expatriation ended, people experienced the piece for about three centuries; then the Jewish communities started to be victimized by Christianity. In times of the Crusades, non-Christian believers were recognized to be the threat, as their spiritual values and principles differed from ones propagandized by the Christian religion. The supporters of Judaism were cast out of all over. Within Spain, the Jewish people were not regarded as the threat, as they pretended that they believed in Jesus Christ, but practiced Judaism indeed. However, when the Spanish Inquisition was formed, the Jewish people continued to be persecuted. Generally, the Jews were persecuted in all the times, although it is necessary to keep in mind that the cultural and economic progress of the 19 th century seems to be impossible without the contribution of the Jewish communities. The Europeans’ injudicious horr
In this article, Sakurai and Murayama (2019) present examples of the application of information technology in various stages of disaster management, including preparedness, recovery, response, and risk reduction. In the introduction, the authors acknowledge the importance of information in guaranteeing effective disaster management. They also note that social media are emerging sources of information for disaster relief agencies. These sources present new information technologies that have enhanced how relief agencies collect situational data. Reconstruction watcher, virtual reality training systems, and sensor network systems, and unmanned aerial vehicles comprise some of the technologies identified in this article. Technologies such as sensor network systems collect information that can enhance community-based disaster preparedness. The collected data can allow individuals to learn about vulnerable regions. Information technologies are essential because they can facilitate living-lab-style scenario simulation and support field exercises before the occurrence of real disasters. Notably, virtual reality (VR) training systems are excellent examples of technologies that can facilitate effective disaster preparedness. Disaster management agencies and teams can utilize the systems to educate people about strategies for surviving disasters. Individuals using the VR system can know how disaster situations look like and strategies they can use to evacuate from buildings. Additionally, the systems can help people know how challenging it is to avoid smoke during evacuation and the way disastrous situations cause panic. Sakurai and Murayama (2019) indicate that most hospitals adopt VR technology in supporting emergency medical training. Pimpale et al. (2018) support this article by indicating that VR technology is not only an excellent opportunity for immersive entertainment but also a chance to provide better training regarding strategies for managing disasters. Other technologies used in disaster preparedness are online dashboards and messenger applications that help people report their situations. These technologies have specific algorithms with the capability of detecting and categorizing predefined critical information into given topics and areas. The systems can utilize past catastrophe experiences to generate a knowledge source to facilitate effective disaster preparedness. This article confirms the findings of Shaw et al. (2016), that technology is instrumental in developing disaster preparedness and reconstruction guidance. This article also discusses technologies used in other aspects of disaster management such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for risk
It is the responsibility of every government to ensure that its citizens access quality education. Scholars believe that education is a key to success. Therefore, making education accessible to all citizens in a country is the first step towards development and social change. In Canada, attaining tertiary education is a monumental challenge to people with limited resources. However, the case is slightly different in the province of Ontario. The provincial government of Ontario has been working closely with the federal government of Canada to facilitate education loans for needy students in the province. The two governments developed a program called Ontario Student Assistance Program (OSAP), which coordinates funding of post-secondary education in the province. OSAP is funding provided by the Ontario government to individuals interested in pursuing education beyond high school level. However, not everyone is eligible to receive funds provided by the program. Funding depends on the income of the applicant’s parents, the program pursued by the applicant, the institution (University or College), student status (full-time or part-time) and any other exceptional circumstances that may arise. In order to receive funding from OSAP, three policies must apply. The first policy is approval of the applicant’s program. The second policy is establishing the income of the applicant’s family. The third policy is how much funding is possible. Students use the funds received to finance their tuition and other education expenses. The cost of tuition and living expenses can be crippling regardless of the student’s program. Efforts made to fund tertiary education are essential for most students. However, the policies in place leave many students unable to afford their education. A student’s program choice, their family income, and the limit on how much funding is possible are just a few of the many policies leaving students struggling financially. The charter of rights states that everyone should have equal opportunity to education. According to the charter, people should not worry about the government setting cost for tertiary education
The ideal development of a person follows a unique route directing resources, facilities, capabilities, abilities, potentials, and interest among other in a line of presumed achievement. Most researchers argue that there are intuitive characters and motivations that shape how an individual grows and becomes prevalent in a community. Essentially, these developments are associated with personalities, professionalism, career and career paths. There are processes and tactical handling of issues that must be conjoined to direct growth and development on these four aspects. In this regard, it is apparent that the fundamentality of managing and planning these attributes is beyond reproach. An individual needs to set a line of interests to ensure that his or her working path has objectives and goals. In this manner, the person can develop personality, career and become a professional in his or her area. This paper evaluates a case of development in various aspects and comparisons. In a bid to perform this task, I have evaluated my strategy while striving to develop into a career warranting me a sustainable future. Personal and Career Purpose The presence of a goal or a future aspiration allows me to plan and change my attitudes and characters. Primarily, individual characters determine the people I can interact with and set my social class into a disclosed discourse. The most tactical strategies may involve developing skills and experiences through employment and education. First, education has allowed me to gain skills and attain credential for employment with reputable and well paying firms. Several personalities like patience and persistence have developed subconsciously and through training systems. Such personalities have significant outcomes in the real life. They make me competitive while searching for employment or any other work related issue. These situations revealed that I knew how to outline my plan in creating meaning to every situation. At several instances I have managed to create and organize peoples into groups handling various issues as well as lead them tactically pursuant of my leadership dreams. Furthermore, I had managed to identify opportunity where I could develop my talents as I proceeded with further studies. I have become an experienced and competitive artisan in a way that I can use it to earn a living. Furthermore, it is apparent that people are convinced by my inspirational encouragements, which attract them towards personal development. Therefore, I have become a person to encourage and motivate others. These aspects are part of a plan developing my skills and